Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview.
The stratum corneum's (SC) functions include protection from external hazardous environments, prevention of water loss and regulation of body temperature. While intact skin absorption studies are abundant, studies on compromised skin permeability are less common, although products are often used to treat affected skin. We reviewed literature on percutaneous absorption through abnormal skin models. Tape stripping is used to disrupt water barrier function. Studies demonstrated that physicochemical properties influence the stripping effect: water-soluble drugs are more affected. Abrasion did not affect absorption as much. Freezing is commonly used to preserve skin. It does not seem to modify water absorption, but still increases the penetration of compounds. Comparatively, heating the skin consistently increased percutaneous absorption. Removing SC lipids may increase percutaneous absorption of drugs. Many organic solvents are employed to delipidize. Delipidization with chloroform-methanol increased hydrophilic compound permeability, but not lipophilic. Acetone pre-treatment enhanced hydrophilic compound penetration. More data is needed to determine influence on highly lipophilic compound penetration. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induces irritant dermatitis and is frequently used as a model. Studies revealed that SLS increases hydrophilic compound absorption, but not lipophilic. However, skin irritation with other chemicals increases lipophilic penetration as much as hydrophilic. Animal studies show that UV exposure increases percutaneous absorption whereas human studies do not. Human studies show increased penetration in psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin. The data summarized here begin to characterize flux alteration associated with damaged skin. Understanding the degree of alteration requires interpretation of involved conditions and the enlarging of our database to a more complete physicochemical spectrum.
University of California Medical School, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA. audrischiang@berkeley.edu
Audris
A
Chiang
Emilie
E
Tudela
Howard I
HI
Maibach
D000818:Animals; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism
D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate