title: Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with type 2 diabetes among patients undergoing coronary angiography: cross-sectional findings from the LUdwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence suggests that vitamin D may protect against the onset of diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of vitamin D on glycaemic status are unclear and warrant further investigation. We sought to determine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and glycaemic status among intermediate-to-high-risk patients scheduled for coronary angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 3316 male and female patients (mean ± SD age, 62·7 ± 10·6 years). Four categories were formed according to serum 25[OH]D levels. The association between serum 25[OH]D and diabetes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting and 2 h post-load glucose, HbA1c and the HOMA-IR indices diminished with increasing serum 25[OH]D levels (P < 0·001). However, no associations were observed between insulin, pro-insulin or C-peptide and serum 25[OH]D concentrations. The pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 and hs-CRP also decreased considerably with higher vitamin D levels (P < 0·001). After full adjustment, those with optimal serum 25[OH]D levels had a reduced odds for fasting diabetes (OR = 0·63; 95% CI, 0·46-0·86; Ptrend = 0·01), 2 h post-load diabetes (OR = 0·46; 95% CI, 0·29-0·74; Ptrend = 0·004), both fasting/2 h post-load diabetes (OR = 0·61; 95% CI, 0·42-0·87; Ptrend = 0·001) and all of the combined hyperglycaemic states (OR = 0·68; 95% CI, 0·52-0·80; Ptrend = 0·01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher serum 25[OH]D levels were associated with better glycaemic status and lower inflammation. Should these observations be confirmed in future studies, vitamin D supplementation may prove a useful adjunct in attenuating the onset of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Bríain
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Hartaigh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neil Thomas
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silbernagel
authors.forename: Jos A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loerbroks
authors.forename: Marcus E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.forename: Tanja B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Grammer
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D