title: Using psychological theory to inform methods to optimize the implementation of a hand hygiene intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Careful hand hygiene (HH) is the single most important factor in preventing the transmission of infections to patients, but compliance is difficult to achieve and maintain. A lack of understanding of the processes involved in changing staff behaviour may contribute to the failure to achieve success. The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' and administrators' perceived barriers and facilitators to current HH practices and the implementation of a new electronic monitoring technology for HH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten key informant interviews (three administrators and seven nurses) were conducted to explore barriers and facilitators related to HH and the impact of the new technology on outcomes. The semi structured interviews were based on the Theoretical Domains Framework by Michie et al. and conducted prior to intervention implementation. Data were explored using an inductive qualitative analysis approach. Data between administrators and nurses were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 9 of the 12 domains, nurses and administrators differed in their responses. Administrators believed that nurses have insufficient knowledge and skills to perform HH, whereas the nurses were confident they had the required knowledge and skills. Nurses focused on immediate consequences, whereas administrators highlighted long-term outcomes of the system. Nurses concentrated foremost on their personal safety and their families' safety as a source of motivation to perform HH, whereas administrators identified professional commitment, incentives, and goal setting. Administrators stated that the staff do not have the decision processes in place to judge whether HH is necessary or not. They also highlighted the positive aspects of teams as a social influence, whereas nurses were not interested in group conformity or being compared to others. Nurses described the importance of individual feedback and self-monitoring in order to increase their performance, whereas administrators reported different views.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the benefits of using a structured approach based on psychological theory to inform an implementation plan for a behavior change intervention. This work is an essential step towards systematically identifying factors affecting nurses' behaviour associated with HH.
authors.affiliation: Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging-RIA & School of Health & Life Sciences and Community Services, Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Kitchener, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Veronique M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Boscart
authors.forename: Geoff R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fernie
authors.forename: Jae H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jaglal
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006740:Hospital Administrators / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009042:Motivation; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D024382:Professional Role; D011582:Psychological Theory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012931:Social Environment