title: Quantum dots: synthesis, bioapplications, and toxicity.
abstract: This review introduces quantum dots (QDs) and explores their properties, synthesis, applications, delivery systems in biology, and their toxicity. QDs are one of the first nanotechnologies to be integrated with the biological sciences and are widely anticipated to eventually find application in a number of commercial consumer and clinical products. They exhibit unique luminescence characteristics and electronic properties such as wide and continuous absorption spectra, narrow emission spectra, and high light stability. The application of QDs, as a new technology for biosystems, has been typically studied on mammalian cells. Due to the small structures of QDs, some physical properties such as optical and electron transport characteristics are quite different from those of the bulk materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran. akbarzadehab@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikaeili
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samiei
authors.forename: Samad Mussa
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Farkhani
authors.forename: Nosratalah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zarghami
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouhi
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
authors.forename: Soodabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davaran