title: Molecular characterization of oxacillinases and genotyping of invasive Acinetobacter baumannii isolates using repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based polymerase chain reaction in Ankara between 2004 and 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) is an increasing problem worldwide. We aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility, diversity of oxacillinases, and molecular types of MDRAB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 non-duplicate A. baumannii blood culture isolates were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates were determined according to the standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method. Colistin, doripenem, and tigecycline susceptibilities were analyzed by E-test. The presence of bla(OXA-23-like), bla(OXA-24-like), bla(OXA-51-like), and bla(OXA-58-like) genes was investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Typing of A. baumannii isolates was performed using repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR; DiversiLab).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most isolates were susceptible to colistin (98% susceptible) and tigecycline (94% susceptible), whereas fewer isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem (17%, 17%, and 18% susceptible, respectively). Carbapenem resistance was associated with the presence of bla(OXA-23-like) (31% of isolates) and bla(OXA-58-like) (23% of isolates) genes. The occurrence of isolates carrying bla(OXA-58-like) genes increased between y 2004 and 2009, but decreased in 2010. In contrast, isolates with bla(OXA-23-like) genes increased during the 2008-2010 period. Out of 100 isolates, 62 were categorized into 13 major rep-PCR patterns, with the highest prevalence in pattern 1 (10 isolates), followed by patterns 2 and 3 (9 isolates each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbapenem-resistant invasive A. baumannii isolates carrying the bla(OXA-23-like) gene became more prevalent and replaced isolates carrying the bla(OXA-58-like) carbapenemase gene through the 7 y. Rep-PCR genotyping of these strains confirmed that ongoing MDRAB resulted from a long-term persistence and mixture of several clusters.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University School of Health Services, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey. aergin@hacettepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ergin
authors.forename: Gülsen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hascelik
authors.forename: Ozgen Koseoglu
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Eser
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014421:Turkey; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases