title: Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of maternal mortality and morbidity (particularly postoperative infection) is higher for caesarean section than for vaginal birth. With the increase in caesarean section, it is important that the risks to the mother are minimised as far as possible. This review focuses on different forms and methods for preoperative skin preparation to prevent infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of different agent forms and methods of preoperative skin preparation for preventing postcaesarean infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (2 January 2012) and the reference lists of all included studies and review articles
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials, including cluster-randomised trials, evaluating any type of preoperative skin preparation agents, forms and methods of application for caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three review authors independently assessed all potential studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted the data using a predesigned form. Data were checked for accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included five trials with a total of 1462 women. No difference was found in the primary outcomes of either wound infection or endometritis. Two trials of 1294 women, compared drape with no drape (one trial using iodine and the other using chlorhexidine) and found no significant difference in wound infection (risk ratio (RR) 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.71). One trial of 79 women comparing alcohol scrub and iodophor drape with iodophor scrub without drape reported no wound infection in either group. One trial of 50 women comparing parachlorometaxylenol plus iodine with iodine alone reported no significant difference in wound infection (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.04 to 2.99).Two trials reported endometritis, one trial comparing alcohol scrub and iodophor drape with iodophor scrub only found no significant difference (RR 1.62; 95% CI 0.29 to 9.16). The other trial of 50 women comparing parachlorometaxylenol plus iodine with iodine alone reported no significant difference in endometritis (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.56 to 1.38). No difference was found in the secondary outcome of either length of stay or reduction of skin bacteria colony count. No trial reported other maternal outcomes, i.e. maternal mortality, repeat surgery and re-admission resulting from infection. One trial, which was only available as an abstract, investigated the effect of skin preparation on neonatal adverse events and found cord blood iodine concentration to be significantly higher in the iodine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little evidence is available from the included randomised controlled trials to evaluate different agent forms, concentrations and methods of skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section. Therefore, it is not yet clear what sort of skin preparation may be most efficient for preventing postcaesarean wound and surgical site infection. There is a need for high-quality, properly designed randomised controlled trials with larger sample sizes in this field. High priority questions include comparing types of antiseptic (especially iodine versus chlorhexidine), the timing and duration of applying the antiseptic (especially previous night versus day of surgery, and application methods (scrubbing, swabbing and draping).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. rumekti@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Diah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hadiati
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakimi
authors.forename: Detty S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nurdiati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001458:Bandages; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004716:Endometritis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007466:Iodophors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D007466:Iodophors; D014992:Xylenes; C007027:chloroxylenol; D000431:Ethanol; D007455:Iodine; D002710:Chlorhexidine