title: Analysis of particle kinematics in spheronization via particle image velocimetry.
abstract: Spheronization is a wide spread technique in pellet production for many pharmaceutical applications. Pellets produced by spheronization are characterized by a particularly spherical shape and narrow size distribution. The particle kinematic during spheronization is currently not well-understood. Therefore, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was implemented in the spheronization process to visualize the particle movement and to identify flow patterns, in order to explain the influence of various process parameters. The spheronization process of a common formulation was recorded with a high-speed camera, and the images were processed using particle image velocimetry software. A crosscorrelation approach was chosen to determine the particle velocity at the surface of the pellet bulk. Formulation and process parameters were varied systematically, and their influence on the particle velocity was investigated. The particle stream shows a torus-like shape with a twisted rope-like motion. It is remarkable that the overall particle velocity is approximately 10-fold lower than the tip speed of the friction plate. The velocity of the particle stream can be correlated to the water content of the pellets and the load of the spheronizer, while the rotation speed was not relevant. In conclusion, PIV was successfully applied to the spheronization process, and new insights into the particle velocity were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koester
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: markus.thommes@uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thommes
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D005079:Excipients; D014867:Water; D002482:Cellulose