title: Evaluating swallowing muscles essential for hyolaryngeal elevation by using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced hyolaryngeal elevation, a critical event in swallowing, is associated with radiation therapy. Two muscle groups that suspend the hyoid, larynx, and pharynx have been proposed to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex: the suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles. Thought to assist both groups is the thyrohyoid, a muscle intrinsic to the hyolaryngeal complex. Intensity modulated radiation therapy guidelines designed to preserve structures important to swallowing currently exclude the suprahyoid and thyrohyoid muscles. This study used muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) in normal healthy adults to determine whether both muscle groups are active in swallowing and to test therapeutic exercises thought to be specific to hyolaryngeal elevation.
  
  
  METHODS
  mfMRI data were acquired from 11 healthy subjects before and after normal swallowing and after swallowing exercise regimens (the Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful pitch glide). Whole-muscle transverse relaxation time (T2 signal, measured in milliseconds) profiles of 7 test muscles were used to evaluate the physiologic response of each muscle to each condition. Changes in effect size (using the Cohen d measure) of whole-muscle T2 profiles were used to determine which muscles underlie swallowing and swallowing exercises.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-swallowing effect size changes (where a d value of >0.20 indicates significant activity during swallowing) for the T2 signal profile of the thyrohyoid was a d value of 0.09; a d value of 0.40 for the mylohyoid, 0.80 for the geniohyoid, 0.04 for the anterior digastric, and 0.25 for the posterior digastric-stylohyoid in the suprahyoid muscle group; and d values of 0.47 for the palatopharyngeus and 0.28 for the stylopharyngeus muscles in the longitudinal pharyngeal muscle group. The Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful pitch glide swallowing exercises showed significant effect size changes for all muscles tested, except for the thyrohyoid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscles of both the suprahyoid and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscle groups are active in swallowing, and both swallowing exercises effectively target muscles elevating the hyolaryngeal complex. mfMRI is useful in testing swallowing muscle function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. bp1@bu.edu
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hindson
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Langmore
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zumwalt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000502:physiology*; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult