title: [Benzimidazole and its derivatives--from fungicides to designer drugs. A new occupational and environmental hazards].
abstract: Benzimidazole and benzimidazole derivatives play an important role in controlling various fungal pathogens. The benzimidazoles are also used to treat nematode and trematode infections in humans and animals. It acts by binding to the microtubules and stopping hyphal growth. It also binds to the spindle microtubules and blocks nuclear division. The most popular fungicide is carbendazim. The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits. Laboratory studies have shown that carbendazim cause infertility and destroy the testicles of laboratory animals. Other benzimidazole derivatives are used as a preservative in paint, textile, papermaking, leather industry, and warehousing practices, as well as a preservative of fruits. Occupational exposure to benzimidazole may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with those compounds at workplaces where benzimidazole is used or produced. Some of the benzimidazoles are common environmental pollutants. They are often found in food and fruit products. Some of the benzimidazoles, like a astemizole or esomeprazole have found applications in diverse therapeutical areas. Despite of the clear advantages afforded by the use of benzimidazole derivatives, they share a danger potential. The most hazardous, however, are new illegally synthesed psychoactive drugs known as designer drugs. Some of them, like nitazene, etonitazene or clonitazene belong to benzimidazole derivatives. Laboratory animal studies revealed that etonitazene produced very similar effects in central nervous system as those observed after morphine administration. Considering etonitazene's properties, it seems reasonable to expected that long-term exposure to other benzimidazole derivatives may result in drug abuse and development of drug dependence.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Toksykologii i Kancerogenezy, Pracownia Oceny Toksyczności, Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. J. Nofera, ul. sw. Teresy 8, 91-348 Łódz, Poland. astra@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lutz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000139:chemically induced; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D015198:Designer Drugs; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D015262:Xenobiotics