title: Precise control of osteogenesis for craniofacial defect repair: the role of direct osteoprogenitor contact in BMP-2-based bioprinting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Success with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been widely reported in the osseous reconstruction of large calvarial defects. These efforts have required enormous doses of BMP-2 and are not sufficiently refined to facilitate the detail-oriented repair required for intricate craniofacial structures. We have previously shown that inkjet-based bioprinting technologies allow for precisely customized low-dose protein patterns to induce spatially regulated osteogenesis. Here, we investigate the importance of direct contact between bioprinted BMP-2 and the dura mater (a source of osteoprogenitors) in mediating calvarial healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-millimeter osseous defects were trephinated in mouse parietal bones (N=8). Circular acellular dermal matrix (ADM) implants were prepared such that 1 semicircle of 1 face per implant was printed with BMP-2 bio-ink. These implants were then placed ink-toward (N=3) or ink-away (N=5) from the underlying dura mater. After 4 weeks, osteogenesis was assessed in each of the 4 possible positions (BMP-2-printed area toward dura, BMP-2-printed area away from dura, unprinted area toward dura, and unprinted area away from dura) by faxitron.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BMP-2-printed portion of the ADM generated bone covering an average of 66.5% of its surface area when it was face-down (printed surface directly abutting dura mater). By comparison, the BMP-2-printed portion of the ADM generated bone covering an average of only 21.3% of its surface area when it was face-up (printed surface away from dura). Similarly, the unprinted portion of the ADM generated an average of only 18.6% osseous coverage when face-down and 18.4% when face-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have previously shown that inkjet-based bioprinting has the potential to significantly enhance the role of regenerative therapies in craniofacial surgery. This technology affords the precise control of osteogenesis necessary to reconstruct this region's intricate anatomical architecture. In the present study, we demonstrate that direct apposition of BMP-2-printed ADM to a source of osteoprogenitor cells (in this case dura mater) is necessary for bio-ink-directed osteogenesis to occur. These results have important implications for the design of more complex bioprinted osseous structures.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. smithdm3@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cray
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Elmer K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Dai Fei
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakir
authors.forename: S Alex
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rottgers
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losee
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D062088:Acellular Dermis; D000818:Animals; D062028:Bioprinting / Q000379:methods*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000166:cytology; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013234:Stem Cells
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2