title: Evolution of GOLDEN2-LIKE gene function in C(3) and C          (4) plants.
abstract: A pair of GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors is required for normal chloroplast development in land plant species that encompass the range from bryophytes to angiosperms. In the C(4) plant maize, compartmentalized function of the two GLK genes in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells regulates dimorphic chloroplast differentiation, whereas in the C(3) plants Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana the genes act redundantly in all photosynthetic cells. To assess whether the cell-specific function of GLK genes is unique to maize, we analyzed gene expression patterns in the C(4) monocot Sorghum bicolor and C(4) eudicot Cleome gynandra. Compartmentalized expression was observed in S. bicolor, consistent with the development of dimorphic chloroplasts in this species, but not in C. gynandra where bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts are morphologically similar. The generation of single and double mutants demonstrated that GLK genes function redundantly in rice, as in other C(3) plants, despite the fact that GLK gene duplication in monocots preceded the speciation of rice, maize and sorghum. Together with phylogenetic analyses of GLK gene sequences, these data have allowed speculation on the evolutionary trajectory of GLK function. Based on current evidence, most species that retain single GLK genes belong to orders that contain only C(3) species. We therefore propose that the ancestral state is a single GLK gene, and hypothesize that GLK gene duplication enabled sub-functionalization, which in turn enabled cell-specific function in C(4) plants with dimorphic chloroplasts. In this scenario, GLK gene duplication preconditioned the evolution of C(4) physiology that is associated with chloroplast dimorphism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fouracre
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Shanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gowik
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: Inez H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Slamet-Loedin
authors.forename: W Paul
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: Julian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Langdale
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D058503:Mesophyll Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D012275:Oryza / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C499672:Glk1 protein, Oryza sativa; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002734:Chlorophyll