title: The Hip Fracture Surgery in Elderly Patients (HIPELD) study: protocol for a randomized, multicenter controlled trial evaluating the effect of xenon on postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strategies to protect the brain from postoperative delirium (POD) after hip fracture are urgently needed. The development of delirium often is associated with the loss of independence, poor functional recovery, and increased morbidity, as well as increases in length of hospital stay, discharges to nursing facilities, and healthcare costs. We hypothesize that xenon may reduce the burden of POD, (i) by avoiding the need to provide anesthesia with a drug that targets the γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)A receptor and (ii) through beneficial anesthetic and organ-protective effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international, multicenter, phase 2, prospective, randomized, blinded, parallel group and controlled trial to evaluate the incidence of POD, diagnosed with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery under general anesthesia with xenon or sevoflurane, for a period of 4 days post surgery (primary outcome) is planned. Secondary objectives are to compare the incidence of POD between xenon and sevoflurane, to evaluate the incidence of POD from day 5 post surgery until discharge from hospital, to determine the time to first POD diagnosis, to evaluate the duration of POD, to evaluate the evolution of the physiological status of the patients in the postoperative period, to evaluate the recovery parameters, to collect preliminary data to evaluate the economical impact of POD in the postoperative period and to collect safety data. Patients are eligible if they are older aged (≥ 75 years) and assigned to a planned hip fracture surgery within 48 h after the hip fracture. Furthermore, patients need to be willing and able to complete the requirements of this study including the signature of the written informed consent. A total of 256 randomized patients in the 10 participating centers will be recruited, that is, 128 randomized patients in each of the 2 study groups (receiving either xenon or sevoflurane).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  EudraCT Identifier: 2009-017153-35; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01199276.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH, Aachen, Germany. mcoburn@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Mervyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maze
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016527:Drug Costs; D005060:Europe; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012107:Research Design; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014978:Xenon / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014978:Xenon