title: Classification and grading of noninvasive and invasive neoplasms of the urothelium.
abstract: The classification and grading of the noninvasive, intraepithelial neoplasms of the urothelium are based on the morphological pattern of growth, i.e., papillary and flat (and endophytic), and on their degree of architectural and cytologic abnormalities. Recent advances in the morphological, molecular and quantitative evaluation of these lesions have contributed to the refinement of the current classification and grading schemes. However, some controversies on the precise criteria and terminology, especially when the papillary lesions are concerned, are still present.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy. r.montironi@univpm.it
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzucchelli
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpelli
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology*