title: Evaluating the peripheral optical effect of multifocal contact lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multifocal soft contact lenses have been used to decrease the progression of myopia, presumably by inducing relative peripheral myopia at the same time as the central image is focused on the fovea. The aim of this study was to investigate how the peripheral optical effect of commercially available multifocal soft contact lenses can be evaluated from objective wavefront measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two multifocal lenses with high and low add and one monofocal design were measured over the ±40° horizontal field, using a scanning Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor on four subjects. The effect on the refractive shift, the peripheral image quality, and the depth of field of the lenses was evaluated using the area under the modulation transfer function as the image quality metric.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multifocal lenses with a centre distance design and 2 dioptres of add induced about 0.50 dioptre of relative peripheral myopia at 30° in the nasal visual field. For larger off-axis angles the border of the optical zone of the lenses severely degraded image quality. Moreover, these multifocal lenses also significantly reduced the image quality and increased the depth of field for angles as small as 10°-15°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed methodology showed that the tested multifocal soft contact lenses gave a very small peripheral myopic shift in these four subjects and that they would need a larger optical zone and a more controlled depth of field to explain a possible treatment effect on myopia progression.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical & X-Ray Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaeken
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindskoog Petterson
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Artal
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Unsbo
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundström
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*