title: The success of pharmacogenomics in moving genetic association studies from bench to bedside: study design and implementation of precision medicine in the post-GWAS era.
abstract: Pharmacogenomics is emerging as a popular type of study for human genetics in recent years. This is primarily due to the many success stories and high potential for translation to clinical practice. In this review, the strengths and limitations of pharmacogenomics are discussed as well as the primary epidemiologic, clinical trial, and in vitro study designs implemented. A brief discussion of molecular and analytic approaches will be reviewed. Finally, several examples of bench-to-bedside clinical implementations of pharmacogenetic traits will be described. Pharmacogenomics continues to grow in popularity because of the important genetic associations identified that drive the possibility of precision medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Center for Systems Genomics, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. marylyn.ritchie@psu.edu
authors.forename: Marylyn D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012107:Research Design; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical