title: Tobacco smoking: patterns, health consequences for adults, and the long-term health of the offspring.
abstract: Tobacco use started several centuries ago and increased markedly after the invention of the cigarette making machine. Once people start smoking they find it difficult to quit the habit. This is due to the addictive effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke. Various epidemiologic and laboratory studies clearly showed that smoking is associated with various diseases such as heart diseases, asthma and emphysema and the associated increase in morbidity and mortality of smokers. Several studies implicate nicotine as the causative factor in tobacco smoke. Apart from nicotine, various carcinogens also occur in tobacco smoke resulting in an increase in the incidence of cancer in smokers. While the smoking habit is decreasing in developed countries, tobacco use increases in the developing countries. Smoking prevalence is also highest in poor communities and amongst those with low education levels. It is important to note that, although ther is a decline in the number of smokers in the developed countries, there is a three to four decades lag between the peak in smoking prevalence and the subsequent peak in smoking related mortality. It has been shown that maternal smoking induces respiratory diseases in the offspring. There is also evidence that parental smoking may program the offspring to develop certain diseases later in life. Various studies showed that maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation via tobacco smoke of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), program the offspring to develop compromised lung structure later in life with the consequent compromised lung function. This implies that NRT is not an option to assist pregnant or lactating smokers to quit the habit. Even paternal smoking may have an adverse effect on the health of the offspring since it has been shown that 2nd and 3rd hand smoking have adverse health consequences for those exposed to it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western cape, Bellville. gmaritz@uwc.ac.za
authors.forename: Gert S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Maritz
authors.forename: Muyunda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutemwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine