title: Routine sectioning of the C2 nerve root and ganglion for C1 lateral mass screw placement in children: surgical and functional outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult studies have shown that sectioning the C2 nerve root and ganglion may facilitate placement of C1 lateral mass screws and lead to decreased operative time and blood loss. We report the functional outcomes and complications following routine sectioning of the C2 nerve root and ganglion, which have not been reported in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen consecutive pediatric patients underwent C1 lateral mass screw insertion and bilateral C2 nerve root and ganglion sectioning. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed at follow-up. Numbness in the C2 distribution and/or occipital neuralgia, operative times, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), and complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average follow-up time was 35.7 months. Overall mean operative time was 250.5 min, LOS was 8.46 days, and EBL was 337 cc. When considering only atlantoaxial fusions, mean operative time was 180.7 min and EBL was 97.1 cc. There were no intraoperative complications, and no patient reported new onset occipital neuralgia or numbness in the C2 distribution that would interfere with daily living. Of the patients, 93 % achieved Lenke fusion grade A; one achieved Lenke fusion grade B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine C2 nerve root sectioning and ganglionectomy enhanced surgical exposure of the C1 lateral mass and C1-2 facet joint, potentially maximizing fusion rate and minimizing intraoperative complications. This technique may yield favorable operative times, EBL, and LOS in children undergoing C1 lateral mass screw insertion without negatively affecting functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Spine Program, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, CCC 1230.01, 12th Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Akash J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Loyola V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gressot
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boatey
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brayton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001863:Bone Screws; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000601:surgery*