title: Metabolic cardiovascular risk burden and atherosclerosis in African black and Caucasian women with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of metabolic risk factors on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from developing populations is currently unknown. We examined the relationships of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with carotid artery atherosclerosis in African women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a developing black and developed Caucasian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the associations of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) defined MetS and its criteria with high resolution B-mode ultrasound determined common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid artery plaque in multivariable regression models in 104 black and 93 Caucasian women with RA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MetS prevalence was 30.8% in black compared to 9.7% in Caucasian women with RA (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=10.11 [1.76-58.03] [p=0.009]). Population origin impacted on the relationships of metabolic risk factors with atherosclerosis. In Caucasian women, the MetS was associated with cIMT (p=0.036) and MetS triglycerides and the number of MetS criteria were each associated with both cIMT (p=0.01 and p=0.028, respectively) and plaque (p=0.049 and p=0.02, respectively); by contrast, in black women, MetS blood pressure was related to cIMT (p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high overall metabolic cardiovascular risk burden as disclosed by markedly prevalent MetS in women with RA from developing groups of black African descent was not associated with atherosclerosis. This calls for systematic rigorous cardiovascular risk management irrespective of metabolic risk factor profiles in African black women with RA.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. dessein@telkomsa.net
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dessein
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: Abu T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Abdool-Carrim
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woodiwiss
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*