title: Autologous platelet-rich clot releasate stimulates proliferation and inhibits differentiation of adult rat tendon stem cells towards nontenocyte lineages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of autologous platelet-rich clot releasate (PRCR) on proliferation and differentiation of adult rat tendon stem cells (TSCs) in vitro, following intense mechanical stretching.
  
  
  METHODS
  TSCs were subjected to 8% mechanical stretching and subsequently incubated in control medium or medium supplemented with 2% or 10% PRCR. Collagen types I and III, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX-9) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) concentrations were assessed via Western blotting and flow cytometry. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treated TSCs were also cultured in adipogenic, chondrogenic or osteogenic culture media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PRCR increased the number of TSCs, and the concentrations of collagen types I and III and TGF-β1. In contrast, PRCR significantly reduced PPARγ, SOX-9 and RUNX2-positive cell numbers, and significantly reduced the numbers of TSC-derived adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRCR induced tenocyte differentiation while suppressing the adipocyte, chondrocyte and osteocyte lineages believed to impede tendon healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, and Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S-W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K-L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: J-Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000473:pathology*; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000473:pathology*; D015539:Platelet Activation; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat