title: [Imaging features of urinary dysfunction associated with ketamine abuse].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the imaging features of urinary dysfunction associated with ketamine abuse (KAUD) for imaging diagnosis of KAUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the imaging findings in 45 patients with KAUD, all having a history of ketamine abuse and presenting with severe lower urinary tract symptoms. The patients underwent imaging examinations with ultrasonography (n=45), X-ray (n=38), computed tomography (n=28), magnetic resonance imaging (n=10) or single photon emission computed tomography (n=25), and the results were classified and evaluated to identify the common imaging findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The imaging changes of KAUD were found primarily in the urinary and biliary system. The most common imaging characteristics included thickening of the bladder wall, contracture and decreased functional volume of the bladder, dilation of the ureter and hydronephrosis, stricture of the upper ureter, renal impairment, dilation of the biliary system, and inflammation or swelling of the adjacent organs and lymph nodes
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KAUD presents with typical imaging changes. Radiologists should be aware of KAUD if the typical imaging features are detected, especially in cases with a history of ketamine abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. doctorwupeng@gmail.com
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Zehai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shaobin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine