title: Anti-inflammatory effects of insulin regular and flunixin meglumine on endotoxemia experimentally induced by Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 in an ovine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endotoxemia is a major cause of mortality in large animals and there are several therapeutic regimens for the treatment of endotoxemia. Recent studies have suggested the anti-inflammatory effects of insulin in endotoxemic human and laboratory animal models but to the best of our knowledge there is no report on the possible therapeutic effect of insulin in large animal endotoxemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This experiment was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of insulin regular compared with flunixin meglumine on the treatment of endotoxemia in sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli was administered intravenously to ewes. Anti-inflammatory effects of flunixin meglumine (at 2.2 mg/kg) and insulin regular (at 1.5 and 3 IU/kg) were evaluated by determination of serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin regular at 3 IU/kg controlled the acute phase response following endotoxemia induction. The anti-inflammatory potency of insulin regular at 3 IU/kg was significantly higher than at 1.5 IU/kg and of flunixin meglumine at 2.2 mg/kg (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin regular induces its anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. Intravenous use of insulin regular can be a potential new therapeutic regimen for endotoxemia in large animal medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. achalmeh81@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aliasghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalmeh
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Badiei
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pourjafar
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazifi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis; D012756:Sheep; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007328:Insulin; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D003002:Clonixin