title: Upper-extremity stress fractures: distribution and causative activities in 70 patients.
abstract: Stress fractures of the upper extremity and thorax are often unrecognized injuries in athletes and nonathletes. The authors reviewed the causative activities and anatomic distribution of rib and upper-extremity stress fractures. Radiographic and clinical information was reviewed for each case to determine anatomic site and causative activity of each stress fracture. Stress fracture, although an uncommon diagnosis outside the lower extremity and lumbar spine, should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with pain in the ribs and upper extremity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kaeding
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult