title: A miniaturized transcutaneous system for continuous glucose monitoring.
abstract: Implantable sensors for continuous glucose monitoring hold great potential for optimal diabetes management. This is often undermined by a variety of issues associated with: (1) negative tissue response; (2) poor sensor performance; and (3) lack of device miniaturization needed to reduce implantation trauma. Herein, we report our initial results towards constructing an implantable device that simultaneously address all three aforementioned issues. In terms of device miniaturization, a highly miniaturized CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) potentiostat and signal processing unit was employed (with a combined area of 0.665 mm(2)). The signal processing unit converts the current generated by a transcutaneous, Clark-type amperometric sensor to output frequency in a linear fashion. The Clark-type amperometric sensor employs stratification of five functional layers to attain a well-balanced mass transfer which in turn yields a linear sensor response from 0 to 25 mM of glucose concentration, well beyond the physiologically observed (2 to 22 mM) range. In addition, it is coated with a thick polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel with embedded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres intended to provide continuous, localized delivery of dexamethasone to suppress inflammation and fibrosis. In vivo evaluation in rat model has shown that the transcutaneous sensor system reproducibly tracks repeated glycemic events. Clarke's error grid analysis on the as-obtained glycemic data has indicated that all of the measured glucose readings fell in the desired Zones A & B and none fell in the erroneous Zones C, D and E. Such reproducible operation of the transcutaneous sensor system, together with low power (140 μW) consumption and capability for current-to-frequency conversion renders this a versatile platform for continuous glucose monitoring and other biomedical sensing devices.
authors.affiliation: Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Croce
authors.forename: SanthiSagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaddiraju
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Syed K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Diane J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papadimitrakopoulos
authors.forename: Faquir C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012666:Semiconductors; D012867:Skin
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D005947:Glucose