title: Are patent medicine vendors effective agents in malaria control? Using lot quality assurance sampling to assess quality of practice in Jigawa, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patent medicine vendors (PMV) provide antimalarial treatment and care throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, and can play an important role in the fight against malaria. Their close-to-client infrastructure could enable lifesaving artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to reach patients in time. However, systematic assessments of drug sellers' performance quality are crucial if their role is to be managed within the health system. Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) could be an efficient method to monitor and evaluate PMV practice, but has so far never been used for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  In support of the Nigeria Malaria Booster Program we assessed PMV practices in three Senatorial Districts (SDs) of Jigawa, Nigeria. A two-stage LQAS assessed whether at least 80% of PMV stores in SDs used national treatment guidelines. Acceptable sampling errors were set in consultation with government officials (alpha and beta <0.10). The hypergeometric formula determined sample sizes and cut-off values for SDs. A structured assessment tool identified high and low performing SDs for quality of care indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug vendors performed poorly in all SDs of Jigawa for all indicators. For example, all SDs failed for stocking and selling first-line antimalarials. PMV sold no longer recommended antimalarials, such as Chloroquine, Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine and oral Artesunate monotherapy. Most PMV were ignorant of and lacked training about new treatment guidelines that had endorsed ACTs as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is urgent need to regularly monitor and improve the availability and quality of malaria treatment provided by medicine sellers in Nigeria; the irrational use of antimalarials in the ACT era revealed in this study bears a high risk of economic loss, death and development of drug resistance. LQAS has been shown to be a suitable method for monitoring malaria-related indicators among PMV, and should be applied in Nigeria and elsewhere to improve service delivery.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. berendes@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: Olusegun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adeyemi
authors.forename: Edward Adekola
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Oladele
authors.forename: Olusola Bukola
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Oresanya
authors.forename: Festus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okoh
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Valadez
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D003132:Commerce / Q000379:methods; D004351:Drug Resistance; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009549:Nigeria; D010594:Pharmacies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; C031327:artemisinin