title: PLXNC1 and RDH13 associated with bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmus in German Brown cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed an association study for bilateral convergent strabismus with exophthalmus (BCSE) in German Brown cattle using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within six positional candidate genes and additional SNPs from bovine SNP databases surrounding these candidate genes. Mutation analyses included synaptotagmin 3 and 5 (SYT3, SYT5), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1C (CPT1C) on bovine chromosome 18 (BTA18), and plexin C1 (PLXNC1), intracellular suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (SOCS2), and kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A) on BTA5.
  
  
  METHODS
  For all six candidate genes, we performed cDNA analyses using eye tissues of three BCSE-affected and three unaffected controls and searched the sequences for polymorphisms. Furthermore, we screened a total of 213 SNPs on BTA5 and 136 SNPs on BTA18 from the bovine SNP databases in 29 BCSE-affected German Brown cattle and 23 breed and sex matched controls for association with BCSE. All SNPs detected within the open reading frame (ORF) of the candidate genes and all SNPs from bovine databases putatively associated with BCSE in the detection sample were genotyped in a random sample of 179 BCSE-affected German Brown cows and 161 breed and sex matched controls and tested for association with BCSE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, we detected five novel SNPs within the coding sequence of the candidate genes PLXNC1 and KIF21A. The association analyses for single SNPs and haplotypes in 340 German Brown cattle revealed significant associations for five SNPs with BCSE. Four of these five SNPs were located within PLXNC1 and RDH13 and one SNP in the neighborhood of PLXNC1. Each one SNP within PLXNC1 (DN825458:c.168G>T) and RDH13 (AM930553:c.703C>A) were significantly associated with BCSE after correcting for multiple testing whereas all other SNPs failed this significance threshold. The marker-trait associations for haplotypes confirmed the significant associations with BCSE for both genes, PLXNC1 and RDH13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association analyses for single SNPs and haplotypes corroborated the results of the linkage study that the centromeric region of BTA5 and the telomeric end of BTA8 harbor genes responsible for BCSE. Intragenic SNPs of the genes PLXNC1 and RDH13 were experiment-wide significantly associated with BCSE and seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of BCSE.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mömke
authors.forename: Ottmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Distl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D002503:Centromere; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004948:Esotropia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000662:veterinary*; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000662:veterinary*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006239:Haplotypes; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016615:Telomere
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins