Prognostic implications of surrogate markers of atherosclerosis in low to intermediate risk patients with type 2 diabetes.
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular events. Unfortunately traditional risk assessment scores, including the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), have only modest accuracy in cardiovascular risk prediction in these patients.


METHODS
We sought to determine the prognostic values of different non-invasive markers of atherosclerosis, including brachial artery endothelial function, carotid artery atheroma burden, ankle-brachial index, arterial stiffness and computed tomography coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in 151 T2DM Chinese patients that were identified low-intermediate risk from the FRS recalibrated for Chinese (<20% risk in 10 years). Patients were prospectively followed-up and presence of atherosclerotic events documented for a mean duration of 61 ± 16 months.


RESULTS
A total of 17 atherosclerotic events in 16 patients (11%) occurred during the follow-up period. The mean FRS of the study population was 5.0 ± 4.6% and area under curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for prediction of atherosclerotic events was 0.59 ± 0.07 (P = 0.21). Among different vascular assessments, CACS > 40 had the best prognostic value (AUC 0.81 ± 0.06, P < 0.01) and offered significantly better accuracy in prediction compared with FRS (P = 0.038 for AUC comparisons). Combination of FRS with CACS or other surrogate vascular markers did not further improve the prognostic values over CACS alone. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified CACS > 40 as an independent predictor of atherosclerotic events in T2DM patients (Hazards Ratio 27.11, 95% Confidence Interval 3.36-218.81, P = 0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
In T2DM patients identified as low-intermediate risk by the FRS, a raised CACS > 40 was an independent predictor for atherosclerotic events.
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Kui-Kai
KK
Lau
Yuen-Kwun
YK
Wong
Yap-Hang
YH
Chan
Kai-Hang
KH
Yiu
Kay-Cheong
KC
Teo
Leonard Sheung-Wai
LS
Li
Shu-Leong
SL
Ho
Koon-Ho
KH
Chan
Chung-Wah
CW
Siu
Hung-Fat
HF
Tse
D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D019540:Area Under Curve; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness