title: Treatment of human sperm with serine protease during density gradient centrifugation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Seminal pathogens can bind specifically or non-specifically to spermatozoa, rendering semen decontamination procedures ineffective, whereby vertical or horizontal transmission of the infection could occur. Serine proteases have been demonstrated to effectively inactivate viruses and to break pathogen-sperm bonds. However, the addition of a protease to density gradient layers during semen processing could negatively impact on sperm parameters. This study investigated the effect of the addition of a recombinant, human-sequence protease (rhProtease) on sperm parameters during density gradient centrifugation.
  
  
  METHODS
  (i) Pooled semen samples (n = 9) were split and processed by density gradient centrifugation, with the top density layers supplemented, or non-supplemented with rhProtease at three different concentrations (diluted 2, 10 and 20 times). Sperm parameters were then analysed by flow cytometry and computer-assisted semen analyses. (ii) Semen samples (n = 5) were split and similarly processed using PureSperm® Pro, with rhProtease in the 40 % density gradient layer, or standard PureSperm® not supplemented with rhProtease (Nidacon, International) respectively. The Hemizona assay was then utilized to compare sperm-zona binding post processing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of sperm parameters indicated that rhProtease did not, at any of the tested concentrations, have an impact on (i) mitochondrial membrane potential, vitality, motility, or (ii) zona binding potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report that the addition of rhProtease to density gradients is a non-detrimental approach that could improve the effectiveness of semen processing for the elimination of seminal pathogens, and benefit assisted reproduction outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, Pretoria, Gauteng, 0007, South Africa. jozef.fourie@up.ac.za
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loskutoff
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huyser
mesh_terms: D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient / Q000379:methods*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D057057:Serine Proteases