title: Differential ethnic associations between maternal flexibility and play sophistication in toddlers born very low birth weight.
abstract: Children born very low birth weight (<1500 g, VLBW) are at increased risk for developmental delays. Play is an important developmental outcome to the extent that child's play and social communication are related to later development of self-regulation and effective functional skills, and play serves as an important avenue of early intervention. The current study investigated associations between maternal flexibility and toddler play sophistication in Caucasian, Spanish speaking Hispanic, English speaking Hispanic, and Native American toddlers (18-22 months adjusted age) in a cross-sectional cohort of 73 toddlers born VLBW and their mothers. We found that the association between maternal flexibility and toddler play sophistication differed by ethnicity (F(3,65) = 3.34, p = .02). In particular, Spanish speaking Hispanic dyads evidenced a significant positive association between maternal flexibility and play sophistication of medium effect size. Results for Native Americans were parallel to those of Spanish speaking Hispanic dyads: the relationship between flexibility and play sophistication was positive and of small-medium effect size. Findings indicate that for Caucasians and English speaking Hispanics, flexibility evidenced a non-significant (negative and small effect size) association with toddler play sophistication. Significant follow-up contrasts revealed that the associations for Caucasian and English speaking Hispanic dyads were significantly different from those of the other two ethnic groups. Results remained unchanged after adjusting for the amount of maternal language, an index of maternal engagement and stimulation; and after adjusting for birth weight, gestational age, gender, test age, cognitive ability, as well maternal age, education, and income. Our results provide preliminary evidence that ethnicity and acculturation may mediate the association between maternal interactive behavior such as flexibility and toddler developmental outcomes, as indexed by play sophistication. Addressing these association differences is particularly important in children born VLBW because interventions targeting parent interaction strategies such as maternal flexibility must account for ethnic-cultural differences in order to promote toddler developmental outcomes through play paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Development and Disability, 2300 Menaul Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87107, United States. Erickson@unm.edu
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Erica Q
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Montague
authors.forename: Peggy C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bancroft
authors.forename: Jean R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010988:Play and Playthings