title: The HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (part V): capravirine and its analogues.
abstract: Capravirine (S-1153, AG1549), a 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivative, was firstly reported by the Shionogi company to inhibit HIV-1 strains which were resistant to other NNRTIs. However, safety and efficacy studies showed that capravirine had no specific advantages over currently used NNRTIs. Consequently, clinical trials were discontinued after phase IIb. Notwithstanding, with aim to obtain novel inhibitors against drug-resistant HIV-1 strains, an in-depth analysis of the particular binding mode of capravirine, together with the wide use of analogue-based chemical evolution strategies, such as bioisosteric replacement, molecular hybridization, prodrug approach, ligand efficiency, etc., gave a huge impetus to the optimization of capravirine. Especially, lersivirine (UK-453,061) was selected for further clinical evaluation due to its very impressive potency against a broad panel of key HIV-1 mutants, safety, pharmacokinetics and other pharmaceutical factors. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of the literature on the development of capravirine-based NNRTIs. Other interesting NNRTIs with the same or similar binding mode like capravirine have been reported to highlight the structural diversity, pharmacophoric similarity of NNRTIs, which provided important hints for drug design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road,250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D015195:Drug Design; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D009705:Nucleosides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; C433874:capravirine