title: A putative role for amino acid permeases in sink-source communication of barley tissues uncovered by RNA-seq.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of nitrogen accumulating in cereal grains originates from proteins remobilised from vegetative organs. However, interactions between grain filling and remobilisation are poorly understood. We used transcriptome large-scale pyrosequencing of flag leaves, glumes and developing grains to identify cysteine peptidase and N transporter genes playing a role in remobilisation and accumulation of nitrogen in barley.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combination of already known and newly derived sequence information reduced redundancy, increased contig length and identified new members of cysteine peptidase and N transporter gene families. The dataset for N transporter genes was aligned with N transporter amino acid sequences of rice and Arabidopsis derived from Aramemnon database. 57 AAT, 45 NRT1/PTR and 22 OPT unigenes identified by this approach cluster to defined subgroups in the respective phylogenetic trees, among them 25 AAT, 8 NRT1/PTR and 5 OPT full-length sequences. Besides, 59 unigenes encoding cysteine peptidases were identified and subdivided into different families of the papain cysteine peptidase clade. Expression profiling of full-length AAT genes highlighted amino acid permeases as the group showing highest transcriptional activity. HvAAP2 and HvAAP6 are highly expressed in vegetative organs whereas HvAAP3 is grain-specific. Sequence similarities cluster HvAAP2 and the putative transporter HvAAP6 together with Arabidopsis transporters, which are involved in long-distance transfer of amino acids. HvAAP3 is closely related to AtAAP1 and AtAAP8 playing a role in supplying N to developing seeds. An important role in amino acid re-translocation can be considered for HvLHT1 and HvLHT2 which are specifically expressed in glumes and flag leaves, respectively. PCA and K-means clustering of AAT transcript data revealed coordinate developmental stages in flag leaves, glumes and grains. Phloem-specific metabolic compounds are proposed that might signal high grain demands for N to distantly located plant organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach identified cysteine peptidases and specific N transporters of the AAT family as obviously relevant for grain filling and thus, grain yield and quality in barley. Up to now, information is based only on transcript data. To make it relevant for application, the role of identified candidates in sink-source communication has to be analysed in more detail.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany. kohl@ipk-gatersleben.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Blattner
authors.forename: Volodymyr
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radchuk
authors.forename: Franka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andersch
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steuernagel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmutzer
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krupinska
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Winfriede
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weschke
mesh_terms: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002450:Cell Communication; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D001467:Hordeum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D009584:Nitrogen