title: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of stenotic aortic valve area: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and echocardiography both allow assessment of aortic valve stenosis. In MR the aortic valve area (AvA) is measured using planimetry while in transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) AvA is usually calculated by applying the continuity equation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the measured stenotic aortic valve areas using five different MR-acquisition alternatives with the corresponding area values calculated by TTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aortic valve was imaged in 14 patients, with diagnosed aortic valve stenosis, using balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) gradient echo (GE) and phase contrast imaging (PC). Three adjacent slices were planned to encompass the aortic valve and the aortic valve area was measured using planimetry. The two sets of complex valued images generated by the PC sequence formed three kinds of images that could be used for aortic valve area measurements: the magnitude image (PC/Mag), the modulus (PCA/M), and phase difference (PCA/P) between the two complex images, respectively. The valve area from TTE was calculated using the continuity equation. A cut-off of <1.0 cm(2) was used as a criteria for severe stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean area differences between the different MR acquisitions and TTE method were -0.05 ± 0.37 cm(2) (GE), -0.18 ± 0.46 cm(2) (bSSFP), 0.27 ± 0.43 cm(2) (PC/Mag), 0.15 ± 0.32 cm(2) (PCA/P), and 0.26 ± 0.27 cm(2) (PCA/M). The valve area was significantly overestimated using PCA/M that, in turn, implied a significant underestimation of the aortic valve stenosis severity compared to the assessments using TTE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The smallest area valve difference between TTE and an MR-acquisition alternative is obtained with gradient echo images. The use of PCA/M leads to significant differences in planimetry measurements of the aortic valve orifice and the gradation of the stenosis severity compared to TTE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Praxitelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kähäri
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emilsson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thunberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric