title: Effects of a variety of food extracts and juices on the specific binding ability of norovirus GII.4 P particles.
abstract: The effects of 13 food extracts and juices, including shellfish, fruits, and vegetables, on the binding ability of human norovirus (NoV) were examined, using P particles of human NoV GII.4 as a research surrogate. The enhancements (positive values) or reductions (negative values) of  NoV P particle detection (changes in optical density at 450 nm) in the presence of different food extracts and juices as compared with P particles diluted in phosphate-buffered saline were tested by saliva-binding, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in triplicate. In the presence of different  food extracts and juices at different concentrations, an increase or decrease of the receptor-binding ability of the NoV P particles was observed. Due to a higher specific binding and thus a higher accumulation of the viral particles, oysters may be contaminated with human NoV more often than  other shellfish species (mussel, hard clams, and razor clams). Cranberry and pomegranate juices were shown to reduce the specific binding ability of human NoV P particles. No such binding inhibition effects were observed for the other tested extracts of fresh produce (strawberry, blackberry,  blueberry, cherry tomato, spinach, romaine lettuce) or, notably, for raspberry, which has been associated with human NoV outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Dan.Li@UGent.be
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyttendaele
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012758:Shellfish; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053585:Virus Attachment / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D014764:Viral Proteins