title: Evolutionary conservation of the PA-X open reading frame in segment 3 of influenza A virus.
abstract: PA-X is a fusion protein of influenza A virus encoded in part from a +1 frameshifted X open reading frame (X-ORF) in segment 3. We show that the X-ORFs of diverse influenza A viruses can be divided into two groups that differ in selection pressure and likely function, reflected in the presence of an internal stop codon and a change in synonymous diversity. Notably, truncated forms of PA-X evolved convergently in swine and dogs, suggesting a strong species-specific effect.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Mang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Brett W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Jagger
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Digard
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Jeffery K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Taubenberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003062:Codon; D018388:Codon, Terminator; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D018388:Codon, Terminator; C573926:PA-X protein, influenza A virus; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins