title: Adulticidal properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum plant extracts against three important vector mosquitoes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine adulticidal activitiy of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol leaf extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum against Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus), Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi).
  
  
  METHODS
  The bioassay was conducted in an experimental kit consisting of two cylindrical plastic tubes both measuring 125 x 44 mm following the WHO method; Mortality of the mosquitoes was recorded after 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adulticidal activity of plant extracts showed moderate toxic effect on the adult mosquitoes after 24 h of exposure period. However, compared to other solvents highest mortality was found in methanol extract of C. halicacabum against all the three mosquitoes. Among them An. stephensi produce the highest LC50 and LC90 (186.00 and 346.06 ppm) values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of C. halicacabum was an excellent potential for controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. drgovind1979@gmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029631:Sapindaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents