title: The influence of stress, depression, and anxiety on PSA screening rates in a nationally representative sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer is controversial, with concerning rates of both overscreening and underscreening. The reasons for the observed rates of screening are unknown, and few studies have examined the relationship of psychological health to PSA screening rates. Understanding this relationship can help guide interventions to improve informed decision-making for screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of men 57-85 years old without prostate cancer (N = 1169) from the National Social life, Health and Aging Project was analyzed. The independent relationship of validated psychological health scales measuring stress, anxiety, and depression to PSA testing rates was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSA screening rates were significantly lower for men with higher perceived stress [odds ratio (OR) = 0.76, P = 0.006], but not for higher depressive symptoms (OR = 0.89, P = 0.22) when accounting for stress. Anxiety influences PSA screening through an interaction with number of doctor visits (P = 0.02). Among the men who visited the doctor once those with higher anxiety were less likely to be screened (OR = 0.65, P = 0.04). Conversely, those who visited the doctor 10+ times with higher anxiety were more likely to be screened (OR = 1.71, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived stress significantly lowers PSA screening likelihood, and it seems to partly mediate the negative relationship of depression with screening likelihood. Anxiety affects PSA screening rates differently for men with different numbers of doctor visits. Interventions to influence PSA screening rates should recognize the role of the patients' psychological state to improve their likelihood of making informed decisions and improve screening appropriateness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Ashwin A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kotwal
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schumm
authors.forename: Supriya G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mohile
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dale
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen