title: Creating a "pro-survival" phenotype through epigenetic modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We demonstrated recently that treatment with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, improved survival in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock. The precise mechanisms, however, have not been well-defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of SAHA treatment on gene expression profiles at an early stage of shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with or without SAHA (50 mg/kg, IP), followed by a lethal dose of LPS (20 mg/kg, IP) and a second dose of SAHA. Lungs of the animals (LPS and SAHA+LPS groups; n = 3 per group) were harvested 3 hours post-LPS insult. Sham mice (no LPS and no SAHA) served as controls. RNA was isolated from the tissues and gene expression was analyzed using Affymatrix microarray (23,000 genes). A lower confidence bound of fold change was determined for comparison of LPS versus SAHA + LPS, and genes with a lower confidence bound of >2 were considered to be differentially expressed. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and tissue staining were performed to verify the key changes. Network graphs were used to determine gene interaction and biologic relevance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of many genes known to be involved in septic pathophysiology changed after the LPS insult. Interestingly, a number of genes not implicated previously in the septic response were also altered. SAHA treatment attenuated expression of several key genes involved in inflammation. It also decreased neutrophil infiltration in lungs and histologic evidence of acute lung injury. Further analysis confirmed genes engaged in the cellular and humoral arms of the innate immune system were specifically inhibited by SAHA. Gene network analysis identified numerous molecules for the potential development of targeted therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of SAHA in a rodent model of LPS shock rapidly modulates gene transcription, with an attenuation of inflammatory mediators derived from both arms (cellular and humoral) of the innate immune system. This may be a novel mechanism responsible for the survival advantage seen with SAHA treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Baoling
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: Eugene Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Fukudome
authors.forename: Zhengcai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Yili
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dainan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Towia A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Libermann
authors.forename: Hasan B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Alam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057890:Epigenomics / Q000379:methods*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077337:Vorinostat; D000099153:Pentraxins