title: Age, gender, blood pressure, and ventricular geometry influence normal 3D blood flow characteristics in the left heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of age, gender, physiological, and global cardiac function parameters on differences in normal 3D blood flow in the left ventricle (LV) and atrium (LA) using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-dimensional flow MRI was acquired in healthy volunteers of two age and gender groups: <30 years (6 women, n = 12) and >50 years (6 women, n = 12). Systolic and early to mid-diastolic vortex flow (number of vortices, duration, area, peak velocity inside the vortex) in the LA and LV was assessed using intra-cardiac flow visualization based on 3D particle traces and velocity vector fields. A larger number of vortices in the LA were found in young compared with older individuals (number of diastolic vortices: 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7, P = 0.01) with higher velocities (54 ± 12 cm/s vs. 41 ± 11 cm/s in systole, 47 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 8 cm/s in diastole, P < 0.05). Vortices in the LV base were smaller in women compared with men (369 ± 133 vs. 543 ± 176 mm(2), P = 0.009), while vortex size was increased in mid-ventricular locations (maximum area: 546 ± 321 vs. 293 ± 174 mm(2), P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships (P = 0.005-0.048, correlation coefficients = 0.44-0.84) between LA and LV vortex characteristics (number, size, vortex velocities) and blood pressure as well as end-diastolic volume, LV length, and ejection fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow patterns in the left heart demonstrated differences related to age, gender, blood pressure, and ventricular geometry. The findings constitute a prerequisite for the understanding of the impact of cardiac disease on intra-cardiac haemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Föll
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taeger
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult