title: Umbilical hernia repair in patients with signs of portal hypertension: surgical outcome and predictors of mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the outcomes of umbilical hernia repair in patients with and without signs of portal hypertension, such as esophageal varices or ascites; to assess the effect of emergency surgery on complication rates; and to identify predictors of postoperative mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database search from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  North American hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied patients who underwent umbilical hernia repair. Those with congestive heart failure, disseminated malignant tumor, or chronic renal failure while undergoing dialysis were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative variables and perioperative course were analyzed. Main outcome measures were morbidity and mortality after umbilical hernia repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 390 patients with ascites and/or esophageal varices formed the study group, and the remaining 22 952 patients formed the control group. The overall morbidity and mortality rates for the study group were 13.1% and 5.1%, whereas these rates were 3.9% and 0.1% for the control group, respectively (P < .001). For the study group, the mortality after elective repair among patients with a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score greater than 15 was 11.1% compared with 1.3% in patients with a MELD score of 15 or less. The patients with ascites and/or esophageal varices underwent emergency surgery more frequently than the control group (37.7% vs 4.9%; P < .001). Emergency surgery for the study group was associated with a higher morbidity than elective surgery (20.8% vs 8.3%; P < .001) but not a significantly higher mortality (7.4% vs 3.7%; P = .11). However, logistic regression analysis showed that age older than 65 years, MELD score higher than 15, albumin level less than 3.0 g/dL (to convert to grams per liter, multiply by 10), and sepsis at presentation were more predictive of postoperative mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Umbilical hernia repair in the presence of ascites and/or esophageal varices is associated with significant postoperative complication rates. Emergency surgery is associated with higher morbidity rates but not significantly higher mortality rates. Elective repair of umbilical hernia should be avoided for those with adverse predictors, such as age older than 65 years, MELD score higher than 15, and albumin level less than 3.0 g/dL.
authors.affiliation: Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Program, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
authors.forename: Sung W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhayani
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cassera
authors.forename: Chet W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome