title: Rapid culture-independent microbial analysis aboard the international space station (ISS) stage two: quantifying three microbial biomarkers.
abstract: Abstract   A portable, rapid, microbial detection unit, the Lab-On-a-Chip Application Development Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS), was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) as a technology demonstration unit in December 2006. Results from the first series of experiments designed to detect Gram-negative bacteria on ISS surfaces by quantifying a single microbial biomarker lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reported in a previous article. Herein, we report additional technology demonstration experiments expanding the on-orbit capabilities of the LOCAD-PTS to detecting three different microbial biomarkers on ISS surfaces. Six different astronauts on more than 20 occasions participated in these experiments, which were designed to test the new beta-glucan (fungal cell wall molecule) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA; Gram-positive bacterial cell wall component) cartridges individually and in tandem with the existing Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL; Gram-negative bacterial LPS detection) cartridges. Additionally, we conducted the sampling side by side with the standard culture-based detection method currently used on the ISS. Therefore, we present data on the distribution of three microbial biomarkers collected from various surfaces in every module present on the ISS at the time of sampling. In accordance with our previous experiments, we determined that spacecraft surfaces known to be frequently in contact with crew members demonstrated higher values of all three microbial molecules. Key Words: Planetary protection-Spaceflight-Microbiology-Biosensor. Astrobiology 12, 830-840.
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Technology, Inc., ESTS Group, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA. heather.c.morris@nasa.gov
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Damon
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maule
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: Norm
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wainwright
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D018531:Spacecraft; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C009900:lipoteichoic acid