title: Asymptomatic brain lesions in pilots: a comparative study with non-flying personnel using brain MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As modern aircraft fly at higher altitudes with rapid velocity, pilots have been put in the environment with a possible increasing risk of brain injury and could sustain cumulative brain damage. However, very few studies have investigated brain lesions using MRI in asymptomatic pilots. We evaluated asymptomatic pilots for the presence of cerebral lesions using MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enrolled were 31 healthy pilots of the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) on active flight duty and 31 healthy nonflying ROKAF personnel with ages of or over 45. We checked for the presence of acute and/or chronic medical conditions, smoking habits, alcohol intake, blood pressure, blood tests including lipid panel, glucose, and liver panel, aircraft type, flight hours, flight altitude, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on brain MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of both groups was 51.2 yr and the mean total flight hours of the pilots was 3025.0 h. There was no statistical difference between the pilots and non-flying personnel for WMH findings (54.8%/ vs. 32.3%). Of the factors related to flight, only the flying altitude (OR 1.005) was significantly related to the presence of WMH on multivariate analysis. Glucose levels and cholesterol levels were also related to WMH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite our negative results, there could be the possibility of cumulative brain damage in asymptomatic pilots considering the positive effect of altitude and the positive trend of pilots for the presence of WMH. Additional investigations are surely needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aerospace Medical Center, Republic of Korea Air Force, P.O. Box 335, Ssangsu-ri, Namil-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Daekeon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Won-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Ok-Man
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Seungcheol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000531:Altitude; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol