title: Depressive symptoms and frailty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frailty and depressive symptoms are common issues facing older adults and may be associated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if: (i) depressive symptoms are associated with frailty; (ii) there is a gradient in this effect across the range of depressive symptoms; and (iii) the association between depressive symptoms and frailty is specific to particular types of depressive symptoms (positive affect, negative affect, somatic complaints, and interpersonal relations).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of an existing population-based study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1991, 1751 community-living adults aged 65+ years were interviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Frailty was graded from 0 (no frailty) to 3 (moderate/severe frailty). Age, gender, education, marital status, self-rated health, and the number of comorbid conditions were self-reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression models were constructed with the outcome of no frailty/urinary incontinence only versus frailty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were strongly associated with frailty, and there was a gradient effect across the entire range of the CES-D scale. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) per point of the CES-D in unadjusted models. After potential confounding factors were adjusted, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.03 (1.01, 1.05). Positive affect, negative affect, and somatic complaints were all associated with frailty, whereas interpersonal relations were not associated with frailty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are associated with frailty. Clinicians should consider assessing frail older adults for the presence of depression.
authors.affiliation: Section of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Canada. pstjohn@hsc.mb.ca
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tyas
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba / Q000453:epidemiology