title: Chondrogenic ATDC5 cells: an optimised model for rapid and physiological matrix mineralisation.
abstract: The development of chondrogenic cell lines has led to major advances in the understanding of how chondrocyte differentiation is regulated, and has uncovered many signalling pathways and gene regulatory mechanisms required to maintain normal function. ATDC5 cells are a well established in vitro model of endochondral ossification; however, current methods are limited for mineralisation studies. In this study we demonstrate that culturing cells in the presence of ascorbic acid and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (βGP) significantly increases the rate of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and reduces the time required for mineral deposition to occur to 15 days of culture. Furthermore, the specific expression patterns of Col2a1 and Col10a1 are indicative of ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the mineral formed by ATDC5 cultures is similar to physiological hydroxyapatite. Additionally, we demonstrated that in cultures with βGP, the presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is required for this mineralisation to occur, further indicating that chondrogenic differentiation is required for ECM mineralisation. Together, these results demonstrate that when cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid and 10 mM βGP, ATDC5 cells undergo chondrogenic differentiation and produce a physiological mineralised ECM from Day 15 of culture onwards. The rapid and novel method for ATDC5 culture described in this study is a major improvement compared with currently published methods and this will prove vital in the pursuit of underpinning the molecular mechanisms responsible for poor linear bone growth observed in a number of chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic kidney disease, rheumatological conditions and inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter                     Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spevak
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boskey
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Macrae
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquharson
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024121:Collagen Type X / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C447413:Col2a1 protein, mouse; D024043:Collagen Type II; D024121:Collagen Type X; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D007978:Levamisole; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase