title: Uncovering molecular details of urea crystal growth in the presence of additives.
abstract: Controlling the shape of crystals is of great practical relevance in fields like pharmacology and fine chemistry. Here we examine the paradigmatic case of urea which is known to crystallize from water with a needle-like morphology. To prevent this undesired effect, inhibitors that selectively favor or discourage the growth of specific crystal faces can be used. In urea the most relevant faces are the {001} and the {110} which are known to grow fast and slow, respectively. The relevant growth speed difference between these two crystal faces is responsible for the needle-like structure of crystals grown in water solution. To prevent this effect, additives are used to slow down the growth of one face relative to another, thus controlling the shape of the crystal. We study the growth of fast {001} and slow {110} faces in water solution and the effect of shape controlling inhibitors like biuret. Extensive sampling through molecular dynamics simulations provides a microscopic picture of the growth mechanism and of the role of the additives. We find a continuous growth mechanism on the {001} face, while the slow growing {110} face evolves through a birth and spread process, in which the rate-determining step is the formation on the surface of a two-dimensional crystalline nucleus. On the {001} face, growth inhibitors like biuret compete with urea for the adsorption on surface lattice sites; on the {110} face instead additives cannot interact specifically with surface sites and play a marginal sterical hindrance of the crystal growth. The free energies of adsorption of additives and urea are evaluated with advanced simulation methods (well-tempered metadynamics) allowing a microscopic understanding of the selective effect of additives. Based on this case study, general principles for the understanding of the anisotropic growth of molecular crystals from solutions are laid out. Our work is a step toward a rational development of novel shape-affecting additives.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvalaglio
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giberti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzotti
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parrinello
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D008958:Models, Molecular; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014508:Urea