title: Feasibility study of an internally cooled bipolar applicator for RF coagulation of hepatic tissue: experimental and computational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the capacity of an internally cooled radiofrequency (RF) bipolar applicator to create sufficiently deep thermal lesions in hepatic tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three complementary methodologies were employed to check the electrical and thermal behaviour of the applicator under test. The experimental studies were based on excised bovine (ex vivo study) and porcine liver (in vivo study) and the theoretical models were solved by means of the finite element method (FEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental and computational results showed good agreement in terms of impedance progress and lesion depth (4 and 4.5 mm respectively for ex vivo conditions, and ≈7 and 9 mm respectively for in vivo conditions), although the lesion widths were overestimated by the computer simulations. This could have been due to the method used to assess the thermal lesions; the experimental lesions were assessed by the white coagulation zone, whereas the tissue damage function was used to assess the computational lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results suggest that this applicator could create in vivo lesions to a depth of around 7 mm. It was also observed that the thermal lesion is mainly confined to the area between both electrodes, which would allow lesion width to be controlled by selecting a specific applicator design. The comparison between the experimental and computational results suggests that the theoretical model could be usefully applied in further studies of the performance of this device.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Synergy, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Suárez
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burdío
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andaluz
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berjano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature