Effect of grape seed extract on human norovirus GII.4 and murine norovirus 1 in viral suspensions, on stainless steel discs, and in lettuce wash water.
The anti-norovirus (anti-NoV) effect of grape seed extract (GSE) was examined by plaque assay for murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), cell-binding reverse transcription-PCR for human NoV GII.4, and saliva-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human NoV GII.4 P particles, with or without the presence of interfering substances (dried milk and lettuce extract). GSE at 0.2 and 2 mg/ml was shown to reduce the infectivity of MNV-1 (>3-log PFU/ml) and the specific binding ability of NoV GII.4 to Caco-2 cells (>1-log genomic copies/ml), as well as of its P particles to salivary human histo-blood group antigen receptors (optical density at 450 nm of >0.8). These effects were decreased as increasing concentrations of dried milk (0.02 and 0.2%) or lettuce extract were added. Under an electron microscope, human NoV GII.4 virus-like particles showed inflation and deformation after treatment with GSE. Under conditions that simulated applications in the food industry, the anti-NoV effect of GSE using MNV-1 as a target organism was shown to be limited in surface disinfection (<1-log PFU/ml, analyzed in accordance with EN 13697:2001). However, a 1.5- to 2-log PFU/ml reduction in MNV-1 infectivity was noted when 2 mg of GSE/ml was used to sanitize water in the washing bath of fresh-cut lettuce, and this occurred regardless of the chemical oxygen demand (0 to 1,500 mg/ml) of the processing water.
Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. dan.li@ugent.be
Dan
D
Li
Leen
L
Baert
Dongsheng
D
Zhang
Ming
M
Xia
Weiming
W
Zhong
Els
E
Van Coillie
Xi
X
Jiang
Mieke
M
Uyttendaele
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D004203:Disinfection; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008892:Milk; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013193:Stainless Steel; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014871:Water Microbiology
D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D013193:Stainless Steel