title: Intakes and sources of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans, coumestrol and soya-containing foods in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk), from 7 d food diaries, using a newly updated database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A diet rich in phyto-oestrogens has been suggested to protect against a variety of common diseases but UK intake data on phyto-oestrogens or their food sources are sparse. The present study estimates the average intakes of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans and coumestrol from 7 d food diaries and provides data on total isoflavone, lignan and phyto-oestrogen consumption by food group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of a food composition database for twelve phyto-oestrogens and analysis of soya food and phyto-oestrogen consumption in a populationbased study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women, aged 40–79 years, from the general population participating in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) between 1993 and 1997, with nutrient and food data from 7 d food diaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subset of 20 437 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median daily phyto-oestrogen intake for all men was 1199 mg (interquartile range 934–1537mg; mean 1504mg, SD 1502mg) and 888mg for all women (interquartile range 710–1135 mg; mean 1205 mg, SD 1701mg). In soya consumers, median daily intakes were higher: 2861 mg in men (interquartile range 1304–7269mg; mean 5051mg, SD 5031mg) and 3142 mg in women (interquartile range 1089–7327mg; mean 5396 mg, SD 6092 mg). In both men and women, bread made the greatest contribution to phyto-oestrogen intake – 40?8% and 35?6%, respectively. In soya consumers, vegetable dishes and soya/goat’s/sheep’s milks were the main contributors – 45?7% and 21?3% in men and 38?4% and 33?7% in women, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to estimate phyto-oestrogen intake in Western populations more accurately will aid investigations into their suggested effects on health.
authors.affiliation: European Prospective Investigation of Cancer, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Gunter G C
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kuhnle
authors.forename: Marleen A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: van Scheltinga
authors.forename: Natasha A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTaggart
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhaniani
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003375:Coumestrol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017705:Lignans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D009752:Nutritional Status; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012756:Sheep; D045730:Soy Foods; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D017705:Lignans; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D003375:Coumestrol