title: Impact of cigarette smoking on rates and clinical prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southern Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence and mortality rates of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1995 to 2010, we analyzed data from 1062 patients with TB and from 2001 to 2004, 2951 contacts in Southern Mexico. Patients with acid-fast bacilli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples underwent epidemiological, clinical and mycobacteriological evaluation and received treatment by the local DOTS program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumers of 1-10 (LS) or 11 or more (HS) cigarettes per day incidence (1.75 and 11.79) and mortality (HS, 17.74) smoker-non-smoker rate ratios were significantly higher for smokers. Smoker population was more likely to experience unfavorable treatment outcomes (HS, adjusted OR 2.36) and retreatment (LS and HS, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.14 and 2.37). Contacts that smoked had a higher probability of developing active TB (HR 2.38) during follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate the need of incorporating smoking prevention and cessation, especially among men, into international TB control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Ave. Universidad #655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, C.P. 62100Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bonacci
authors.forename: Luis Pablo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Cruz-Hervert
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: Luz Myriam
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Reynales-Shigematsu
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferreyra-Reyes
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobadilla-del-Valle
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canizales-Quintero
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Guerrero
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Báez-Saldaña
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Téllez-Vázquez
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mongua-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montero-Campos
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delgado-Sánchez
authors.forename: Rosa Areli
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gamboa
authors.forename: Bulmaro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cano-Arellano
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sifuentes-Osornio
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce de León
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution