title: Estimated glomerular filtration rate is a poor predictor of the concentration of middle molecular weight uremic solutes in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uremic solute concentration increases as Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) declines. Weak associations were demonstrated between estimated GFR (eGFR) and the concentrations of several small water-soluble and protein-bound uremic solutes (MW<500 Da). Since also middle molecular weight proteins have been associated with mortality and cardiovascular damage in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), we investigated the association between several eGFR formulae and the concentration of Low Molecular Weight Proteins (LMWP) (MW>500 Da).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 95 CKD-patients (CKD-stage 2-5 not on dialysis), associations between different eGFR-formulae (creatinine, Cystatin C-based or both) and the natural logarithm of the concentration of several LMWP's were analyzed: i.e. parathyroid hormone (PTH), Cystatin C (CystC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, retinol binding protein (RbP), immunoglobin light chains kappa and lambda (Ig-κ and Ig-λ), beta-2-microglobulin (β(2)M), myoglobin and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression coefficients (R(2)) between eGFR, based on the CKD-EPI-Crea-CystC-formula as reference, and the examined LMWP's could be divided into three groups. Most of the LMWP's associated weakly (R(2) <0.2) (FGF-23, leptin, IL-6, TNF-α, Ig-κ, Ig-λ) or intermediately (R(2) 0.2-0.7) (RbP, myoglobin, PTH). Only β(2)M and CystC showed a strong association (R(2) >0.7). Almost identical R(2)-values were found per LMWP for all eGFR-formulae, with exception of CystC and β(2)M which showed weaker associations with creatinine-based than with CystC-based eGFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between eGFR and the concentration of several LMWP's is inconsistent, with in general low R(2)-values. Thus, the use of eGFR to evaluate kidney function does not reflect the concentration of several LMWP's with proven toxic impact in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. n.neirynck@ugent.be
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neirynck
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eloot
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: Daniela V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Fellype C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liabeuf
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenglet
authors.forename: Horst D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Massy
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C026865:uremia middle molecule toxins; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23