title: Localization of cholesterol, amyloid and glia in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse brain tissue using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and immunofluorescence imaging.
abstract: The spatial distributions of lipids, amyloid-beta deposits, markers of neurons and glial cells were imaged, at submicrometer lateral resolution, in brain structures of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease using a new methodology that combines time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The technology, which enabled us to simultaneously image the lipid and glial cell distributions in Tg2576 mouse brain structures, revealed micrometer-sized cholesterol accumulations in hippocampal regions undergoing amyloid-beta deposition. Such cholesterol granules were either associated with individual amyloid deposits or spread over entire regions undergoing amyloidogenesis. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis of the same brain regions showed increased microglial and astrocytic immunoreactivity associated with the amyloid deposits, as expected from previous studies, but did not reveal any particular astrocytic or microglial feature correlated with cholesterol granulation. However, dystrophic neurites as well as presynaptic vesicles presented a distribution similar to that of cholesterol granules in regions undergoing amyloid-beta accumulation, thus indicating that these neuronal endpoints may retain cholesterol in areas with lesions. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for an altered cholesterol distribution near amyloid deposits that would have been missed by several other lipid analysis methods, and opens for the possibility to study in detail the putative liaison between lipid environment and protein structure and function in Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. santiago.sole@ki.se
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solé-Domènech
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sjövall
authors.forename: Vladana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vukojević
authors.forename: Ruani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Codita
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salve
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogdanović
authors.forename: Abdul H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammarström
authors.forename: K Peter R
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: LaFerla
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Berggren
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giménez-Llort
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schalling
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Terenius
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D057507:Mice, 129 Strain; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D002784:Cholesterol