title: Can listeners hear how many singers are singing? The effect of listener's experience, vibrato, onset, and formant frequency on the perception of number of simultaneous singers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether listener's experience, presence/absence of vibrato, formant frequency difference, or onset delay affect the ability of experienced and inexperienced listeners to segregate complex vocal stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures factorial design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sets of stimuli were constructed: one with no vibrato and another with vibrato. For each set, each stimulus was synthesized at four pitches: A3, E4, B4, and F5. Stimuli were synthesized using formant patterns appropriate for the vowel |ɑ|. Frequencies for formants one through four were systematically varied from lower to higher in an attempt to simulate the acoustic results of corresponding changes in vocal tract length. Four formant patterns were synthesized (patterns A-D). Three pairs were created at each pitch, pairing the formants AB (mezzo-soprano/mezzo-soprano), CD (soprano/soprano), and AD (mezzo-soprano/soprano). Each of these three pairs was constructed in three separate conditions: simultaneous onset; the first voice in the pair with an onset delay of 100 milliseconds; and the second voice in the pair with an onset delay of 100 milliseconds. Using a scroll bar, listeners rated how difficult it was for them to hear each stimulus pair as two separate voices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most difficult combinations to segregate were produced with no vibrato and used simultaneous onset. The easiest conditions to segregate were combinations including a "soprano-like" formant pattern (D) in the vibrato condition. Overall, listener's experience did not affect the perceived difficulty of segregation; however, in the presence of vibrato cues, inexperienced listeners did not use delay cues as an aid in segregation in the same manner as did experienced listeners. Once vibrato was removed from the experimental context, inexperienced listeners were able to use delay to aid in segregation in a similar manner to experienced listeners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence/absence of vibrato, formant pattern difference, and onset delay interact in a complex manner to affect the perceived difficulty of voice segregation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Tennessee, Health Sciences Center, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. merickso@utk.edu
authors.forename: Molly L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gaskill
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001299:Audiometry; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003463:Cues; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D046709:Pattern Recognition, Physiological; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D063346:Singing; D014732:Vibration; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult