title: Engineering and performance (NEMA and animal) of a lower-cost higher-resolution animal PET/CT scanner using photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing detectors.
abstract: The dedicated murine PET (MuPET) scanner is a high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and low-cost preclinical PET camera designed and manufactured at our laboratory. In this article, we report its performance according to the NU 4-2008 standards of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). We also report the results of additional phantom and mouse studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MuPET scanner, which is integrated with a CT camera, is based on the photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing concept and comprises 180 blocks of 13 × 13 lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystals (1.24 × 1.4 × 9.5 mm(3)) and 210 low-cost 19-mm photomultipliers. The camera has 78 detector rings, with an 11.6-cm axial field of view and a ring diameter of 16.6 cm. We measured the energy resolution, scatter fraction, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and counting rate performance of the scanner. In addition, we scanned the NEMA image-quality phantom, Micro Deluxe and Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantoms, and 2 healthy mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system average energy resolution was 14% at 511 keV. The average spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was about 1.2 mm, improving to 0.8 mm and remaining below 1.2 mm in the central 6-cm field of view when a resolution-recovery method was used. The absolute sensitivity of the camera was 6.38% for an energy window of 350-650 keV and a coincidence timing window of 3.4 ns. The system scatter fraction was 11.9% for the NEMA mouselike phantom and 28% for the ratlike phantom. The maximum noise-equivalent counting rate was 1,100 at 57 MBq for the mouselike phantom and 352 kcps at 65 MBq for the ratlike phantom. The 1-mm fillable rod was clearly observable using the NEMA image-quality phantom. The images of the Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantom also showed the 1-mm hot rods. In the mouse studies, both the left and right ventricle walls were clearly observable, as were the Harderian glands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MuPET camera has excellent resolution, sensitivity, counting rate, and imaging performance. The data show it is a powerful scanner for preclinical animal study and pharmaceutical development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Wai-Hoi
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Hongdi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hossain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baghaei
authors.forename: Yuxuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rocio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Shitao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004738:Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012952:Societies / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed