title: Superhydrophobic and adhesive properties of surfaces: testing the quality by an elaborated scanning electron microscopy method.
abstract: In contrast to advancements in the fabrication of new superhydrophobic materials, the characterization of their water repellency and quality is often coarse and unsatisfactory. In view of the problems and inaccuracies, particularly in the measurement of very high contact angles, we developed alternative methods for the characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces. It was found that adhering water remnants after immersion are a useful criterion in determining the repellency quality. In this study, we introduce microscopy methods to detect traces of water-resembling test liquids on superhydrophobic surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or fluorescence light microscopy (FLM). Diverse plant surfaces and some artificial superhydrophobic samples were examined. Instead of pure water, we used aqueous solutions containing a detectable stain and glycerol in order to prevent immediate evaporation of the microdroplets. For the SEM examinations, aqueous solutions of lead acetate were used, which could be detected in a frozen state at -90 °C with high sensitivity using a backscattered electron detector. For fluorescence microscopy, aqueous solutions of auramine were used. On different species of superhydrophobic plants, varying patterns of remaining microdroplets were found on their leaves. On some species, drop remnants occurred only on surface defects such as damaged epicuticular waxes. On others, microdroplets regularly decorated the locations of increased adhesion, particularly on hierarchically structured surfaces. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the method is suitable for testing the limits of repellency under harsh conditions, such as drop impact or long-enduring contact. The supplementation of the visualization method by the measurement of the pull-off force between a water drop and the sample allowed us to determine the adhesive properties of superhydrophobic surfaces quantitatively. The results were in good agreement with former studies of the water repellency and contact angles. In contrast to contact angle measurements, the acqusition of SEM images with high resolution and wide depth of sharpness gives better insight into the wetting behavior and susceptibility of the structural elements of the superhydrophobic surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany. ensikat@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ensikat
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayser
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barthlott
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011786:Quality Control; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D014867:Water