title: Intermanual transfer in training with an upper-limb myoelectric prosthesis simulator: a mechanistic, randomized, pretest-posttest study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermanual transfer may improve prosthetic handling and acceptance if used in training soon after an amputation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether intermanual transfer effects can be detected after training with a myoelectric upper-limb prosthesis simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mechanistic, randomized, pretest-posttest design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 right-handed participants (25 women, 23 men) who were able-bodied were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental group performed a training program of 5 days' duration using the prosthesis simulator. To determine the improvement in skill, a test was administered before, immediately after, and 6 days after training. The control group only performed the tests. Training was performed with the unaffected arm, and tests were performed with the affected arm (the affected arm simulating an amputated limb). Half of the participants were tested with the dominant arm and half with the nondominant arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initiation time was defined as the time from starting signal until start of the movement, movement time was defined as the time from the beginning of the movement until completion of the task, and force control was defined as the maximal applied force on a deformable object.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The movement time decreased significantly more in the experimental group (F₂,₉₂=7.42, P=.001, η²(G)=.028) when compared with the control group. This finding is indicative of faster handling of the prosthesis. No statistically significant differences were found between groups with regard to initiation time and force control. We did not find a difference in intermanual transfer between the dominant and nondominant arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The training utilized participants who were able-bodied in a laboratory setting and focused only on transradial amputations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermanual transfer was present in the affected arm after training the unaffected arm with a myoelectric prosthesis simulator, and this effect did not depend on laterality. This effect may improve rehabilitation of patients with an upper-limb amputation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands. s.romkema@umcg.nl
authors.forename: Sietske
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romkema
authors.forename: Raoul M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.forename: Corry K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: van der Sluis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014163:Transfer, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult