Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda.
BACKGROUND
Malaria in pregnancy increases the risk of maternal anemia, abortion and low birth weight. Approximately 85.3 million pregnancies occur annually in areas with Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Pregnancy has been reported to alter the pharmacokinetic properties of many anti-malarial drugs. Reduced drug exposure increases the risk of treatment failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Uganda.


METHODS
Twenty-one women with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy received the fixed oral combination of 80 mg artemether and 480 mg lumefantrine twice daily for three days. Artemether and dihydroartemisinin plasma concentrations after the last dose administration were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectroscopy. A simultaneous drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model for artemether and dihydroartemisinin was developed taking into account different disposition, absorption, error and covariate models. A separate modeling approach and a non-compartmental analysis (NCA) were also performed to enable a comparison with literature values and different modeling strategies.


RESULTS
The treatment was well tolerated and there were no cases of recurrent malaria. A flexible absorption model with sequential zero-order and transit-compartment absorption followed by a simultaneous one-compartment disposition model for both artemether and dihydroartemisinin provided the best fit to the data. Artemether and dihydroartemisinin exposure was lower than that reported in non-pregnant populations. An approximately four-fold higher apparent volume of distribution for dihydroartemisinin was obtained by non-compartmental analysis and separate modeling compared to that from simultaneous modeling of the drug and metabolite. This highlights a potential pitfall when analyzing drug/metabolite data with traditional approaches.


CONCLUSIONS
The population pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and dihydroartemisinin, in pregnant women with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Uganda, were described satisfactorily by a simultaneous drug-metabolite model without covariates. Concentrations of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin were relatively low in pregnancy compared to literature data. However, this should be interpreted with caution considered the limited literature available. Further studies in larger series are urgently needed for this vulnerable group.
Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Joel
J
Tarning
Frank
F
Kloprogge
Patrice
P
Piola
Mehul
M
Dhorda
Sulaiman
S
Muwanga
Eleanor
E
Turyakira
Nitra
N
Nuengchamnong
François
F
Nosten
Nicholas P J
NP
Day
Nicholas J
NJ
White
Philippe J
PJ
Guerin
Niklas
N
Lindegardh
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002845:Chromatography; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; C039060:artenimol; D000077549:Artemether; D000078102:Lumefantrine