title: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for investigating dietary toxic effects of deoxynivalenol contamination in aquaculture feeds.
abstract: The effects of feeding six diets spiked with increasing levels of DON for 45 days to zebrafish (Danio rerio) on performance and liver gene biomarkers were investigated. In addition long term effects on fecundity, offspring larvae swimming activity and global DNA methylation in embryos were investigated. Zebrafish performance was not affected. Liver CYP1A mRNA levels were significantly higher in fish fed 2.0 ppm DON compared to the control group, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.5 ppm group. Gene transcripts of CuZn SOD and Cyclin G1 increased with increasing content of dietary DON. The percentage of 5-methylcytosine in embryos did not differ and was 7.0-7.1% across the groups. Fecundity showed a biphasic response pattern. Interestingly, fish fed 1.5 ppm DON had 22% higher fecundity compared to control. A trend towards increased larvae swimming activity was seen in the high DON group. Our data suggest that DON is detoxified in the liver through the phase 1 system resulting in a disturbance in the oxidative balance. We do not know if effects observed on fecundity and larvae swimming activity are attributed to a direct interaction of DON with the reproductive organ or secondary to the maternal/paternal liver oxidative imbalance.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), N-5817 Bergen, Norway. monica.sanden@nifes.no
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanden
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Gro-Ingunn
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Hemre
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ørnsrud
authors.forename: Nini H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Sissener
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000633:toxicity; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D056766:Cyclin G1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013550:Swimming; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D056766:Cyclin G1; D014255:Trichothecenes; D012313:RNA; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; C007262:deoxynivalenol