title: Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: thermodynamic behaviour of fatty acids, PEGs and PEG-fatty acids.
abstract: The thermodynamic behaviour of selected polymeric components for preparation of controlled release microparticles using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) processing was investigated. The polymeric materials selected were egg lecithin (a model for the lung surfactant phospholipid), poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights, fatty acids (C18, C16, and C14), and physical blends of PEGs and fatty acids. In addition a range of PEG-stearates was also assessed. Analysis of thermodynamic behaviour was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by assessment of their interaction with scCO(2) in a high-pressure variable volume view cell. The key criterion was to demonstrate a strong interaction with scCO(2) and to show liquefaction of the polymeric material at acceptable processing temperatures and pressures. Positive results should then indicate the suitability of these materials for processing by the Particle from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS) technique using scCO(2) to create microparticles for pulmonary administration. It was found that the materials tested interacted with scCO(2) and showed a sufficient lowering of their melting temperature (T(m)) to make them suitable for use in the PGSS microparticle production rig. Fatty acids of low T(m) were shown to act as a plasticising agent and to lower the T(m) of PEG further during interaction with scCO(2).
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijayaraghavan
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolnik
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howdle
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D054709:Lecithins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D054709:Lecithins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols