Who can provide effective and safe termination of pregnancy care? A systematic review*.
BACKGROUND
Unsafe termination of pregnancy is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. Task sharing termination of pregnancy services between physicians and mid-level providers, a heterogeneous group of trained healthcare providers, such as nurses, midwives and physician assistants, has become a key strategy to increase access to safe pregnancy termination care.


OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the evidence to assess whether termination of pregnancy services by nonphysician providers can be performed safely and effectively.


METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in process and other nonindexed citations and POPLINE.


METHODS
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), as well as clinical studies, using study designs that compared efficacy, safety and acceptability of termination of pregnancy services by physicians versus other provider groups. Data collection and analysis  Two reviewers independently extracted the data, and we performed a meta-analysis where appropriate using RevMan. Quality assessment of the data used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.


RESULTS
We identified five controlled studies comprising 8908 women undergoing first-trimester surgical termination of pregnancy (one RCT and three prospective cohort studies) and medical termination of pregnancy (one RCT). The mid-level provider group included midwives, nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives and physician assistants trained in termination of pregnancy services. Safety and efficacy outcomes, including incomplete termination of pregnancy, haemorrhage, injury to the uterus or cervix, did not differ significantly between providers.


CONCLUSIONS
Limited evidence indicates that trained mid-level providers may effectively and safely provide first-trimester surgical and medical termination of pregnancy services. Data are limited by the scarcity of RCTs and biases of the cohort studies.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
R-M
RM
Renner
D
D
Brahmi
N
N
Kapp
D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery / Q000592:standards*; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000592:standards*; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058996:Quality Improvement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015983:Selection Bias; D016896:Treatment Outcome