title: Influenza A virus does not encode a tetherin antagonist with Vpu-like activity and induces IFN-dependent tetherin expression in infected cells.
abstract: The interferon-induced host cell factor tetherin inhibits release of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from the plasma membrane of infected cells and is counteracted by the HIV-1 protein Vpu. Influenza A virus (FLUAV) also buds from the plasma membrane and is not inhibited by tetherin. Here, we investigated if FLUAV encodes a functional equivalent of Vpu for tetherin antagonism. We found that expression of the FLUAV protein NS1, which antagonizes the interferon (IFN) response, did not block the tetherin-mediated restriction of HIV release, which was rescued by Vpu. Similarly, tetherin-mediated inhibition of HIV release was not rescued by FLUAV infection. In contrast, FLUAV infection induced tetherin expression on target cells in an IFN-dependent manner. These results suggest that FLUAV escapes the antiviral effects of tetherin without encoding a tetherin antagonist with Vpu-like activity.
authors.affiliation: German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gnirß
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nehlmeier
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gawanbacht
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehrhardt
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiene
authors.forename: Anna-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moldenhauer
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goedecke
authors.forename: Christina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Karsten
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kühl
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pöhlmann
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000821:virology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007372:Interferons / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D007372:Interferons; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins