title: Gender differences in risk factors for airway symptoms following tracheal intubation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common complaint after endotracheal intubation is sore throat and hoarseness. The aim of this study was to describe gender differences and independent risk factors in the development of post-operative sore throat and hoarseness after endotracheal intubation in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a university hospital in Sweden. A total of 495 patients were included (203 men and 292 women) and enrolled from a total of eight different surgical departments. Outcome variables were post-operative sore throat and hoarseness evaluated post-operatively in the post-anaesthesia care unit. A total of 31 variables were recorded which described the intubation process, intraoperative factors as well as the extubation process. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of post-operative sore throat was 35% and hoarseness 59%. The results show different predictors for men and women in the development of airway symptoms. The main risk factor for developing sore throat in men was intubation by personnel with < 3 months' work experience. In women, it was endotracheal tube size 7.0 and multiple laryngoscopies during intubation. The main risk factors for hoarseness were cuff pressure for both men and women, and oesophageal temperature probe in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-operative sore throat and hoarseness result from several factors, and the cause of these symptoms are multifactorial and differs by gender. Identification of these factors pre-operatively may increase awareness among anaesthesia personnel and possibly reduce the incidence of these minor but distressing symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden. maria.jaensson@orebroll.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaensson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: U G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors