title: Addition of β-lactoglobulin produces water-soluble shikonin.
abstract: Shikonin and its ester derivatives belong to a group of secondary metabolites with a wide array of beneficial effects on human health. However, shikonin is principally used in oil-based preparations due to the low solubility of the pigment in aqueous media, and the positive properties of shikonin are not exploited to their full potential. Such low aqueous solubility often results in poor bioavailability, makes shikonin undesirable for oral administration, and restricts its broadened use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The purpose of this study was to enhance the aqueous solubility of shikonin by the addition of β-lactoglobulin and to characterize the macromolecule-ligand binding interaction by means of spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. In the presence of β-lactoglobulin the solubility of shikonin is increased up to 181-fold. One shikonin molecule binds covalently to β-lactoglobulin via Cys(121), whereas the remaining pigment molecules most probably bind to the protein via noncovalent interactions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Alen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albreht
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vovk
authors.forename: Breda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simonovska
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000737:chemistry*; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D007782:Lactoglobulins; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C016101:shikonin