title: Scattered dose to radiosensitive organs and associated risk for cancer development from head and neck radiotherapy in pediatric patients.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure the scattered dose to out-of-field organs from head and neck radiotherapy in pediatric patients and to estimate the risk for second cancer induction to individual organs. Radiotherapy for thalamic tumor, brain tumor, acute leukemia and Hodgkin's disease in the neck region was simulated on 5 and 10-year-old pediatric phantoms with a 6 MV photon beam. The radiation dose to thyroid, breast, lung, stomach, ovaries, bladder, liver, uterus, prostate and colon was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The methodology, provided by the BEIR VII report was used for the second cancer risk estimations. Peripheral dose range for a simulated 5-year-old patient was 0.019%-1.572% of the given tumor dose. The corresponding range at the advanced patient age was reduced to 0.018%-1.468%. The second cancer risk per fraction for male patients varied from 3 to 215 per 1,000,000 patients depending upon the age at the time of exposure, primary cancer site and organ scattered dose. The corresponding risk for females was 1-1186 per 1,000,000 patients. The higher risk values were found for breast, thyroid and lung cancer development. The current data concerning the risk magnitude for developing subsequent neoplasms to various out-of-field organs may be of value for health care professionals in the follow-up studies of childhood cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Kalliopi M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kourinou
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazonakis
authors.forename: Efrosini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyraraki
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stratakis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation