title: The association between pressure pain sensitivity, and answers to questionnaires estimating psychological stress level in the workplace. A feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between pressure pain sensitivity (PPS) at the sternum as a measure of persistent stress assessed by questionnaires in a working population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 308 office employees PPS measurement was compared to Quality of life questionnaires: SF-36 for general physical and mental health, the Major Depression Inventory (MDI); 50 specific clinical symptoms for persistent stress; subjective evaluation of present and long-term stress level on a 7-point ordinal scale. Repeated measures were used to validate the PPS method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant correlation between PPS and a persistent stress condition evaluated from SF-36, MDI and a number of clinical symptoms were found (all p < 0.01). Persons with PPS ≥ 60 units had an elevated health risk profile based on the questionnaires, when compared to persons with PPS ≤ 40 (all p < 0.05) (all odds ratios > 2). When categorizing a person with PPS ≥ 60 as persistently stressed (27% of subject), and using SF-36, MDI and the number of stress signs for risk calculation, the remaining 73% of the subjects, with no elevated health risk factors, were identified with an 80% specificity. During home measurements, with a full day between measurements, between-measurement correlation coefficient was 0.87 and categorization reproducibility 87% (both p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In office workers, the PPS measurement correlated to several QOL questionnaires and was found useful for persistent stress screening. Validation studies demonstrated sufficient reproducibility including during self measurement at home.
authors.affiliation: Ull Care, Hellerup, Denmark. sba@ullcare.com
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballegaard
authors.forename: Pernille B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gyntelberg
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*