title: Wavelet-transformed temporal cerebral blood flow signals during attempted inhibition of cue-induced cocaine craving distinguish prognostic phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine addicted patients with positive cocaine urine status at treatment entry are far less likely to have a successful treatment outcome. This work aims to identify brain substrates that can distinguish this group of patients from their cocaine-negative counterparts in order to better understand this clinical phenotype. Going a step beyond conventional functional connectivity, we used wavelet transform coherence (WTC) to determine in which ways the temporal pattern of fMRI cerebral blood flow (CBF) signals during attempted inhibition of cue-induced cocaine craving may differ between these two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a critical node in motivational circuitry, amygdala, as a seed, whole brain correlations for the entire sample revealed a functional connection with the dorsal cingulate. Next, WTC maps of CBF were constructed for each individual, characterizing the temporal patterns between these two regions during craving inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As revealed by WTC, during attempted craving inhibition, the cocaine-negative subjects had significantly stronger and longer negative coherence between the amygdala and the dorsal cingulate, as compared to the cocaine-positive subjects. This relationship was neither evident in the resting state nor between two regions unrelated to inhibition processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration and strength of negative coherence calculated from wavelet-transformed CBF provide an objective and well-defined way to characterize brain responses during attempted inhibition of cue-induced craving, at the level of the individual. The stronger and sustained negative coherence in CBF between motivational (amygdala) and modulatory (dorsal cingulate) regions in cocaine-negative subjects may be a critical brain strength that fosters improved craving inhibition and thus, better clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Shing Chun Benny
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magland
authors.forename: Anna Rose
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Childress
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003042:Cocaine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010641:Phenotype; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine