title: Vegetable oil thermosets reinforced by tannin-lipid formulations.
abstract: Totally bio-based thermosetting polymers which are comparable to synthetic polyester thermosets have been prepared from copolymerization of condensed tannin-fatty acid esters with vegetable oils. Oxidative copolymerization of tannin linoleate/acetate mixed esters with linseed oil and tung oil produced polymer films ranging from soft rubbers to rigid thermosets. Tannin incorporation into the formulations was essential for the final product to achieve necessary mechanical strength. Films had ambient modulus values between 0.12 and 1.6 GPa, with glass transition temperatures ranging from 32 to 72 °C and calculated crosslink densities of 1020-57,700 mol m⁻³. Film stiffness, T(g) and crosslink density increase with greater tannin linoeate/acetate content due mainly to this tannin component providing rigidity through polyphenolic aromatic rings and unsaturated chains as crosslinking sites.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Grigsby
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Al-Hakkak
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013634:Tannins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D010938:Plant Oils; D011108:Polymers; D013634:Tannins; C009612:tung oil; D008043:Linseed Oil; D019787:Linoleic Acid