title: [Study on immune response after repair of nerve defect with acellular nerve xenograft laden with allogenic adipose-derived stem cells in rhesus monkey].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the systemic and local immune response after repair of nerve defect with acellular nerve xenograft laden with allogenic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in rhesus monkey so as to evaluate the safety of the proposed material for nerve reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral tibial nerves were taken from a healthy adult male landrace (weighing 48 kg) to prepare acellular nerve xenograft by chemical extraction. ADSCs were isolated from a healthy adult male rhesus monkey (weighing 4.5 kg), and were seeded into the acellular nerve grafts. The radial nerve defect models with 25 mm in length were established in 10 healthy adult female rhesus monkeys (weighing 3-5 kg), and they were divided into cell-laden group (n = 5) and non-cell-laden group (n = 5) randomly. Defect was repaired with acellular nerve xenograft laden with allogenic ADSCs in cell-laden group, with acellular nerve xenograft only in non-cell-laden group. The blood samples were taken from peripheral vein preoperatively and at 14, 60, and 90 days after operation for lymphocyte analysis; at 5 months after operation, the grafts were harvested to perform histological examination for local immune response and nerve regeneration. The nerve autograft in rhesus monkey was used as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cell-laden group and non-cell-laden group, no significant difference was found in the count of lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, the percentage ofT lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as the ratio of CD4+ T lymphocytes to CD8+ T lymphocytes between pre- and post-operation (P > 0.05); in cell-laden group, the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes at 14 days was significantly lower than that at 60 and 90 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). The percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in cell-laden group was significantly lower than that in non-cell-laden group at 14 days (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found in the other indexes at the other time between 2 groups (P > 0.05). At 5 months after operation, mild adhesion was found on the surface of nerve xenografts; the epineurium of nerve xenografts was thicker than that of nerve autografts; and neither necrosis nor fibrosis was found. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, and CD163+ T lymphocytes were scattered within the grafts, in which regenerative axons were revealed. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, and CD163+ T lymphocytes were comparable in cell-laden group, non-cell-laden group, and autograft group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repair of nerve defect with acellular nerve xenograft elicits neither systemic nor local immune response in rhesus monkeys. Implantation of allogenic ADSCs might result in transient depression of CD4+ T lymphocytes proliferation early after surgery, no immune response can be found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microsurgery and Orthopaedic Trauma, Huangpu Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510080, PR China.
authors.forename: Xijun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qingtang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Canbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Zhaowei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Qingsen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yinfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000637:transplantation*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013552:Swine; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous