title: Efficacy of a numerical value of a fixed-effect estimator in stochastic frontier analysis as an indicator of hospital production structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The casemix-based payment system has been adopted in many countries, although it often needs complementary adjustment taking account of each hospital's unique production structure such as teaching and research duties, and non-profit motives. It has been challenging to numerically evaluate the impact of such structural heterogeneity on production, separately of production inefficiency. The current study adopted stochastic frontier analysis and proposed a method to assess unique components of hospital production structures using a fixed-effect variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were two stages of analyses in this study. In the first stage, we estimated the efficiency score from the hospital production function using a true fixed-effect model (TFEM) in stochastic frontier analysis. The use of a TFEM allowed us to differentiate the unobserved heterogeneity of individual hospitals as hospital-specific fixed effects. In the second stage, we regressed the obtained fixed-effect variable for structural components of hospitals to test whether the variable was explicitly related to the characteristics and local disadvantages of the hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first analysis, the estimated efficiency score was approximately 0.6. The mean value of the fixed-effect estimator was 0.784, the standard deviation was 0.137, the range was between 0.437 and 1.212. The second-stage regression confirmed that the value of the fixed effect was significantly correlated with advanced technology and local conditions of the sample hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained fixed-effect estimator may reflect hospitals' unique structures of production, considering production inefficiency. The values of fixed-effect estimators can be used as evaluation tools to improve fairness in the reimbursement system for various functions of hospitals based on casemix classification.
authors.affiliation: Economics Faculty, Seijo University, 6-1-20 Seijo, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. kawaguchi@seijo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004739:England; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D013269:Stochastic Processes