title: Differences in body composition and metabolic status between white U.K. and Asian Indian children (EarlyBird 24 and the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The concept of the 'thin-fat' Indian baby is well established, but there is little comparative data in older children, and none that examines the metabolic correlates. Accordingly, we investigated the impact of body composition on the metabolic profiles of Asian Indian and white U.K. children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sum of four skin-folds, % body fat (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment), trigylcerides, cholesterol [total, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein {HDL}, total/HDL ratio] and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial) were measured in 262 white Caucasian children from Plymouth, U.K. (aged 6.9 ± 0.2 years, 57% male), and 626 Indian children from rural villages around Pune, India (aged 6.2 ± 0.1 years, 53% male).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indian children had a significantly lower BMI (boys: -2.1 kg m(-2) , girls: -3.2 kg m(-2) , both P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001) and skin-fold thickness (P < 0.001) than white U.K. children, yet their % body fat was higher (boys +4.5%, P < 0.001, girls: +0.5%, P = 0.61). Independently of the differences in age and % body fat, the Indian children had higher fasting glucose (boys +0.52 mmol L(-1) , girls +0.39 mmol L(-1) , both P < 0.001), higher insulin (boys +1.69, girls +1.87 mU L(-1) , both P < 0.01) and were more insulin resistant (boys +0.25, girls +0.28 HOMA-IR units, both P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 'thin-fat' phenotype observed in Indian babies is also apparent in pre-pubertal Indian children who have greater adiposity than white U.K. children despite significantly lower BMIs. Indian children are more insulin resistant than white U.K. children, even after adjustment for adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth Campus, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joglekar
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wilkin
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012737:Sex Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D006113:United Kingdom; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol