title: Dairy consumption and incidence of hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: Observational and clinical studies suggest that dairy intake, particularly low-fat dairy, could have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies on dairy intake and risk of hypertension in the general population. A systematic literature search for eligible studies was conducted until July 2011, using literature databases and hand search. Study-specific dose-response associations were computed according to the generalized least squares for trend estimation method, and linear and piecewise regression models were created. Random-effects models were performed with summarized dose-response data. We included 9 studies with a sample size of 57 256, a total of 15 367 incident hypertension cases, and a follow-up time between 2 and 15 years. Total dairy (9 studies; range of intake, ≈100-700 g/d), low-fat dairy (6 studies; ≈100-500 g/d), and milk (7 studies; ≈100-500 g/d) were inversely and linearly associated with a lower risk of hypertension. The pooled relative risks per 200 g/d were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99) for total dairy, 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93-0.99) for low-fat dairy, and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) for milk. High-fat dairy (6 studies), total fermented dairy (4 studies), yogurt (5 studies), and cheese (8 studies) were not significantly associated with hypertension incidence (pooled relative risks of ≈1). This meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies suggests that low-fat dairy and milk could contribute to the prevention of hypertension, which needs confirmation in randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. sabita.soedamah-muthu@wur.nl
authors.forename: Sabita S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Soedamah-Muthu
authors.forename: Lisa D M
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Verberne
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Mariëlle F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Engberink
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002611:Cheese; D003611:Dairy Products; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats