title: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of valnemulin in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata).
abstract: 1. A pharmacokinetic study of valnemulin was conducted in healthy Muscovy ducks after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral administrations at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight. 2. Drug concentrations in plasma were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetics parameters of valnemulin were analysed by compartmental analysis using the WinNonlin program. 3. After IV administration, valnemulin was widely distributed with a volume of distribution based on a terminal phase (V(z)) of 8·19 ± 3·07 l/kg, a mean elimination half-life (t(1/2Ke)) of 2·63 h, and a clearance (Cl) value of 5·56 ± 1·53 l/kg/h. Following intramuscular and oral administration, valnemulin was rapidly absorbed; the C(max) was 0·44 ± 0·13 and 0·12 ± 0·02 µg/ml (achieved at 0·28 and 1·80 h), the t(1/2Ke) was 3·17 ± 3·83 and 4·83 ± 1·81 h, and the absolute bioavailability (F) was 72% and 37%, respectively. 4. The plasma profile of valnemulin exhibited favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics in Muscovy ducks, such as wide distribution, and rapid absorption and elimination, though oral bioavailability was low.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004372:Ducks / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; C117845:valnemulin