title: Force and displacement measurements of the distal fibula during simulated ankle loading tests for high ankle sprains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains produce disruption of the distal tibiofibular ligaments. Forces on the distal fibula that produce these injuries are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven fresh-frozen lower extremities were used for this study. A load cell recorded forces acting on the distal fibula from forced ankle dorsiflexion and applied external foot torque; medial-lateral and anterior-posterior displacements of the distal fibula were recorded. Fibular forces and axial displacements were also recorded with applied axial force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During forced ankle dorsiflexion and external foot torque tests, the distal fibula always displaced posteriorly with respect to the tibia with no measurable medial-lateral displacement. With 10 Nm dorsiflexion moment, cutting the tibiofibular ligaments approximately doubled fibular force and displacement values. Cutting the tibiofibular ligaments significantly increased fibular displacement from applied external foot torque. Fibular forces and axial displacements from applied axial weight-bearing force were highest with the foot dorsiflexed. The highest mean fibular force in the study (271.9 N) occurred with 10 Nm external foot torque applied to a dorsiflexed foot under 1000 N axial force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two important modes of loading that could produce high ankle sprains were identified: forced ankle dorsiflexion and external foot torque applied to a dorsiflexed ankle loaded with axial force. The distal tibiofibular ligaments restrained fibular displacement during these tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residual mortise widening observed at surgery may be the result of tibiofibular ligament injuries caused by posterior displacement of the fibula. Therefore, a syndesmosis screw used to fix the fibula would be subjected to posterior bending forces from these loading modes. Ankle bracing to prevent extreme ankle dorsiflexion during rehabilitation may be advisable to prevent excessive fibular motions that could affect syndesmosis healing.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1759, USA. kmarkolf@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Markolf
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McAllister
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005360:Fibula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology; D008422:Materials Testing; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology