title: Color Doppler ultrasound-guided transducer compression of post biopsy bleeding of kidney transplants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) has a potential of early detection of post biopsy bleeding. We describe CDUS guidance in planning, acquisition, and, in the case of bleeding, compression of the needle tract in biopsy procedures of kidney transplants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three kidney transplant biopsy procedures performed on clinical indication were performed in 71 adult patients, 25 women, mean age 51 years, using CDUS and 18-G biopsy needles. Bleeding needle tracts were compressed using CDUS guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDUS immediately detected blood leakage and facilitated compression of the bleeding needle tract in 34 (41%) of the 83 procedures, including 53 (25%) of 215 needle passes. In 34 bleeding procedures, the mean duration of the longest bleeding time after a needle pass was 124 seconds (median, 20 seconds; range, 3-1440 seconds). In 12 of these procedures (35%), the bleeding time was 30 seconds or more. In six procedures (18%), a bleeding of 120 seconds or more was observed. Complications included seven small hematomas. Five hematomas developed in procedures where the longest duration CD bleeding was 120 seconds or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDUS detects bleeding and facilitates direct transducer compression of the needle tract in a substantial portion of biopsy procedures of kidney transplants. Only minor hematomas occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brabrand
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Midtvedt
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Pål Bache
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Marthinsen
authors.forename: Audun Elnaes
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Berstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D055815:Young Adult