title: Valproic acid but not D-cycloserine facilitates sleep-dependent offline learning of extinction and habituation of conditioned fear in humans.
abstract: The effectiveness of D-cycloserine (DCS), an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor partial agonist, and valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in facilitating the extinction of fear-conditioned memory has been explored in humans and animals. Here, we confirmed whether DCS (100 mg) and VPA (400 mg) act in off-line learning processes during sleep or waking, for further clinical application to anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We performed a randomized, blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 90 healthy adults. Visual cues and electric shocks were used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US), respectively. The extinction effect was observed not in simple recall after the extinction of coupled CS-US, but was observed in the post-re-exposure phase after unexpected re-exposure to reinstatement CS-US coupling. Newly acquired conditioned fear was also eliminated or habituated by DCS and VPA administration, in line with previous findings. Furthermore, VPA facilitated the off-line learning process of conditioned fear extinction and habituation during sleep, while DCS facilitated this process during waking. These novel findings suggest that DCS and VPA might enhance exposure-based cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders and PTSD by reducing the vulnerability to reinstatement and preventing relapses of fear-conditioned responses, and provide evidence for a peculiarity of the sleep-dependent off-line learning process for conditioned fear extinction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan. kenichik@ncnp.go.jp
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Motoyasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshiike
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders; D003523:Cycloserine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012890:Sleep; D013334:Students; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D014635:Valproic Acid; D003523:Cycloserine