title: Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Benue State, Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate demographic variation in the prevalence of overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) among 3240 children and adolescents (girls: n = 1714; boys: n = 1526) aged 9-16 years attending primary and secondary schools in Benue State of Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' anthropometric characteristics (body weight, stature, body mass index: BMI and lean body mass: LBM) were determined using standard protocols. OW and OB were estimated using International Obesity task Force diagnostic criteria. Data were analysed with one-way anova and binary logistic regression method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 88.5%, 9.7% and 1.8% of the adolescents had normal BMI and were OW and obese, respectively. Prevalence of OW was higher among girls (20.3%) than boys (16.2%), whereas a relatively higher incidence of OB was noted among the boys (3.5%). Girls in urban areas had a significantly higher BMI (t524 = 3.61, P = 0.002) than their rural peers, but the rural girls were more significantly OW than their urban counterparts (BMI: t1186 = 2.506). Logistic regression models assessing the influence of age, gender and location on OW/OB in children (α(2) (3, N = 1014) = 6.185, P = 0.103) and adolescents (α(2) (3, N = 2226) = 1.435, P = 0.697) did not turn up significant results. In the gender-specific analysis, the younger boys' model was also not significant (α(2) (2, N = 488) = 1.295, P = 0.523) in contrast to the girls' (α(2) (2, N = 526) = 15.637, P = 0.0005), thus discriminating between OW and healthy weight among the children. Overall, the model explained 2.9-4.4% of the variance in weight status and correctly classified 76.8% of the cases. Age wise, the model yielded a significant odds ratio of 1.49, suggesting that the likelihood of being OW increases by a factor of 1.5 with a unit increase in age. Also, the likelihood of an urban girl becoming OW or obese was 0.57 times that of a rural girl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, girls in urban areas had higher prevalence of OW and OB than girls in rural settings. Among the boys, similar but less marked trends were found, except that the rural boys tended to be more OW on average than their peers in urban areas. In view of its public health significance, it is important to periodically evaluate the prevalence of weight disorders in children and adolescents so that appropriate preventative strategies can be instituted.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria  Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa  Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Niche Area, School of Biokinetics, Recreation and Sport Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa  Department of Physical and Health Education, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Danladi I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.forename: Abel L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Toriola
authors.forename: Makama A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Monyeki
authors.forename: Badamasi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D014504:Urban Health