title: Highly improved homopolymer aware nucleotide-protein alignments with 454 data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roche 454 sequencing is the leading sequencing technology for producing long read high throughput sequence data. Unlike most methods where sequencing errors translate to base uncertainties, 454 sequencing inaccuracies create nucleotide gaps. These gaps are particularly troublesome for translated search tools such as BLASTx where they introduce frame-shifts and result in regions of decreased identity and/or terminated alignments, which affect further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this issue, the Homopolymer Aware Cross Alignment Tool (HAXAT) was developed. HAXAT uses a novel dynamic programming algorithm for solving the optimal local alignment between a 454 nucleotide and a protein sequence by allowing frame-shifts, guided by 454 flowpeak values. The algorithm is an efficient minimal extension of the Smith-Waterman-Gotoh algorithm that easily fits in into other tools. Experiments using HAXAT demonstrate, through the introduction of 454 specific frame-shift penalties, significantly increased accuracy of alignments spanning homopolymer sequence errors. The full effect of the new parameters introduced with this novel alignment model is explored. Experimental results evaluating homopolymer inaccuracy through alignments show a two to five-fold increase in Matthews Correlation Coefficient over previous algorithms, for 454-derived data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This increased accuracy provided by HAXAT does not only result in improved homologue estimations, but also provides un-interrupted reading-frames, which greatly facilitate further analysis of protein space, for example phylogenetic analysis. The alignment tool is available at http://bioinfo.ifm.liu.se/454tools/haxat.
authors.affiliation: IFM Bioinformatics and SeRC (Swedish e-Science Research Centre), Linköping University, S-581 83, Linköping, Sweden. frely@ifm.liu.se
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lysholm
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D057386:Search Engine; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D011506:Proteins