title: Tuberculosis, HIV, and poverty: temporal trends in Brazil, the Americas, and worldwide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the temporal trends of the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, with and without HIV co-infection, as well as of the associated mortality, in Brazil, the Americas, and worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data related to tuberculosis, with and without HIV co-infection, between 1990 and 2010, in Brazil, the Americas, and worldwide. Temporal trends were estimated by linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a trend toward a decrease in tuberculosis prevalence and mortality, and that trend was more pronounced in Brazil and the Americas than worldwide. There was also a trend toward an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, as well as in the rates of detection of new cases of active and latent tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculosis was found to trend downward in Brazil, whereas it trended upward worldwide. Tuberculosis incidence rates correlated positively with poverty rates and with HIV incidence rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social inequality and the advent of AIDS are the major factors that aggravate the current situation of tuberculosis. In this context, methodical approaches to the assessment of surveillance activities are welcome, because they will identify situations in which the reported tuberculosis data do not reflect the true incidence of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. raphael@iesc.ufrj.br
authors.forename: Raphael Mendonça
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Andréa de Paula
authors.initials: Ade P
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Eduardo Aguiar
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Tuane Franco Farinazzo
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Suzane Cristina Costa
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Melo
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality