title: Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: II. cephalosporins and penicillins.
abstract: Acute pulmonary exacerbations (APE) are well-described complications of cystic fibrosis (CF) and are associated with progressive morbidity and mortality. Despite aggressive management with two or more intravenous anti-pseudomonal agents, approximately 25% of exacerbations will result in a loss of lung function. The aim of this review is to provide an evidence-based summary of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), tolerability, and efficacy studies utilizing anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins (i.e., ceftazidime and cefepime) and penicillins (i.e., piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanate) in the treatment of APE and to identify areas where further study is warranted. The ceftazidime and cefepime dosing ranges from the literature are 200-400 mg/kg/day divided every 6-8 hr, maximum 8-12 g/day, and 150-200 mg/kg/day divided every 6-8 hr, up to 6-8 g/day, respectively. The literature supported dosing ranges for piperacillin and ticarcillin are 350-600 mg/kg/day divided every 4 hr, maximum 18-24 g/day of piperacillin component, and 400-750 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, up to 24-30 g/day of ticarcillin component, respectively. As a large portion of CF patients will not regain their lung function following an APE, we suggest the need to optimize antibiotic dosing and dosing regimens used to treat an APE in efforts to improve outcomes for CF patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Future studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of higher than FDA-approved doses of ceftazidime, cefepime, and ticarcillin-clavulanate in APE. The usefulness of high dose piperacillin (>600 mg/kg/day) may be limited due to treatment-related adverse effects. Further understanding of these adverse effects in CF patients is needed.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Intermountain Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84113, USA. jeffery.zobell@imail.org
authors.forename: Jeffery T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zobell
authors.forename: C Dustin
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stockmann
authors.forename: Krow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ampofo
authors.forename: Catherine M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Spigarelli
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077723:Cefepime; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002969:Clavulanic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010397:Penicillanic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D013982:Ticarcillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002969:Clavulanic Acids; D010406:Penicillins; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; D000077723:Cefepime; C043215:ticarcillin-clavulanic acid; D010397:Penicillanic Acid; D002442:Ceftazidime; D013982:Ticarcillin; D010878:Piperacillin