title: Colony organization in the green alga Botryococcus braunii (Race B) is specified by a complex extracellular matrix.
abstract: Botryococcus braunii is a colonial green alga whose cells associate via a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) and produce prodigious amounts of liquid hydrocarbons that can be readily converted into conventional combustion engine fuels. We used quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy and biochemical/histochemical analysis to elucidate many new features of B. braunii cell/colony organization and composition. Intracellular lipid bodies associate with the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but show no evidence of being secreted. The ER displays striking fenestrations and forms a continuous subcortical system in direct contact with the cell membrane. The ECM has three distinct components. (i) Each cell is surrounded by a fibrous β-1, 4- and/or β-1, 3-glucan-containing cell wall. (ii) The intracolonial ECM space is filled with a cross-linked hydrocarbon network permeated with liquid hydrocarbons. (iii) Colonies are enclosed in a retaining wall festooned with a fibrillar sheath dominated by arabinose-galactose polysaccharides, which sequesters ECM liquid hydrocarbons. Each cell apex associates with the retaining wall and contributes to its synthesis. Retaining-wall domains also form "drapes" between cells, with some folding in on themselves and penetrating the hydrocarbon interior of a mother colony, partitioning it into daughter colonies. We propose that retaining-wall components are synthesized in the apical Golgi apparatus, delivered to apical ER fenestrations, and assembled on the surfaces of apical cell walls, where a proteinaceous granular layer apparently participates in fibril morphogenesis. We further propose that hydrocarbons are produced by the nonapical ER, directly delivered to the contiguous cell membrane, and pass across the nonapical cell wall into the hydrocarbon-based ECM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Taylor L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goodson
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitha
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Parastoo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azadi
authors.forename: Jannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holzenburg
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Devarenne
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goodenough
mesh_terms: D001089:Arabinose / Q000032:analysis; D002450:Cell Communication; D002462:Cell Membrane; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002736:Chloroplasts; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry*; D005690:Galactose / Q000032:analysis; D006056:Golgi Apparatus; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008055:Lipids; D047071:beta-Glucans; D001089:Arabinose; D005690:Galactose