title: Engaging with economic evaluation methods: insights from small and medium enterprises in the UK medical devices industry after training workshops.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With increased governmental interest in value assessment of technologies and where medical device manufacturers are finding it increasingly necessary to become more familiar with economic evaluation methods, the study sought to explore the levels of health economics knowledge within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and to scope strategies they employ to demonstrate the value of their products to purchasers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A short questionnaire was completed by participants attending one of five workshops on product development in the medical device sector that took place in England between 2007 and 2011. From all responses obtained, a large proportion of participants were based in SMEs (N = 43), and these responses were used for the analysis. Statistical analysis using non-parametric tests was performed on questions with approximately interval scales. Qualitative data from participant responses were analysed to reveal emerging themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire results revealed that 60% of SME participants (mostly company directors or managers, including product or project managers) rated themselves as having low or no knowledge of health economics prior to the workshops but the rest professed at least medium knowledge. Clinical trials and cost analyses or cost-effectiveness studies were the most highly cited means by which SMEs aim to demonstrate value of products to purchasers. Purchasers were perceived to place most importance on factors of safety, expert opinion, cost-effectiveness and price. However many companies did not utilise formal decision-making tools to prioritise these factors. There was no significant dependence of the use of decision-making tools in general with respect to professed knowledge of health economics methods. SMEs did not state a preference for any particular aspect of potential value when deciding whether to develop a product. A majority of SMEs stated they would use a health economics tool. Research and development teams or marketing and sales departments would most likely use one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study points to the need for further research into the education requirements of SMEs in the area of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and also for investigation into how SMEs engage with existing HTA processes as required by assessors such as NICE.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. michael.craven@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allsop
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004493:Education; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D018803:Models, Economic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom