Anti-inflammatory activities of an ethanol extract of Ecklonia stolonifera in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells.
Ecklonia stolonifera is a brown alga that was shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, tyrosinase inhibitory, and chemopreventive activities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory activity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of E. stolonifera ethanolic extracts (ESE) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ESE inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (IC(50) = 72 ± 1.9 μg/mL) and prostaglandin E(2) (IC(50) = 98 ± 5.3 μg/mL) production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. ESE also reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus were significantly inhibited by ESE treatment through the prevention of the degradation of inhibitor κB-α. Moreover, ESE inhibited the activation of Akt, ERK, JNK1/2, and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main components with anti-inflammatory activity in ESE were identified as phlorofucofuroeckol A and B based on the inhibition of NO production. Our results indicate that ESE can be considered as a potential source of therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea.
Min-Sup
MS
Lee
Mi-Sung
MS
Kwon
Ji-Woong
JW
Choi
Taisun
T
Shin
Hong Kyoon
HK
No
Jae-Sue
JS
Choi
Dae-Seok
DS
Byun
Jae-Il
JI
Kim
Hyeung-Rak
HR
Kim
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B