title: Pharmacogenetic smoking cessation intervention in a health care setting: a pilot feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence that response to pharmacological treatment for nicotine dependence may be moderated by genetic polymorphisms. However, the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of genetically tailoring treatment in real-world clinical settings are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multiphased, mixed-methods feasibility study with current smokers to develop and evaluate a patient-centered, theoretically grounded personalized medicine treatment protocol. The initial research phase included formative work to develop intervention materials. The second phase included a randomized pilot trial to evaluate the intervention. Trial participants (n = 36) were genotyped for ANKK1 rs1800497 and were randomized to receive genetic feedback (GF) plus standard behavioral counseling (BC) for smoking cessation or BC without GF. All participants received genetically tailored pharmacotherapy (nicotine patch or bupropion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention was feasible to implement and was acceptable to participants based on satisfaction ratings and objective measures of participation. There was no evidence that the GF resulted in adverse psychological outcomes (e.g., depression, fatalism, reduced perceived control over quitting, differential motivation for quitting) based on quantitative or qualitative outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results suggest that it is feasible to offer treatment within a health care setting that includes genetically tailored pharmacotherapy and doing so had no apparent adverse psychological impacts. Further evaluation of pharmacogenetically tailored smoking cessation interventions appears warranted.
authors.affiliation: Group Health Research Institute Seattle, WA 98101, USA. mcclure.j@ghc.org
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fauver
authors.forename: Harold S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Javitz
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nishita
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: Marcus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Munafò
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016540:Smoking Cessation