title: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) biomarker.
abstract: The kidney has a remarkable capacity to withstand insults for an extended period of time. The sensitivities of individual renal cells to injury vary depending on their type, position in the nephron, local vascularization, and the nature of injury. The resulting kidney injury is a product of the interplay between cell dysfunction, cell death, proliferation, inflammation, and recovery.  The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) defined Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) as "functional and structural disorder or signs of renal damage including any defect from blood and urine test, or tissue imaging that is less than 3 months". RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Kidney Disease) criteria is the most frequently used system. Ideal biomarker for AKI should be affordable, quick and measurable, precise and accurate, with prognostic ability to define severity of renal dysfunction, specific for renal, increase in the early stage dysfunction, with high sensitivity and specificity. Efforts to detect AKI in the earlier stage has resulted in some promising biomarkers such as KIM-1, NGAL, IL-18, Clusterin, etc. Cystatin C is a biomarker for glomerular filtration function, while 2-microglobulin, 1-microglobulin, NAG, RBP, IL-18, NGAL, Netrin-1, KIM-1, Clusterin, Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform and Fetuin A are biomarkers for tubular reabsorption function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Sri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Adiyanti
authors.forename: Tonny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loho
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D051152:Clusterin / Q000652:urine; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000652:urine; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000652:urine; D000075388:Netrin-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000652:urine; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000652:urine; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein / Q000652:urine; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D015415:Biomarkers; D051152:Clusterin; D055316:Cystatin C; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D020382:Interleukin-18; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C000617351:NTN1 protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D000075388:Netrin-1; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase