title: Near-infrared fluorescence sentinel lymph node mapping of the oral cavity in head and neck cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elective neck dissection is frequently performed during surgery in head and neck cancer patients. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure can prevent the morbidity of a neck dissection and improve lymph node staging by fine pathology. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is a promising technique to identify the sentinel lymph node (SLN) intraoperatively. This feasibility study explored the use of indocyanine green adsorbed to human serum albumin (ICG:HSA) for SLN mapping in head and neck cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 consecutive patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer and a clinical N0 neck were included. After exposure of the neck, 1.6 mL of ICG:HSA (500 μM) was injected at four quadrants around the tumor. During the neck dissection, levels I-IV were measured for fluorescence using the Mini-FLARE imaging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 10 patients, NIR fluorescence imaging enabled visualization of one or more SLNs. A total of 17 SLNs were identified. The mean contrast between the fluorescent signal of the lymph nodes and of the surrounding tissue was 8.7±6.4. In 3 patients, of which 1 was false-negative, lymph node metastases were found. After administration of ICG:HSA, the average number of fluorescent lymph nodes significantly increased over time (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated feasibility to detect draining lymph nodes in head and neck cancer patients using NIR fluorescence imaging. However, the fluorescent tracer quickly migrated beyond the SLN to higher tier nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: van der Vorst
authors.forename: Boudewijn E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.forename: Floris P R
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keereweer
authors.forename: Jeroen C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Lilly-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: Antonius P M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Langeveld
authors.forename: Merlijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hutteman
authors.forename: Clemens W G M
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Löwik
authors.forename: Cornelis J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D037981:Neck Dissection / Q000379:methods; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D012709:Serum Albumin; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014067:Tonsillar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012709:Serum Albumin; D007208:Indocyanine Green