title: Characterizing relapse prevention in bipolar disorder with adjunctive ziprasidone: clinical and methodological implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ziprasidone, adjunctive to either lithium or valproate, has previously been shown to be associated with a significantly lower risk of relapse in bipolar disorder compared with lithium or valproate treatment alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  This placebo-controlled outpatient trial with ziprasidone adjunctive to lithium or valproate or lithium and valproate alone, for subjects with a recent or current manic or mixed episode of bipolar I disorder, comprised a 2.5- to 4-month, open-label stabilization period, followed by a 6-month, double-blind maintenance period. These post hoc analyses characterize the relapse outcomes by dose, relapse types and timing as well as all-reason discontinuations during the maintenance period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time to relapse and all-reason discontinuation were both statistically significant in favor of the ziprasidone 120mg/day group compared with placebo (p=0.004 and 0.001, respectively) during the 6-month double-blind period. There was no difference in time to relapse in the 80 and 160mg/day dose groups compared with placebo (p=0.16 and 0.40, respectively) and, likewise, for time to all-reason discontinuation (p=0.20 for both doses). The majority of relapses in each group occurred prior to week 8, and most were depressive in nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary study was not designed to compare relapse rates by dose groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses confirm the effectiveness of ziprasidone (80-160mg/day) in preventing relapses in subjects with bipolar disorder, with the 120mg/day dosage appearing to have the highest relapse prevention rate.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Onur N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Karayal
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Balarama K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gundapaneni
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D014635:Valproic Acid; C092292:ziprasidone; D008094:Lithium