title: Correlation between lead levels in drinking water and mothers' breast milk: Dakahlia, Egypt.
abstract: This study was performed on fifty-two drinking tap water samples (surface and groundwater) collected from different districts of Dakahlia Governorate and fifty-two breast milk samples from lactating mothers hosted in Dakahlia Governorate hospitals. All these samples were subjected to lead analysis. Lead level in drinking groundwater showed higher levels than in drinking surface water. Also, an elevation of lead levels in breast milk of mothers drinking groundwater was noticed when compared with that of mothers drinking surface water. The comparison between mean lead levels in drinking water and mothers' breast milk samples showed positive relationship. Lead concentrations in breast milk of the studied samples were elevated by exposure to smoking. We conclude that prolonged contact with lead plumbing can increase the lead content in tap water with subsequent increase in lead burden in infant fed formula and infant blood. Also, we recommend that chemical analyses must be carried out periodically for the surface and groundwater to ensure the water suitability for drinking purposes. Passive exposure to smoking during lactation should be avoided. Capsule: Prolonged contact with lead plumbing can increase the lead content in tap water with subsequent increase in lead burden in infant fed formula and infant blood.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Unit - Emergency Hospital, Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. raafat_mandour@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raafat A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mandour
authors.forename: Abdel-Aziz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Somaia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: El-Azab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007854:Lead