title: Determination of LCt(50)s in anesthetized rats exposed to aerosolized nerve agents.
abstract: Nerve agents pose a threat to the respiratory tract with exposure that could result in acute compromised lung performance and death. The determination of toxicity by inhalation is important for the rational development of timely therapeutic countermeasures. This study was designed to deliver aerosolized dilute nerve agents in a dose-response manner to investigate the extent of lethality of nerve agents: soman, sarin, VX and VR. Male rats (240-270 g) were anesthetized intramuscularly with 10 mg/kg xylazine and 90 mg/kg ketamine. Following anesthesia, rats were intubated with a glass endotracheal tube (ET) and placed in a glove box. The ET was connected to a closed circuit nebulizer system (Aeroneb, Aerogen, Inc.) that delivered a particle size of < 2.0 µm and was in series between the ventilator and the ET. Nerve agents were delivered by a small animal ventilator set for a volume of 2.5 mL × 60-80 breaths/min. VX or VR were nebulized and delivered in concentrations ranging from 6.25-800 µg/kg over a 10-min exposure time period. Sarin (GB) or soman (GD), 6.5-1250 µg/kg, were delivered in a similar manner. Lethality by inhalation occurred either during the 10-min exposure period or less than 15 min after the cessation of exposure. Survivors were euthanized at 24 h postexposure. LCt(50) estimates (± 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were obtained from the sequential stage-wise experiments using the probit analysis. Probit analysis revealed that the LD(50) for VX was 110.7 µg/kg (CI: 73.5-166.7), VR 64.2 µg/kg (CI: 42.1-97.8); soman (GD), 167 µg/kg (CI: 90-310), and sarin (GB), 154 µg/kg (CI: 98-242), respectively. Although VR is a structural isomer of VX, the compounds appear to be markedly different in terms of toxicity when delivered by aerosol. These relationships were converted to actual 10 min LCt(50) equivalents: VX = 632.2, VR = 367, GD = 954.3 and GB = 880 mg·min/m(3). Validation of exposure was verified by the determination of blood levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) across doses for the agent VR.
authors.affiliation: 27 SOCES/CEAN Cannon Air Force Base, NM 88103, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Xinqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Witriol
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pierre
authors.forename: Alfred M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sciuto
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012524:Sarin / Q000633:toxicity*; D012999:Soman / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D012524:Sarin; D012999:Soman; C009680:VX-agent; C451779:S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphothiolate