title: Ultraviolet C light for Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections in mice: potential use for battlefield wound decontamination?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the beginning of the conflicts in the Middle East, US Army physicians have noted a high rate of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections among US soldiers wounded and initially treated in Iraq. In this study, we investigated the use of ultraviolet C (UVC) light for prevention of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii wound infections using mouse models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial-thickness skin abrasions and full-thickness burns in mice were infected with a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolate recovered from a wounded US soldier deployed to Iraq. The luxCDABE operon, which was contained in plasmid pMF 385, was cloned into the A. baumannii strain. This allowed real-time monitoring of the extent of infection in mice using bioluminescence imaging. UVC light was delivered to the mouse wounds at 30 minutes after the inoculation of A. baumannii. Groups of infected mouse wounds without being exposed to UVC served as the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies demonstrated that A. baumannii cells were inactivated at UVC exposures much lower than those needed for a similar effect on mammalian cells. It was observed in animal studies that UVC (3.24 J/cm(2) for abrasions and 2.59 J/cm(2) for burns) significantly reduced the bacterial burdens in UVC-treated wounds by approximately 10-fold compared with nontreated controls (p = 0.004 for abrasions, p = 0.019 for burns). DNA lesions were observed by immunofluorescence in mouse skin abrasions immediately after a UVC exposure of 3.24 J/cm(2); however, the lesions were extensively repaired within 72 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that UVC may be useful in preventing combat-related wound infections.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Tianhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Clinton K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vrahas
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tegos
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hamblin
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms; D002056:Burns / Q000382:microbiology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014467:Ultraviolet Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014857:Warfare; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents