title: Surface electromyographic evaluation of jaw muscles in children with unilateral crossbite and lateral shift in the early mixed dentition. Sexual dimorphism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the activity of jaw muscles at rest and during maximal voluntary clenching (MVC) in children with unilateral posterior crossbite (UPXB) and functional lateral shift in the early mixed dentition and to evaluate sex differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 30 children (15 males, 15 females) aged 6 to 10 years old, with UPXB and functional mandibular lateral shift (≥1.5 mm) in the early mixed dentition. sEMG activity coming from the muscle areas (anterior temporalis [AT], posterior temporalis [PT], masseter [MA] and suprahyoid [SH]) were obtained from both the crossbite (XB) and noncrossbite (NONXB) sides at mandibular rest position. sEMG activity of the bilateral AT and MA muscles sides was obtained during MVC. Asymmetry and activity indexes were calculated for each muscle area at rest and during MVC; the MA/TA ratio during MVC was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At rest, no differences were found between sexes for any muscle areas or asymmetry and activity indexes. No differences were found between XB and NONXB sides. During MVC, however, significant sex differences were found in AT and MA activity, with higher sEMG values in males than in females, on both XB and NONXB sides. Asymmetry indexes, activity indexes and MA/AT ratios did not show significant differences between the sexes. Activity was symmetric both in males and in females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At rest, no sex differences were found, but during MVC males showed higher activity than did females in both XB and NONXB AT and MA muscle areas. Muscular activity was symmetrical at rest and during MVC in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of UPXB and lateral shift in the early mixed dentition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology IV, School of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenguas
authors.forename: José-Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.forename: Filipa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venancio
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.forename: Conchita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*