title: Glycolaldehyde impairs neutrophil biochemical parameters by an oxidative and calcium-dependent mechanism--protective role of antioxidants astaxanthin and vitamin C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the effects of glycolaldehyde (GC) on biochemical parameters of human neutrophils and whether the antioxidant astaxanthin associated with vitamin C can modulate these parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neutrophils from healthy subjects were treated with GC (1mM) followed or not by the antioxidants astaxanthin (2 μM) and vitamin C (100 μM). We examined the phagocytic capacity, hypochlorous acid, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, cytokines and [Ca(2+)](i). Also, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide production, antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione-recycling system were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC promoted a marked reduction on the phagocytic capacity, maximal G6PDH and MPO activities, hypochlorous acid production and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines. Some impairment in the neutrophils biochemical parameters appears to be mediated by oxidative stress through ROS/RNS production and calcium reduction. Oxidative stress was evidenced by reduction in the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, GSH/GSSG ratio and in the increment of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) and NO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of cells with the combination of the antioxidants astaxanthin and vitamin C was able to restore some neutrophils function mainly by decreasing ROS/RNS production and improving the redox state. Overall, our findings demonstrate that GC modulates several neutrophils biochemical parameters in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences, CBS, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, 03342000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz Alves
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Anaysa Paola
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bolin
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Rosemari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otton
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013481:Superoxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D024341:Xanthophylls; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C005948:astaxanthine; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C010972:glycolaldehyde