title: Evaluation of the influence of whole and defatted flaxseed on satiety, glucose, and leptin levels of women in the late postoperative stage of bariatric surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Satiety decline is one of the factors that are involved in weight regain in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery. Nutrients such as long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and fibers could assist in food intake control by increasing satiety. Flaxseed is a source of these nutrients, and its consumption could help with possible glycemic control and increased satiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of whole flaxseed and defatted flaxseed on satiety, postprandial blood glucose, and leptin in post-bariatric women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blind crossover and randomized study was performed with 18 women in the late postoperative of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). All women received three test meals containing whole flaxseed, defatted flaxseed, and placebo with 1 week of washout. Satiety was evaluated by a Visual Analog Scale during the fasting period; immediately after ingestion; and 60, 120, and 180 min after meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between test meals for the variables of hunger, satisfaction, fullness, and desire to eat. The basal and postprandial glucose and leptin levels did not differ between the test meals. The intake of defatted flaxseed and placebo muffins resulted in reduced postprandial blood glucose. Postprandial leptin was higher than the baseline (p = 0.02); however, only defatted flaxseed showed increased postprandial leptin levels (p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole flaxseed and defatted flaxseed did not promote satiety in women in the late postoperative of RYGBP. However, the test meals with a lower fat content increased the serum leptin levels.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. larissacohen80@gmail.com
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Junia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meira
authors.forename: Gigliane Menegati
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cosendey
authors.forename: Aline Fonseca Pereira
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: João Régis Ivar
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: Eliane Lopes
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rosado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012527:Satiation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin