title: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a longitudinal observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in patients with Klinefelter syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical college hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Klinefelter group (n = 39) and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) group (n = 40).
  
  
  METHODS
  Testosterone replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolic parameters, lipid profiles, and sex hormones were compared before and after T replacement therapy. The median duration of follow-up was 4 years in the Klinefelter group and 5.2 years in the IHH group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diabetes was 20.5% (8 of 39) in the Klinefelter group and 5% in the IHH group. In the Klinefelter group, the incidence of diabetes was 12.5% in patients with 47,XXY karyotype and 57.1% in patients with other atypical karyotypes, such as 46XY/47XXY chimera. In the Klinefelter group, the average (± SD) age at diagnosis of diabetes was 27.1 ± 4.5 years. Four subjects had diabetes before T therapy, and their blood glucose did not improve after T replacement. One patient had a history of acute pancreatitis. Two other subjects had very high triglyceride levels. During the follow-up, body weight increased more in Klinefelter patients than in IHH patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of diabetes is higher in Klinefelter patients than in IHH patients, possibly owing to abnormal karyotypes. Other risk factors, such as low T level, high body weight, acute pancreatitis, and high triglyceride levels, may also contribute to the development of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang-Feng
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hong-Li
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xue-Yan
authors.forename: Nie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shuang-Yu
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hong-Ding
authors.forename: Liao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang-Ming
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015994:Incidence; D007621:Karyotyping; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D013739:Testosterone