title: Massage for mechanical neck disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of mechanical neck disorders (MND) is known to be both a hindrance to individuals and costly to society. As such, massage is widely used as a form of treatment for MND.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of massage on pain, function, patient satisfaction, global perceived effect, adverse effects and cost of care in adults with neck pain versus any comparison at immediate post-treatment to long-term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, MANTIS, CINAHL, and ICL databases from date of inception to 4 Feburary 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies using random assignment were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently conducted citation identification, study selection, data abstraction and methodological quality assessment. Using a random-effects model, we calculated the risk ratio and standardised mean difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen trials met the inclusion criteria. The overall methodology of all the trials assessed was either low or very low GRADE level. None of the trials were of strong to moderate GRADE level. The results showed very low level evidence that certain massage techniques (traditional Chinese massage, classical and modified strain/counter strain technique) may have been more effective than control or placebo treatment in improving function and tenderness. There was very low level evidence that massage may have been more beneficial than education in the short term for pain bothersomeness. Along with that, there was low level evidence that ischaemic compression and passive stretch may have been more effective in combination rather than individually for pain reduction. The clinical applicability assessment showed that only 4/15 trials adequately described the massage technique. The majority of the trials assessed outcomes at immediate post-treatment, which is not an adequate time to assess clinical change. Due to the limitations in the quality of existing studies, we were unable to make any firm statement to guide clinical practice. We noted that only four of the 15 studies reported side effects. All four studies reported post-treatment pain as a side effect and one study (Irnich 2001) showed that 22% of the participants experienced low blood pressure following treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No recommendations for practice can be made at this time because the effectiveness of massage for neck pain remains uncertain.As a stand-alone treatment, massage for MND was found to provide an immediate or short-term effectiveness or both in pain and tenderness. Additionally, future research is needed in order to assess the long-term effects of treatment and treatments provided on more than one occasion.
authors.affiliation: Advantage Health Castleridge, 2210-4818B Westwinds Drive NE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kinjal C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ezzo
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morien
authors.forename: Paul Michael J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Peloso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic