title: Single-scan R₂(*) measurement with macroscopic field inhomogeneity correction.
abstract: Accurate quantification of R₂(*) (=1/T₂(*)) is important for many applications in neuroimaging. However, R₂(*) measurements made using conventional multi-echo gradient echo imaging are hampered by macroscopic field inhomogeneities. Several methods for compensation of macroscopic field inhomogeneities have been introduced, most of them requiring increased scan time. In this paper, an R₂(*) estimation process using a modified multi-echo gradient echo sequence that includes bipolar compensation gradients and does not require additional data acquisition time is proposed. A post-processing algorithm based on an excitation-profile weighted signal model is used. The optimal amount of compensation gradients and performance was investigated by numerical simulation and phantom tests. Multi-slice R₂(*) maps were obtained from 11 human volunteers at 3T. Simulation results demonstrated that this method successfully removes the effects of macroscopic field inhomogeneities of up to ± 300μT/m within an error range of ± 8%. ROI analysis revealed R₂(*) values of 30.4 ± 3.0s⁻¹ (substantia nigra), 25.8 ± 2.7s⁻¹ (red nuclei), 23.2 ± 1.0s⁻¹ (genu), 20.8 ± 1.2s⁻¹ (putamen), 34.2 ± 3.4s⁻¹ (globus pallidus), and 21.8 ± 1.4s⁻¹ (splenium) using the proposed method, with statistically significant differences compared to conventional method in the regions of the substantia nigra, red nucleus, genu, putamen, and globus pallidus (p<0.05). Our proposed scheme allows for fast single-scan multi-slice R₂(*) measurement and includes compensation for the effects of macroscopic field inhomogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul Republic of Korea. yhnam83@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yoonho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Dongyeob
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted