title: Mechanisms underlying the antidiarrheal, antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of Fumaria parviflora and involvement of tissue and species specificity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Greco-Arab (Unani) traditional medicine, Fumaria parviflora Linn. is widely used in hypreractive gut and respiratory disorders including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, indigestion and asthma but scientific studies to provide rational for these medicinal uses are sparse. This study was therefore undertaken to provide ethnopharmacological basis for its medicinal use in diarrhea, abdominal cramps and asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vivo studies were conducted in mice and rats while isolated gut and tracheal preparations of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit were suspended in respective tissue baths to measure the isotonic and isometric responses, using Power Lab electronic recorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aqueous-methanol extract of Fumaria parviflora (Fp.Cr) protected against diarrhea caused by castor oil in rats and mice, similar to loperamide and dicyclomine, and bronchospasm caused by carbachol (CCh) in rats, similar to aminophylline. In the in vitro studies, Fp.Cr relaxed CCh and isotonic high K(+) physiological salts solutions-induced contractions in jejunum, ileum and tracheal preparations of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit. Fp.Cr was predominately more potent against CCh than isotonic high K(+) solutions-induced contractions, similar to dicyclomine, suggesting the presence of anticholinergic and calcium channel blocking (CCB) activities, which were confirmed when Fp.Cr shifted the CCh and Ca(2+) concentration-response curves, constructed in rat ileum and trachea, towards right. Among intestinal preparations from various species, both anticholinergic and CCB effects of Fp.Cr were exhibited at lower concentrations in rat than the other species. In tracheal preparations, Fp.Cr was the most potent in its CCB effect in rabbit. Within species, CCB effect of Fp.Cr was produced at lower concentrations in rat jejunum than ileum and trachea, whereas, anticholinergic effect was produced at higher concentration in rat trachea than intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, showing the presence of antidiarrheal, antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities in Fumaria parviflora possibly mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca(2+) channels, provides sound basis for its medicinal uses in diarrhea, abdominal cramps and may be used as bronchodilator in asthma. Species and tissue-dependency of these effects underscores the importance of utilizing multiple tissues and species to get more meaningful results.
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
authors.lastname: Najeeb-ur-Rehman
authors.forename: Samra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Adnan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Al-Rehaily
authors.forename: Anwarul-Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gilani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D002217:Carbachol; D002368:Castor Oil; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D031312:Fumaria; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D015220:Calcium Channels; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D002368:Castor Oil; D002217:Carbachol