title: Segmental dataset and whole body expression data do not support the hypothesis that non-random movement is an intrinsic property of Drosophila retrogenes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies in Drosophila have shown excessive movement of retrogenes from the X chromosome to autosomes, and that these genes are frequently expressed in the testis. This phenomenon has led to several hypotheses invoking natural selection as the process driving male-biased genes to the autosomes. Metta and Schlötterer (BMC Evol Biol 2010, 10:114) analyzed a set of retrogenes where the parental gene has been subsequently lost. They assumed that this class of retrogenes replaced the ancestral functions of the parental gene, and reported that these retrogenes, although mostly originating from movement out of the X chromosome, showed female-biased or unbiased expression. These observations led the authors to suggest that selective forces (such as meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and sexual antagonism) were not responsible for the observed pattern of retrogene movement out of the X chromosome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reanalyzed the dataset published by Metta and Schlötterer and found several issues that led us to a different conclusion. In particular, Metta and Schlötterer used a dataset combined with expression data in which significant sex-biased expression is not detectable. First, the authors used a segmental dataset where the genes selected for analysis were less testis-biased in expression than those that were excluded from the study. Second, sex-biased expression was defined by comparing male and female whole-body data and not the expression of these genes in gonadal tissues. This approach significantly reduces the probability of detecting sex-biased expressed genes, which explains why the vast majority of the genes analyzed (parental and retrogenes) were equally expressed in both males and females. Third, the female-biased expression observed by Metta and Schlötterer is mostly found for parental genes located on the X chromosome, which is known to be enriched with genes with female-biased expression. Fourth, using additional gonad expression data, we found that autosomal genes analyzed by Metta and Schlötterer are less up regulated in ovaries and have higher chance to be expressed in meiotic cells of spermatogenesis when compared to X-linked genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The criteria used to select retrogenes and the sex-biased expression data based on whole adult flies generated a segmental dataset of female-biased and unbiased expressed genes that was unable to detect the higher propensity of autosomal retrogenes to be expressed in males. Thus, there is no support for the authors' view that the movement of new retrogenes, which originated from X-linked parental genes, was not driven by selection. Therefore, selection-based genetic models remain the most parsimonious explanations for the observed chromosomal distribution of retrogenes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. mdv@ib.usp.br
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vibranovski
authors.forename: Yong E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemkemer
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: VanKuren
authors.forename: Hedibert F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Karr
authors.forename: Manyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015870:Gene Expression; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D050172:Genes, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D048348:Reverse Transcription; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements