title: Prevention of propofol injection pain in children: a comparison of pretreatment with tramadol and propofol-lidocaine mixture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pain on propofol injection is considered to be a common and difficult to eliminate problem in children. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of pretreatment with tramadol 1 mg.kg(-1)and propofol-lidocaine 20 mg mixture for prevention of propofol induced pain in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty ASA I-II patients undergoing orthopedic and otolaryngological surgery were included in this study and were divided into three groups with random table numbers. Group C (n=39) received normal saline placebo and Group T (n=40) received 1 mg.kg(-1) tramadol 60 sec before propofol (180 mg 1% propofol with 2 ml normal saline) whereas Group L (n=40) received normal saline placebo before propofol-lidocaine mixture (180 mg 1% propofol with 2 ml %1 lidocaine). One patient in Group C was dropped out from the study because of difficulty in inserting an iv cannula. Thus, one hundred and nineteen patients were analyzed for the study. After given the calculated dose of propofol, a blinded observer assessed the pain with a four-point behavioral scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in patient characteristics and intraoperative variables (p>0.05) except intraoperative fentanyl consumption and analgesic requirement one hr after surgery among the groups (p<0.05). Both tramadol 1 mg.kg(-1) and lidocaine 20 mg mixture significantly reduced propofol pain when compared with control group. Moderate and severe pain were found higher in control group (p<0.05). The incidence of overall pain was 79.4% in the control group, 35% in tramadol group, 25% in lidocaine group respectively (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with tramadol 60 sec before propofol injection and propofol-lidocaine mixture were significantly reduced propofol injection pain when compared to placebo in children.
authors.affiliation: Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Meram, Konya, Turkey. borazanh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hale
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borazan
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kececioglu
authors.forename: M Selcuk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Uluer
authors.forename: Tayfun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Et
authors.forename: Seref
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otelcioglu
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D008012:Lidocaine; D015742:Propofol