title: Subcortical surgical anatomy of the lateral frontal region: human white matter dissection and correlations with functional insights provided by intraoperative direct brain stimulation: laboratory investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent neuroimaging and surgical results support the crucial role of white matter in mediating motor and higher-level processing within the frontal lobe, while suggesting the limited compensatory capacity after damage to subcortical structures. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the anatomofunctional organization of the pathways running within this region is mandatory for planning safe and effective surgical approaches to different diseases. The aim of this dissection study was to improve the neurosurgeon's awareness of the subcortical anatomofunctional architecture for a lateral approach to the frontal region, to optimize both resection and postoperative outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten human hemispheres (5 left, 5 right) were dissected according to the Klingler technique. Proceeding lateromedially, the main association and projection tracts as well as the deeper basal structures were identified. The authors describe the anatomy and the relationships among the exposed structures in both a systematic and topographical surgical perspective. Structural results were also correlated to the functional responses obtained during resections of infiltrative frontal tumors guided by direct cortico-subcortical electrostimulation with patients in the awake condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eloquent boundaries crucial for a safe frontal lobectomy or an extensive lesionectomy are as follows: 1) the motor cortex; 2) the pyramidal tract and premotor fibers in the posterior and posteromedial part of the surgical field; 3) the inferior frontooccipital fascicle and the superior longitudinal fascicle posterolaterally; and 4) underneath the inferior frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, and the tip of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle in the depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimization of results following brain surgery, especially within the frontal lobe, requires a perfect knowledge of functional anatomy, not only at the cortical level but also with regard to subcortical white matter connectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Benedictis
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarubbo
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duffau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness