title: Effects of quillaja and yucca saponins on communities and select populations of rumen bacteria and archaea, and fermentation in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate quillaja (QSP) and yucca saponin (YSP) products with respect to their effects on diversity of rumen bacteria and archaea, abundance of selected microbes, and feed degradability and fermentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both QSP and YSP at doses 0-0.6 g l(-1) tended to increase degradability of feed substrate in in vitro rumen cultures, but to different extents. Neither one of the saponins affected the concentrations of ammonia, total volatile fatty acids, or molar proportion of acetate. However, QSP increased molar proportion of propionate and decreased that of butyrate, whereas YSP tended to decrease that of butyrate. As determined by qPCR, QSP and YSP did not affect the abundance of total bacteria or Ruminococcus albus. The QSP did not affect the abundances of Fibrobacter succinogenes or genus Prevotella, but tended to decrease that of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, whereas YSP significantly increased the abundance of R. flavefaciens and Prevotella, and numerically increased that of F. succinogenes. Both saponins increased archaeal abundance, although to small magnitudes (0.3-0.4 log). The protozoal populations were decreased significantly by QSP, but not by YSP. Based on DGGE and T-RFLP analysis, both saponins altered the bacterial community and species organization, but less so the archaeal community.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that saponins, although not effective in mitigating methane emission, may improve feed utilization at low doses, and modulate ruminal microbial communities in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that saponins at low doses may directly stimulate the growth of some rumen bacteria including cellulolytic bacteria, thus improving digestibility of feeds, independent of their defaunation activity. In contrast, saponins at high doses modulate rumen fermentation characteristically similar to defaunation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stiverson
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002417:Cattle; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D045848:Fibrobacter / Q000187:drug effects; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018720:Prevotella / Q000187:drug effects; D031990:Quillaja / Q000737:chemistry; D062605:Quillaja Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D045857:Ruminococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027623:Yucca / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D012503:Saponins; D000641:Ammonia; D008697:Methane