title: Meta-analysis suggests choosy females get sexy sons more than "good genes".
abstract: Female preferences for specific male phenotypes have been documented across a wide range of animal taxa, including numerous species where males contribute only gametes to offspring production. Yet, selective pressures maintaining such preferences are among the major unknowns of evolutionary biology. Theoretical studies suggest that preferences can evolve if they confer genetic benefits in terms of increased attractiveness of sons ("Fisherian" models) or overall fitness of offspring ("good genes" models). These two types of models predict, respectively, that male attractiveness is heritable and genetically correlated with fitness. In this meta-analysis, we draw general conclusions from over two decades worth of empirical studies testing these predictions (90 studies on 55 species in total). We found evidence for heritability of male attractiveness. However, attractiveness showed no association with traits directly associated with fitness (life-history traits). Interestingly, it did show a positive correlation with physiological traits, which include immunocompetence and condition. In conclusion, our results support "Fisherian" models of preference evolution, while providing equivocal evidence for "good genes." We pinpoint research directions that should stimulate progress in our understanding of the evolution of female choice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. zofia.prokop@uj.edu.pl
authors.forename: Zofia M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Michalczyk
authors.forename: Szymon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Drobniak
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herdegen
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radwan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D052586:Mating Preference, Animal; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic