title: Walking stabilizes cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease (AD) across one year.
abstract: AD is a public health epidemic, which seriously impacts cognition, mood and daily activities; however, one type of activity, exercise, has been shown to alter these states. Accordingly, we sought to investigate the relationship between exercise and mood, in early-stage AD patients (N=104) from California, over a 1-year period. Patients completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Blessed-Roth Dementia Rating Scale (BRDRS), while their caregivers completed the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YALE), Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Functional Abilities Questionnaire (FAQ). Approximately half of the participants were female, from a variety of ethnic groups (Caucasian=69.8%; Latino/Hispanic Americans=20.1%). Our results demonstrated that the patients spent little time engaged in physical activity in general, their overall activity levels decreased over time, and this was paired with a change in global cognition (e.g., MMSE total score) and affect/mood (e.g., POMS score). Patients were parsed into Active and Sedentary groups based on their Yale profiles, with Active participants engaged in walking activities, weekly, over 1 year. Here, Sedentary patients had a significant decline in MMSE scores, while the Active patients had an attenuation in global cognitive decline. Importantly, among the Active AD patients, those individuals who engaged in walking for more than 2 h/week had a significant improvement in MMSE scores. Structured clinical trials which seek to increase the amount of time AD patients were engaged in walking activities and evaluate the nature and scope of beneficial effects in the brain are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tinklenberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mungas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galasko
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cotman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*