title: Percutaneous osteoplasty for the treatment of a painful osteochondral lesion of the talus: a case report and literature review.
abstract: An osteochondral lesion of the talus  (OLT) is a lesion involving the talar articular cartilage and its subchondral bone. OLT is a known cause of chronic ankle pain after ankle sprains in the active population. The lesion causes deep ankle pain associated with weight-bearing, impaired function, limited range of motion, stiffness, catching, locking, and swelling. There are 2 common patterns of OLTs. Anterolateral talar dome lesions result from inversion and dorsiflexion injuries of the ankle at the area impacting against the fibula. Posteromedial lesions result from inversion, plantar flexion, and external rotation injuries of the ankle at the area impacting against the tibial ceiling of the ankle joint. Early diagnosis of an OLT is particularly important because the tibiotalar joint is exposed to more compressive load per unit area than any other joint in the body. Failure of diagnosis can lead to the evolution of a small, stable lesion into a larger lesion or an unstable fragment, which can result in chronic pain, joint instability, and premature osteoarthritis.  A 43-year-old man, with a history of ankle sprain one year previously, visited our pain clinic for continuous right ankle pain after walking or standing for more than 30 minutes. There was a focal tenderness on the posteromedial area of the right talus. Imaging studies revealed a posteromedial OLT classified as having a geode form according to the FOG  (fractures, osteonecroses, geodes) radiological classification and categorized as a stage 2a lesion on magnetic resonance imaging.  The patient was scheduled for aspiration and osteoplasty with hydroxyapatite under arthroscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. A 26-gauge needle was inserted to infiltrate local anesthetics into the skin over the cyst and ankle joint. An arthroscope was placed into the joint to approach the OLT. The arthroscopic view showed that there was no connection between the OLT and the cyst of the talus body. A 13-gauge bone biopsy needle was inserted into the cyst, and aspiration was performed. Aspirated fluid from the cyst was originally white and clear; however, it changed to a blood-tinged, reddish color due to mixing with the incisional blood. After aspiration, contrast medium was injected, and the shape of the spread was observed. Bone cement comprising hydroxyapatite was injected to fill the bone defect of the cyst. A 1.5 mL volume of cement was injected into the talus under vigilant fluoroscopic and arthroscopic monitoring to prevent its dissemination into the joint. There was no cement leakage into the vessels or articular space. Postoperative fluoroscopy and computed tomography images showed bone cement filling of the defect. In the present case, arthroscopic and fluoroscopic guidance was used for aspiration of an OLT and for performing percutaneous osteoplasty with hydroxyapatite for one defect; this treatment decreased pain upon weight bearing and enabled a return to work without any restrictions one week after the procedure. The purpose of this report was to highlight the presence of OLT in chronic ankle pain and to review its management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Joo-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hae-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung-Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060826:Cementoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013628:Talus / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome