title: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is induced by respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells and promotes a type 2 response to infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory viral infection, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, has been linked to respiratory disease in pediatric patients, including severe acute bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the role of the epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the response to RSV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infection of human airway epithelial cells was used to examine TSLP induction after RSV infection. Air-liquid interface cultures from healthy children and children with asthma were also tested for TSLP production after infection. Finally, a mouse model was used to directly test the role of TSLP signaling in the response to RSV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection of airway epithelial cells with RSV led to the production of TSLP via activation of an innate signaling pathway that involved retinoic acid induced gene I, interferon promoter-stimulating factor 1, and nuclear factor-κB. Consistent with this observation, airway epithelial cells from asthmatic children a produced significantly greater levels of TSLP after RSV infection than cells from healthy children. In mouse models, RSV-induced TSLP expression was found to be critical for the development of immunopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that RSV can use an innate antiviral signaling pathway to drive a potentially nonproductive immune response and has important implications for the role of TSLP in viral immune responses in general.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Hai-Chon
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Headley
authors.forename: Yueh-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Debley
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Lukacs
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin; C512612:MAVS protein, mouse; C118348:Robo3 protein, mouse; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins