title: Occupational exposure to complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: desorption from activated charcoal using accelerated solvent extraction can replace carbon disulfide?
abstract: A desorption study of 57 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been conducted by use of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Different solvents were tested to extract activated charcoal tubes with the objective of replacing carbon disulfide, used in official methods, because of its highly toxic health and environmental effects. Extraction conditions, for example temperature and number of cycles, were investigated and optimized. The definitive extraction procedure selected was use of acetone at 150 °C and two consecutive extraction cycles at a pressure of 1,500 psi. Considering a sample volume of 0.005 Nm(3), corresponding to a sampling time of 8 h at a flow rate of 0.01 L min(-1), the method was validated over the concentration range 65-26,300 μg Nm(-3). The lowest limit of quantification was 6 μg Nm(-3), and recovery for the 93 % of analytes ranged from 65 to 102 %. For most of the compounds, relative standard deviations were less than 15 % for inter and intra-day precision. Uncertainty of measurement was also determined: the relative expanded uncertainty was always below 29.6 %, except for dichlorodifluoromethane. This work shows that use of friendlier solvent, for example acetone, coupled with use of ASE, can replace use of CS(2) for chemical removal of VOCs from activated charcoal. ASE has several advantages over traditional solvent-extraction methods, including shorter extraction time, minimum sample manipulation, high reproducibility, and less extraction discrimination. No loss of sensitivity occurs and there is also a salutary effect on bench workers' health and on the smell of laboratory air.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Hygiene Department, Chemical Agents Laboratory, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL)-Research Area, Rome, Italy. g.fabrizi@inail.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabrizi
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fioretti
authors.forename: Lucia Mainero
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rocca
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000737:chemistry; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002606:Charcoal; D002246:Carbon Disulfide