title: A dietary colorant crocin mitigates arthritis and associated secondary complications by modulating cartilage deteriorating enzymes, inflammatory mediators and antioxidant status.
abstract: Articular cartilage degeneration and inflammation are the hallmark of progressive arthritis and is the leading cause of disability in 10-15% of middle aged individuals across the world. Cartilage and synovium are mainly degraded by either enzymatic or non-enzymatic ways. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hyaluronidases (HAases) and aggrecanases are the enzymatic mediators and inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species being non-enzymatic mediators. In addition, MMPs and HAases generated end-products act as inflammation inducers via CD44 and TLR-4 receptors involved NF-κB pathway. Although several drugs have been used to treat arthritis, numerous reports describe the side effects of these drugs that may turn fatal. On this account several medicinal plants and their isolated molecules have been involved in modern medicine strategies to fight against arthritis. In view of this, the present study investigated the antiarthritic potentiality of Crocin, a dietary colorant carotenoid isolated from stigma of Crocus sativus. Crocin effectively neutralized the augmented serum levels of enzymatic (MMP-13, MMP-3 and MMP-9 and HAases) and non-enzymatic (TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, IL-6, COX-2, PGE(2) and ROS) inflammatory mediators. Further, Crocin re-established the arthritis altered antioxidant status of the system (GSH, SOD, CAT and GST). It also protected the bone resorption by inhibiting the elevated levels of bone joint exoglycosidases, cathepsin-D and tartrate resistant acid phosphatases. Taken together, Crocin revitalized the arthritis induced cartilage and bone deterioration along with inflammation and oxidative damage that could be accredited to its antioxidant nature. Thus, Crocin could be an effective antiarthritic agent which can equally nullify the arthritis associated secondary complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 06, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemshekhar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebastin Santhosh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunitha
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thushara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kemparaju
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rangappa
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Girish
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000097:blood; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007527:Isoenzymes; D002338:Carotenoids; C029036:crocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D002402:Cathepsin D; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005978:Glutathione