title: Inappropriateness of medication prescriptions to elderly patients in the primary care setting: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inappropriate medication prescription is a common cause of preventable adverse drug events among elderly persons in the primary care setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic review is to quantify the extent of inappropriate prescription to elderly persons in the primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched Ovid-Medline and Ovid-EMBASE from 1950 and 1980 respectively to March 2012. Two independent reviewers screened and selected primary studies published in English that measured (in)appropriate medication prescription among elderly persons (>65 years) in the primary care setting. We extracted data sources, instruments for assessing medication prescription appropriateness, and the rate of inappropriate medication prescriptions. We grouped the reported individual medications according to the Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification and compared the median rate of inappropriate medication prescription and its range within each therapeutic class.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 19 studies, 14 of which used the Beers criteria as the instrument for assessing appropriateness of prescriptions. The median rate of inappropriate medication prescriptions (IMP) was 20.5% [IQR 18.1 to 25.6%.]. Medications with largest median rate of inappropriate medication prescriptions were propoxyphene 4.52 (0.10-23.30)%, doxazosin 3.96 (0.32 15.70)%, diphenhydramine 3.30 (0.02-4.40)% and amitriptiline 3.20 (0.05-20.5)% in a decreasing order of IMP rate. Available studies described unequal sets of medications and different measurement tools to estimate the overall prevalence of inappropriate prescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one in five prescriptions to elderly persons in primary care is inappropropriate despite the attention that has been directed to quality of prescription. Diphenhydramine and amitriptiline are the most common inappropriately prescribed medications with high risk adverse events while propoxyphene and doxazoxin are the most commonly prescribed medications with low risk adverse events. These medications are good candidates for being targeted for improvement e.g. by computerized clinical decision support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.o.opondo@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Dedan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Opondo
authors.forename: Saied
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: de Rooij
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verheij
authors.forename: Joke C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Korevaar
authors.forename: Ameen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abu-Hanna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*