title: Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor σF is involved in Caulobacter crescentus response to heavy metal stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus inhabits low-nutrient environments and can tolerate certain levels of heavy metals in these sites. It has been reported that C. crescentus responds to exposure to various heavy metals by altering the expression of a large number of genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we show that the ECF sigma factor σF is one of the regulatory proteins involved in the control of the transcriptional response to chromium and cadmium. Microarray experiments indicate that σF controls eight genes during chromium stress, most of which were previously described as induced by heavy metals. Surprisingly, σF itself is not strongly auto-regulated under metal stress conditions. Interestingly, σF-dependent genes are not induced in the presence of agents that generate reactive oxygen species. Promoter analyses revealed that a conserved σF-dependent sequence is located upstream of all genes of the σF regulon. In addition, we show that the second gene in the sigF operon acts as a negative regulator of σF function, and the encoded protein has been named NrsF (Negative regulator of sigma F). Substitution of two conserved cysteine residues (C131 and C181) in NrsF affects its ability to maintain the expression of σF-dependent genes at basal levels. Furthermore, we show that σF is released into the cytoplasm during chromium stress and in cells carrying point mutations in both conserved cysteines of the protein NrsF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible mechanism for induction of the σF-dependent genes by chromium and cadmium is the inactivation of the putative anti-sigma factor NrsF, leading to the release of σF to bind RNA polymerase core and drive transcription of its regulon.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av, Prof, Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Rogério F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Avelar
authors.forename: Suely L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D016935:Caulobacter crescentus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009876:Operon; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012808:Sigma Factor; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium