title: Acute glycaemic load breakfast manipulations do not attenuate cognitive impairments in adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research on young healthy samples suggests that low glycaemic load foods can confer benefits for cognitive performance. The aim was to examine the effects of type 2 diabetes on cognitive function, and to investigate whether consumption of low glycaemic load breakfasts affects cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Memory, psychomotor skill and executive function were examined at two morning test sessions in 24 adults with type 2 diabetes and 10 adults with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) aged 45-77 years without dementia after water, low, and high glycaemic load breakfasts were consumed in accordance with a crossover, counterbalanced design. The type 2 diabetes and NGT groups were matched for education, depression, and IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 2 diabetes was associated with impairments in verbal memory, spatial memory, psychomotor skill, and executive function compared to adults with NGT. Consumption of the three breakfast conditions did not impact on cognitive performance in the type 2 diabetes or NGT participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities in glucose tolerance such as type 2 diabetes can have demonstrable negative effects on a range of cognitive functions. However, there was no evidence that low GL breakfasts administered acutely could confer benefits for cognitive function (ClincalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01047813).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS29JT, UK. d.j.lamport@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Daniel Joseph
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lamport
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Clare L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lawton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D062408:Breakfast; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates