title: Development of a model system for the study of spoilage associated secondary cucumber fermentation during long-term storage.
abstract: Calcium chloride fermentations represent an alternative to reduce chloride concentrations in the wastewaters generated from commercial cucumber fermentations, currently performed in cover brine solutions containing 6% to 12% sodium chloride. However, preliminary attempts to commercially ferment the cucumbers in the presence of oxygen led to the development of a secondary cucumber fermentation or spoilage. The development of cucumber secondary fermentation has also been occasionally reported by processors using cover brine solutions containing sodium chloride. This study focused on the development of a model system to characterize CaCl(2) and NaCl secondary cucumber fermentations under conditions similar to those present on the commercial scale. Cucumber fruits mixed with cover brine solutions, containing 100 mM CaCl(2) or 1.03 M NaCl, and 25 mM acetic acid, were fermented in 2 L fermentation vessels subjected to air-purging at a rate of 5 mL/min. Microorganisms and selected biochemical changes detected in the experimental cucumber fermentations had been previously observed in commercial spoilage samples, suggesting the successful reproduction of the secondary fermentation in the laboratory. Experimental secondary fermentations were characterized by the rapid oxidation of the lactic acid produced during the primary fermentation, which, in turn, increased pH. Lactic acid disappearance seemed to be the result of yeast metabolism that also led to the chemical reduction of the environment to levels at which other bacteria could become established and produce butyric, propionic, and acetic acids. This model system will be applied for the identification of strategies to prevent the initiation of the cucumber secondary fermentation and reduce economic losses in the pickling industry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of secondary cucumber fermentation has represented a challenge for many years. The successful development of a model system for the study of this phenomenon in the laboratory is instrumental in furthering the study of the event and in optimizing the sodium-chloride-free fermentation at the commercial scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27698-7624, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Ilenys M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Díaz
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005519:Food Preservation; D061353:Food Storage / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000254:growth & development; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D012492:Salts; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D015003:Yeasts / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011422:Propionates; D012492:Salts; C017082:brine; D020148:Butyric Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C029658:propionic acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D019342:Acetic Acid