title: Radiofrequency ablation in a porcine kidney model: effect of occlusion of the arterial blood supply on ablation temperature, coagulation diameter, and histology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is susceptible to the cooling effect of flowing blood. The reduced efficacy of RFA in large tumors reflects the in vivo biophysiological limitations imposed by perfusion-mediated vascular cooling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of RFA alone and of RFA combined with occlusion of the arterial blood supply on the tissue temperature, coagulation diameter, and histological changes in the acute phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temperature at roll-off, the coagulated tissue diameter, and histologic tissue changes were compared in normal porcine kidneys subjected in situ to two pigs each were subjected to RFA alone (four kidneys) or to RFA plus balloon occlusion of the renal artery (four kidneys). The tissue temperature was measured at three sites: area I, the center of the RFA field; area II, the ischemic field 1 cm distant from the edge of the RFA field; and area III, the normal kidney. Tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cell viability in the ablated zone was determined by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) staining of frozen sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tissue temperatures achieved by RFA in areas I, II, and III were 101°C, 58°C, and 40°C with and 92°C, 44°C, and 38°C without balloon occlusion, respectively. The maximal coagulation diameter was 31 mm with and 23 mm without occlusion. The coagulation diameter was significantly larger and the temperature in area II was significantly higher in kidneys subjected to RFA with renal artery occlusion. H&E staining showed preservation of the normal renal parenchymal structure outside the thermal lesion and an increase in eosinophilic cells with indistinct cell borders and nuclei within the thermal lesion. H&E and NADH staining demonstrated a sharp demarcation between the ablation and normal tissue area and showed that in area II the addition of balloon occlusion did not produce histologic changes different from those in kidneys subjected to RFA alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A technique that combines RFA and partial renal artery occlusion may be useful in treatment of the non-resectable renal tumors with sizes appropriate for RF ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Honjo Kumamoto,  Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakasone
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawanaka
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D001831:Body Temperature; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D012077:Renal Artery; D013552:Swine