title: Increased cancer incidence in some gallstone diseases, and equivocal effect of cholecystectomy: a long-term analysis of cancer and mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to investigate cancer incidence and the cause of long-term mortality in different gallstone diseases and conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 2034 subjects: 224 persons diagnosed with asymptomatic gallstones in 1983, 254 patients who underwent cholecystectomy in 1983, and 513 patients with symptomatic uncomplicated gallstones (SGS, n = 337) or acute cholecystitis (AC, n = 176) between 1992 and 1994. One thousand and forty-three people who participated in a population study in 1983 were controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall increased risk of cancer, as well as higher mortality, was found among persons with asymptomatic gallstones compared to controls (HR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.06-2.00 and HR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08-1.78), whereas patients who underwent cholecystectomy in 1983 showed a slightly higher risk (not significant) for both cancer and death than controls. Among patients with SGS from 1992 to 1994 there was a significantly higher risk of contracting cancer in patients who had undergone surgery (HR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.13-5.83). For patients with AC, there was no significant difference between surgically treated and non-surgically treated subjects, but there was a higher risk of cancer in all AC compared to SGS patients (HR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.20-3.43). Mortality did not differ significantly between surgically treated and non-surgically treated patients with SGS or AC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gallstone patients had a greater risk than the general population for developing cancer, but this was dependent on the type of gallstone condition and treatment. The effect of cholecystectomy seemed dubious.
authors.affiliation: Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Milada Cvancarova
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Småstuen
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Søndenaa
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult