title: Antithrombotic or anti-platelet agents in patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The growing implantations of electrophysiological devices in the context of increasing rates of chronic antithrombotic therapy in cardiovascular disease patients underscore the importance of an effective periprocedural prophylactic strategy for prevention of bleeding complications. We assessed the risk of significant bleeding complications in patients receiving anti-platelet agents or anticoagulants at the time of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed bleeding complications in patients undergoing PPM implantation. The use of aspirin or clopidogrel was defined as having taking drugs within 5 days of the procedure and warfarin was changed to heparin before the procedure. A significant bleeding complication was defined as a bleeding incident requiring pocket exploration or blood transfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permanent pacemaker implantations were performed in 164 men and 96 women. The mean patient age was 73±11 years old. Among the 260 patients, 14 patients took warfarin (in all of them, warfarin was changed to heparin at least 3 days before procedure), 54 patients took aspirin, 4 patients took clopidogrel, and 25 patients took both. Significant bleeding complications occurred in 8 patients (3.1%), all of them were patients with heparin bridging (p<0.0001). Heparin bridging markedly increased the length of required hospital stay when compare with other groups and the 4 patients (1.5%) that underwent the pocket revision for treatment of hematoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that hematoma formation after PPM implantation was rare, even among those who had taken the anti-platelet agents. The significant bleeding complications frequently occurred in patients with heparin bridging therapy. Therefore, heparin bridging therapy was deemed as high risk for significant bleeding complication in PPM implantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Kun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Man Yong
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jin Kun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jang