title: Early urinary and plasma biomarkers for experimental diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the prevalence of diabetes rises, its complications such as diabetic nephropathy affect an increaseing number of patients. Consequently, the need for biomarkers in rodent models which reflect the stage and course of diabetic nephropathy is high. This article focuses on Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), osteopontin (OPN), nephrin, and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in urine, and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1, clusterin, and tissue inhibitior of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1 in plasma in uni-nephrectomized rats with streptocotozin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus, a common animal model to explore renal impairment in the setting of diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 male Wistar rats were uni-nephrectomized and subsequently divided into two study groups. The diabetic group received streptozotocin (STZ) via tail-vein injection, the non-diabetic group received citrate buffer without STZ. Subsequently, blood glucose, body weight, and blood pressure were checked regularly. After 18 weeks, animals were placed in metabolic cages, blood and urine obtained and subsequently organs were harvested after sacrifice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood glucose levels were highly increased in diabetic animals throughout the experiment, whereas systolic blood pressure did not differ between the study groups. At study end, classical biomarkers such as urinary albumin and protein and plasma cystatin c were only slightly but not significantly different between groups indicating a very early disease state. In contrast, urinary excretion of H-FABP, OPN, nephrin, and NGAL were highly increased in diabetic animals with a highly significant p-value (p < 0.01 each) compared to non-diabetic animals. In plasma, differences were found for calbindin, KIM-1, clusterin, TIMP-1, and OPN. These findings were confirmed by means of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, our study revealed elevated levels of new plasma and urinary biomarkers (urinary osteopontin, urinary nephrin, urinary NGAL, urinary H-FABP, plasma KIM-1, plasma TIMP-1) in uni-nephrectomized diabetic rats, an established rat model of diabetic nephropathy. These biomarkers appeared even before the classical biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy such as albuminuria and urinary protein excretion. The new biomarkers might offer an advantage to urinary albumin and plasma cystatin c with respect to early detection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research/Institute of Pharmacology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Alter
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Von Websky
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tsuprykov
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reichetzeder
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Johannes-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stasch
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hocher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose