title: Measurement of alcohol hangover severity: development of the Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to develop a new alcohol hangover symptom severity scale and compare its effectiveness with the Hangover Symptoms Scale (HSS), the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS), and a one-item hangover score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1,410 Dutch students (Penning et al., Alcohol Alcohol 47:248-252, 2012) on the severity of 47 hangover symptoms were re-analyzed to develop the Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS). The psychometric properties of the AHSS were compared with those of the HSS and the AHS. A survey among 1,000 students compared the AHSS and HSS with a one-item hangover severity score. The AHSS was further tested in a naturalistic hangover experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 items of the AHSS were fatigue, clumsiness, dizziness, apathy, sweating, shivering, nausea, heart pounding, confusion, stomach pain, concentration problems, and thirst. The Penning et al. (Alcohol Alcohol 47:248-252, 2012) data revealed that the predictive validity of the AHSS (92.4 %) for the overall hangover score was significantly higher than that of the HSS (81.5 %) and the AHS (71.0 %). The survey data (N = 966) showed that scores on the AHSS (39.7 %) and the HSS (47.6 %) only moderately predicted the one-item hangover score. A total of 119 subjects completed the naturalistic study. On average, they consumed 9.7 alcoholic consumptions, yielding a mean estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.16 %. During hangover, the AHSS score correlated significantly with the number of alcoholic consumptions (r = 0.38, p < 0.0001) and estimated BAC (r = 0.40, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AHS, HSS, and AHSS all seem appropriate for application in hangover research. The use of a one-item hangover scale is not recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renske
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Penning
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Lucien D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bus
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.forename: Joris C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verster
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004244:Dizziness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013334:Students; D013894:Thirst / Q000502:physiology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult