title: Inhalable microparticles containing nitric oxide donors: saying NO to intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: Although nitric oxide (NO) is a bactericidal component of the macrophage's innate response to intracellular infections such as tuberculosis (TB), prolonged inhalation of NO gas has little benefit in chemotherapy of TB. The impact of controlled release of NO through intracellular delivery of NO donors to macrophages infected in vitro with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was investigated. Inhalable microparticles (MP) were prepared by spray-drying. Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and diethylenetriamine nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) were incorporated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with encapsulation efficiencies of >90% to obtain MP yields of ∼70%. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the MP was 2.2-2.4 μm within geometric standard deviations (GSD) of ≤0.1 μm. MP were phagocytosed by THP-1 derived macrophages in culture and significantly (P < 0.05) sustained NO secretion into culture supernatant from 6 to 72 h in comparison to equivalent amounts of drugs in solution. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher dose-dependent killing of intracellular Mtb by MP compared to equivalent amounts of drugs in solution was observed on estimation of colony forming units (CFU) surviving 24 h after exposure to drugs or MP. The cytotoxicity of MP toward macrophages was lower than that of dissolved drugs. It was concluded that inhalable MP can target NO donors to the macrophage, control NO release in the macrophage cytosol, and reduce Mtb CFU by up to 3-log in 24 h, at doses that are much lower than those required for cardiovascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
authors.forename: Rahul K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Amit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mradul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Atul K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Priya R P
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misra
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010316:Particle Size; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009569:Nitric Oxide