title: Care delivery pathways for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in England and the Netherlands: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A remarkable difference in care delivery pathways for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the presence of hospital-at-home for COPD exacerbations in England and its absence in the Netherlands. The objective of this paper is to explain this difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive COPD statistics and care delivery pathways on all care levels within the institutional context, followed by a comparison of care delivery pathways and an explanation of the difference with regard to hospital-at-home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Netherlands and England show broad similarities in their care delivery pathways for COPD patients. A major difference is the presence of hospital-at-home for COPD exacerbations in England and its absence in the Netherlands. Three possible explanations for this difference are presented: differences in the urgency for alternatives (higher urgency for alternative treatment models in England), the differences in funding (funding in England facilitated the development of hospital-at-home) and the differences in the substitution of tasks to nurses (substitution to nurses has taken place to a larger extent in England).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference between the Netherlands and England regarding hospital-at-home for COPD exacerbations can be explained in three ways. Hospital-at-home has proved to be a safe alternative for hospital care for selected patients, and should be considered as a treatment option for COPD exacerbations in the Netherlands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Catharina-hospital Eindhoven, P.O. Box 1350 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cecile M A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Utens
authors.forename: J A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maarse
authors.forename: Onno C P
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: van Schayck
authors.forename: Boudewijn L P
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Maesen
authors.forename: Maureen P M H
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Frank W J M
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Smeenk