title: Incidence of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin: results from a prospective multicentre study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to reveal the incidence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a prospective study of 248 consecutive patients (aged 26 to 88 years) hospitalized with confirmed cardiac ischaemic periods. Digital OPG radiographs were obtained from all patients for radiographic examination of the jaws and dentition. Patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations, and symptoms were evaluated in detail to determine the prevalence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Craniofacial pain was the sole symptom of cardiac ischaemia in 13 patients (5.2%); two developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pain in the craniofacial region, chest, shoulders and arms was experienced by 72 patients. The most frequently affected region was the left mandible. In the absence of chest pain, patients most frequently experienced pain in craniofacial structures. Incidence of craniofacial pain was significantly higher in females than males (p = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac pain commonly radiates to the craniofacial structures. Pain of cardiac origin is usually described as pressure and/or a burning sensation that is provoked by physical activity and relieved by rest. Craniofacial pain of cardiac origin usually occurs bilaterally. Dental practitioners can play a crucial role in the diagnosis of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Danesh-Sani
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Danesh-Sani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D017678:Sex Distribution