title: Epilepsy, unawareness of seizures and driving license: the potential role of 24-hour ambulatory EEG in defining seizure freedom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seizures represent a potential source of accidents/death. Permission to drive may, therefore, be granted in a seizure-free period. Laws and regulations regarding this issue vary widely, and the onus of reporting seizures ultimately rests on the individual. Unfortunately, as some patients are unaware of their seizures, their reports may be unreliable.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, we selected, from a group of 1100 consecutive patients, 57 cases (26 males/31 females; mean age: 42.5 years) in whom the AEEG documented ictal events (UIEs) not reported in a self-kept diary. By means of a simple questionnaire, we interviewed all these patients to collect information on driving licenses. We, thus, assessed how many of these patients (both drug resistant and seizure free) drove regularly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study shows a relatively large number of patients with epilepsy and UIEs. Fifteen patients suffered from idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) while 42 had partial epilepsy (PE). The patients were seizure free in 21 cases and 36 had drug-resistant seizures. Many patients in both these subgroups had a driving license and drove normally (active driving in 12/36 drug-resistant patients and in 18/21 seizure-free patients). Worthy of note is the finding that an "apparently" seizure-free group of patients drove regularly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed a large number of patients (both drug resistant and seizure free) with AEEG-documented UIEs. This finding highlights the usefulness of AEEG in clinical practice as a means of more accurately ascertaining seizure freedom and supporting decisions involving the renewal or granting of a driving license.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fattouch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Bonaventura
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lapenta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casciato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fanella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Giallonardo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D001364:Awareness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies