title: The impact of social stress on self-esteem and paranoid ideation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vulnerability-stress models propose that social stress triggers psychotic episodes in high risk individuals. Previous studies found not only stress but also a decrease in self-esteem to precede the formation of delusions. As evidence for causal conclusions has not been provided yet, the present study assessed the direct impact of social stress on paranoid beliefs using an experimental design and considered a decrease in self-esteem as a mediator and the proneness to psychosis and paranoia as moderators of the effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nonclinical population sample (n = 76) was randomly assigned to an experimental (EG) or a control group condition (CG). In the EG, participants were excluded during a virtual ball game (Cyberball) by the other two players and received a negative feedback after performing a test. The CG was included in the game and received a neutral feedback. Before and after the experimental conditions, emotions, self-esteem and paranoid beliefs were assessed using state-adapted questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the social stress induction, the EG reported a higher increase in subclinical paranoid beliefs compared to the CG. The impact of social stress on paranoid ideation was mediated by a decrease in self-esteem and moderated by proneness to paranoia. Individuals who felt distressed by paranoid thoughts at baseline were more likely to react with an increase in paranoid ideation under social stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results need to be confirmed in a patient sample to draw conclusions about the processes involved in the formation of delusions in clinically relevant stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of social stress on symptom formation and self-esteem is discussed in terms of recent models of symptom formation and interventions in psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Section for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany. marieluise.kesting@gmx.de
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kesting
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bredenpohl
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klenke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Westermann
authors.forename: Tania M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lincoln
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult