title: Pollutant emissions and energy efficiency under controlled conditions for household biomass cookstoves and implications for metrics useful in setting international test standards.
abstract: Realistic metrics and methods for testing household biomass cookstoves are required to develop standards needed by international policy makers, donors, and investors. Application of consistent test practices allows emissions and energy efficiency performance to be benchmarked and enables meaningful comparisons among traditional and advanced stove types. In this study, 22 cookstoves burning six fuel types (wood, charcoal, pellets, corn cobs, rice hulls, and plant oil) at two fuel moisture levels were examined under laboratory-controlled operating conditions as outlined in the Water Boiling Test (WBT) protocol, Version 4. Pollutant emissions (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, total hydrocarbons, and ultrafine particles) were continuously monitored. Fine particle mass was measured gravimetrically for each WBT phase. Additional measurements included cookstove power, energy efficiency, and fuel use. Emission factors are given on the basis of fuel energy, cooking energy, fuel mass, time, and cooking task or activity. The lowest PM(2.5) emissions were 74 mg MJ(delivered)(-1) from a technologically advanced cookstove compared with 700-1400 mg MJ(delivered)(-1) from the base-case open 3-stone cookfire. The highest thermal efficiency was 53% compared with 14-15% for the 3-stone cookfire. Based on these laboratory-controlled test results and observations, recommendations for developing potentially useful metrics for setting international standards are suggested.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States. jetter.jim@epa.gov
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jetter
authors.forename: Yongxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bernine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yelverton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Decarlo
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hays
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D018533:Biomass; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002606:Charcoal; D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D006794:Household Articles; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010938:Plant Oils; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002606:Charcoal; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D008697:Methane