ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Radical cystectomy and bladder preservation for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
BACKGROUND
New guidelines of the International Consultation on Urological Diseases for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have recently been published.


OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of radical cystectomy (RC) in MIBC.


METHODS
A detailed Medline analysis was performed for original articles addressing the role of RC with regard to indication, timing, surgical extent, perioperative morbidity, oncologic outcome, and follow-up. The analysis also included radiation-based bladder-preserving strategies.


RESULTS
The major findings are presented in an evidence-based fashion and are based on large retrospective unicenter and multicenter series with some prospective data.


CONCLUSIONS
Open RC is the standard treatment for locoregional control of MIBC. Delay of RC is associated with reduced cancer-specific survival. In males, standard RC includes the removal of the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and distal ureters; in females, RC includes an anterior pelvic exenteration including the bladder, entire urethra and adjacent vagina, uterus, and distal ureters. A procedure sparing the urethra and the urethra-supplying autonomous nerves can be performed in case of a planned orthotopic neobladder. Further technical variations (ie, seminal-sparing or vaginal-sparing techniques) aimed at improving functional outcomes must be weighed against the risk of a positive margin. Laparoscopic surgery is promising, but long-term data are required prior to accepting it as an option equivalent to the open procedure. Lymphadenectomy should remove all lymphatic tissue around the common iliac, external iliac, internal iliac, and obturator region bilaterally. Complications after RC should be reported according to the modified Clavien grading system. In selected patients with MIBC, bladder-preserving therapy with cystectomy reserved for tumor recurrence represents a safe and effective alternative to immediate RC.
Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany. georgios.gakis@med.uni-tuebingen.de
Georgios
G
Gakis
Jason
J
Efstathiou
Seth P
SP
Lerner
Michael S
MS
Cookson
Kirk A
KA
Keegan
Khurshid A
KA
Guru
William U
WU
Shipley
Axel
A
Heidenreich
Mark P
MP
Schoenberg
Arthur I
AI
Sagaloswky
Mark S
MS
Soloway
Arnulf
A
Stenzl
D002277:Carcinoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000592:standards; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*