title: The lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin ameliorates diabetic glomerulopathy via complement inhibition.
abstract: Coagulation and complement regulators belong to two interactive systems constituting emerging mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. Thrombomodulin (TM) regulates both coagulation and complement activation, in part through discrete domains. TM's lectin like domain dampens complement activation, while its EGF-like domains independently enhance activation of the anti-coagulant and cytoprotective serine protease protein C (PC). A protective effect of activated PC in diabetic nephropathy is established. We hypothesised that TM controls diabetic nephropathy independent of PC through its lectin-like domain by regulating complement. Diabetic nephropathy was analysed in mice lacking TM's lectin-like domain (TMLeD/LeD) and controls (TMwt/wt). Albuminuria (290 μg/mg vs. 166 μg/mg, p=0.03) and other indices of experimental diabetic nephropathy were aggravated in diabetic TMLeD/LeD mice. Complement deposition (C3 and C5b-9) was markedly increased in glomeruli of diabetic TMLeD/LeD mice. Complement inhibition with enoxaparin ameliorated diabetic nephropathy in TMLeD/LeD mice (e.g. albuminuria 85 μg/mg vs. 290 μg/mg, p<0.001).  In vitro  TM's lectin-like domain cell-autonomously prevented glucose-induced complement activation on endothelial cells and - notably - on podocytes. Podocyte injury, which was enhanced in diabetic TMLeD/LeD mice, was reduced following complement inhibition with enoxaparin. The current study identifies a novel mechanism regulating complement activation in diabetic nephropathy. TM's lectin-like domain constrains glucose-induced complement activation on endothelial cells and podocytes and ameliorates albuminuria and glomerular damage in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vinnikov
authors.forename: Khurrum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shahzad
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashif
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bierhaus
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nawroth
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirschfink
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Thati
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madhusudhan
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000502:physiology; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D050199:Podocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C569169:THBD protein, mouse; D018180:Thrombomodulin