title: Evaluation of shoulder and elbow functions after treatment of humeral shaft fractures: a 20-132-month follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of shoulder and elbow functions in humeral shaft fractures treated with functional brace, plate and screw osteosynthesis or intramedullary nailing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 128 patients treated for humeral shaft fracture. The patients were divided into three groups according to treatment method: Group 1 (n=62) received functional brace, Group 2 (n=36) plate and screw osteosynthesis and Group 3 (n=30) intramedullary nailing. Coronal and sagittal humeral angulations were measured radiologically during the final follow-up. Shoulder and elbow functions were evaluated using the Constant shoulder score, the Mayo Elbow Performance Scoring and range of movement measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up time was 74 (range: 20 to 132) months. Mean Constant shoulder scores were 92.4 in Group 1, 85.6 in Group 2 and 74 in Group 3. A statistically significant difference was detected between the Constant shoulder scores of Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). In the last follow-up, the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score of Group 1 was 96.9, Group 2 was 95.7 and Group 3 was 89.2. Statistically significant differences were not detected between the Group 2 and 3 (p>0.05). In the statistical evaluation of the Constant shoulder scores, a statistically significant difference was detected between the Constant scores of patients with a varus angulation greater than 20° and those with neutral alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional results of humeral shaft fractures treated with functional brace appear to be satisfactory. Varus and antecurvatum may affect shoulder and elbow function. In the presence of surgical indications, plate and screw fixation technique is the most effective method in terms of shoulder and elbow functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Keçiören Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. ahmetfirat24@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fırat
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deveci
authors.forename: Ferhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Güler
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oçgüder
authors.forename: Temel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oğuz
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001860:Bone Plates; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome