title: Brain tissue oxygen monitoring after severe traumatic brain injury in children: relationship to outcome and association with other clinical parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minimizing secondary brain injuries after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is critical to maximizing neurological outcome. Brain tissue oxygenation monitoring (as measured by interstitial partial pressure of O2 [PbO2]) is a new tool that may aid in guiding therapies, yet experience in children is limited. This study aims to describe the authors' experience of PbO2 monitoring after TBI. It was hypothesized that PbO2 thresholds could be established that were associated with favorable neurological outcome, and it was determined whether any relationships between PbO2 and other important clinical variables existed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six children with severe TBI (Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 8 after resuscitation) who underwent PbO2 and brain temperature monitoring between September 2004 and June 2008 were studied. All patients received standard neurocritical care, and 24 were concurrently enrolled in a trial of therapeutic early hypothermia (n = 12/group). The PbO2 was measured in the uninjured frontal cortex. Hourly recordings and calculated daily means of various variables including PbO2, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial blood pressure, partial pressure of arterial O2, and fraction of inspired O2 were compared using several statistical approaches. Glasgow outcome scale scores were determined at 6 months after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 9.4 years (range 0.1-16.5 years; 13 girls) and 8554 hours of monitoring were analyzed (PbO2 range 0.0-97.2 mm Hg). A PbO2 of 30 mm Hg was associated with the highest sensitivity/specificity for favorable neurological outcome at 6 months after TBI, yet CPP was the only factor that was independently associated with favorable outcome. Surprisingly, instances of preserved PbO2 with altered ICP and CPP were observed in some children with unfavorable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring of PbO2 demonstrated complex interactions with clinical variables reflecting intracranial dynamics using this protocol. A higher threshold than reported in studies in adults was suggested as a potential therapeutic target, but this threshold was not associated with improved outcomes. Additional studies to assess the utility of PbO2 monitoring after TBI in children are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stippler
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Adelson
authors.forename: Yue-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tyler-Kabara
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Ericka L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: S Danielle
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen