Systematic review of maritime field studies about stress and strain in seafaring.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to summarize and evaluate the current scientific literature on stress and strain on seafarers on board as defined by maritime field surveys.


METHODS
Using a systematic review, 109 studies on the stress and strain experienced by seafarers were identified for the period January 1990 to January 2012.


RESULTS
Only 13 of the identified maritime studies were conducted as field studies, and in 10 of these studies, the focus was on the watch system and/or on fatigue. According to the study results, sleepiness tends to be stronger in the 2-watch system than in the 3-watch system (particularly between 4:00 and 6:00 a.m.). Occasional short sleep episodes appear to provide adequate recovery. Fatigue does not appear to depend on the seafarers' age and is often associated with poor sleep quality; noise and night shifts are also considered to contribute to fatigue. Stress among the seafarers was primarily recorded in sleep diaries (9 times) and with devices for measuring physical activity (4 times). As a rule, a questionnaire was used to assess the strain on the crew on board; 7 studies also additionally recorded biometrical parameters. Only in 6 cases were several groups with different ranks on board investigated.


CONCLUSIONS
The conducted literature review makes it clear that most maritime field studies have focused on fatigue and watch systems in the shipping industry--in each case as univariate parameters. Thus, scientific field studies with comprehensive multivariate stress and strain analyses on board are required.
Department of Maritime Medicine, Hamburg Port Health Centre, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, ZfAM, Hamburg State Department for Health and Consumer Protection, University of Hamburg, Seewartenstrasse 10, 20459 Hamburg, Germany. marcus.oldenburg@bgv.hamburg.de
M
M
Oldenburg
B
B
Hogan
H-J
HJ
Jensen
D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D012767:Ships; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires