title: Factors that favor the occurrence of cough in patients treated with ramipril--a pharmacoepidemiological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry cough is a common cause for the discontinuation of ramipril treatment. The aim of this pharmacoepidemiological study was to assess the incidence of ramipril-related cough among the Polish population and to characterize patients at risk of experiencing the adverse effect of cough during ramipril treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study involving 10,380 patients treated with ramipril for a period of no longer than 8 weeks, consisting of 3 visits: baseline, first follow-up (after 4-8 weeks) and second follow-up visit (after 4-8 weeks of cessation of ramipril, conducted only for evaluating coughing patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ramipril-related cough was 7.1%. Logistic regression analysis identified female sex (OR=1.35), cigarette smoking (OR=2.50), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR=1.70), asthma (OR=1.60) and previous history of tuberculosis (OR=6.20) to be significantly and independently associated with the onset of ramipril-related cough. Coughing subsided within a period of 2-20 days after ramipril was discontinued. In all patients reporting the appearance of cough within the first 5 days after therapy initiation, the adverse effect subsided after therapy discontinuation. If cough appeared within 6-10 days, it subsided after discontinuation in 81.6% of subjects. Cough persisted in 30.4% of those reporting later onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Female sex, cigarette smoking, COPD, asthma, and previous history of tuberculosis increase the risk of ramipril-related cough. 2. The later the cough occurs during treatment, the less often the drug is the causative agent and the cough and also less likely to disappear after discontinuation of ramipril.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wyskida
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jura-Szołtys
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smertka
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owczarek
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chudek
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017257:Ramipril / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D017257:Ramipril