Intrathecal bupivacaine for head and neck pain.
Direct central nervous system (CNS) analgesic delivery is a useful option when more traditional means of dealing with chronic pain fail. Solutions containing local anesthetic have been effective in certain disease states, particularly in patients suffering from intractable head and neck pain. This review discusses historical aspects of CNS drug delivery and the role of intrathecal bupivacaine-containing solutions in refractory head and neck pain patients.
North Shore University Hospital Department of Neurosurgery, Harvey Cushing Institute for Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA.
Shawn A
SA
Belverud
Alon Y
AY
Mogilner
Michael
M
Schulder