title: Estimating the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) using in situ pore water concentrations in different soils.
abstract: Both sorption by soil and uptake by organisms of ionizable organic pollutants depend on their speciation (i.e., neutral and ionized forms); thus, the bioavailability of ionizable organic pollutants is more complicated than that of neutral organic pollutants in soil. The toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) was estimated using Soxhlet extracted concentrations (C(SE)), an excess of water extracted concentrations (C(EEW)), ex situ pore water concentrations (C(EPW)) and in situ pore water concentrations (C(IPW)) in different soils. The results indicated that the median lethal concentrations (LC50) calculated from C(SE) ranged from 2.32 to 34.0 mg kg(-1) in the five tested soils and the coefficient of variation (CV) of LC50s was 69.8%. When the LC50 was calculated from the C(EEW), C(EPW) and C(IPW), the variability of the LC50 gradually became smaller in these soils, with the CVs of LC50s being 58.1%, 50.6% and 38.6% (for C(EEW), C(EPW) and C(IPW), respectively). However, the LC50 based on C(IPW) in strongly acidic soil (where carbendazim partially exists as ionized form) was significantly lower than in other soils, and the values of the LC50 calculated from the in situ pore water concentrations were approximately equal. The results indicated that the in situ pore water concentration could be used to estimate the toxicity of carbendazim in different soils especially in those soils where carbendazim exists in the neutral form.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
authors.forename: Kailin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Feifan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; C006698:carbendazim