title: Amine modification of thermally carbonized porous silicon with silane coupling chemistry.
abstract: Thermally carbonized porous silicon (TCPSi) microparticles were chemically modified with organofunctional alkoxysilane molecules using a silanization process. Before the silane coupling, the TCPSi surface was activated by immersion in hydrofluoric acid (HF). Instead of regeneration of the silicon hydride species, the HF immersion of silicon carbide structure forms a silanol termination (Si-OH) on the surface required for silanization. Subsequent functionalization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane provides the surface with an amine (-NH(2)) termination, while the SiC-type layer significantly stabilizes the functionalized structure both mechanically and chemically. The presence of terminal amine groups was verified with FTIR, XPS, CHN analysis, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The overall effects of the silanization to the morphological properties of the initial TCPSi were analyzed and they were found to be very limited, making the treatment effects highly predictable. The maximum obtained number of amine groups on the surface was calculated to be 1.6 groups/nm(2), corresponding to 79% surface coverage. The availability of the amine groups for further biofunctionalization was confirmed by successful biotinylation. The isoelectric point (IEP) of amine-terminated TCPSi was measured to be at pH 7.7, as opposed to pH 2.6 for untreated TCPSi. The effects of the surface amine termination on the cell viability of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells and on the in vitro fenofibrate release profiles were also assessed. The results indicated that the surface modification did not alter the loading of the drug inside the pores and also retained the beneficial enhanced dissolution characteristics similar to TCPSi. Cellular viability studies also showed that the surface modification had only a limited effect on the biocompatibility of the PSi.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland.
authors.forename: Ermei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mäkilä
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bimbo
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaasalainen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herranz
authors.forename: Anu J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kukk
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: Hélder A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Jarno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D012821:Silanes; D012825:Silicon