title: The nature and scope of moonlighting by radiology trainees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The practice of moonlighting by trainees is a longstanding controversy; however, the resident point of view remains distinctly underrepresented in the radiology literature. We report the resident perspective on the moonlighting practices of radiology trainees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data were collected from resident members of the Association of University Radiologists representing 84 training programs in the United States to assess their routine and extracurricular clinical responsibilities. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moonlighting is practiced by radiology trainees at nearly three-fourths of the programs represented in this survey. Interpreting diagnostic imaging (85.5%) and monitoring contrast administrations (72.6%) are the most common duties performed. Twenty-one percent of moonlighting trainees perform procedures (excluding diagnostic fluoroscopy) in their extracurricular positions; of these, most (61.5%) are without attending supervision. Most trainees that moonlight spend 1 to 10 hours weekly doing so while averaging a 59-hour workweek at their primary jobs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical duties of moonlighting trainees may be more diverse than has been previously recognized. Although major discrepancies between overnight radiology trainee interpretations and attending final interpretations have been shown to be infrequent, the consequences of trainees performing procedures and monitoring adverse contrast reactions without attending supervision are unknown. The financial and professional benefits of moonlighting must be weighed against the potential for harm. Our data suggest that most moonlighting radiology trainees operate within the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-mandated 80-hour weekly work limit; the mandatory 8-hour break between shifts and 24-hour continuous duty limit may pose logistical challenges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mcneeley@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McNeeley
authors.forename: Somnath J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.forename: Ramesh S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Iyer
mesh_terms: D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011871:Radiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*