title: Relationship between self-reported high-heeled shoe use and bone mineral density using quantitative ultrasound at a community health fair.
abstract: This is the first known study to examine the relationship between high-heel use and bone mineral density (BMD). Because women are disproportionately affected by osteoporosis, it is important to identify possible modifiable behaviors of women that may adversely affect bone health. Many studies have shown changes in body mechanics when wearing high-heeled shoes in comparison to normal gait. Because the composition of bone changes according to mechanical load and muscle activity, this study investigates whether wearing high heels may alter BMD. Two hundred and twenty-one participants at a community health fair in Lansing, Michigan, were surveyed on high-heel use and bone health risk (gender, thin/small frame, fair skin, family history of fracture, smoking history, walking, dairy consumption, and early menopause or oopherectomy at <45 years old). Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel by Hologic's Sahara Sonometer was used to measure BMD. The mean age was 45.2 (SD 13.7) years, and the majority of participants were female (208, 94 %). A significant difference between mean BMD and high-heel use was not found. Independent correlations existed between fair skinned/sunburn easily and BMD, r(212) = -0.14, p = 0.038, as well as history of smoking and BMD, r(212) = -0.14, p = 0.042. Bone health risk score was strongly correlated with heel use binary variable "yes/no," r(210) = 0.21, p = 0.003. Our study suggests that wearing high-heeled shoes does not lead to appreciable differences in BMD among community health fair participants as assessed by QUS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Blvd South Bldg 200, Suite 835, Orange, CA 92868, USA. glassyc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Glassy
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Glassy
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guggenheim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D003153:Community Health Services; D005260:Female; D006277:Health Fairs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008593:Menopause; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012775:Shoes; D013008:Somatotypes; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology