title: Children's hedonic response to berry products: Effect of chemical composition of berries and hTAS2R38 genotype on liking.
abstract: The hedonic response of 104 healthy children, recruited from day-care centres and schools, to 12 different berry products with varying content of added sugar was studied. The berries used as ingredients were blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Another aim of the study was to study the effects of the chemical composition of berries as well as children's hTAS2R38 taste receptor genotypes on liking. The most liked product was bilberry with yoghurt, followed by bilberry juice, dried bilberries, and lingonberry rye bread. The most disliked products were sea buckthorn juice, sea buckthorn berries with yoghurt, and oatmeal with blackcurrant powder and berry oil. High total organic acid concentration was strongly related with a poor average liking score of the berries/berry products. A total of four different alleles of hTAS2R38 gene were observed in the study. Of the genotyped children, 45% were bitter taste insensitive individuals of the genotype AVI/AVI, and 40% were of the genotype PAV/AVI. Children of the genotype PAV/AVI were reported using more vegetables, but not berries, than the AVI/AVI children. The results also show that the liking scores of the children of the AVI/AVI, PAV/AVI, and PAV/PAV genotypes differed from each other, and that the familiarity of a berry product is likely to be an important factor in liking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland. jusuom@utu.fi
authors.forename: Jukka-Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Suomela
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaarno
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandell
authors.forename: Henna-Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tahvonen
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005838:Genotype; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D031965:Ribes / Q000737:chemistry; D013649:Taste; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry; D029801:Vaccinium vitis-idaea / Q000737:chemistry; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2