title: Multiple mechanisms and challenges for the application of allopolyploidy in plants.
abstract: An allopolyploid is an individual having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. Generation of allopolyploids might be rare because of the need to overcome limitations such as co-existing populations of parental lines, overcoming hybrid incompatibility, gametic non-reduction, and the requirement for chromosome doubling. However, allopolyploids are widely observed among plant species, so allopolyploids have succeeded in overcoming these limitations and may have a selective advantage. As techniques for making allopolyploids are developed, we can compare transcription, genome organization, and epigenetic modifications between synthesized allopolyploids and their direct parental lines or between several generations of allopolyploids. It has been suggested that divergence of transcription caused either genetically or epigenetically, which can contribute to plant phenotype, is important for the adaptation of allopolyploids.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osabe
authors.affiliation: Watanabe Seed Co., Ltd, Machiyashiki, Misato-cho, Miyagi 987-8607, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawanabe
authors.affiliation: Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8510, Japan.|Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi-ninocho, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi-ninocho, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011003:Ploidies; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*