title: Depression in patients on hemodialysis and their caregivers.
abstract: Depression is recognized as the most common psychiatric problem in patients with end-stage renal disease. Stress negatively affects the quality of life of not only the patients on hemodialysis but also their caregivers. The objective of this study was to measure and compare the frequency of depression in these patients and their attendants, and to assess the associated risk factors in both groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted at our hemodialysis unit from June to September 2009. A total of 180 patients and 180 caregivers were enrolled and the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) questionnaire was administered. Of the 360 respondents, 201 (55.8%) were males and 264 (73.3) were married. According to the BDI scoring, 135 (75%) of the patients and 60 (33.4%) of the attendants were found to be moderately to severely depressed. Marriage (OR 1.817), low income status (OR 1.757) and unemployment (OR 4.176) correlated with increased depression grade, while gender and education level did not. Anemia was the only co-morbidity showing positive association with depression scores in the patients' group (P = 0.023). We conclude that the majority of the patients undergoing dialysis were depressed and were twice more likely to be depressed than their caregivers. In both groups, marriage and unemployment were associated with increased depressive symptoms, while household income showed negative association with depression. Gender and education level were not related to the depression scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Psychiatry, Federal Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zeb
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Aizaz M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shakoor
authors.forename: Farkhanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghafoor
authors.forename: Shumaela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanwal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult