title: Gene duplication and the evolution of hemoglobin isoform differentiation in birds.
abstract: The majority of bird species co-express two functionally distinct hemoglobin (Hb) isoforms in definitive erythrocytes as follows: HbA (the major adult Hb isoform, with α-chain subunits encoded by the α(A)-globin gene) and HbD (the minor adult Hb isoform, with α-chain subunits encoded by the α(D)-globin gene). The α(D)-globin gene originated via tandem duplication of an embryonic α-like globin gene in the stem lineage of tetrapod vertebrates, which suggests the possibility that functional differentiation between the HbA and HbD isoforms may be attributable to a retained ancestral character state in HbD that harkens back to a primordial, embryonic function. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a combined analysis of protein biochemistry and sequence evolution to characterize the structural and functional basis of Hb isoform differentiation in birds. Functional experiments involving purified HbA and HbD isoforms from 11 different bird species revealed that HbD is characterized by a consistently higher O(2) affinity in the presence of allosteric effectors such as organic phosphates and Cl(-) ions. In the case of both HbA and HbD, analyses of oxygenation properties under the two-state Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric model revealed that the pH dependence of Hb-O(2) affinity stems primarily from changes in the O(2) association constant of deoxy (T-state)-Hb. Ancestral sequence reconstructions revealed that the amino acid substitutions that distinguish the adult-expressed Hb isoforms are not attributable to the retention of an ancestral (pre-duplication) character state in the α(D)-globin gene that is shared with the embryonic α-like globin gene.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Grispo
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Projecto-Garcia
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Roy E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jay F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Storz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001717:Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C032001:hemoglobin D; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D010100:Oxygen