title: Comparison between mechanical and near-infrared methods for assessing coagulation properties of bovine milk.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare milk coagulation properties measured through a traditional mechanical device, the Formagraph (FRM; Foss Electric A/S, Hillerød, Denmark), and a near-infrared optical device, the Optigraph (OPT; Ysebaert SA, Frépillon, France). Individual milk samples of 913 Brown Swiss cows from 63 herds located in Trento Province (Italy) were analyzed for rennet coagulation time (RCT, min), curd-firming time (k(20), min), and 2 measures of curd firmness (a(30) and a(45),mm) using the 2 instruments and under identical conditions. The trial was performed in the same laboratory, by the same technician, and following the same procedures. Extending the analysis by either instrument to 90 min permitted RCT and k(20) values to be obtained even for late-coagulating milk samples. Milk coagulation properties measured using the OPT differed considerably from those obtained using the FRM. The average k(20) values varied greatly (8.16 vs. 5.36 min for the OPT and the FRM, respectively), as did the a(45) figures (41.49 vs. 33.66 mm for the OPT and the FRM, respectively). The proportion of noncoagulating samples for which k(20) could be estimated differed between instruments, being less for the OPT. The between-instrument correlation coefficients were either moderate (0.48 for a(30)) or low (0.24 and 0.17 for k(20) and a(45), respectively) when the same traits were compared. The correlations between k(20) and a(45), and milk yield varied among instruments, as did the correlations between k(20), a(30), and a(45) and milk composition, and the correlations between a(45) and pH. The relative influence of days in milk on k(20) and a(45) varied, as did the effect of parity on a(45) and that of the measuring unit of coagulation meter on k(20) and a(30). The RCT estimated by the OPT was the only milk coagulation property to show good agreement with the FRM-derived value, although this was not true for the data from late-coagulating samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cipolat-Gotet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cecchinato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penasa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bittante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D012085:Chymosin / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005524:Food Technology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C025350:rennet; D012085:Chymosin