title: An evolving problem: methamphetamine production and trafficking in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methamphetamine is a serious illicit drug problem in the United States and globally. For decades, methamphetamine has been supplied to the illicit market through local clandestine manufacturing and trafficking. In the early stages, illicit methamphetamine was produced and trafficked by motorcycle gangs and Mexican criminal groups. Over time, local clandestine manufacturing increasingly contributed to the illicit supply and broader methamphetamine problem. This review examines the evolution of the illicit methamphetamine supply in the U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature on methamphetamine production and trafficking was conducted. Information was obtained from numerous sources including governmental reports, books and academic articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attempts to control the supply of methamphetamine have only led to short term disruptions in availability. Clandestine manufacturing and trafficking have undergone significant changes over the past several decades. Shifts in local production have regularly been counterbalanced by changes in production and trafficking from criminal organizations in Mexico. Transnational criminal organizations now control much of the methamphetamine supply in the U.S. and methamphetamine remains widely available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supply of methamphetamine in the United States is dynamic. Producers and traffickers have adapted to control efforts and the problem continues. Control efforts focused on eliminating supply are limited at best.
authors.affiliation: University of Central Oklahoma, School of Criminal Justice, Edmond, OK 73034, USA. rshukla@uco.edu
authors.forename: Rashi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Jordan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Emelia S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chrisco
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D033161:Government Regulation; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D007391:International Cooperation; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D008800:Mexico; D011050:Policy Making; D011640:Public Policy / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine