title: The effects of electrode misplacement on clinicians' interpretation of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates how a particular incorrect electrode configuration affects the 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG).
  
  
  METHODS
  A correct and an incorrect 12-lead ECG were extracted from a 192-lead BSPM. This was done for 232 BSPMs yielding 464 12-lead ECGs. The particular incorrect ECG involved displacing electrodes V1 and V2 in the second intercostal space whilst also offsetting the remaining electrodes. These ECGs were examined in two stages: (a) analysis of the effects of electrode misplacement on signal morphology and (b) analysis of how often the incorrect electrode configuration changed the diagnosis of two clinicians in a random sample of 75 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the difference between PQRST intervals in the correct and incorrect ECGs, lead V2 is the most affected lead (mean: 185 μV ± 82 μV), followed by lead V4 (mean: 114 μV ± 59 μV) and lead V1 (mean: 100 μV ± 47 μV). It was found that if the incorrect electrode configuration is applied, there is a 17% to a 24% chance the diagnostic interpretation will be different. Quantified using Similarity Coefficient (SC) leads V1 and V2 were found to be more alike when misplaced in the second intercostal space. The average SC between these leads when correctly placed was 0.08 (± 0.65), however when incorrectly placed, the average SC was 0.43 (± 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a reasonable chance this particular incorrect electrode configuration will change the diagnosis of the 12-lead ECG. This highlights the importance of developing algorithms to detect electrode misplacement along with better education regarding ECG acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Research Institute, School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK. rb.bond@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guldenring
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D012189:Retrospective Studies