title: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Jing adults in China: a village-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a predictor of end-stage renal and cardiovascular disease. There is no data on CKD prevalence in numerous minority communities of China such as the Guangxi Jing community. We determined CKD prevalence and related risk factors in Jing adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified cluster random sampling method was used in this study comprising 757 Jing adults. Questionnaires, physical examinations and laboratory tests including measurements of urinary albumin and hematuria, were performed. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the improved Chinese population MDRD formula. CKD-related risk factors were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After standardization for age and gender, the prevalence of albuminuria, haematuria and eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was 12.5%, 3.8% and 0.4%, respectively Overall CKD prevalence was 15.3%, while the awareness rate was only 11.6%. Females had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) prevalence of albuminuria, hematuria and eGFR < 60 ml/min compared to males. CKD prevalence tended to increase significantly (< 0.05) with increase in age. Using the standardized age and gender ratios, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia was 14.8%, 5.2%, 38% and 16.2%, respectively, with awareness of 41.0%, 41.2%, 6.6% and 0.9%. Prevalence of overweight or obesity status and metabolic syndrome was 12.1% and 3.0%. Females showed a significantly higher prevalence of hyperuricemia and obesity or overweight status. CKD prevalence was also significantly higher in people with risk diseases. Regression analysis showed that age, gender, hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes were CKD-related risk factors, while culture (higher education level) was a protective factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Jing adults showed a high CKD prevalence of 15.3%, with a low awareness rate of 11.6%. Older subjects and females were more susceptible with a high prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome etc. being associated closely with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Xu D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Heng Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ying H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Di F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ya S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Yun H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult