title: Optical imaging of kidney cancer with novel near infrared heptamethine carbocyanine fluorescent dyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the application of near infrared heptamethine carbocyanine dyes, including IR-783 and the synthetic analogue MHI-148, as optical imaging agents for the rapid detection of human kidney cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake, retention and subcellular localization of these organic dyes were investigated in cultured kidney cancer cells. Tumor specificity of dye uptake and retention was evaluated by whole body imaging of mice bearing human kidney cancer xenografts or freshly harvested clinical kidney cancer specimens. In addition, dye accumulation at the tissue and cellular levels was confirmed by ex vivo studies with results confirmed by fluorescence imaging of frozen tissue sections. Peripheral blood spiked with kidney cancer cells was stained to simulate the detection of circulating tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preferential uptake and retention of carbocyanine near infrared dyes was observed in cultured human kidney cancer cells, human kidney cancer cell spiked whole blood, human kidney cancer xenografts and freshly harvested human kidney cancer tissues compared to normal kidney epithelial cells and normal host organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a new class of near infrared heptamethine carbocyanine dyes that show potential for detecting kidney cancer cells in circulating blood and kidney cancer cells in clinical specimens. Near infrared carbocyanine dyes can be further developed as dual modality agents for deep tissue imaging of localized and disseminated kidney cancer in patients.
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Xiaojian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Ruoxiang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Chia-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Peizhen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: Viraj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Master
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: Adeboye O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Osunkoya
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Hyung L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Haiyen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zhau
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048.|Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: Leland W K
authors.initials: LWK
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes