title: The Preschool Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC): development and initial validation of a new social/emotional screening instrument.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes the development and initial validation of the Preschool Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC), a social/emotional screening instrument for children 18 to 60 months of age. The PPSC was created as part of a comprehensive screening instrument designed for pediatric primary care and is modeled after the Pediatric Symptom Checklist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Items for the PPSC were developed by a team of experts who reviewed existing assessment instruments and relevant research literature. Scale construction and initial validation (including factor analysis and tests of construct validity) were conducted with 292 families from pediatric primary care sites and 354 families from referral clinics. One hundred seventy-one additional families were recruited from primary care sites to obtain an independent replication sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis revealed 4 dimensions of the PPSC: Externalizing, Internalizing, Attention Problems, and Parenting Challenges. These dimensions were incorporated into a bifactor model that displayed a strong general factor, thus supporting the use of a total score. The PPSC total score shows strong internal and retest reliability, and it identifies children who score in the clinical range of a longer, well-validated, and more comprehensive parent-report instrument (the Child Behavior Checklist), as well as children who are reported to have a range of behavioral diagnoses. Moreover, sensitivity and specificity with respect to these criteria were comparable to those of another well-accepted but longer screener, the Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social/Emotional. Finally, results for the PPSC total scale remained consistent when replicated in an independent sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPSC shows promise as a social/emotional screening instrument for use in pediatric primary care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. rsheldrick@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: R Christopher
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sheldrick
authors.forename: Brandi S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: Shela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Emily N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Neger
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D057189:Checklist; D002652:Child Behavior; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D010290:Parents; D010372:Pediatrics; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires