title: Dual processing model of medical decision-making.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dual processing theory of human cognition postulates that reasoning and decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system (system I) and/or an analytical, deliberative (system II) processing system. To date no formal descriptive model of medical decision-making based on dual processing theory has been developed. Here we postulate such a model and apply it to a common clinical situation: whether treatment should be administered to the patient who may or may not have a disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a mathematical model in which we linked a recently proposed descriptive psychological model of cognition with the threshold model of medical decision-making and show how this approach can be used to better understand decision-making at the bedside and explain the widespread variation in treatments observed in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that physician's beliefs about whether to treat at higher (lower) probability levels compared to the prescriptive therapeutic thresholds obtained via system II processing is moderated by system I and the ratio of benefit and harms as evaluated by both system I and II. Under some conditions, the system I decision maker's threshold may dramatically drop below the expected utility threshold derived by system II. This can explain the overtreatment often seen in the contemporary practice. The opposite can also occur as in the situations where empirical evidence is considered unreliable, or when cognitive processes of decision-makers are biased through recent experience: the threshold will increase relative to the normative threshold value derived via system II using expected utility threshold. This inclination for the higher diagnostic certainty may, in turn, explain undertreatment that is also documented in the current medical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed the first dual processing model of medical decision-making that has potential to enrich the current medical decision-making field, which is still to the large extent dominated by expected utility theory. The model also provides a platform for reconciling two groups of competing dual processing theories (parallel competitive with default-interventionalist theories).
authors.affiliation: Center for Evidence-based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research, Tampa, FL, USA. bdjulbeg@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djulbegovic
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hozo
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckstead
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsalatsanis
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pauker
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*