title: Alcohol peer influence of participating in organized school activities: a network approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares the network influences on adolescent substance use from peers who coparticipated in school-sponsored organized activities (affiliation-based peer influence) with the influence both from their "nominated" friends (i.e., the adolescent named the alter as a friend), and only "reciprocated" friends (i.e., both adolescents mutually named each other as friends). The study also attempts to parse affiliation-based peer influence into the influence of both activity members who are also friends and those who are not, to address the potential confounding of these sources of peer influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study data consisted of a nationally representative sample of 12,551 adolescents in Grades 7-12 within 106 schools from the Add Health data. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted to estimate the effects of affiliation-based and friends influence on alcohol use and drinking frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peer influence via organized activities (sports or clubs) with drinkers and the influence of friends who drink had significant effects on adolescent drinking. Peer influence through club activities with drinkers had a stronger effect on any drinking behavior than through sports activities with drinkers. After decomposing peer influence through activities by friendship status, influence through sport activities had a significant effect on drinking only when coparticipant drinkers were also reciprocated friends (but not nominated friends), whereas influence through club activities had a significant effect on drinking, regardless of friendship reciprocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The design and implementation of school based substance use prevention and treatment programs should consider the contextual effects of school-sponsored activities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D007857:Leadership; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012574:Schools; D012932:Social Facilitation; D012933:Social Identification; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology