title: The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout.
abstract: Gout is a common and very painful inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricaemia. This review provides an update on the genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout, including findings from genome-wide association studies. Most of the genes that associated with serum uric acid levels or gout are involved in the renal urate-transport system. For example, the urate transporter genes SLC2A9, ABCG2 and SLC22A12 modulate serum uric acid levels and gout risk. The net balance between renal urate absorption and secretion is a major determinant of serum uric acid concentration and loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A9 and SLC22A12 cause hereditary hypouricaemia due to reduced urate absorption and unopposed urate secretion. However, the variance in serum uric acid explained by genetic variants is small and their clinical utility for gout risk prediction seems limited because serum uric acid levels effectively predict gout risk. Urate-associated genes and genetically determined serum uric acid levels were largely unassociated with cardiovascular-metabolic outcomes, challenging the hypothesis of a causal role of serum uric acid in the development of cardiovascular disease. Strong pharmacogenetic associations between HLA-B*5801 alleles and severe allopurinol-hypersensitivity reactions were shown in Asian and European populations. Genetic testing for HLA-B*5801 alleles could be used to predict these potentially fatal adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reginato
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mount
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hyon K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000009:adverse effects; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000235:genetics; D006073:Gout / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000235:genetics*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D006074:Gout Suppressants; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C491241:SLC22A12 protein, human; C411811:SLC2A9 protein, human; D014527:Uric Acid; D000493:Allopurinol