title: Sleep and sleep-wake disturbances in care recipient-caregiver dyads in the context of a chronic illness: a critical review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alterations in sleep-wake patterns of care recipients and their informal caregivers are common in the context of a chronic illness. Given the current notion that sleep may be regulated within and affected by close human relationships, concurrent and interrelated sleep problems may be present in care recipient-caregiver dyads.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically analyze evidence regarding concurrent sleep patterns or changes in care recipient-caregiver dyads in the context of a chronic illness and address methodological and research gaps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a wide range of key terms and synonyms, three electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, and Embase) were systematically searched for the period between January 1990 and July 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies met prespecified selection criteria and were included for analysis. Study quality was fair to good on average. Seven studies were conducted in the context of dementia or Parkinson's disease, two in the context of cancer, and one study included a group of community elders with mixed related comorbidities and their informal caregivers. Bidirectional associations in the sleep of care recipient-caregiver dyads seem to exist. Concurrent and comparable nocturnal sleep disruptions also may be evident. Yet, inconsistencies in the methods implemented, and the samples included, as well as uncertainty regarding factors coaffecting sleep, still preclude safe conclusions to be drawn on.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dyadic investigation of sleep is a promising approach to the development of truly effective interventions to improve sleep quality of care recipients and their caregivers. Nevertheless, more systematic, longitudinal dyadic research is warranted to augment our understanding of co-occurrence and over time changes of sleep problems in care recipient-caregiver dyads, as well as to clarify covariates/factors that appear to contribute to these problems within the dyad and across time and context of illness.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom. g.kotronoulas@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Grigorios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kotronoulas
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wengström
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kearney
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology