title: Sublingual immunization with recombinant adenovirus encoding SARS-CoV spike protein induces systemic and mucosal immunity without redirection of the virus to the brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sublingual (s.l.) administration of soluble protein antigens, inactivated viruses, or virus-like particles has been shown to induce broad immune responses in mucosal and extra-mucosal tissues. Recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vectors (rADVs) infect mucosa surface and therefore can serve as a mucosal antigen delivery vehicle. In this study we examined whether s.l. immunization with rADV encoding spike protein (S) (rADV-S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) induces protective immunity against SARS-CoV and could serve as a safe mucosal route for delivery of rADV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we show that s.l. administration of rADV-S induced serum SARS-CoV neutralizing and airway IgA antibodies in mice. These antibody responses are comparable to those induced by intranasal (i.n.) administration. In addition, s.l. immunization induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the lungs that are superior to those induced by intramuscular immunization. Importantly, unlike i.n. administration, s.l. immunization with rADV did not redirect the rADV vector to the olfactory bulb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that s.l. immunization with rADV-S is safe and effective in induction of a broad spectrum of immune responses and presumably protection against infection with SARS-CoV.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Shik
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Huan Huu
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Cheol-Heui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Dong Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cecil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czerkinsky
authors.forename: Man Ki
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007114:Immunization; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D064370:Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines