title: Antibacterial efficacy of casein-derived peptides against Enterococcus faecalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to test a casein peptide in its glycosylated form (kappa-casein glycopeptide, KCGP) and its non-glycosylated form (kappa-casein peptide, KCP) for antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic and biofilm cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  E. faecalis strain JKD 15036 was exposed to different concentrations of KCGP and KCP in a 96-well culture plate. The effect of the peptides on the growth of E. faecalis in planktonic culture was monitored by measuring optical density over 7 hours. Biofilm formation was measured after 24 hours using a crystal violet assay. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KCGP and KCP inhibited growth of E. faecalis in planktonic culture with no significant difference in activity between the peptides. KCGP at 0.16% w/v was significantly better at inhibiting E. faecalis biofilm formation than KCP at the same concentration and significantly better than NaOCl at 1.0% w/v.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KCGP effectively inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation and may have potential to augment the efficacy of traditional antiseptic agents.
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dashper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parashos
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chivatxaranukul
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002364:Caseins; D006020:Glycopeptides; D010455:Peptides; D005840:Gentian Violet