title: Medication adherence and Medicare expenditure among beneficiaries with heart failure.
abstract: To (1) measure utilization of and adherence to heart failure medications and (2) assess whether better adherence is associated with lower Medicare spending.
  
  
  
  Pooled cross-sectional design using six 3-year cohorts of Medicare beneficiaries with congestive heart failure (CHF) from 1997 through 2005 (N = 2204).
  
  
  
  Adherence to treatment was measured using average daily pill counts. Bivariate and multivariate methods were used to examine the relationship between medication adherence and Medicare spending. Multivariate analyses included extensive variables to control for confounding, including healthy adherer bias.
  
  
  
  Approximately 58% of the cohort were taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), 72% a diuretic, 37% a beta-blocker, and 34% a cardiac glycoside. Unadjusted results showed that a 10% increase in average daily pill count for ACE inhibitors or ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics, or cardiac glycosides was associated with reductions in Medicare spending of $508 (not significant [NS]), $608 (NS), $250 (NS), and $1244 (P <.05), respectively. Estimated adjusted marginal effects of a 10% increase in daily pill counts for beta-blockers and cardiac glycosides were reductions in cumulative 3-year Medicare spending of $510 to $561 and $750 to $923, respectively (P <.05).
  
  
  
  Higher levels of medication adherence among Medicare beneficiaries with CHF were associated with lower cumulative Medicare spending over 3 years, with savings generally exceeding the costs of the drugs in question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health & Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopert
authors.forename: J Samantha
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidoff
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Abdulla M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdulhalim
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014481:United States; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides