title: Ancillary approaches to plasminogen activators.
abstract: Acute ischemic stroke develops from an interruption in focal cerebral blood flow. In many cases, it is caused by an acute thromboembolism. Although systemic fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke has been a significant breakthrough in the management of this disease, additional agents and methods that could improve or restore cerebral flow are necessary. Similarly to findings in acute myocardial infarction, combination pharmacotherapy has the potential to improve current thrombolytic treatment in acute ischemic stroke. In recent years, research efforts were directed toward various combination therapy with pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Several trials tested tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in combination with antiplateletes and anticoagulants. Combination of t-PA with nonpharmacological agents included sonothrombolysis (amplifying the thrombolytic effect), laser (neuro-recovery), hypothermia (cytoprotection and decreasing brain swelling), and blood flow augmentation (increasing residual flow and recruitment of collateral vessels). This paper will review ongoing clinical trials and safety of these promising combinatory treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Joundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bavarsad Shahripour
authors.forename: Andrei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexandrov
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014443:Tyrosine; D001120:Arginine; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D000077466:Tirofiban; C031942:argatroban