title: Vasectomy as a proxy: extrapolating health system lessons to male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy in Papua New Guinea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition among heterosexual men, with WHO recommending MC as an essential component of comprehensive HIV prevention programs in high prevalence settings since 2007. While Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a current prevalence of only 1%, the high rates of sexually transmissible diseases and the extensive, but unregulated, practice of penile cutting in PNG have led the National Department of Health (NDoH) to consider introducing a MC program. Given public interest in circumcision even without active promotion by the NDoH, examining the potential health systems implications for MC without raising unrealistic expectations presents a number of methodological issues. In this study we examined health systems lessons learned from a national no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) program, and their implications for a future MC program in PNG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted with frontline health workers and key government officials involved in NSV programs in PNG over a 3-week period in February and March 2011. Documentary, organizational and policy analysis of HIV and vasectomy services was conducted and triangulated with the interviews. All interviews were digitally recorded and later transcribed. Application of the WHO six building blocks of a health system was applied and further thematic analysis was conducted on the data with assistance from the analysis software MAXQDA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obstacles in funding pathways, inconsistent support by government departments, difficulties with staff retention and erratic delivery of training programs have resulted in mixed success of the national NSV program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an already vulnerable health system significant investment in training, resources and negotiation of clinical space will be required for an effective MC program. Focused leadership and open communication between provincial and national government, NGOs and community is necessary to assist in service sustainability. Ensuring clear policy and guidance across the entire sexual and reproductive health sector will provide opportunities to strengthen key areas of the health system.
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for International & Tropical Health, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. anna.tynan@uqconnect.edu.au
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallely
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Millan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaldor
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D002944:Circumcision, Male; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D014659:Vasectomy