title: Deep vein thrombosis: current status and nanotechnology advances.
abstract: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) affects up to 2 million people in the United States, and worldwide incidence is 70 to 113 cases per 100,000 per year. Mortality from DVT is often due to subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE). Precise diagnosis and treatment is thereby essential for the management of DVT. DVT is diagnosed by a thorough history and physical examination followed by laboratory and diagnostic tests. The choice of laboratory and diagnostic test is dependent on clinical pretest probability. Available laboratory and diagnostic techniques mainly involve D-dimer test, ultrasound, venography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The latter two diagnostic tools require high doses of contrast agents including either radioactive or toxic materials. The available treatment options include lifestyle modifications, mechanical compression, anticoagulant therapy, inferior vena cava filter, and thrombolysis/thrombolectomy. All of these medical and surgical treatments have serious side effects including improper clot clearance and increased risk of hemorrhage occurrence. Therefore, research in this field has recently focused on the development of non-invasive and accurate diagnostics, such as ultrasound enhanced techniques and molecular imaging methods, to assess thrombus location and its treatment course. The frontier of nanomedicine also shows high prospects in tackling DVT with efficient targeted drug delivery. This review describes the pathology of DVT along with successive medical problems such as PE and features a detailed listing of various diagnostic and therapeutic modalities that have been in use and are under development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.|Joint Biomedical Engineering Program between The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Aniket S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wadajkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.|Joint Biomedical Engineering Program between The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santimano
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
authors.forename: Maham
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.|Joint Biomedical Engineering Program between The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Baohong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.|Joint Biomedical Engineering Program between The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Kytai T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*