title: Ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares Island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lack of ethnoveterinary surveys in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region, results in losses in the veterinary phytopharmacology field and in scientific documentation of the cultural traditions of plant use in the treatment of animal diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To catalog, analyze and disseminate the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of Colares Island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 interviews were conducted, and semi-structured questionnaires were answered by 18 men and 54 women. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV). The plants with a reported medicinal use for domestic animals were harvested, herbalized and botanically identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six plants, distributed in 49 genera and 35 families, were indicated to have 23 different medicinal uses, divided into six categories of use. The highest ICF (0.80) was obtained for the antiparasitic class. The Euphorbiaceae family exhibited the highest number of citations, and the species with the highest UVs were Caladium cf. bicolor, Bixa orellana, Carapa guianensis, Jatropha curcas and Cymbopogon citratus. The parts of the 56 plants that were most frequently used to prepare ethnoveterinary medications were the leaves (46%), bark (15%), roots and fruit (10%). The use of the macerated leaves was the most common method of application, used by 43% of the interviewees, and the majority of the preparations (87.3%) used a single plant. In addition to medicinal plants, the interviewees reported the use of products of animal and mineral origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study contributed to the establishment of an inventory of plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in this region of the Brazilian eastern Amazon. Future phytochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the identified plants, enabling communities to use them in a more economic, effective and safe manner.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rhuan Amorim
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Maria Vivina Barros
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Frederico Ozanan Barros
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Silvane Tavares
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Marina Lira
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Jean Carlos Ramos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Maria das Dores Correia
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Palha
authors.forename: Germano Francisco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Sheila Canevese
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.forename: Manoel Malheiros
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tourinho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs