title: Lymphatic reprogramming by Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus promotes the oncogenic activity of the virus-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor.
abstract: Kaposi sarcoma, the most common cancer in HIV-positive individuals, is caused by endothelial transformation mediated by the Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). Infection of blood vascular endothelial cells (BEC) by KSHV reactivates an otherwise silenced embryonic program of lymphatic differentiation. Thus, Kaposi sarcoma tumors express numerous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) signature genes. A key unanswered question is how lymphatic reprogramming by the virus promotes tumorigenesis leading to Kaposi sarcoma formation. In this study, we present evidence that this process creates an environment needed to license the oncogenic activity of vGPCR. We found that the G-protein regulator RGS4 is an inhibitor of vGPCR that is expressed in BECs, but not in LECs. RGS4 was downregulated by the master regulator of LEC differentiation PROX1, which is upregulated by KSHV and directs KSHV-induced lymphatic reprogramming. Moreover, we found that KSHV upregulates the nuclear receptor LRH1, which physically interacts with PROX1 and synergizes with it to mediate repression of RGS4 expression. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RGS4 reduced vGPCR-enhanced cell proliferation, migration, VEGF expression, and Akt activation and suppressed tumor formation induced by vGPCR. Our findings resolve long-standing questions about the pathologic impact of KSHV-induced reprogramming of host cell identity, and they offer biologic and mechanistic insights supporting the hypothesis that a lymphatic microenvironment is more favorable for Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dongwon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hee Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sunju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaehyuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Yong Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Maeng
authors.forename: Ha Neul
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyu Eui
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nam Yoon
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Myung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Jae U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Chester J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Young-Kwon
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D015536:Down-Regulation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020710:RGS Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D020710:RGS Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; C098799:RGS4 protein; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt