title: Four types of inorganic nanoparticles stimulate the inflammatory reaction in brain microglia and damage neurons in vitro.
abstract: Once nanoparticles enter the central nervous system (CNS), they immediately encounter a complex environment of resident microglial immune cell and neurons. In the present study, NPs of 20-60nm in diameter (SiO(2)-NPs, TiO(2)-NPs, HAP-NPs and Fe(3)O(4)-NPs) were evaluated for their ability to induce microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. The microglia were directly exposed to NPs. The results showed that both TiO(2)-NPs and HAP-NPs induced significant iNOS expression, resulting in NO release from the microglia. The expression levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α were also upregulated. These activation effects were accompanied by the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. In addition, the secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were variably increased by all four NPs. Subsequently, the cell-free supernatants from microglia monocultures were harvested and tested for their ability to stimulate PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that microglia-derived soluble factors induced by TiO(2)-NPs suppressed Th gene expression, and those by TiO(2)-NPs and HAP-NPs caused cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the NPs induced microglial activation and subsequently caused the release of proinflammatory factors that contributed to the dysfunction and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Biomaterials Research and Testing Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200023, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017886:Durapatite / Q000633:toxicity; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; C000499:ferric oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D004247:DNA; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II