title: Incorporation of treatment plan spatial and temporal dose patterns into a prostate intrafractional motion management strategy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodic MV∕KV radiographs taken during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for hypofractionated treatment provide guidance in intrafractional motion management. The choice of imaging frequency and timing are key components in delivering the desired dose while reducing associated overhead such as imaging dose, preparation, and processing time. In this project the authors propose a paradigm with imaging timing and frequency based on the spatial and temporal dose patterns of the treatment plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of control points are used in treatment planning to model VMAT delivery. For each control point, the sensitivity of individual target or organ-at-risk dose to motion can be calculated as the summation of dose degradations given the organ displacements along a number of possible motion directions. Instead of acquiring radiographs at uniform time intervals, MV∕KV image pairs are acquired indexed to motion sensitivity. Five prostate patients treated via hypofractionated VMAT are included in this study. Intrafractional prostate motion traces from the database of an electromagnetic tracking system are used to retrospectively simulate the VMAT delivery and motion management. During VMAT delivery simulation patient position is corrected based on the radiographic findings via couch movement if target deviation violates a patient-specific 3D threshold. The violation rate calculated as the percentage of traces failing the clinical dose objectives after motion correction is used to evaluate the efficacy of this approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imaging indexed to a 10 s equitime interval and correcting patient position accordingly reduces the violation rate to 19.5% with intervention from 44.5% without intervention. Imaging indexed to the motion sensitivity further reduces the violation rate to 12.1% with the same number of images. To achieve the same 5% violation rate, the imaging incidence can be reduced by 40% by imaging indexed to motion sensitivity instead of time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simulation results suggest that image scheduling according to the characteristics of the treatment plan can improve the efficiency of intrafractional motion management. Using such a technique, the accuracy of delivered dose during image-guided hypofractionated VMAT treatment can be improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. zhangp@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Happersett
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Gig
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mageras
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors