title: A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers predict antidepressant nonresponse, and inflammatory cytokines can sabotage and circumvent the mechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) reduces depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression and whether an increase in baseline plasma inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), TNF, and its soluble receptors, predicts treatment response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient infusion center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 medically stable outpatients with major depression who were either on a consistent antidepressant regimen (n = 37) or medication-free (n = 23) for 4 weeks or more and who were moderately resistant to treatment as determined by the Massachusetts General Hospital Staging method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three infusions of the TNF antagonist infliximab (5 mg/kg) (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) at baseline and weeks 2 and 6 of a 12-week trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 17-item Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No overall difference in change of HAM-D scores between treatment groups across time was found. However, there was a significant interaction between treatment, time, and log baseline hs-CRP concentration (P = .01), with change in HAM-D scores (baseline to week 12) favoring infliximab-treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L and favoring placebo-treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration of 5 mg/L or less. Exploratory analyses focusing on patients with a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L revealed a treatment response (≥50% reduction in HAM-D score at any point during treatment) of 62% (8 of 13 patients) in infliximab-treated patients vs 33% (3 of 9 patients) in placebo-treated patients (P = .19). Baseline concentrations of TNF and its soluble receptors were significantly higher in infliximab-treated responders vs nonresponders (P < .05), and infliximab-treated responders exhibited significantly greater decreases in hs-CRP from baseline to week 12 compared with placebo-treated responders (P < .01). Dropouts and adverse events were limited and did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proof-of-concept study suggests that TNF antagonism does not have generalized efficacy in treatment-resistant depression but may improve depressive symptoms in patients with high baseline inflammatory biomarkers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00463580.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Raison
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: Bobbi J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Woolwine
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shuo
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schettler
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haroon
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000069285:Infliximab; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab