The effects of temporal unpredictability in anticipation of negative events in combat veterans with PTSD.
BACKGROUND
Exposure to psychological stress during combat can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Anticipation of aversive events is often associated with an intense emotional state in individuals with PTSD. Both the valence (i.e., positive or negative) of the anticipated event and the degree of temporal predictability (i.e., one's ability to predict when an event will occur) have profound effects on an individual's emotional experience. This investigation tested the hypothesis that individuals with combat-related PTSD would show increased activation in the insula and related emotion-processing circuitry when anticipating emotionally significant events such as portrayed in combat-related images, and this heighted response within the insula would be particularly enhanced during temporal unpredictability.


METHODS
About 15 male veterans with PTSD and 15 male veterans with combat-exposure but no current or lifetime history of PTSD (combat exposed controls/CEC) performed a temporal unpredictability anticipation task of unpleasant (combat-related) and pleasant images during fMRI.


RESULTS
As expected, greater activation in the bilateral anterior insulae was observed in the PTSD versus the CEC subjects during anticipation of combat-related images when the anticipatory period was of uncertain duration (p<0.05). Furthermore, activation in the right anterior insula was related to greater perceived threat in the CEC group (ρ=0.619).


CONCLUSIONS
The current study looks only at combat-related PTSD in a modest preliminary sized sample.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that an excessive anticipatory reaction in individuals with PTSD to temporally unpredictable aversive stimulus may relate to greater perceived threat. These findings are concordant with psychological models of PTSD that focus on the association of PTSD with the experience of decreased predictability and control.
Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92130, USA. ansimmons@ucsd.edu
Alan N
AN
Simmons
Taru M
TM
Flagan
Marc
M
Wittmann
Irina A
IA
Strigo
Scott C
SC
Matthews
Heather
H
Donovan
James B
JB
Lohr
Martin P
MP
Paulus
D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult