title: Edwards thermodynamics of the jamming transition for frictionless packings: ergodicity test and role of angoricity and compactivity.
abstract: This paper illustrates how the tools of equilibrium statistical mechanics can help to describe a far-from-equilibrium problem: the jamming transition in frictionless granular materials. Edwards ideas consist of proposing a statistical ensemble of volume and stress fluctuations through the thermodynamic notion of entropy, compactivity, X, and angoricity, A (two temperature-like variables). We find that Edwards thermodynamics is able to describe the jamming transition (J point) in frictionless packings. Using the ensemble formalism we elucidate the following: (i) We test the combined volume-stress ensemble by comparing the statistical properties of jammed configurations obtained by dynamics with those averaged over the ensemble of minima in the potential energy landscape as a test of ergodicity. Agreement between both methods supports the idea of ergodicity and "thermalization" at a given angoricity and compactivity. (ii) A microcanonical ensemble analysis supports the maximum entropy principle for grains. (iii) The intensive variables A and X describe the approach to jamming through a series of scaling relations as A → 0+ and X → 0-. Due to the force-strain coupling in the interparticle forces, the jamming transition is probed thermodynamically by a "jamming temperature" T(J) composed of contributions from A and X. (iv) The thermodynamic framework reveals the order of the jamming phase transition by showing the absence of critical fluctuations at jamming in static observables like pressure and volume, and we discuss other critical scenarios for the jamming transition. (v) Finally, we elaborate on a comparison with relevant studies by Gao, Blawzdziewicz, and O'Hern [Phys. Rev. E 74, 061304 (2006)], showing a breakdown of equiprobability of microstates obtained via fast quenches. A network analysis of the energy landscape reveals the origin of the inhomogeneities in the uneven distribution of the areas of the basins. Such inhomogeneities are also found in other out-of-equilibrium systems like Lennard-Jones glasses and their existence does not preclude the use of statistical mechanics for jammed systems.
authors.affiliation: Levich Institute and Physics Department, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chaoming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hernán A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Makse
mesh_terms: D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D044367:Phase Transition; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids