title: Visual inspection of cervix with Lugol's iodine for early detection of premalignant & malignant lesions of cervix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Majority of cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage as cytology based screening programmes are ineffective in developing countries. The present study was done to look for carcinoma cervix and its precursors by visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Papanicolaou smear, and to analyse their sensitivity, specificity and predictive values using colposcopic directed biopsy as reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 350 women were subjected to Pap smear, VIA, VILI and colposcopy. Cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage was taken from patients positive on any of these tests and in 10 per cent of negative cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Pap smear was abnormal in 3.71 per cent, including (2.85%), low grade (LSIL) and (0.85%) high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Thirteen per cent of the patients were found to be positive by VIA and 11.71 per cent were positive on VILI. Sensitivity for VIA, VILI and Pap smear was 89.5, 100 and 52.6 per cent, respectively, while the specificity for VIA, VILI and Pap smear was 91.2, 93.3 and 99.1 per cent, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In low resource settings, cervical cancer screening by Pap smear can be replaced by visual methods like VILI, which has the highest sensitivity (100%) to detect any grade of dysplasia, and a good specificity (93.3%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kochhar
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zutshi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003127:Colposcopy; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; C010389:Lugol's solution