title: Influence of cone beam CT scanning parameters on grey value measurements at an implant site.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the grey value variation at the implant site with different scan settings, including field of view (FOV), spatial resolution, number of projections, exposure time and dose selections in two cone beam CT (CBCT) systems and to compare the results with those obtained from a multislice CT system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A partially edentulous human mandibular cadaver was scanned by three CT modalities: multislice CT (MSCT) (Philips, Best, the Netherlands), and two CBCT systems: (Accuitomo 170(®), Morita, Japan) and (NewTom 5G(®), QR, Verona, Italy). Using different scan settings 36 and 24 scans were obtained from the Accuitomo and the NewTom, respectively. The scans were converted to digital imaging and communications in medicine 3 format. The analysis of the data was performed using 3Diagnosys(®) software (v. 3.1, 3diemme, Cantù, Italy) and Geomagic studio(®) 2012 (Morrisville, NC). On the MSCT scan, one probe designating the site for pre-operative implant placement was inserted. The inserted probe on MSCT was transformed to the same region on each CBCT scan using a volume-based three-dimensional registration algorithm. The mean voxel grey value of the region around the probe was derived separately for each CBCT. The influence of scanning parameters on the measured mean voxel grey values was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grey values in both CBCT systems significantly deviated from Hounsfield unit values measured with MSCT (p = 0.0001). In both CBCT systems, scan FOV and spatial resolution selections had a statistically significant influence on grey value measurements (p = 0.0001). The number of projections selection had a statistically significant influence in the Accuitomo system (p = 0.0001) while exposure time and dose selections had no statistically significant influence on grey value measurements in the NewTom (p = 0.43 and p = 0.37, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grey-level values from CBCT images are influenced by device and scanning settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Specialized Dentistry, Section Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.parsa@acta.nl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parsa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motroni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Stelt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wismeijer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods