title: Distributions and determinants of mercury concentrations in toenails among American young adults: the CARDIA Trace Element Study.
abstract: Since data on mercury (Hg) levels in Caucasians and African Americans (AAs) of both genders are lacking, this study aims to present toenail Hg distributions and explore the potential determinants using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Trace Element Study. Data from 4,344 Americans, aged 20-32 in 1987, recruited from Oakland, Chicago, Minneapolis, and Birmingham were used to measure toenail Hg levels by instrumental neutron-activation method. The Hg distribution was described with selected percentiles and geometric means. Multivariable linear regression (MLR) was used to examine potential determinants of Hg levels within ethnicity-gender subgroups. The geometric mean of toenail Hg was 0.212 (95 % CI = 0.207-0.218) μg/g. Hg levels varied geographically with Oakland the highest [0.381 (0.367-0.395) μg/g] and Minneapolis the lowest [0.140 (0.134-0.147) μg/g]. MLR analyses showed that male gender and AA ethnicity were negatively associated with toenail Hg levels, and that age, living in Oakland city, education level, alcohol consumption, and total fish intake were positively associated with toenail Hg concentrations within each ethnicity-gender subgroup. Current smokers were found to have higher Hg only in AA men. This study suggested age, gender, ethnicity, study center, alcohol, education level, and fish consumption consistently predict toenail Hg levels. As fish consumption was the key determinant, avoiding certain types of fish that have relatively high Hg levels may be crucial in reducing Hg intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2221 McGavran-Greenberg, Campus Box: 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J Steve
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008628:Mercury