title: Microarray, gene sequencing, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses of a cryptic PML-RARA translocation.
abstract: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a well-defined subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) specifically characterized by the t(15;17)(q22;q12) translocation. The t(15;17) results in the fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes. Rare cryptic fusions often associated with small genomic insertions can best be detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) although conventional chromosomal studies or even fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses appear normal. We report here an APL clone with a cryptic PML-RARA fusion that returned negative results by both karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), but returned positive results by RT-PCR analysis. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis was used in this case to help resolve the discordance, revealing a 49-kilobase intragenic PML gene duplication. A dual color dual fusion PML-RARA FISH probe set identified a small, extra PML signal in a chromosome other than 15 or 17. Although coinsertion of a RARA sequence could be detected by neither FISH nor array, the RT-PCR positivity is consistent with this fusion "ectopic" to the natural gene loci. The findings highlight the clinical utility of microarray in cases of cryptic PML-RARA fusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koshy
authors.forename: You-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Gayathri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhagwath
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Todd W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papenhausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002884:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D008297:Male; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; D012326:RNA Splicing; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; C000607071:RARA protein, human; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C070576:PML protein, human