title: The conditioning effect of ex vivo normothermic perfusion in an experimental kidney model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A short period of isolated normothermic perfusion (NP) can be used to improve the condition of the kidney after periods of warm and cold ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect have not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine kidneys were retrieved after 10 min of warm ischemic injury and stored by either static cold storage (CS) for 24 h (control) or CS for 23 h followed by 1 h of NP at 38°C with leukocyte-depleted autologous blood (NP). After preservation, kidneys in both groups underwent 3 h of ex vivo reperfusion to assess the injury (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP kidneys had significantly lower levels of intrarenal resistance (NP 2.28 ± 1.1 versus control 3.86 ± 1.2 mm Hg/mL/h; P = 0.040), maintained their acid base homeostasis (P = 0.080), and had higher levels of oxygen consumption (NP 42.6 ± 19.5 versus control 20.8 ± 5.7 mL/min/g; P = 0.026) and reduced tubular injury (P = 0.008) compared with kidneys in the control group during reperfusion. There were no significant differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-8, or tumor necrosis factor-α; P > 0.05) or in renal function (creatinine clearance NP 2.6 ± 1.3 versus control 3.0 ± 1.5 mL/min/100 g; P = 0.070). However, levels of IL-6 were significantly raised in the NP group after reperfusion (P = 0.016). Levels of heat shock protein 70 were upregulated after 1 h of NP and expression increased during reperfusion to a significantly higher level than in the control group (P = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kidneys undergoing a short period of NP had improved metabolic function and less tubular injury compared with static cold-stored kidneys. The increased expression of heat shock protein 70 and IL-6 suggests that NP may upregulate mechanisms that condition the kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Transplant Group, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK. sarahhosgood@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: Meeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D050377:Cold Ischemia; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D052096:Warm Ischemia
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D003404:Creatinine