title: Use of a novel endoscopic catheter for direct visualization and ablation in an ovine model of chronic myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Defining the arrhythmogenic substrate is essential for successful ablation of scar-related ventricular tachycardia. The visual characteristics of endocardial ischemic scar have not been described in vivo. The goal of this study was (1) to quantify the visual characteristics of normal tissue, scar border zone, and dense scar in vivo with the use of a novel endoscopic catheter that allows direct endocardial visualization and (2) to correlate visual attributes of myocardial scar with bipolar voltage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous transient balloon occlusion (150 minutes) of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery was performed in an ovine model. Animals survived for 41.5±0.7 days. Detailed bipolar voltage maps of the left ventricle were acquired with the use of NavX. Video snapshots of the endocardium were acquired at sites distributed throughout the left ventricle. Visual tissue characteristics of normal (>1.5 mV), border (0.5-1.5 mV), and dense scar (<0.5 mV) were quantified with the use of image processing. Radiofrequency lesions (10-20 W, 30 seconds) were delivered under direct visualization. Mean white-threshold pixel area was lowest in normal tissue (189 969±41 478 pixels(2)), intermediate in scar border zone (255 979±36 016 pixels(2)), and highest in dense scar (324 452±30 152 pixels(2); P<0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons). Tissue whiteness, characteristic of scar, was inversely correlated with bipolar voltage (P<0.0001). During radiofrequency lesions, there was a significant increase in white-thresholded pixel area of the visual field after ablation (average increase, 85 381±52 618 pixels(2); P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual characteristics of chronic infarct scar in vivo observed with the use of a novel endoscopic catheter correlate with bipolar electrogram voltage. Irrigated radiofrequency lesions in normal endocardial tissue and postinfarction zone can be visualized and quantified with the use of image processing. This technology shows promise for visually based delivery of radiofrequency lesions for the treatment of scar-based ventricular tachycardia.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Betensky
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauregui
authors.forename: Bieito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michele
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oley
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D034561:Sheep, Domestic