Opportunities for improving maternal nutrition and birth outcomes: synthesis of country experiences.
BACKGROUND
Undernutrition in women in poor countries remains prevalent and affects maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) outcomes. Improving MNCH outcomes requires better policies and programs that enhance women's nutrition.


OBJECTIVE
The studies aimed to better understand awareness, perceptions, barriers to intervention, and policy and program priorities and approaches, through different platforms, addressing three related priority problems: anemia, intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and maternal thinness and stunting (including incomplete growth with early pregnancy).


METHODS
Results of a global literature review on program effectiveness, and from case studies in Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria, were synthesized.


CONCLUSIONS
Anemia can be reduced by iron-folate supplementation, but all aspects for successful implementation, from priority to resources to local capacity, require strengthening. For IUGR, additional interventions, offood supplementation or cash transfers, may be required for impact, plus measures to combat early pregnancy. Breaking the intergenerational cycle of women's undernutrition may also be helped by child nutrition programs. Potential interventions exist and need to be built on: iron-folate and multiple micronutrient supplementation, food fortification (including iodized salt),food supplementation and/or cash transfer programs, combatting early pregnancy, infant and young child nutrition. Potential platforms are: the health system especially antenatal care, community-based nutrition programs (presently usually child-oriented but can be extended to women), child health days, safety net programs, especially cash transfer and conditional cash transfer programs. Making these more effective requires system development and organization, capacity and training, technical guidelines and operational research, and advocacy (who takes the lead?), information, monitoring and evaluation.
Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. masonj@tulane.edu
John B
JB
Mason
Lisa S
LS
Saldanha
Usha
U
Ramakrishnan
Alyssa
A
Lowe
Elizabeth A
EA
Noznesky
Amy Webb
AW
Girard
Deborah A
DA
McFarland
Reynaldo
R
Martorell
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009549:Nigeria; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012040:Regional Health Planning