title: Supercritical fluid extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidants from grape (Vitis labrusca B.) seeds.
abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was applied and optimized for temperature, CO₂ pressure and ethanol (modifier) concentration using orthogonal array design and response surface methodology for the extract yield, total phenols and antioxidants from grape (Vitis labrusca B.) seeds. Effects of extraction temperature and pressure were found to be significant for all these response variables in SFE process. Optimum SFE conditions (44 ~ 46 °C temperature and 153 ~ 161 bar CO₂ pressure) along with ethanol (<7 %) as modifier, for the maximum predicted values of extract yield (12.09 %), total phenols (2.41 mg GAE/ml) and antioxidants (7.08 mg AAE/ml), were used to obtain extracts from grape seeds. The predicted values matched well with the experimental values (12.32 % extract yield, 2.45 mg GAE/ml total phenols and 7.08 mg AAE/ml antioxidants) obtained at optimum SFE conditions. The antiradical assay showed that SFE extracts of grape seeds can scavenge more than 85 % of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The grape seeds extracts were also analyzed for hydroxybenzoic acids which included gallic acid (1.21 ~ 3.84 μg/ml), protocatechuic acid (3.57 ~ 11.78 μg/ml) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (206.72 ~ 688.18 μg/ml).
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. kashif_ft@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghafoor
authors.forename: Fahad Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Al-Juhaimi
authors.forename: Yong Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011312:Pressure; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl