title: Interleukin-9 release from human kidney grafts and its potential protective role in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is dominated by an inflammatory response. In the identification of new therapeutic agents, the role of individual cytokines may be essential. Interleukin (IL)-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine recently identified to be involved in various immune responses. In this study, the role of IL-9 in renal I/R injury was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed repeated direct measurements of arteriovenous IL-9 concentration differences over the reperfused graft in human kidney transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial renal IL-9 release was observed from deceased donor kidneys (P = 0.006). In contrast, living donor kidneys, which have a more favourable clinical outcome, did not release IL-9 during early reperfusion (P = 0.78). Tissue expression of IL-9 did not change upon reperfusion in both living and deceased human donor kidneys. To assess the role of IL-9 in I/R injury, an experimental study comprising IL-9 inhibition in mice undergoing renal I/R was performed. Although there was no difference in kidney function, structural damage was significantly aggravated in anti-IL-9 treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deceased donor grafts show a substantial IL-9 release upon reperfusion in clinical kidney transplantation. However, inhibition of IL-9 aggravated kidney damage, suggesting a regulating or minor role of IL-9 in clinical I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kortekaas
authors.forename: Dorottya K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Marlies E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reinders
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lievers
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringers
authors.forename: Jan H N
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lindeman
authors.forename: Alexander F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schaapherder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000502:physiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016906:Interleukin-9