title: Comparison of individual, pooled, and composite fecal sampling methods for detection of Salmonella on U.S. dairy operations.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella for individual, pooled, and composite fecal samples and to compare culture results from each sample type for determining herd Salmonella infection status and identifying Salmonella serovar(s).  During the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2007 study, data and samples were collected from dairy operations in 17 major dairy states. As part of the study, composite fecal samples (six per operation) were collected from cow areas, such as holding  pens, alleyways, and lagoons, where manure accumulates. Fecal samples also were collected from individual cows (35 per operation), and fecal sample pools were created by combining samples from 5 cows (7 per operation). A total of 1,541 composite fecal samples were collected from 260 operations  in 17 states, and 406 (26.3%) of these samples were culture positive for Salmonella. Among the 116 operations for which all three sample types were obtained, 41.4% (48 operations) were Salmonella culture positive based on individual samples, 39.7% (46 operations) were positive  based on pooled samples, and 49.1% (57 operations) were positive based on composite fecal samples. Relative to individual samples, the sensitivity of composite fecal samples for determining herd infection status was 85.4% and the sensitivity of pooled fecal samples was 91.7%. On 33.6% of operations  (39 of 116), Salmonella was cultured from all three fecal sample types (individual, pooled, and composite), and 20 (51.3%) of these operations had exactly the same serovar in all three sample types. Use of composite fecal samples is less costly and time-consuming than use of individual  or pooled samples and provides similar results for detecting the presence and identifying serovars of Salmonella in dairy herds. Therefore, composite sampling may be an appropriate alternative to culture of individual samples when assessing Salmonella status in dairy herds.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117, USA. jason.e.lombard@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beam
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Nifong
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kopral
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dargatz
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fedorka-Cray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D003612:Dairying; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis*