title: Accuracy and reliability of fetal heart rate monitoring using maternal abdominal surface electrodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare the accuracy and reliability of fetal heart rate identification from maternal abdominal fetal electrocardiogram signals (ECG) and Doppler ultrasound with a fetal scalp electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective open method equivalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three urban teaching hospitals in the Northeast United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 women with normal pregnancies in labor at >37 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three fetal heart rate detection methods were used simultaneously in 75 parturients. The fetal scalp electrode was the standard against which abdominal fetal ECG and ultrasound were judged.
  
  
  METHODS
  The positive percent agreement with the fetal scalp electrode indicated reliability. Bland-Altman analysis determined accuracy. The confusion rate indicated how frequently the devices tracked the maternal heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive percent agreement was 81.7 and 73% for the abdominal fetal ECG and ultrasound, respectively (p = 0.002). The abdominal fetal ECG had a lower root mean square error than ultrasound (5.2 vs. 10.6 bpm, p < 0.001). The confusion rate for ultrasound was 20-fold higher than for abdominal ECG (8.9 vs. 0.4%, respectively, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the fetal scalp electrode, fetal heart rate detection using abdominal fetal ECG was more reliable and accurate than ultrasound, and abdominal fetal ECG was less likely than ultrasound to display the maternal heart rate in place of the fetal heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Queens Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA. waynercohen@me.com
authors.forename: Wayne R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ommani
authors.forename: Sarmina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Fadi G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Molham
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schifrin
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Himsworth
authors.forename: Barrie R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hayes-Gill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult