title: In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a range of probiotics against pathogens: evidence for the effects of organic acids.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of fifteen selected strains belonging to the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Bacillus genera against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. In vitro antibacterial activity was initially investigated by an agar spot method. Results from the agar spot test showed that most of the selected strains were able to produce active compounds on solid media with antagonistic properties against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. These results were also confirmed when cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) from the putative probiotics were used in an agar well diffusion assay. Neutralization of the culture supernatants with alkali reduced the antagonistic effects. These experiments are able to confirm the capacity of potential probiotics to inhibit selected pathogens. One of the main inhibitory mechanisms may result from the production of organic acids from glucose fermentation and consequent lowering of culture pH. This observation was confirmed when the profile of organic acids was analysed demonstrating that lactic and acetic acid were the principal end products of probiotic metabolism. Furthermore, the assessment of the haemolytic activity and the susceptibility of the strains to the most commonly used antimicrobials, considered as basic safety aspects, were also studied. The observed antimicrobial activity was mainly genus-specific, additionally significant differences could be observed among species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom. s.tejero@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tejero-Sariñena
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costabile
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000898:Antibiosis; D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D056546:Lactobacillales / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019936:Probiotics; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids