title: Freckles and solar lentigines have different risk factors in Caucasian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, few epidemiological data on the relationships between solar lentigines, freckles and behavioural and constitutional risk factors in Caucasian populations exist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential impact of behavioural and phenotypic variables, as well as the MC1R genetic background, on the history of facial freckles and the severity of solar lentigines in Caucasian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The severity of solar lentigines was graded from facial digital images of 523 French middle-aged women by a dermatologist and summarized by a score afterwards. The history of facial freckles was assessed and the sun-exposure behaviour was characterized using a six-category typology. Risk factors including MC1R polymorphism were evaluated using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two constitutive host factors were found to be independently associated with a history of facial freckles: frequent sunburns and the presence of diminished function variants of the MC1R gene. In addition to age, five factors were independently associated with solar lentigines: constitutive host factors (dark skin colour and tanning capacity), a history of freckles, sun-exposure behaviour and current intake of oral contraceptive or progestogen treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strengthen the hypothesis that solar lentigines are markers of photoaging, whereas freckles are mainly determined by genetic factors. The finding that hormonal treatment is associated with a higher risk for solar lentigines merits further investigations.
authors.affiliation: U557 INSERM, Centre of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Paris/Bobigny, France Department of Dermatology and University of Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France CE.R.I.E.S. (research centre on human skin founded by CHANEL), Neuilly sur Seine, France Departments of Internal Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria Department of Public Health, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France Computer Science Laboratory, University François Rabelais, Tours, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ezzedine
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mauger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latreille
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jdid
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malvy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tschachler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007911:Lentigo / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008548:Melanosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1