title: Are bipolar disorders underdiagnosed in patients with depressive episodes? Results of the multicenter BRIDGE screening study in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports indicate that the prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) in patients with an acute major depressive episode might be higher than previously thought. We aimed to study systematically all patients who sought therapy for major depressive episode (MDE) within the BRIDGE study in Germany, reporting on an increased number (increased from 2 in the international BRIDGE report to 5) of different diagnostic algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 252 patients with acute MDE (DSM-IV confirmed) were examined for the existence of BD (a) according to DSM-IV criteria, (b) according to modified DSM-IV criteria (without the exclusion criterion of 'mania not induced by substances/antidepressants'), (c) according to a Bipolarity Specifier Algorithm which expands the DSM-IV criteria, (d) according to HCL-32R (Hypomania-Checklist-32R), and (e) according to a criteria-free physician's diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The five different diagnostic approaches yielded immensely variable prevalences for BD: (a) 11.6; (b) 24.8%; (c) 40.6%; (d) 58.7; e) 18.4% with only partial overlap between diagnoses according to the physician's diagnosis or HCL-32R with diagnoses according to the three DSM-based algorithms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of BD in patients with MDE depends strongly on the method and criteria employed. The considerable difference between criteria-free physician's diagnosis and the remaining algorithms indicate the usefulness of criteria lists within the everyday clinical setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnoses based on DSM were only made with checklists. The diagnoses of (hypo-) manic episodes in the patient history were not systematically verifiable by indirect anamnesis.
authors.affiliation: Schlosspark-Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany; Technical University of Dresden, University Hospital Dresden, Germany. bschor@mailbox.tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bschor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angst
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Azorin
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057189:Checklist; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents