title: The expression of affective temperaments in daily life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous validation studies have examined the TEMPS-A in both clinical and nonclinical samples. However, the majority of these studies utilized cross-sectional assessments in laboratory or clinical settings. The present study is the first to examine the expression of affective temperaments in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM).
  
  
  METHODS
  138 participants completed the TEMPS-A and received a personalized digital assistant that signaled them eight times daily for one week to complete questionnaires that assessed affect, cognition, behavior, sense of self, and social interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, cyclothymic/irritable temperament was positively associated with negative affect, risky behavior, and restlessness, and was negatively associated with positive affect and preference to be with others in daily life. In contrast, hyperthymic temperament was associated with positive affect, fullness of thought, doing many and exciting things, grandiosity, and preference to be with others in daily life. Dysthymic temperament was modestly associated with worry, and was positively associated with trouble concentrating, fullness of thought, and a preference for social contact. Cross-level interactions indicated that cyclothymic/irritable temperament was associated with elevated stress reactivity in daily life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESM data collection was limited to one week. Longer assessment periods might better capture the cyclical nature of affective temperaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first study to examine affective temperaments in daily life. The findings offer further validation of the TEMPS-A, as well as the maladaptive nature of the cyclothymic/irritable temperament.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA. msarmist@uncg.edu
authors.forename: Molly A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barrantes-Vidal
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kwapil
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult