title: Helicobacter pylori infection is identified as a cardiovascular risk factor in Central Africans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori is now incriminated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the importance of H. pylori infection as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred five patients (128 with H. pylori infection [HP-seropositive] and 77 without) had a baseline assessment for other potential CVD risk factors and were followed prospectively for 10 years (1999-2008). They were assessed on a monthly basis for the outcomes of carotid plaque, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke. In the HP-seropositive group, male sex and quartile 4 for IgG anti-H. pylori antibodies (anti-HP Ab) were correlated with traditional CVD risk factors, stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the baseline assessment, the levels of carotid intima-media thickness, blood fibrinogen, total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and uric acid were higher in H. pylori-infected patients than in the uninfected group. Serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in the HP-seropositive group. Men had higher levels of IgG anti-HP Ab, waist circumference, blood pressure, uric acid, and total cholesterol than women. Within the HP-seropositive group, individuals in quartile 4 for IgG anti-HP Ab had higher rates of elevated fibrinogen, diabetes mellitus, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, arterial hypertension, and high total cholesterol than those in quartile 1. After adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors, H. pylori infection was the only independent predictor of incident carotid plaque (multivariate odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-7.2; P < 0.0001) and incident acute stroke (multivariate OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.4-8.2; P < 0.0001). Within the HP-seropositive group and after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors, male sex was the only independent predictor of incident angina pectoris (multivariate OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.6-16; P < 0.0001), incident acute stroke (multivariate OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.4-28; P < 0.0001), and acute myocardial infarction (multivariate OR = 7.2, 95% CI: 3.1-18; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides evidence for an association among known CVD risk factors, carotid plaque, stroke, and H. pylori infection. Among infected individuals, there is a significant association among severity of HP-seropositivity, male sex, and CVD. The eradication of H. pylori infection may therefore reduce the emerging burden of CVD in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa. longombenza@gmail.com
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Longo-Mbenza
authors.forename: Jacqueline Nkondi
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nsenga
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mokondjimobe
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gombet
authors.forename: Itoua Ngaporo
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Assori
authors.forename: Jean Rosaire
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ibara
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ellenga-Mbolla
authors.forename: Dieudonné Ngoma
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Vangu
authors.forename: Simon Mbungu
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fuele
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D014527:Uric Acid; D005340:Fibrinogen