title: The interrelationships among paternal and maternal parenting stress, metabolic control, and depressive symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between paternal and maternal parenting stress, metabolic control, and depressive symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  151 adolescents with T1DM (mean age 14.9 ± 1.7 years) and a comparison group (n = 122) reported their depressive symptoms and behavior problems. Mothers (T1DM n = 126; comparison group n = 106) and fathers (T1DM n = 103; comparison group n = 55) each reported parenting stress. Metabolic control was assessed by the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values obtained from the medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fathers of adolescents with T1DM reported significantly more parenting stress than fathers of the comparison group. Parenting stress was associated with depressive symptoms only in adolescents with T1DM. Parenting stress in fathers explained 25% of the variance in depressive symptoms in adolescents with T1DM and 18% of the variance in HbA1c. In mothers, this was 22% and 19%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of blood glucose control and depressive symptoms in adolescents with T1DM was found to be associated with both paternal and maternal parenting stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Catharina Hospital, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. nienke.maas@cze.nl
authors.forename: Nienke M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maas-van Schaaijk
authors.forename: Angelique B C
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roeleveld-Versteegh
authors.forename: Anneloes L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: van Baar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin