title: Reduced ventricular shunt rate in very preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage: an institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although survival for extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) has improved in the past 3 decades, these infants remain prone to complications of prematurity, including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The authors reviewed the outcomes for an entire cohort of ELGANs who suffered severe IVH at their institution during the past 12 years to gain a better understanding of the natural history of IVH and frequency of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the neonatal ICU (NICU) database, neurosurgery operative log, and medical records were used to identify and follow up all ELGANs who suffered a severe IVH between 1997 and 2008. Trends between Period 1 (1997-2001) and Period 2 (2004-2008) were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1997 and 2008, 1335 ELGANs were admitted to the NICU at the authors' institution within 3 days of birth, and 111 (8.3%) of these infants suffered a severe IVH. Survival to 2 years, incidence of severe IVH, neonatal risk factors (gestational age, birth weight, and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis), ventriculomegaly on cranial ultrasonography, and use of serial lumbar punctures for symptomatic hydrocephalus were all stable. Infants from period 2 had a significantly lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and sepsis than infants from Period 1 (both p < 0.001). All ELGANs with severe IVH and ventriculomegaly underwent long-term follow-up to identify shunt status at late follow-up. Twenty-two ELGANs (20%) with severe IVH required a temporary ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) shunt. Three infants with VSG shunts showed spontaneous hydrocephalus resolution, and 2 infants died of unrelated causes during the neonatal admission. The temporary VSG shunt complication rate was 20% (12% infection and 8% malfunction). Sixteen percent of all ELGANs (18 of 111) with severe IVH eventually required permanent ventricular shunt insertion. Six (35%) of 17 infants with a permanent VP shunt required at least 1 permanent shunt revision during the 1st year. The proportion of ELGANs with severe IVH who required a temporary VSG (35%) or permanent VP shunt (30%) during Period 1 decreased by more than 60% in Period 2 (10% [p = 0.005] and 8.3% [p = 0.009], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors report for the first time a marked reduction over the past 12 years in the proportion of ELGANs with severe IVH who required surgical intervention for hydrocephalus. Using the NICU database, the authors were able to identify and follow all ELGANs with severe IVH and ventriculomegaly. They speculate that the reduction in ventricular shunt rate results from improved neonatal medical care, including reduced infection, improved bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and postnatal steroid avoidance, which may aid innate repair mechanisms. Multicenter prospective trials and detailed analyses of NICU parameters of neonatal well-being are needed to understand how perinatal factors influence the propensity to require ventricular shunting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital,University Hospitals Case Medical Center Neurological Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alan
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manjila
authors.forename: Nori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minich
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Shenandoah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*