title: Bioenergetics and pathway of acid blue 113 degradation by Staphylococcus lentus.
abstract: Bioreaction calorimetric studies of degradation of the dye acid blue 113 by Staphylococcus lentus are reported for the first time. The heat released during the dye degradation process can be successfully measured using reaction calorimeter. Power time and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profile followed each other suggesting that heat profiles could monitor the progress of the dye degradation in biocalorimetry. The shifts observed in power-time profile indicated three distinct phases of the bioprocess indicating simultaneous utilization of glucose (primary) and dye (secondary carbon source). Secretion of azoreductase enzyme enhanced the degradation process. Optimization of aeration and agitation rates was observed to be vital to efficient dye degradation. The degradative pathway for acid blue 113 by S. lentus was delineated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Interestingly the products of degradation were found to have low toxicity, as per cytotoxicity measurements.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Dept., Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sudharshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekar
authors.forename: Surianarayanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.forename: Bhuvanesh Kumar
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Asit Baran
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002151:Calorimetry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D009601:Nitroreductases; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C015967:Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase