title: The impact of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) may be susceptible to gastrointestinal (GI) effects of medications used for thromboprophylaxis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of thromboprophylaxis discontinuation due to GI symptoms and GI events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE (1950-November 2011) and Cochrane Central (through third quarter of 2011) databases was conducted for randomized trials of adults with AF published in English full-text and reporting on discontinuation due to GI symptoms or the incidence of various GI symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of studies comparing oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), 67%, 100%, and 100% found significantly higher incidences of discontinuation due to GI symptoms, upper GI symptoms, and nondistinct GI symptoms with DTIs, respectively. When comparing aspirin to control therapy, 50% and 33% of trials found significantly higher incidences of discontinuation due to GI symptoms and nondistinct GI symptoms with aspirin, respectively. Aspirin significantly increased the incidence of upper GI symptoms compared to VKAs in 1 trial, but VKAs did not increase the incidence of discontinuation due to GI symptoms and nondistinct GI symptoms versus control. In the only trial comparing a factor Xa inhibitor to VKAs, no significant difference in diarrhea was seen, and when a factor Xa inhibitor was compared to aspirin, there was no significant difference in nondistinct GI symptoms. The incidence of discontinuation due to GI symptoms (4 trials) ranged from 0.0% to 0.4% for control, 0.0% to 2.4% for aspirin, 0.0% to 0.63% for VKA, and 1.2% to 4.7% for oral DTI recipients. The incidence of upper GI symptoms (2 trials) was 1.2% for aspirin, 0.0-5.8% for VKA, 4.2% for VKA plus aspirin, and 11.3-11.8% for DTI recipients. The incidence of nondistinct GI symptoms (7 trials) was 0.0-12.4% for control, 0.2-17.9% for aspirin, 0.0-14.1% for VKA, 23% for DTI, and 2.42% for factor Xa inhibitor recipients. Five trials evaluated diarrhea incidence, which ranged from 0.0% to 12.4% for VKA and 3.2% to 12.2% for oral DTI, and was 5.31% for factor Xa inhibitor recipients. One trial evaluated nausea, with incidences of 1.5% and 2.7% for VKA and DTI recipients, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GI adverse events are common in AF trial populations. DTIs were associated with more discontinuations due to GI symptoms and aspirin appeared to increase the incidence of GI symptoms compared to control.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sobieraj
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alikhanov
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mediouni
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kluger
authors.forename: Craig I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000139:chemically induced; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors