title: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier microparticles: synthesis, properties, and in vitro and in vivo investigations.
abstract: Bovine hemoglobin microparticles (Hb-MPs) as suitable oxygen carriers are fabricated easily by three key steps: coprecipitation of Hb and CaCO(3) to make Hb-CaCO(3)-microparticles (Hb-CaCO(3)-MPs), cross-linking by glutaraldehyde (GA) to polymerize the Hb and dissolution of CaCO(3) template to obtain pure Hb-MPs. The Hb entrapment efficiency ranged from 8 to 50% corresponding to a hemoglobin quantity per Hb-MP of at least one-third of that in one erythrocyte. The Hb-MPs are spherical, with an average diameter of 3.2 μm and high oxygen affinity. The methemoglobin level was increased after preparation, but can be reduced to less than 7% with ascorbic acid. Phagocytosis assays showed low immunogenicity of Hb-MPs if the particles were cross-linked with low concentration of GA and treated with sodium borohydride. Magnetite-loaded Hb-MPs circulated up to 4 days after intravenous application.
authors.affiliation: Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andreas
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Radostina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Georgieva
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bäumler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002417:Cattle; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D010100:Oxygen; D005976:Glutaral