title: The burden of anaemia and associated factors in HIV positive Nigerian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaemia is the most common complication of pregnancy and a predictor of poor maternal and foetal outcomes. HIV infection is now recognized as one of the major contributors to anaemia in pregnancy. It is therefore important to determine the burden and risk factors of anaemia in maternal HIV infection in others to plan effective prevention strategies as well as optimize management outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and risk factors of anaemia in pregnant HIV positive Nigerians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence and possible risk factors of anaemia were investigated in HIV positive pregnant Nigerian women at a large HIV treatment clinic in southwestern Nigeria using a cross-sectional design between January 2006 and December 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred and eighty-five (42.5 %) women of 2,318 HIV positive pregnant women seen during the period were anaemic by WHO standard defined by haemoglobin <11 g/dl. Majority were of mild to moderate severity (97.9 %). Short inter birth interval (p = 0.002), presence of opportunistic infections (OIs), (p = 0.001), use of zidovudine containing regimen (p = 0.0005) and CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm(3) (p = 0.001) were found to be independently associated with anaemia in HIV positive pregnant women after controlling for confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anaemia was found to be high at 42.5 % among the HIV positive women studied and was found to be independently associated with short inter birth interval, presence of OIs, advanced HIV disease and use of zidovudine containing HAART regimen.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 488, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria. oezechi@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ezechi
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Kalejaiye
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Gab-Okafor
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Oladele
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oke
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ekama
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Odunukwe
authors.forename: I A O
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ujah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult