title: Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of 23 commercial textile dyes.
abstract: The presence of dyes in wastewater effluent of textile industry is well documented. In contrast, the endocrine disrupting effects of these dyes and wastewater effluent have been poorly investigated. Herein, we studied twenty-three commercial dyes, usually used in the textile industry, and extracts of blue jean textile wastewater samples were evaluated for their agonistic and antagonistic estrogen activity. Total estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities were measured using the Yeast Estrogen Screen bioassay (YES) that evaluates estrogen receptor binding-dependent transcriptional and translational activities. The estrogenic potencies of the dyes and wastewater samples were evaluated by dose-response curves and compared to the dose-response curve of 17β-estradiol (E2), the reference compound. The dose-dependent anti-estrogenic activities of the dyes and wastewater samples were normalized to the known antagonistic effect of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) on the induction of the lac Z reporter gene by E2. About half azo textile dyes have anti-estrogenic activity with the most active being Blue HFRL. Most azo dyes however have no or weak estrogenic activity. E2/dye or E2/waste water ER competitive binding assays show activity of Blue HFRL, benzopurpurine 4B, Everzol Navy Blue FBN, direct red 89 BNL 200% and waste water samples indicating a mechanism of action common to E2. Our results indicate that several textile dyes are potential endocrine disrupting agents. The presence of some of these dyes in textile industry wastewater may thus impact the aquatic ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Mines d'Alès, LGEI center, 6 avenue de Clavière, 30319 Alès Cedex, France. ingrid.bazin@mines-ales.fr
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bazin
authors.forename: Aziza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibn Hadj Hassine
authors.forename: Yosra
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haj Hamouda
authors.forename: Wissem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mnif
authors.forename: Ahgleb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartegi
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez-Ferber
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Waard
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000819:agonists*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013784:Textiles; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D013629:Tamoxifen; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C016601:afimoxifene