title: "Not waving, drowning". Asphyxia and torture: the myth of simulated drowning and other forms of torture.
abstract: The article will give a brief introduction to what we understand by the term Asphyxiation. The main focus will then turn to how Asphyxiation is used as a method of torture, (often euphemistically called a "method of interrogation") with an overview of wet methods such as immersion in water or the pouring of water over the mouth and nose, and dry methods such as the use of bags/sacks/masks and how exacerbating factors such as the use of contaminants or irritants are used. The recently published International Forensic Expert Group Statement on Hooding will be introduced and the notion will be explored that during socalled 'enhanced interrogation' asphyxiation or drowning can be "simulated."
authors.affiliation: doctorjonathanbeynon@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beynon
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000503:physiopathology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000503:physiopathology; D014104:Torture / Q000266:history