title: Formation and retention of staphylococcal biofilms on DLC and its hybrids compared to metals used as biomaterials.
abstract: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus cause most of the implant-related infections. Antibiotic treatment often fails and cure requires surgical intervention. It was hypothesized that biomaterial coatings resistant to biofilms offer a preventive option. Physical vapour deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) and its polytetrafluoroethylene (DLC-PTFE-h) and polydimethylsiloxane (DLC-PDMS-h) hybrids were compared to titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta) and chromium (Cr) thin films on silicon wafers for their resistance against formation and/or retention of biofilms produced by S. epidermidis and S. aureus in vitro. Sample surfaces were characterized for surface topography, contact angle and zeta-potential, because such properties might affect the biofilm. Biofilm was stained using calcofluor white and analysed in fluorescence microscopy using morphometry. Sixteen hour incubation was selected in pilot tests; at this checkpoint Ti, Ta, Cr and DLC-PDMS-h were almost fully covered by biofilm, but DLC and DLC-PTFE-h were only partially biofilm coated by S. epidermidis (88±26%, p<0.001 and 56±39%, p<0.001, respectively) or S. aureus (81±24%, p<0.001 and 51±26%, p<0.001, respectively). DLC and its PTFE hybrid offer a potential biofilm hostile surface coating for implants and medical devices. This ability to resist biofilm formation and attachment could not be explained by only one factor, but it seems to be related to a combination of various properties, with electrokinetic streaming potential and protein coating being particularly important for its outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. katja.myllymaa@uku.fi
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Myllymaa
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levon
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Tiainen
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myllymaa
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaivosoja
authors.forename: Reijo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: Yrjö Tapio
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002244:Carbon; D004396:Coloring Agents; D018130:Diamond; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry; D008670:Metals; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D008670:Metals; C013830:baysilon; D002244:Carbon; D018130:Diamond; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene