title: Cocaine in sudden and unexpected death: a review of 49 post-mortem cases.
abstract: Cocaine is a potent sympathomimetic drug that is associated with cardiotoxicity, including ventricular arrhythmia, systemic hypertension, acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy. The use of cocaine in Australia has risen steadily since the late 1990s. What remains unclear in the literature is whether cocaine-associated death can occur in the absence of other contributing factors, such as concomitant drug use or natural disease. A search was conducted on the National Coroners Information System database, to identify all deaths occurring in Victoria, Australia, between January 2000 and December 2011, where cocaine or its metabolites were detected by post-mortem toxicological analysis. All cases were closed by the Coroner. These cases were examined with regards to case circumstances, pathology and toxicology results, and coronial findings, to determine the prevalence of cardiotoxicity and the involvement of cocaine in the deaths compared with other contributing factors. There were 49 cases where cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, methylecgonine or cocaethylene, were detected in the 11-year period. The individuals ranged in age from 16 to 70 years (median 30). There were 36 males. In 22 cases the cause of death was determined to be drug toxicity, 22 were external injury and 5 were attributed to natural disease. The concentration of cocaine in the cases was relatively low (range 0.01-3 mg/L, median 0.1 mg/L). Cocaine metabolites were detected frequently in blood and urine: benzoylecgonine (46 cases); ecgonine methyl ester (12 cases); cocaethylene (8 cases); and methylecgonine (9 cases). Opioids were commonly detected (23 cases), in addition to amphetamines (15 cases), ethanol (17 cases) and benzodiazepines (12 cases). Of the 43 cases receiving a full autopsy, there were 14 cases involving significant heart disease. This included coronary artery disease (11 cases), an enlarged heart (5 cases), myocarditis and contraction band necrosis. Cocaine is detected relatively infrequently in Victorian coronial cases. However it appears to be associated with a significant degree of cardiotoxicity, particularly coronary artery disease and ventricular hypertrophy, independent of cocaine concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. jennifer.pilgrim@monash.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woodford
authors.forename: Olaf H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Drummer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001315:Australia; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002423:Cause of Death; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009294:Narcotics; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol; C068464:anhydroecgonine methyl ester; C005618:benzoylecgonine; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine; C034524:ecgonine methyl ester