title: Novel glycine-dependent inactivation of NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycine acts as a co-agonist for the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) by binding to glycine sites, thus potentiating glutamate-elicited responses and inhibiting NMDAR desensitization in a dose-dependent manner. The present study aimed to characterize the glycine-dependent inactivation of NMDARs and to explore its pathophysiological significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary hippocampal cell cultures from embryonic days 17-18 rats were treated with NMDA or NMDA plus glycine. Patch-clamp recording and intracellular Ca(2+) imaging were performed to test the effects of glycine on NMDA-activated currents and increase of intracellular free Ca(2+) respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to examine NR1 internalization. Cell damage was tested with MTT method and lactate dehydrogenase leakage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycine reduced the peak current and Ca(2+) influx elicited by NMDA application at concentrations ≥ 300 μmol/L. This is a novel suppressive influence of glycine on NMDAR function, since it occurs via the NMDAR glycine-binding site, in contrast to the classic suppression, which occurs through the binding of glycine to glycine receptors. The level of membrane NMDARs was measured to evaluate whether internalization was involved. Immunohistochemical labeling showed that incubation with high concentrations of NMDA plus glycine did not change the expression of NMDARs on the cell surface when compared to the expression without glycine; hence the possibility of NMDAR internalization primed by glycine binding was excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, the novel suppressive effect of glycine on NMDARs was mediated via binding to the glycine site of the NMDAR and not by activation of the strychnine-sensitive glycine-receptor-gated chloride channel or by the internalization of NMDARs. The inhibitory influence of glycine on NMDARs adds a new insight to our knowledge of the complexity of synaptic transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Liang-Liang
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Guo-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kai-Fu
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Zheng-Lin
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D005998:Glycine