title: The impact of pricing and patent expiration on demand for pharmaceuticals: an examination of the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
abstract: The aim of the analysis was to determine whether demand in Germany for specific antimicrobial agents is driven by prices that drop considerably when generic substitutes become available. A time-series approach was therefore carried out to explore price elasticities of demand for two different classes of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins) using data on ambulatory antibiotics prescribed on the German statutory health insurance scheme and data on in-hospital antibiotic use in a German teaching hospital. In short, we attempted to explain demand for different antibiotics based on changes in price and hospital-wide morbidity. The data indicate that patent expiration is followed by substantial decreases in the price of antibiotics. In the outpatient sector, all antibiotics included in the analysis showed significant negative own-price elasticities of demand. However, in the hospital settings, significant own-price elasticities were only determined for some antibiotics, although price decreases were stronger than in the outpatient sector. We conclude that price dependence of demand for antimicrobials is present both in the ambulatory and the hospital setting. However, this is especially surprising in the hospital setting because price differences among the antibiotics observed are particularly small compared with the overall cost of hospitalisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany. klaus.kaier@uniklinikfreiburg.de
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaier
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics; D004465:Economic Competition / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000191:economics; D005858:Germany; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D055553:Prescription Drugs