title: A urinalysis-based comparative study of treatment adherence on buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone combination used as opioid substitution therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the current study was to explore the difference in treatment adherence to directly supervised buprenorphine and take-home buprenorphine/ naloxone combination for opioid substitution therapy. Urinalysis findings have been used to check treatment adherence on opioid substitution therapy agent. Additionally the study aimed to explore the misuse rate of buprenorphine/naloxone combination based on urinalysis findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional chart reviewSetting: Laboratory of a tertiary care drug dependence treatment centerParticipants: One-year laboratory urinalysis records of a tertiary care, drug-dependence treatment center in India were analyzed. All the urine samples of subjects on opioid substitution therapy with buprenorphine or buprenorphine/naloxone combination were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinalysis using thin layer chromatography for buprenorphine and naloxone. In between group difference for treatment adherence on buprenorphine and buprenorphine/ naloxone combination was done using Mantel-Haenszel test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher proportion of samples from subjects on buprenorphine/naloxone tested positive for buprenorphine as compared to subjects on buprenorphine. Twelve (7.6%) urine samples from patients on buprenorphine/naloxone tested positive for naloxone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the current study suggest that buprenorphine/naloxone combination has a higher adherence rate as compared to buprenorphine when used for opioid substitution therapy.
authors.affiliation: National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India. ypsbalhara@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yatan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pal Singh Balhara
authors.forename: Raka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain