title: Air pollution particulate matter collected from an Appalachian mountaintop mining site induces microvascular dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Air pollution PM is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Appalachia, PM from mining may represent a health burden to this sensitive population that leads the nation in cardiovascular disease, among others. Cardiovascular consequences following inhalation of PM(MTM) are unclear, but must be identified to establish causal effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  PM was collected within 1 mile of an active MTM site in southern WV. The PM was extracted and was primarily <10 μm in diameter (PM10), consisting largely of sulfur (38%) and silica (24%). Adult male rats were IT with 300 μg PM(MTM) . Twenty-four hours following exposure, rats were prepared for intravital microscopy, or isolated arteriole experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PM(MTM) exposure blunted endothelium-dependent dilation in mesenteric and coronary arterioles by 26%, and 25%, respectively, as well as endothelium-independent dilation. In vivo, PM(MTM) exposure inhibited endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation (60% reduction). α-adrenergic receptor blockade inhibited PVNS-induced vasoconstriction in exposed animals compared with sham.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that PM(MTM) exposure impairs microvascular function in disparate microvascular beds, through alterations in NO-mediated dilation and sympathetic nerve influences. Microvascular dysfunction may contribute to cardiovascular disease in regions with MTM sites.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Travis L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Knuckles
authors.forename: Phoebe A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Valerie C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Minarchick
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCawley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendryx
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nurkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001061:Appalachian Region; D001160:Arterioles / Q000503:physiopathology; D003032:Coal Mining; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter