title: Pathways between childhood victimization and psychosis-like symptoms in the ALSPAC birth cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several large population-based studies have demonstrated associations between adverse childhood experiences and later development of psychotic symptoms. However, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms involved in this pathway and the few existing studies have relied on cross-sectional assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data on 6692 children from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used to address this issue. Mothers reported on children's exposure to harsh parenting and domestic violence in early childhood, and children self-reported on bullying victimization prior to 8.5 years. Presence of children's anxiety at 10 years and their depressive symptoms at 9 and 11 years were ascertained from mothers, and children completed assessments of self-esteem and locus of control at 8.5 years. Children were interviewed regarding psychotic symptoms at a mean age of 12.9 years. Multiple mediation analysis was performed to examine direct and indirect effects of each childhood adversity on psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between harsh parenting and psychotic symptoms was fully mediated by anxiety, depressive symptoms, external locus of control, and low self-esteem. Bullying victimization and exposure to domestic violence had their associations with psychotic symptoms partially mediated by anxiety, depression, locus of control, and self-esteem. Similar results were obtained following adjustment for a range of confounders and when analyses were conducted for boys and girls separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings tentatively suggest that specific cognitive and affective difficulties in childhood could be targeted to minimize the likelihood of adolescents exposed to early trauma from developing psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK. helen.2.fisher@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schreier
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zammit
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Marcus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Munafò
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D006113:United Kingdom