title: Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel Heterorhabditis species related to Heterorhabditis indica.
abstract: The bacterial symbiont AM7(T), isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus Photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella. Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, dnaN, gltX and infB) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7(T) within the species Photorhabdus luminescens and revealed its close relatedness to Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis, P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis. The five concatenated protein-encoding sequences (4197 nt) of strain AM7(T) revealed 95.8, 95.4 and 94.9 % nucleotide identity to sequences of P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis HG29(T), P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii FRG04(T) and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis C8404(T), respectively. These identity values are less than the threshold of 97 % proposed for classification within one of the existing subspecies of P. luminescens. Unlike other strains described for P. luminescens, strain AM7(T) produces acid from adonitol, sorbitol and xylitol, assimilates xylitol and has no lipase activity on medium containing Tween 20 or 60. Strain AM7(T) is differentiated from P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis by the assimilation of N-acetylglucosamine and the absence of haemolytic activity. Unlike P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii, strain AM7(T) does not assimilate mannitol, and it is distinguished from P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis by the assimilation of trehalose and citrate, the inability to produce indole from tryptophan and the presence of acetoin production and urease activity. Strain AM7(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2407(T)  = DSM 25462(T)) belongs to a novel subspecies, and is proposed as the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis sp. nov.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tiarin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Reenen
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France.|INRA, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France.|INRA, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tailliez
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: Antoinette P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Malan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
authors.forename: Leon M T
authors.initials: LMT
authors.lastname: Dicks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020637:Photorhabdus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017172:Rhabditoidea / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S