title: Evaluation of the prevalence and severity of pain in patients with stable chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and severity of pain in patients with chronic stable heart failure (HF) in an outpatient clinic setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study evaluating symptoms of generalized or specific pain in patients with chronic stable heart failure. A standardized questionnaire (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System) was administered during a routine outpatient clinic visit. The severity of pain and other symptoms were assessed on a 10 point scale with 10 being the worst and 0 representing no symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two patients [age 56 ± 13 years, 51 males, 11 females, mean ejection fraction (EF) 33% ± 17%] completed the assessment. Thirty-two patients (52%) reported any pain of various character and location such as chest, back, abdomen or the extremities, with a mean pain score of 2.5 ± 3.1. Patients with an EF less than 40% (n = 45, 73%) reported higher pain scores than patients with an EF greater than 40% (n = 17, 27%), scores were 3.1 ± 3.3 vs 1.2 ± 1.9, P < 0.001. Most frequent symptoms were tiredness (in 75% of patients), decreased wellbeing (84%), shortness of breath (SOB, 76%), and drowsiness (70%). The most severe symptom was tiredness with a score of 4.0 ± 2.8, followed by decreased wellbeing (3.7 ± 2.7), SOB (3.6 ± 2.8), and drowsiness (2.8 ± 2.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain appears to be prevalent and significantly affects quality of life in HF patients. Adequate pain assessment and management should be an integral part of chronic heart failure management.
authors.affiliation: Dioma U Udeoji, Peter Katsiyianis, Ernst R Schwarz, Heart Institute of Southern California, Temecula, CA 92592, United State.
authors.forename: Dioma U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Udeoji
authors.forename: Ankit B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katsiyiannis
authors.forename: Ernst R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Schwarz