title: Macroscopic and pathological assessment of methylene blue and normal saline on postoperative adhesion formation in a rat cecum model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhesion formation after abdominal surgery is a major cause of postoperative bowel obstruction, infertility, and chronic abdominal pain. In this study, we evaluated the effect of normal saline and methylene blue (MB) on postoperative adhesion formation in a rat cecum model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 Wistar female rats in 2 treatment and 1 control groups underwent midline laparotomy and standardized abrasion of the visceral peritoneum. Normal saline and methylene blue were administrated intraperitoneally at the end of the surgical procedure in 2 treatment groups. Fourteen days after surgery, a re-laparotomy was performed for macroscopic and pathological assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adhesion grade and extent of the normal saline group was lower than control and MB groups in macroscopic assessment (P<0.05 for both). A comparison of adhesion stages in pathological assessment showed increment in abdominal adhesion by usage methylene blue 1% and demonstrated significant difference between MB and 2 other groups (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administrated normal saline individually reduce the adhesion grade near cecum. Conversely, usage of methylene blue 1% may unpredictably increase risk of adhesion formation.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.forename: Seyed Homayoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sadraie
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khoshmohabat
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahram
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaka
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseinalipour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002429:Cecal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D002432:Cecum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007813:Laparotomy; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000633:toxicity*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008751:Methylene Blue