title: Environmental fate model for ultra-low-volume insecticide applications used for  adult mosquito management.
abstract: One of the more effective ways of managing high densities of adult mosquitoes that vector human and animal pathogens is ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol applications of insecticides. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses models that are not validated for ULV insecticide applications and exposure assumptions to perform their human and ecological risk assessments. Currently, there is no validated model that can accurately predict deposition of insecticides applied using ULV technology for adult mosquito management. In addition, little is known about the deposition and drift of small droplets like those used under conditions encountered during ULV applications. The objective of this study was to perform field studies to measure environmental concentrations of insecticides and to develop a validated model to predict the deposition of ULV insecticides. The final regression model was selected by minimizing the Bayesian Information Criterion and its prediction performance was evaluated using k-fold cross validation. Density of the formulation and the density and CMD interaction coefficients were the largest in the model. The results showed that as density of the formulation decreases, deposition increases. The interaction of density and CMD showed that higher density formulations and larger droplets resulted in greater deposition. These results are supported by the aerosol physics literature. A k-fold cross validation demonstrated that the mean square error of the selected regression model is not biased, and the mean square error and mean square prediction error indicated good predictive ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. jerome.schleier@msu.montana.edu
authors.forename: Jerome J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schleier
authors.forename: Robert K D
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Lucy M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Collin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Preftakes
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004777:Environment; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides