title: Cardiac stem cell therapy to modulate inflammation upon myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After myocardial infarction (MI) a local inflammatory reaction clears the damaged myocardium from dead cells and matrix debris at the onset of scar formation. The intensity and duration of this inflammatory reaction are intimately linked to post-infarct remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Strikingly, treatment with standard anti-inflammatory drugs worsens clinical outcome, suggesting a dual role of inflammation in the cardiac response to injury. Cardiac stem cell therapy with different stem or progenitor cells, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), was recently found to have beneficial effects, mostly related to paracrine actions. One of the suggested paracrine effects of cell therapy is modulation of the immune system.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSC are reported to interact with several cells of the immune system and could therefore be an excellent means to reduce detrimental inflammatory reactions and promote the switch to the healing phase upon cardiac injury. This review focuses on the potential use of MSC therapy for post-MI inflammation. To understand the effects MSC might have on the post-MI heart the cellular and molecular changes in the myocardium after MI need to be understood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By studying the general pathways involved in immunomodulation, and examining the interactions with cell types important for post-MI inflammation, it becomes clear that MSC treatment might provide a new therapeutic opportunity to improve cardiac outcome after acute injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using stem cells to target the post-MI inflammation is a novel therapy which could have considerable clinical implications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: J P G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sluijter
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000628:therapy*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*