title: Computer tomography assessment of pedicle screw placement in thoracic spine: comparison between free hand and a generic 3D-based navigation techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pedicle screw fixation is a well-established technique for the lumbar spine, screw placement in the thoracic spine is more challenging because of the smaller pedicle size and more complex 3D anatomy. The intraoperative use of image guidance devices may allow surgeons a safer, more accurate method for placing thoracic pedicle screws while limiting radiation exposure. This generic 3D imaging technique is a new generation intraoperative CT imaging system designed without compromise to address the needs of a modern OR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to check the accuracy of this generic 3D navigated pedicle screw implants in comparison to free hand technique described by Roy-Camille at the thoracic spine using CT scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material of this study was divided into two groups: free hand group (group I) (18 patients; 108 screws) and 3D group (27 patients; 100 screws). The patients were operated upon from January 2009 to March 2010. Screw implantation was performed during internal fixation for fractures, tumors, and spondylodiscitis of the thoracic spine as well as for degenerative lumbar scoliosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy rate in our work was 89.8 % in the free hand group compared to 98 % in the generic 3D navigated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, 3D navigation-assisted pedicle screw placement is superior to free hand technique in the thoracic spine.
authors.affiliation: Spine Unit, El-Hadra University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. yasser_allam@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yasser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silbermann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riese
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greiner-Perth
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome