title: Identification of drugs inducing phospholipidosis by novel in vitro data.
abstract: Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of phospholipids within the lysosome. This adverse drug effect can occur in various tissues and is suspected to impact cellular viability. Therefore, it is important to test chemical compounds for their potential to induce PLD during the drug design process. PLD has been reported to be a side effect of many commonly used drugs, especially those with cationic amphiphilic properties. To predict drug-induced PLD in silico, we established a high-throughput cell-culture-based method to quantitatively determine the induction of PLD by chemical compounds. Using this assay, we tested 297 drug-like compounds at two different concentrations (2.5 μM and 5.0 μM). We were able to identify 28 previously unknown PLD-inducing agents. Furthermore, our experimental results enabled the development of a binary classification model to predict PLD-inducing agents based on their molecular properties. This random forest prediction system yields a bootstrapped validated accuracy of 86 %. PLD-inducing agents overlap with those that target similar biological processes; a high degree of concordance with PLD-inducing agents was identified for cationic amphiphilic compounds, small molecules that inhibit acid sphingomyelinase, compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier, and compounds that violate Lipinski's rule of five. Furthermore, we were able to show that PLD-inducing compounds applied in combination additively induce PLD.
authors.affiliation: Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen (Germany); Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen (Germany).
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muehlbacher
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tripal
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roas
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015195:Drug Design; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016464:Lysosomal Storage Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010743:Phospholipids; D013501:Surface-Active Agents