title: Comparison of efficacy and safety of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and intravenous adenosine for assessing fractional flow reserve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intracoronary (IC) nitroprusside and intravenous adenosine (IVA) for assessing fractional flow reserve (FFR).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IV infusion of adenosine is a standard method to achieve a coronary hyperemia for FFR measurement. However, adenosine is expensive, causes multiple side effects, and is contraindicated in patients with reactive airway disease. Sodium nitroprusside (NTP) is a strong coronary vasodilator but its efficacy and safety for assessing FFR is not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared FFR response and side effects profile of IC NTP and IVA. Bolus of NTP at a dose of 100 μg and IVA (140 μg/kg/min) were used to achieve coronary hyperemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 75 lesions in 53 patients (60% male) mean age 61.6 ± 13.9 years. Mean FFR after NTP was similar to FFR after adenosine (0.836 ± 0.107 vs. 0.856 ± 0.106; P = 0.26; r = 0.91, P < 0.001). NTP induced maximal stable hyperemia within 10 sec (mean: 6.4 ± 1) which lasted consistently between 38 and 60 sec (mean 51 ± 7.5). NTP caused significant (14%), but asymptomatic decrease in mean blood pressure which returned to baseline within 60 sec. Adenosine caused shortness of breath in 26%, headache and flushing in 19%, and transient second degree heart block in 6% of patients. No adverse symptoms were reported after NTP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IC NTP is as effective as IVA for measuring FFR. NTP is better tolerated by patients. Since NTP is inexpensive, readily available, well tolerated, and safe, it may be a better choice for FFR assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, Newark, NJ, USA. rudzinwo@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rudzinski
authors.forename: Alfonso H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rusovici
authors.forename: Abed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dehnee
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasur
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klapholz
authors.forename: Edo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaluski
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D000241:Adenosine