Reduced life expectancy after an incident hospital diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction--effects of smoking in women and men.
BACKGROUND
The aim was to investigate possible gender differences in the years of life lost after acute myocardial infarction (MI) and to explore how smoking affects life expectancy in the two genders.


METHODS
In the years 1998-2005, 2281 patients (36.8% women) who were discharged from or died in hospital following a diagnosis of MI were included. Survivors were followed for a mean of 8 years. The age of death for each patient was subtracted from the average projected age of death for individuals in the general population with a similar age to the patient at the time of their MI. The effects of gender, smoking, and other risk factors on the years of life lost were analysed.


RESULTS
During follow-up, 55% of the patients died. Non-smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers lost 5.4, 6.4 and 10.3 years of life, respectively. Structural equation modeling showed that currently smoking men lost 4.2 more years more than did non-smoking men (P<0.001), and this was mediated through more prematurely occurring MIs. Female current smokers lost 1.9 years more than male current smokers and female ex-smokers lost 1.8 years more than male ex-smokers (both P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
MI caused a substantial number of years of life lost, with a heavier loss in current smokers than in ex-smokers and non-smokers. The effect was predominantly related to the patient's age at the event. More years of life were lost among smoking women than among smoking men, indicating that smoking is most detrimental for the female gender.
Division Lillehammer, Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway. mgrundtv@online.no
Morten
M
Grundtvig
Terje P
TP
Hagen
Elin S
ES
Amrud
Åsmund
Å
Reikvam
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*