title: Mapping different intra-hemispheric parietal-motor networks using twin Coil TMS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence suggests anatomical and functional differences in connectivity between the anterior and posterior parts of the inferior-parietal lobule (IPL) and the frontal motor areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether different intra-hemispheric parietal-motor interactions can be observed along the anterior-posterior axis of the IPL in the resting human brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use a twin coil transcranial magnetic stimulation technique to test intra-hemispheric interactions between three points adjacent to the intra-parietal sulcus (anterior, central, posterior) and the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) at rest in both hemispheres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that stimulation of the anterior IPL resulted in an inhibition of the ipsilateral M1 in both hemispheres. Stimulation of the central and posterior IPL resulted in a facilitatory effect on ipsilateral M1 in the left but not for the right hemisphere. Additionally we show that there is considerable inter-subject variability concerning the optimal parietal facilitatory and inhibitory position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IPL has distinct inhibitory and facilitatory connections to the ipsilateral M1. Whereas inhibitory connections are observed in both hemispheres, facilitatory connections are asymmetric. These parietal-motor networks may represent the basis for the functional differences between these regions in reaching and grasping tasks and mirror the functional asymmetry observed in the motor system. From a practical point of view, we note that the inter-subject variability means that future TMS studies of the parietal area might consider a hot-spot localization similar to the procedures commonly used for M1.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ankenk@drcmr.dk
authors.forename: Anke Ninija
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Karabanov
authors.forename: Chi-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult