Happiness in first-episode schizophrenia.
Happiness is a core dimension of a person's life, related to both functioning and success. As patients with schizophrenia experience marked functional deficits, it would be informative to investigate their level of happiness. There are limited data currently available, perhaps due to the longstanding belief that anhedonia is an inherent feature of this illness. The present study set out to specifically assess happiness in schizophrenia in relation to both clinical and functional measures of outcome.


METHODS
Thirty-one first-episode remitted patients and 29 age- and sex-matched controls participated in the study. Patients' clinical status was assessed and a series of self-report questionnaires were used to measure levels of happiness, life satisfaction, success and functioning in both patients and controls.


RESULTS
Patients experienced marked functional impairment versus healthy controls (p<0.001), while reporting comparable levels of happiness (p=0.113) and satisfaction with life (p=0.350). In the patient group, we found that higher happiness ratings were significantly associated with less depression, less negative symptoms, less social withdrawal, greater life satisfaction, and higher social and occupational functioning. Both cognitive functioning and insight had no significant direct effects on ratings of happiness in the patient group.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite marked functional impairment, individuals with first-episode schizophrenia are as happy as controls. Mechanisms that might allow for this are discussed, as are the implications for rehabilitation efforts that assume an individual holds to the same drives and goals as before the illness onset and/or is unhappy with their present functional status.
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada. ofer.agid@camh.ca
Ofer
O
Agid
Krysta
K
McDonald
Cynthia
C
Siu
Christopher
C
Tsoutsoulas
Caroline
C
Wass
Robert B
RB
Zipursky
George
G
Foussias
Gary
G
Remington
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult