title: Specific binding of anionic porphyrin and phthalocyanine to the G-quadruplex with a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications.
abstract: The G-quadruplex, a four-stranded DNA structure with stacked guanine tetrads (G-quartets), has recently been attracting attention because of its critical roles in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the G-quadruplex functions as ligands for metal ions and aptamers for various molecules. Interestingly, the G-quadruplex can show peroxidase-like activity with an anionic porphyrin, iron (III) protoporphyrin IX (hemin). Importantly, hemin binds to G-quadruplexes with high selectivity over single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which is attributable to an electrostatic repulsion of phosphate groups in ssDNA and dsDNA. The G-quadruplex and hemin-G-quadruplex complex allow development of sensing techniques to detect DNA, metal ions and proteins. In addition to hemin, anionic phthalocyanines also bind to the G-quadruplex formed by human telomere DNA, specifically over ssDNA and dsDNA. Since the binding of anionic phthalocyanines to the G-quadruplex causes an inhibition of telomerase activity, which plays a role in the immortal growth of cancer cells, anionic phthalocyanines are promising as novel anticancer drug candidates. This review focuses on the specific binding of hemin and anionic phthalocyanines to G-quadruplexes and the applications in vitro and in vivo of this binding property.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Panasonic Corporation, 3-4 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan. yaku.hidenobu@jp.panasonic.com
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yaku
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murashima
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D021881:DNA, Catalytic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D054856:G-Quadruplexes; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D054833:Isoindoles; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D021881:DNA, Catalytic; D007211:Indoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D011166:Porphyrins; D019098:Telomerase; C013647:phthalocyanine