title: Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar, Gray 1830).
abstract: 1. The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue and the histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands in this species.   2. The tongue was elongated, terminating in a rather sharp, dagger-like apex. On the surface of the tongue and situated between the body and root of the tongue, two rows of conical papillae, the sharp apices of which pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue, were observed. The keratinised epithelium lining the dorsal surface lacked typical gustatory papillae. However, it was observed that taste buds were present in the epithelium of the lingual body and root. The tongue was supported by a structure composed of hyaline cartilage, the paraglossum, which extended from the lingual root to the apex. Simple branched tubular glands, which were encapsulated by connective tissue, were embedded within the submucosa in the body (anterior salivary glands) and root (posterior salivary glands) of the tongue. It was observed that the secretion of the lingual glands contained neutral mucins, proteoglycans containing carboxylic acid, weak and strong sulphated groups, N-acetylated sialomucins, but lacked glycogen.   3. It was demonstrated that, the general morphological features, papillary distribution of the tongue and the histological structure of the mucosa epithelium and the supportive elements displayed similarity to those of other domestic avian species. It was also determined that, in view of the particular feeding types, in the partridge, the presence of the papillary crest was not correlated with diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey. serkanerdogan101@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sağsöz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Akbalik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D046094:Galliformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology