title: An evaluation of the appropriateness and safety of nurse and midwife prescribing in Ireland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical appropriateness and safety of nurse and midwife prescribing practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The number of countries introducing nurse and midwife prescribing is increasing; however, concerns over patient safety remain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-site documentation evaluation was conducted using purposeful and random sampling. The sample included 142 patients' records and 208 medications prescribed by 25 Registered Nurse Prescribers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from patient and prescription records between March-May 2009. Two expert reviewers applied the modified Medication Appropriate Index tool (8 criteria) to each drug. The percentage of appropriate or inappropriate responses for each criterion was reported. Reviewer concordance was measured using the Cohen's kappa statistic (inter-rater reliability).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurse or midwife prescribers from eight hospitals working in seventeen different areas of practice were included. The reviewers judged that 95-96% of medicines prescribed were indicated and effective for the diagnosed condition. Criteria relating to dosage, directions, drug-drugs or disease-condition interaction, and duplication of therapy were judged appropriate in 87-92% of prescriptions. Duration of therapy received the lowest value at 76%. Overall, reviewers indicated that between 69 (reviewer 2)-80% (reviewer 1) of prescribing decisions met all eight criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of nurse and midwife prescribing decisions were deemed safe and clinically appropriate. However, risk of inappropriate prescribing with the potential for drug errors was detected. Continuing education and evaluation of prescribing practice, especially related to drug and condition interactions, is required to maximize appropriate and safe prescribing.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. corina.naughton@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drennan
authors.forename: Abbey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Boyle
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Felle
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies