title: The clinical features of pathologically confirmed vascular parkinsonism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in detail the clinical features in a large series of pathologically confirmed cases of vascular Parkinsonism (VP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In the absence of widely accepted diagnostic criteria for VP pathological confirmation of diagnosis is necessary to ensure diagnostic reliability, and has only been reported in a few small series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The archival records of the Queen Square Brain Bank (QSBB) have been used to identify cases of Parkinsonism where cerebrovascular disease was the only pathological finding. Clinical notes were scrutinised and milestones of disease progression were compared with other atypical Parkinsonian syndromes from previous QSBB studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight cases were included. Mean age of onset and disease duration were 70.6 (SD± 6.42) and 10.5 (SD± 66.1) years respectively. Bradykinesia was present in all cases, rigidity in 96%, falls in 76%, pyramidal signs in 54%, urinary incontinence in 50% and dementia in 39%.Visual hallucinations in 0%. Two-thirds had an insidious onset and a relentless rather than stepwise progression of disability. When compared with other Parkinsonian syndromes, VP had an older age of onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison with other Parkinsonian syndromes the patients were older and had an extremely low frequency of visual hallucinations compared with Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield St, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
authors.forename: Philip George
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Aroldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bacellar
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zijlmans
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katzenschlager
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silveira-Moriyama
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000473:pathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology