title: Analysis of the intraimplant microflora of two-piece dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information about the spectrum of microorganisms in the intraimplant cavities of two-piece dental implants is scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the intraimplant microflora of two-piece dental implants by conventional biochemical testing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 16 s rDNA gene sequencing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (six men and four women; average age = 66.7 years; age range = 58-78 years) received 35 two-piece titanium implants carrying ball attachments. Biofilm sampling was performed with sterile microbrushes, and nonadherent microbial samples were obtained by injection and reuptake of predefined volumes of NaCl solution. The samples were cultured and analyzed by conventional biochemical testing, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16 s rDNA gene sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 103 species detected, 27 and 33 were identified only in the biofilm and nonadherent microbial samples, respectively. Forty-three species were identified in both types of samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-piece dental implants harbored a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, especially rods and cocci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm bacterial translocation from the oral cavity to intraimplant cavities. Microbiological methods as used in this study are necessary to reveal the complete vital microflora of intraimplant cavities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, Christian-Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller Str. 16, Kiel, 24105, Germany. sharder@proth.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Sönke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Podschun
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grancicova
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000235:genetics; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000235:genetics; D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D016946:Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci / Q000235:genetics; D016964:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci / Q000235:genetics; D016965:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods / Q000235:genetics; D006095:Gram-Positive Cocci / Q000235:genetics; D016987:Gram-Positive Rods / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants