title: Comparison of the peak-to-trough fluctuation in plasma concentration of long-acting injectable antipsychotics and their oral equivalents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small peak-to-trough drug levels have been suggested to be related to improved tolerability. The aim of this study is to review the steady-state, peak-to-trough, plasma-concentration fluctuation of long-acting injectable antipsychotics and equivalent oral formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of published literature and clinical study reports identified references that reported, depicted, or permitted derivation of the steady-state, peak-to-trough, plasma-concentration fluctuation of antipsychotics (the ratio of maximum concentration to minimum concentration following administration according to the recommended dosing interval) over the dosing interval. Suitable references were identified for haloperidol decanoate, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, risperidone long-acting injectable, and zuclopenthixol decanoate and their oral equivalents except zuclopenthixol. The single-dose time to maximum plasma concentration (T(max)) and half-life (t(1/2)) were also identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The steady-state, peak-to-trough, plasma-concentration ratios of oral antipsychotics varied from 1.47 (paliperidone extended-release, once daily) to 3.30 (active-moiety risperidone, once daily). Among long-acting injectable antipsychotics, the ratios varied from 1.56 (paliperidone palmitate, once monthly) to approximately 4 (olanzapine pamoate, once every four weeks). Among drugs with similar dosing intervals, longer T(max) and/or t(1/2) generally correlated with less peak-to-trough fluctuation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peak-to-trough fluctuations in plasma concentrations vary widely and may be affected by differences in dosing, pharmacokinetic sampling, subjects' phenotypes, concomitant medications, comorbid diseases, and formulation. These fluctuations may affect clinical response and tolerability. Along with other patient-specific and drug-specific factors, these fluctuations warrant consideration when selecting an antipsychotic and antipsychotic formulation. Further study is needed with more robust and generalizable peak-to-trough fluctuation data.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Kristin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Dong-Jing
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alphs