title: Release and bioaccessibility of β-carotene from fortified almond butter during in vitro digestion.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the release and bioaccessibility of β-carotene from fortified almond butter using in vitro digestion models. Two types of fortifiers were investigated: β-carotene oil (oil) and whey protein isolate (WPI)-alginate-chitosan capsules containing β-carotene oil (capsule). Shaking water bath and Human Gastric Simulator (HGS) digestion models assessed the impact of gastric peristalsis on the release of β-carotene. Bioaccessibility of β-carotene was measured as percent recovered from the micelle fraction. There was greater release of β-carotene from oil fortified almond butter in the HGS model (87.1%) due to peristalsis than the shaking water bath model (51.0%). More β-carotene was released from capsule fortified almond butter during intestinal digestion. However, more β-carotene was recovered from the micelle fraction of oil fortified almond butter. These results suggest that a WPI-alginate-chitosan capsule coating may inhibit the bioaccessibility of β-carotene from fortified almond butter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Maxine J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Betty J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002214:Capsules; D048271:Chitosan / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005527:Food, Fortified; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008823:Micelles; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D027861:Prunus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014783:Viscosity; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002214:Capsules; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D008823:Micelles; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D019207:beta Carotene; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan