title: Assessing the risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Loire Valley Atrial Fibrillation project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management decisions for thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation need to balance the risk of stroke against serious hemorrhage. The objective of the present analysis is to compare the Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly (>65 years), Drugs/alcohol concomitantly (HAS-BLED) score against other older bleeding risk scores and the new Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation score in an atrial fibrillation cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients diagnosed with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in a 4-hospital institution between 2000 and 2010 were identified. Independent risk factors of bleeding were investigated using Cox regression. The predictive value of several bleeding risk schema was assessed using the c-statistic and net reclassification improvement. Oral anticoagulation use was highest in moderate-risk patients (59.8%) but only slightly more than high-risk (50.1%) and low-risk (46.4%) patients. Those at higher bleeding risk (HAS-BLED ≥ 3) were also at highest risk of stroke/thromboembolism or stroke/thromboembolism/death, as well as bleeding and all-cause mortality. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors of bleeding were age ≥ 75 years and age ≥ 65 years, alcohol excess, anemia, and heart failure. All risk scores had only modest predictive ability for bleeding, whether on vitamin K antagonist or not (c-statistic ≈0.6). When the HAS-BLED score was compared with other bleeding risk scores, the net reclassification improvement was significantly improved against all other scores tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current oral anticoagulation prescribing patterns would suggest that bleeding risk estimation by clinicians is poor and that oral anticoagulation prescribing does not reflect bleeding risk per se. The HAS-BLED score performs well in relation to predicting bleeding events compared with older bleeding scores and the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation score, with significantly improved reclassification using HAS-BLED compared with all other bleeding risk scores tested.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. g.y.h.lip@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: Amitava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lagrenade
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taillandier
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fauchier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants