title: Variation in chlorotoluron photodegradation rates as a result of seasonal changes in the composition of natural waters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to understand the degradation of organic molecules in surface waters to ensure that risk assessments, intended to prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment, are robust. One important degradation mechanism in surface waters is photodegradation. This process is generally studied in laboratory test systems, and the significance of the results is then extrapolated to the field. The aim of this work was to assess how fluctuations in the composition of surface water influence the photodegradation rate of chlorotoluron.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Photodegradation DT(50) values in the lake (mean = 26.0 days) and pond (mean = 26.0 days) were significantly slower than in the river (mean = 6.8 days) and stream (mean = 7.3 days) samples. The DT(50) values in the pond and lake samples were similar to the direct photolysis value (mean = 28.6 days). Photodegradation was significantly faster in the stream and river samples, suggesting that indirect photolysis was significant in those waters. Principal component analysis indicated a strong inverse correlation between nitrate concentration and degradation rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitrate concentration had a strong influence on the rate of photodegradation, with increasing nitrate concentrations sharply reducing the DT(50) . However, this effect was restricted to a narrow concentration range and levelled off quite quickly, such that further increases in the nitrate concentration had no significant effect on the rate of degradation. Extrapolating photodegradation rates of chlorotoluron from the laboratory to the field should be relatively straightforward, provided the nitrate concentrations in the waters are known.
authors.affiliation: Syngenta, Product Safety Department, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK. robin.oliver@syngenta.com
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Derek F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Earll
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D061005:Ponds / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C007033:chlortoluron