title: A study of postural changes after breast reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous factors such as the equilibrium of body masses and psychological status influence human posture. Breast reduction, on the one hand, produces a sudden change in this equilibrium, and on the other hand, it can modify the psychological status, significantly improving body image and self-esteem. This study aimed to assess postural changes after breast reduction by studying the position and orientation in space of the body and center of pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 52 patients with breast hypertrophy scheduled to undergo breast reduction. Posture was evaluated before surgery and during the first year after surgery by quantifying the centers of mass using the Fastrak system and the center of pressure using stabilometry. The Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test was used to detect any changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retropositioning of the upper part of the body, confirmed by baropodometric analysis, was observed in the early postoperative period. The biomechanical system subsequently stabilized, reaching equilibrium 1 year after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe that postural changes after breast reduction are due to changes in body mass as well as to the effects of physical and psychological factors on posture. Indeed, breast hypertrophy often is associated with kyphosis as patients try to hide what they consider to be a source of embarrassment. A new breast eliminates previous dissatisfaction with body image, reduces anxiety, and increases self-esteem. Improvements in body image and reduced weight in the anterior part of the body help to correct this postural disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors                      www.springer.com/00266                                        .
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Perugia, Via Portuense 331, 00149, Roma, RM, Italy. mazzocc@mclink.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzocchi
authors.forename: Luca Andrea
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dessy
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Ronza
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iodice
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saggini
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scuderi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000601:surgery; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture