title: Hepatic glucose production pathways after three days of a high-fat diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A three-day high-fat diet induces hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in rats without altering fasting plasma glucose concentration or the rate of glucose production. However, as the nutrient profile available to the liver is substantially altered by a high-fat diet, we hypothesized that the relative fluxes supporting hepatic glucose production would be altered.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we used multiple tracers ([3,4-(13)C(2)]glucose, (2)H(2)O, and [U-(13)C(3)]propionate) followed by NMR analysis of blood glucose to quantify net glucose production and the contributions of glycogen and key gluconeogenesis precursors in 4-5-h fasted rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NMR analysis demonstrated that the majority of blood glucose was derived from glycogen and the citric acid cycle, while a smaller fraction of glucose was derived from glycerol in both controls and high-fat-fed animals. High-fat feeding was associated with a two-fold increase in plasma glycerol concentration and an increase in the contribution (both fractional and absolute) of glycerol-gluconeogenesis. The increase in gluconeogenesis from glycerol tended to be balanced by a decrease in glycogenolysis. The absolute fluxes associated with the citric acid cycle including gluconeogenesis from the cycle intermediates, pyruvate cycling and the citric acid cycle flux itself, were not altered by this short high-fat diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short term high-fat diet altered the specific pathways for hepatic glucose production without influencing the overall rate of glucose production or flux in the citric acid cycle.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. eunsook.jin@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Eunsook S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beddow
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Varman T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Samuel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005943:Gluconeogenesis; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D012313:RNA; D006003:Glycogen; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase; D005990:Glycerol