title: Adenosine instead of supranormal potassium in cardioplegia: it is safe, efficient, and reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution with adenosine (1.2 mmol/L) instead of supranormal potassium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty low-risk patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomized to receive standard cold crystalloid hyperkalemic cardioplegia (hyperkalemic group) or normokalemic cardioplegia in which supranormal potassium was replaced with 1.2 mmol/L adenosine (adenosine group). End points were postoperative release of troponin T and creatine kinase MB, hemodynamics measured by PiCCO arterial thermodilution catheters, perioperative release of markers of endothelial activation and injury, and clinical course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adenosine group had a significantly shorter time to arrest than did the hyperkalemic group (mean ± standard deviation, 11 ± 5 vs 44 ± 18 seconds; P < .001). Three hearts in the adenosine group were probably not adequately drained and received additional hyperkalemic cardioplegia to maintain satisfactory cardioplegic arrest. There were no differences between groups with respect to perioperative release of markers of endothelial activation or injury and no differences between groups in postoperative release of troponin T or creatine kinase MB. Postoperative hemodynamics including cardiac index were similar between groups. The incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was significantly lower in the adenosine group than in the hyperkalemic group (4 vs 15; P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine instead of hyperkalemia in cold crystalloid cardioplegia is safe, gives more rapid cardiac arrest, and affords similar cardioprotection and maintenance of hemodynamic parameters, together with a marked reduction in the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. oyvind.jakobsen@unn.no
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Torvind
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Næsheim
authors.forename: Kathrine Nergård
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Aas
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sørlie
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steensrud
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000378:metabolism; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020107:Troponin T / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D020107:Troponin T; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D000241:Adenosine; D011188:Potassium