title: Valproate as a treatment for dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: It has been previously well established that the use of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease may contribute to behavioral disturbances such as dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS), impulse control disorders (ICD), and punding. ICD and punding have been most commonly addressed by reducing dose or by discontinuing the use of a dopamine agonist. Treatment of DDS has proven more challenging, and to date there has been no standard approach. In this paper, we review a series of four patients who met criteria for DDS, who were all refractory to medication adjustments. The DDS symptoms responded by the addition of valproic acid in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. drashok@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sriram
authors.forename: Herbert E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Anhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Ramon L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Nikolaus R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Okun
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000009:adverse effects; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D007980:Levodopa; D014635:Valproic Acid; D002230:Carbidopa