title: Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, protects against β-amyloid toxicity in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a classic Chinese medicinal formula, has been used to improve or restore declined functions related to aging and geriatric diseases, such as impaired mobility, vision, hearing, cognition and memory. Here, we report on the effect and possible mechanisms of LWDH mediated protection of β-amyloid (Aβ) induced paralysis in Caenorhabditis elegans using ethanol extract (LWDH-EE) and water extract (LWDH-WE). Chemical profiling and quantitative analysis revealed the presence of different levels of bioactive components in these extracts. LWDH-WE was rich in polar components such as monosaccharide dimers and trimers, whereas LWDH-EE was enriched in terms of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and paeonol. In vitro studies revealed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity for LWDH-EE as compared to that found for LWDH-WE. Neither LWDH-EE nor LWDH-WE were effective in inhibiting aggregation of Aβ in vitro. By contrast, LWDH-EE effectively delayed Aβ induced paralysis in the transgenic C. elegans (CL4176) model which expresses human Aβ1-42. Western blot revealed no treatment induced reduction in Aβ accumulation in CL4176 although a significant reduction was observed at an early stage with respect to β-amyloid deposition in C. elegans strain CL2006 which constitutively expresses human Aβ1-42. In addition, LWDH-EE reduced in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. elegans (CL4176) that correlated with increased survival of LWDH-EE treated N2 worms under juglone-induced oxidative stress. Analysis with GFP reporter strain TJ375 revealed increased expression of hsp16.2::GFP after thermal stress whereas a minute induction was observed for sod3::GFP. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed that LWDH-EE repressed the expression of amy1 in CL4176 while up-regulating hsp16.2 induced by elevating temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that LWDH extracts, particularly LWDH-EE, alleviated β-amyloid induced toxicity, in part, through up-regulation of heat shock protein, antioxidant activity and reduced ROS in C. elegans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jatinder S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sangha
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Owen S D
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Wally
authors.forename: Kaibin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiuhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zidichouski
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prithiviraj
authors.forename: Junzeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D055503:Protein Multimerization / Q000187:drug effects; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; C042579:Liuwei Dihuang Decoction; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010851:Picrates; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl