title: Reducing power and iron chelating property of Terminalia chebula (Retz.) alleviates iron induced liver toxicity in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 70% methanol extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit (TCME) was investigated for its in vitro iron chelating property and in vivo ameliorating effect on hepatic injury of iron overloaded mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of fruit extract on Fe2+-ferrozine complex formation and Fe2+ mediated pUC-18 DNA breakdown was studied in order to find the in vitro iron chelating activity. Thirty-six Swiss Albino mice were divided into six groups of: blank, patient control and treated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg b.w. of TCME and desirox (standard iron chelator drug with Deferasirox as parent compound). Evaluations were made for serum markers of hepatic damage, antioxidant enzyme, lipid per oxidation and liver fibrosis levels. The reductive release of ferritin iron by the extract was further studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro results showed considerable iron chelation with IC50 of 27.19 ± 2.80 μg/ml, and a significant DNA protection with [P]50 of 1.07 ± 0.03 μg/ml along with about 86% retention of supercoiled DNA. Iron-dextran injection (i.p.) caused significant increase in the levels of the serum enzymes, viz., alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Bilirubin, which were subsequently lowered by oral administration of 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of the fruit extract by 81.5%, 105.88%, 188.08% and 128.31%, respectively. Similarly, treatment with the same dose of the extract was shown to alleviate the reduced levels of liver antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and non-enzymatic reduced glutathione, by 49.8%, 53.5%, 35.4% and 11% respectively, in comparison to the iron overloaded mice. At the same time, the fruit extract effectively lowered the iron-overload induced raised levels of lipid per oxidation, protein carbonyl, hydroxyproline and liver iron by 49%, 67%, 67% and 26%, respectively, with oral treatment of 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of TCME. The fruit extract also showed potential activity for reductive release of ferritin iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that Terminalia chebula extract may contain active substances capable of lessening iron overload induced toxicity, and hence possibly be useful as iron chelating drug for iron overload diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
authors.forename: Rhitajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Bibhabasu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hazra
authors.forename: Nripendranath
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000633:toxicity*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007501:Iron