title: Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dyspnea is commonly encountered by many cancer patients in the terminal stage of their disease and it severely hampers their quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the role of interventions to alleviate dyspnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing all interventions for dyspnea palliation in cancer patients, and searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, conference proceedings, and references.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search yielded 18 trials. Eight studies evaluated opioids in any route of administration, seven studies evaluated the use of oxygen, two studies assessed the role of benzodiazepines and two studies evaluated the role of furosemide in alleviating cancer-related dyspnea. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated for continuous variables that were reported on the same scale. For continuous data reported in different scales, standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated. Meta-analysis of three trials yielded a positive effect for opioid administration, WMD -1.31[95% CI (-2.49)-(- 0.13)]. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed lack of benefit to oxygen to improve dyspnea, SMD -0.3[95% CI -1.06-0.47]. The role of benzodiazepines remains unclear, furosemide was not beneficial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate a beneficial effect to opioids in alleviating cancer-related dyspnea, and no advantage for the use of oxygen.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel. iritbenaharon@gmail.com
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben-Aharon
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gafter-Gvili
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
authors.forename: Salomon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stemmer
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005665:Furosemide; D010100:Oxygen