title: Individualized 3D reconstruction of normal tissue dose for patients with long-term follow-up: a step toward understanding dose risk for late toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the relationship between normal tissue dose and delayed radiation toxicity is an important component of developing more effective radiation therapy. Late outcome data are generally available only for patients who have undergone 2-dimensional (2D) treatment plans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D normal tissue dosimetry derived from reconstructed 2D treatment plans in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional lung, heart, and breast volumes were reconstructed from 2D planning radiographs for HL patients who received mediastinal radiation therapy. For each organ, a reference 3D organ was modified with patient-specific structural information, using deformable image processing software. Radiation therapy plans were reconstructed by applying treatment parameters obtained from patient records to the reconstructed 3D volumes. For each reconstructed organ mean dose (Dmean) and volumes covered by at least 5 Gy (V5) and 20 Gy (V20) were calculated. This process was performed for 15 patients who had both 2D and 3D planning data available to compare the reconstructed normal tissue doses with those derived from the primary CT planning data and also for 10 historically treated patients with only 2D imaging available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients with 3D planning data, the normal tissue doses could be reconstructed accurately using 2D planning data. Median differences in Dmean between reconstructed and actual plans were 0.18 Gy (lungs), -0.15 Gy (heart), and 0.30 Gy (breasts). Median difference in V5 and V20 were less than 2% for each organ. Reconstructed 3D dosimetry was substantially higher in historical mantle-field treatments than contemporary involved-field mediastinal treatments: average Dmean values were 15.2 Gy vs 10.6 Gy (lungs), 27.0 Gy vs 14.3 Gy (heart), and 8.0 Gy vs 3.2 Gy (breasts).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional reconstruction of absorbed dose to organs at risk can be estimated accurately many years after exposure by using limited 2D data. Compared to contemporary involved-field treatments, normal tissue doses were significantly higher in historical mantle-field treatments. These methods build capacity to quantify the relationship between 3D normal tissue dose and observed late effects.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Kristy K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hodgson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008327:Mammography; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted