title: The current perspective of neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of alcohol addiction: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol dependency can be considered as a chronic mental disorder characterized by frequent relapses even when treated with appropriate medical or psychotherapeutic interventions. Here, the efficacy of different neuromodulation techniques in alcohol addiction, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is critically evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A broad literature search on electronic databases such as NCBI PubMed, the Web of Knowledge, the Cochrane Library was conducted. Additionally, we searched recent handbooks on neuromodulation and/or addiction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies investigating these neuromodulation techniques in alcohol addiction remain to date rather limited and especially tDCS and rTMS applications have been investigated. Overall, the clinical effects seem modest. The use of VNS and ECT has yet to be investigated in alcohol dependent patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromodulation techniques have only recently been subject to investigation in alcohol addiction and methodological differences between the few studies restrict clear-cut conclusions. Nevertheless, the scarce results encourage further investigation in alcohol addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. sarah.herremans@uzbrussel.be
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Herremans
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baeken
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents