title: Comprehensive diversity analysis of viroids infecting grapevine in China and Japan.
abstract: To date, several viroid species have been shown to infect grapevine, including Hop stunt viroid (HpSVd), Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Australian grapevine viroid (AGVd), Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 (GYSVd-1), Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-2 (GYSVd-2) and a tentative new species, Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-3 (GYSVd-3). Here, we identified and analyzed the distribution, genetic diversity, and molecular properties of viroids infecting grapevine cultivated in China and Japan, including old grapevines. The analysis showed that all the five known viroids and a tentative species GYSVd-3 infecting grapevine exist in China, and three of them (HpSVd, GYSVd-1 and GYSVd-3) exist in Japan. The contrast in diversity of viroid species in old grapevines from China and Japan may reflect different history of viticulture between the two countries. In general, the species of viroids infecting grapevine in China, as well as those in Iran and Australia, were more diverse than in the other countries. The population structure of viroids infecting grapevine in China and Japan showed species-dependency; i.e., HpSVd shared similar population structures in both countries, but GYSVd-1, GYSVd-2, and AGVd showed regional disparity even within the same country, although the role of sequence diversity in the biology of viroids infecting grapevine, such as the pathogenicity and evolution, still needs further study.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Kyota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: Charith Raj Adkar
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Purushothama
authors.forename: Zhixiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Lianhui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Zujian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hongqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shifang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007564:Japan; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014772:Viroids / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027843:Vitis / Q000821:virology*