Degree of external genital malformation at birth in children with a disorder of sex development and subsequent caregiver distress.
OBJECTIVE
We determined whether the degree of genital malformation at birth in children with a disorder of sex development is related to subsequent caregiver distress, specifically symptoms of depression and anxiety.


METHODS
A total of 66 caregivers of children with disorders of sex development were recruited from 3 centers that specialize in disorders of sex development medicine. The caregivers completed the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The child's Prader score at birth was determined by the child's treating pediatric endocrinologist and/or pediatric urologist at each institution.


RESULTS
Results from the current study revealed that for caregivers of male children, under masculinization of the child's genitals at birth was significantly related to higher levels of subsequent caregiver depression. In contrast, over masculinization of the genitals of female children at birth was unrelated to caregiver depression or anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that caregivers of male children with disorders of sex development may be at increased risk for psychological distress and could benefit from family based psychosocial interventions.
Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. cbwolfe@dmc.org
Cortney
C
Wolfe-Christensen
David A
DA
Fedele
Katherine
K
Kirk
Timothy M
TM
Phillips
Tom
T
Mazur
Larry L
LL
Mullins
Steven D
SD
Chernausek
Yegappan
Y
Lakshmanan
Amy B
AB
Wisniewski
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult