title: Identification of uterine ion transporters for mineralisation precursors of the avian eggshell.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Gallus gallus, eggshell formation takes place daily in the hen uterus and requires large amounts of the ionic precursors for calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Both elements (Ca2+, HCO3-) are supplied by the blood via trans-epithelial transport. Our aims were to identify genes coding for ion transporters that are upregulated in the uterine portion of the oviduct during eggshell calcification, compared to other tissues and other physiological states, and incorporate these proteins into a general model for mineral transfer across the tubular gland cells during eggshell formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 37 candidate ion transport genes were selected from our database of overexpressed uterine genes associated with eggshell calcification, and by analogy with mammalian transporters. Their uterine expression was compared by qRTPCR in the presence and absence of eggshell formation, and with relative expression levels in magnum (low Ca2+/HCO3- movement) and duodenum (high rates of Ca2+/HCO3- trans-epithelial transfer). We identified overexpression of eleven genes related to calcium movement: the TRPV6 Ca2+ channel (basolateral uptake of Ca2+), 28 kDa calbindin (intracellular Ca2+ buffering), the endoplasmic reticulum type 2 and 3 Ca2+ pumps (ER uptake), and the inositol trisphosphate receptors type 1, 2 and 3 (ER release). Ca2+ movement across the apical membrane likely involves membrane Ca2+ pumps and Ca2+/Na+ exchangers. Our data suggests that Na+ transport involved the SCNN1 channel and the Na+/Ca2+ exchangers SLC8A1, 3 for cell uptake, the Na+/K+ ATPase for cell output. K+ uptake resulted from the Na+/K+ ATPase, and its output from the K+ channels (KCNJ2, 15, 16 and KCNMA1).We propose that the HCO3- is mainly produced from CO2 by the carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) and that HCO3- is secreted through the HCO3-/Cl- exchanger SLC26A9. HCO3- synthesis and precipitation with Ca2+ produce two H+. Protons are absorbed via the membrane's Ca2+ pumps ATP2B1, 2 in the apical membrane and the vacuolar (H+)-atpases at the basolateral level. Our model incorporate Cl- ions which are absorbed by the HCO3-/Cl- exchanger SLC26A9 and by Cl- channels (CLCN2, CFTR) and might be extruded by Cl-/H+ exchanger (CLCN5), but also by Na+ K+ 2 Cl- and K+ Cl- cotransporters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our Gallus gallus uterine model proposes a large list of ion transfer proteins supplying Ca2+ and HCO3- and maintaining cellular ionic homeostasis. This avian model should contribute towards understanding the mechanisms and regulation for ionic precursors of CaCO3, and provide insight in other species where epithelia transport large amount of calcium or bicarbonate.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jonchère
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brionne
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gautron
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D027963:Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004528:Egg Shell; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016623:Ion Pumps / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology*; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D027963:Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters; D016623:Ion Pumps; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers