title: Isolation and characterization of degradation products of moxidectin using LC, LTQ FT-MS, H/D exchange and NMR.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the degradation profile and pathways, and identify unknown impurities of moxidectin under stress conditions. During the experiments, moxidectin samples were stressed using acid, alkali, heat and oxidation, and chromatographic profiles were compared with known impurities given in European Pharmacopeia (EP) monograph. Moxidectin has shown good stability under heat, while reaction with alkali produced 2-epi and ∆2,3 isomers (impurities D and E in EP) by characteristic reactions of the oxahydrindene (hexahydrobenzofuran) portion of the macrocyclic lactone. Two new, previously unreported, unknown degradation products, i.e. impurity 1 and impurity 2, detected after acid hydrolysis of moxidectin (impurity 2 was also observed to a lesser extent after oxidation), were isolated from sample matrices and identified using liquid chromatography, NMR, high-resolution FT-ICR MS, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies. FTMS analysis showed accurate mass of molecular ion peaks for moxidectin at m/z 640.38412, impurity 1 at m/z 656.37952 and impurity 2 at m/z 611.35684, giving rise to daughter ions traceable up to the seventh levels of MS(n) experiments and supporting the proposed structures. Both unknown impurities along with moxidectin were fully characterized by (1)H, (13)C, 1D HMBC and 2D (NOESY, COSY and HSQC) NMR experiments. The interpretation of experimental data positively identified impurity 1 as 3,4-epoxy-moxidectin and impurity 2 as 23-keto-nemadectin. The identification of new impurities and correlation of their chromatographic profiles with the EP method is very useful to establish the stability profile of moxidectin and its preparations, as well as add value to the forthcoming moxidectin finished product European Pharmacopeia monographs.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razzak
authors.forename: Raida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Kassas
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004355:Drug Stability; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018942:Macrolides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018942:Macrolides; C027837:moxidectin