title: Characterization of maximal respiratory pressures in healthy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurements of maximal voluntary inspiratory (PI(max)) and expiratory (PE(max)) pressures are used in the management of respiratory muscle disease. There is little data on the appropriate reference range, success rates, or repeatability of PI(max) and PE(max) in children or on methodological factors affecting test outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine PI(max) and PE(max) in healthy children and examine which published reference equations are best suited to a contemporary population. Secondary objectives were to assess within-test repeatability and the influence of lung volumes on PI(max) and PE(max).
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy children were prospectively recruited from the community on a volunteer basis and underwent spirometry, static lung volumes, and PI(max) and PE(max) testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceptable and repeatable (to within 20%) PI(max) and PE(max) were obtained in 156 children, with 105 (67%) children performing both PI(max) and PE(max) measurements to within 10% repeatability. The reference equations of Wilson et al. [Thorax 1984;39:535-538] best matched our healthy Caucasian children. There was an inverse relationship between PI(max) and the percent of total lung capacity (TLC) at which the measurement was obtained (beta coefficient -0.96; 95% CI -1.52 to -0.39; p = 0.001), whereas at lung volumes of >80% TLC PE(max) was independent of lung volume (p = 0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that the Wilson et al. [Thorax 1984;39:535-538] reference ranges are most suited for contemporary Caucasian Australasian children. However, robust multiethnic reference equations for maximal respiratory pressures are required. This study suggests that 10% within-test repeatability criteria are feasible in clinical practice, and that the use of lung volume measurements will improve the quality of maximal respiratory pressure measurements.
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia.
authors.forename: Desmond W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verheggen
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stick
authors.forename: Graham L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D014109:Total Lung Capacity