title: Inflammation and apoptosis in malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma: the role of the bridge molecules, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor κB.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the early events in the neoplastic progression of the sinonasal inverted papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma from the viewpoint of chronic inflammation and apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 118 archival slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin from 45 patients were graded according to histopathology (grades I-IV). Their representative portions were transferred to a tissue microarray, sections of which were stained immunohistochemically for cyclooxygenase-2, p53, bax, bcl-2, and nuclear factor κB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was positively correlated with histopathologic grade, with higher expression in advanced grades. p53s were detected in all cores from advanced grades (III, IV), but not in early grades (I, II). The expressions of nuclear factor κB, bax, and bcl-2 were not correlated with the grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A p53 mutation seems be a critical event for the malignant transformation of the sinonasal inverted papilloma. Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated inflammatory signals, activated as a consequence of the p53 mutation, may contribute to promoting the proliferation of the advanced sinonasal inverted papilloma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Bit-Na
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Kyong-Myong
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: Sung-Lyong
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jung-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jee-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyu-Sup
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hwan-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Roh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018308:Papilloma, Inverted / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2