Right ventricular morphology and function in top-level athletes: a three-dimensional echocardiographic study.
BACKGROUND
Our objective was to explore the right ventricular (RV) dimensions and function and the effect of long-term intensive training in a large population of top level athletes using real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography.


METHODS
A total of 430 top-level athletes (220 endurance-trained athletes [ETAs] and 210 strength-trained athletes; 265 men [61.6%]; mean age 27.4 ± 10.1 years, range 18-40) and 250 healthy controls underwent a transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Three-dimensional RV measurements included serial short-axis reconstructions of the RV volumetric data sets, and the RV endocardial contour was traced with cross-reference to the long-axis images for identification of the tricuspid annulus. The end-diastolic and end-systolic RV volumes and ejection fraction were calculated off-line using the method of the summation of discs.


RESULTS
The strength-trained athletes had a greater heart rate, body surface area, and systolic blood pressure at rest than the ETAs and controls. All RV diameters and 3D volumes and all transmitral and transtricuspid Doppler indexes were greater in the ETAs. Also, the left ventricular stroke volume, cardiac index, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were greater in the ETAs, and all two-dimensional and 3D RV systolic indexes were comparable. On univariate analysis, the 3D RV end-diastolic volume was significantly associated with advanced age, male gender, duration of training, endurance training, increased left ventricular stroke volume, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. On multivariate analysis, in the overall study population, the type and duration of training (P < .01), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (P < .01), and left ventricular stroke volume (P < .001) were the only independent predictors of RV end-diastolic volume.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study have delineated the upper limits of the RV dimensions in highly trained athletes as measured by real-time 3D echocardiography. The RV end-diastolic volume was significantly greater in the ETA than in the strength-trained athletes and controls.
Department of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. antonellodandrea@libero.it
Antonello
A
D'Andrea
Lucia
L
Riegler
Salvatore
S
Morra
Raffaella
R
Scarafile
Gemma
G
Salerno
Rosangela
R
Cocchia
Enrica
E
Golia
Francesca
F
Martone
Giovanni
G
Di Salvo
Giuseppe
G
Limongelli
Giuseppe
G
Pacileo
Eduardo
E
Bossone
Raffaele
R
Calabrò
Maria Giovanna
MG
Russo
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D049628:Body Size; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult