title: Head-first impact with head protrusion causes noncontiguous injuries of the cadaveric cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To simulate horizontally aligned head-first impacts with initial head protrusion using a human cadaveric neck model and to determine biomechanical responses, injuries, and injury severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head-first impacts with initial head protrusion were simulated at 2.4 m/s using a human cadaver neck model (n = 10) mounted horizontally to a torso-equivalent mass on a sled and carrying a surrogate head. Macroscopic neck injuries were determined, and ligamentous injuries were quantified using fluoroscopy and visual inspection after the impacts. Representative time-history responses for injured specimens were determined during impact using load cell data and analyses of high-speed video.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanics research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical spines of 10 human cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury severity at the middle and lower cervical spine was statistically compared using a 2-sample t test (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neck buckling consisted of hyperflexion at C6/7 and C7/T1 and hyperextension at superior spinal levels. Noncontiguous neck injuries included forward dislocation at C7/T1, spinous process fracture and compression-extension injuries at the middle cervical spine, and atlas and odontoid fractures. Ligamentous injury severity at C7/T1 was significantly greater than at the middle cervical spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct injury mechanisms were observed throughout the neck, consisting of extension-compression and posterior shear at the upper and middle cervical spine and flexion-compression and anterior shear at C6/7 and C7/T1. Our experimental results highlight the importance of clinical awareness of potential noncontiguous cervical spine injuries due to head-first sports impacts.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071, USA. paul.ivancic@yale.edu
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology*