Prenatal zinc deficiency-dependent epigenetic alterations of mouse metallothionein-2 gene.
Zinc (Zn) deficiency in utero has been shown to cause a variety of disease states in children in developing countries, which prompted us to formulate the hypothesis that fetal epigenetic alterations are induced by zinc deficiency in utero. Focusing on metallothionein (MT), a protein that contributes to Zn transport and homeostasis, we studied whether and how the prenatal Zn status affects gene expression. Pregnant mice were fed low-Zn (IU-LZ, 5.0 μg Zn/g) or control (IU-CZ, 35 μg Zn/g) diet ad libitum from gestation day 8 until delivery, with a regular diet thereafter. Bisulfite genomic sequencing for DNA methylation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay for histone modifications were performed on the MT2 promoter region. We found that 5-week-old IU-LZ mice administered cadmium (Cd) (5.0 mg/kg b.w.) have an elevated abundance of MT2 mRNA compared with IU-CZ mice. Alteration of histone modifications in the MT2 promoter region having metal responsive elements (MREs) was observed in 1-day-old and 5-week-old IU-LZ mice compared with IU-CZ mice. In addition, prolongation of MTF1 binding to the MT2 promoter region in 5-week-old IU-LZ mice upon Cd exposure is considered to contribute to the enhanced MT2 induction. In conclusion, we found for the first time that Zn deficiency in utero induces fetal epigenetic alterations and that these changes are being stored as an epigenetic memory until adulthood.
Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Hisaka
H
Kurita
Seiichiroh
S
Ohsako
Shin-ichi
S
Hashimoto
Jun
J
Yoshinaga
Chiharu
C
Tohyama
D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D000097809:Transcription Factor MTF-1
D002104:Cadmium; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D008668:Metallothionein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015032:Zinc; D000097809:Transcription Factor MTF-1; C491054:Mt2 protein, mouse; C525355:metallothionein-1, mouse