title: Ethnic differences in sexual dysfunction among diabetic and nondiabetic males: the Oxford Sexual Dysfunction Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), and reduced libido are common yet poorly investigated complications of diabetes especially among South Asians (SA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine possible variations in prevalence and interassociations of ED, PE, and reduced libido among SA and Europids with and without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with diabetes and a randomly selected sample of age-matched nondiabetic men from 25 general practitioners in eight primary care trusts in the United Kingdom were invited to participate in a linguistically validated questionnaire-based study in English, Hindi, Urdu, Panjabi, Tamil, and Sinhala languages.
  
  
  METHODS
  ED, assessed by International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), PE, evaluated using the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool, and libido, assessed by asking participants to grade their desire for sexual activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sample size was 510 (SA: 184, Europid: 326). Mean age was 56.9 ± 9.7 years. There was no difference in erectile function when assessed by IIEF between SA and Europids with diabetes (84.8% and 84.1%, respectively). The overall prevalence of PE was 28.8% (32.6% and 25.8% in those with and without diabetes, respectively, P = NS). Among men with diabetes, the prevalence of PE was 45.8% and 22.4% for SA and Europids, respectively (P < 0.001). In those without diabetes, this figure was 41.9% in SA and 20.2% in Europids (P < 0.001). There was a significant trend of increasing prevalence of PE with increasing severity grade of ED (P < 0.001). Reduced libido was reported by 26.9% men (32.8% and 22.0% in those with and without diabetes, respectively, P < 0.01), with no significant ethnic difference. The association between reduced libido and increasing severity grades of ED was also significant (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of ED between SA and Europid men with diabetes. PE was significantly more common in the SA men irrespective of their diabetes status.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. lmalavige@gmail.com
authors.forename: Lasantha S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Malavige
authors.forename: Pabasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wijesekara
authors.forename: Danesha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seneviratne Epa
authors.forename: Priyanga
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058006:General Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061686:Premature Ejaculation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*