title: Clinical outcomes of multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation among african american compared with caucasian patients with chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to determine if the immediate outcomes of multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation were different for African Americans compared with Caucasians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective repeated measures design was used, and all analyses were adjusted for marital and employment status, years of education, and pain duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each African American (N = 40) consecutively admitted to a multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program was matched with three Caucasians (N = 120) on age, sex, and treatment dates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-week outpatient multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Short Form-36 Health Status Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale were administered at admission and dismissal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, African Americans had greater pain severity (P < 0.001) and poorer physical function compared with Caucasians (P < 0.001). At program completion, African Americans had greater pain severity (P < 0.001) and poorer measures of life interference (P = 0.004), perceived control (P = 0.013), affective distress (P < 0.001), role physical (P = 0.001) and role emotional function (P = 0.001), physical (P < 0.001) and social function (P = 0.002), general health (P = 0.005), depression (P < 0.001), and pain catastrophizing (P < 0.001). A repeated measures analysis demonstrated a time by race interaction effect for pain interference (P = 0.038), affective distress (P = 0.019), role physical function (P = 0.007), social function (P = 0.029), and depression (P = 0.004), indicating African Americans experienced less improvement compared with Caucasians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study highlight an under-recognized health disparity which provides the basis for developing targeted interventions aimed at improving the clinical outcomes of African Americans with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. hooten.william@mayo.edu
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hooten
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knight-Brown
authors.forename: Cynthia O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Laures
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People