title: Cognitions, metacognitions, and chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the content of thoughts has received a considerable amount of attention in pain research, the importance of thought processes (metacognitions) has received less attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-nine individuals with muscular dystrophy and chronic pain completed measures assessing metacognitions and frequency of both catastrophizing and pain control beliefs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater use of reappraisal and distraction metacognitions were associated with more perceived control over pain, whereas greater use of worry and punishment metacognitions were associated with more catastrophizing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings indicate that metacognitions are associated with both pain control beliefs and catastrophizing and therefore may play an important role in the development or maintenance of pain-related cognitive content thought to influence patient functioning. Research is needed to determine whether treatments that encourage changes in both metacognitions and cognitive content are more effective than treatments that focus on cognitive content alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Rehabilitation at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka,Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Tomoyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tatsuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arimura
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosoi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D059408:Pain Management; D012044:Regression Analysis