title: Significant differences in coeliac immunotoxicity of barley varieties.
abstract: METHODS
  The only treatment available for coeliac disease (CD) is a strict diet in which the intake of wheat, barley, rye, or oats is avoided. Barley is a major cereal crop, grown mainly for its use in brewing, and it has high nutritional value. The identification of varieties with a reduced toxicity profile may contribute to improve the diet, the quality of life and health of CD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Searching for harmless barleys, we investigated accessions of malting and wild barley, used for developing new cultivated cereals. The CD toxicity profile of barleys was screened using G12 antibody and cell proliferation and IFN-γ release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestinal biopsies from CD patients. We found a direct correlation between the reactivity with G12 and the immunogenicity of the different barleys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The malting barleys were less immunogenic, with reduced levels of toxic gluten, and were possibly less harmful to CD patients. Our findings could raise the prospect of breeding barley species with low levels of harmful gluten, and the attractive goal of developing nontoxic barley cultivars, always taking into account the Codex standard for foods for special dietary use for persons intolerant to gluten.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Comino
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Real
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil-Humanes
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pistón
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Lorenzo
authors.forename: Ma de Lourdes
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: López-Casado
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lorite
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cebolla
authors.forename: Ma Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barro
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology; D005983:Glutens / Q000276:immunology; D001467:Hordeum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D010665:Phenylpropanolamine; D005983:Glutens; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005903:Gliadin