title: Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms which are experienced commonly during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia and can also occur in the period following the procedure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions given prophylactically to prevent nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (27 February 2012) and reference lists of identified studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and excluded quasi-RCTs and cross-over studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. Data entry was checked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two studies met the inclusion criteria but only 41 studies, involving 5046 women, provided useable data for the review involving women having caesareans under regional anaesthesia. The majority of the studies involved women undergoing elective caesarean section. Only two studies included emergency surgery, however, they did not stratify data according to type of surgery. The studies covered numerous comparisons, but the majority of studies involved 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, corticosteroids or acupressure. Studies were mainly small and of unclear quality.Three classes of intervention were found to be effective in at least three out of four of our primary outcomes (intraoperative nausea, intraoperative vomiting, postoperative nausea and postoperative vomiting). These interventions were 5-HT(3) antagonists, dopamine antagonists and sedatives. Other classes of intervention were effective for fewer than three of our primary outcomes.With 5-HT antagonists, we found a reduction in intraoperative nausea (average risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 0.88, eight studies, 720 women). There were also reductions in postoperative nausea (average RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.64, four studies, 405 women) and vomiting (average RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.77, five studies, 565 women). We did not detect a significant reduction in intraoperative vomiting (average RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.00, seven studies, 668 women).Dopamine antagonists demonstrated a reduction in intraoperative nausea (average RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.57, nine studies, 636 women) and intraoperative vomiting (average 0.39, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.64, eight studies, 536 women), with similar reductions in postoperative nausea (average RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.91, five studies, 412 women) and vomiting (average RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.91, six studies, 472 women). These differences were observed with both metoclopramide and droperidol.Sedatives (most commonly propofol) demonstrated a reduction in intraoperative nausea (average RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96, four studies, 285 women) and intraoperative vomiting (average RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.68, four studies, 285 women), also with a reduction in postoperative nausea (average RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.71, two studies 145 women) and vomiting (average RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.28, two studies, 145 women).Acupressure was found to be effective for intraoperative nausea (average RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.90, six studies, 649 women) but not postoperative nausea (average RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00, three studies, 429 women). Acupressure was not effective at reducing vomiting either intraoperatively (average RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.18, six studies, 649 women) or postoperatively (average RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.06, three studies, 429 women).Other effective intervention classes included corticosteroids, antihistamines, and anticholinergics.There were insufficient data to demonstrate any class of intervention was superior to another. There were no significant differences observed in the comparison of combined versus single interventions.Few studies assessed our secondary outcomes or the incidence of adverse effects. However, one study showed an increase in respiratory depression with sedation (midazolam) compared with dopamine antagonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review indicates that many different interventions have efficacy in preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. There is little evidence that combinations of treatment are better than single agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia. james_griffiths@hotmail.com
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Gillian M L
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gyte
authors.forename: Shantini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paranjothy
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Hannah K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Broughton
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D019050:Acupressure; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D009325:Nausea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014839:Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists