title: Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the application of an ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus nerve block for regional anaesthesia in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 19 patients receiving ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus anaesthesia followed by neck surgery were examined prospectively. The sternocleidomastoid and the levator of the scapula muscles as well as the cervical transverse processes were used as easily depicted ultrasound landmarks for the injection of local anaesthetics. Under ultrasound guidance, a needle was advanced in the fascial band between the sternocleidomastoid and the levator of the scapula muscles and 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.75% was injected. Afterwards, the needle was advanced between the levator of the scapula and the hyperechoic contour of the cervical transverse processes and a further 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.75% was injected. The sensory block of the cervical nerve plexus, the analgesic efficacy of the block within 24 h after injection and potential block-related complications were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients showed a complete cervical plexus nerve block. No patient required analgesics within the first 24 h after anaesthesia. Two cases of blood aspiration were recorded. No further cervical plexus block-related complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided combined intermediate and deep cervical plexus block is a feasible, effective and safe method for oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. christos.perisanidis@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perisanidis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saranteas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kostopanagiotou
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001769:Blood; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004322:Drainage; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005205:Fascia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013364:Submandibular Gland Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine