title: Effect of steam baking on acrylamide formation and browning kinetics of cookies.
abstract: Effects of baking method and temperature on surface browning and acrylamide concentration of cookies were investigated. Cookies were baked in natural and forced convection and steam-assisted hybrid ovens at 165, 180, and 195 °C and at different times. For all oven types, the acrlyamide concentration and surface color of cookies increased with increasing baking temperature. Significant correlation was observed between acrylamide formation and browning index, BI, which was calculated from Hunter L, a, and b color values, and it showed that the BI may be considered as a reliable indicator of acrylamide concentration in cookies. Acrylamide formation and browning index in cookies were considered as the first-order reaction kinetics and the reaction rate constants, k, were in the range of 0.023 to 0.077 (min(-1) ) and 0.019 to 0.063 (min(-1) ), respectively. The effect of baking temperature on surface color and acrylamide concentration followed the Arrhenius type of equation, with activation energies for acrylamide concentration as 6.87 to 27.84 kJ/mol; for BI value as 19.54 to 35.36 kJ/mol, for all oven types. Steam-assisted baking resulted in lower acrylamide concentration at 165 °C baking temperature and lower surface color for all temperatures. Steam-assisted baking is recommended as a healthy way of cooking providing the reduction of harmful compounds such as acrylamide for bakery goods, at a minimal level, while keeping the physical quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kinetics of acrylamide formation and browning of cookies will possibly allow definition of optimum baking temperatures and times at convectional and steam-assisted baking ovens. The kinetic model can be used by developing baking programs that can automatically control especially a new home-scale steam-assisted hybrid oven producing healthy products, for the use of domestic consumers.
authors.affiliation: Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isleroglu
authors.forename: Tansel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kemerli
authors.forename: Melike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakin-Yilmazer
authors.forename: Gonul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guven
authors.forename: Ozgul
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdestan
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uren
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaymak-Ertekin
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000378:metabolism*; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007700:Kinetics; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013227:Steam
chemical_list: D013227:Steam; D020106:Acrylamide