title: Ancient admixture in human history.
abstract: Population mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean "Iceman."
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. nickp@broadinstitute.org
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moorjani
authors.forename: Yontao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Swapan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.forename: Nadin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rohland
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Teri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genschoreck
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D020407:Internet; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software