title: Design of a hypoxia-activated prodrug inhibitor of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase.
abstract: The efficacy of agents that alkylate the O-6 position of guanine is inhibited by O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) which removes these lesions from the tumor DNA. To increase differential toxicity, inhibitors must selectively deplete AGT in tumors, while sparing normal tissues where this protein serves a protective function. A newly synthesized prodrug of the AGT inhibitor O(6)-benzylguanine (O(6)-BG) with an α,α-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl moiety masking the essential 2-amino group has demonstrated the feasibility of targeting hypoxic regions that are unique to solid tumors, for drug delivery. However, these modifications resulted in greatly decreased solubility. Recently, new potent global AGT inhibitors with improved formulatability such as O(6)-[(3-aminomethyl)benzylguanine (1) have been developed. However, acetylamino (N-(3-(((2-amino-9H-purin-6-yl)oxy)methyl)benzyl)acetamide) (2) exhibits a pronounced decrease in activity. Thus, 1 would be inactivated by N-acetylation and probably N-glucuronidation. To combat potential conjugational inactivation while retaining favorable solubility, we synthesized 6-((3-((dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl)oxy)-9H-purin-2-amine (3) in which the 3-aminomethyl moiety is protected by methylation; and to impart tumor selectivity we synthesized 2-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl(6-((3-((dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl)oxy)-9H-purin-2-yl)carbamate (7), a hypoxia targeted prodrug of 3 utilizing an α,α-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl moiety. Consistent with this design, 7 demonstrates both hypoxia selective conversion by EMT6 cells of 7 to 3 and hypoxic sensitization of AGT containing DU145 cells to the cytotoxic actions of laromustine, while exhibiting improved solubility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, United States.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Penketh
authors.forename: Krishnamurthy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shyam
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015195:Drug Design; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase