title: Histological evaluation at different times after augmentation of extraction sites grafted with a magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite: double-blinded randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To histologically analyze the early angiogenesis-osteogenesis interplay in post-extraction sockets augmented with magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite (Mg-enriched HA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten post-extraction sites underwent post-extraction ridge preservation procedure. According to randomization, sites were divided into two balanced groups and bone specimens were collected 2 or 4 months after surgery. Sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin, Masson-Goldner trichrome, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), respectively. Furthermore, indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using alkaline phosphatase, CD34 and caveolin-1 antibodies. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each outcome variable. Data were then compared using one-way ANOVA test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histomorphometric analysis presented 15.0% (±3.5) regenerated bone after 2 months of healing. After 4 months, regenerated bone increased 5.1-fold up to 77.4% (± 8.6) (P < 0.001). On the contrary, vessels and capillary reduced from 645 (±33) to 255 (± 94) (caveolin-1 expression, P = 0.008). These findings were confirmed by CD34 expression (301 ± 95 and 88 (±24), respectively, at 2 and 4 months (P = 0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the present randomized controlled study, it can be concluded that Mg-enriched HA is a suitable material for socket preservation and ensures early angiogenesis and early osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerostomatolgy and Biomaterials, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. luigicanullo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canullo
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biffar
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunert-Keil
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D051242:Caveolin 1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017886:Durapatite; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D008274:Magnesium