title: Intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin for the management of refractory overactive bladder syndrome: an update.
abstract: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common syndrome that has a negative impact on daily activities and quality of life. The first-line treatment to manage this condition includes behavioral modifications, physical treatment, and oral pharmacotherapy with antimuscarinics. Botulinum toxin has emerged as an alternative and second-line treatment option for patients with OAB who are refractory to first-line treatment modalities when injected into the detrusor muscle. Although its application in the management of OAB remains off label, studies have shown its efficacy both subjectively and objectively. It is considered as a minimally invasive and reversible alternative. Adequate dosage of the toxin, number of injection sites, and reinjection rates are yet to be determined. This review attempts to provide an update on the current position of botulinum toxin in managing refractory OAB addressing contemporary data on the mechanism of action, technique, safety, complications, and clinical results.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tshaiji@gmail.com
authors.forename: Tariq F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Al-Shaiji
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004724:Endoscopy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins