Reliable detection of fluence anomalies in EPID-based IMRT pretreatment quality assurance using pixel intensity deviations.
OBJECTIVE
This work uses repeat images of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) fields to quantify fluence anomalies (i.e., delivery errors) that can be reliably detected in electronic portal images used for IMRT pretreatment quality assurance.


METHODS
Repeat images of 11 clinical IMRT fields are acquired on a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator at energies of 6 MV and 18 MV. Acquired images are corrected for output variations and registered to minimize the impact of linear accelerator and electronic portal imaging device (EPID) positioning deviations. Detection studies are performed in which rectangular anomalies of various sizes are inserted into the images. The performance of detection strategies based on pixel intensity deviations (PIDs) and gamma indices is evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis.


RESULTS
Residual differences between registered images are due to interfraction positional deviations of jaws and multileaf collimator leaves, plus imager noise. Positional deviations produce large intensity differences that degrade anomaly detection. Gradient effects are suppressed in PIDs using gradient scaling. Background noise is suppressed using median filtering. In the majority of images, PID-based detection strategies can reliably detect fluence anomalies of ≥5% in ∼1 mm(2) areas and ≥2% in ∼20 mm(2) areas.


CONCLUSIONS
The ability to detect small dose differences (≤2%) depends strongly on the level of background noise. This in turn depends on the accuracy of image registration, the quality of the reference image, and field properties. The longer term aim of this work is to develop accurate and reliable methods of detecting IMRT delivery errors and variations. The ability to resolve small anomalies will allow the accuracy of advanced treatment techniques, such as image guided, adaptive, and arc therapies, to be quantified.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. jjgw@jjgordon.com
J J
JJ
Gordon
J K
JK
Gardner
S
S
Wang
J V
JV
Siebers
D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003196:Computer Graphics; D004583:Electrons; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control; D012372:ROC Curve; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software