title: Visual detection of filaria-specific IgG4 in urine using red-colored high density latex beads.
abstract: The use of urine for the immunodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis has a definite advantage: the sample collection is not invasive and thus well accepted by people. Urine-based ELISA to detect filaria-specific IgG4 has been used successfully. However, ELISA requires equipment such as a microplate reader, which is often not available in most endemic areas. We have developed a new visual immunodiagnosis that detects urinary IgG4 using red-colored latex beads (bead test). The sensitivity was 87.2% when ICT antigen test positive people were regarded as the standard (136/156), and the specificity was 97.2% with the non-endemic people in Japan and Bangladesh, and the urine ELISA negatives in Sri Lanka (1264/1300). In a prevalence study, the bead test could detect filarial infection more effectively than ICT test among young children in Sri Lanka, indicating the usefulness of the visual test in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan. fnagaoka@aichi-med-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Mohammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Samad
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Mirani V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Weerasooriya
authors.forename: Thishan C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yahathugoda
authors.forename: Moazzem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moji
authors.forename: Eisaku
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000652:urine*; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D007074:Immunoglobulin G