title: Are exhalation valves on N95 filtering facepiece respirators beneficial at low-moderate work rates: an overview.
abstract: Exhalation valves (EVs) are touted as useful in dissipating humidity, heat, and carbon dioxide from the dead space of N95 filtering facepiece respirators and decreasing exhalation resistance, thereby making the respirator more comfortable and less physiologically demanding. Despite decades of use, there is limited research on the psychophysiological impact of EVs on the wearer at the current, low-moderate work rates of many workers. The available literature indicates that past and current EVs on the market decrease exhalation resistance to a variable degree and may improve dead space heat dissipation and, consequently, the temperature of the skin covered by the respirator. EVs have little substantial effect on dead space humidity, respiratory rate, heart rate, core temperature, speech intelligibility, or dead space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels at the aforementioned work rates. The studies also indicate that EVs may impact comfort and tolerance when N95 filtering facepiece respirators are worn for extended periods or at high work rates. Because comfort and tolerance impact respirator use compliance and, by extension, protection, more research into the psychophysiological impact of EVs on wearers and the development of new EVs tailored for low-moderate work rates are warranted.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roberge
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003142:Communication; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D011312:Pressure; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012881:Skin Temperature; D016526:Workload
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide