title: Factors associated with history of non-fatal overdose among young nonmedical users of prescription drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examines the prevalence and correlates of lifetime non-fatal overdose (OD) involving the nonmedical use of prescription opioids and tranquilizers among a sample of high-risk young adults in New York, NY and Los Angeles, CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a cross-sectional study of 16-25 year old nonmedical users of prescription drugs (n=596). Unadjusted associations between OD history and socio-demographic and drug use variables were investigated in bivariate logistic regression models. Multivariate logistic regression models identified correlates of non-fatal OD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence of non-fatal overdose involving prescription opioids and/or tranquilizers was 23.6%. Factors associated with increased risk of non-fatal overdose included lower social class while growing up (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: [1.15, 2.83], p<0.01), having ever received care at a psychiatric hospital (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: [1.12, 2.85], p<0.05), ever witnessing a family member OD on drugs (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: [1.02, 2.50], p<0.05), being prescribed tranquilizers (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: [1.29, 4.27], p<0.01), ever snorting or sniffing opioids (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: [1.48, 4.27], p<0.001), injecting tranquilizers (OR: 3.09, 95% CI: [1.61, 5.93], p<0.001), and past 90-day injection drug use (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: [1.03, 2.74], p<0.05). Participants who reported past 90-day stimulant misuse had lower odds of reporting OD compared to those who were not recent stimulant users (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: [0.38-0.96], p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents the high prevalence of experiencing non-fatal overdose among young nonmedical users of prescription drugs. Results could inform overdose prevention efforts throughout the U.S.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. karol.silva@temple.edu
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Sheree M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schrager
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kecojevic
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lankenau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents