title: Group A streptococcus meningitis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the epidemiologic burden and the molecular determinants of group A streptococcal (GAS) meningitis among the pediatric population of the state of Paraná, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and epidemiologic data were gathered by a compulsory notification system during the period 2003 to 2011. Bacterial identification, antibiotic resistance profile, emm-typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing and virulence profile were analyzed by a central reference laboratory. A review of published pediatric cases of GAS meningitis from the last 45 years was undertaken and compared with the Brazilian series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of GAS meningitis among the pediatric population was 0.06 cases per 100,000 children per year and was associated with a case fatality rate of 43%. Neonatal age and the presence of an associated toxic shock syndrome were identified as risk factors for death. A distant focus of infection was present in more than half of the patients in the literature and in 36% in the Brazilian case series. A high diversity of emm-types was associated with GAS meningitis in Brazil. No single virulence determinant could be associated with death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAS meningitis is associated with high mortality and with a high diversity of GAS emm-types and virulence determinants in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Divisão de Laboratórios de Epidemiologia e Controle de Doenças, Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. rslatorres@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rosângela Stadnick Lauth
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: de Almeida Torres
authors.forename: Luiz Ernesto
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Fedalto
authors.forename: Rômulo Francisco
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Almeida Torres
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: Pierre Robert
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smeesters
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents