title: Maximum reasonable radioxenon releases from medical isotope production facilities and their effect on monitoring nuclear explosions.
abstract: Fission gases such as (133)Xe are used extensively for monitoring the world for signs of nuclear testing in systems such as the International Monitoring System (IMS). These gases are also produced by nuclear reactors and by fission production of (99)Mo for medical use. Recently, medical isotope production facilities have been identified as the major contributor to the background of radioactive xenon isotopes (radioxenon) in the atmosphere (Stocki et al., 2005; Saey, 2009). These releases pose a potential future problem for monitoring nuclear explosions if not addressed. As a starting point, a maximum acceptable daily xenon emission rate was calculated, that is both scientifically defendable as not adversely affecting the IMS, but also consistent with what is possible to achieve in an operational environment. This study concludes that an emission of 5 × 10(9) Bq/day from a medical isotope production facility would be both an acceptable upper limit from the perspective of minimal impact to monitoring stations, but also appears to be an achievable limit for large isotope producers.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, National Security Division, 902 Battelle Blvd, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-27, Richland, WA 99354, USA. ted.bowyer@pnnl.gov
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: Rosara
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kephart
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Eslinger
authors.forename: Judah I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Harry S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Miley
authors.forename: Paul R J
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Saey
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D004345:Drug Industry; D005107:Explosions; D007221:Industry; D054043:Nuclear Weapons; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014980:Xenon Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014980:Xenon Radioisotopes