Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: clinical and molecular aspects.
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism that most often affects young East Asian males but increasingly also in other ethnic groups. The typical presentation is acute attacks varying from mild weakness to total paralysis starting at night or in the early morning a few hours after a heavy meal, alcohol abuse or strenuous exercise with complete recovery within 72 h. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may not be obvious. The hallmark is hypokalemia from increased cellular sodium/potassium-ATPase pump activity with transport of potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular space in combination with reduced potassium output. Recently, KCNJ18 gene mutations which alter the function of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel named Kir2.6 have been detected in 0-33 % of cases. Hence, the pathophysiology in TPP includes a genetic predisposition, thyrotoxicosis and environmental influences and the relative impact from each of these factors may vary. The initial treatment, which is potassium supplementation, should be given with caution due to a high risk of hyperkalemia. Propranolol is an alternative first-line therapeutic option based on the assumption that hyperadrenergic activity is involved in the pathogenesis. If thyroid function tests are unobtainable in the acute situation the diagnosis is supported by the findings of hypokalemia, low spot urine potassium excretion, hypophosphatemia with hypophosphaturia, high spot urine calcium/phosphate ratio, and electrocardiographic abnormalities as tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, high QRS voltage, and atrioventricular block. Definitive treatment is cure of the hyperthyroidism. The underlying mechanisms of TPP remain, however, incompletely understood awaiting further studies.
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, D2:04, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. henrik.falhammar@ki.se
Henrik
H
Falhammar
Marja
M
Thorén
Jan
J
Calissendorff
D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010245:Paralyses, Familial Periodic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000150:complications*
C546860:KCNJ18 protein, human; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying