title: Adverse risk: a 'dynamic interaction model of patient moving and handling'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine patient adverse events associated with sub-optimal patient moving and handling.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined the patient's perspective on adverse risk during manual handling episodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A narrative review was undertaken to develop the 'Dynamic Interaction Model of Patient Moving and Handling' in an orthopaedic rehabilitation setting, using peer-reviewed publications published in English between 1992 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five predominant themes emerged from the narrative review: 'patient's need to know about analgesics prior to movement/ambulation'; 'comfort care'; 'mastery of and acceptance of mobility aids/equipment'; 'psychological adjustment to fear of falling'; and 'the need for movement to prevent tissue pressure damage'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of discomfort, pain, falls, pressure sores together with a specific Direct Instrument Nursing Observation (DINO) tool enable back care advisers to measure quality of patient manual handling. Evaluation of patients' use of mobility aids together with fear of falling may be important in determining patients' recovery trajectory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical governance places a responsibility on nurse managers to consider quality of care for their service users. 'Dynamic Interaction Model of Nurse-Patient Moving and Handling' provides back care advisers, clinical risk managers and occupational health managers with an alternative perspective to clinical risk and occupational risk.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Practice Tutor, Department of Interprofessional Studies, College of Human and Health Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. t.h.griffiths@swansea.ac.uk
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016294:Models, Nursing; D055805:Moving and Lifting Patients / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000451:nursing; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000451:nursing / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D036301:Qualitative Research; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019145:Rehabilitation Nursing; D018570:Risk Assessment