title: Functioning of 7-year-old children born at 32 to 35 weeks' gestational age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare neuropsychological functions in moderately preterm (32-35 weeks' gestation) and full-term children at the age of 7 years and identify gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based prospective cohort study of 248 moderately preterm children (138 boys) and 130 full-term children (58 boys). Neuropsychological tests included IQ, memory, attention, visual perception, motor skills, visuomotor skills, and parental report of executive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The moderately preterm group performed significantly worse on total and performance IQ, visuospatial reasoning, attention control, inhibition, and executive functioning. No differences were found in verbal IQ, verbal memory, and visuomotor and motor skills. Preterm children were at higher risk for scores <10th percentile on intelligence, visuospatial reasoning (relative risk ratio both: 1.69 [95% confidence interval: 1.29-2.28]), and executive functioning problems (relative risk: 1.94 [95% confidence interval: 1.51-2.57]). Using gender-specific norms, preterm boys performed significantly worse than full-term boys on visuospatial reasoning (P < .01); preterm girls performed significantly worse than full-term girls on visuospatial reasoning, intelligence, attention, and executive functioning (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderately preterm birth is associated with lower intelligence and poorer neuropsychological functioning at early school age. No differences in motor skills and verbal memory were found. Using gender-specific norms, our data suggest that moderately preterm boys catch up, whereas moderately preterm girls lag behind their peers on various neuropsychological functions by the age of 7 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2, 9712 TS Groningen, Netherlands. rcserjesi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cserjesi
authors.forename: Koenraad N J A
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Van Braeckel
authors.forename: Phillipa R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.forename: Jorien M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kerstjens
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.forename: Reint H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Geuze
authors.forename: Arend F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D009048:Motor Skills; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors