title: Effect of tricalcium silicate (Ca(3)SiO(5)) bioactive material on reducing enamel demineralization: an in vitro pH-cycling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ca(3)SiO(5) on reducing enamel demineralization under pH-cycling conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty bovine enamel samples were treated under four conditions: group 1, double distilled water (negative control); group 2, 1000 ppm F (as NaF, positive control); group 3, Ca(3)SiO(5) slurry; and group 4, Ca(3)SiO(5)-F slurry (Ca(3)SiO(5) with 1000 ppm F aq.). All the specimens were treated with treatment materials 4 times each day. Samples in groups 1 and 2 were soaked in test solutions for 2 min and samples in groups 3 and 4 were painted in treatment slurry for 2 min. At times between treatments, they were immersed in citric acid solution 3 times a day and 15 s each time. All the procedures were repeated for 7 days. Knoop microhardness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atom force microscopy (AFM) were used to examine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment for 7 days, enamels in all the groups were significantly softened. The extents of microhardness reduction were 52.3%, 28.5%, 28.5% and 20.2% for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Samples in the negative control group showed a typical acid etched pattern while enamels in other groups were relatively compact. There was no significant difference between samples treated with Ca(3)SiO(5) and F. The combination of Ca(3)SiO(5) with F showed the best effect on reducing enamel demineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca(3)SiO(5) is an effective material against enamel demineralization alone but in combination with F a better anti-demineralization effect may be obtained.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors.forename: Yueyue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaoke
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chengtie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D003461:Crystallography; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006244:Hardness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014867:Water; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D017640:Silicates; D014867:Water; D019343:Citric Acid; C506393:tricalcium silicate; D012969:Sodium Fluoride