title: Soil mineral N retention and N(2) O emissions following combined application of (15) N-labelled fertiliser and weed residues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of plant residues with inorganic fertiliser-N provides the potential to increase N-use efficiency in agricultural fruit production systems, such as olive orchards. The development of weeds in the inter-canopy area of olive orchards is encouraged as a novel strategy to reduce soil erosion. However, little is known about soil N retention or N(2) O production following the combined application of inorganic-N with the mulched weed residues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emissions of (15) N-N(2) O and soil mineral (15) N retention were measured following combined applications of (15) N-labelled fertiliser and a range of olive crop weed residues to a silty loam soil under controlled conditions. These plant residues differed in their C:N ratios, lignin and polyphenol contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of soil (15) N-NO(3) (-) retention from combining plant residues and fertiliser-N was highly dependent on potential N mineralisation (r = -0.96) and the (lignin + polyphenol)-to-N ratio (r = 0.98) of the residues. Fertiliser-N-derived retention was zero for a legume-based mulch but up to 80% in the treatment containing plant residues with a high (lignin + polyphenol)-to-N ratio. N(2) O emissions increased after the addition of residues, and increased further (up to 128%) following the combined application of inorganic fertiliser and residues. Fertiliser-derived (15) N-N(2) O was <1.4% of the total (14+15) N-N(2) O emission and <0.01% of the applied (15) N-NO(3) (-) . Enhanced N(2) O emissions following the application of residues and the fertiliser-N values were positively correlated with the C:N ratio of the residue. Thus, combining organic- and inorganic-N immobilised a significant proportion of the inorganic N with little increase in N(2) O, especially in low C:N ratio residues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that whilst there is potential for N(2) O emissions to be controlled by combining weed residues and inorganic fertilisers, this is not easy to achieve as the magnitude and direction of interactions vary between different species due to their varying substrate qualities.
authors.affiliation: Ecology Section, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain. rgarcia@ujaen.es
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gómez-Muñoz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Baggs
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen