title: Correlates of safety outcomes during patient ambulance transport: a partial test of the Haddon matrix.
abstract: The Haddon Matrix has been cited in a recent review of patient safety as a useful framework for understanding Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provider and patient injury prevention and safety during ambulance response and transport. The research goal of this study was to test part of the Haddon matrix, specifically variables within the pre-event host and event host cells, for explaining three multi-item ambulance-related safety outcomes: i.e., anticipated use of safety equipment, securing the patient, and securing the equipment. Complete study data were available for 648 EMS professionals who responded to the 2004 Longitudinal Emergency Medical Technician Attributes and Demographic Study (LEADS) survey. Overall very modest results were found. Specific findings indicated that EMS professionals with: lower perceived health, greater intrinsic satisfaction, more time in the patient compartment of an ambulance, and greater seatbelt use had higher anticipated use of ambulance safety equipment. For the patient being secured in an ambulance, the extremely high mean/low score variance resulted in only extrinsic satisfaction having a significant positive association. Finally, female EMS professionals, those more extrinsically satisfied, not being involved in a prior ambulance accident, and greater seatbelt use were related to higher frequency of securing ambulance equipment during patient transport.
authors.affiliation: Human Resource Management Department, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. gblau@temple.edu
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Than
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monos
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*