title: Randomized, controlled clinical trial of bilayer ceramic and metal-ceramic crown performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analyzing the clinical performance of restorative materials is important, as there is an expectation that these materials and procedures will restore teeth and do no harm. The objective of this research study was to characterize the clinical performance of metal-ceramic crowns, core ceramic crowns, and core ceramic/veneer ceramic crowns based on 11 clinical criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  An IRB-approved, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted as a single-blind pilot study. The following three types of full crowns were fabricated: (1) metal-ceramic crown (MC) made from a Pd-Au-Ag-Sn-In alloy (Argedent 62) and a glass-ceramic veneer (IPS d.SIGN veneer); (2) non-veneered (glazed) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC) (IPS e.max Press core and e.max Ceram Glaze); and (3) veneered lithia disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC/V) with glass-ceramic veneer (IPS Empress 2 core and IPS Eris). Single-unit crowns were randomly assigned. Patients were recalled for each of 3 years and were evaluated by two calibrated clinicians. Thirty-six crowns were placed in 31 patients. A total of 12 crowns of each of the three crown types were studied. Eleven criteria were evaluated: tissue health, marginal integrity, secondary caries, proximal contact, anatomic contour, occlusion, surface texture, cracks/chips (fractures), color match, tooth sensitivity, and wear (of crowns and opposing enamel). Numerical rankings ranged from 1 to 4, with 4 being excellent, and 1 indicating a need for immediate replacement. Statistical analysis of the numerical rankings was performed using a Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference between performance of the core ceramic crowns and the two veneered crowns at year 1 and year 2 (p > 0.05). All crowns were rated either as excellent or good for each of the clinical criteria; however, between years 2 and 3, gradual roughening of the occlusal surface occurred in some of the ceramic-ceramic crowns, possibly caused by dissolution and wear of the glaze. Statistically significant differences in surface texture (p= 0.0013) and crown wear (p= 0.0078) were found at year 3 between the metal-ceramic crowns and the lithium-disilicate-based crowns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the 11 criteria, the clinical performance of ceramic-ceramic crowns was comparable to that of the metal-ceramic crowns after 2 years; however, gradual roughening occurred between years 2 and 3, which resulted in differences in surface texture and wear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences and Center for Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. jesquivel@dental.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esquivel-Upshaw
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anusavice
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D019554:Dental Restoration Wear; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; C493120:lithia disilicate; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C023506:Glass ceramics