title: Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia:  computed tomographic appearance and follow-up in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize pulmonary nodules in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) using computed tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed chest computed tomographic images of 73 patients with TSC (22 males and 51 females; mean ± SD age, 31.5 ± 13.2 years; range, 13.8-63.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple pulmonary nodules were identified in 42 (58%) of 73 patients (mean ± SD size, 6.6 ± 3.0 mm; range, 2-14 mm). Solid nodules were present in 11 (26%) of 42 patients, ground-glass nodules were present in 3 (7%) of 42 patients, and both solid and ground-glass nodules were present in 28 (67%) of 42 patients. The presence of multiple nodules was independent of sex and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Follow-up images were available for 22 patients with multiple nodules (mean ± SD follow-up, 2.0 ± 1.1 years; range, 0.9-4.9 years), none of whom had change in nodule size or number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most men and women with TSC have multiple pulmonary nodules, which likely represent multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia in the absence of known predisposing factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Muzykewicz
authors.forename: Margaux E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Victorine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muse
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Numis
authors.forename: Jayaraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007479:Iopamidol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055613:Multiple Pulmonary Nodules / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol