title: Maxillary sinus augmentation using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maxillary sinus augmentation is a common method for increasing bone height for insertion of dental implants. In most cases, the graft is manually cut into a roughly appropriate shape by visual estimation during the operation; accordingly, the shape of the graft depends considerably on the experience of the surgeon. We have developed a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique to generate custom-made block grafts for sinus augmentation, and a customized cutting guide to precisely position the lateral wall and facilitate membrane elevation, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Custom-made blocks of hydroxyapatite (HA) were preoperatively cut to the required shape, based on a three-dimensional (3D) simulation, using CAD/CAM technology. The custom-made HA blocks were used for sinus augmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients underwent bilateral sinus elevation with custom-made HA blocks. Six months later, implants were placed. Two years after placement, all implants were in function. No clinical or prosthetic complications were encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a CAD/CAM technique for the fabrication of custom-made block grafts for sinus augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological and Surgical Science, Oral Surgery, Dental School, University of Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zecca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pozzi-Taubert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luongo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mangano
mesh_terms: D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D017886:Durapatite; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D017886:Durapatite