Consequences of loneliness on physical activity and mortality in older adults and the power of positive emotions.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined the longitudinal relationships between loneliness, physical activity, and mortality in older adults. This study also tested the implication of Fredrickson's Broaden and Build Theory (1998, 2001) that positive emotions (happiness) might serve to "undo" the detrimental effects of negative emotions (loneliness).


METHODS
Participants (n = 228; 62% female; aged 77-96 years) took part in the Aging in Manitoba Study (2001) and the Successful Aging Study (2003). Mortality information was assessed in 2008.


RESULTS
Regression analyses showed that loneliness longitudinally predicted perceived physical activity and mortality. Moreover, in support of Fredrickson's theory, happiness moderated these relationships, suggesting that happiness had the power to "undo" the detrimental effects of loneliness on activity and mortality.


CONCLUSIONS
Loneliness is an independent risk factor for mortality and reduced physical activity among older adults; however, being happy may offset the negative consequences of being lonely. Future interventions could target positive emotions and loneliness as a way of ultimately enhancing the lifespan and wellspan of older adults.
Centre on Aging and Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. N_Newall@umanitoba.ca
Nancy E G
NE
Newall
Judith G
JG
Chipperfield
Daniel S
DS
Bailis
Tara L
TL
Stewart
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba / Q000453:epidemiology; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009043:Motor Activity; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors