title: Role of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier transporter as a cerebral clearance system for prostaglandin E₂ produced in the brain.
abstract: An increasing level of prostaglandin (PG) E(2)  is involved in the progression of neuroinflammation induced by ischemia and bacterial infection. Although an imbalance in the rates of production and clearance of PGE(2)  under these pathological conditions appears to affect the concentration of PGE(2)  in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the regulatory system remains incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular system of PGE(2)  production via microsomal PGE synthetase-1 (mPGES-1), the inducible PGE(2) -generating enzyme, and PGE(2)  elimination from the CSF via the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mPGES-1 was expressed in the soma and perivascular sheets of astrocytes, pia mater, and brain blood vessel endothelial cells, suggesting that these cells are local production sites of PGE(2)  in the CSF. The in vivo PGE(2)  elimination clearance from the CSF was eightfold greater than that of d-mannitol, which is considered to reflect CSF bulk flow. This process was inhibited by the simultaneous injection of unlabeled PGE(2)  and β-lactam antibiotics, such as benzylpenicillin, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone, which are substrates and/or inhibitors of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). The characteristics of PGE(2)  uptake by the isolated choroid plexus were at least partially consistent with those of OAT3. OAT3 was able to mediate PGE(2)  transport with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 4.24 μM. These findings indicate that a system regulating the PGE(2)  level in the CSF involves OAT3-mediated PGE(2)  uptake by choroid plexus epithelial cells, acting as a cerebral clearance pathway via the BCSFB of locally produced PGE(2) .
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozeki
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akanuma
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosoya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000378:metabolism; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D051381:Rats; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; C114338:organic anion transport protein 3; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; C000605865:Ptges protein, mouse; D015232:Dinoprostone