title: Prevalence and predictors of severe autonomic failure in patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presence of severe autonomic failure (SAF), defined as coincidence of abnormal heart rate turbulence and abnormal deceleration capacity, identifies a group of patients with very poor prognosis among post-infarction patients with diabetes mellitus. However, factors contributing to development of SAF are entirely unknown. Here, we aimed to identify clinical, biochemical, and hemodynamic factors predicting SAF in a consecutive cohort of diabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2010 and July 2011, we prospectively enrolled 97 patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and stable CAD in sinus rhythm. Heart rate turbulence (as marker of autonomic reflex activity) and deceleration capacity (as marker of autonomic tonic activity) were calculated from 24-hour Holter recordings. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analysis included duration of diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, level of HbA(1c), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), brain natriuretic peptide, presence of multivessel disease, and history of myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten (10.3%) of the 97 patients exhibited signs of SAF. Patients with SAF were characterized by longer duration of diabetes (25 years vs 15 years), higher prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (70% vs. 36%), retinopathy (80% vs 45%) and nephropathy (90% vs 55%), significantly higher levels of HbA(1c) (9.0% vs 7.4%; P = .002) and a lower LVEF (30% vs.55%; P = .001). On multivariable analysis, LVEF ≤ 35% and HbA(1c) >8% were the only factors which were independently associated with SAF (odds ratios of 23.1 [95% CI, 1.8-287.0]; P = .015 and 6.6 [1.1-40.1]; P = .043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus and CAD, presence of SAF correlates with both glycemic control and diabetic complications. Impaired LVEF and increased level of HbA(1c) were independently associated with SAF.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zuern
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rizas
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: Meinrad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gawaz
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000453:epidemiology*