title: Eating behavior and glucagon-like peptide-1-producing cells in interposed ileum and pancreatic islets in rats subjected to ileal interposition associated with sleeve gastrectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ileal interposition-sleeve gastrectomy (II-SG) has been developed as a metabolic surgery based on the hindgut hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis by studying the eating behavior, metabolic changes, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-producing cells in rat models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to laparotomy, II, SG, or II-SG. Eating behavior and metabolic parameters were monitored by an open-circuit indirect calorimeter designed for a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system. GLP-1-producing cells were examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After II alone, satiety ratio, i.e., intermeal interval/meal size, was reduced, while calorie intake was increased at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Respiratory exchange ratio, VCO(2)/VO(2), was increased to above 1.0 (i.e., carbohydrate metabolism) during both daytime and nighttime at 2 weeks postoperatively. After SG alone, GLP-1-producing cells were increased in the pancreatic islets (in terms of volume density), but not in the ileum (number/mm). After II-SG, the rate of eating was reduced, while meal duration (min) was increased during both daytime and nighttime at 2 weeks postoperatively. GLP-1-producing cells were increased by about 2.5-fold in the interposed ileum and also increased to the same extent in the pancreatic islets as seen after SG alone. The increased GLP-1-producing cells in the pancreatic islets after SG or II-SG were located around the insulin-producing β cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides evidence supporting the hindgut hypothesis. II-SG increased GLP-1 production both in the interposed ileum and in the pancreatic islets, leading to metabolic beneficial effects and altered eating behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Chun-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mirta M L
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slupphaug
authors.forename: Bård
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kulseng
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015391:Gastroplasty / Q000379:methods*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1