title: The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans: do men and women differ?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study conceptualized loneliness as a mediator in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms and explored gender differences in the mediation model. Various indices of social engagement were considered including living arrangement, social network, and activity participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from 674 community-dwelling Korean American older adults, we first examined the mediation effect of loneliness in the relation between each of 3 indices of social engagement (not living alone, social network, and activity participation) and depressive symptoms. Subsequently, gender differences in the mediation model were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, loneliness was found to mediate the relation between each of the indices of social engagement and depressive symptoms in both men and women. We also observed gender differences in the strength of mediating effects; the effect of living alone was more likely to be mediated by loneliness among men, whereas women showed greater levels of mediation in the models with social network and activity participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that loneliness may explain the mechanism by which deficits in social engagement exerts its effect on depressive symptoms and that gender differences should be considered in interventions targeting social engagement for mental health promotion.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA. nanpark@usf.edu
authors.forename: Nan Sook
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Beom S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Chiriboga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States