GC-TOF-MS- and CE-TOF-MS-based metabolic profiling of cheonggukjang (fast-fermented bean paste) during fermentation and its correlation with metabolic pathways.
Metabolic changes in fast-fermented bean paste (cheonggukjang) as a function of fermentation time were observed in inoculated  Bacillus  strains using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS)- and capillary electrophoresis TOF-MS (CE-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics techniques. From the combined GC-MS and CE-MS analysis of fermented cheonggukjang samples, 123 metabolites were recovered (55% by GC-MS and 45% by CE-MS). Multivariate statistical analysis of fermented cheonggukjang samples showed that the separation of metabolites was influenced by the fermentation period (range, 0-72 h) and not by strain. When comparing the metabolites of fermented cheonggukjang with the metabolic pathways, uracil and thymine contents showed a rapid 20-fold increase after 24 h fermentation up to the end of fermentation. Xanthine and adenine levels increased slightly from 24 to 48 h fermentation and then decreased slightly at the end of fermentation. Hypoxanthine and guanine levels also increased remarkably during fermentation. Purine metabolism differed according to the microorganism used for cheonggukjang fermentation. Most intermediates in nucleoside biosynthesis were detected by CE-TOF-MS and were related to amino acid metabolism.
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,  Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
Jiyoung
J
Kim
Jung Nam
JN
Choi
K M Maria
KM
John
Miyako
M
Kusano
Akira
A
Oikawa
Kazuki
K
Saito
Choong Hwan
CH
Lee
D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006147:Guanine / Q000378:metabolism; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055442:Metabolome; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013941:Thymine / Q000378:metabolism; D014498:Uracil / Q000378:metabolism
D019271:Hypoxanthine; D014498:Uracil; D006147:Guanine; D013941:Thymine