title: Proportion and extent of manifestation of molar-incisor-hypomineralizations according to different phenotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This epidemiological study aimed to assess the proportion and extent of manifestation of enamel hypomineralization, including molar-incisor-hypomineralization (MIH), in the permanent and primary dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 693 children enrolled in an ongoing birth cohort study (GINIplus-10) were examined at their 10-year follow-up. Enamel hypomineralization was scored in the primary and permanent dentition on a tooth- and surface-related level based on the criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD). Children were grouped according to their distribution pattern of enamel hypomineralization: children with a minimum of one hypomineralized tooth in the primary dentition (ht ≥ 1) and permanent dentition (HT ≥ 1); with a minimum of one hypomineralization on at least one first permanent molar (MIH); and with hypomineralization on at least one first permanent molar and permanent incisor (M + IH). For each group, the mean values of hypomineralized primary teeth (ht), permanent teeth (HT), and permanent surfaces (HS) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of affected children was 36.5 percent (HT ≥ 1), 14.7 percent (MIH), and 9.4 percent (M + IH); 6.9 percent of the subjects had a minimum of one affected primary tooth (ht ≥ 1). The mean number of hypomineralized permanent teeth and surfaces were 2.3HT/2.9HS (HT ≥ 1), 3.4HT/4.8HS (MIH), and 4.2HT/5.9HS (M + IH). The mean number of hypomineralized primary teeth amounted to 0.1ht in the entire study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enamel hypomineralization can be detected frequently in this study sample. Children with M + IH showed the highest number of affected teeth and surfaces followed by those with MIH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany Helmholtz Zentrum of Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany Institute of Medical Data Management, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany Department of Paediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany Department of Paediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kühnisch
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heitmüller
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiering
authors.forename: Inken
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brockow
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Roswitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinrich-Weltzien
authors.forename: Carl Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: Sybille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008963:Molar; D010641:Phenotype