title: Work relation and the second law of thermodynamics in nonequilibrium steady states.
abstract: We extend Jarzynski's work relation and the second law of thermodynamics to a heat conducting system, which is operated by an external agent. These extensions contain a nonequilibrium contribution expressed as the violation of the (linear) response relation caused by the operation. We find that a natural extension of the minimum work principle involves information about the time-reversed operation, and is far from straightforward. Our work relation may be tested experimentally especially when the temperature gradient is small.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakagawa