title: Loss of membrane fluidity and endocytosis inhibition are involved in rapid aluminum-induced root growth cessation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the main limiting factor in crop production on acid soils. The main symptom of Al toxicity is a rapid inhibition of root growth, but the mechanism of root growth cessation remains unclear. Here we examined the earliest changes in the plasma membrane and processes related to the membrane in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip cells of roots grown in a hydropony. Al suppressed root growth within 2 min, inhibited endocytosis within 10 min of exposure and stabilized cortical microtubules within the first 30 min. Spectrofluorometric measurements of the plasma membrane isolated from Arabidopsis plants and labeled with the fluorescent probe laurdan showed that Al induced a reduction in membrane fluidity. Application of the membrane fluidizer, benzyl alcohol, restored partially membrane fluidity and also partially restored root growth during first 30 min of Al treatment. We concluded that Al-induced loss of membrane fluidity and endocytosis inhibition occurred very early during Al toxicity in plant roots and could be the earliest targets of Al treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krtková
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Havelková
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Křepelová
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fišer
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vosolsobě
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Novotná
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinec
authors.forename: Kateřina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwarzerová
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018527:Hydroponics; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000187:drug effects*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol