title: Diagnostic value of serum hCG on the outcome of pregnancy of unknown location: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND The term 'pregnancy of unknown location' (PUL) refers to cases where a pregnancy test is positive but the pregnancy cannot be visualized by transvaginal sonography (TVS). Various strategies integrating TVS and serum hCG measures are used to follow-up until the location and/or viability of the pregnancy becomes clear; however, the optimal strategy to predict the outcome of pregnancy in women with PUL is unknown. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the various serum hCG strategies in women with PUL.  METHODS We searched Medline and EMBASE for articles which were published (in any language) from 1980 to January 2012 on strategies using serum hCG in women with PUL and reporting on the final outcome of pregnancy.  RESULTS From 980 selected titles, 23 articles, all cohort studies, were included. There were 10 studies on a single serum hCG cut-off level, 4 on serum hCG ratio (hCG 48 h/hCG 0 h) and 6 on logistic regression modelling. Three other strategies were reported using serum hCG, serum progesterone and/or uterine curettage findings; each of these strategies comprised a single study. Comparative diagnostic studies have not been performed on the diagnostic value of serum hCG in women with PUL. Included studies showed substantial clinical heterogeneity in the definition of the outcome, and only data for the pregnancy outcome ectopic pregnancy (EP) were suitable for meta-analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the serum hCG ratios and logistic regression models had a better performance as compared with an absolute single serum hCG level (as the curve was considerably closer to the diagonal, indicating no diagnostic value).  CONCLUSIONS Overall the study was limited by the high clinical heterogeneity of the data but in women with PUL diagnostic strategies using serum hCG ratios, either alone or in logistic regression models, have the best diagnostic performance in the case of EP. Well defined prospective comparative studies using standardized diagnostics and clinical application plus agreed definitions of outcome are required to identify the best strategy to diagnose pregnancy outcome in women with PUL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. n.m.vanmello@amc.nl
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: van Mello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Opmeer
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ankum
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coomarasamy
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hajenius
mesh_terms: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin