title: HDL cholesterol: all hope is not lost after the torcetrapib setback--emerging therapeutic strategies on the horizon.
abstract: Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) has been definitely shown to reduce cardiovascular events and improve clinical outcomes in the literature. As a result, LDL lowering has become the cornerstone of therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention. Recently, there has been a focus on targeting other lipid fractions to improve the clinical risk profile of patients. Raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has received considerable attention. Low HDL levels are often seen in combination with elevated triglyceride levels. New therapeutic modalities are being developed to increase HDL levels. Recent failure of agents such as cholesteryl ester transferase protein inhibitor torcetrapib has highlighted the importance of measuring functionality of HDL particles and not just focus quantitatively on HDL-C levels. The heterogeneity of HDL within the systemic circulation results from constant remodeling of particles in response to several factors. Established dyslipidemia therapies such as stains, fibrates, and niacin have already been well known in the literature to have a substantial benefit. Lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and moderate alcohol consumption have also shown to have some benefit. Several novel HDL therapies are currently being developed, but only the cholesteryl ester transferase protein inhibitors have received considerable attention. Although torcetrapib has received some negative attention due to adverse effects, this overall class of therapeutic agents still holds a lot of promise. Newer agents without the concerned toxicities are currently being developed. ApoA-1-related peptides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, endothelial lipase inhibitors, and liver X receptor agonists are some of the other novel agents currently in various stages of development.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Figueredo
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000187:drug effects*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000187:drug effects; D015195:Drug Design; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D011804:Quinolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D011804:Quinolines; C483909:torcetrapib