title: Iodine quantification using dual-energy multidetector computed tomography imaging: phantom study assessing the impact of iterative reconstruction schemes and patient habitus on accuracy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of iodine quantification based on spectral dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) extraction with additional noise reduction using iterative reconstruction in simulated optimal and obese patient environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two custom-designed DECT phantoms were containing 10 vials with iodine concentrations representing arterial/parenchymal enhancement ranging from water isodensity to -150 Hounsfield units and, in addition, 40 vials simulating enhancement seen in nondiluted thoracic inlet vasculature and urinary bladder/renal collecting systems of up to -2000 Hounsfield units.Dual-energy computed tomography acquisition was performed using a dual-source scanner at 140 kVp/90 mAs and 80 kVp/495 mAs. Backprojection-based soft tissue kernels and corresponding iteratively reconstructed kernels generated dual-energy series used for iodine extraction.Fractional variations between known and spectrally determined iodine concentration were calculated for each concentration step; paired t tests evaluated variations between backprojected and iteratively reconstructed data sets for small and obese phantoms. Bland-Altman plots with regression analyses assessed concentration differences observed in backprojected and iteratively reconstructed data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For backprojected data, mean concentration variations of 8.7% ± 8.4 and 12.2% ± 6.3 were detected in small and large phantoms, respectively, compared with significantly less variation observed in iteratively reconstructed data with 6.1% ± 6.2 and 11.0% ± 6.5, respectively. Dual-energy quantification systematically overestimated concentrations in lower concentration ranges and underestimated concentrations in higher concentration ranges. Regression analyses showed cubic distribution of concentration differences for backprojected (R = 0.697) and linear distribution for iteratively reconstructed data (R = 0.701).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectral DECT-based iodine quantification is able to accurately quantify iodine in phantoms simulating optimal and large patients; iterative reconstruction improves the accuracy of iodine detection. Systematic deviations of the spectrally determined iodine concentrations could potentially be corrected with weighting curves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feuerlein
authors.forename: Tobias J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Heye
authors.forename: Mustafa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boll
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000473:pathology; D000465:Algorithms; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007455:Iodine