Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease.
The global prevalence of dementia has been estimated to be as high as 24 million, and is predicted to double every 20 years until at least 2040. As the population worldwide continues to age, the number of individuals at risk will also increase, particularly among the very old. Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia beginning with impaired memory. The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease include diffuse and neuritic extracellular amyloid plaques in brain that are frequently surrounded by dystrophic neurites and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. The etiology of Alzheimer disease remains unclear, but it is likely to be the result of both genetic and environmental factors. In this review we discuss the prevalence and incidence rates, the established environmental risk factors, and the protective factors, and briefly review genetic variants predisposing to disease.
Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Richard
R
Mayeux
Yaakov
Y
Stern
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D001835:Body Weight; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology