title: A portable auditory P300 brain-computer interface with directional cues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of the current study was to implement and evaluate a P300 based brain-computer interface (BCI) speller that uses directional cues of auditory stimuli, which are presented over headphones. The interstimulus interval (ISI) was successively reduced to determine the optimal combination of speed and accuracy. The study further aimed at quantifying the differences in subjective workload between the auditory and the visual P300 spelling application. The influence of workload, mood and motivation on BCI performance and P300 amplitude was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy participants performed auditory and visual spelling tasks in an EEG experiment with online feedback.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen of twenty participants performed at or above a level necessary for satisfactory communication (≥70% spelling accuracy) with the auditory BCI. Average bit rates of up to 2.76 bits/min (best subject 7.43 bits/min) were achieved. A significantly higher workload was reported for the auditory speller compared to the visual paradigm. Motivation significantly influenced P300 amplitude at Pz in the auditory condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the online study suggest that the proposed paradigm offers a means of communication for most healthy users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described auditory BCI can serve as a communication channel for completely paralyzed patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. ivokaethner@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Käthner
authors.forename: Carolin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ruf
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasqualotto
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Birbaumer
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halder
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D003142:Communication; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult