title: White matter structural differences in young children with type 1 diabetes: a diffusion tensor imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect clinical correlates of cognitive abilities and white matter (WM) microstructural changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in young children with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, ages 3 to <10 years, with type 1 diabetes (n = 22) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 14) completed neurocognitive testing and DTI scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy controls, children with type 1 diabetes had lower axial diffusivity (AD) values (P = 0.046) in the temporal and parietal lobe regions. There were no significant differences between groups in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity (RD). Within the diabetes group, there was a significant, positive correlation between time-weighted HbA(1c) and RD (P = 0.028). A higher, time-weighted HbA(1c) value was significantly correlated with lower overall intellectual functioning measured by the full-scale intelligence quotient (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with type 1 diabetes had significantly different WM structure (as measured by AD) when compared with controls. In addition, WM structural differences (as measured by RD) were significantly correlated with their HbA(1c) values. Additional studies are needed to determine if WM microstructural differences in young children with type 1 diabetes predict future neurocognitive outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. taye@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Tandy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aye
authors.forename: Naama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnea-Goraly
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ambler
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schleifer
authors.forename: Yaena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drobny
authors.forename: Darrell M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Buckingham
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin