title: Gastrointestinal events with clopidogrel: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clopidogrel prevents cardiovascular events, but has been linked with adverse gastrointestinal (GI) complications, particularly bleeding events.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the risk of adverse GI events in patients treated with clopidogrel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide population-based cohort study based on linkage of three administrative registries in Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  All individuals who redeemed at least one prescription of clopidogrel from 1996 to 2008 were included as exposed subjects (n = 77,503). For each exposed subject, three matched controls were randomly selected from the background population (n = 232,510).
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up began on January 1, 1996, and was censored on December 31, 2007, or if patients emigrated or died. The study endpoint was the occurrence of any gastritis, GI ulcer or bleeding. Analyses were adjusted for comorbidity and medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of dose, adjusted odds ratios associating clopidogrel use with the study endpoint were statistically significant and followed a dose-response pattern. The crude absolute risk of GI events were: never users: 2.2 %; <0.1 defined daily dose (DDD) of clopidogrel per day: 7.1 %; 0.1-0.39 DDD: 6.0 %; 0.4-0.79 DDD: 5.7 %; ≥0.80 DDD: 4.4 %. Adjusted odds ratios were: <0.1 DDD: 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.26-1.42; 0.1-0.39 DDD: 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.48-1.68; 0.4-0.79 DDD: 1.91, 95 % CI: 1.77-2.06; ≥0.80 DDD: 1.77, 95 % CI: 1.66-1.89, all p-values < 0.01. Depending on the dose, numbers needed to harm ranged from 58 to 33 patients receiving 12 months of clopidogrel treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The well-known cardioprotective effect of clopidogrel must be carefully weighed against an increased risk of GI events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark. erikgrove@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Erik Lerkevang
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Würtz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Niklas Rye
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine