title: Protein serine/threonine phosphotase-1 is essential in governing normal development of vertebrate eye.
abstract: Protein serine/threonine phosphatase-1 (PP-1) is one of the key enzymes responsible for dephosphorylation in vertebrates. Protein dephosphorylation via PP-1 is implicated in many different biological processes including gene expression, cell cycle control, transformation, neuronal transmission, apoptosis, autophage and senescence. However, whether PP-1 directly controls animal development remains to be investigated. Here, we present direct evidence to show that PP-1 plays an essential role in regulating eye development of vertebrates. Using goldfish as a model system, we have shown the following novel results. First, inhibition of PP-1 activity leads to death of a majority of the treated embryos, and the survived embryos displayed severe phenotype in the eye. Second, knockdown of each catalytic subunit of PP-1 with morpholino oligomers leads to partial (PP-lα knockdown) or complete (PP-lβ or PP-lγ knockdown) death of the injected embryos. The survived embryos from PP-1α knockdown displayed clear retardation in lens differentiation. Finally, overexpression of each subunit of PP-1 also causes death of majority of the injected embryos and leads to abnormal development of goldfish eye. Mechanistically, Pax-6 is one of the major downstream targets mediating the effects of PP-1 function since the eye phenotype in Pax-6 knockdown fish is similar to that derived from overexpression of PP-1. Together, our results for the first time provide direct evidence that protein phosphatase-1 plays a key role in governing normal eye formation during goldfish development.
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of National Education Department, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
authors.forename: W-B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: F-Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: X-C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: H-G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: X-W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W-K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: X-H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: W-F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: K-L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M-X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: X-L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L-X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: M-B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y-Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D W-C
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006054:Goldfish / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000235:genetics; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060172:Morpholinos; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases