title: Metabolomic markers for intestinal ischemia in a mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of intestinal ischemia remains a clinical challenge. The aim of the present study was to use a metabolomic protocol to identify upregulated and downregulated small molecules (M(r) < 500) in the serum of mice with intestinal ischemia. Such molecules could have clinical utility when evaluated as biomarkers in human studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mouse model for intestinal ischemia was established and validated using histology and serum tumor necrosis factor α concentrations. A second mouse model of peritoneal sepsis was used as a positive control. Serial serum samples were collected from these and from sham-operated animals. Sera were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for 40 small molecules as their trimethylsilyl and O-methyloxime derivatives. Peak areas were normalized against an internal standard and resultant peak area ratios subjected to multivariate data analysis using unsupervised principal components analysis and supervised orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis. Upregulated and downregulated serum molecules were identified from their correlation to the orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three highly significantly upregulated (fold-change) serum molecules in intestinal ischemia were inorganic phosphate (2.4), urea (4.3), and threonic acid (2.9). Five highly significantly downregulated (fold-change) serum molecules were stearic acid (1.7), arabinose (2.7), xylose (1.6), glucose (1.4), and ribose (2.2). Lactic acid remained unchanged in intestinal ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct molecular changes are reported here for the first time in intestinal ischemia. They reveal impairments of gut microbiota metabolism, intestinal absorption, and renal function, together with increased oxidative stress. In contrast to other reports, lactic acid was not significantly changed. These molecular signatures may now be evaluated in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahrner
authors.forename: Diren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beyoğlu
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beldi
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Idle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019344:Lactic Acid