title: Evaluation of diode endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in bovine cadaver eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anterior chamber approach and energy levels for endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECPC) and assess ECPC-induced tissue damage in phakic eyes of bovine cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 bovine cadaver eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angle of reach was measured in 6 eyes following placement of a curved endoscopic probe through multiple corneal incisions. In another 6 eyes, each ocular quadrant underwent ECPC at 1 of 3 energy levels (0.75, 0.90, and 1.05 J) or remained untreated. Visible effects on tissues (whitening and contraction of ciliary processes) were scored (scale of 0 [no effects] to 6 [severe effects]), and severity and extent of histologic damage to the pigmented and nonpigmented ciliary epithelium and fibromuscular stroma were each scored (scale of 0 [no effect] to 3 [severe effect]) and summed for each quadrant. Overall mean scores for 6 quadrants/treatment were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ± SD combined angle of reach was 148 ± 24° (range, 123 ± 23° [ventromedial] to 174 ± 11° [dorsolateral]). At the 0.75-, 0.90-, and 1.05-J levels, mean visible tissue effect scores were 3.12 ± 0.47, 3.86 ± 0.35, and 4.68 ± 0.58, respectively; mean histologic damage scores were 4.79 ± 1.38 (mild damage), 6.82 ± 1.47 (moderate damage), and 9.37 ± 1.42 (severe damage), respectively. Occasional popping noises (venting of vaporized interstitial water) were heard at the 1.05-J level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple incisions were necessary to facilitate 360° ECPC treatment in bovine eyes. For ECPC in vivo, the 0.75- and 0.90-J energy levels had the potential to effectively treat the ciliary epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Jay T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gilger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*