title: Stress, abdominal obesity and intrarenal resistive index in essential hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although it is commonly believed that a strong causal link exists between psychological stress and hypertension, as well with other factors, such as obesity, just what kind of empirical evidence supports this assumption is still controversial. The aim of the study is to investigate if perceived stress have any interference with intrarenal resistance and hence with mechanisms related to Essential Hypertension (EH) and if Anxiety, Depression, Self efficacy and Illness Perception can account for perceived stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obesity, insulin resistance (HOMA), Doppler Renal Resistive Index (RRI) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are studied along with Psychological Stress Measure (PSM), Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), Generalized Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in 119 hypertensive patients referred for stable lasting EH, and 150 normal controls. Lower salt/lower calories Mediterranean diet, physical activity increase and smoking withdrawal counseling were provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By Odds Ratios, higher risk of EH is associated with greater perceived stress, older age, lower GFR, obesity, greater RRI and insulin resistance. By Multiple Linear Regression the most significant variable that accounts for higher RRI are abdominal obesity and arterial pulse pressure; the only significant independent psychological variable that accounts for abdominal obesity are PSM and identity IPQ subscale. Self-Efficacy anxiety and Illness perception subscales (IPQr), accounts significantly for 62.0% of the variance to PSM, with possible effects on RRI and on the pathophysiological hypertension cascade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worst identity and treatment control perceptions of EH, and a lower self-efficacy are the main psychological factors accounting for a greater stress. Interventions aimed to reduce perceived stress can be warranted in EH.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Istituto di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Catania, Italia. guglielmotrovato@unict.it
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Trovato
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Martines
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Trovato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pirri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Catalano
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance