title: A pilot study of low-cost, high-resolution microendoscopy as a tool for identifying women with cervical precancer.
abstract: Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of death among women in developing countries. Without resources to support Pap smear cytology and colposcopy, cost-effective approaches which enable single-visit "see-and-treat" protocols offer the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality due to this preventable disease. We carried out a pilot clinical study in Shanxi province, China, to evaluate a low-cost, high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) imaging system which enables evaluation of epithelial cell morphology in vivo. HRME images were obtained at discrete sites on the cervix in 174 women, in addition to visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and colposcopic examination. Of 69 sites appearing abnormal on colposcopy, only 12 showed high-grade disease (CIN2+) on pathology. Quantification of the nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio by HRME enabled an ad hoc threshold to be defined, which correctly classified all 12 sites as abnormal, whilst classifying 38 of the remaining 57 pathology normal sites as normal. All patients with biopsy confirmed high-grade disease also tested positive for high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA and were classified as abnormal by HRME. Among the remaining patients who tested positive for HPV but were either normal by colposcopy or showed <CIN2 on pathology, only 6 of 32 (18.8%) were classified as abnormal by HRME. Visual examination techniques for cervical cancer screening may overestimate the prevalence of precancerous lesions, leading to unnecessary treatment, expense, and patient stress. The results of this study suggest that evaluation of suspicious lesions by HRME may assist in ruling out immediate cryotherapy, thus increasing the efficiency of current see-and-treat programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: YaoYao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Mary Kate
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: You-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richards-Kortum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology