title: Anti-inflammatory procyanidins and triterpenes in 109 apple varieties.
abstract: We evaluated the potential of apple to reduce inflammation. Phenolic compounds and triterpenes were analyzed in 109 apple cultivars. Total phenolics ranged from 29 to 7882 μg g(-1) of fresh weight (FW) in the flesh and from 733 to 4868 μg g(-1) FW in the skin, with flavanols including epicatechin and procyanidins as major components. Ursolic (44.7 to 3522 μg g(-1) FW) and oleanolic (47.2 to 838 μg g(-1) FW) acids dominated the skin triterpene profile. Five chemically contrasting cultivars were fractionated and their immune-modulating activity measured using two cell-based assays targeting key points in the inflammation process. Cultivars exhibiting high contents of procyanidins were the most potent at inhibiting NF-κB while triterpene-rich fractions reduced the promoter activity of the gene of TNFα. This study provides new insights into how apple genetic diversity could be used to alleviate inflammation.
authors.affiliation: New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Christelle M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Maysoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rassam
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Nigel B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D014315:Triterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha