title: On the structural modification of 2-nitroimidazole-(99m)Tc(CO)(3) complex, a hypoxia marker, for improving in vivo pharmacokinetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 2-nitroimidazole-(99m)Tc(CO)(3) complex reported earlier showed promise with respect to its uptake and retention in hypoxic tumor. However, significant uptake and slow clearance from liver imposed severe limitations towards advocating its possible practical utility. In an attempt to improving its liver clearance, an ether linkage, which is known to help in liver clearance, was introduced in the molecule.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2-nitroimidazole iminodiacetic acid (IDA) derivative containing an ether linkage was synthesized in a five step procedure from 2-nitroimidazole. This derivative was radiolabeled using [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) precursor complex. The corresponding Re(CO)(3) analogue was also synthesized in the macroscopic level for structural characterization. The (99m)Tc(CO)(3) complex was evaluated in an animal model bearing fibrosarcoma tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vivo evaluation of the complex indicated that, as envisaged, introduction of the ether linkage has improved clearance from the liver. The complex also showed higher retention in tumor compared to the 2-nitroimidazole-IDA-(99m)Tc(CO)(3) complex reported earlier. Though the tumor to muscle ratio improved with time, the tumor to blood ratio did not show any significant improvement. Despite improved liver clearance, there was significant liver activity present even at 3h p.i. attributable to gradual accumulation of activity cleared from muscle and blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though the introduction of ether linkage improved liver clearance of the modified 2-nitroimidazole complex, it was found that a single ether linkage was not sufficient to achieve the desirable level of clearance. Probably, a linker with multiple ether groups, such as a di- or tri-ethylene glycol spacer, may be a possible solution to this issue.
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
authors.forename: Madhava B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mallia
authors.forename: Chandan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.forename: Sharmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C403973:BRU 59-21; D015415:Biomarkers; D007093:Imidazoles; D008024:Ligands; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds