title: Intrinsic cellular defenses against human immunodeficiency viruses.
abstract: Viral infections are often detrimental to host survival and reproduction. Consequently, hosts have evolved a variety of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. A component of this arsenal is a set of proteins, termed restriction factors, which exhibit direct antiviral activity. Among these are several classes of proteins (APOBEC3, TRIM5, Tetherin, and SAMHD1) that inhibit the replication of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Here, we outline the features, mechanisms, and evolution of these defense mechanisms. We also speculate on how restriction factors arose, how they might interact with the conventional innate and adaptive immune systems, and how an understanding of these intrinsic cellular defenses might be usefully exploited.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blanco-Melo
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016.
authors.forename: Siddarth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Bieniasz
mesh_terms: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D000071480:APOBEC-3G Deaminase; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015703:Antigens, CD; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C114030:TRAT1 protein, human; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human; C464924:APOBEC3G protein, human