title: Fatal diving accidents in western Norway 1983-2007.
abstract: Despite efforts to reduce their number, fatal diving accidents still occur. The circumstances and post-mortem findings in 40 fatal diving accidents in western Norway from 1983 through 2007 were investigated. Diving experience, medical history and toxicology reports were retrieved. The material consisted of recreational divers, professional saturation divers and professional divers without experience with saturation. In 33 cases the diving equipment was examined as part of the forensic investigation. In 27 cases defects in the diving equipment were found. For six divers such defects were responsible for the fatal accidents. Eighteen divers died on the surface or less than 10 m below surface. Five divers reached below 100 msw, and two of them died at this depth. The fatalities were not season-dependent. However, wave-height and strength of currents were influential factors in some cases. Twelve divers were diving alone. Twenty divers had one buddy, 9 of these divers were alone at the time of death. The cause of death was drowning in 31 out of 40 divers; one of them had a high blood-ethanol concentration, in two other divers ethanol was found in the urine, indicating previous ethanol consumption. Nine divers died from sudden decompression, pulmonary barotraumas, underwater trauma and natural causes. The study shows that most of the fatal diving accidents could be avoided if adequate diving safety procedures had been followed.
authors.affiliation: Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, The University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ramnefjell
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morild
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mørk
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lilleng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001469:Barotrauma / Q000401:mortality*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004242:Diving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004332:Drowning / Q000401:mortality*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D011361:Professional Competence; D017751:Safety Management; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol