title: The effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on behavioral outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review systematically the empirical evidence on traumatic brain injury (TBI) during childhood and subsequent behavioral problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial literature search with keywords 'brain injury,''children,' and 'behavior' was conducted using Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases. Ancestry was also used. Original research studies published between 1990 and February 2012 focusing on behavioral outcomes of children sustaining TBI from ages 0 to 18 years were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty studies, varying considerably in methodologies, were included in the review. Findings showed that up to 50% of brain-injured children are at risk for presenting with specific behavioral problems and disorders. These problems may emerge shortly or several years after injury and often persist and even worsen with time. These behavioral impairments appear to be moderated by the family environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors of childhood TBI are at risk for developing and sustaining behavioral impairments. Stronger research is needed to identify cognitive and environmental factors that contribute to the onset and maintenance of these problems. Healthcare providers should ensure adequate follow-up and assessment of a child's behavioral, social, and neurocognitive domains. Caregivers should be encouraged to provide positive environments and parenting styles, which may help reduce chronic behavioral problems after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4217, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010372:Pediatrics