title: Personality disorder features and insomnia status amongst hypnotic-dependent adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of personality disorders and their relation to insomnia parameters among persons with chronic insomnia with hypnotic dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four adults with chronic insomnia with hypnotic dependence completed the SCID-II personality questionnaire, two-weeks of sleep diaries, polysomnography, and measures of insomnia severity, impact, fatigue severity, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Frequencies, between-subjects t-tests and hierarchical regression models were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster C personality disorders were most prevalent (50%). Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) was most common (n=39). These individuals compared to participants with no personality disorders did not differ in objective and subjective sleep parameters. Yet, they had poorer insomnia-related daytime functioning. OCPD and Avoidant personality disorders features were associated with poorer daytime functioning. OCPD features were related to greater fatigue severity, and overestimation of time awake was trending. Schizotypal and Schizoid features were positively associated with insomnia severity. Dependent personality disorder features were related to underestimating time awake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cluster C personality disorders were highly prevalent in patients with chronic insomnia with hypnotic dependence. Features of Cluster C and A personality disorders were variously associated with poorer insomnia-related daytime functioning, fatigue, and estimation of nightly wake-time. Future interventions may need to address these personality features.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA. Megan.Ruiter@ccc.uab.edu
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ruiter
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lichstein
authors.forename: Sidney D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nau
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult