title: Umyuangcaryaraq "Reflecting": multidimensional assessment of reflective processes on the consequences of alcohol use among rural Yup'ik Alaska Native youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concerns in some settings regarding the accuracy and ethics of employing direct questions about alcohol use suggest need for alternative assessment approaches with youth. Umyuangcaryaraq is a Yup'ik Alaska Native word meaning "Reflecting."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The Reflective Processes Scale was developed as a youth measure tapping awareness and thinking over potential negative consequences of alcohol misuse as a protective factor that includes cultural elements often shared by many other Alaska Native and American Indian cultures. This study assessed multidimensional structure, item functioning, and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses from 284 rural Alaska Native youth allowed bifactor analysis to assess structure, estimates of location and discrimination parameters, and convergent and discriminant validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bifactor model of the scale items with three content factors provided excellent fit to observed data. Item response theory analysis suggested a binary response format as optimal. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measure provides an assessment of reflective processes about alcohol that Alaska Native youth engage in when thinking about reasons not to drink.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of reflective processes has potential to extend understandings of cultural variation in mindfulness, alcohol expectancies research, and culturally mediated protective factors in Alaska Native and American Indian youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. jallen@d.umn.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Carlotta Ching Ting
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skewes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000413:Alaska / Q000453:epidemiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012424:Rural Population