Translating the research in insulin injection technique: implications for practice.
Glucose variability leading to suboptimal glycemic control is common among people using injection therapies. Advanced technology and new studies have identified important issues related to injection technique: needle length and gauge, body mass index, skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness, adequate resuspension of cloudy insulins, leakage, choice of injection site and rotation, pinching a skinfold, and lipohypertrophy. All these issues can affect pain and bruising, insulin absorption, and blood glucose levels. The purpose of this article is to review current and past research regarding insulin injection therapy and to provide practical, translational information regarding injection technique, teaching/learning techniques specific to insulin administration, and implications for diabetes self-management education and support.



International injection recommendations for patients with diabetes have recently been published and have identified specific recommendations for health care professionals. This article provides an evidence-based translational and practical review of the research regarding injection technique and teaching/learning theory. Diabetes educators need to reevaluate how they provide instruction for the administration of insulin and other injectable medications. Research regarding skin and subcutaneous thickness reveals that shorter needles may be appropriate for the majority of patients regardless of body mass index. Periodic reassessment of injection technique, including suspension of cloudy insulins and inspection of injection sites for lipohypertrophy, is a critical aspect of the role of the diabetes educator. An injection checklist is provided as a guide for diabetes educators.
BD Medical–Diabetes Care, Department of Medical Affairs, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Ms Saltiel-Berzin and Mr Gibney)
Rita
R
Saltiel-Berzin
ABQ Partners, Albuquerque, New Mexico (Dr Cypress)
Marjorie
M
Cypress
BD Medical–Diabetes Care, Department of Medical Affairs, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Ms Saltiel-Berzin and Mr Gibney)
Michael
M
Gibney
D015992:Body Mass Index; D057189:Checklist; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin