title: How do annuloplasty rings affect mitral annular strains in the normal beating ovine heart?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that annuloplasty ring implantation alters mitral annular strains in a normal beating ovine heart preparation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sheep had 16 radiopaque markers sewn equally spaced around the mitral annulus. Edwards Cosgrove partial flexible band (COS; n=12), St Jude complete rigid saddle-shaped annuloplasty ring (RSA; n=10), Carpentier-Edwards Physio (PHY; n=11), Edwards IMR ETlogix (ETL; n=11), and GeoForm (GEO; n=12) annuloplasty rings were implanted in a releasable fashion. Four-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained using biplane videofluoroscopy with the ring inserted (ring) and after ring release (control). From marker coordinates, a functional spatio-temporal representation of each annulus was generated through a best fit using 16 piecewise cubic Hermitian splines. Absolute total mitral annular ring strains were calculated from the relative change in length of the tangent vector to the annular curve as strains occurring from control to ring state at end-systole. In addition, average Green-Lagrange strains occurring from control to ring state at end-systole along the annulus were calculated. Absolute total mitral annular ring strains were smallest for COS and greatest for ETL. Strains for RSA, PHY, and GEO were similar. Except for COS in the septal mitral annular segment, all rings induced compressive strains along the entire annulus, with greatest values occurring at the lateral mitral annular segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy, beating ovine hearts, annuloplasty rings (COS, RSA, PHY, ETL, and GEO) induce compressive strains that are predominate in the lateral annular region, smallest for flexible partial bands (COS) and greatest for an asymmetrical rigid ring type with intrinsic septal-lateral downsizing (ETL). However, the ring type with the most drastic intrinsic septal-lateral downsizing (GEO) introduced strains similar to physiologically shaped rings (RSA and PHY), indicating that ring effects on annular strain profiles cannot be estimated from the degree of septal-lateral downsizing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5247, USA.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bothe
authors.forename: Manuel K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rausch
authors.forename: John-Peder Escobar
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kvitting
authors.forename: Dominique K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Echtner
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Neil B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.forename: D Craig
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D058386:Mitral Valve Annuloplasty / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012016:Reference Values; D012756:Sheep; D013718:Tensile Strength