title: Hyperammonemia in children: on the crossroad of different disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms of hyperammonemia occur in patients irrespective of the kind of metabolic diseases. Age, metabolic and nutritional status, and decompensation factors such as infections influence clinical manifestations. Prolonged, untreated hyperammonemia leads to brain injury and intellectual disability. Treatment is directed at lowering plasma ammonia. Brain ammonium concentrations are 1.5 to 3.0 times higher than that in blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors discuss the pathophysiology of the symptoms and consequences of hyperammonemia in children, focusing on the metabolic disorders leading to an increased level of ammonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ammonia toxicity has been investigated for a long time. According to the main hypotheses, the neurological alterations are connected to alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission.
authors.affiliation: Child Neurology Department, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. justyna.paprocka@interia.pl
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paprocka
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jamroz
mesh_terms: D000592:Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D048550:Hepatic Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012202:Reye Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology