title: Extracardiac neural remodeling in humans with cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intramyocardial nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction is associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Whether human stellate ganglia remodel in association with cardiac pathology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac pathology is associated with remodeling of the stellate ganglia in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left stellate ganglia were collected from patients undergoing sympathetic denervation for intractable ventricular arrhythmias and from cadavers, along with intact hearts. Clinical data on patients and cadaveric subjects were reviewed. We classified ganglia from normal, scarred, and nonischemic cardiomyopathic hearts without scar as NL (n=3), SCAR (n=24), and NICM (n=7), respectively. Within left stellate ganglia, neuronal size, density, fibrosis, synaptic density, and nerve sprouting were determined. Nerve density and sprouting were also quantified in cadaveric hearts. Mean neuronal size in normal, scarred, and nonischemic cardiomyopathic hearts without scar groups were 320 ± 4 μm(2), 372 ± 10 μm(2), and 435 ± 10 μm(2) (P=0.002), respectively. No significant differences in neuronal density and fibrosis were present between the groups. Synaptic density in ganglia from SCAR and NICM groups were 57.8 ± 11.2 μm(2)/mm(2) (P=0.084) and 44.5 ± 7.9 μm(2)/mm(2) (P=0.039), respectively, compared with the normal group, 17.8 ± 7 μm(2)/mm(2) (overall P=0.162). There were no significant differences in left stellate ganglia nerve sprouting or myocardial nerve density between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuronal hypertrophy within left stellate ganglia is associated with chronic cardiomyopathy in humans. Ganglionic and myocardial nerve sprouting and nerve density were not significantly different. These changes may be related to increased cardiac sympathetic signaling and ventricular arrhythmias. Further studies are needed to determine the electrophysiological consequences of extracardiac neuronal remodeling in humans.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90095–1679, USA.
authors.forename: Olujimi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ajijola
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wisco
authors.forename: H Wayne
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Kalyanam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shivkumar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002102:Cadaver; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000473:pathology*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000473:pathology*; D013562:Sympathectomy; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy