title: IGF-IR and its inhibitors in gastrointestinal carcinomas (Review).
abstract: The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and its associated signaling system play a significant role in tumorigenesis, tumor survival and progression, and cancer therapeutic resistance, and thus has provoked great interest as a promising target for cancer treatment. In this report we present the role of IGF-IR in gastrointestinal carcinomas whose pathology has been identified as tightly correlated with an abnormal expression and activation of IGF-IR. Reported data from experimental studies suggest the feasibility of targeted IGF-IR therapy in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Many types of inhibitors against IGF-IR have been developed. Inhibitors with anti-IGF-IR monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently undergoing preclinical and clinical evolution are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiao Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naomoto
authors.forename: Hui Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurama
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motoki
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomono
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamatsuji
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Munenori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaoka