title: Facilitation and restoration of cognitive function in primate prefrontal cortex by a neuroprosthesis that utilizes minicolumn-specific neural firing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maintenance of cognitive control is a major concern for many human disease conditions; therefore, a major goal of human neuroprosthetics is to facilitate and/or recover the cognitive function when such circumstances impair appropriate decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minicolumnar activity from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was recorded from nonhuman primates trained to perform a delayed match to sample (DMS), via custom-designed conformal multielectrode arrays that provided inter-laminar recordings from neurons in the PFC layer 2/3 and layer 5. Such recordings were analyzed via a previously demonstrated nonlinear multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) neuroprosthesis in rodents, which extracted and characterized multicolumnar firing patterns during DMS performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIMO model verified that the conformal recorded individual PFC minicolumns responded to entrained target selections in patterns critical for successful DMS performance. This allowed the substitution of task-related layer 5 neuron firing patterns with electrical stimulation in the same recording regions during columnar transmission from layer 2/3 at the time of target selection. Such stimulation improved normal task performance, but more importantly, recovered performance when applied as a neuroprosthesis following the pharmacological disruption of decision making in the same task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide the first successful application of neuroprosthesis in the primate brain designed specifically to restore or repair the disrupted cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hampson
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marmarelis
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ioan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Opris
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Sam A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Deadwyler
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine