title: Spermatozoa recruit prostasomes in response to capacitation induction.
abstract: Seminal plasma contains various types of extracellular vesicles, including 'prostasomes'. Prostasomes are small vesicles secreted by prostatic epithelial cells that can be recruited by and fuse with sperm cells in response of progesterone that is released by oocyte surrounding cumulus cells. This delivers Ca(2+) signaling tools that allow the sperm cell to gain hypermotility and undergo the acrosome reaction. Conditions for binding of prostasomes to sperm cells are however unclear. We found that classically used prostasome markers are in fact heterogeneously expressed on distinct populations of small and large vesicles in seminal plasma. To study interactions between prostasomes and spermatozoa we used the stallion as a model organism. A homogeneous population of ~60nm prostasomes was first separated from larger vesicles and labeled with biotin. Binding of biotinylated prostasomes to individual live spermatozoa was then monitored by flow cytometry. Contrary to assumptions in the literature, we found that such highly purified prostasomes bound to live sperm only after capacitation had been initiated, and specifically at pH ≥7.5. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that prostasomes bound primarily to the head of live sperm. We propose that in vivo, prostasomes may bind to sperm cells in the uterus, to be carried in association with sperm cells into oviduct and to fuse with the sperm cell only during the final approach of the oocyte. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aalberts
authors.forename: Edita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sostaric
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wubbolts
authors.forename: Marca W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wauben
authors.forename: Esther N M
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Nolte-'t Hoen
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gadella
authors.forename: Tom A E
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stoorvogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex