title: Investigating the effects of metals on phenol oxidase-producing nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter chroococcum.
abstract: Expression of phenol oxidases (PO) in bacteria is often observed during physiological and morphological changes; in the nitrogen-fixing strain Azotobacter chroococcum SBUG 1484, it is accompanied by the formation of encysted cells and melanin. Herein, we studied the effects of copper and the depletion of the nitrogenase-relevant metals molybdenum and iron on physiological characteristics such as culture pigmentation, release of ortho-dihydroxylated melanin precursors, and expression of PO activity in A. chroococcum. Biomass production and melanogenic appearance were directly affected by the depletion of either iron or molybdenum, or in the absence of both metals. Only nitrogen-fixing cells growing in the presence of both metals and cultures supplemented with iron (molybdenum starved) showed the ability to produce an intensively brown-black melanin pigment typically associated with A. chroococcum. Accordingly, PO production was only detected in the presence of both metals and in iron-supplemented cultures starved of molybdenum. The total amount of catecholate siderophores produced by nitrogen-fixing melanogenic cells was considerably higher than in cultures starved of metal ions. Induction of enhanced PO activity was stimulated by additional copper sulfate, possibly related to cellular processes involved in the detoxification of this particular metal, and revealed distinct release of the ortho-dihydroxylated melanin precursors catechol and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Department of Applied Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. susanne.herter@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herter
authors.forename: Marlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mikolasch
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schauer
mesh_terms: D001395:Azotobacter / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation / Q000502:physiology; D009591:Nitrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D008543:Melanins; D008670:Metals; D017262:Siderophores; C028063:melanin precursors; D008982:Molybdenum; D007501:Iron; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D009591:Nitrogenase; D009584:Nitrogen