title: Brushing without brushing?--a review of the efficacy of powered toothbrushes in noncontact biofilm removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present review was to analyze the impact of the hydrodynamic effects created by powered toothbrushes on biofilm removal in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was performed for publications published by 20 May 2012; this search was complemented by a manual search. The study selection, data preparation, and validity assessment were conducted by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen studies were included. The studies differed with respect to the methods of biofilm formation and brushing protocols. Eighteen different powered toothbrush models were evaluated. Toothbrushes with side-to-side action demonstrated biofilm removal without direct bristle contact to biofilms ranging from 38 to 99%. Most studies found biofilm removal exceeding 50%. Biofilm reduction using multidimensional toothbrushes was significantly lower than by those with the side-to-side mode. Detachment forces due to hydrodynamic phenomena, passing air-liquid interfaces, and acoustic energy transfer were suggested to cause reduction of the biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncontact biofilm reduction was obtained by the hydrodynamic effects of some powered toothbrushes in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Powered toothbrushes may have the potential to simplify self-performed oral hygiene. However, additional beneficial effects of higher amounts of noncontact biofilm removal in vitro have not been shown clinically, yet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Cariology and Endodontology, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 3, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zaugg
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiger
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004560:Electricity; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods