title: Ceramide--antiestrogen nanoliposomal combinations--novel impact of hormonal therapy in hormone-insensitive breast cancer.
abstract: Although the sphingolipid ceramide exhibits potent tumor suppressor effects, efforts to harness this have been hampered by poor solubility, uptake, bioavailability, and metabolic conversion. Therefore, identification of avenues to improve efficacy is necessary for development of ceramide-based therapies. In this study, we used mutant p53, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, a type of breast cancer highly refractory to treatment, and cell-permeable nanoliposomal C6-ceramide in conjunction with the antiestrogen tamoxifen, which has been shown to be an effective modulator of ceramide metabolism. We show for the first time that nanoliposomal tamoxifen enhances nanoliposomal C6-ceramide cytotoxicity in cultured TNBC cells, a response that was accompanied by induction of cell-cycle arrest at G(1) and G(2), caspase-dependent induction of DNA fragmentation, and enhanced mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane permeability at 18 and 2 hours, respectively. Tamoxifen metabolites were also effective. Only tamoxifen promoted lysosomal membrane permeability. In addition, we show for the first time that tamoxifen inhibits acid ceramidase, as measured in intact cell assays; this effect was irreversible. Together, our findings show that tamoxifen magnifies the antiproliferative effects of C6-ceramide via combined targeting of cell-cycle traverse and lysosomal and mitochondrial integrity. We adduce that C6-ceramide-induced apoptosis is amplified by tamoxifen's impact on lysosomes and perhaps accompanying inhibition of acid ceramidase, which could result in decreased levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate. This drug regimen could serve as a promising therapy for chemoresistant and triple-negative types of breast cancer, and thus represents an indication for tamoxifen, irrespective of estrogen receptor status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
authors.forename: Samy A F
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morad
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Sriram S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shanmugavelandy
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabrias
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bedia
authors.forename: Myles C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cabot
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C559741:(2R,3Z)-N-(1-hydroxyoctadec-3-en-2-yl)pivalamide; D000577:Amides; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D002518:Ceramides; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008081:Liposomes; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020169:Caspases