title: A systematic review of simulators in otolaryngology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of published articles that describe simulators that could be used in otolaryngology for education, skill acquisition, and/or skill improvement. Data Sources Ovid and Embase databases searched July 14, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred fifty-three abstracts were independently reviewed by both authors, then 154 eligible articles were reviewed by both authors, and 95 articles were categorized by organ system (eg, otologic); type of simulator (eg, physical, virtual); whether the simulator was a prototype, could be purchased, or was constructed; validation; and level of learning assessment. Discrepancies were resolved by re-review and discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to 11 overview articles, 28 articles described 16 otology simulators, most of which are virtual and prototypes. Ninteen articles described 10 sinus/rhinology simulators; most are virtual surgery simulators and prototypes. Eight articles described 8 oral cavity simulators, and 8 articles described neck simulators. Seventeen articles described 13 bronchoscopy simulators; several are full-body high-technology manikins adapted from other purposes. Five articles described eclectic simulators, including some for learning nontechnical and teamwork skills. Half of the simulators have been validated. Learning levels were often not assessed or assessment was limited to the learners' perceptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variety of simulators are available or under development. Lack of unified validation concepts and limited descriptions restricted our ability to assess model characteristics, availability, and validation. Simulators are emerging as powerful tools to facilitate learning; this review may provide a platform for discussion and refinement of the information reported and analyzed in evaluating simulators.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Luv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Javia
authors.forename: Ellen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Deutsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016544:Patient Simulation