title: Clinical descriptive measures of shoulder range of motion for a healthy, young and physically active cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this innovative research study was to describe clinical shoulder complex range of motion (ROM) measures for a young, healthy, and physically active population. This investigation represents a cross-sectional experiment conducted at a military academy-based sports medicine center. Military cadets with no history of shoulder complex injury were assessed within two months of enrollment in the academy; 548 men (18.8 ± 1.0 yr, 75.2 ± 12.2 kg, 178.3 ± 7.4 cm) and 74 women (18.7 ± 0.9 yr, 63.2 ± 8.9 kg, 165.2 ± 6.9 cm) participated. Descriptive measures included cross-body adduction (CAD), flexion (FLX), external rotation (ER0) with the shoulder complex in adduction and elbow flexed to 90°, internal and external rotation (IR, ER) with the shoulder complex at 90° of abduction and elbow flexed to 90° as well as arc (ARC) of IR-ER using standardized clinical quantification techniques. Bilateral and sex differences were evaluated using dependent and independent t-tests, respectively. Percentiles by arm dominance and sex were also calculated for all ROM measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were normally distributed. Active and passive ROM measures indicated significant bilateral differences (P < 0.05) except for ARC. Sex differences (P < 0.05) were noted for active and passive CAD, FLX and ER0 for the dominant arm as well as active and passive CAD, FLX and ARC for the non-dominant arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These original data provide descriptive measures for shoulder complex ROM excursions, assisting sports medicine practitioners in potentially identifying clinical deficiencies and functional outcomes following shoulder injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Athletic Training and Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. glv103@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Giampietr L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Vairo
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Duffey
authors.forename: Brett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cameron