title: Volatiles from apple trees infested with light brown apple moth larvae attract the parasitoid Dolichogenidia tasmanica.
abstract: The volatile compounds emitted from uninfested apple seedlings, cv. Royal Gala, and apple seedlings infested with generalist herbivore  Epiphyas postvittana  larvae were sampled using headspace collection and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine additional compounds were only detected in infested apple seedlings [including benzyl alcohol, (E)-β-ocimene, benzyl cyanide, indole, (E)-nerolidol, and four unidentified compounds]. Infested apple seedlings produced larger amounts of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, linalool, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, methyl salicylate, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate than uninfested plants. Female parasitoids flew exclusively upwind to infested and not to uninfested apple seedlings in wind tunnel choice tests and preferred infested leaflets in still air, even after the removal of larvae. The attraction of a parasitoid to infested apple seedlings in the laboratory and in the field to apple and many other plants in at least six families supports considerable generality of the tritrophic signaling process.
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute Plant and Food Research Limited , Post Office Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand. max.suckling@plantandfood.co.nz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Twidle
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gibb
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: T E S
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis; D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006927:Hymenoptera; D007814:Larva; D027845:Malus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D014197:Trees; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C443996:beta-ocimene; C425828:3-hexenylacetate; C018584:linalool; C037055:nerolidol