title: Evaluation of the infectiousness to mice of soil contaminated with Yersinia pestis-infected blood.
abstract: Plague, an often-fatal zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized by epizootic and quiescent periods. How Y. pestis is maintained during inter-epizootic periods is poorly understood, but soil has been implicated as a potential reservoir. Although previous studies have suggested that Y. pestis is able to survive in soil for weeks or months, it is unclear whether or not it is infectious to susceptible hosts. Here we investigate the potential for Y. pestis to infect mice through close contact with contaminated soil under laboratory conditions. In an attempt to approximate the natural conditions under which animals would be exposed to Y. pestis-contaminated soil, mouse cages filled with soil from a plague-endemic region were held at temperature and humidity ranges observed in ground squirrel burrows. These laboratory "burrows" were contaminated with highly bacteremic blood (>10(8) cfu/mL) to simulate the introduction of infectious material from a dying animal during an epizootic. Outbred Swiss-Webster mice with scarified skin patches were held on contaminated soil for 10 days and monitored for signs of illness. Following exposure to contaminated soil, one animal of 104 became infected with Y. pestis. None of the remaining animals seroconverted following a 21-day holding period. Under our experimental conditions, which maximized the likelihood of contact between susceptible mice and contaminated soil, transmission efficiency from soil to mice was 0.96% (95% CI 0.17, 5.25%). This suggests that although transmission of Y. pestis from contaminated soils is possible, it is not likely a major transmission route under natural conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Diseases Branch, 3150 Rampart Road, MS-P02, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA. kje5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Boegler
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Montenieri
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D051379:Mice; D010930:Plague / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012589:Sciuridae; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil