title: Numbing and dysphoria symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans: a review of findings and implications for treatment.
abstract: Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans experience significant rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental health conditions. Understanding how specific PTSD symptomatology affects physical health and psychosocial functioning may be useful in improving the conceptualization of PTSD nosology and informing treatment approaches for this population. Confirmatory factor analytic evidence supports four-factor models of PTSD symptoms that classify emotional numbing and/or dysphoria symptoms as a distinct PTSD symptom cluster, and these symptoms appear to be related to poorer psychological adjustment among returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. This review briefly describes current conceptualizations of numbing/dysphoria symptoms of PTSD and summarizes research on the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. Then, the literature on the influence of numbing/dysphoria symptoms on physical and psychological health among these veterans is reviewed, and implications for treatment and directions for future research are presented.
authors.affiliation: 1National Center for PTSD-VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hassija
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakupcak
authors.forename: Matt J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*