title: Interclade recombination in porcine parvovirus strains.
abstract: A detailed analysis of the Ns1/Vp1Vp2 genome region of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) strains isolated from vaccinated animals was performed. We found many inconsistencies in the phylogenetic trees of these viral isolates, such as low statistical support and strains with long branches in the phylogenetic trees. Thus, we used distance-based and phylogenetic methods to distinguish de facto recombinants from spurious recombination signals. We found a mosaic virus in which the Ns1 gene was acquired from one PPV clade and the Vp1Vp2 gene was acquired from a distinct phylogenetic clade. We also described the interclade mosaic structure of the Vp1Vp2 gene of a reference strain. If recombination is an adaptive mechanism over the course of PPV evolution, we would likely observe increasing numbers of chimeric strains over time. However, when the PPV sequences isolated from 1964 to 2011 were analysed, only two chimeric strains were detected. Thus, PPV recombination is an independent event, resulting from close contact between animals housed in high-density conditions.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
authors.forename: Élcio
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiola E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Villanova
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Heilongjiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Wencheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Heilongjiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Heilongjiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Qinfang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, PR China.
authors.forename: Yebing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Heilongjiang, PR China.
authors.forename: Shangjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D028323:Parvovirus, Porcine / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D034421:Sus scrofa; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C106202:NS1 protein, parvovirus; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins