title: Significant anti-invasive activities of α-mangostin from the mangosteen pericarp on two human skin cancer cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at investigating the anti-invasive activities of α-mangostin on human melanoma SK-MEL-28 and squamous cell carcinoma A-431 cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity was tested by the crystal violet assay; anti-invasive activity was detected by the wound healing, cell-matrix adhesion, and boyden chamber assays; and gene regulatory effects by qRT-PCR. Treatments were at non-toxic concentrations (0-1.25 μg/ml for A-431 cells and 0-2.5 μg/ml for SK-MEL-28 cells).
  
  
  RESULTS
  α-Mangostin inhibited motility, adhesion, migration and invasion. Invasive ability was reduced to 4% and 20% following α-mangostin treatment compared with untreated A-431 and SK-MEL-28 cells, respectively. Inhibition of gene expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, NF-κB, and Akt1 was involved in the anti-invasive activities on A-431 cells. Inhibition of MMP-2, NF-κB and IκBα was involved for SK-MEL-28 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  α-Mangostin suppressed the metastatic processes of SK-MEL-28 and A-431 cell lines by differentially regulating metastasis-related genes, showing potential as an anti-metastatic agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Level 4, Health Science Building, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Jing J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Barbara J S
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D044004:Xanthones; C021053:mangostin