title: [Morphology of soil iron oxides and its correlation with soil-forming process and forming conditions in a karst mountain].
abstract: The quantity and morphology of iron oxides are indicators of soil forming-process and forming conditions. In order to analyze the connection between soil iron oxides and soil forming conditions and degenerative process of karst ecosystem, we have chosen 14 soil profiles on the top and middle section of Jinfo Mountain, a typical karst slope in Chongqing, China. Morphology and contents of soil iron oxides were studied by using chemical selective extraction techniques. We draw conclusions: 1) total iron (Fe(t)) is mainly controlled by parent material and lithology. Significant difference of Fe(t) content exists between soils in Top Mountain (51.49 g x kg(-1), mean value from 5 profiles) and soils at the middle sector of North Slope (86.29 g x kg(-1), mean value of 9 profiles); 2) the results show low concentration of F(d) (29.16 g x kg(-1)) and low ratio of Fe(d) to Fe(t)(35.40%) in soil clay under conditions of high elevation and low temperature on Top Mountain. In contrast, the results indicate advanced weathering and soil-forming process at middle slope sites due to high temperature; this is supported by high mean values of Fe(d) (43.92 g x kg(-1)) and ratio of Fe(d)/Fe(t) in clay (60.41%); 3) long humid climatic setting and large numbers of soil organic matter on top of the mountain result in high activation degrees (F(o)/Fe(d)) and high complexation degrees (Fe(p)/Fe(d)); mean values of them are 73.51%, 17.21% respectively, which are higher than that of soils at middle slope sites (13.06%, 0.41%); 4) after degradation or deforestation of secondary forestland (pines massoniana among bushes) at middle section of the hillslope, soil free iron oxides (Fe(d)) and total iron oxides (Fe(t)) decrease as well as soil organic carbon and clay, because of progressively increasing of soil erosion. Average contents of Fe(t) and Fe(d) in clay from 2 shrub profiles are 98.25 g x kg(-1), 50.81 g x kg(-1) respectively. However, the four tillage soils we have studied reveal lower values of Fe(t) (84.52 g x kg(-1)) and Fe(d) in clay (47.86 g x kg(-1)). Soil iron oxides are reliable indicators to estimate degeneration of karst ecosystem and karst rock desertification.
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. zflyzzw@swu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Zhi-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhang-Xiong
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wa-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zhi-Lin
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D012987:Soil; C034236:ferrous oxide