title: The value of ultrasound in detecting extra-axillary regional node involvement in patients with advanced breast cancer.
abstract: Assessment of the regional lymphatics is important for accurate staging and treatment of breast cancer patients. We sought to determine the role of regional ultrasound in providing clinically relevant information. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who were treated curatively in 1996-2006 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for clinical stage III breast cancer. We compared differences in regional lymph node staging based on ultrasound versus mammography and physical examination in the 865 of 1,200 patients who had external-beam radiation as part of their treatment and regional ultrasound studies as part of their initial evaluation. Ultrasound uniquely identified additional lymph node involvement beyond the level I or II axilla in 37% of the patients (325 of 865), leading to a change in clinical nodal stage. Ninety-one percent of these abnormalities that could be biopsied (266 or 293) were confirmed to contain disease. The sites of additional regional nodal disease were: infraclavicular disease, 32% (275 of 865); supraclavicular disease, 16% (140 of 865); and internal mammary disease, 11% (98 of 865). All patients with involvement in the extra-axillary regional nodal basins received a radiation boost to the involved areas ≥ 10 Gy. Thus, over one third of patients with advanced breast cancer had their radiation plan altered by the ultrasound findings. Regional ultrasound evaluation in patients with advanced breast cancer commonly revealed abnormalities within and beyond the axilla, which changed the clinical stage of disease and the radiation treatment strategy. Therefore, regional ultrasound is beneficial in the initial staging evaluation for such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA. puneeth.iyengar@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Puneeth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: Yu-Jing
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Whitman
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Tse-Kuan
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Buchholz
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography