title: Validity, reliability and responsiveness of the Japanese version of the Neck Disability Index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is one of the most widely used questionnaires for neck pain. The purpose of this study was to validate the Japanese NDI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed two surveys with an 8-week interval in 130 patients with neck pain, radiculopathy and myelopathy. We asked patients to answer two versions of the Japanese NDI: the original NDI, which had been completed by a forward-backward translation procedure, and the modified NDI, which has the phrase "because of neck pain" to the phase "because of neck pain or numbness in the arm." The other parameters examined were the strength of pain and numbness, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Short Form 36. Attending surgeons judged the symptom severity. Patients were asked to report the patient global impression of change (PGIC) at the second survey. The internal consistency, criterion-related and discriminative validity, and reliability were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The original NDI and the modified NDI were 26.9 ± 17.1 and 29.9 ± 15.5, respectively. The Cronbach α values of the original NDI and the modified NDI were 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. Both versions of the NDI had good to excellent correlative coefficients with the related domains. The modified NDI had a higher validity for numbness and mental health-related QOL. The symptom severity was significantly correlated with the modified NDI. The intraclass correlation coefficients of the two surveys of the modified and original NDI were comparable. The effect sizes of the modified and the original NDI were 0.64 and 0.55, respectively. Spearman's ρ between the change of the NDI and the PGIC was 0.47 in the original NDI and 0.59 in the modified NDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated the validity, reliability and responsiveness of the Japanese NDI. The modified NDI was more strongly correlated with numbness and mental health-related QOL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. dtstake@coral.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Katsushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Kyoichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isomura
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshina
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: So
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonenobu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult