title: Traumatic tympanic membrane perforations:  clinical and audiometric findings in 198 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain clinical and audiometric findings in traumatic tympanic membrane perforations from a typical patient collective in a Western industrial nation because the appropriate data have an important relevance in medicolegal questions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Germany's largest university clinic for otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the medical records of 198 patients with traumatic tympanic membrane perforations, the following data were collected: demographic data, date and mechanism of the trauma, otoscopic findings and collateral injuries, kind of therapy and its results, pure tone audiometry, and statement of tinnitus or vertigo in the course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients were young (mean age, 29.2 yr) and male (62%). Men and women are equally represented in perforations resulting from a physical blow to the ear (44.7% vs 46.7%); a collision was more often the cause in men (23.6% vs 14.7%), whereas an accidental perforation by insertion of a cotton bud was approximately 2 times more common on women (13.8% vs 25.3%). The left ear was more often affected than the right ear (58.5% vs 41.5%). Collateral damage was found in only 1% of the cases. In blows, collisions, barotraumas, and the insertion of sharp objects, the inferior parts of the tympanic membrane were most often affected; the most severe (subtotal) perforations were caused by explosions, weld beads, and insertion of cotton buds. For therapy, myringoplasty had an overall success rate of 88.9%; splinting with silicon foils, 51.6%; and "no therapy," 53.3%. Bone conduction thresholds for the affected ear were higher in low, middle, and high frequencies compared with the contralateral ear by trend, but a statistical difference was only found in the high frequencies. In follow-up examinations, the hearing thresholds in the high frequencies were no longer significantly different. A "c dip" or "fis dip" was found in 18.0% and 9.2%. Tinnitus and vertigo were reported in 30.8 and 8.1%, respectively, but only in 2.0% and 0% during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in traumatic tympanic membrane perforations have a good prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: John Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001299:Audiometry; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000150:complications; D001844:Bone Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D014717:Vertigo / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult