title: Identification of metabolites of ganoderic acid D by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Ganoderic acid D (GD) is the major active triterpenoid in Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal fungus used daily. However, the metabolic fate of GD remains unknown. To know whether GD is extensively metabolized, we first investigated the metabolism of GD in vitro and in vivo. The metabolic profiles of the bile samples obtained from rats in vivo were almost the same as those obtained in vitro. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, a total of 25 metabolites were identified from the bile sample. Few metabolites were found in the urine samples. These results indicated that biliary rather than renal clearance was the major route of excretion. The major metabolites were identified by comparison with the standard reference compounds. Metabolites at low concentrations were identified by interpreting the mass spectra. Both phase I and phase II metabolites were observed. The metabolic transformation included reduction, monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, trihydroxylation, oxidation, desaturation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. The main metabolic soft spots in the chemical structure of GD were the 3-carbonyl group, angular methyl groups, the 7-hydroxy group, and the 26-carboxylic acid moiety. Overall, this study gives us an insight into the metabolism of GD, an active oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunru
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Sijia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012015:Reference Standards; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014315:Triterpenes; C528901:ganoderic acid D