title: Multi-layer porous fiber-reinforced composites for implants: in vitro calcium phosphate formation in the presence of bioactive glass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glass-fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs), based on bifunctional methacrylate resin, have recently shown their potential for use as durable cranioplasty, orthopedic and oral implants. In this study we suggest a multi-component sandwich implant structure with (i) outer layers out of porous FRC, which interface the cortical bone, and (ii) inner layers encompassing bioactive glass granules, which interface with the cancellous bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  The capability of Bioglass(®) 45S5 granules (100-250μm) to induce calcium phosphate formation on the surface of the FRC was explored by immersing the porous FRC-Bioglass laminates in simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 28d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both static (agitated) and dynamic conditions, bioactive glass granules induced precipitation of calcium phosphate at the laminate surfaces as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed dynamic flow system is useful for the in vitro simulation of bone-like apatite formation on various new porous implant designs containing bioactive glass and implant material degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. sarsch@utu.fi
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nganga
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Pekka K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vallittu
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hupa
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001826:Body Fluids; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008422:Materials Testing; D016348:Osseointegration; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003188:Composite Resins; D015921:Dental Implants; C425330:bioactive glass 45S5; C009753:fiberglass; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate