title: Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of healthy young adults to changes in air quality during the Beijing Olympics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unprecedented pollution control actions during the Beijing Olympics provided a quasi-experimental opportunity to examine biologic responses to drastic changes in air pollution levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in levels of biomarkers reflecting pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress were associated with changes in air pollution levels in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide, a number of exhaled breath condensate markers (H(+), nitrite, nitrate, and 8-isoprostane), and urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in 125 participants twice in each of the pre- (high pollution), during- (low pollution), and post-Olympic (high pollution) periods. We measured concentrations of air pollutants near where the participants lived and worked. We used mixed-effects models to estimate changes in biomarker levels across the three periods and to examine whether changes in biomarker levels were associated with changes in pollutant concentrations, adjusting for meteorologic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the pre- to the during-Olympic period, we observed significant and often large decreases (ranging from -4.5% to -72.5%) in levels of all the biomarkers. From the during-Olympic to the post-Olympic period, we observed significant and larger increases (48-360%) in levels of these same biomarkers. Moreover, increased pollutant concentrations were consistently associated with statistically significant increases in biomarker levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the important role of oxidative stress and that of pulmonary inflammation in mediating air pollution health effects. The findings demonstrate the utility of novel and noninvasive biomarkers in the general population consisting largely of healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Guangfa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shou-En
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kipen
authors.forename: Yuedan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohman-Strickland
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000846:Anniversaries and Special Events; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013177:Sports; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009569:Nitric Oxide