title: The comparative responsiveness of the patient self-report questionnaires and composite disease indices for assessing rheumatoid arthritis activity in routine care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims to evaluate the internal and external responsiveness of the patient self-report questionnaires, comparatively to the traditional composite indices to assess the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in everyday practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-one RA out-patients completed the clinical arthritis activity (PRO-CLARA) index, the rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index (RADAI), the routine assessment of patient index data (RAPID3), and the patient activity score (PAS). Simultaneously, the disease activity score-28 joints based on CRP (DAS28-CRP) and ESR (DAS28-ESR), the simplified disease activity index (SDAI), the clinical disease activity index (CDAI), and the mean overall index for RA (MOI-RA) were computed for each patient. Sensitivity to change was assessed after 6 months of treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or biologics. Internal responsiveness was evaluated with the effect size (ES) and standardised response mean (SRM). External responsiveness was investigated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC), in categories of respondents, stratified according to the response on an item on change in overall health. In addition, change scores were compared by calculating correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in internal and external responsiveness were found between self-report questionnaires and composite indices. The internal responsiveness of the self-report questionnaires and composite measures was wide, with SRM and ES ranging from 1.03 (RADAI) to 1.80 (DAS28-ESR) and higher than that of the each individual measures. The responsiveness of the PRO-CLARA was equal to the DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, SDAI or MOI-RA, but better than the CDAI. The RADAI and PAS were less responsive than the PRO-CLARA and RAPID3. The area under ROC curve of the PRO-CLARA gives identical results to those provided by other comparator composite indices. The score changes of all combinations were highly correlated (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-report questionnaires showed comparable internal and external responsiveness to the composite activity scores and allow for the detection of rheumatoid disease activity. They appear suitable for clinical decision making, epidemiologic research and clinical trials. Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate these encouraging results.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. fsalaff@tin.it
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salaffi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapetti
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carotti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001688:Biological Products / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein