title: Symptoms of common mental disorders and their correlates among women in Accra, Ghana: a population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To comply with its new mental health bill, Ghana needs to integrate mental health within other health and social services. Mental disorders represent 9% of disease burden in Ghana. Women are more affected by common mental disorders, and are underrepresented in treatment settings. This study examines physical and social correlates of mental illness in adult women in Accra, Ghana, so as to inform general clinical practice and health policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SF-36 and K6 forms and 4 psychosis questions were administered in three languages to 2,814 adult women living in Accra, as part of a larger cross-sectional population-based survey of women's health. The validity of these tools was assessed through correlations within and between measures. Risk factors for mental distress were analysed using multivariate regression. Health service use was also described using statistical frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the SF36 and K6 appear valid in a female Ghanaian population. Low levels of education, poverty and unemployment are negatively associated with mental health. Physical ill health is also associated with mental distress. No association was found between mental distress and religion or ethnicity. Some additional risk factors were significant for one, but not both of the outcome variables. Only 0.4% of women reported seeing a mental health professional in the previous year, whereas 58.6% had visited a health centre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implications for women are that marriage is neither good nor bad for mental health, but education and employment are strong protective factors. Researchers should note that the SF36 and K6 can be used in a Ghanaian population, however more research is needed to determine the cut-off point for serious mental illness on the K6, as well as research into mental disorders in a mixed-gender population.
authors.affiliation: London School of Economics, Department of Social Policy, London, UK. V.P.de-Menil@lse.ac.uk
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Menil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osei
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Douptcheva
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yaro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De-Graft Aikins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D016387:Women's Health