title: [Chronic pain patients' readiness to change after multimodal treatment. Short- and long-term effects].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients' readiness to behavioural changes according to the transtheoretical model (TTM) and criteria of treatment outcome are positively associated and have in part already been confirmed. For a stable effect of therapeutic treatment, patients' readiness to change seems indispensable for an independent and active pain management. Thus, in addition to an enhanced quality of life, increasing patients' motivation is a declared objective of the treatment at Dresden's Comprehensive Pain Center. In this study, it was examined how the readiness to change develops in the course of and during the 2 years following the multimodal treatment program. Furthermore, associations between outcome criteria of the treatment and patients' readiness to change were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The database constitutes 169 patients who took part in a 4-week interdisciplinary, partially residential pain treatment. Beside the Freiburg Pain Stages questionnaire ("Frieburger Fragebogen - Stadien der Bewältigung chronischer Schmerzen", FF-STABS), a comprehensive pain diagnostic inventory including the Pain Disability Index (PDI), the SF-36 questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was completed at six different time points (beginning of treatment, end of treatment, booster session after 10 weeks, after 6, 12, and 24 months). The statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 16.0 including nonparametric analyses and variance analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the level of readiness to change between the beginning of treatment and all follow-up measures were observed. The average patients' readiness to change was still higher after 2 years than at the first measurement. However, a differentiated consideration revealed a small portion of patients who showed no change or even a reduction of motivation. After an additional week (booster session), the stages of readiness to change remained stable, irrespective of the direction of the previous change. Regarding therapeutic outcome, significant short- and long-term improvements were evident. For single outcome parameters, positive associations with the stages of readiness to change were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the outpatient pain management program favorably affects patients' motivation and general quality of life. This effect also seems to be stable over a long period of time. As not all patients show an improvement in stage of readiness to change, the question arises whether the reason of the differences might lie within the patients' and whether specific interventions for motivation might be useful to enhance motivation before starting treatment.
authors.affiliation: UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum, Universitätsklinik Dresden Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Küchler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabatowski
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003631:Day Care, Medical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D018710:Pain Clinics; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome