title: A mixed method approach to describe the out-of-pocket expenses incurred by families of children with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Families of children with cancer are confronted with a broad range of direct costs (out-of-pocket expenses), but the nature of these costs is poorly understood. This study aimed to disaggregate and describe these costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, mixed method, cost-of-illness design was utilized. Starting in the fourth week following their child's diagnosis, parents recorded resources consumed, and costs incurred for 1 week per month for 3 consecutive months. Any additional costs not captured in this typical 1 week period were added for the remainder of the month. Parents also discussed their costs in an audio-taped interview at the end of the 3 months. Descriptive statistics and qualitative content analyses were performed to disaggregate and describe families' costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 99 families reported utilizing 16 cost categories and 74 cost items. Nearly three quarters of these costs were attributed to travel (56%) and food (18%). Costly items included acquisition of a car ($CAD35,000), relocation of a family ($CAD6,000), and purchase of a wheelchair ($CAD6,800). Parents described facing significant out-of-pocket expenses to ensure that their children had access to cancer treatment, to cope with the clinical treatment side effects of treatment, and to maintain the family household.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Families of children with cancer experience a wide range of costs. Our understanding of the nature of their costs and resource use may formulate the basis for future cost assessments and provide insight into practice and policy changes aimed at lessening the economic impact of this burden.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7. argerie.tsimicalis@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Argerie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsimicalis
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ungar
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKeever
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agha
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guerriere
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult