title: Rapid liquid chromatography for paralytic shellfish toxin analysis using superficially porous chromatography with AOAC Official Method 2005.06.
abstract: The bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels, oysters, cockles, hard clams, razors, and king scallops is monitored in England, Scotland, and Wales by AOAC Official Method 2005.06 LC-with fluorescence detection (FLD). One of the commonly perceived disadvantages of using this method is the long turnaround time and low throughput in a busy laboratory environment. The chromatographic analysis of each sample typically utilizes a 15 min cycle time to achieve toxin oxidation product separation and column equilibration prior to subsequent analysis. A standard RP C18 analytical column, used successfully in recent years, achieves good separation with a long column lifetime. The analysis of a 40 sample qualitative screening batch takes approximately 18 h, including blanks, standards, and other QC samples. The availability of superficially porous column technology has offered the potential to reduce analysis time while retaining column performance on existing hardware. In this study, AOAC Official Method 2005.06 with LC-FLD was transferred to two different commercially available superficially porous columns, and the method performance characteristics were evaluated. Both columns separated all toxins adequately with cycle times less than half that of the existing method. Linearity for each toxin was acceptable up to two times the European maximum permitted limit of 800 microg di-HCl saxitoxin equivalent/kg flesh. LOD and LOQ values were substantially improved for the majority of toxins, with gonyautoxin 1&4 and neosaxitoxin showing up to a two- and fourfold improvement, respectively, depending on the column used. Quantification results obtained from parallel analysis of contaminated samples were acceptable on both columns. Comparative screen results gave a slight increase in the occurrence of contaminated samples, which was attributed to the improved detection limit for most toxins. Issues with rapidly increasing back pressure, however, were identified with both columns, with a limit of around 500 injections. This compares to the >3000 cycles routinely obtained with the standard RP-C18 HPLC columns currently in use. Overall, the gain achieved with these columns through shorter analysis time and improved analytical sensitivity is potentially of benefit in a high-throughput environment. For the routine high-throughput screening of shellfish samples, however, an improved column lifetime is desirable.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Rd, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK. robert.hatfield@cefas.co.uk
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia; D049873:Cardiidae; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D008974:Mollusca; D010125:Ostreidae; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D012530:Saxitoxin; C034902:neosaxitoxin; C013007:gonyautoxins