title: Early surgical site infection in adult appendicular skeleton trauma surgery: a multicenter prospective series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical site infections (SSI) studies rely on an imprecise and debatable definition. The term "wound healing problems" (WHP), not necessarily septic, is also frequently cited. This study had the objectives of determining the frequency of early SSIs in traumatology, these terms eventual correlation, and the factors influencing onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted in 12 centers. The exclusion criteria were open lesions as well as multiple injuries and multiple fractures (more than two fractures treated surgically). All patients were followed for the first three postoperative months until there was clinical certainty of healing and absence of infection. The presence of any WHP or SSI required a minimum follow-up of 1 year. WHP and SSI risk factors were determined using logistical regression adjusted on the centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1617 cases, 103 were complicated by a WHP and 22 by a SSI. The SSIs were mainly secondary to Staphylococcus infections. The factors predisposing the patients to WHP and SSI (p≤0.05) were age; the NNIS, ASA, and Parker scores; alcoholism; antiaggregant use; and the locoregional aspect at the time of injury. The 522 subcutaneous osteosyntheses "near the skin" resulted in 58 WHPs (11%) and 14 SSIs (2.7%); 13 of the 58 WHPs (22%) resulted in one SSI. Out of 707 deep osteosyntheses, 24 (3.4%) presented a WHP and seven (1%) a SSI; Four SSIs originated from a WHP. The 352 fractures of the trochanter were complicated by a WHP in 15 cases (5.5%) and a SSI in one case (0.4%) after interlocked nailing and two WHPs and two SSIs (2.5%) after screw and plate fixation. Of the 388 first-line arthroplasties, only the prostheses implanted for a proximal femur fracture presented complications: 21 WHPs (6%) and one SSI (0.02%). Of the 103 WHPs of the entire series, 18 became SSIs. In absence of WHP, the SSI rate was 0.2%, whereas the probability of a WHP evolving toward a SSI was 100 times higher. The only factor significantly associated with a WHP becoming a SSI was osteosynthesis material exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective study can be criticized on several points: the deliberately limited inclusion criteria, the short follow-up, and the possible subjectivity of the data collection. The SSI rates reported are for the most part in agreement with the literature. This study is innovative in traumatology given the large number of patients and the notion of WHP that was preferred over superficial infection. It demonstrates the relations between WHP and SSI, in particular for osteosyntheses near the skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Institute, Toulouse Teaching Hospital Center, Purpan Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Unit, place Baylac, 31052 Toulouse cedex, France. ventre.s@chu-toulouse.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnevialle
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonnomet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Philippe
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loubignac
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubens-Duval
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talbi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Gall
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*