title: Caspase 9 promoter polymorphisms confer increased susceptibility to breast cancer.
abstract: Caspases (CASPs), play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. We evaluated the association between two polymorphisms (rs4645978 and rs4645981) of the CASP9 gene and the risk of breast cancer (BC). Genotypes and allelic frequencies for the two polymorphisms were determined in 261 patients with breast cancer and 480 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used, and statistical significance was determined by the χ(2) test. Carriers of the rs4645978G allele (AG and GG genotypes) were at higher risk for BC than individuals with other genotypes (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.37, P = 0.022). The rs4645978GG genotype, in particular, was associated with the highest risk for BC development (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.45-3.49, P = 0.0003). Similarly, individuals with at least one rs4645981T allele were at a significantly increased risk of developing BC compared with those harboring the CC genotype (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.99-3.78, P < 0.0001), and the risk of BC increased with increasing numbers of rs4645981T alleles (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.91-3.69, P < 0.0001 for the CT genotype; OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.58-9.88, P = 0.004 for the TT genotype). The CASP9 promoter polymorphisms rs4645978 and rs4645981 are associated with BC susceptibility and suggest that CASP9 transcriptional regulation is an important factor during BC development.
authors.affiliation: First Propaedeutic Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Hippocratio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Theodoropoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
authors.forename: Malena P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pantou
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kontogianni
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazouli
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karantanos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lymperi
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zografos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D053453:Caspase 9