title: Manufacture, characterisation and properties of novel fluorcanasite glass-ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the manufacture and characterisation of different compositions of fluorcanasite glass-ceramics with reduced fluorine content and to assess their mechanical and physical properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three compositional variations (S80, S81 and S82) of a fluorcanasite glass were investigated. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified crystallisation temperatures and phases. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determined the element composition in the glass-ceramics. Different heat treatments [2 h nucleation and either 2 or 4 h crystallisation] were used for the glasses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examined the microstructure of the cerammed glass. The chemical solubility, biaxial flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness and brittleness index of S81 and S82 fluorcanasite were investigated with lithium disilicate (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) as a commercial comparison. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison tests (P<0.05). Weibull analysis was employed to examine the reliability of the strength data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All compositions successfully produced glasses. XRD analysis confirmed fluorcanasite formation with the S81 and S82 compositions, with the S82 (2+2h) showing the most prominent crystal structure. The chemical solubility of the glass-ceramics was significantly different, varying from 2565 ± 507 μg/cm(2) for the S81 (2+2 h) to 722 ± 177 μg/cm(2) for the S82 (2+2 h) to 37.4 ± 25.2 μg/cm(2) for the lithium disilicate. BFS values were highest for the S82 (2+2 h) composition (250 ± 26 MPa) and lithium disilicate (266 ± 37 MPa) glass-ceramics. The fracture toughness was higher for the S82 compositions, with the S82 (2+2h) attaining the highest value of 4.2 ± 0.3 MPa m(1/2)(P=0.01). The S82 (2+2 h) fluorcanasite glass-ceramic had the lowest brittleness index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The S82 (2+2 h) fluorcanasite glass-ceramic has acceptable chemical solubility, high biaxial flexural strength, fracture toughness and hardness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel glass-ceramic has been developed with potential as a restorative material. The S82 (2+2 h) has mechanical and physical properties that would allow the glass-ceramic to be used as a machinable core material for veneered resin-bonded ceramic restorations.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. s.pollington@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollington
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Noort
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018583:Pliability; D017640:Silicates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D017640:Silicates; C481899:fluorcanasite; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C023506:Glass ceramics