title: Comparative evaluation of 18F-labeled glutamic acid and glutamine as tumor metabolic imaging agents.
abstract: (18)F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamine (4F-GLN) has demonstrated high uptake in tumor cells that undergo high growth and proliferation. Similar tumor targeting properties have also been observed for (18)F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamate (4F-GLU), suggesting that both are useful imaging agents. A new labeling procedure facilitates the preparation of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU with confirmed radiochemical and enantiomeric purity. Here, we report the preparation and comparative evaluation of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU as tumor metabolic imaging agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uptake of enantiomerically pure (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU was determined in 3 tumor cell lines (9L, SF188, and PC-3) at selected time points. The in vitro cell uptake mechanism was evaluated by inhibition studies in 9L cells. In vivo biodistribution and PET studies were performed on male F344 rats bearing 9L tumor xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro cell uptake studies showed that (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN displayed higher uptake than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Amino acid transport system ASC (alanine-serine-cysteine-preferring; in particular, its subtype ASCT2 [SLC1A5 gene]) and system X(c)(-) (SLC7A11 gene) played an important role in transporting (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, respectively, across the membrane. After being transported into cells, a large percentage of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN was incorporated into protein, whereas (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU mainly remained as the free amino acid in its original form. In vivo studies of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN in the 9L tumor model showed a higher tumor uptake than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, whereas (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU had a slightly higher tumor-to-background ratio than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN. Imaging studies showed that both tracers had fast accumulation in 9L tumors. Compared with (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN exhibited prolonged tumor retention reflecting its incorporation into intracellular macromolecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in uptake and metabolism in tumor cells were found between (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Both agents are potentially useful as metabolic tracers for tumor imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ploessl
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Wenchao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Hank F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005973:Glutamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011854:Radiochemistry; D051381:Rats; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid