title: Attempted integration of multiple species of turaco into a mixed-species aviary.
abstract: Mixed-species exhibits offer a variety of benefits but can be challenging to maintain due to difficulty in managing interspecific interactions. This is particularly true when little has been documented on the behavior of the species being mixed. This was the case when we attempted to house three species of turaco (family: Musophagidae) together with other species in a walk-through aviary. To learn more about the behavior of great blue turacos, violaceous turacos, and white-bellied gray go-away birds, we supplemented opportunistic keeper observations with systematic data collection on their behavior, location, distance from other birds, and visibility to visitors. Keepers reported high levels of aggression among turacos, usually initiated by a go-away bird or a violaceous turaco. Most aggression occurred during feedings or when pairs were defending nest sites. Attempts to reduce aggression by temporarily removing birds to holding areas and reintroducing them days later were ineffective. Systematic data collection revealed increased social behavior, including aggression, during breeding season in the violaceous turacos, as well as greater location fidelity. These behavioral cues may be useful in predicting breeding behavior in the future. Ultimately, we were only able to house three species of turaco together for a short time, and prohibitively high levels of conflict occurred when pairs were breeding. We conclude that mixing these three turaco species is challenging and may not be the most appropriate housing situation for them, particularly during breeding season. However, changes in turaco species composition, sex composition, or exhibit design may result in more compatible mixed-turaco species groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Education and Science, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Orlando, Florida, USA. Annie.J.Valuska.-ND@Disney.com
authors.forename: Annie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Valuska
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leighty
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: Valerie D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tybor
authors.forename: Chelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plassé
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bettinger
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors