title: Self-reported gait unsteadiness in mildly impaired neurological patients: an objective assessment through statistical gait analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-reported gait unsteadiness is often a problem in neurological patients without any clinical evidence of ataxia, because it leads to reduced activity and limitations in function. However, in the literature there are only a few papers that address this disorder. The aim of this study is to identify objectively subclinical abnormal gait strategies in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients affected by self-reported unsteadiness during gait (4 TBI and 7 MS) and ten healthy subjects underwent gait analysis while walking back and forth on a 15-m long corridor. Time-distance parameters, ankle sagittal motion, and muscular activity during gait were acquired by a wearable gait analysis system (Step32, DemItalia, Italy) on a high number of successive strides in the same walk and statistically processed. Both self-selected gait speed and high speed were tested under relatively unconstrained conditions. Non-parametric statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon tests) was carried out on the means of the data of the two examined groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings, with data adjusted for velocity of progression, show that increased double support and reduced velocity of progression are the main parameters to discriminate patients with self-reported unsteadiness from healthy controls. Muscular intervals of activation showed a significant increase in the activity duration of the Rectus Femoris and Tibialis Anterior in patients with respect to the control group at high speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a subjective sensation of instability, not clinically documented, walk with altered strategies, especially at high gait speed. This is thought to depend on the mechanisms of postural control and coordination. The gait anomalies detected might explain the symptoms reported by the patients and allow for a more focused treatment design. The wearable gait analysis system used for long distance statistical walking assessment was able to detect subtle differences in functional performance monitoring, otherwise not detectable by common clinical examinations.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. benedetti@ior.it
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knaflitz
authors.forename: Verusca
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gasparroni
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boschi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piperno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009460:Neurologic Examination