title: Influence of the combination of patient age and deep venous drainage on brain arteriovenous malformation recurrence after surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Case reports suggest that young age is a critical factor in determining recurrence of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after surgery. However, other factors that may contribute to the increased risk of recurrence have not been considered. In this study, the authors' goal was to ascertain the risk and risk factors of recurrence after resection of AVMs of the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive case series (prospectively collected data) of 600 cases of resection of brain AVMs was retrospectively analyzed. Radiological evidence of recurrence or nonrecurrence, as well as clinical evidence of recurrence, could be established in 427 of these cases that underwent follow-up for more than 350 days after initial surgery. These cases were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression with respect to age and the presence of deep venous drainage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine recurrent AVMs were found in 8 patients. By analysis of the Kaplan-Meier curves, the 10-year recurrence rate was 14% for those with deep venous drainage, compared with 4% for those without deep venous drainage. Stratifying by age, in the 0- to 20-year age group, the 10-year recurrence rates were 63% and 13% for those with and without deep venous drainage, respectively. In the 20- to 39-year age group, the rates were 5% and 0% respectively, and in the 40-year and older age group they were 0% and 3%, respectively. The hazard ratio for deep venous drainage, adjusted for age, was 5.97 (95% CI 1.20-29.69, p = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of recurrence after AVM resection is significant for young patients with deep venous drainage.
authors.affiliation: Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. michael.morgan@mq.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael Kerin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Nirav J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Elizabeth Anne
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ritson
authors.forename: Gillian Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult