title: Post-splinting radiographs of minimally displaced fractures: good medicine or medicolegal protection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many institutions perform radiographic documentation following splint application even when no manipulation had been performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of post-splinting radiographs of acute non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures that did not undergo manipulation. Our hypothesis was that post-splinting radiographs do not demonstrate changes in fracture alignment or impact the management of the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board exemption had been granted, consultations performed by orthopaedic residents at a level-I trauma center from September 2008 to April 2010 were reviewed. Of 2862 consultations, 1321 involved acute fractures that were splinted. Radiographs revealed that 342 (25.9%) of the fractures were non-displaced or minimally displaced and angulated (defined as <5 mm and <10°, respectively) and 204 of them had been assessed with radiographs after splinting. Consults were reviewed to ensure that the patients had not undergone manipulation prior to or during splinting. Consult notes and radiographs obtained in the emergency room (ER), as well as follow-up radiographs, were reviewed to assess ultimate outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 204 fractures (134 non-displaced and seventy minimally displaced) changed alignment following splinting. Two splints were reapplied, and the fractures sites were reimaged for undocumented reasons. Patients were subjected to an average of ten radiographs (range, four to twenty-five radiographs) of their extremities in the acute setting. On average, three post-splinting radiographs (range, one to ten radiographs) were obtained. The mean time between the initial and post-splinting radiographs was three hours and thirty minutes (range, nine minutes to twenty-four hours). The most common injury was a fracture about the hand or wrist. The 122 patients with that type of injury waited an average of almost three hours for an average of three post-splinting radiographs, contributing to a total of nine radiographs performed acutely. ER visits tended to be longer for patients with post-splinting radiographs compared with those without them (p = 0.06). Follow-up radiographs were available for eighty-two patients. All fractures demonstrated maintained alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-splinting radiographs of non-displaced and minimally displaced fractures that do not undergo manipulation before or during immobilization are associated with longer ER waits, additional radiation exposure, and increased health-care costs without providing helpful information. While certain circumstances call for additional imaging, routine performance of post-splinting radiography of non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures should be discouraged.
authors.affiliation: NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 301 East 17th Street, Suite 1402, New York, NY 10003, USA. chaudhry85@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: DelSole
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Egol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017046:Cost Savings; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013165:Splints; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D055815:Young Adult