title: Improvement in PET/CT image quality with a combination of point-spread function and time-of-flight in relation to reconstruction parameters.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the point-spread function (PSF) and time-of-flight (TOF) on improving (18)F-FDG PET/CT images in relation to reconstruction parameters and noise-equivalent counts (NEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of a phantom study and a retrospective analysis of 39 consecutive patients who underwent clinical (18)F-FDG PET/CT. The body phantom of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and International Electrotechnical Commission with a 10-mm-diameter sphere was filled with an (18)F-FDG solution with a 4:1 radioactivity ratio compared with the background. The PET data were reconstructed with the baseline ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm, with the OSEM+PSF model, with the OSEM+TOF model, and with the OSEM+PSF+TOF model. We evaluated image quality by visual assessment, the signal-to-noise ratio of the 10-mm sphere (SNR(10 mm)), the contrast of the 10-mm sphere, and the coefficient of variance in the phantom study and then determined the optimal reconstruction parameters. We also examined the effects of PSF and TOF on the quality of clinical images using the signal-to-noise ratio in the liver (SNR(liver)) in relation to the NEC in the liver (NEC(liver)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the phantom study, the SNR(10 mm) was the highest for the OSEM+PSF+TOF model, and the highest value was obtained at iteration 2 for algorithms with the TOF and at iteration 3 for those without the TOF. In terms of a postsmoothing filter full width at half maximum (FWHM), the high SNR(10 mm) was obtained with no filtering or was smaller than 2 mm for algorithms with PSF and was 4-6 mm for those without PSF. The balance between the contrast recovery and noise is different for algorithms with either PSF or TOF. A combination of PSF and TOF improved SNR(10 mm), contrast, and coefficient of variance, especially with a small-FWHM gaussian filter. In the clinical study, the SNR(liver) of the low-NEC(liver) group in the OSEM+PSF+TOF model was compared with that of the high-NEC(liver) group in conventional OSEM. The PSF+TOF improved the SNR(liver) by about 24.9% ± 9.81%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of PSF and TOF clearly improves image quality, whereas optimization of the reconstruction parameters is necessary to obtain the best performance for PSF or TOF. Furthermore, this combination has the potential to provide good image quality with either lower activity or shorter acquisition time, thus improving patient comfort and reducing the radiation burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitsumoto
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011786:Quality Control; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed