title: Doppler sonography confirmation in patients showing calcified carotid artery atheroma in panoramic radiography and evaluation of related risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify patients at the risk of cerebrovascular attack (CVA) by detecting calcified carotid artery atheroma (CCAA) in panoramic radiography and evaluating their risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 960 panoramic radiographs of patients above 40 years old were evaluated. Doppler Sonography (DS) was performed for patients who showed calcified carotid artery atheroma (CCAA) in panoramic radiogra-phy in order to determine the presence of CCAA and the degree of stenosis. Cardiovascular risk factors in both groups of patients with CCAA (12 subjects) and without CCAA (3 subjects) were compared using a questionnaire filled out by the patients. Statistical analysis including Fisher and independent t-test applied for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients (30 sides) showed calcification in their panoramic radiographs, and underwent DS which revealed CCAA in 16 sides (12 patients). Two patients (13.33%) showed stenosis greater than 70%. Among the risk factors, only age showed a significant association with the occurrence of carotid calcified atheroma (P=0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the results, dentists should refer especially elderly patients with radiographically identified atheromas for further examinations, as asymptomatic CCAA might be associated with high degrees of stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran  ; Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahrokh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imanimoghaddam
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rah Rooh
authors.forename: Elahe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi Hashemi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javadzade Blouri