title: [Linear accelerator radiosurgery for brainstem arteriovenous malformations. Long-term results].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brainstem carry a high risk of recurrent haemorrhage, mortality and morbidity. Treatment options are limited and mainly based on stereotactic radiosurgery. We studied the results of our series of brainstem AVM treated with linear accelerator (LINAC) and with a long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed the clinical and radiological data of 41 consecutive patients with brainstem AVM treated by radiosurgery with a 6MV linear accelerator between 1992 and 2010. Twenty five lesions were located in the mesencephalon, 14 in the pons, one in the medulla oblongata and one was bulbopontine. We analysed the treatment results in relation to survival, rate of radiological obliteration, rebleeding, and treatment toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obliteration rate confirmed by angiography/MRA was 59.5% on 38 controlled patients. The mean follow-up period was 61 months (range: 6.7-178) and the margin dose was 14Gy in most treatments. Up to 39% of patients received more than one radiosurgery procedure to achieve closure of the malformation. No statistical correlation was found with the margin dose, presence of pretreatment haemorrhage, nidus diameter or score on the Pollock-Flickinger grading system. The annual haemorrhage rate after radiosurgery was 3.2%. Three patients died from rebleeding and actuarial survival rate was 88% at 5 and 10 years after treatment. Four patients suffered new transient neurological deficits due to toxicity, and only one presented a permanent deficit (2.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nidus obliteration in brainstem AVM must be achieved according to three main criteria: maximum obliteration rate forced by the high rate of rebleeding, minimal morbidity given its critical location, and the greatest possible accuracy. Stereotactic radiosurgery with our moderate-dose protocol, which we believe achieved these three premises, may become an elective therapeutic modality for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Radiocirugía-Neurooncología, Hospital San Francisco de Asís, Grupo IMO, Madrid, España. Electronic address: llorenzana@grupoimo.com.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorenzana
authors.forename: Kita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sallabanda
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samblás
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peraza
authors.forename: José Ángel
authors.initials: JÁ
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Díaz
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bustos
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations; D016634:Radiosurgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome