title: The evolution of intraventricular vortex during ejection studied by using vector flow mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the evolution of intraventricular vortex during left ventricular (LV) ejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vector flow mapping was performed in 51 patients with coronary artery disease and LV ejection fraction (EF) >50%, 70 patients with EF <50% (13 with coronary artery disease and 57 with dilated cardiomyopathy), and 62 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normals and patients with EF >50%, the intraventricular vortex dissipated quickly during early ejection. In patients with EF <50%, the vortex stayed mainly at apex and persisted for a significantly longer time. The evolution of vortex during ejection was significantly correlated with QRS width, EF, fractional shortening, LV outflow velocity time integral, wall motion score index (WMSI), LV dimensions, left atrial diameter, and diastolic mitral annular velocities. LV end-diastolic short diameter and WMSI were the independent determinants of the duration of vortex (R(2) = 0.482, P < 0.001). End-systolic short diameter and apical WMSI were the independent determinants of duration of vortex corrected for ejection time (R(2) = 0.565, P < 0.001). End-systolic short diameter was the independent determinant of percentage change in vortex area during early ejection (R(2) = 0.355, P < 0.001). End-systolic short diameter and ejection time were the independent determinants of percentage change in vortex flow volume (R(2) = 0.415, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with LV systolic dysfunction, the vortex persists during ejection and stays mainly at apex. The vortex evolution during ejection is closely associated with LV dimensions and functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, PLA 210th Hospital, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Haibin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chengguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Suyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*