title: Reconstructing the origin and elaboration of insect-trapping inflorescences in the Araceae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Floral traps are among the most sophisticated devices that have evolved in angiosperms in the context of pollination, but the evolution of trap pollination has not yet been studied in a phylogenetic context. We aim to determine the evolutionary history of morphological traits that facilitate trap pollination and to elucidate the impact of pollinators on the evolution of inflorescence traps in the family Araceae. •
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflorescence morphology was investigated to determine the presence of trapping devices and to classify functional types of traps. We inferred phylogenetic relationships in the family using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Character evolution of trapping devices, trap types, and pollinator types was then assessed with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. We also tested for an association of trap pollination with specific pollinator types. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflorescence traps have evolved independently at least 10 times within the Araceae. Trapping devices were found in 27 genera. On the basis of different combinations of trapping devices, six functional types of traps were identified. Trap pollination in Araceae is correlated with pollination by flies. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trap pollination in the Araceae is more common than was previously thought. Preadaptations such as papillate cells or elongated sterile flowers facilitated the evolution of inflorescence traps. In some clades, imperfect traps served as a precursor for the evolution of more elaborate traps. Traps that evolved in association with fly pollination were most probably derived from mutualistic ancestors, offering a brood-site to their pollinators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Wien, Österreich. david.broederbauer@univie.ac.at
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bröderbauer
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029064:Araceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000166:cytology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology