title: Behavior of Enterobacter pulveris in amorphous and crystalline powder matrices treated with supercritical carbon dioxide.
abstract: The resistance of an Enterobacter pulveris strain to combined heat and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) treatments in different powder matrices was examined. The strain proved resistant to scCO(2) treatment up to 50 MPa pressure at temperatures >73 °C for at least 20 min in a commercial infant formula. Water availability was shown to be important for the observed thermotolerance, because introduction of water in the scCO(2) gas flow during treatment resulted in a 1 log(10) cfu/g reduction of the initial inoculum. Interestingly, similar tolerance to heat and scCO(2) treatment was observed in a less complex matrix, a maltodextrin powder. In contrast, the bacterial strain proved sensitive to lower temperatures (55-65 °C) over shorter times (≤10 min) in a dextrose powder composed of crystalline particles. Therefore, the microorganism demonstrates heat sensitivity in the crystalline powder matrix closer to that of nonpowder liquid matrices. These data demonstrate the increased heat tolerance of the bacterium specifically in amorphous powders and indicate that this characteristic is not dependent on fat and other components commonly found in infant formula. The information is important in designing strategies to deal with contamination of powders with Enterobacteriacae, including pathogenic Cronobacter spp.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland. michaeljohn.callanan@rdls.nestle.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Callanan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleijn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bravo Almeida
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peñaloza
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vuataz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004754:Enterobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005511:Food Handling; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000592:standards; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011208:Powders / Q000378:metabolism; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D011208:Powders; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C008315:maltodextrin