title: A 6-week training program increased muscle antioxidant system in elderly diabetic fatty rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely accepted that oxidative stress is associated with the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In fact, it has been pointed out as a therapeutic target in T2DM. Fortunately, several papers have reported that long-term training programs improved the antioxidant system in young and adult diabetic rats. Accordingly, this study was designed to assess the influence of a shorter training program in elderly diabetic fatty rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 24 male homozygous Zucker diabetic fatty rats (Gmi, fa/fa) aged 18 weeks with an average weight of 370-450 g. After a 2-week period of environmental adaptation, animals were randomly distributed into the Exercised Group (n=12) that performed a 6-week swimming training protocol and the Sedentary Group (n=12). Animals were sacrificed under anesthesia 24 h after the last exercise session. Serum metabolic profile was determined. Total antioxidant status (TAS), MnSOD expression, glutathione status and ROS generation were assayed in gastrocnemius muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with controls, exercised rats significantly improved their metabolic profile. Total antioxidant status (0.19±0.002 vs. 0.13±0.002 µg/mg protein; p<0.001) and MnSOD expression (8471±90 vs. 6258±102 U/µg protein; p=0.003) were also increased in exercised rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 6-week swimming training program improved the antioxidant system in elderly fatty diabetic rats. Fortunately, this improvement was enough to reduce oxidative damage, expressed as protein oxidation. A major finding of this study was that our training protocol lasted just 6 weeks, in contrast to longer protocols previously published.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain. manuel.rosetyrodriguez@uca.es
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosety-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosety
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornieles-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Antonio Jesus
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Diaz-Ordonez
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosety
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosety
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvero
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ordonez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013550:Swimming; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione