title: Skeletal muscle secreted factors prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis through activation of β-catenin.
abstract: It is a widely held belief that the sole effect of muscle on bone is through mechanical loading. However, as the two tissues are intimately associated, we hypothesized that muscle myokines may have positive effects on bone. We found that factors produced by muscle will protect osteocytes from undergoing cell death induced by dexamethasone (dex), a glucocorticoid known to induce osteocyte apoptosis thereby compromising their capacity to regulate bone remodeling. Both the trypan blue exclusion assay for cell death and nuclear fragmentation assay for apoptosis were used. MLO-Y4 osteocytes, primary osteocytes, and MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were protected against dex-induced apoptosis by C2C12 myotube conditioned media (MT-CM) or by CM from ex vivo electrically stimulated, intact extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscle derived from 4 month-old mice. C2C12 MT-CM, but not undifferentiated myoblast CM prevented dex-induced cell apoptosis and was potent down to 0.1 % CM. The CM from EDL muscle electrically stimulated tetanically at 80 Hz was more potent (10 fold) in prevention of dex-induced osteocyte death than CM from soleus muscle stimulated at the same frequency or CM from EDL stimulated at 1 Hz. This suggests that electrical stimulation increases production of factors that preserve osteocyte viability and that type II fibers are greater producers than type I fibers. The muscle factor(s) appears to protect osteocytes from cell death through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, as MT-CM induces β-catenin nuclear translocation and β-catenin siRNA abrogated the positive effects of MT-CM on dex-induced apoptosis. We conclude that muscle cells naturally secrete factor(s) that preserve osteocyte viability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 650 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jähn
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lara-Castillo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brotto
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brotto
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bonewald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051176:beta Catenin; D003907:Dexamethasone