Managing HIV-infected children in a low-resource, public clinic: a comparison of nurse vs. clinical officer practices in ART refill, calculation of adherence and subsequent appointments.
BACKGROUND
In Malawi, as in other sub-Saharan African countries, nurses manage patients of all ages on antiretroviral treatment(ART). Nurse management of children is rarely studied.We compare ART prescribing between nurses and clinical officers during routine clinic visits at an urban, public clinic to inform policy in paediatric ART management.


METHODS
Caregivers of children on first-line ART provided information about visit dates, pill counts, ART dosage and formulation to a nurse and, subsequently, to a clinical officer. Nurses and clinical officers independently calculated adherence, dosage based on body weight, and set next appointment date. Clinical officers, but not nurses, accessed an electronic data system that made the calculations for them based on information from prior visits, actual and expected pill consumption, and standard drug supplies. Nurses calculated with pen and paper. For numerical variables, Bland-Altman graphs plot differences of each nurse clinical officer pair against the mean, show the 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and also show the mean difference across all reviews. Kappa statistics assess agreement for categorical variables.


RESULTS
A total of 704 matched nurse clinical officer reviews of 367 children attending the ART clinics between March and July 2010 were analyzed. Eight nurses and 18 clinical officers were involved; two nurses and five clinical officers managed 100 visits or more. Overall, there was a good agreement between the two cadres. Differences between nurses and clinical officers were within narrow LoA and mean differences showed little deviation from zero, indicating little skewing towards one cadre. LoA of adherence and morning and evening ART dosages varied from -24% to 24%, -0.4 to 0.4 and -0.41 to 0.40 tablets,respectively, with mean differences (95% CI) of 0.003 (-0.9, 0.91), -0.005 (-0.02, 0.01) and -0.009 (-0.02, 0.01). Next appointment calculations differed more between cadres with LoA from -40 to 42 days [mean difference: 0.96 days (95%CI:-0.6 to 2.5)], but agreement in the ART formulation prescribed was very good (kappa 0.93).


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses' ART prescribing practices and calculations of adherence and next appointments are similar to clinical officers, although clinical officers used an electronic system. Our findings support the decision of Malawi's health officials to utilize nurses to manage paediatric ART patients.
Lighthouse Trust at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi. Ralf.Weigel@liverpool.ac.uk
Ralf
R
Weigel
Caryl
C
Feldacker
Hannock
H
Tweya
Chimwemwe
C
Gondwe
Jane
J
Chiwoko
Joe
J
Gumulira
Mike
M
Kalulu
Sam
S
Phiri
D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D014505:Urban Population; D016903:Drug Monitoring
D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents