title: Electron tomography of the microtubule cytoskeleton in multinucleated hyphae of Ashbya gossypii.
abstract: We report the mechanistic basis guiding the migration pattern of multiple nuclei in hyphae of Ashbya gossypii. Using electron tomography, we reconstructed the cytoplasmic microtubule (cMT) cytoskeleton in three tip regions with a total of 13 nuclei and also the spindle microtubules of four mitotic nuclei. Each spindle pole body (SPB) nucleates three cMTs and most cMTs above a certain length grow according to their plus-end structure. Long cMTs closely align for several microns along the cortex, presumably marking regions where dynein generates pulling forces on nuclei. Close proximity between cMTs emanating from adjacent nuclei was not observed. The majority of nuclei carry duplicated side-by-side SPBs, which together emanate an average of six cMTs, in most cases in opposite orientation with respect to the hyphal growth axis. Such cMT arrays explain why many nuclei undergo short-range back and forth movements. Only occasionally do all six cMTs orient in one direction, a precondition for long-range nuclear bypassing. Following mitosis, daughter nuclei carry a single SPB with three cMTs. The increased probability that all three cMTs orient in one direction explains the high rate of nuclear bypassing observed in these nuclei. The A. gossypii mitotic spindle was found to be structurally similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in terms of nuclear microtubule (nMT) number, length distribution and three-dimensional organization even though the two organisms differ significantly in chromosome number. Our results suggest that two nMTs attach to each kinetochore in A. gossypii and not only one nMT like in S. cerevisiae.
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg,  Germany.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gibeaux
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Antonio Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Politi
authors.forename: Sue L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jaspersen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philippsen
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antony
mesh_terms: D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055032:Electron Microscope Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D055169:Eremothecium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D025301:Hyphae / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure