title: New pathways of increased cardiovascular risk in depression: a pilot study on the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with pro-atherosclerotic markers in patients with depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An elevation of inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) can be found in patients with depressive disorders. Inflammatory processes are known to influence atherosclerosis and might also mediate the link between depression and diabetes. The present study aimed at comparing hs-CRP and its relationship with atherogenic platelet markers in patients with type 2 diabetes (TD2) and/or newly diagnosed major depression (MD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hs-CRP concentrations in 24 patients with TD2, 21 patients with MD (diagnosed according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV), 19 patients with TD2 and comorbid MD, and 25 healthy controls were compared using analysis of variance. The relationship of hs-CRP with atherogenic platelet markers (CD40, CD40 ligand, soluble CD40L) were examined for the different samples using Pearson's correlations and regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hs-CRP levels were not associated with depression (F(1, 80)=0.56, p=.814). There was a trend for higher hs-CRP in diabetes patients (p=.095), but not after adjustment for BMI. CD40 or sCD40L were not related to hs-CRP. For CD40L, regression analysis revealed a significant interaction between hs-CRP and subgroup: Hs-CRP was positively associated with CD40L only in depressed patients without diabetes (B=.334, p<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Causal inferences are limited because of the cross-sectional design and the small sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate preliminary evidence that hs-CRP might contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease in depressed patients without somatic diseases via its association with platelet expression of CD40L. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. zahn@uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petrak
authors.forename: Idun
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juckel
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Anna-Karolina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hägele
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herpertz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D002097:C-Reactive Protein