title: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial drugs are essential in the treatment of infectious diseases. A better understanding of transport processes involved in drug disposition will improve the predictability of drug-drug interactions with consequences for drug response. Multidrug And Toxin Extrusion (MATE; SLC47A) proteins are efflux transporters mediating the excretion of several antimicrobial drugs as well as other organic compounds into bile and urine, thereby contributing to drug disposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review summarizes current knowledge of the structural and molecular features of human MATE transporters including their functional role in drug transport with a specific focus on antimicrobial drugs. The PubMed database was searched using the terms "MATE1," "MATE-2K," "MATE2," "SLC47A1," "SLC47A2," and "toxin extrusion protein" (up to June 2012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MATE proteins have been recognized as important transporters mediating the final excretion step of cationic drugs into bile and urine. These include the antiviral drugs acyclovir, amprenavir, and ganciclovir, the antibiotics cephalexin, cephradine and levofloxacin, as well as the antimalarial agents chloroquine and quinine. It is therefore important to enhance our understanding of the role of MATEs in drug extrusion with particular emphasis on the functional consequences of genetic variants on disposition of these antimicrobial drugs.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany. anne.nies@ikp-stuttgart.de
authors.forename: Anne T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nies
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Damme
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaeffeler
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C521869:SLC47A1 protein, human; C521870:SLC47A2 protein, human