title: Toxigenic and metabolic causes of ketosis and ketoacidotic syndromes.
abstract: Ketoacidotic syndromes are frequently encountered in acute care medicine. This article focuses on ketosis and ketoacidotic syndromes associated with intoxications, alcohol abuse, starvation, and certain dietary supplements as well as inborn errors of metabolism. Although all of these various processes are characterized by the accumulation of ketone bodies and metabolic acidosis, there are differences in the mechanisms, clinical presentations, and principles of therapy for these heterogeneous disorders. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that account for these disorders are presented, as well as guidance regarding identification and management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Shantz Building, Room 309, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. drmartinac@mac.com
authors.forename: Martina M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.forename: Waddah
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hajja
authors.forename: Sofian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Khatib
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hazeghazam
authors.forename: Dharmashree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sreedhar
authors.forename: Rebecca Na
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wong-McKinstry
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D003422:Critical Care; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic / Q000009:adverse effects; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007662:Ketosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D011041:Poisoning / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D007659:Ketones