title: Whole mouth antimicrobial effects after oral hygiene: comparison of three dentifrice formulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the antimicrobial effects of three commercial dentifrice formulations: sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer (TCN/C), stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate/zinc lactate (SnF(2)/SHMP) and sodium fluoride (NaF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five adults (15 men and 20 women; average age 33 years and pockets <5 mm) completed this double-blind, triple-crossover study. After washout, baseline samples from four sites, plaque, saliva, tongue and buccal mucosa, were collected and evaluated for six microbial types, anaerobes, Streptococci, Actinomyces, hydrogen-sulphide (H(2) S)-producing bacteria, Fusobacteria and Veillonella. A specific dentifrice was randomly assigned for twice-daily use for 13 days. On day 14, 12 h after brushing, samples were collected for microbiological evaluations. Alternate dentifrices followed this identical protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all four oral sites and six organisms evaluated in each site, the TCN/C demonstrated significant reductions (49-83%) as compared with the other treatments (p < 0.01). The SnF(2)/SHMP group showed significant reductions of 14-43% for 14 of 24 outcomes as compared with the NaF group (p < 0.01), with no differences in 10 outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TCN/C dentifrice formulation consistently demonstrated significant reductions for a range of microorganisms in diverse oral sites in comparison with the NaF, or the SnF(2)/SHMP dentifrice formulations as seen 12 h after brushing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Dental School - UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. finedh@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Prem K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKiernan
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tischio-Bereski
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furgang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014260:Triclosan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010710:Phosphates; D014002:Tin Fluorides; D014100:Toothpastes; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D019344:Lactic Acid; D014260:Triclosan; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D015032:Zinc; C009285:sodium polymetaphosphate