title: Upregulation of amino acid transporter expression induced by L-leucine availability in L6 myotubes is associated with ATF4 signaling through mTORC1-dependent mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Essential amino acids, especially l-leucine, initiate the signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Current information on the relation between amino acid transporter mechanisms and mTORC1 signaling is sparse. The objectives of this study were to determine whether an increase in leucine availability upregulates the gene transcription and translation of amino acid transporters and other amino acid members in an mTORC1-dependent pathway that control amino acid use (general control non-repressed-2 and activating transcription factor-4) and to measure the factors related to protein synthesis and proteolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  L6 skeletal muscle cells that had been treated with l-leucine (0.105 g/L) were incubated for 30 min to stimulate the transcription of L-type amino acid transporter-1, CD98, and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter-2 and increase activating transcription factor-4 protein, which is dependent on the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A rapid, high level of p70 S6 kinase-1 phosphorylation was detected but was suppressed by rapamycin (P < 0.05). The addition of leucine decreased the atrogin-1 transcription abundance in an insulin-involved manner (P < 0.05), which could not be completely blocked by rapamycin (P = 0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the mTOR is a component of the nutrient signaling pathway, which regulates system A and L amino acid transporters, the initiation factors involved in mRNA translation, and is downstream of forkhead box-O in L6 myotubes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China. ljqlyh2009@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Jun-qiu
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Dai-wen
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D026924:Amino Acid Transport System A / Q000235:genetics; D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D027261:Fusion Regulatory Protein-1 / Q000235:genetics; D027283:Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D026924:Amino Acid Transport System A; D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; C497110:Atf4 protein, rat; D027261:Fusion Regulatory Protein-1; D027283:Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C412568:Slc38a2 protein, rat; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D007930:Leucine