title: The Infant Crying Questionnaire: initial factor structure and validation.
abstract: The current project reports on an initial investigation into the factor structure of the Infant Crying Questionnaire (ICQ), a measure designed to assess parental beliefs about infant crying, in a sample of 259 primiparous mothers. Exploratory factor analyses yielded evidence for a five-factor structure to the ICQ, with two factors that may be conceptually viewed as infant-oriented beliefs regarding infant crying (Attachment/Comfort and Crying as Communication) and three factors conceptually reflecting parent-oriented beliefs regarding infant crying (Minimization, Directive Control, and Spoiling). Each of the scales demonstrated strong internal consistency and was associated with concurrent measures of mothers' causal attributions about emotional responses to infant crying. Predictive validity to observed maternal sensitivity at 6 months and mother-reported infant behavioral problems at one year was demonstrated. The importance of a questionnaire method to assess parents' beliefs regarding infant crying in developmental research is discussed and future methodological directions are outlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, United States. jdhaltig@uncg.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Haltigan
authors.forename: Esther M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leerkes
authors.forename: Regan V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Burney
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Supple
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Calkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003448:Crying / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires