title: Prospects of personalized medicine in cardiovascular diseases.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases remain the dominant cause of death worldwide. In the last decades, the remarkable advances in human genetic and genomic research, plus the now common use of genome-wide association studies, have led to the identification of numerous genetic variants associated with specific cardiovascular traits and diseases. Although the clinical applications are limited because the genetic risk of common cardiovascular disease is still unexplained, and the mechanisms of action of the genetic factor(s) are not known, these research advances have, in turn, widely opened the concept of personalized medicine. In this paper, the status and prospects of personalized medicine for cardiovascular disease will be presented. This will be followed by a discussion of issues regarding the implementation of personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. lenfantc@prodigy.net
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lenfant
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D057890:Epigenomics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents