title: [The long-term efficacy and safety of rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide in treatment of seven patients with refractory and recurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the treatment of refractory and recurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cases with refractory and recurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia (including 1 case of Evans syndrome) were recruited during January, 2007 to December, 2010. Treatment regimens were as follows: rituximab: 375 mg/m², 1 time/week, 2-6 courses; CTX:1 g, 1/10 d, 2-7 courses; combined with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 5 g, 1 time/week, given 1 day after rituximab administration. The efficacy and safety of this regimen were assessed during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the patients showed good responses (7/7). Six patients achieved complete remission (6/7) and one achieved partial remission (1/7). Average follow-up time for the patients was 27 months. All patients remained in remission during the 12-month follow-up visits. Two patients showed elevated indirect bilirubin and increased reticulocyte counts within 24 months. One patient achieved complete remission after additional rituximab therapy, and another patient remained partial remission after cyclosporine therapy. At the time of 36-month follow-up visit, the patient relapsed and was retreated with 3 courses of rituximab combined with CTX and eventually achieved partial remission. All patients tolerated the treatment well with few mild side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rituximab combined with CTX is effective and relatively safe in patients with refractory and recurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Additional treatment to relapse patients about 12 - 24 months after drug withdrawal continues to be effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Tianjin General Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Li-min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Hua-quan
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Guo-jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Xiao-ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Li-juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zong-hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000744:Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069283:Rituximab; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000069283:Rituximab; D003520:Cyclophosphamide