title: Cardiovascular mortality in relation to birth weight of children and grandchildren in 500,000 Norwegian families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been related to low birth weight, suggesting the foetal environment may program future risk. Alternatively, common genetic factors for both low birth weight and CVD could explain such associations. We investigated associations between offspring birth weight and paternal and maternal cardiovascular mortality and offspring birth weight and cardiovascular mortality among all four grandparents, and further assessed the mediating role of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All births from 1967 to 2008 that could be linked to parents and grandparents comprised the population (n = 1,004,255). The mortality follow-up among parents was from 1970 to 2008 and among grandparents from 1960 to 2008. The association of grandparental mortality with maternal smoking during pregnancy was analysed in a subpopulation of those born after 1997 (n = 345,624). Per quintile higher in birth weight was related to 0.82 (0.75-0.89) hazard ratio from coronary heart disease in mothers and 0.94 (0.92-0.97) in fathers. For stroke, these were 0.85 (0.78-0.92) and 0.94 (0.89-1.00), respectively. In grandparents for cardiovascular causes, the effects were 0.95 (0.93-0.96) (maternal grandmother), 0.97 (0.96-0.98) (maternal grandfather), 0.96 (0.94-0.98) (paternal grandmother), and 0.98 (0.98-1.00) (paternal grandfather). Adjusting for maternal smoking in pregnancy in the subpopulation accounted for much of the effect on grandparental cardiovascular mortality in all categories of birth weight. For grandparental diabetes mortality, U-shaped associations were seen with grandchild birth weight for the maternal grandmother and inverse associations for all other grandparents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between CVD mortality in all four grandparents and grandchild birth weight exist, and while genetic and environmental factors may contribute to these, it appears that there is an important role for maternal smoking during pregnancy (and associated paternal smoking) in generating these associations. For diabetes, however, it appears that intrauterine environmental influences and genetic factors contribute to the transgenerational associations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Oyvind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Naess
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoltenberg
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Wenche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nystad
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: Aage
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tverdal
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010331:Paternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000401:mortality; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality