title: Measuring pain and efficacy of pain treatment in inflammatory arthritis: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the available literature on measuring pain and the efficacy of pain treatment in inflammatory arthritis (IA), as an evidence base for generating clinical practice recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2008/2009 meeting abstracts, searching for studies evaluating clinimetric properties of pain measurement tools in IA (convergent validity, internal consistency, retest reliability, responsiveness, feasibility, and standardization). Studies that presented information on these properties were reviewed and their data were integrated into the pool of results available for pain measures in IA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 51 articles were included in the review. Validated information on pain was available for tools covering different facets such as overall pain, anatomically specific pain, or a mixture of both. Data from these studies showed that single pain-related items such as the visual analog scale (VAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), or verbal rating scale (VRS) provide sufficient clinimetric information. Similar results were obtained for the pain subscales of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS/AIMS2) and the bodily pain subscale of the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form Survey 36. Most clinimetric coefficients showed acceptable results with respect to validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change, while the degree of standardization and feasibility mostly filled at least 2 of 3 predefined criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variety of pain measures are available to cover different aspects of pain such as intensity, frequency, or location. Single-item tools such as VAS, NRS, or VRS can be recommended to measure overall pain in clinical practice. If more specific issues need to be addressed, more sophisticated tools should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. matthias.englbrecht@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Englbrecht
authors.forename: Ingo H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Tarner
authors.forename: Désirée M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: van der Heijde
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manger
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller-Ladner
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005104:Expert Testimony; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics