title: Predictive value of readiness, importance, and confidence in ability to change drinking and smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visual analog scales (VAS) are sometimes used to assess change constructs that are often considered critical for change.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1.) To determine the association of readiness to change, importance of changing and confidence in ability to change alcohol and tobacco use at baseline with the risk for drinking (more than 21 drinks per week/6 drinks or more on a single occasion more than once per month) and smoking (one or more cigarettes per day) six months later. 2.) To determine the association of readiness, importance and confidence with alcohol (number of drinks/week, number of binge drinking episodes/month) and tobacco (number of cigarettes/day) use at six months.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a secondary analysis of data from a multi-substance brief intervention randomized trial. A sample of 461 Swiss young men was analyzed as a prospective cohort. Participants were assessed at baseline and six months later on alcohol and tobacco use, and at baseline on readiness to change, importance of changing and confidence in ability to change constructs, using visual analog scales ranging from 1-10 for drinking and smoking behaviors. Regression models controlling for receipt of brief intervention were employed for each change construct. The lowest level (1-4) of each scale was the reference group that was compared to the medium (5-7) and high (8-10) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 377 subjects reporting unhealthy alcohol use at baseline, mean (SD) readiness, importance and confidence to change drinking scores were 3.9 (3.0), 2.7 (2.2) and 7.2 (3.0), respectively. At follow-up, 108 (29%) reported no unhealthy alcohol use. Readiness was not associated with being risk-free at follow-up, but high importance (OR 2.94; 1.15, 7.50) and high confidence (OR 2.88; 1.46, 5.68) were. Among the 255 smokers at baseline, mean readiness, importance and confidence to change smoking scores were 4.6 (2.6), 5.3 (2.6) and 5.9 (2.7), respectively. At follow-up, 13% (33) reported no longer smoking. Neither readiness nor importance was associated with being a non-smoker, whereas high confidence (OR 3.29; 1.12, 9.62) was.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High confidence in ability to change was associated with favorable outcomes for both drinking and smoking, whereas high importance was associated only with a favorable drinking outcome. This study points to the value of confidence as an important predictor of successful change for both drinking and smoking, and shows the value of importance in predicting successful changes in alcohol use.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN78822107.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Health, Alcohol treatment center, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland. Nicolas.Bertholet@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bertholet
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaume
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faouzi
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult