title: Dental disease prevalence among methamphetamine and heroin users in an urban setting: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have reported rampant caries among methamphetamine users. The authors investigated the prevalence of dental disease and associated risk behaviors in methamphetamine users compared with those in heroin users.
  
  
  METHODS
  This pilot project was a cross-sectional study of an ongoing cohort of young adult injection-drug users (IDUs) in San Francisco. Participants completed an oral health questionnaire administered by a research assistant, and dentists performed clinical examinations to record the participants' data in terms of scores on the decayed-missing-filled surfaces (DMFS) index, presence of residual roots, scores on an oral hygiene index and whether any salivary hypofunction was observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of dental disease among 58 young adult IDUs was strikingly high compared with that in the U.S. general population; however, the authors found no difference in the level of dental disease between users of methamphetamine and users of heroin. The mean DMFS score and number of decayed surfaces exceeded 28 in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the authors detected no difference in dental disease between methamphetamine and heroin users, they found a high prevalence of caries and caries-associated behaviors in the sample of young adult IDUs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the high level of dental disease observed in this population of young adult IDUs, one next step may be to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of providing low-intensity preventive measures (such as distribution of chlorhexidine rinses or xylitol gum or application of fluoride varnishes) through outreach workers.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco General Dental Department, Native American Health Center, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sumathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hursh
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shiboski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000453:epidemiology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003741:Dental Deposits / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000473:pathology; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine