title: Bacterial contamination of stethoscopes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A stethoscope, an essential tool of the medical profession, can become a source of nosocomial infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of stethoscopes as well as the practices used for cleaning them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures were taken from 100 stethoscopes used by different medical personnel in different hospital services. The stethoscopes were collected while the staff filled in a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty (30%) out of the 100 stethoscopes surveyed were contaminated with microorganisms. The majority of organisms isolated were gram-positive bacteria (gram positive bacilli 12%, gram-negative bacteria 9%, gram-positive cocci 9%). None of the stethoscopes grew methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Overall, 21% of the health personnel cleaned their stethoscopes daily, 47% weekly, and 32% yearly. None of the health care workers cleaned their stethoscopes after every patient. Nurses cleaned their stethoscopes more often than physicians and medical students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stethoscopes may be important in the spread of infectious agents. Their regular disinfection after use on each patient should be considered, particularly in such areas of the hospital, as the critical care units, and oncology units which house many patients with antibiotic-resistant organisms.
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Huda A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bukharie
authors.forename: Hussain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Zahrani
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rubaish
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abdulmohsen