title: A novel three-dimensional bone chip organ culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop a 3D bone chip organ culture model. We aimed to collect in vitro evidence of the ability of vital bone chips to promote new bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a 3D in vitro hypoxic bone chip organ culture model. Histology of the bone chips was performed before and after culture and immunohistochemistry after 3-week culture. The 3D culture supernatants were tested for the presence of pro-angiogenic growth factors, TGFβ1, GADPH, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and collagen type I.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histology after culture revealed bone chips in a matrix of fibrin remnants and a fibrous-appearing matter. Collagen type I- and IV-positive structures were also identified. Cells could be seen on the surface of the bone chips, with spindle-shaped cells bridging the bone chip particles. Pro-angiogenic growth factors and TGFβ1were detected in the 3D cell culture supernatants. The transcripts for osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and collagen type I were revealed only via PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that bone chips in our 3D organ culture remain vital and may stimulate the growth of a bone-forming matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of autogenous bone chips for oral and maxillofacial bone augmentation procedures is widespread in clinical practice. The rationale for this is that if bone chips remain vital in vivo, they could provide an environment promoting new bone formation through growth factors and cells. This 3D culture method is an essential tool for investigating the behaviour of bone chips.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000, Luzern, Switzerland. Johannes.kuttenberger@ksl.ch
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuttenberger
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polska
authors.forename: Birgit M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000032:analysis; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000166:cytology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D003470:Culture Media; D005337:Fibrin; D006801:Humans; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein / Q000032:analysis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000166:cytology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000032:analysis; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000032:analysis; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D024042:Collagen Type I; D003470:Culture Media; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D015676:Osteonectin; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D005337:Fibrin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase