title: Antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis in Ca9-22 oral cancer cells by ethanolic extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata.
abstract: The water extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata have been found to be protective against oxidative stress-induced cellular DNA damage, but the biological function of the ethanolic extracts of G. tenuistipitata (EEGT) is still unknown. In this study, the effect of EEGT on oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) Ca9-22 cell line was examined in terms of the cell proliferation and oxidative stress responses. The cell viability of EEGT-treated OSCC cells was significantly reduced in a dose-response manner (p < 0.0001). The annexin V intensity and pan-caspase activity of EEGT-treated OSCC cells were significantly increased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.05 to 0.0001). EEGT significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (p < 0.0001) and decreased the glutathione (GSH) level (p < 0.01) in a dose-response manner. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of EEGT-treated OSCC cells was significantly decreased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.005). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that EEGT induced the growth inhibition and apoptosis of OSCC cells, which was accompanied by ROS increase, GSH depletion, caspase activation, and mitochondrial depolarization. Therefore, EEGT may have potent antitumor effect against oral cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Chao-Neng
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Jing-Iong
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hurng-Wern
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Jen-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Fang-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D044724:Gracilaria; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000431:Ethanol; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione