title: Variation in the effects of three different breakfast meals on subjective satiety and subsequent intake of energy at lunch and evening meal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative impact of three iso-caloric breakfast meals, of variable composition, on satiety, hunger and subsequent intake of energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a three-way, crossover design, 30 healthy men (age of 21.7 ± 1.2 years; BMI, 23.1 ± 2.7 kg/m²) were randomised to one of three test breakfasts, on three separate occasions, separated by 1 week. The breakfasts consisted of eggs on toast, cereal (cornflakes) with milk and toast, or a croissant and orange juice. Subjective ratings of satiety, hunger, fullness and desire to eat were recorded at 30-min intervals by electronic visual analogue scales (VAS). Energy intake was assessed by weighed food intake at an ad libitum lunch and evening meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants showed increased satiety, less hunger and a lower desire to eat after the breakfast containing eggs relative to the cereal (p < 0.02), and croissant-based meals (p < 0.0001). The egg breakfast was also accompanied by a significantly lower intake of energy relative to the croissant- and cereal-based breakfasts at the buffet lunch and evening meal, respectively, 1,284 ± 464 (egg) versus 1,442 ± 426 kcal (croissant), p = 0.03, 1,407 ± 379 (cereal) at lunch and 1,899 ± 729 (egg) versus 2,214 ± 620 kcal (cereal), p = 0.02, 2,047 ± 712 (croissant) at evening meal. The breakfast meal with the greatest effect on satiety and subsequent intake of energy was distinct in having the highest protein and lowest carbohydrate content relative to the other two breakfasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence to support the importance of food choice at breakfast as a means of increasing satiety in the morning and reducing energy intake at lunch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fallaize
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001939:Bread; D062408:Breakfast; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002523:Edible Grain; D004531:Eggs; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response; D055815:Young Adult