title: The prototype/willingness model, academic versus health-risk information, and risk cognitions associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmedical prescription stimulant (NPS) use is an important problem among university students. The present studies applied the prototype-willingness model (Gibbons, Gerrard & Lane, 2003) to academic-based NPS use and examined the impact of academic versus health information on university students' NPS use cognitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 used the prototype-willingness model to examine cognitions associated with academic-based willingness to use NPS. In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or to read information on the negative academic or negative health effects of NPS use. Beliefs, willingness, and expectation of engaging in future NPS use, prototypes of users, and perceived vulnerability were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students without a prescription for stimulants or a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated in each study (Ns = 555; 166). Twenty to thirty per cent reported NPS use, primarily for academic reasons. Controlling for past NPS, alcohol, and marijuana use: friends' NPS use, prototypes, perceived vulnerability, and negative health and positive academic beliefs were associated with willingness to use NPS in Study 1. Study 2 demonstrated that participants in the academic-information condition reported the lowest willingness and expectations as well as the least favourable prototypes of NPS users. Participants in the health-information condition reported the highest perceived vulnerability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies highlight: the utility of using a health model framework to examine NPS cognitions, the importance of examining beliefs about the behaviour, and the potential for academic and health information to reduce risky NPS use cognitions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 202-994-2171, USA. mstock@gwu.edu
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sommerville
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010379:Peer Group; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants