title: DNA double-strand break response in stem cells: mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent the point of origin of all cells in a given organism and must protect their genomes from both endogenous and exogenous genotoxic stress. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most lethal forms of damage, and failure to adequately repair DSBs would not only compromise the ability of SCs to self-renew and differentiate, but will also lead to genomic instability and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein, we describe the mechanisms by which ESCs respond to DSB-inducing agents such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ionizing radiation, compared to somatic cells. We will also discuss whether the DSB response is fully reprogrammed in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in the reprogramming of these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESCs have distinct mechanisms to protect themselves against DSBs and oxidative stress compared to somatic cells. The response to damage and stress is crucial for the maintenance of self-renewal and differentiation capacity in SCs. iPSCs appear to reprogram some of the responses to genotoxic stress. However, it remains to be determined if iPSCs also retain some DDR characteristics of the somatic cells of origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanisms regulating the genomic integrity in ESCs and iPSCs are critical for its safe use in regenerative medicine and may shed light on the pathways and factors that maintain genomic stability, preventing diseases such as cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nagaria
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Feyruz V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Rassool
mesh_terms: D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species