title: Should warfarin or aspirin be stopped prior to prostate biopsy? An analysis of bleeding complications related to increasing sample number regimes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy with increased sampling numbers are more likely to experience bleeding complications and whether warfarin or low-dose aspirin are independent risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  930 consecutive patients with suspected prostatic cancer were followed up after biopsy. Warfarin/low-dose aspirin was not stopped prior to the procedure. An eight to 10 sample regime TRUS-guided prostate biopsy was performed and patients were offered a questionnaire to complete 10 days after the procedure, to determine any immediate or delayed bleeding complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  902 patients returned completed questionnaires. 579 (64.2%) underwent eight core biopsies, 47 (5.2%) underwent nine, and 276 (30.6%) underwent 10. 68 were taking warfarin [mean international normalized ratio (INR) = 2.5], 216 were taking low-dose aspirin, one was taking both, and 617 were taking neither. 27.9% of those on warfarin and 33.8% of those on aspirin experienced haematuria. 37% of those on no blood-thinning medication experienced haematuria. 13.2% of those on warfarin and 14.4% of those on aspirin experienced rectal bleeding. 11.5% of those on no blood-thinning medication experienced rectal bleeding. 7.4% of those on warfarin and 12% of those on aspirin experienced haematospermia. 13.8% of those on neither experienced haematospermia. Regression analysis showed a significant association between increasing sampling number and occurrence of all bleeding complication types. There was no significant association between minor bleeding complications and warfarin use; however, there was a significant association between minor bleeding complications and low-dose aspirin use. There was no severe bleeding complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an increased risk of bleeding complications following TRUS-guided prostate biopsy with increased sampling numbers but these are minor. There is also an increased risk with low-dose aspirin use; however, there is no increased risk of bleeding complications with warfarin use. These results suggest that up to 10 cores during prostate biopsy remains acceptable safe practice and cessation of warfarin and low-dose aspirin is usually not necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. rajat.chowdhury@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Idriz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001706:Biopsy; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D036761:Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin