title: Natural resistance to cancers: a Darwinian hypothesis to explain Peto's paradox.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peto's paradox stipulates that there is no association between body mass (a surrogate of number of cells and longevity) and cancer prevalence in wildlife species. Resolving this paradox is a very promising research direction to understand mechanisms of cancer resistance. As of present, research has been focused on the consequences of these evolutionary pressures rather than of their causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, we argue that evolution through natural selection may have shaped mechanisms of cancer resistance in wildlife species and that this can result in a threshold in body mass above which oncogenic and tumor suppressive mechanisms should be increasingly purified and positively selected, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that assessing wildlife species in their natural ecosystems, especially through theoretical modeling, is the most promising way to understand how evolutionary processes can favor one or the other pathway. This will provide important insights into mechanisms of cancer resistance.
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMMISCO UMI IRD/UPMC, 32, avenue Henry Varagnat, 93143, Bondy Cedex, France. benjamin.roche@ird.fr
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hochberg
authors.forename: Aleah F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Caulin
authors.forename: Carlo C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Maley
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gatenby
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misse
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic / Q000276:immunology