title: Promoting household water treatment through women's self help groups in Rural India: assessing impact on drinking water quality and equity.
abstract: Household water treatment, including boiling, chlorination and filtration, has been shown effective in improving drinking water quality and preventing diarrheal disease among vulnerable populations. We used a case-control study design to evaluate the extent to which the commercial promotion of household water filters through microfinance institutions to women's self-help group (SHG) members improved access to safe drinking water. This pilot program achieved a 9.8% adoption rate among women targeted for adoption. Data from surveys and assays of fecal contamination (thermotolerant coliforms, TTC) of drinking water samples (source and household) were analyzed from 281 filter adopters and 247 non-adopters exposed to the program; 251 non-SHG members were also surveyed. While adopters were more likely than non-adopters to have children under 5 years, they were also more educated, less poor, more likely to have access to improved water supplies, and more likely to have previously used a water filter. Adopters had lower levels of fecal contamination of household drinking water than non-adopters, even among those non-adopters who treated their water by boiling or using traditional ceramic filters. Nevertheless, one-third of water samples from adopter households exceeded 100 TTC/100ml (high risk), and more than a quarter of the filters had no stored treated water available when visited by an investigator, raising concerns about correct, consistent use. In addition, the poorest adopters were less likely to see improvements in their water quality. Comparisons of SHG and non-SHG members suggest similar demographic characteristics, indicating SHG members are an appropriate target group for this promotion campaign. However, in order to increase the potential for health gains, future programs will need to increase uptake, particularly among the poorest households who are most susceptible to disease morbidity and mortality, and focus on strategies to improve the correct, consistent and sustained use of these water treatment products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Center for Global Safe Water, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. mcfreem@emory.edu
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trinies
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boisson
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clasen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060766:Drinking Water; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D012424:Rural Population; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012923:Social Class; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply; D014930:Women
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical