title: A nonlinear QCT-based finite element model validation study for the human femur tested in two configurations in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Femoral fracture is a common medical problem in osteoporotic individuals. Bone mineral density (BMD) is the gold standard measure to evaluate fracture risk in vivo. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based homogenized voxel finite element (hvFE) models have been proved to be more accurate predictors of femoral strength than BMD by adding geometrical and material properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of hvFE models in predicting femoral stiffness, strength and failure location for a large number of pairs of human femora tested in two different loading scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six pairs of femora were scanned with QCT and total proximal BMD and BMC were evaluated. For each pair, one femur was positioned in one-legged stance configuration (STANCE) and the other in a sideways configuration (SIDE). Nonlinear hvFE models were generated from QCT images by reproducing the same loading configurations imposed in the experiments. For experiments and models, the structural properties (stiffness and ultimate load), the failure location and the motion of the femoral head were computed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both configurations, hvFE models predicted both stiffness (R(2)=0.82 for STANCE and R(2)=0.74 for SIDE) and femoral ultimate load (R(2)=0.80 for STANCE and R(2)=0.85 for SIDE) better than BMD and BMC. Moreover, the models predicted qualitatively well the failure location (66% of cases) and the motion of the femoral head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subject specific QCT-based nonlinear hvFE model cannot only predict femoral apparent mechanical properties better than densitometric measures, but can additionally provide useful qualitative information about failure location.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria. edallara@ilsb.tuwien.ac.at
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dall'Ara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luisier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kainberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zysset
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pahr
mesh_terms: D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*