title: Assessment and clinical significance of haematuria in Malaysian patients - relevance to early cancer diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the causes and significance of both microscopic and macroscopic haematuria in adult patients and assess possible relevance to early detection of urological cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  417 patients presenting with haematuria were assessed in our Urology Unit. Following confirmation of haematuria, these patients were subjected to imaging techniques and flexible cystoscopy. Parameters analysed included clinical characteristics, imaging results, flexible cystoscopy findings, time delay to diagnoses and eventual treatment and final diagnoses of all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  390 haematuria cases were analysed from 417 consecutive patients with haematuria. After 27 cases were excluded as they had previous history, 245 microscopic and 145 macroscopic. Age range was 17 to 95 years old with predominance of 152 females to 239 males. The racial distribution included 180 Chinese, 100 Indians,95 Malays and 15 other races. The final diagnoses were benign prostatic hyperplasia (22.6%), no cause found (22.3%), other causes (18.7%), urolithiasis (11.5%), urinary tract infection UTI (10.8%), non specific cystitis (10.3%), bladder tumours (2.8%) and other genitourinary tumours (1%). 11 new cases (2.8%) of bladder cancers were diagnosed, with a mean age of 59 years. Only 3 of 245 (1.2%) patients with microscopic haematuria had newly diagnosed bladder tumour compared with 8 of 145 (5.5%) patients with frank haematuria (p=0.016). Mean time taken from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of bladder cancer was 53.3 days with definitive treatment (TURBT) in 20.1 days from diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  - This study has highlighted the common causes of haematuria in our local setting. We recommend that full and appropriate investigations be carried out on patients with frank haematuria especially those above 50 years old in order to provide earlier detection and prompt management of bladder diseases especially tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. kenglimng@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Keng Lim
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Thi Ha
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Htun
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dublin
authors.forename: Teng Aik
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Azad Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Razack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult