title: Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations.
abstract: To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms. The tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method and evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration and in vitro dissolution. Chitosan 7% w/w showed the fastest disintegration of furosemide tablets among the other disintegrants studied. This was attributed to its highest swelling properties and velocity constant of water uptake. The step of adding chitosan during tablet preparation had a great effect on the physical properties and dissolution profiles of the prepared tablets with external addition of chitosan showed best results compared to  best results comparing to internal-external or internal addition. The most appropriate force of compression was 4ton/cm(2). The selected formula F15 containing 7% w/w chitosan was successful and showed a high significant (p<0.001) enhancement in disintegration and dissolution behaviors of furosemide tablets in comparison with the commercially available Furosemide ® tablets. These results were supported by the simulated data where F15 formula showed the highest plasma concentration C-max 1.89mcg/mL after 0.5 hr compared to C-max 1.05mcg/mL after 1hr for the reference. The present study demonstrated that chitosan is a very good candidate to be used as a tablet disintegrant and was able to enhance the dissolution of poorly absorbable drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, UAE. bazigha_rasool@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Bazigha Kadhim Abdul
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.forename: Sahar Abdelsattar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.forename: Omar Waleed Abdul
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Galeel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001682:Biological Availability; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders; D011312:Pressure; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D013607:Tablets; D005665:Furosemide; D002482:Cellulose; D013213:Starch; D048271:Chitosan; D011205:Povidone; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose