title: Targeted microbubbles in the experimental and clinical setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbubbles have improved ultrasonography imaging techniques over the past 2 decades. Their safety, versatility, and easiness of use have rendered them equal or even superior in some instances to other imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Herein, we conducted a literature review to present their types, general behavior in tissues, and current and potential use in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted for all preclinical and clinical studies involving microbubbles and ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different types of microbubbles are available. These generally improve the enhancement of tissues during ultrasonography imaging. They also can be attached to ligands for the target of several conditions such as inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis, apoptosis, and might have the potential of carrying toxic drugs to diseased sites, thereby limiting the systemic adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of microbubbles is evolving rapidly and can have a significant impact on the management of various conditions. The potential for their use as targeting agents and gene and drug delivery vehicles looks promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd., Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK. ahmedwahabf@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alzaraa
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gravante
authors.forename: Wen Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Dhya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Al-Leswas
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D045423:Microbubbles; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media