title: Loss of SFRP1 promotes ductal branching in the murine mammary gland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) are a family of proteins that block the Wnt signaling pathway and loss of SFRP1 expression is found in breast cancer along with a multitude of other human cancers. Activated Wnt signaling leads to inappropriate mammary gland development and mammary tumorigenesis in mice. When SFRP1 is knocked down in immortalized non-malignant mammary epithelial cells, the cells exhibit a malignant phenotype which resembles the characteristics observed in metastatic breast cancer stem-like cells. However, the effects of SFRP1 loss on mammary gland development in vivo are yet to be elucidated. The work described here was initiated to investigate the role of SFRP1 in mammary gland development and whether SFRP1-/- mice exhibit changes in mammary gland morphology and cell signaling pathways shown to be associated with SFRP1 loss in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 week old nulliparous SFRP1-/- mammary glands exhibited branching with clear lobulo-alveolar development, which normally only occurs in hormonally stimulated mid-pregnant wt mammary glands. Explant cultures of SFRP1-/- mammary glands display increased levels of a well known Wnt signaling target gene, Axin2. Histomorphologic evaluation of virgin glands revealed that by 10 weeks of age, the duct profile is markedly altered in SFRP1-/- mice showing a significantly higher density of ducts with distinct alveoli present throughout the mammary gland, and with focal ductal epithelial hyperplasia. These findings persist as the mice age and are evident at 23 weeks of age. Changes in gene expression, including c-Myc, TGFβ-2, Wnt4, RANKL, and Rspo2 early in mammary gland development are consistent with the excessive hyper branching phenotype. Finally, we found that loss of SFRP1 significantly increases the number of mammary epithelial cells capable of mammosphere formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that SFRP1 gene is critical for maintaining proper mammary gland development, and that reduced levels of SFRP1 results in hyperplastic lesions and its loss may be a critical event in cancer initiation.
authors.affiliation: Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. kelly.gauger@baystatehealth.org
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gauger
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimono
authors.forename: Giovanna M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Crisi
authors.forename: Sallie Smith
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060466:Axin Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009024:Morphogenesis; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000094742:Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins
chemical_list: D060466:Axin Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C111729:Axin2 protein, mouse; C489428:Myc protein, mouse; C485539:Sfrp1 protein, mouse; D000094742:Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins