title: Hyperspectral imaging for the age estimation of blood stains at the crime scene.
abstract: The age estimation of blood stains can provide important information on the temporal aspects of a crime. As previously shown, visible spectroscopy of blood stains can successfully be used for their age estimation. In the present study we evaluated the feasibility to use hyperspectral imaging for this purpose. Visible reflectance spectra of blood stains were recorded using a pushbroom hyperspectral imaging system. From these spectra, the relative amounts of oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin and hemichrome within the blood stains were derived. By comparison of the hemoglobin derivative fractions with a reference dataset, the age of blood stains up to 200 days old was estimated. The absolute error of the age estimation task increased with age, with a median relative error of 13.4% of the actual age. To test the practical applicability of this method, a simulated crime scene was analyzed, in which blood stains of several ages were deposited. Hyperspectral imaging combined with the proposed analysis provided insight in the absolute age of the blood stains. Additionally, the blood stains were clustered based on their hemoglobin derivative fractions, without the use of a reference dataset. Results demonstrated that the order of formation of blood stains can be determined, even under unknown environmental circumstances, when no proficient reference dataset is available. These findings are an important step toward the practical implementation of blood stain age estimation in forensic casework.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. G.J.Edelman@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Maurice C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aalders
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006420:Hemeproteins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C001332:hemichrome; D008706:Methemoglobin