title: Restraint use in acute and extended mental health services for older persons.
abstract: Restraint of older persons in inpatient and residential care is used to control aggression, and prevent falls and other adverse outcomes. Initiatives to reduce these practices are being implemented worldwide. However, there has been little examination of restraint practice in psychiatric services for older persons. This paper reports a retrospective comparative analysis of restraint use in three acute and two extended care psychiatric inpatient wards in Australia. The analysis involved examination of restraint incidents and comparison of restrained and non-restrained patients. There was significant variation in restraint use between wards. On one acute ward, 12.74% of patients were restrained, although restraint use declined during the data collection period. Patients with dementia were restrained at higher rates than patients with other diagnoses, and restrained patients stayed in hospital for a longer duration. Restraint occurred early in admission, and few differences emerged between those restrained once or multiple times. Mechanical restraint was more prevalent than physical restraint, with restraint predominantly used to manage aggression and falls. Findings provide new data on restraint in older persons' psychiatric services. Greater conceptual understandings of behaviours associated with dementia and the unique needs of patients with these disorders may assist in reducing restraint use in these settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerace
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mosel
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: Eimear
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muir-Cochrane
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013021:South Australia