title: A technical approach to dissecting and assessing cadaveric veins pertinent to chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a detailed technical procedure for studying the anatomical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in cadavers of multiple sclerosis and control subjects, and to present our findings of the normal anatomic venous structures, with reference  to previous descriptions from the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the internal jugular veins (IJVs), the brachiocephalic veins, and the azygos vein from 20 cadavers (10 control and 10 multiple sclerosis). These veins were exposed, isolated by clamps from the rest of the  venous system, flushed with water, and then injected with fluid silicone from the superior ends of both IJVs. After the silicone cured to its solid state, the venous tree was removed en bloc and dissected longitudinally to expose the luminal surface. All vein segments were analyzed  for anatomic variation. Anatomical analysis for this manuscript focused on normal vein architecture and its variants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven of 40 IJVs contained valves: 29 bicuspid, 6 tricuspid, and 2 unicuspid. The average circumferences of the right and left IJVs were 2·2  and 1·8 cm, respectively. Thirteen of 20 azygos veins contained a valve, located on average 3·6 cm away from the superior vena cava junction. Nine of the 13 azygos valves were bicuspid; four were tricuspid. Only one of the 40 brachiocephalic veins contained a valve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detailed a technical approach for harvesting cadaveric neck and thoracic veins with relevance to chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. The anatomy of the venous system has significant variability, including differing number of valves in different regions and variable characteristics  of the valves. Average vein circumference was less than that typically reported in imaging studies of live patients.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NA24, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Claudiu I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Diaconu
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Staugaitis
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rae-Grant
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwanger
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D063405:Anatomic Variation; D001344:Autopsy / Q000379:methods*; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*