title: The skeletomuscular system of the larva of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae, Diptera): a contribution to the morphology of a model organism.
abstract: The morphological features of the third instar larva of the most important insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, are documented for the first time using a broad spectrum of modern morphological techniques. External structures of the body wall, the cephaloskeleton, and the musculature are described and illustrated. Additional information about other internal organs is provided. The systematic implications of the findings are discussed briefly. Internal apomorphic features of Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha are confirmed for Drosophila. Despite the intensive investigations of the phylogeny of the megadiverse Diptera, evolutionary reconstructions are still impeded by the scarcity of anatomical data for brachyceran larvae. The available morphological information for the life stages of three insect model organisms -D. melanogaster (Diptera, Drosophilidae), Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) - is addressed briefly. The usefulness of a combination of traditional and innovative techniques for an optimized acquisition of anatomical data for different life stages is highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie and Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wipfler
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneeberg
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hünefeld
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Rolf G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Beutel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018402:Manduca / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D010802:Phylogeny; D014231:Tribolium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure