title: A novel conceptual framework for balance training in Parkinson's disease-study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing scientific knowledge about the interaction between physiological (musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cognitive and sensory) systems and their influence on balance and walking impairments in Parkinson's disease. We have developed a new conceptual framework for balance training, emphasising specific components of balance control related to Parkinson's disease symptoms by using highly challenging, progressive and varying training conditions. The primary aim of this proposed randomised controlled trial will be to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of a 10-week balance training regime in elderly with Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty participants with mild to moderate idiopathic Parkinson's disease will be recruited and randomly allocated to an intervention group receiving balance training or a control group whose participants will continue to receive their usual care. The intervention will consist of a 10-week group training regime (1-hour training, three times per week), which will be led by two physiotherapists to ensure training progression and safety. The conceptual framework will be applied by addressing specific balance components (sensory integration, anticipatory postural adjustments, motor agility, stability limits) through varying training conditions and structured progression. Assessment will be conducted through a multi-dimensional battery of outcomes, prior to and immediately after the 10-week intervention, and at 9 and 15 months' follow-up after entering the study. Primary outcome measures will be balance performance (assessed using the Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test), change in gait velocity (m/s) between single and dual task walking, and fear of falling (evaluated using the Fall Efficacy Scale International).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has the potential to provide new insight and knowledge of the effects of specific, varied and challenging balance training on a wide health spectrum in elderly with PD. If found to be effective, this pragmatic approach with translation of theory into practice, can be implemented in existing outpatient care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01417598.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden. David.Conradsson.1@ki.se
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conradsson
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Löfgren
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ståhle
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagströmer
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franzén
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004856:Postural Balance; D012107:Research Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome