title: Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride.
abstract: The present monograph reviews data relevant to applying the biowaiver procedure for the approval of immediate release (IR) multisource solid dosage forms containing amodiaquine hydrochloride (ADQ) as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Both biopharmaceutical and clinical data of ADQ were assessed. Solubility studies revealed that ADQ meets the "highly soluble" criteria according to World Health Organization (WHO) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) but fails to comply with the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) specifications. Although metabolism hints at high permeability, available permeability data are too scanty to classify ADQ inequivocably as a Class I drug substance. According to WHO and EMA guidances, ADQ would be conservatively categorized as a Class III drug, whereas according to the US FDA specifications, it would fall into Class IV. ADQ has a wide therapeutic index. Furthermore, no cases of bioinequivalent products have been reported in the open literature. As risks associated with biowaiving appear minimal and requirements for "highly soluble" API are met in the WHO and EMA jurisdictions, the biowaiver procedure can be recommended for bioequivalence (BE) testing of multisource IR products containing ADQ as the only API, provided the test product contains excipients used in ADQ products approved in International Conference of Harmonisation and associated countries, and in similar amounts. Furthermore, both comparator and test should conform to "very rapidly dissolving" product criteria (≥85% dissolution of the API in 15 min at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8) and the labeling should specify that the product not be coadministered with high-fat meals. If the comparator and/or test product fails to meet these criteria, BE needs to be established by pharmacokinetic studies in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
authors.forename: Dirk M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barends
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Polli
authors.forename: Vinod P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dressman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; D000655:Amodiaquine