title: Optimizing the HRP-2 in vitro malaria drug susceptibility assay using a reference clone to improve comparisons of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apparent emerging artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia requires development of practical tools to monitor for resistant parasites. Although in vitro anti-malarial susceptibility tests are widely used, uncertainties remain regarding interpretation of P. falciparum field isolate values.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance parameters of the W2 P. falciparum clone (considered artemisinin "sensitive") were evaluated as a reference for the HRP-2 immediate ex vivo assay. Variability in W2 IC50s was assessed, including intra- and inter-assay variability among and between technicians in multiple experiments, over five freeze-thaw cycles, over five months of continuous culture, and before and after transport of drug-coated plates to remote field sites. Nominal drug plate concentrations of artesunate (AS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were verified by LC-MS analysis. Plasmodium falciparum field isolate IC50s for DHA from subjects in an artemisinin-resistant area in Cambodia were compared with W2 susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plate drug concentrations and day-to-day technical assay performance among technicians were important sources of variability for W2 IC50s within and between assays. Freeze-thaw cycles, long-term continuous culture, and transport to and from remote sites had less influence. Despite variability in W2 susceptibility, the median IC50s for DHA for Cambodian field isolates were higher (p <0.0001) than the W2 clone (3.9 nM), both for subjects with expected (less than 72 hours; 6.3 nM) and prolonged (greater or equal to 72 hours; 9.6 nM) parasite clearance times during treatment with artesunate monotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The W2 reference clone improved the interpretability of field isolate susceptibility from the immediate ex vivo HRP-2 assay from areas of artemisinin resistance. Methods to increase the reproducibility of plate coating may improve overall assay interpretability and utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Medicine, US Army Medical Corps, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wiriya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rutvisuttinunt
authors.forename: Suwanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaorattanakawee
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tyner
authors.forename: Paktiya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teja-Isavadharm
authors.forename: Youry
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Se
authors.forename: Kritsanai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yingyuen
authors.forename: Panjaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaichana
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bethell
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Chanthap
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Duong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Socheat
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noedl
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaecher
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077332:Artesunate; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D003470:Culture Media; C514457:HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D000077332:Artesunate; C039060:artenimol