Maternal intestinal flora and wheeze in early childhood.
BACKGROUND
Increasing evidence links altered intestinal flora in infancy to eczema and asthma. No studies have investigated the influence of maternal intestinal flora on wheezing and eczema in early childhood.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the link between maternal intestinal flora during pregnancy and development of wheeze and eczema in infancy.


METHODS
A total of 60 pregnant women from the Boston area gave stool samples during the third trimester of their pregnancy and answered questions during pregnancy about their own health, and about their children's health when the child was 2 and 6 months of age. Quantitative culture was performed on stool samples and measured in log(10)colony-forming units (CFU)/gram stool. Primary outcomes included infant wheeze and eczema in the first 6 months of life. Atopic wheeze, defined as wheeze and eczema, was analysed as a secondary outcome.


RESULTS
In multivariate models adjusted for breastfeeding, day care attendance and maternal atopy, higher counts of maternal total aerobes (TA) and enterococci (E) were associated with increased risk of infant wheeze (TA: OR 2.32 for 1 log increase in CFU/g stool [95% CI 1.22, 4.42]; E: OR 1.57 [95% CI 1.06, 2.31]). No organisms were associated with either eczema or atopic wheeze.


CONCLUSIONS
In our cohort, higher maternal total aerobes and enterococci were related to increased risk of infant wheeze. Maternal intestinal flora may be an important environmental exposure in early immune system development.
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. renal@channing.harvard.edu
N E
NE
Lange
J C
JC
Celedón
E
E
Forno
N P
NP
Ly
A
A
Onderdonk
L
L
Bry
M L
ML
Delaney
A M
AM
DuBois
D R
DR
Gold
S T
ST
Weiss
A A
AA
Litonjua
D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004485:Eczema / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors