title: Planning target volume margin evaluation and critical structure sparing for rectal cancer patients treated prone on a bellyboard.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate a planning target volume (PTV) margin that would account for inter-fractional systematic and random clinical target volume positional errors for patients treated prone on a recently available couch top bellyboard and to evaluate potential critical structure dose reduction using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients (12 men and 12 women) were included in this study, all treated on a commercial bellyboard. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were acquired once every five fractions for a total of five images per patient. A three-dimensional-three-dimensional bony anatomy auto-match was carried out off-line and the residual difference in position used as a surrogate for clinical target volume inter-fractional positional errors. Systematic (Σ) and random (σ) variations were evaluated and used in PTV(margin)=1.96Σ+0.7σ. The influence of intra-fractional positional errors was evaluated in the margin analysis by introducing published values. Critical structure sparing, as a function of PTV(margin) size, was investigated through the evaluation of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and IMRT treatment plans developed using the margin derived from this work, the American Society for Radiation Oncology Contouring Atlas and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0822 trial specifications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTV(margin) that accounts for only the inter-fractional positional errors was calculated to be (anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI), left-right (LR))=(5.2mm, 3.1mm, 2.8mm). If we assumed a combined intra-fractional motion up to 3.0mm then the required PTV(margin) increased to (AP, SI, LR)=(7.0mm, 5.0mm, 5.0mm). Treatment plan evaluation showed that the bellyboard provides excellent small bowel sparing regardless of planning technique. In most cases, IMRT reduced the average femoral head, bladder and small bowel dose by 20, 15 and 40% with respect to 3DCRT planning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A PTV(margin) expansion of (AP, SI, LR)=(7.0mm, 5.0mm, 5.0mm) is required to account for all positional uncertainties. The use of a bellyboard with IMRT provides better critical structure sparing when compared with a bellyboard with 3DCRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Regina, Canada. gavin.cranmer-sargison@saskcancer.ca
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cranmer-Sargison
authors.forename: Vijayananda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kundapur
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park-Somers
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andreas
authors.forename: Haresh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vachhrajani
authors.forename: Narinder P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Sidhu
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016684:Prone Position; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery