title: Intraoperative near-infrared imaging of surgical wounds after tumor resections can detect residual disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical resection remains the most effective therapy for solid tumors worldwide. The most important prognostic indicator for cure following cancer surgery is a complete resection with no residual disease. However, intraoperative detection of retained cancer cells after surgery is challenging, and residual disease continues to be the most common cause of local failure. We hypothesized that visual enhancement of tumors using near-infrared imaging could potentially identify tumor deposits in the wound after resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A small animal model of surgery and retained disease was developed. Residual tumor deposits in the wound were targeted using an U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved imaging agent, indocyanine green, by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. A novel handheld spectrometer was used to optically visualize retained disease after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found residual disease using near-infrared imaging during surgery that was not visible to the naked eye or micro-CT. Furthermore, examination of tumor nodules was remarkably precise in delineating margins from normal surrounding tissues. This approach was most successful for tumors with increased neovasculature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that near-infrared examination of the surgical wound after curative resection can potentially enable the surgeon to locate residual disease. The data in this study is the basis of an ongoing Phase I/II clinical trial in patients who undergo resection for lung and breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madajewski
authors.forename: Brendan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Judy
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mouchli
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: May D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shuming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singhal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D051379:Mice; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green