title: Increased cyclosporin a sensitivity in vivo in pediatric renal transplant recipients compared with adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental regulation of the pharmacodynamics of cyclosporin A (CsA) has been suggested by in vitro studies. However, these results have not yet been reproduced in the complexity of an in vivo immune system, because reliable biomarkers of CsA effects have not been available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon (IFN)-γ, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in peripheral blood from stable pediatric (N = 31) and adult renal transplant recipients (N = 153) (age range 6.5-78 years) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction before (C0) and 2 hours (C2) after oral CsA intake. To control for the effect of varying CsA concentrations, an index was calculated as a measure of individual CsA sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CsA sensitivity of IL-2 gene expression in pediatric patients was 3.9% higher than in middle-aged adults and 5.2% higher than in seniors, indicating stronger immunosuppression at a given CsA blood concentration in younger patients. For the entire patient cohort, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the CsA sensitivity of IL-2 and chronological age (r = 0.142, P < 0.0001). Also, the CsA sensitivity of IFN-γ (r = 0.131, P < 0.0001) and GM-CSF (r = 0.036, P < 0.01) were inversely correlated with chronological age. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age was a highly significant (P = 0.0027) independent predictor for residual gene expression of IL-2, but not of IFN-γ and GM-CSF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased sensitivity of IL-2 to suppression by CsA was found in pediatric renal transplant recipients in vivo compared with adults. Hence, there seems to be an effect of human development on CsA pharmacodynamics, which, besides the effect of age on pharmacokinetics, should also be considered for the design of treatment regimens of CsA and potentially other calcineurin inhibitors in the pediatric patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Billing
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommerer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meuer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czock
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tönshoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016572:Cyclosporine