title: Venous thromboembolism associated with pregnancy and hormonal therapy.
abstract: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during or early after pregnancy and in women taking hormonal therapy for contraception or for replacement therapy. Post-thrombotic syndrome, including leg oedema and leg pain, is an unrecognized burden after pregnancy-related VTE, which will affect more than two of five women. Women with a prior VTE, a family history of VTE, certain clinical risk factors and thrombophilia are at considerably increased risk both for pregnancy-related VTE and for VTE on hormonal therapy. This review critically assesses the epidemiology and risk factors for pregnancy-related VTE and current guidelines for prophylaxis and treatment. We also provide information on the risk of VTE related to hormonal contraception and replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo, Norway. uxafja@ous-hf.no
authors.forename: Anne Flem
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Per Morten
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sandset
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D054070:Postthrombotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal