title: Protective athletic mouthguards: do they cause harm?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protective athletic mouthguards (PAMs) have been worn in competitive sports for more than 100 years. Today, participants in contact and noncontact sports wear PAMs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Wearing a PAM produces oral injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two Division I football players voluntarily participated in the study. Before the beginning of the season, each player underwent a thorough oral examination, and all abnormal oral findings were photographed (hyperkeratosis, erythema, ulceration, and combinations thereof). At midseason, 14 players were given complete oral examinations, with all abnormal oral findings documented. At season end, all remaining players (n = 53) had complete oral examinations and photographs taken of abnormal oral findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preseason examination of 62 players found a total of 85 lesions (1.4 lesions per player) on the gingiva (n = 17), buccal mucosa (n = 60), and palate (n = 8). The 14 midseason players had 28 lesions (2.0 lesions per player) on gingiva (n = 8), buccal mucosa (n = 16), and tongue (n = 4). At season end, the 53 remaining players had 198 lesions (3.7 per player) on the gingiva (n = 96), buccal mucosa (n = 79), tongue (n = 18), and palate (n = 5). In addition, the lesion intensity scores progressively increased over the season. Because the palate did not come into direct contact with the PAM, it was used as an internal control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wearing of a PAM may increase the number and intensity of oral mucosal injuries, which may cause localized soft tissue reactions such as hyperkeratosis, erythema, and ulceration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the PAM reduces tooth injury but may cause oral lesions, it should be sanitized daily and changed regularly and replaced whenever it becomes sharp and jagged or when the athlete develops an irritation in the mouth.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Charles Rieger
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Aric J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Gerwald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bullard
authors.forename: Gifty
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Judyth M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gulden