Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
BACKGROUND
Poor lifestyle behaviors, including suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use, are leading causes of preventable diseases globally. Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established.


RESULTS
For this American Heart Association scientific statement, the writing group systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population approaches to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use. Strategies were considered in 6 broad domains: (1) Media and educational campaigns; (2) labeling and consumer information; (3) taxation, subsidies, and other economic incentives; (4) school and workplace approaches; (5) local environmental changes; and (6) direct restrictions and mandates. The writing group also reviewed the potential contributions of healthcare systems and surveillance systems to behavior change efforts. Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified, providing a set of specific evidence-based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation. Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet, increasing activity, and reducing tobacco use. The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust, as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps, informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies.


CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review identified and graded the evidence for a range of population-based strategies to promote lifestyle change. The findings provide a framework for policy makers, advocacy groups, researchers, clinicians, communities, and other stakeholders to understand and implement the most effective approaches. New strategic initiatives and partnerships are needed to translate this evidence into action.
Dariush
D
Mozaffarian
Ashkan
A
Afshin
Neal L
NL
Benowitz
Vera
V
Bittner
Stephen R
SR
Daniels
Harold A
HA
Franch
David R
DR
Jacobs
William E
WE
Kraus
Penny M
PM
Kris-Etherton
Debra A
DA
Krummel
Barry M
BM
Popkin
Laurie P
LP
Whitsel
Neil A
NA
Zakai
D000572:American Heart Association; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009043:Motor Activity; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014481:United States