title: Management of tracheal stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment for pediatric tracheal stenosis has evolved over the past 50 years. Open airway reconstruction has traditionally been the treatment of choice for this condition. Numerous recent publications now support the use of endoscopic techniques to both augment and sometimes replace open procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the past 12 months, a significant interest in expanding the role of airway dilation with balloons to manage airway stenoses has emerged. Development of novel airway stents, to include bioabsorbable products, holds promise to decrease the morbidity of stenting procedures. Continued improvement in preoperative imaging, in the form of virtual bronchoscopy, may someday replace airway endoscopy for planning purposes. Additionally, perioperative management strategies and the use of novel adjuvants have been introduced with a goal of improving outcomes in both endoscopic and open techniques through better control of granulation. Ultimately, advances in tissue engineering may provide yet another reconstructive option in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic techniques have an increasing role in the management of pediatric subglottic and tracheal stenosis. However, open airway reconstructive procedures are still required in cases of mature scar, high-grade stenosis, and long-segment stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brigger
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Boseley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004106:Dilatation; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D015607:Stents; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy