title: Contrast spreading patterns in retrodiscal transforaminal epidural steroid injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the contrast spreading patterns in the retrodiscal (RD) approach for transforaminal epidural steroid injections and their effect on pain reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with L5 radiculopathy who were scheduled to receive lumbar TF-EPB were consecutively included. We randomly divided them into the L4-5 RD and L5-S1 RD groups and administered 1 cc of contrast dye into epidural space. We observed the shape and the location of contrast dye on the anterior-posterior and lateral views. We injected 1 cc of 0.5% lidocaine mixed with 20 mg of triamcinolone, and checked the pain intensity before and two weeks after the procedure by using visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the L4-5 RD group (n=30), contrast spread over the L4 nerve root in 27 cases and the L4 and L5 nerve roots in 3 cases. In the L5-S1 RD group (n=33), contrast spread over the L5 nerve root in 20 cases, the S1 nerve root in 3 cases, and the L5 and the S1 nerve roots in 10 cases. The contrast spreading patterns could be divided into 4 patterns: the proximal root in 40 cases, the distal root in 19 cases, the anterior epidural space in 3 cases and an undefined pattern in 1 case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In RD lumbar TF-EPB, the contrast dye mostly went into the cephalic root and about 60% spread over the proximal nerve root. There was less pain reduction when the contrast dye spread over the distal nerve root.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul 139-707, Korea.
authors.forename: Chul
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee Eun
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seonghoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang