title: Use of combination chemotherapy for treatment of granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A subset of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) develops granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), a restrictive lung disease associated with early mortality. The optimal therapy for GLILD is unknown. This study was undertaken to see if rituximab and azathioprine (combination chemotherapy) would improve pulmonary function and/or radiographic abnormalities in patients with CVID and GLILD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of patients with CVID and GLILD who were treated with combination chemotherapy was performed. Complete pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of the chest were done prior to therapy and >6 months later. HRCT scans of the chest were blinded, randomized, and scored independently (in pairs) by two radiologists. The differences between pre- and post-treatment HRCT scores and PFT parameters were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients with CVID and GLILD met inclusion criteria. Post-treatment increases were noted in both FEV1 (p=0.034) and FVC (p=0.043). HRCT scans of the chest demonstrated improvement in total score (p=0.018), pulmonary consolidations (p=0.041), ground-glass opacities (p=0.020) nodular opacities (p=0.024), and both the presence and extent of bronchial wall thickening (p=0.014, 0.026 respectively). No significant chemotherapy-related complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination chemotherapy improved pulmonary function and decreased radiographic abnormalities in patients with CVID and GLILD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Verbsky
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hintermeyer
authors.forename: Jill K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Waukau
authors.forename: Aoy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomita-Mitchell
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kaushik S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shahir
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Tisol
authors.forename: Melodee L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: R Nagarjun
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: A Craig
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Pippa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Routes
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069283:Rituximab; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000069283:Rituximab; D001379:Azathioprine