title: Pulsed electromembrane extraction: a new concept of electrically enhanced extraction.
abstract: In the present work, pulsed electromembrane extraction (PEME) is introduced for the first time as an efficient and inexpensive method for the extraction of ionizable compounds from different matrices. The setup proposed for electromembrane extraction (EME) provides a very stable system and satisfactory repeatability (RSDs<4.4) in comparison with existing methods. In this paper, PEME is conducted for the extraction of model analytes from biological fluids. The effective parameters such as extraction time, applied voltage and the duration of pulse and outage period are optimized using the experimental design. Preconcentration factors in the range of 100-140 and recoveries in the range of 95-108 were obtained in different biological matrices. The linear dynamic ranges of 5-200 ng mL(-1) (with correlation coefficient higher than 0.9955) and limits of detection of 1.0 ng mL(-1) were obtained for both of the drugs. The figures of merit of PEME were compared with the results from conventional EME, which proves the advantages of the proposed technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezazadeh
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamini
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seidi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esrafili
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009271:Naltrexone; C038981:nalmefene