title: Enterovirus-induced gene expression profile is critical for human pancreatic islet destruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virally induced inflammatory responses, beta cell destruction and release of beta cell autoantigens may lead to autoimmune reactions culminating in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, viral capability to induce beta cell death and the nature of virus-induced immune responses are among key determinants of diabetogenic viruses. We hypothesised that enterovirus infection induces a specific gene expression pattern that results in islet destruction and that such a host response pattern is not shared among all enterovirus infections but varies between virus strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  The changes in global gene expression and secreted cytokine profiles induced by lytic or benign enterovirus infections were studied in primary human pancreatic islet using DNA microarrays and viral strains either isolated at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes or capable of causing a diabetes-like condition in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1-α, IL-1-β and TNF-α) that also mediate cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction correlated with the lytic potential of a virus. Temporally increasing gene expression levels of double-stranded RNA recognition receptors, antiviral molecules, cytokines and chemokines were detected for all studied virus strains. Lytic coxsackievirus B5 (CBV-5)-DS infection also downregulated genes involved in glycolysis and insulin secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a distinct, virus-strain-specific, gene expression pattern leading to pancreatic islet destruction and pro-inflammatory effects after enterovirus infection. However, neither viral replication nor cytotoxic cytokine production alone are sufficient to induce necrotic cell death. More likely the combined effect of these and possibly cellular energy depletion lie behind the enterovirus-induced necrosis of islets.
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Viruses Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ylipaasto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smura
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gopalacharyulu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seppänen-Laakso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaijalainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahlfors
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Korsgren
authors.forename: J R T
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lakey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lahesmaa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piemonti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oresic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha