title: Antibiotic susceptibility of organisms causing urinary tract infection in patients presenting to a teaching hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common. It causes severe morbidity and mortality, and it is important to know the causative organisms in the hospital and community for optimum management of UTI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective hospital based study to identify the organisms causing UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility. Consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of UTI had their clean catch midstream urine analysed. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method as described by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Services (NCCLS) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1726 patients, 549 (31.8%) showed bacterial growth. Escherichia coli was most common (72.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.1%), coagulase negative Staphylococcal species (2.7%) and others (10.1%). There was a female dominance of 3.2:1 compared to males, except in the 61 and above age range. Infections were most common in young adults (21-30 years). The most effective antibiotic was Nitrofurantoin followed by Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Some isolates were resistant to Norfloxacin, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common causative organism for UTI was Escherichia coli, and the best first line antibiotic was Nitrofurantoin. Organisms are developing resistance to antibiotics such as Norfloxacin, Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. anjan.rijal@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rijal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghimire
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barakoti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents