title: A comparison of root surface instrumentation using manual, ultrasonic and rotary instruments: an in vitro study using scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The commonly accepted idea concerning root planing is that excessive removal of cementum is not necessary for removal of endotoxins. The ideal instrument should enable the removal of all extraneous substances from the root surfaces, without causing any iatrogenic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the remaining calculus, loss of tooth substance, and roughness of root surface after root planing with Gracey curette, ultrasonic instrument (Slimline insert FSI-SLI-10S), and DesmoClean rotary bur.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficiency of calculus removal, the amount of lost tooth substance, and root surface roughness resulting from the use of hand curette, ultrasonic instrument, and rotary bur on 36 extracted mandibular incisors were examined by SEM. We used three indices to measure the changes: Remaining calculus index (RCI), Loss of tooth substance index (LTSI), and Roughness loss of tooth substance index (RLTSI). Twelve samples were treated with each instrument. The time required for instrumentation was also noted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney test for group-wise comparisons. Analysis was carried out with SPSS software (version 13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RCI and LTSI showed nonsignificant differences between the three groups. RLTSI showed a significant difference between Slimline and hand curette as well as Slimline and Desmo-Clean. Slimline showed the least mean scores for RCI, LTSI, and RLTSI. Thus, even though the difference was not statistically significant, Slimline insert was shown to be better than the other methods as assessed by the indices scores and the instrumentation time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marda
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Devaraj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vastardis
mesh_terms: D003475:Curettage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016745:Root Planing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D059708:Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*