title: Kelvin probe force microscopy in nonpolar liquids.
abstract: Work function changes of Au were measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) in the nonpolar liquid decane. As a proof of principle for the measurement in liquids, we investigated the work function change of an Au substrate upon hexadecanethiol chemisorption. To relate the measured contact potential difference (CPD) during the chemisorption of alkanethiols to a change of the work function, the influence of physisorbed decane must be taken into account. It is crucial that either the work function of the scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip or the sample surface remains constant throughout the reaction, since both contribute to the CPD. We describe two routes for determining the work function shift of Au coated with a monolayer of alkanethiols: In the first route, the SPM tips were taken as reference surfaces (constant tip work function). For this approach, we used Au(111) surfaces and kept the SPM tip ex situ during the adsorption process. In the second route, structured surfaces with reactive and inert parts were studied by KPFM (constant reference work function). For this route, we prepared nanometer sized Au structures by nanosphere lithography on SiO(x) substrates. Now, the SiO(x) served as the inert reference surface. The shifts in the work function after exposure to the hexadecanethiol (HDT) solution were determined to be ΔΦ(Au+HDT,decane-Au,air) = -1.33 eV ± 0.07 eV (route I) and ΔΦ(Au+HDT,decane-Au,air) = -1.46 eV ± 0.04 eV (route II). Both values are in excellent agreement with the work function shifts determined by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) reported in literature. The presented procedures of measuring work function changes in decane open new ways to study local reactions at solid-liquid interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Domanski
authors.forename: Esha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bley
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Untch
authors.forename: Stefan A L
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Landfester
authors.forename: Clemens K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger