title: Tricolor emission of a fluorescent heteroditopic ligand over a concentration gradient of zinc(II) ions.
abstract: The internal charge transfer (ICT) type fluoroionophore arylvinyl-bipy (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) is covalently tethered to the spirolactam form of rhodamine to afford fluorescent heteroditopic ligand 4. Compound 4 can be excited in the visible region, the emission of which undergoes sequential bathochromic shifts over an increasing concentration gradient of Zn(ClO(4))(2) in acetonitrile. Coordination of Zn(2+) stabilizes the ICT excited state of the arylvinyl-bipy component of 4, leading to the first emission color shift from blue to green. At sufficiently high concentrations of Zn(ClO(4))(2), the nonfluorescent spirolactam component of 4 is transformed to the fluorescent rhodamine, which turns the emission color from green to orange via intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the Zn(2+)-bound arylvinyl-bipy fluorophore to rhodamine. While this work offers a new design of ratiometric chemosensors, in which sequential analyte-induced emission band shifts result in the sampling of multiple colors at different concentration ranges (i.e., from blue to green to orange as [Zn(2+)] increases in the current case), it also reveals the nuances of rhodamine spirolactam chemistry that have not been sufficiently addressed in the published literature. These issues include the ability of rhodamine spirolactam as a fluorescence quencher via electron transfer, and the slow kinetics of spirolactam ring-opening effected by Zn(2+) coordination under pH neutral aqueous conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA.
authors.forename: Kesavapillai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sreenath
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl / Q000737:chemistry*; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D007769:Lactams / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007477:Ions; D007769:Lactams; D008024:Ligands; D012235:Rhodamines; D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl; D015032:Zinc