title: Positive and negative affect in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
abstract: METHODS
  Participants with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and healthy controls completed standardized questionnaires assessing depression level, positive and negative affect, and personality traits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the specific characteristics of emotional experiences affected by spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Canadian rehabilitation center. Individuals with SCIs were recruited from a list of patients who had volunteered to participate in studies being conducted by the SCI clinic. Healthy controls were recruited from the community, but tested in the SCI clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six individuals with complete (ASIA A) SCIs and 36 age-, gender- and education-matched controls participated in this study. SCI participants were classified as cervical (C1-C7), upper thoracic (T1-T5) or lower thoracic/upper lumbar (T6-L2). All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedules, the NEO Neuroticism Questionnaire, and the harm avoidance scale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests (when contrasting SCI and controls) and analysis of variance (when comparing across SCI groups).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with SCIs experienced significantly less positive affect than controls. The two groups did not differ in their experience of negative affect. Participants with SCIs also reported greater levels of depression. Depression scores improved with an increasing number of years post injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with SCIs are characterized by specific emotional dysfunction related to the experience of positive emotions, rather than a tendency to ruminate on negative emotions. The results suggest that these individuals would benefit from rehabilitation programs that include training in positive psychology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. umsalte2@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ethans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers / Q000639:trends; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae