title: Unifying cornerstones of sexual selection: operational sex ratio, Bateman gradient and the scope for competitive investment.
abstract: What explains variation in the strength of sexual selection across species, populations or differences between the sexes? Here, we show that unifying two well-known lines of thinking provides the necessary conceptual framework to account for variation in sexual selection. The Bateman gradient and the operational sex ratio (OSR) are incomplete in complementary ways: the former describes the fitness gain per mating and the latter the potential difficulty of achieving it. We combine this insight with an analysis of the scope for sexually selected traits to spread despite naturally selected costs. We explain why the OSR sometimes does not affect the strength of sexual selection. An explanation of sexual selection becomes more logical when a long 'dry time' ('time out', recovery after mating due to e.g. parental care) is understood to reduce the expected time to the next mating when in the mating pool (i.e. available to mate again). This implies weaker selection to shorten the wait. An integrative view of sexual selection combines an understanding of the origin of OSR biases with how they are reflected in the Bateman gradient, and how this can produce selection for mate acquisition traits despite naturally selected costs.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Division of Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokko
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, 215 Holt Hall, Dept 2653, 615 McCallie Aven, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA.
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Division of Ecology, Evolution & Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jennions
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D052586:Mating Preference, Animal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016487:Parenting; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal