title: Changes in traditional chronic disease risk factors over time and their relationship with leisure-time physical activity in people living with spinal cord injury.
abstract: This study examined whether levels of chronic disease risk factors change over time, and whether leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) can explain any of the variation in those risk factors that change, in a sample of community-dwelling people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in or near Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. LTPA was measured using the Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with SCI at baseline (n = 76 adults with chronic (≥1 year) paraplegia or tetraplegia), at 6 months (n = 71) and at 18 months (n = 63). Body mass index, waist circumference at the lowest rib (WC(lowest rib)) and iliac crest (WC(iliac crest)), fat mass, blood pressure, and biochemical data were collected at all 3 time points. Women's BMI was higher at baseline (least square means (LSM) = 26.2 ± SE = 1.56 kg·m(-2), p = 0.0004) and 6 months (25.9 ± 1.6, p = 0.0024) than at 18 months (22.1 ± 1.72). Men's WC(lowest rib) increased from baseline (92.1 ± 1.87 cm) to 18 months (93.6 ± 1.87, p = 0.0253). Women who were active vs. inactive at baseline had a lower BMI at 6 months (23.1 ± 2.91 vs. 29.7 ± 2.52, p = 0.0957) and WC(iliac crest) at 6 months (82.8 ± 6.59 vs. 97.7 ± 5.10, p = 0.0818). Women who were active vs. inactive at 6 months had a lower WC(iliac crest) at 18 months (73.4 ± 14.3 vs. 102.5 ± 6.41, p = 0.0723). There was little change in traditional risk factors over 18 months. Future studies should extend beyond 18 months in a larger sample, and explore traditional vs. novel risk factors and onset of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the SCI population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada. abuchhol@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horrocks
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin Ginis
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: B Catharine
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Craven
authors.forename: Audrey L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dalton L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin