title: Cytogenetic evaluation of pre-pregnancy smoking in maternal and newborn lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study cytogenetic damage in order to estimate the effect of pre-pregnancy smoking on pregnant women and their foetuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphocyte cultures were obtained from peripheral blood of 20 women who quit smoking during pregnancy, and umbilical cord blood of their newborns at delivery. Cytogenetic analyses were performed for sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), proliferation rate index (PRI) and mitotic index (MI) using the Fluorescence Plus Giemsa staining technique. Twenty non-smoking women and their newborns were evaluated as controls. CPT-11, a known antineoplastic, was used as a positive genotoxic agent in order to correlate non-smoking women with smoking women and reveal any underlying chromosome instability. Statistical evaluation of SCE frequencies, PRI and MI was based on independent samples t-test in order to estimate the effect of pre-pregnancy smoking on mothers and their newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCEs were induced in the cord blood lymphocytes of newborns whose mothers smoked before pregnancy when they were exposed to the mutagenic agent CPT-11 (p<0.01). A similar increase in SCEs was observed in both non-smoking and smoking mothers exposed to CPT-11. Newborns in both groups had significantly lower SCE levels than their mothers (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-pregnancy smoking results in cytogenetic damage for both mothers and newborns, and is an important risk factor for cancer and/or other genetic-related diseases. Smoking cessation needs to occur well before conception in order to avoid the strong cytogenetic association between pre-pregnancy smoking by mothers and their newborns.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, Medical School, Demokrition University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece. dkareli@med.duth.gr
authors.forename: Dimitra E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kareli
authors.forename: Stamatia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Pouliliou
authors.forename: Ioannis H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.forename: Afrodite N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Psillaki
authors.forename: Georgios C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Galazios
authors.forename: Vassilios A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Liberis
authors.forename: Theodore S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lialiaris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003582:Cytogenetics; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D016540:Smoking Cessation