title: AMP-activated protein kinase: implications on ischemic diseases.
abstract: Ischemia is a blockage of blood supply due to an embolism or a hemorrhage in a blood vessel. When an organ cannot receive oxygenated blood and can therefore no longer replenish its blood supply due to ischemia, stresses, such as the disruption of blood glucose homeostasis, hypoglycemia and hypoxia, activate the AMPK complex. LKB1 and CaMKKβ are essential activators of the AMPK signaling pathway. AMPK triggers proangiogenic effects through the eNOS protein in tissues with ischemic conditions, where cells are vulnerable to apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. The AMPK complex acts to restore blood glucose levels and ATP levels back to homeostasis. This review will discuss AMPK, as well as its key activators (LKB1 and CaMKKβ), as a central energy regulator and evaluate the upstream and downstream regulating pathways of AMPK. We will also discuss how we can control this important enzyme in ischemic conditions to prevent harmful effects in patients with vascular damage.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Yong-Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Hwewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Heejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yuhyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Sangjun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Hyeon Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung-Hwan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C109790:STK11 protein, human; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose