Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies report association of contraceptives with moderate increase in urinary tract infection among sexually active premenopausal women. The aim of our study was to find out whether the use of hormonal contraceptives has any effect on microbiota of the vagina in the contraceptives users in Khairpur Sindh Pakistan.


METHODS
A prospective study in woman population of Khairpur Sindh Pakistan aged 20-30 years and 31-40 years, using Hormonal contraceptives was carried out. High vaginal swab samples (n = 100) were collected from the test populations as well as control group (n = 100) and investigated for vaginal microbial flora using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques.


RESULTS
Vaginal swabs culturing from hormonal contraceptives users in the age group 20-30 years showed statistically insignificant Candida sp (10% samples), and statistically significant (p < 0.05) Staphylococcus saprophyticus. (18% samples), Streptococcus agalactiae (23% samples), Escherichia coli (28% samples) and Lactobacillus fermentum (32% samples). In the age group 31-40 years, statistically significant percentage of samples (p < 0.05) showed Lactobacillus fermentum (28%), Candida sp (24%), and E. coli, (24%) where statistically insignificant samples showed Staphylococcus saprophyticus (13%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11%).


CONCLUSIONS
The use of hormonal contraceptives alters the normal microbiota of vagina in women according to the age. Lactobacillus fermentum appeared as the predominant species followed by E. coli among the age group of 20-30 years and, Lactobacillus fermentum, Candida sp and E. coli as predominant among women of age group 31-40 years when compared to corresponding control groups. An inverse relationship between E. coli and Lactobacillus fermentum was observed in the women aged 20-30 years.
Department of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. yasmeen.kazi@salu.edu.pk
Yasmeen Faiz
YF
Kazi
Sobia
S
Saleem
Nasreen
N
Kazi
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D052197:Limosilactobacillus fermentum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054892:Metagenome / Q000187:drug effects*; D010154:Pakistan; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014621:Vagina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology
D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal