title: Diet supplementation with donkey milk upregulates liver mitochondrial uncoupling, reduces energy efficiency and improves antioxidant and antiinflammatory defences in rats.
abstract: Dietary PUFA, mainly those of the n-3 family, are known to play essential roles in the maintenance of energy balance and in the reduction of body fat deposition through the upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling that is the main source of reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that rat supplementation with raw donkey's milk (DM), characterized by low-fat content and higher n3:n6 ratio, may affect energy balance, lipid metabolism, and prooxidant status as compared to animals treated with cow's milk. In the present study, the effects of drinking raw DM (for 4 weeks) on energy balance, lipid metabolism, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant/detoxifying defences was compared to that produced by rat intake of an iso-energetic amount of raw cow's milk. The hypolipidemic effect produced by DM paralleled with the enhanced mitochondrial activity/proton leakage and with the increased activity or expression of mitochondrial markers namely, carnitine palmitoyl transferase and uncoupling protein 2. The association of decreased energy efficiency with reduced proinflammatory signs (TNF-α and LPS levels) with the significant increase antioxidant (total thiols) and detoxifying enzyme activities (glutathione-S-transferase NADH quinone oxidoreductase) in DM-treated animals, indicated that beneficial effects were attributable, at least in part, to the activation of nuclear factor 2 erythroid-related factor 2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Università degli Studi Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Lillà
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lionetti
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavaliere
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bergamo
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trinchese
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Filippo
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gifuni
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaita
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pignalosa
authors.forename: Immacolata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Donizzetti
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Putti
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Palo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.forename: Maria Pina
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mollica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D018397:Equidae; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C000604391:Ucp2 protein, rat; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase