title: Radiation-induced glioma following CyberKnife® treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-stereotactic radiation-induced neoplasms, although relatively rare, have raised the question of benefit regarding CyberKnife® treatments versus the risk of a secondary malignancy. The incidence of such neoplasms arising in the nervous system is thought to be low, given the paucity of case reports regarding such secondary lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we describe a case of a 43-year-old Middle Eastern woman with primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma and a metastatic focus to the left brain parenchyma who presented with focal neurologic deficits. Following post-surgical stereotactic radiation in the region of the brain metastasis, the patient developed a secondary high-grade astrocytoma nearly 5 years after the initial treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the benefit of CyberKnife® radiotherapy treatments continues to outweigh the relatively low risk of a radiation-induced secondary malignancy, knowledge of such risks and a review of the literature are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 20007, USA. Malak_abed@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Malak
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abedalthagafi
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakhshwin