title: The comparative value of various employer-sponsored influenza vaccination clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many US firms offer influenza vaccination clinics to prevent lost productivity due to influenza. Strategies to promote and offer vaccination differ, and the economic value of the strategies is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analytic modeling and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analyses estimated the one-season cost-consequences of three types of influenza clinics (trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine only, vaccine choice [trivalent inactivated influenza or intranasal {live attenuated influenza} vaccine], or vaccine choice plus incentive) in firms of 50 and 250 employees, from the employer's perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On-site influenza vaccination was generally cost-saving over no vaccination. For the scenario of vaccine effectiveness of 70% and intermediate transmissibility, the incremental costs per employee for a firm of 50 employees were -$6.41 (ie, cost savings) for inactivated vaccine only versus no vaccination, -$1.48 for vaccine choice versus inactivated vaccine, and $1.84 for vaccine choice plus incentive versus vaccine choice. Clinics offering a choice of vaccines were slightly less costly under many scenarios. Generally, incremental costs were lower (1) in larger firms; (2) when influenza was assumed to be more contagious; and (3) when vaccine effectiveness was assumed to be higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employer-sponsored influenza vaccination clinics are generally cost-saving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wiringa
authors.forename: Mary Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nowalk
authors.forename: Chyongchiou J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rousculp
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitgang
authors.forename: Bruce Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016272:Occupational Health; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated