title: High incidence of multiple viral infections identified in upper respiratory tract infected children under three years of age in Shanghai, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a major reason for hospitalization in childhood. More than 80% of URTIs are viral. Etiological diagnosis of URTIs is important to make correct clinical decisions on treatment methods. However, data for viral spectrum of URTIs are very limited in Shanghai children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from a group of 164 children aged below 3 years who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from May 2009 to July 2010 in Shanghai. A VRDAL multiplex PCR for 10 common respiratory viruses was performed on collected specimens compared with the Seeplex® RV15 ACE Detection kit for 15 respiratory viruses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses were detected in 84 (51.2%) patients by VRDAL multiplex PCR, and 8 (4.9%) of cases were mixed infections. Using the Seeplex® RV15 ACE Detection kit, viruses were detected in 129 (78.7%) patients, 49 (29.9%) were co-infected cases. Identified viruses included 37 of human rhinovirus (22.6% of cases), 32 of influenza A virus (19.5%), 30 of parainfluenzavirus-2 (18.3%), 23 of parainfluenzavirus-3 (14.0%), 15 of human enterovirus (9.1%), 14 each of parainfluenzavirus-1, respiratory syncytial virus B and adenovirus (8.5%), 8 of coronavirus 229E/NL63 (4.9%), 6 of human bocavirus (3.7%), 5 each of influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus A (3.0%), 3 of parainfluenzavirus-4 (1.8%), 2 of coronavirus OC43/HKU1 (1.2%), and 1 human metapneumovirus (0.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high frequency of respiratory infections (78.7%) and co-infections (29.9%) was detected in children with acute respiratory infection symptoms in Shanghai. The Seeplex® RV15 ACE detection method was found to be a more reliable high throughput tool than VRDAL method to simultaneously detect multiple respiratory viruses.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guocui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yunwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hongping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yixi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012621:Seasons; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers