The association of ulceration of the foot with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
It is well established that diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. Observational studies suggest that a history of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) may increase this risk further still. We sought to determine to what extent DFU is associated with excess risk over and above diabetes.


METHODS
We identified studies reporting on associations of DFU with CVD and all-cause mortality. We obtained data on incident events of all-cause mortality, fatal myocardial infarction and fatal stroke. Study-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis and the statistical heterogeneity of included studies was assessed using the I                   (2) statistic.


RESULTS
The eight studies included reported on 3,619 events of all-cause mortality during 81,116 person-years of follow-up. DFU was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.60, 2.23), fatal myocardial infarction (2.22, 95% CI 1.09, 4.53) and fatal stroke (1.41, 95% CI 0.61, 3.24). CVD mortality accounted for a similar proportion of deaths in DFU and non-DFU patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with DFU have an excess risk of all-cause mortality, compared with patients with diabetes without a history of DFU. This risk is attributable, in part, to a greater burden of CVD. If this result is validated in other studies, strategies should evaluate the role of further aggressive CVD risk modification and ulcer prevention in those with DFU.
St George's Vascular Institute, 4th Floor, St James Wing, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, UK.
J R W
JR
Brownrigg
J
J
Davey
P J
PJ
Holt
W A
WA
Davis
M M
MM
Thompson
K K
KK
Ray
R J
RJ
Hinchliffe
D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors