title: Effects of 12 weeks' treatment with a proton pump inhibitor on insulin secretion, glucose metabolism and markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised double-blind prospective placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that proton pump inhibitor treatment may increase insulin secretion and improve glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. In a randomised double-blind prospective placebo-controlled 2 × 2 factorial study, we examined the effect of esomeprazole on insulin secretion, HbA(1c) and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with type 2 diabetes using dietary control or oral glucose-lowering treatment were randomised to receive add-on esomeprazole 40 mg (n = 20) or placebo (n = 21) for 12 weeks. Randomisation was carried out prior to inclusion on the basis of a computer-generated random-number list. The allocation sequence was concealed in sealed envelopes from the researcher enrolling and assessing participants. The study was undertaken at Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. The primary outcome was change in AUC for insulin levels during a meal test. Secondary outcomes were the levels of HbA(1c) and biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk, including lipids, coagulation factors, inflammation markers, markers of endothelial function and 24 h ambulatory BP measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one participants were analysed. In the esomeprazole-treated group the AUC for insulin did not change (before vs after treatment: 28,049 ± 17,659 vs 27,270 ± 32,004 pmol/l × min (p = 0.838). In the placebo group AUC for insulin decreased from 27,392 ± 14,348 pmol/l × min to 22,938 ± 11,936 pmol/l × min (p = 0.002). Esomeprazole treatment (n = 20) caused a ninefold increase in the AUC for gastrin. HbA(1c) increased from 7.0 ± 0.6% (53 ± 5 mmol/mol) to 7.3 ± 0.8% (56 ± 6 mmol/mol) in the esomeprazole-treated group and from 7.0 ± 0.6% (53 ± 5 mmol/mol) to 7.4 ± 0.8% (57 ± 6 mmol/mol) in the placebo group (n = 21) (p for difference in change >0.05). Except for BP, there were no differences between the groups in the markers of cardiovascular risk (p > 0.05). Monitoring of 24 h ambulatory BP showed a significant decrease in daytime systolic BP, daytime diastolic BP and 24 h diastolic BP in the placebo group (p < 0.05). No change in BP was seen in the patients treated with esomeprazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with esomeprazole over 12 weeks did not improve insulin secretion, glycaemic control or cardiovascular disease biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. khov@steno.dk
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hove
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brøns
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Færch
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D064098:Esomeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005755:Gastrins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015990:Placebo Effect; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D064098:Esomeprazole; D005755:Gastrins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human