title: Profiling microRNAs in lung tissue from pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding genes that play a crucial regulatory role in mammalian development and disease. Whereas a large number of miRNAs have been annotated at the structural level during the latest years, functional annotation is sparse. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) causes serious lung infections in pigs. Severe damage to the lungs, in many cases deadly, is caused by toxins released by the bacterium and to some degree by host mediated tissue damage. However, understanding of the role of microRNAs in the course of this infectious disease in porcine is still very limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the RNA extracted from visually unaffected and necrotic tissue from pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was subjected to small RNA deep sequencing. We identified 169 conserved and 11 candidate novel microRNAs in the pig. Of these, 17 were significantly up-regulated in the necrotic sample and 12 were down-regulated. The expression analysis of a number of candidates revealed microRNAs of potential importance in the innate immune response. MiR-155, a known key player in inflammation, was found expressed in both samples. Moreover, miR-664-5p, miR-451 and miR-15a appear as very promising candidates for microRNAs involved in response to pathogen infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study revealing significant differences in composition and expression profiles of miRNAs in lungs infected with a bacterial pathogen. Our results extend annotation of microRNA in pig and provide insight into the role of a number of microRNAs in regulation of bacteria induced immune and inflammatory response in porcine lung.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Genetics and Bioinformatics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podolska
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anthon
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tommerup
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skovgaard
authors.forename: Peter Mh
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorodkin
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cirera
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredholm
mesh_terms: D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000818:Animals; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs