title: The prevalence of reoperation and related risk factors among patients with congenital esotropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence rate and related risk factors of reoperation among patients with congenital esotropia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-seven children with congenital esotropia were divided into two groups after at least one operation: children with deviation within 10 PD (n = 89; success group) and those with deviation greater than 10 PD or history of reoperation (n = 68; failure group). The relationship of risk factors such as age at first operation and primary congenital esotropia of less than 30 or more than 50 PD and accompanying factors such as inferior oblique muscle overaction (> +1), dissociated vertical deviation, lateral rectus muscle underaction, and A-V pattern with reoperation were studied. Final sensory status of children 5 years and older was evaluated by Worth 4-dot and Titmus tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reoperation was indicated in 32.4% of children who had residual esotropia greater than 15 PD after 3 months following their first operation. Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD (P = .002) and lateral rectus muscle underaction of −1 to −2 (P < .005), were statistically different between the two groups. Initial operation at younger than 3 years was more likely to achieve gross stereopsis in children 5 years and older (P = .032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital esotropia greater than 30 PD and lateral rectus muscle underaction were found to be risk factors of reoperation.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zhale
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rajavi
authors.forename: Ahmad Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ferdosi
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eslamdoust
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaseri
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haftabadi
authors.forename: Setareh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kroji
authors.forename: Kourosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheibani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004948:Esotropia / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D015995:Prevalence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult