title: (Mis)placed central venous catheter in the left superior intercostal vein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chest X-ray is routinely performed to check the position of the central venous catheter (CVC) inserted through the internal jugular or subclavian vein, while the further evaluation of CVC malfunction is usually performed by contrast venography. In patients with superior vena cava obstruction, the tip of the catheter is often seen in collateral mediastinal venous pathways, rather than in the superior vena cava. In such cases detailed knowledge of thoracic vessel anatomy is necessary to identify the exact location of the catheter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of 32-year-old female patient with relapsing mediastinal lymphoma and previous superior vena cava obstruction with collateral azygos-hemiazygos venous pathways. The patient had CVC inserted through the left subclavian vein and its position was detected by CT to be in the dilated left superior intercostal vein and accessory hemiazygos vein. Considering that dilated accessory hemiazygos vein can tolerate infusion, the CVC was left in place and the patient had no complaints related to CVC (mal)position. Furthermore, we present anatomical and radiological observations on the azygos-hemiazygos venous system with the special emphasis on the left superior intercostal vein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-contrast CT scans can be a valuable imaging tool in the detection of the CVC position, especially in patients with renal insufficiency and contrast media hypersensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ranka Stern
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Padovan
authors.forename: Maja Hrabak
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Paar
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aurer