title: Racial and ethnic differences in depression by partner status and the presence of children in the household.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Single motherhood is a well-established risk factor for depression in women. The goal of this study is to analyze the relationships among partner status, having children, and depression among women of White, Black, and Hispanic race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stratified analyses were conducted on 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2008 cross-sectional survey data from 10,520 White women, 7,655 Black women, and 7,343 Hispanic women aged at least 18 years and residing in New York City. Depression was evaluated using Kessler's K6 scale. Race/ethnicity-specific logistic regression analysis assessed the association between partner status and depression among women with and without children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partner status was significantly associated with depression among White (p < .0001) and Hispanic (p = .0001) women, but not among Black women (p = .82), after adjusting for age, nativity, employment, education, poverty level, general health, and health insurance. Among White women, the conditional odds of depression were elevated for single relative to partnered women both with (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-2.81; p < .0001) and without (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06-1.56; p = .01) children, but the size of the effect was significantly larger for those with children than for those without children (p = .006). Among Hispanic women, the conditional odds of depression were elevated for single relative to partnered women with children (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.29-1.95; p < .0001), but not for single versus partnered women without children (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82-1.46; p = .54). Among Black women, there was no evidence of elevated depression in single relative to partnered women, either overall or conditional on the presence of children (with children: OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.95-1.54; p = .13]; without children: OR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.56-1.02; p = .06]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Past focus on single mothers as a high-risk group has oversimplified the relationship between partner status and depression, obscuring important distinctions between women of different racial backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY 1101-4132, USA.
authors.forename: Aviva G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Katharine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: McVeigh
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoven
authors.forename: Bonnie D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kerker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult