title: Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between usual dietary sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, overall and by weight status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years (n = 6235) who participated in NHANES 2003-2008 comprised the sample. Subjects' usual sodium intake was estimated by using multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. Linear or logistic regression was used to examine association between sodium intake and blood pressure or risk for pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure (pre-HBP/HPB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study subjects consumed an average of 3387 mg/day of sodium, and 37% were overweight/obese. Each 1000 mg per day sodium intake was associated with an increased SD score of 0.097 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.006-0.188, ∼1.0 mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) among all subjects and 0.141 (95% CI: -0.010 to 0.298, ∼1.5 mm Hg) increase among overweight/obese subjects. Mean adjusted SBP increased progressively with sodium intake quartile, from 106.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 105.1-107.3) to 108.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 107.5-110.1) overall (P = .010) and from 109.0 mm Hg (95% CI: 107.2-110.8) to 112.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 110.7-114.9; P = .037) among those overweight/obese. Adjusted odds ratios comparing risk for pre-HBP/HPB among subjects in the highest versus lowest sodium intake quartile were 2.0 (95% CI: 0.95-4.1, P = .062) overall and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.3-9.2, P = .013) among those overweight/obese. Sodium intake and weight status appeared to have synergistic effects on risk for pre-HBP/HPB (relative excess risk for interaction = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.01-0.90, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium intake is positively associated with SBP and risk for pre-HBP/HPB among US children and adolescents, and this association may be stronger among those who are overweight/obese.
authors.affiliation: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MailStop F-72, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. qay0@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Quanhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zefeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kuklina
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Carma
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Fleetwood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loustalot
authors.forename: Shifan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Janelle P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Niu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merritt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary