title: Adenosine increases nasal mucociliary clearance rate in mice through A2A and A2B adenosine receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is an important mechanism of host defense in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Impaired MCC plays a critical role in the development and perpetuation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of adenosine on nasal MCC, and to determine the receptors mediating this physiology in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study using an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal MCC was measured by whole-nose scintigraphic acquisition in vivo. The effects of both endogenous and exogenous adenosine were investigated in wild-type and adenosine receptor knockout (A(2A)(-/-), A(2B)(-/-), A(2A)(-/-)A(2B)(-/-), and A(1)(-/- )A(3)(-/-)) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exogenous adenosine aerosol robustly enhanced nasal MCC. The augmentation of MCC by adenosine was abolished in mice lacking both A(2A) and A(2B) receptors, but remained robust in mice lacking either A(2A) or A(2B) . Likewise, basal nasal MCC was reduced in mice lacking both the A(2A) and A(2B) receptors, but was statistically identical among wild-type mice and mice lacking either A(2A) or A(2B) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that activation of both G(s) -coupled adenosine receptors can accelerate nasal MCC. Targeting these receptors may represent a novel therapeutic approach for enhancing MCC in CRS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7219, USA. xiaoyang_hua@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Warren C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Naselsky
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ledent
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Senior
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tilley
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000336:Aerosols; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000187:drug effects*; D043704:Receptor, Adenosine A2B / Q000187:drug effects*; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D043704:Receptor, Adenosine A2B; D013671:Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; D000241:Adenosine