title: Effects of grinding and shaking on Cd, Pb and Zn distribution in anthropogenically impacted soils.
abstract: The effects of grinding size and shaking process on the results of Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead) and Zn (zinc) distribution measurements three agricultural and three kitchen garden soils highly contaminated by past atmospheric fallout of two lead and zinc smelters in northern France were studied. The physico-chemical parameters and pseudo-total concentration of metals within these soils were determined. The fractionation of metals was performed in triplicate, using the procedure recommended by the Standards, Measurements and Testing program (SM&T), on each air-dried soil sample, ground to pass through 2-mm, 0.315-mm and 0.250-mm sieves and using a reciprocating or rotary shaker. The samples were analysed by flame or electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry using a self-reversal background system. For both shaking processes, the grinding size had no effect on the fractionation of metals in contaminated agricultural soils. In contrast, using a reciprocating shaker, the fractionation of metals in the kitchen garden samples sieved at <2mm was so different that in the samples prepared to pass through the 0.315-mm and 0.250-mm sieves. Therefore changes (use of a 50 mL graduated polypropylene centrifuge tube, evaporation of the solution to a fixed volume in step 3 and the use of an automatic shaking heating bath) were made to the initial procedure and a rotary shaker was used to improve the suspension of the soil samples during extraction. For all grinding sizes, the fractionation of the three metals contained in the contaminated kitchen garden soil samples was successfully achieved. Nevertheless, some discrepancies from samples sieved at <2mm were obtained. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the effect of the type of shaker on the distribution of metal depended on the soil and the grinding size. From an analytical point of view, precision and trueness were improved after optimisation of the procedure for all sequential extraction procedure steps. The best results were obtained for samples sieved at <0.250 mm. Similar trends were obtained using the CRM BCR(®)-701 certified material. All the results showed that optimisation of the sequential extraction procedure could be adopted for the Cd-, Pb- and Zn-partitioning in contaminated kitchen garden soils with high-level anthropogenic sources.
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 59046, France. christophe.waterlot@isa-lille.fr
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waterlot
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bidar
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pruvot
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Douay
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005410:Flame Ionization; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D015032:Zinc