Asexual propagules as an adaptive trait for epiphylly in tropical leafy liverworts (Lejeuneaceae).
OBJECTIVE
Many links between form and function are described in the context of adaptation. Several morphological and life-history traits in the leafy liverwort family Lejeuneaceae (Marchantiophyta) have been hypothesized to be adaptations for living on the surface of leaves of vascular plants (epiphylly). There have been, however, no rigorous tests of these hypotheses.


METHODS
Using a recently published phylogeny of Lejeuneaceae and trait data from published monographs, I tested the correlations of putative adaptive traits with the incidence of epiphylly. Both cross-species and phylogenetic-based analyses of trait data were performed to distinguish the patterns of shared evolutionary history from independent origins of putatively adaptive traits. The rates of transitions between different combinations of character states were also calculated to determine whether traits were more likely to evolve in the presence of epiphylly.


RESULTS
Only one trait, production of asexual propagules, was correlated with epiphylly in the phylogenetic-based analysis. The rate of transition to asexual propagules was also significantly higher in the presence of epiphylly. Other traits correlated with epiphylly appeared to be the results of shared evolutionary history among sister taxa and therefore not due to adaptive evolution.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study distinguished production of asexual propagules from other traits as a key adaptive response to living on the leaf surface. No other putative "adaptive" traits to epiphylly showed evidence of being specific adaptation to epiphylly. The results highlight the importance of phylogenetically controlled methods in determining an adaptive function of traits.
Department of Integrative Biology, 4156 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ekraichak@berkeley.edu
Ekaphan
E
Kraichak
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D005075:Biological Evolution; D035926:Hepatophyta / Q000502:physiology*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology*; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012100:Reproduction, Asexual / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014329:Tropical Climate