title: Determinants of pregnant women's compliance with alcohol guidelines: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2009, Australian alcohol guidelines for pregnancy changed from low to no alcohol intake. Previous research found a high proportion of pregnant Australian women drank during pregnancy; however, there has been limited investigation of whether pregnant women comply with 2009 alcohol guidelines. The purpose of this study was to provide an assessment of pregnant women's compliance with 2009 Australian alcohol guidelines and identify predictors of such compliance, including previous drinking behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of prospective data from the 1973-1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health was conducted. Women aged 30-36 years who were pregnant at the 2009 survey and had data on alcohol use were included (n = 837). Compliance with 2009 alcohol guidelines for pregnancy was defined as no alcohol intake. Predictors of compliance were analysed using multivariate logistic regression, controlling for area of residence, in three separate models to account for multicollinearity between measures of previous alcohol intake (compliance with 2001 guidelines; frequency and quantity; bingeing). Private health insurance, household income, and illicit drug use were entered into all models and retained if significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  72% of pregnant women did not comply with the 2009 alcohol guidelines and 82% of these women drank less than seven drinks per week, with no more than one or two drinks per drinking day. The odds of complying with abstinence increased by a factor of 3.48 (95% CI 2.39-5.05) for women who previously complied with the 2001 alcohol guidelines and decreased by a factor of 0.19 (95% CI 0.08-0.66) if household incomes were $36,400 or more. In other models the odds of complying were lower for women who consumed alcohol before pregnancy at least weekly (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.25-0.63) or binged (OR ≥ 0.18, 95% CI 0.10-0.31) and were higher for those who abstained (OR = 45.09; 95% CI 8.63-235.49) prior to pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most pregnant women did not comply with alcohol guidelines promoting abstinence. Prior alcohol behaviour was the strongest predictor of compliance during pregnancy, suggesting alcohol use should be addressed in women of child-bearing age. The study is limited by the relatively short timeframe between the official introduction of the 2009 guidelines and the date the surveys were sent out. Widespread dissemination of the guidelines may be necessary to help increase guideline compliance by pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. Amy.Anderson@newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Alexis J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hure
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Frances J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kay-Lambkin
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Loxton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health / Q000592:standards*