title: Long-term outcome for ADL following the health-promoting RCT--elderly persons in the risk zone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine independence in activities of daily living (ADL) at the 1- and 2-year follow-ups of the health-promoting study Elderly Persons in the Risk Zone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, three-armed, single-blind, and controlled study. A representative sample of 459 independent and community-dwelling older adults, 80 years and older, were included. A preventive home visit was compared with four weekly multiprofessional senior group meetings including a follow-up home visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed a significant difference in favor of the senior meetings in postponing dependence in ADL at the 1-year follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-3.10) and also in reducing dependence in three (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.31-0.86) and four or more ADL (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.22-0.72) at the 2-year follow-up. A preventive home visit reduced dependence in two (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24-0.68) and three or more ADL (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17-0.80) after 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A long-term evaluation of Elderly Persons in the Risk Zone showed that both senior meetings and a preventive home visit reduced the extent of dependence in ADL after 1 year. The senior meetings were superior to a preventive home visit since additional significant effects were seen after 2 years. To further enhance the long-term effects of the senior meetings and support the process of self-change in health behavior, it is suggested that booster sessions might be a good way of reinforcing the intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Occupational Therapy, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 455, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. susanne.m.gustafsson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Kajsa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelmson
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Edberg
authors.forename: Boo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Greta Häggblom
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kronlöf
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gosman-Hedström
authors.forename: Synneve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahlin-Ivanoff
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden