title: Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been assumed that light with a higher irradiance of pulsed blue light has a much greater influence than that of light with a lower irradiance of steady blue light, although they have the same multiplication value of irradiance and duration. We examined the non-visual physiological effects of blue pulsed light, and determined whether it is sensed visually as being blue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven young male volunteers participated in the study. We placed a circular screen (diameter 500 mm) in front of the participants and irradiated it using blue and/or white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and we used halogen lamps as a standard illuminant. We applied three steady light conditions of white LED (F0), blue LED + white LED (F10), and blue LED (F100), and a blue pulsed light condition of a 100-μs pulse width with a 10% duty ratio (P10). The irradiance of all four conditions at the participant's eye level was almost the same, at around 12 μW/cm2. We measured their pupil diameter, recorded electroencephalogram readings and Kwansei Gakuin Sleepiness Scale score, and collected subjective evaluations. The subjective bluish score under the F100 condition was significantly higher than those under other conditions. Even under the P10 condition with a 10% duty ratio of blue pulsed light and the F10 condition, the participant did not perceive the light as bluish. Pupillary light response under the P10 pulsed light condition was significantly greater than under the F10 condition, even though the two conditions had equal blue light components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pupil constricted under the blue pulsed light condition, indicating a non-visual effect of the lighting, even though the participants did not perceive the light as bluish.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. katsu@faculty.chiba-u.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuura
authors.forename: Yukifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Senoo
authors.forename: Soomin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yoshika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimomura
mesh_terms: D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult