title: Cancer in adolescents and young adults (15-29 years): a population-based study in the Netherlands 1989-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 15-29 years old) is relatively rare but its incidence is increasing worldwide. To define the extent and nature of the AYA patients, this population-based study was performed to explore trends in cancer incidence, survival and risk of second primary cancers in AYAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from all AYAs diagnosed with cancer between 1989 and 2009 were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Age-standardized incidence rates with estimated annual percentage of change (EAPC) and five-year relative survival rates were calculated. Relative survival was used as a good approximation of cause-specific survival. All analyses were stratified by gender, five-year age group and calendar period. In addition, Standardized Incidence Ratios were determined to evaluate the risk of second primary cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 161 AYAs were diagnosed with cancer between 1989 and 2009. Since 1989 the cancer incidence has increased significantly from 28 to 43 per 100 000 person years in males (EAPC: 1.9) and from 30 to 40 per 100 000 person years in females (EAPC: 1.4). The most frequently diagnosed cancers in male AYAs included testicular cancer, melanoma and Hodgkin's disease, whereas in females melanoma, breast cancer and Hodgkin's disease were the most frequently occurring cancers. Five-year relative survival rates were 80% and 82% for males and females, respectively. Over time, the five-year relative survival increased from 74% to 86% and from 79% to 86% in males and females, respectively. The risk of developing a second primary cancer was increased three to six times in males and two to five times in females, depending on rules for counting second primary cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the overall survival has improved over time, the progress made in AYAs for specific cancers is still less compared to improvements made in children and adults. This and the increasing incidence and high risk of second primary cancers warrants further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. K.Aben@ebh.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Katja K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Aben
authors.forename: Carlijn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Gaal
authors.forename: Nienke A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Winette T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zielhuis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012306:Risk; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult