Predicted changes in fatty acid intakes, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease risk following replacement of trans fatty acid-containing soybean oil with application-appropriate alternatives.
The varied functional requirements satisfied by trans fatty acid (TFA)--containing oils constrains the selection of alternative fats and oils for use as potential replacements in specific food applications. We aimed to model the effects of replacing TFA-containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) with application-appropriate alternatives on population fatty acid intakes, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 24-hour dietary recalls for 1999-2002, we selected 25 food categories, accounting for 86 % of soybean oil (SBO) and 79 % of TFA intake for replacement modeling. Before modeling, those in the middle quintile had a mean PHSBO TFA intake of 1.2 % of energy. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring thermal stability by either low-linolenic acid SBO or mid-oleic, low-linolenic acid SBO decreased TFA intake by 0.3 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 0.7-0.8 %. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring functional properties with palm-based oils reduced TFA intake by 0.8 % of energy, increased palmitic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and reduced predicted CVD risk by 0.4 %, whereas replacement with fully hydrogenated interesterified SBO reduced TFA intake by 0.7 % of energy, increased stearic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and decreased predicted CVD risk by 1.2 %. PHSBO replacement in both thermal and functional applications reduced TFA intake by 1.0 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 1.5 %. Based solely on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, all PHSBO replacement models reduced estimated CVD risk, albeit less than previously reported using simpler replacement models.
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, 9815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-9815, USA. michael.lefevre@usu.edu
Michael
M
Lefevre
Ronald P
RP
Mensink
Penny M
PM
Kris-Etherton
Barbara
B
Petersen
Kim
K
Smith
Brent D
BD
Flickinger
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006865:Hydrogenation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*
D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D013024:Soybean Oil