title: Preparation and in vitro studies of MRI-specific superparamagnetic iron oxide antiGPC3 probe for hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to develop an antiGPC3-ultrasuperparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) probe for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  GPC3 and AFP receptors were selected as biomarkers and conjugated with USPIO nanoparticles coated by dextran with carboxylate groups to synthesize antiGPC3-USPIO and antiAFP-USPIO probes. HepG2 cells (a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell model with high expression of GPC3) were used along with SMMC-7721 cells (a hepatocellular carcinoma cell model with no expression of GPC3), HeLa cells (a cervical cancer model), and HL-7702 (normal hepatocytes) which were used as controls. After incubation with the probes, the iron content in the cells was calculated, USPIO nanoparticles in cells were observed using transmission electron microscopy, and T1 and T2 relaxation times were measured with a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AntiGPC3-USPIO probes with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 47 nm showed good biological compatibility. Transmission electron microscopic images indicated that the amount of USPIO nanoparticles taken up was significantly higher in HepG2 cells incubated with antiGPC3-USPIO than that in HepG2 cells incubated with antiAFP-USPIO or USPIO nanoparticles and that in the SMMC-7721 or HeLa cells incubated with antiGPC3-USPIO probes, antiAFP-USPIO probes, or USPIO nanoparticles. The higher the concentration and the longer the incubation time, the greater the number of USPIO nanoparticles found in the cells. No USPIO nanoparticles were found in the HL-7702 cells. All of the HepG2, SMMC-7721, and HeLa cells incubated with antiGPC3-USPIO, antiAFP-USPIO, or USPIO nanoparticles were able to shorten the T1 and T2 values in agar solution, especially the T2 images of HepG2 cells incubated with antiGPC3-USPIO probes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AntiGPC3-USPIO probes can be utilized as a specific magnetic resonance targeting contrast agent for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner, the optimal time for imaging HepG2 cells was around 2-4 hours after incubation with antiGPC3-USPIO probes.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Youwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhengguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jichen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003911:Dextrans; D053673:Glypicans / Q000378:metabolism*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; C105937:GPC3 protein, human; D053673:Glypicans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D015335:Molecular Probes; C097921:ferumoxtran-10