title: Expression profile of telomere-associated genes in multiple myeloma.
abstract: To further contribute to the understanding of multiple myeloma, we have focused our research interests on the mechanisms by which tumour plasma cells have a higher survival rate than normal plasma cells. In this article, we study the expression profile of genes involved in the regulation and protection of telomere length, telomerase activity and apoptosis in samples from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smouldering multiple myeloma, multiple myeloma (MM) and plasma cell leukaemia (PCL), as well as several human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs). Using conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies, we identified a high number of telomeric associations (TAs). Moreover, telomere length measurements by terminal restriction fragment (TRF) assay showed a shorter mean TRF peak value, with a consistent correlation with the number of TAs. Using gene expression arrays and quantitative PCR we identified the hTERT gene together with 16 other genes directly involved in telomere length maintenance: HSPA9, KRAS, RB1, members of the Small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins family, A/B subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and 14-3-3 family. The expression levels of these genes were even higher than those in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have unlimited proliferation capacity. In conclusion, the gene signature suggests that MM tumour cells are able to maintain stable short telomere lengths without exceeding the short critical length, allowing cell divisions to continue. We propose that this could be a mechanism contributing to MM tumour cells expansion in the bone marrow (BM).
authors.affiliation: Andalusian Public Health System Biobank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. rafael.diazguardia@juntadeandalucia.es
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz de la Guardia
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalina
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panero
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elosua
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pulgarin
authors.forename: María Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ayllón
authors.forename: Gertrudis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ligero
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Slavutsky
authors.forename: Paola E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D043171:Chromosomal Instability; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D007952:Leukemia, Plasma Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008998:Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020718:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nucleolar / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059505:Telomere Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; C492001:HSPA9 protein, human; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D020718:Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nucleolar; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins