title: How many cases of laryngopharyngeal reflux suspected by laryngoscopy are gastroesophageal reflux disease-related?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with a laryngoscopic diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2011 and October 2011, 41 consecutive patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms (LPS) and laryngoscopic diagnosis of LPR were empirically treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for at least 8 wk, and the therapeutic outcome was assessed through validated questionnaires (GERD impact scale, GIS; visual analogue scale, VAS). LPR diagnosis was performed by ear, nose and throat specialists using the reflux finding score (RFS) and reflux symptom index (RSI). After a 16-d wash-out from PPIs, all patients underwent an upper endoscopy, stationary esophageal manometry, 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (MII-pH) esophageal monitoring. A positive correlation between LPR diagnosis and GERD was supposed based on the presence of esophagitis (ERD), pathological acid exposure time (AET) in the absence of esophageal erosions (NERD), and a positive correlation between symptoms and refluxes (hypersensitive esophagus, HE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The male/female ratio was 0.52 (14/27), the mean age ± SD was 51.5 ± 12.7 years, and the mean body mass index was 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m(2). All subjects reported one or more LPS. Twenty-five out of 41 patients also had typical GERD symptoms (heartburn and/or regurgitation). The most frequent laryngoscopic findings were posterior laryngeal hyperemia (38/41), linear indentation in the medial edge of the vocal fold (31/41), vocal fold nodules (6/41) and diffuse infraglottic oedema (25/41). The GIS analysis showed that 10/41 patients reported symptom relief with PPI therapy (P < 0.05); conversely, 23/41 did not report any clinical improvement. At the same time, the VAS analysis showed a significant reduction in typical GERD symptoms after PPI therapy (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in LPS symptoms. On the other hand, such result was not recorded for LPS. Esophagitis was detected in 2/41 patients, and ineffective esophageal motility was found in 3/41 patients. The MII-pH analysis showed an abnormal AET in 5/41 patients (2 ERD and 3 NERD); 11/41 patients had a normal AET and a positive association between symptoms and refluxes (HE), and 25/41 patients had a normal AET and a negative association between symptoms and refluxes (no GERD patients). It is noteworthy that HE patients had a positive association with typical GERD-related symptoms. Gas refluxes were found more frequently in patients with globus (29.7 ± 3.6) and hoarseness (21.5 ± 7.4) than in patients with heartburn or regurgitation (7.8 ± 6.2). Gas refluxes were positively associated with extra-esophageal symptoms (P < 0.05). Overall, no differences were found among the three groups of patients in terms of the frequency of laryngeal signs. The proximal reflux was abnormal in patients with ERD/NERD only. The differences observed by means of MII-pH analysis among the three subgroups of patients (ERD/NERD, HE, no GERD) were not demonstrated with the RSI and RFS. Moreover, only the number of gas refluxes was found to have a significant association with the RFS (P = 0.028 and P = 0.026, nominal and numerical correlation, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MII-pH analysis confirmed GERD diagnosis in less than 40% of patients with previous diagnosis of LPR, most likely because of the low specificity of the laryngoscopic findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy. nick.debortoli@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Bortoli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nacci
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martinucci
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fattori
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Maria Gloria
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mumolo
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricchiuti
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berrettini
authors.forename: Santino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004724:Endoscopy; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057045:Laryngopharyngeal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors