title: Repeat posterior lamellar grafting for recalcitrant lower eyelid retraction is effective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review one surgeon's (J.H.O.) experience with repeat retractor release and posterior lamellar grafting in patients with residual lower eyelid retraction. To quantify the amount of eyelid elevation expected from each procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of patients with repeat posterior lamellar grafting between 1992 and 2010. Patients were grouped into thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) and other causes. Hard palate mucosa or free tarsoconjunctiva grafts were used. Preoperative and postoperative inferior scleral show, lagophthalmos, superficial punctate keratopathy, and patient symptoms were recorded. Outcome measures were changes in scleral show and lagophthalmos with each procedure. Combined results were examined.Results in patients with TAO were analysed separately and compared with other etiologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this series, a single procedure is expected to reduce scleral show by a mean of 1.63 mm (76%) and lagophthalmos by a mean of 0.48 mm (55%). A second procedure can further reduce residual scleral show by a mean of 0.71 mm (80%) and residual lagophthalmos by a mean of 0.43 mm (76%). Patients with TAO were more likely to have larger measurements of preoperative scleral show (1.40 mm versus 0.46 mm, p < 0.001). Patients with other etiologies were more likely to have larger measurements of preoperative lagophthalmos (1.25 mm versus 0.47 mm, p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to evaluate outcomes of recalcitrant lower lid retraction requiring repeat posterior lamellar grafting. Mean reductions in scleral show and lagophthalmos can be used as a guide in the preoperative evaluation and counseling of patients with lower lid retraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oestreicher
mesh_terms: D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000637:transplantation*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome