title: Investigation of microorganisms involved in biosynthesis of the kefir grain.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand the significance of each microorganism in grain formation by evaluating their microbial aggregation and cell surface properties during co-aggregation of LAB and yeasts together with an investigation of biofilm formation. Non-grain forming strains from viili were also evaluated as a comparison. Results indicated that the kefir grain strains, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Saccharomyces turicensis possess strong auto-aggregation ability and that Lactobacillus kefiri shows significant biofilm formation properties. Significant co-aggregation was noted when S. turicensis and kefir LAB strains (Lb. kefiranofaciens and Lb. kefiri) were co-cultured. Most of the tested LAB strains are hydrophilic and had a negative charge on their cell surface. Only the kefir LAB strains, Lb. kefiranofaciens HL1 and Lb. kefiri HL2, possessed very high hydrophobicity and had a positive cell surface charge at pH 4.2. In contrast, the LAB and yeasts in viili did not show any significant self-aggregation or biofilm formation. Based on the above results, we propose that grain formation begins with the self-aggregation of Lb. kefiranofaciens and S. turicensis to form small granules. At this point, the biofilm producer, Lb. kefiri, then begins to attach to the surface of granules and co-aggregates with other organisms and components in the milk to form the grains. On sub-culturing, more organisms attach to the grains resulting in grain growth. When investigated by scanning electron microscopy, it was found that short-chain lactobacilli such as Lb. kefiri occupy the surface, while long-chain lactobacilli such as Lb. kefiranofaciens have aggregated towards the center of the kefir grains. These findings agree with the above hypothesis on the formation of grains. Taken together, this study demonstrates the importance of cell surface properties together with fermentation conditions to the formation of grains in kefir.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kun-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yung-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ming-Lun
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Hsi-Chia
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Je-Ruei
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ming-Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms; D002417:Cattle; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013499:Surface Properties; D015003:Yeasts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism