title: The accuracy and reproducibility of SPECT target volumes and activities estimated using an iterative adaptive thresholding technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to design a practical and reproducible image segmentation method for calculations of total absorbed doses in organs and tumours for internally delivered radioisotopes. We have built upon our previously proposed use of two separate thresholds and employed an iterative technique for semiautomatic selection of background regions for segmenting an object of interest using thresholds that depend on the source-to-background ratio of activity concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parameters of curves relating volume and activity thresholds to source-to-background ratio were established using phantoms with 20 different inserts. The accuracy of our technique was validated using a second phantom experiment, whereas the reproducibility of volume, activity and dose estimates of organs and tumours was investigated using 13 patient studies. The accuracy and reproducibility of segmentations achieved were assessed using images reconstructed with three different methods that ranged from a standard clinical reconstruction to an advanced quantitative reconstruction approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the validation phantom experiment, bottle volumes and activities measured using iterative adaptive thresholding agreed on average with the true values to within 4%, regardless of the reconstruction method used. In the patient studies, volumes and activities estimated from the single-photon emission computed tomography images reconstructed with clinical software agreed with the volumes and activities estimated using the advanced reconstruction approach to within 6%, whereas the corresponding doses agreed to within 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed iterative adaptive thresholding technique can accurately determine object volume and activity, which allows standard clinical reconstructions to generate absorbed dose estimates that are similar to those values obtained using more advanced reconstruction methods.
authors.affiliation: Departments of aPhysics and Astronomy bRadiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. grimes@physics.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celler
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shcherbinin
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piwowarska-Bilska
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*