title: Measurement of deoxyinosine adduct: Can it be a reliable tool to assess oxidative or nitrosative DNA damage?
abstract: Adenosine deaminases (ADA) are key enzymes that deaminate adenosine (A) or deoxyadenosine (dA) and produce inosine or deoxyinosine (dI), respectively. While ADA only deaminates free dA, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) deaminate adenine base on the DNA and leave dI, which is a pre-mutagenic lesion. Therefore, dI adduct in the genomic DNA has been considered a biomarker of DNA damage caused by RNS or by ROS. In the presented study, genomic DNA was isolated from frozen calf thymus in low or room temperature, with or without an addition of antioxidant. The number of dI in the DNA was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. While low temperature (LT) work-up with an addition of antioxidant in reagents helped to prevent artifactual formation of oxidative DNA lesions in the calf thymus DNA (CTD), it also significantly inhibited activities of proteinase, which in turn resulted in significant ADA contamination in the final DNA samples. ADA remained in LT-CTD completely deaminated most dA when the DNA was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis to single nucleosides. The ADA contamination in the DNA was significantly reduced when DNA was isolated from pre-isolated nuclear fraction rather than from entire tissue homogenates. However, enzymes used for DNA hydrolysis were confirmed to contain significant amounts of ADA. Therefore, these enzymes would increase deamination of dA during DNA hydrolysis. Artifactual dI production by contaminated ADA was dramatically reduced by an addition of EHNA (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine), which is a potent inhibitor of ADA. However, time- and temperature-dependent dI production from dA in phosphate buffer solution was observed. More importantly, TEMPO, an antioxidant commonly used to prevent DNA oxidation, was found to deaminate dA independent to ADA. Overall, these findings indicate that assay methods measuring dI or other dA DNA adducts in genomic DNA should be carefully validated to minimize artificial errors caused by dA deamination. Recommendations to overcome those technical challenges were discussed in this presentation.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA. yjeong@dow.com
authors.forename: Yo-Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Fagen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Geter
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schisler
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bartels
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism*; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D007288:Inosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D018736:DNA Adducts; C010192:9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine; D007288:Inosine; D004247:DNA; C427203:calf thymus DNA; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; C012271:deoxyinosine; D000225:Adenine; C003959:TEMPO