title: Insensitivity to scope in contingent valuation studies: reason for dismissal of valuations?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The credibility of contingent valuation studies has been questioned because of the potential occurrence of scope insensitivity, i.e. that respondents do not react to higher quantities or qualities of a good.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the extent of scope insensitivity and to assess the relevance of potential explanations that may help to shed light on how to appropriately handle this problem in contingent valuation studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a sample of 2004 men invited for cardiovascular disease screening. Each respondent had three contingent valuation tasks from which their sensitivity to larger risk reductions (test 1) and to change in travel costs associated with participation (test 2) could be assessed. Participants were surveyed while waiting for their screening session. Non-participants were surveyed by postal questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was overall found to be sensitive to scope, testing at the conventional sample-mean level. At the individual respondent level, however, more than half of the respondents failed the tests. Potential determinants for failing the tests were examined in alternative regression models but few consistent relationships were identified. One exception was the influence of more detailed information, which was positively associated with willingness to pay and negatively associated with scope sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Possible explanations for scope insensitivity are discussed; if cognitive limitations, emotional load and mental budgeting explain scope insensitivity there are grounds for rejecting valuations, whereas other factors such as the alternative theoretical framework of regret theory may render insensitivity to scope a result of rational thinking. It is concluded that future contingent valuation studies should focus more on extracting the underlying motives for the stated preferences in order to appropriately deal with responses that are seemingly irrational, and which may lead to imprecise welfare estimates.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services Research and Technology Assessment (CAST), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. ris@cast.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Søgaard
authors.forename: Jes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindholt
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gyrd-Hansen
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D003718:Denmark; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D026712:Value of Life