title: Carbon isotope ratio analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites after cortisone acetate and adrenosterone administration for doping control.
abstract: Glucocorticoids are listed on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List of substances. The detection of the administration of hydrocortisone and cortisone is complicated by the fact that the human body also produces these steroids naturally. Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry can be utilized to determine the use of endogenous glucocorticoids by measuring the carbon isotope ratio (CIR) of their resulting metabolites in human urine samples. A comprehensive sample preparation protocol for the analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites was developed and validated, incorporating the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for purification and chemical oxidation for derivatisation. Target compounds were tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, and 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-oxoetiocholanolone and 11β-hydroxyandrosterone, while pregnanediol functioned as the endogenous reference compound. Urine samples from a population of 50 volunteers were analyzed to determine CIR reference limits. Excretion studies of the endogenous glucocorticoid preparation cortisone acetate (25 mg oral) and the dietary supplement adrenosterone (75 mg oral) were conducted with six male individuals. Variable changes in steroid metabolite isotopic composition were found across subjects after administration. The study also revealed that CIR analysis of the major glucocorticoid metabolites tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone is necessary to unambiguously distinguish administration of cortisone and adrenosterone, the former officially restricted to out-of-competition use by athletes, the latter not being restricted at the current time. Moreover, this study reaffirms that CIR methods for the doping control of endogenous steroids should not rely upon a single ERC, as the administration of an appropriate precursor to that ERC could cause complications during analysis.
authors.affiliation: Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, NSW, Australia. lance.brooker@measurement.gov.au
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brooker
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cawley
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazlauskas
authors.forename: Catrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000736:Androstenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001711:Biotransformation; D002138:Calibration; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003348:Cortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D004300:Doping in Sports; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000736:Androstenes; D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; C011657:adrenosterone; D003348:Cortisone