title: Oral tori are associated with local mechanical and systemic factors: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate if various dental factors, medications, and medical conditions are associated with an increased risk for the presence of oral tori.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a case-control study design, the investigators identified and adjudicated a sample of cases with torus palatinus (TP) and/or torus mandibularis (TM) during a 1.5-year period. The medical records were abstracted and data on dental factors, temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), medications, and medical conditions were recorded. Risk estimates were calculated as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression analyses, and the P value was set at .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was composed of 66 subjects with TM, 34 subjects with TP, and 100 control subjects from the same database. Any form of oral torus (TP and/or TM) was associated significantly with TMD (AOR, 10.51; 95% CI, 4.46 to 24.78; P<.01) and tooth attrition (AOR, 5.22; 95% CI, 2.32 to 11.77; P<.01). TP was associated significantly with TMD (AOR, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.21 to 14.21; P<.05), tooth attrition (AOR, 38.18; 95% CI, 7.20 to 202.41; P<.01), and treated hypertension (AOR, 6.64; 95% CI, 1.31 to 33.57; P<.05). TM was associated significantly with TMD (AOR, 5.77; 95% CI, 2.38 to 13.98; P<.01), tooth attrition (AOR, 6.69; 95% CI, 2.78 to 16.14; P<.01), and a penicillin allergy (AOR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.05 to 18.83; P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides clinical evidence showing significant associations between oral tori and various dental factors, medications, and medical conditions. These findings add to the list of environmental factors believed to contribute to the formation of oral tori.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew Daniel
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Faleh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tamimi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002012:Bruxism / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005096:Exostoses / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010406:Penicillins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects; D019217:Tooth Attrition / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010406:Penicillins; D013974:Thyroxine