title: The impact of inflammation to the antioxidant defense parameters in AMD patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress and inflammation are postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) although the mechanism linking the oxidation and inflammation is still unknown. The aim of this study was the analysis of the antioxidant capacity measured by levels of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status (TAS) along with the inflammatory markers such as Creactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and fibrinogen in AMD patients in order to analyze the relationship of the inflammatory markers with the antioxidant parameters and their association with AMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study, carried out in the University clinical setting, included 84 patients with the age-related macular degeneration, aged 71.25±7.14 years and 84 aged-matched control subjects (CG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis revealed significantly lower GR (p=0.007) and TAS (p<0.000) values in the group of AMD patients compared to the controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher values of inflammatory markers (CRP>3 mg/L, IL>4.9 pg/mL, fibrinogen>3.8 g/L) and lower values of antioxidative parameters (SOD<900 U/gHb, GR<55 U/L and TAS<1.15 mmol/L) were significantly associated with AMD (ORCRP: 1.29, 95% CI 0.54-3.12, p<0.05; ORIL-6: 3.53, 95% CI 1.16-10.75, p=0.024; ORFIB: 3.06, 95% CI 1.78-7.92, p=0.019; ORSOD: 2.39, 95% CI 0.78-7.35, p<0.05; ORGR: 4.04, 95% CI 1.28-12.73, p=0.013; ORTAS: 2.9, 95% CI 1.4- 6.3, p=0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results obtained, it may be concluded that the antioxidant defense system was significantly reduced in patients with AMD and the probability to develop AMD was higher in older individuals with lower values of antioxidant parameters and higher values of inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. eminacolak@sbb.rs
authors.forename: Emina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Čolak
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Majkić-Singh
authors.forename: Lepša
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Žoric
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radosavljević
authors.forename: Natalija
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kosanović-Jaković
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase