title: Survivors of torture: prevalence in an urban emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Torture has been documented in 132 countries, and approximately 400,000 survivors of torture reside in the United States. It is unknown if torture survivors seek medical care in emergency departments (EDs). The authors set out to estimate the prevalence of survivors of torture presenting to an urban ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of ED patients was performed by convenience sampling from October 2008 to September 2009 in a large urban teaching hospital in New York City. ED patients not of a vulnerable population were consented and entered into the study. Participants were asked two screening questions to ascertain if they were self-reported survivors of torture. For exploratory purposes only, these individuals were further queried about their experiences. The detailed responses of these self-reported survivors of torture were compared to the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) definition by a blinded, independent panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 470 study participants, 54 individuals (11.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.6% to 14.4%) self-reported torture. Nine (16.7%) had ongoing physical disabilities, 30 (55.6%) had recurrent intrusive and distressing memories, 42 (77.8%) never had a physician inquire about torture, and only eight (14.8%) had requested political asylum. Of these self-reported survivors of torture, 29 (53.7%) met the UNCAT definition, for an adjudicated prevalence of 6.2% (95% CI = 4.3% to 8.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported survivors of torture presented to this urban ED, and a significant proportion of them met the UNCAT definition of a torture survivor. Continuing torture-related medical and psychological sequelae were identified, yet there was a low rate of asylum-seeking. Only a minority were previously identified by a physician. These data suggest an unrecognized public health concern and an opportunity for emergency physicians to intervene and refer survivors of torture to existing community resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Braden
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hexom
authors.forename: Dinali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Alex F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Manini
authors.forename: Lars K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Beattie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014104:Torture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*