title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtype differentially predicts smoking expectancies in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an established risk factor for smoking; however, no studies have considered whether precursors to smoking behavior differ among adolescents with ADHD. Smoking expectancies are beliefs about the potential consequences of smoking, and they develop before smoking initiation. ADHD characteristics may contribute to the formation of expectancies and eventual smoking behavior. We evaluated whether clinical levels of ADHD subtypes differentially predicted smoking expectancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n = 221; age mean = 12.67 years) completed the Smoking Expectancy Scale for Adolescents, answered standardized questions about their smoking behavior, and provided expired breath samples to verify never-smoking status. Parents completed the Conners' Parent Rating Scale for ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with clinical levels of inattention were significantly less likely to endorse negative consequences, including Expected Costs (odds ratio [OR] = .16), Appearance-Presentation Costs (OR = .29), Social Costs (OR = .19), Health Costs (OR = .21), and Addiction Costs (OR = .39). Inattentive female adolescents were significantly more likely to endorse Weight Control as a consequence. Adolescents with clinical levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity were more likely to endorse positive consequences, including Expected Benefits (OR = 5.31), Affect Control (OR = 2.60), and Boredom Reduction (OR = 3.14); they were less likely to endorse Social Costs (OR = .27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD subtype differentially predicted smoking expectancies. Adolescents with ADHD may be more vulnerable to developing pro-smoking expectancies due to subtype-related deficits in neurocognitive processing. These findings have potential implications for developing targeted smoking prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Public Health Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Racicot
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires