title: Associated factors with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study attempted to investigate factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children without co-morbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, 164 ADHD children who attended the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran were compared with 166 normal children selected in a random-cluster method from primary and secondary schools. Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV-TR using K-SADS were used to diagnose ADHD cases and to select the control group. Participants were matched for age. We used chi-square and binary logistic regression for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the associated factors with ADHD were gender and maternal employment. Boys (OR 0.54; 95% confidence interval: 0.34 - 0.86) and those children with working mothers (OR 0.16: 95% confidence interval: 0.06 - 0.86) suffered more from ADHD. The birth season, family size, birth order, and parental kinship were not among risk factors for ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study show that maternal employment and male gender are among the associated risk factors for ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychiatry Research Center(CPRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ayyoub
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amiri
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadegfard
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Saeedeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amini
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors