title: Novel risk factors related to stable angina.
abstract: Stable angina (SA) pectoris is a common and disabling disorder in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), with increasing epidemiology and is associated with myocardial infarction and increased mortality. However, within the population of SA patients, an individual's prognosis can vary considerably. Except from conventional risk factors a variety of biomarkers have been evaluated for their prognostic significance in the settings of SA. Novel biomarkers associated with inflammatory status, such as C reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha, with myocardial performance, such as B-type natriuretic peptide, with extracellular matrix remodeling, with vascular calcification such as osteoprotogerin and osteopontin, with myocardial ischemia, such as ischemia modified albumin have been associated with the progression of CAD and with the prognosis of SA patients. Despite the multiplicity of novel biomarkers there is lack of a clinical useful, highly specific for CAD biomarker with the ability to guide treatment decisions. In the context of this evidence in this review article we summarize the so far acquired knowledge of the most promising biomarkers and we discuss the major clinical correlations of novel risk factors with SA physical history, their predictive value for future cardiovascular events and their use in the treatment monitoring of this population.
authors.affiliation: 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece. gsiasos@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siasos
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tourikis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gouliopoulos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limperi
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kampoli
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toutouzas
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002114:Calcinosis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers