title: Risk-taking propensity as a predictor of induction onto naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heroin addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that has devastating social, medical, and economic consequences. Naltrexone is an antagonist that blocks opioid effects and could be an effective medication for the treatment of opioid dependence. However, its clinical utility has been limited partly because of poor adherence and acceptability. Given the importance of compliance to naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence, the goal of the current study was to examine predictors involved in successful induction onto naltrexone treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed on data from a sample of 64 individuals entering treatment who met DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence. The relationship between naltrexone induction (ie, inducted vs not inducted onto naltrexone) and risk-taking propensity, as indexed by riskiness on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), was examined. Participants were recruited from local detoxification programs, inpatient drug treatment, and other Baltimore programs that provided services to opioid-dependent adults (eg, Baltimore Needle Exchange Program) during the period from August 2007 to September 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive association was shown between risk-taking propensity and odds of naltrexone induction. Specifically, each 5-point increase in the total BART score was associated with a 25% decrease in odds of naltrexone induction (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99; P = .041). This association remained statistically significant, even after adjusting for potential confounds, including injection drug use and cocaine positive urine results (P = .05). After adjusting for the covariates, each 5-point increase in BART score was associated with 28% decrease in the odds of achieving the maintenance dose (adjusted OR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P = .046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk-taking propensity was predictive of induction onto naltrexone treatment, above and beyond injection drug use and cocaine-positive urine samples.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Behavioral and Integrative Treatment Branch, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-9551, USA. aklinwm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Will M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Aklin
authors.forename: S Geoffrey
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Severtson
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umbricht
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fingerhood
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lejuez
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012759:Sheltered Workshops; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone