title: Effect of tenofovir, an antiretroviral drug, on hepatic and renal functional indices of Wistar rats: protective role of vitamin E.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tenofovir (TFR) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against human immunodeficiency virus. We studied the effect of TFR administered to Wistar rats on hepatic and renal function markers and the possible modulatory role of vitamin E (Vit E).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consists of four groups of six rats each. The first group served as control, the second group received TFR at 50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, third group received TFR and Vit E, and the last group received Vit E alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TFR administration caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of serum urea, creatinine, urinary glucose, and protein by 65%, 51%, 88%, and 79%, respectively, relative to controls. This was followed by a significant (p<0.05) reduction in creatinine clearance of TFR-treated rats. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the activities of serum aminotransferases, γ-glutamyltransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in TRF-treated rats relative to controls. TFR administration caused a marked elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA; index of lipid peroxidation) in the animals. Specifically, serum, hepatic, and renal MDA levels increased by 75%, 90%, and 102%, respectively. TRF-treated rats had significantly (p<0.05) reduced activities of renal catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase. Supplementation of Vit E ameliorated TFR-induced effects by decreasing the levels of MDA and enhancing the activities of renal antioxidative enzymes. The biochemical data were supported by histopathological findings from the slides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TFR increased oxidative stress and altered kidney function markers in the rats, whereas supplementation of Vit E attenuated these effects.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. aoadaramoye@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Oluwatosin Adekunle
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adaramoye
authors.forename: Olubusuyi Moses
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Adewumi
authors.forename: Omolola Abidemi
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adesanoye
authors.forename: Opeyemi Olubunmi
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Faokunla
authors.forename: Ebenezer Olatunde
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Farombi
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000068698:Tenofovir; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D063065:Organophosphonates; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine