title: EGb 761 promotes osteoblastogenesis, lowers bone marrow adipogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our earlier study has demonstrated that EGb 761 (standardized extract of Ginkgo) has the bone sparing effect on the estrogen deficiency induced bone loss model. In the present study, we have addressed the question whether treatment of osteoporosis benefits arterial calcification or vice versa, because both adipocyte and osteoblast originate from the same mesenchymal cell of the bone marrow cell (BMC) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow cells were isolated to study the effect of EGb 761 on osteoblast and adipocytes. For in vivo effect hamsters were fed high fat diet and the effect of EGb 761 studied on atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMC's undergoing induced osteogenic or adipogenic differentiations in the presence of EGb 761 show increase and decrease in mineralization and adipogenesis respectively. Osteogenic and adipogenic mRNAs, reveal lineage dependent expression patterns. Runx-2 (osteoblast transcription factor) showed a progressive increase, whereas PPAR-γ (adipogenic regulator) was attenuated, with same pattern of expression being for late osteogenic and adipogenic genes. EGb 761 led to increase in apoptotic cells and ROS, an important upstream signal. In vivo experiments in hamsters after induction with high cholesterol diet (HCD) show improvement in endothelial function by EGb 761 with lowering in total plasma cholesterol levels. EGb 761 led to vascular preservation of the aortic lumen with impairment of the endothelium dependent relaxation which was corroborated by micro-CT and histological sections of the thoracic region of the aorta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this data, it can be implied that EGb 761 controls bone loss, adiposity and lowers atherogenic risk factor after HCD induction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kushwaha
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swarnkar
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khedgikar
authors.forename: Geet K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Nagar
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barthwal
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000097:blood; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract