title: The relationships among ADHD, self-esteem, and test anxiety in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The comorbidity of adult ADHD with test anxiety (TA) has not been previously reported. This comorbidity can potentially affect clinical and academic interventions among individuals with ADHD. The present study investigated the relationships among ADHD, self-esteem, and three subscales of TA among young adults: Cognitive Obstruction, Social Derogation, and Tenseness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 25 female participants diagnosed with ADHD and 30 female controls without ADHD of comparable age and education completed an Online Continuous Performance Test, an ADHD questionnaire, a self-esteem inventory, and a TA questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with ADHD exhibited significantly higher levels of TA on all three subscales and lower levels of self-esteem compared with controls. Self-esteem served as a partial mediator between ADHD and cognitive obstruction TA and as a full mediator between ADHD and social derogation TA, but had no mediation effect in the relationships between ADHD and tenseness TA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that TA, well known to affect success on tests, is correlated with ADHD. Therefore, interventions for ADHD should include components aimed at reducing TA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Israel orid@yvc.ac.il.
authors.forename: Orrie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Israel Department of Psychology, Tel Hai College, Israel.
authors.forename: Sivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013732:Test Anxiety Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult