title: Evaluation of the Scandinavian guidelines for head injuries based on a consecutive series with computed tomography from a Norwegian university hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study prospectively assesses clinical characteristics and management of consecutive minimal, mild and moderate head injury patients referred for CT scans. Compliance with the Scandinavian head injury guidelines and possible reasons for non-compliance is explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 16th 2006 to January 15th 2007, 1325 computed tomography (CT) examinations due to minimal, mild or moderate head injury according to the Head Injury Severity Scale (HISS) were carried out at our University Hospital. When ordering a CT scan due to head trauma, physicians were asked to fill out a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Guideline compliance was impossible to assess in 49.5% of all cases. This was due to non-assessable or missing key variables necessary in the decision making algorithm. One or more key variables for HISS classification were not assessable in 34.4% as it was unknown whether there had been loss of consciousness (LOC), duration of LOC was unknown or it was impossible to assess amnesia or focal neurologic deficits. Definite compliance with both CT and admittance recommendations in guidelines was seen in only 31.2%. In 54.2% of patients with minimal head injuries who underwent CT scans, imaging was not necessary according to guidelines. 59.1% of all patients were admitted to hospital, however only 23.7% of these were admitted because of the head-injury alone. Age < 4 years, possible medical cause of injuries, severe headache/nausea or vomiting and the presence of non-traumatic CT findings were independently associated with non-assessable compliance with Scandinavian guidelines. Suspicion of influence of alcohol was inversely associated to non-compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the prospective study design, guideline compliance was not assessable in nearly half of the patients. Patients with isolated head injuries and available and obtainable complete clinical information necessary for guideline-based decision making are not dominating in a head injury population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid Haavde
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.forename: Kent Gøran
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult