title: Reduced structural connectivity of a major frontolimbic pathway in generalized anxiety disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emotion regulation deficits figure prominently in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and in other anxiety and mood disorders. Research examining emotion regulation and top-down modulation has implicated reduced coupling of the amygdala with prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting altered frontolimbic white matter connectivity in GAD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate structural connectivity between ventral prefrontal cortex or anterior cingulate cortex areas and the amygdala in GAD and to assess associations with functional connectivity between those areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent diffusion-tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  University magnetic resonance imaging facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients with GAD and 39 healthy volunteer control subjects, including a matched subset of 21 patients having GAD without comorbid Axis I diagnoses and 21 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mean fractional anisotropy values in the left and right uncinate fasciculus, as measured by tract-based analysis for diffusion-tensor imaging data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower mean fractional anisotropy values in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus indicated reduced frontolimbic structural connectivity in patients with GAD. This reduction in uncinate fasciculus integrity was most pronounced for patients without comorbidity and was not observed in other white matter tracts. Across all participants, higher fractional anisotropy values were associated with more negative functional coupling between the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala during the anticipation of aversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced structural connectivity of a major frontolimbic pathway suggests a neural basis for emotion regulation deficits in GAD. The functional significance of these structural differences is underscored by decreased functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala in individuals with reduced structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus.
authors.affiliation: Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA.
authors.forename: Do P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grupe
authors.forename: Desmond J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Oathes
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McFarlin
authors.forename: Patric J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Tammi R A
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: Jee Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Jack B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nitschke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult