title: Lateral injection using a Whitacre needle with patients in the lateral decubitus position maintained for a prolonged time period produces symmetric sensory block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The directional flow of injection through a Whitacre needle can be used to modify the level of sensory blockade. We hypothesized that injection of hyperbaric local anesthetic through a Whitacre needle with the bevel oriented laterally can produce a more symmetric sensory block.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia with the patient in lateral decubitus position were randomized to receive 10 mg, 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with the Whitacre needle orifice in 1 of 2 orientations, cephalad and lateral. The patient's position was maintained for 15 min after the injection, and sensory blocks were recorded. The primary outcome was the sensory levels between the dependent and nondependent side. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test odds was used to compare unpaired nonparametric data. For the paired samples, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of differences between group medians were calculated using the Hodges-Lehman estimator for the median difference in number of blocked segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in block level between dependent and nondependent sides in the lateral group. The Hodges-Lehmann point estimator was 0.5% and 95% CI was 0-2.5, suggesting a more symmetric sensory block in patients in the lateral decubitus position maintained for a sufficient period of time. A significantly lower level of blockade was noticed on the nondependent side compared to the dependent side in the cephalad group. The Hodges-Lehmann point estimator was 2.5 segments and 95% CI was 0.5-5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with the bevel of the Whitacre needle oriented laterally produces more symmetric sensory levels of blockade between the dependent and nondependent sides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ruping
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Jiabi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Yanqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D011187:Posture; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine