title: A mixture of phytosterols from Dunaliella tertiolecta affects proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cytokine production in sheep.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of a mixture of phytosterols extracted from the microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from sheep. PBMC were treated to determine cell proliferation and cytokine production with different sterols: ergosterol (E), a mixture of eleven Algae sterols extracted and purified from D. tertiolecta (Algae Extract, AE), a mixture of ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol extracted and purified from D. tertiolecta (Purified Extract, PE). Cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10) was evaluated after cell treatment with Concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mixture of ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol extracted and purified from D. tertiolecta showed a suppressive effect on cell proliferation, and a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Furthermore, a stimulatory effect on the production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 was found. The immunosuppressive effect exerted by the mixture of ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol from D. tertiolecta was dose-dependent both in suppressing cell proliferation and in stimulating IL-10 production. Present results showed that the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities were more apparent in the purified extract characterized by the mixture of ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol, and might depend on the existence of a synergic effect of the structures of the two phytosterols. Furthermore, findings from our study suggest that the purified extract characterized by the mixture of ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol from D. tertiolecta could be used to reduce immune reactions resulting from inflammatory diseases in sheep production systems, and could have innovative implications on the modulation of sheep immune system when used as feed supplements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy. m.caroprese@unifg.it
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caroprese
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albenzio
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ciliberti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Francavilla
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010840:Phytosterols