title: Evidence for obesity paradox in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The obesity paradox refers to the epidemiological evidence that obesity compared with normal weight is associated with counter-intuitive improved health in a variety of disease conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We extracted data from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry and identified 64 436 patients who underwent coronary angiography due to ACSs. In 54 419 (84.4%) patients, a significant coronary stenosis was identified, whereas 10 017 (15.6%) patients had no significant stenosis. Patients were divided into nine different BMI categories. The patients with significant stenosis were further subdivided according to treatment received such as medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery by-pass grafting. Mortality for the different subgroups during a maximum of 3 years was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression with the lean BMI category (21.0 to <23.5 kg/m(2)) as the reference group. Regardless of angiographic findings [significant or no significant coronary artery disease (CAD)] and treatment decision, the underweight group (BMI <18.5 kg/m(2)) had the greatest risk for mortality. Medical therapy and PCI-treated patients with modest overweight (BMI category 26.5-<28 kg/m(2)) had the lowest risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.52; 95% CI 0.34-0.80 and HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.50-0.81, respectively]. When studying BMI as a continuous variable in patients with significant CAD, the adjusted risk for mortality decreased with increasing BMI up to ~35 kg/m(2) and then increased. In patients with significant CAD undergoing coronary artery by-pass grafting and in patients with no significant CAD, there was no difference in mortality risk in the overweight groups compared with the normal weight group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large and unselected group of patients with ACSs, the relation between BMI and mortality was U-shaped, with the nadir among overweight or obese patients and underweight and normal-weight patients having the highest risk. These data strengthen the concept of the obesity paradox substantially.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. oskar.angeras@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Angerås
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albertsson
authors.forename: Kristjan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karason
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Råmunddal
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matejka
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lagerqvist
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Elmir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omerovic
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology