title: Role of orthophosphate as a corrosion inhibitor in chloraminated solutions containing tetravalent lead corrosion product PbO2.
abstract: Addition of orthophosphate has been commonly employed to suppress lead levels in drinking water. Its detailed mechanism and time required for it to become effective, however, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic role of orthophosphate as a corrosion inhibitor in controlling lead release from tetravalent lead corrosion product PbO(2) in chloraminated solutions, a system representing distribution networks experiencing disinfectant changeover from free chlorine to monochloramine. In all experiments with orthophosphate addition of at least 1 mg/L as P, peaking of soluble Pb(II) concentration within the first 24 h was observed before lead concentrations decreased and stabilized at levels lower than 15 μg/L. The variation of soluble Pb(II) concentration could be attributed to the dynamics between the rate of PbO(2) reductive dissolution, primarily induced by monochloramine decomposition, and that of chloropyromorphite (Pb(5)(PO(4))(3)Cl) precipitation, which did not occur until a critical supersaturation ratio of about 2.36 was reached in the solution. Our findings provide insights to how orthophosphate reduces lead levels under drinking water conditions and highlight the potential risk of short-term elevated lead concentrations. Intensive monitoring following the disinfectant changeover may be required to determine the overall lead exposure when using orthophosphate as a corrosion inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Singapore-Peking-Oxford Research Enterprise (SPORE),  National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Ding-Quan
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Strathmann
authors.forename: Yi-Pin
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D003343:Corrosion; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D010087:Oxides; D010710:Phosphates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide