title: Second trimester amniotic fluid adiponectin level is affected by maternal tobacco exposure, insulin, and PAPP-A level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein with insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic properties. The objectives of the present study were to determine the amniotic fluid (AF) concentration of adiponectin during the second trimester of pregnancy and to demonstrate its association with maternal and fetal variables and AF concentrations of insulin, leptin, and pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein A (PAPP-A).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study of 222 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis at 15-18 weeks for genetic reasons. No malformation or chromosomal disorder was found in the newborn after birth. AF adiponectin, leptin, PAPP-A, and insulin concentrations were measured using commercially available assays. All maternal, fetal, and biochemical variables were studied using univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis to determine their association with the AF concentration of adiponectin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with maternal smoking status (β=-5.208; p<0.001) and positively correlated with levels of insulin (β=0.621; p=0.002) and PAPP-A (β=40.150; p<0.001). Non-significant correlations were found between adiponectin concentration and maternal age, maternal body mass index, gestational age at amniocentesis, fetal gender, and AF level of leptin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the fetus and its membrane adipocytokines, in relationship with maternal and other fetal variables, play a dynamic role in the regulation of energy and oxidative stress homeostasis due to its insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic effects. The association of these molecules with maternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy could have perinatal implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. jdeleonluis@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Leon-Luis
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pintado Recarte
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avellaneda Fernandez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romero Roman
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antolin Alvarado
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Quintana
authors.forename: Maravillas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo Martinez
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A