title: The relationship between tissue oxygenation and redox status using magnetic             resonance imaging.
abstract: The recent development of a bi-modality magnetic resonance imaging/electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (MRI/EPRI) platform has enabled longitudinal monitoring of both tumor oxygenation and redox status in murine cancer models. The current study used this imaging platform to test the hypothesis that a more reducing tumor microenvironment accompanies the development of tumor hypoxia. To test this, the redox status of the tumor was measured using Tempol as a redox‑sensitive MRI contrast agent, and tumor hypoxia was measured with Oxo63, which is an oxygen-sensitive EPRI spin probe. Images were acquired every 1-2 days in mice bearing SCCVII tumors. The median pO(2) decreased from 14 mmHg at 7 days after tumor implantation to 7 mmHg at 15 days after implantation. Additionally, the hypoxic fraction, defined as the percentage of the tumor that exhibited a pO(2)<10 mmHg, increased with tumor size (from 10% at 500 mm(3) to 60% at 3,500 mm(3)). The rate of Tempol reduction increased as a function of tumor volume (0.4 min(-1) at 500 mm(3) to 1.7 min(-1) at 3,500 mm(3)), suggesting that the tumor microenvironment became more reduced as the tumor grew. The results show that rapid Tempol reduction correlates with decreased tumor oxygenation, and that the Tempol decay rate constant may be a surrogate marker for tumor hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National                     Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Murali C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D000860:Hypoxia; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013997:Time Factors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D047368:Tumor Burden