title: Rho-kinase inhibition attenuates airway responsiveness, inflammation, matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress activation induced by chronic inflammation.
abstract: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of Rho-kinase in the modulation of smooth muscle contraction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. However, the effects of repeated treatment with a specific inhibitor of this pathway have not been previously investigated. We evaluated the effects of repeated treatment with Y-27632, a highly selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, on airway hyperresponsiveness, oxidative stress activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, eosinophilic inflammation, and cytokine expression in an animal model of chronic airway inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to seven ovalbumin or saline exposures. The treatment with Y-27632 (1 mM) started at the fifth inhalation. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the animals' pulmonary mechanics were evaluated, and exhaled nitric oxide (E(NO)) was collected. The lungs were removed, and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. Treatment with Y-27632 in sensitized animals reduced E(NO) concentrations, maximal responses of resistance, elastance of the respiratory system, eosinophil counts, collagen and elastic fiber contents, the numbers of cells positive for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-β, NF-κB, IFN-γ, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α contents compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05). We observed positive correlations among the functional responses and inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress pathway activation markers evaluated. In conclusion, Rho-kinase pathway activation contributes to the potentiation of the hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, the extracellular matrix remodeling process, and oxidative stress activation. These results suggest that Rho-kinase inhibitors represent potential pharmacological tools for the control of asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samantha Souza
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Possa
authors.forename: Homar Toledo
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Charafeddine
authors.forename: Renato Fraga
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Righetti
authors.forename: Patricia Angeli
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almeida-Reis
authors.forename: Beatriz Mangueira
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Saraiva-Romanholo
authors.forename: Adenir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.forename: Carla Máximo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Edna Aparecida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Leick-Maldonado
authors.forename: Milton A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo
authors.initials: Ide F
authors.lastname: Tibério
mesh_terms: D056151:Airway Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004547:Elastic Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D004548:Elasticity; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D001239:Inhalation / Q000187:drug effects; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011725:Pyridines; C108830:Y 27632; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003094:Collagen; D015237:Dinoprost; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9