title: Changes in hospitalization, physician visits, and self-reported fitness after spinal cord injury: a cross-sequential analysis of age, years since injury, and age at injury onset.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify changes in hospitalizations, days hospitalized, nonroutine physician visits, and self-reported fitness over 4 measurements separated by 4- to 5-year intervals among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI), while testing for the effects of age, time since injury, and age at injury onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed model was used to analyze the cross-sequential data that include cross-sectional and longitudinal elements. The data were collected in 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at 2 Midwestern hospitals and a Southeastern specialty hospital in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult participants (N=1032) with SCI of at least 1-year duration who participated during at least 1 of 4 times of measurement dating back to 1993. Of these, 463 participated on all 4 occasions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome measures were 3 indicators of medical treatments-hospitalization, days hospitalized, and nonroutine physician visits. A fourth outcome was self-reported fitness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the growth model indicated some limited cohort effects for chronologic age, years since injury, and age at injury onset at baseline. However, significant time effects were observed for each of the health indices, with hospitalizations and physician visits increasing and self-reported fitness decreasing. Significant cohort by time interactions were observed for both number of hospitalizations and days hospitalized with years postinjury and chronologic age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The natural course of change in the health indices was in the direction of a greater need for treatment and reduced fitness over time. Aging effects, as defined by cohort by time interactions, indicated the greater need for hospitalization increased over time at a greater rate for those with more years postinjury and of older ages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. krause@musc.edu
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bozard
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013022:South Carolina; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors