title: Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: how to deal with refractory PONV.
abstract: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) constitutes a significant factor in delaying recovery after anesthesia and impairing patient satisfaction. To date the prevention of PONV using single or multimodal interventions, usually based on risk assessment, has gained some popularity. However, comprehensive implementation and knowledge transfer of the latest accomplishments in the prevention of PONV is only slowly being adopted into clinical practice. Preventing PONV is the first step in avoiding refractory PONV. This review comments mainly on the management of refractory PONV. As the data on coping with established PONV are rare, further studies focusing on treatment of established PONV are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospitals of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
authors.forename: Leopold H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
mesh_terms: D019050:Acupressure; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics