title: The long-term outcomes of pediatric pleural empyema: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the long-term outcomes of pediatric pleural empyema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study from October 2008 to October 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with pleural empyema (loculations and/or septations identified on radiologic imaging or frank pus on thoracentesis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were seen 1, 6, and 12 months postdischarge. Outcome measures included symptoms and signs of respiratory disease, child and parental impact, radiographic resolution, spirometry, and health-related quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory score). Analysis was based on the last observation carried forward for missing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two of 88 patients (93%) eligible were recruited. Fifty-four percent were male and mean (SD) age was 4.5 (3.4) years. Outcome data was obtained in 100% at 1 month, 90% at 6 months, and 72% at 1 year. Seventy-one percent had effusions occupying a quarter or more of the hemithorax and 62% of effusions were drained. Fever, cough, parental work loss, child school loss, radiographic abnormalities, and abnormal spirometry results were common in the first month and then declined. By the last observation, 2% of patients had abnormal radiographs (aside from pleural thickening), 6% had mild obstruction on spirometry, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scores were better than for children with asthma (P < .001). Patients with abnormal outcomes in 1 measure had normal outcomes in all other clinical measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically important phenomena persist in the short-term, but virtually all children with pleural empyema have no long-term sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada. eyal.cohen@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahant
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Dell
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traubici
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ragone
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Bairbre
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004322:Drainage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016524:Parental Leave; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D013147:Spirometry; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents