title: Dating and substance use in adolescent peer networks: a replication and extension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current report examined associations between romantic partner, peer and individual substance use behaviors in a sample of American adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The report used two waves of data (8th and 9th grades) from the Partnerships to Enhance Resilience (PROSPER) intervention project and focused on dating couples and their friends in 54 sampled school-cohorts. Hierarchical logistic regression models examined the associations between friend, partner and friend-of-partner substance use and daters' future drinking and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys administered in rural Pennsylvania and Iowa secondary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 744 dating couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student participants completed questionnaires that assessed substance use, background characteristics and dating and friend nominations. Friend, partner and friend-of-partner substance use were assessed at each wave directly from respective reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with a bridging hypothesis, friends-of-partner drinking had a strong and independent association with subsequent drunkenness (b = 1.40, P < 0.01) and drinking (b = 0.82, P < 0.01) among daters, and these associations did not vary by gender. A similar association was not observed for smoking, where partner (b = 0.77, P < 0.01) and direct friends (b = 1.19, P < 0.05) smoking showed strong and significant associations with future smoking, but friends-of-partner smoking did not (b = -0.44, P > 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Romantic partner and peer behaviors have substantially different associations with adolescent drinking and smoking. Intervention efforts aimed at reducing teenage smoking should be aimed at proximal peer and romantic relationships, whereas interventions of teenage drinking should also include the wider circle of indirect friends.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Crime, Law, and Justice, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6207, USA. dkreager@psu.edu
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kreager
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Haynie
authors.forename: Suellen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hopfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012737:Sex Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support