title: The association between female genital mutilation and intimate partner violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether female genital mutilation (FGM) is a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) and its subtypes (physical, sexual and emotional).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Mali.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7875 women aged 15-49 years who responded to the domestic violence and female circumcision modules in the 2006 administration of the DHS in Mali.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to measure risk for IPV.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes of interest were IPV and its subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with FGM were at heightened odds of IPV (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 2.17-3.38) and IPV subtypes: physical (aOR 2.85, 95% CI 2.22-3.66), sexual (aOR 3.24, 95% CI 1.80-5.82), and emotional (aOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.68-3.11). The odds of IPV increased with ascending FGM severity (P for trend <0.0001). The most elevated odds were observed among women with severe FGM, who were nearly nine times as likely to experience more than one IPV subtype (aOR 8.81, 95% CI 5.87-13.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings underscore the need for multi-tiered strategies, incorporating policy and education, to reduce FGM and IPV, potentially improving the holistic health and wellbeing of Malian women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. hsalihu@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Salihu
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: August
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weldeselasse
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Sarro
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Alio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008302:Mali; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult