The Paralympic athlete: a systematic review of the psychosocial literature.
BACKGROUND
There is a lack of knowledge of the psychosocial wellbeing and attributes of Paralympic athletes. Such knowledge may reveal what contributes to exceptional performance.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the literature on psychosocial wellbeing and attributes of the Paralympic athlete.


METHODS
Systematic literature review.


METHODS
Five key databases that index psychosocial literature were searched: CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus.


RESULTS
Sixteen papers were found that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were characterised by heterogeneity of design, sample characteristics, outcome assessment and outcomes examined. The emerging thematic areas are 1) participation, motivations and goals; 2) mental imagery; 3) stress and coping; 4) personality; 5) attitudes towards other disabled-bodied athlete groups; 6) knowledge and attitudes towards doping; and 7) transitions to retirement.


CONCLUSIONS
Relative to the biomechanical aspects of the Paralympian, the psychosocial literature remains limited and diffuse. Nonetheless an understanding of the psychosocial profile of these athletes complements the extant physiological and technological knowledge in enabling a holistic view of what contributes to the successful Paralympic athlete and may facilitate the team working to optimize performance and wellbeing in these high-performing individuals.
Dublin City University, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
Philip
P
Jefferies
Pamela
P
Gallagher
Simon
S
Dunne
D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010551:Personality; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012944:Social Support; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology