title: Investigation of motorcyclist cervical spine trauma using HUMOS model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With 16 percent of the total road user fatalities, motorcyclists represent the second highest rate of road fatalities in France after car occupants. Regarding road accidents, a large proportion of trauma was on the lower cervical spine. According to different clinical studies, it is postulated that the cervical spine fragility areas are located on the upper and lower cervical spine. In motorcycle crashes, impact conditions occur on the head segment with various orientations and impact directions, leading to a combination of rotations and compression. Hence, motorcyclist vulnerability was investigated considering many impact conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the human model for safety (HUMOS), a finite element model, this work aims to provide an evaluation of the cervical spine weaknesses based on an evaluation of injury mechanisms. This evaluation consisted of defining 2 injury risk factors (joint injury and bone fracture) using a design of experiment including various velocities, impact directions, and impact orientations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results confirmed previously reported clinical and epidemiological work on the fragility of the lower cervical spine and the upper cervical spine segments. Joint injuries appeared before bone fractures on both the upper and lower cervical spine. Bone fracture risk was greater on the lower cervical spine than on the upper cervical spine. The compression induced by a high impact angle was identified as an important injury severity factor. It significantly increased the injury incidence for both joint injuries and bone fractures. It also induced a shift in injury location from the lower to the upper cervical spine. The impact velocity exhibited a linear relationship with injury risks and severity. It also shifted the bone fracture risk from the lower to upper spinal segments.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille University, LBA, Marseille, France. jingchao.sun@ifsttar.fr
authors.forename: Jingchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Alban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraenzler
authors.forename: Pierre Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arnoux
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009049:Motorcycles; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*