title: Protective effect of pre-recovery surfactant inhalation on lungs donated after cardiac death in a canine lung transplantation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warm ischemia-reperfusion injury related to donation after cardiac death is a crucial issue in transplantation. Because surfactant function deteriorates in lungs during warm ischemia, we hypothesized pre-recovery surfactant inhalation would mitigate warm ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We rendered donor dogs cardiac dead and left them at room temperature. All animals received ventilation for 60 minutes starting at 240 minutes after cardiac arrest. The animals were divided into 2 groups: NS (normal saline, n = 7) group, which received aerosolized normal saline, and SF (surfactant; n = 5), which received aerosolized surfactant. The lungs were flushed and procured, and the left lung was transplanted into recipient dogs. At 45 minutes of reperfusion, the right pulmonary artery was ligated, and the left transplanted lung function was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the NS group, 2 of 7 dogs died at 75 minutes after reperfusion, whereas all 5 animals in the SF group survived for 240 minutes after reperfusion. The SF group showed significantly better dynamic compliance, oxygenation, and wet-to-dry weight ratio. Furthermore, the SF group had higher levels of high-energy phosphates in the lung tissues and lower levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histologically, the lungs in the SF group showed fewer signs of interstitial edema and hemorrhage and significantly less neutrophilic sequestration than those of the NS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated pre-recovery surfactant inhalation improved graft function, maintained adenine nucleotide levels, and prevented alveolar-capillary barrier leakage, resulting in the attenuation of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohsumi
authors.forename: Fengshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hijiya
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horita
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bando
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Date
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D003643:Death; D004285:Dogs; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants