title: The Radiological Physics Center's standard dataset for small field size output factors.
abstract: Delivery of accurate intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or stereotactic radiotherapy depends on a multitude of steps in the treatment delivery process. These steps range from imaging of the patient to dose calculation to machine delivery of the treatment plan. Within the treatment planning system's (TPS) dose calculation algorithm, various unique small field dosimetry parameters are essential, such as multileaf collimator modeling and field size dependence of the output. One of the largest challenges in this process is determining accurate small field size output factors. The Radiological Physics Center (RPC), as part of its mission to ensure that institutions deliver comparable and consistent radiation doses to their patients, conducts on-site dosimetry review visits to institutions. As a part of the on-site audit, the RPC measures the small field size output factors as might be used in IMRT treatments, and compares the resulting field size dependent output factors to values calculated by the institution's treatment planning system (TPS). The RPC has gathered multiple small field size output factor datasets for X-ray energies ranging from 6 to 18 MV from Varian, Siemens and Elekta linear accelerators. These datasets were measured at 10 cm depth and ranged from 10 × 10 cm(2) to 2 × 2 cm(2). The field sizes were defined by the MLC and for the Varian machines the secondary jaws were maintained at a 10 × 10 cm(2). The RPC measurements were made with a micro-ion chamber whose volume was small enough to gather a full ionization reading even for the 2 × 2 cm(2) field size. The RPC-measured output factors are tabulated and are reproducible with standard deviations (SD) ranging from 0.1% to 1.5%, while the institutions' calculated values had a much larger SD range, ranging up to 7.9% [corrected].The absolute average percent differences were greater for the 2 × 2 cm(2) than for the other field sizes. The RPC's measured small field output factors provide institutions with a standard dataset against which to compare their TPS calculated values. Any discrepancies noted between the standard dataset and calculated values should be investigated with careful measurements and with attention to the specific beam model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Radiological Physics Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. dfollowi@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Followill
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kry
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molineu
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Jose Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: Geoffrey S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ibbott
mesh_terms: D006283:Health Physics; D006801:Humans; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage / Q000592:standards*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards