title: Does Cattle Milieu Provide a Potential Point to Target Wild Exophilic Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) with Entomopathogenic Fungus? A Bioinsecticide Zooprophylaxis Strategy for Vector Control.
abstract: Background.  Anopheles arabiensis  is increasingly dominating malaria transmission in Africa. The exophagy in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of indoor vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungus against  An. arabiensis when applied on cattle and their environments. Methods. Experiments were conducted under semi-field and small-scale field conditions within Kilombero valley. The semi-field reared females of 5-7 days old An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated and untreated calf. Further, wild An. arabiensis were exposed to fungus-treated calves, mud-huts, and their controls. Mosquitoes were recaptured the next morning and proportion fed, infected, and survived were evaluated. Experiments were replicated three times using different individuals of calves. Results. A high proportion of An. arabiensis was fed on calves (>0.90) and become infected (0.94) while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. However, fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of cattle and their milieu for controlling An. arabiensis. Most of An. arabiensis were fed and infected while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. Fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. These results suggest deployment of bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis against exophilic An. arabiensis.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Off Mlabani, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Issa N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Lyimo
authors.forename: Kija R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ng'habi
authors.forename: Monica W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mpingwa
authors.forename: Ally A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Daraja
authors.forename: Dickson D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mwasheshe
authors.forename: Nuru S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nchimbi
authors.forename: Dickson W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lwetoijera
authors.forename: Ladslaus L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Mnyone