title: Will medical examination gloves protect rescuers from defibrillation voltages during hands-on defibrillation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuing compressions during a defibrillation shock has been proposed as a method of reducing pauses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but the safety of this procedure is unproven. The medical examination gloves worn by rescuers play an important role in protecting the rescuer yet the electrical characteristics of these gloves are unknown. This study examined the response of medical examination gloves to defibrillation voltages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part 1 of this study measured voltage-current curves for a small sample (8) of gloves. Part 2 tested more gloves (460) to determine the voltage required to produce a specific amount of current flow. Gloves were tested at two current levels: 0.1 mA and 10 mA. Testing included four glove materials (chloroprene, latex, nitrile, and vinyl) in a single layer and double-gloved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All gloves tested in part 1 allowed little current to flow (<1 mA) as the voltage was increased until breakdown occurred, at which point current flow increased precipitously. In part 2, 118 of 260 (45%) single gloves and 93 of 120 (77%) double gloves allowed at least 0.1 mA of current flow at voltages within the external defibrillation voltage range. Also, 6 of 80 (7.5%) single gloves and 5 of 80 (6.2%) double gloves allowed over 10 mA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few of the gloves tested limited the current to levels proven to be safe. A lack of sensation during hands-on defibrillation does not guarantee that a safety margin exists. As such, we encourage rescuers to minimize rather than eliminate the pause in compressions for defibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Physio-Control, Inc., Redmond, WA, United States. joseph.l.sullivan@physio-control.com
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D047548:Defibrillators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans