title: Continuous generation of ethyl cellulose drug delivery nanocarriers from microbubbles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a new microfluidic method for the continuous preparation of hollow-shell nanoparticles of a hydrophobic polymer and the simultaneous encapsulation within these of a hydrophilic active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  
  
  METHODS
  A specially designed and constructed microfluidic device which facilitates at a junction the impingement of two liquids flowing in capillaries kept 60° apart, one containing the polymer ethyl cellulose (EC) and the other active pharmaceutical ingredient amoxicillin, and a gas flowing in a capillary bisecting the two liquid flows, was used to continuously generate EC coated microbubbles at an outlet directly below the gas flow. The bubbles produce EC nanoparticles whilst encapsulating amoxicillin, and these were characterised by microscopy, zeta potential measurements, FTIR and UV spectroscopy and in vitro drug release and kinetic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The device produced ~5 × 10(6) microbubbles per minute from the surface of which EC nanocarriers were released spontaneously according to an evaporation-controlled mechanism. The gas pressure was very effective in controlling the size and size distribution of the nanocarriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanocarriers with diameter between 10 and 800 nm were continuously produced by controlling the gas pressure between 110 and 510 kPa. Depending on their size, particles were capable of encapsulating 65-88% of amoxicillin which was released over ~12 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
authors.forename: Oguzhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stride
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edirisinghe
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D045423:Microbubbles; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D000658:Amoxicillin; D002482:Cellulose