title: Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated rat kidney mitochondria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney is known as the most sensitive target organ for depleted uranium (DU) toxicity in comparison to other organs. Although the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage induced by DU has been well investigated, the precise mechanism of DU-induced nephrotoxicity has not been thoroughly recognized yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidney mitochondria were obtained using differential centrifugation from Wistar rats and mitochondrial toxicity endpoints were then determined in both in vivo and in vitro uranyl acetate (UA) exposure cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single injection of UA (0, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Isolated mitochondria from the UA-treated rat kidney showed a marked elevation in oxidative stress accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse as compared to control group. Incubation of isolated kidney mitochondria with UA (50, 100 and 200μM) manifested that UA can disrupt the electron transfer chain at complex II and III that leads to induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione oxidation. Disturbances in oxidative phosphorylation were also demonstrated through decreased ATP concentration and ATP/ADP ratio in UA-treated mitochondria. In addition, UA induced a significant damage in mitochondrial outer membrane. Moreover, MMP collapse, mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release were observed following the UA treatment in isolated mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both our in vivo and in vitro results showed that UA-induced nephrotoxicity is linked to the impairment of electron transfer chain especially at complex II and III which leads to subsequent oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shaki
authors.forename: Mir-Jamal
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghazi-Khansari
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pourahmad
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014501:Uranium / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C478189:respiratory complex II; C005460:uranyl acetate; D014501:Uranium; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D042963:Electron Transport Complex II; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D005978:Glutathione