title: Silver nanoparticles induce premutagenic DNA oxidation that can be prevented by phytochemicals from Gentiana asclepiadea.
abstract: Among nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have the broadest and most commercial applications due to their antibacterial properties, highlighting the need for exploring their potential toxicity and underlying mechanisms of action. Our main aim was to investigate whether AgNPs exert toxicity by inducing oxidative damage to DNA in human kidney HEK 293 cells. In addition, we tested whether this damage could be counteracted by plant extracts containing phytochemicals such as swertiamarin, mangiferin and homoorientin with high antioxidant abilities. We show that AgNPs (20 nm) are taken up by cells and localised in vacuoles and cytoplasm. Exposure to 1, 25 or 100 µg/ml AgNPs leads to a significant dose-dependent increase in oxidised DNA base lesions (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine or 8-oxoG) detected by the comet assay after incubation of nucleoids with 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase. Oxidised DNA base lesions and strand breaks caused by AgNPs were diminished by aqueous and methanolic extracts from both haulm and flower of Gentiana asclepiadea.
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Group, NILU P.O. Box 100, 2027  Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hudecová
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kusznierewicz
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rundén-Pran
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Magdolenová
authors.forename: Katarína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasplová
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinna
authors.forename: Lise Marie
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fjellsbø
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruszewski
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lankoff
authors.forename: Wiggo Johan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Refsnes
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skuland
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunborg
authors.forename: Magnar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjøras
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miadoková
authors.forename: Eliska
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gálová
authors.forename: Mária
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dusinská
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030012:Gentiana / Q000737:chemistry*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C479058:oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human; D000432:Methanol