title: Automated diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactive disorder using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Successful automated diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) using imaging and functional biomarkers would have fundamental consequences on the public health impact of the disease. In this work, we show results on the predictability of ADHD using imaging biomarkers and discuss the scientific and diagnostic impacts of the research. We created a prediction model using the landmark ADHD 200 data set focusing on resting state functional connectivity (rs-fc) and structural brain imaging. We predicted ADHD status and subtype, obtained by behavioral examination, using imaging data, intelligence quotients and other covariates. The novel contributions of this manuscript include a thorough exploration of prediction and image feature extraction methodology on this form of data, including the use of singular value decompositions (SVDs), CUR decompositions, random forest, gradient boosting, bagging, voxel-based morphometry, and support vector machines as well as important insights into the value, and potentially lack thereof, of imaging biomarkers of disease. The key results include the CUR-based decomposition of the rs-fc-fMRI along with gradient boosting and the prediction algorithm based on a motor network parcellation and random forest algorithm. We conjecture that the CUR decomposition is largely diagnosing common population directions of head motion. Of note, a byproduct of this research is a potential automated method for detecting subtle in-scanner motion. The final prediction algorithm, a weighted combination of several algorithms, had an external test set specificity of 94% with sensitivity of 21%. The most promising imaging biomarker was a correlation graph from a motor network parcellation. In summary, we have undertaken a large-scale statistical exploratory prediction exercise on the unique ADHD 200 data set. The exercise produced several potential leads for future scientific exploration of the neurological basis of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eloyan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muschelli
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Tuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Anita D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joel
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pekar
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caffo