title: The role of microbial adaptation and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon on the attenuation of trace organic chemicals during groundwater recharge.
abstract: It is widely recognized that efficient biological attenuation of bulk organic matter and trace organic chemicals (TOrC) can occur in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems receiving reclaimed water. The heterotrophic microbial activity in these subsurface systems is a function of the availability of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) present in reclaimed water. This study examined the influence of environmental factors, such as BDOC-rich (>1.6 mg/L) and BDOC-starving (<1mg/L) conditions and microbial adaptation, on the attenuation of TOrC, including clofibric acid, dichlorprop, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, mecoprop, and naproxen, within soil-columns mimicking groundwater recharge. Under conditions that were characterized by a lack of BDOC and a biocommunity that was not yet adapted to these conditions, attenuation of biodegradable TOrC was less than 15%. After a three-month adaptation period, biotransformation increased to more than 80% for the biodegradable TOrC. This suggests that adaptation likely initiates enzyme expressions that eventually results in TOrC transformations even under seemingly less favorable conditions (i.e., lack of biodegradable carbon). For both non-adapted (stressed) and adapted conditions in the presence of higher concentrations of BDOC and travel times of 7 days, the degree of biotransformation was variable across compounds but generally exceeded 25%. This suggests that BDOC above a minimum level (>1.6 mg/L) can provide favorable microbial conditions resulting in TOrC removal, even for non-adapted systems. However, it is noteworthy that adapted MAR systems that were fed with low BDOC levels performed similarly or better with respect to TOrC biotransformation than systems that received BDOC levels above 1.6 mg/L. These findings are important for field-scale applications. They suggest that MAR facilities that are microbiologically active and are fed with highly treated water with effluent concentrations of less than 1 mg/L (i.e., nanofiltration permeate) can still attenuate biodegradable TOrC.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Technology Center (AQWATEC), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401-1887, USA.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoppe-Jones
authors.forename: Eric R V
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dickenson
authors.forename: Jörg E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Drewes
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000378:metabolism; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000378:metabolism; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000378:metabolism; D009288:Naproxen / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D002995:Clofibric Acid; D009288:Naproxen; D002244:Carbon; C008340:mecoprop; D007660:Ketoprofen; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C010571:dichlorprop; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D007052:Ibuprofen