Regiochemistry of the condensation of 2-aroyl-cyclohexanones and 2-cyanoacetamide: 13C-labeling studies and semiempirical MO calculations.
Hydroxy-aryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline-4-carbonitriles represent interesting chemical scaffolds, but synthetic access to these compounds is limited. The reaction of 2-aroyl-cyclohexanones with 2-cyanoacetamide and base in ethanol has been reported to lead to the formation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline isomer. We show that depending on the electronic nature of the para-substituent on the aryl ring, formation of the regioisomeric tetrahydroquinoline isomer can significantly compete. The electron-donating or -withdrawing properties of the para-substituent of the aryl ring determines the ratio of product isomers. A series of 2-aroyl-cyclohexanones, with para-substituents ranging from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing, were reacted with [2-(13)C]-cyanoacetamide. The product ratio and absolute regiochemistry were directly determined by quantitative (13)C, HMBC, and NOESY NMR spectroscopy on the reaction mixtures. A clear relationship between the regioisomeric product ratio and the Hammett sigma values of the substituents is demonstrated. This is explained by the separate in situ yields, which reveal that the pathway leading to the tetrahydroquinoline regioisomer is significantly more sensitive toward the electronic nature of the para-substituent than the pathway leading to the tetrahydroisoquinoline. Semiempirical AM1 molecular orbital calculations on the starting electrophile 2-aroyl-cyclohexanone support a correlation between the energy of the LUMOs and the regioisomeric product ratio. Our results facilitate synthetic access to a range of these interesting synthetic intermediates.
Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Oscar P J
OP
van Linden
Maikel
M
Wijtmans
Luc
L
Roumen
Lonneke
L
Rotteveel
Rob
R
Leurs
Iwan J P
IJ
de Esch
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009570:Nitriles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011789:Quantum Theory; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013237:Stereoisomerism
D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D009570:Nitriles; C031594:2-cyanoacetamide