title: BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR: a useful tool for evaluating bovine leukemia virus infection status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is associated with enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide, imposing a severe economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. Recently, we developed a new quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using Coordination of Common Motifs (CoCoMo) primers to measure the proviral load of known and novel BLV variants in BLV-infected animals. Indeed, the assay was highly effective in detecting BLV in cattle from a range of international locations. This assay enabled us to demonstrate that proviral load correlates not only with BLV infection capacity as assessed by syncytium formation, but also with BLV disease progression. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of our BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR method for detecting BLV proviruses with the sensitivities of two real-time PCR systems, and also determined the differences of proviral load with serotests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR was found to be highly sensitive when compared with the real-time PCR-based TaqMan MGB assay developed by Lew et al. and the commercial TaKaRa cycleave PCR system. The BLV copy number determined by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR was only partially correlated with the positive rate for anti-BLV antibody as determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, passive hemagglutination reaction, or agar gel immunodiffusion. This result indicates that, although serotests are widely used for the diagnosis of BLV infection, it is difficult to detect BLV infection with confidence by using serological tests alone. Two cattle were experimentally infected with BLV. The kinetics of the provirus did not precisely correlate with the change in anti-BLV antibody production. Moreover, both reactions were different in cattle that carried different bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the quantitative measurement of proviral load by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR is useful tool for evaluating the progression of BLV-induced disease. BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR allows us to monitor the spread of BLV infection in different viewpoint compared with classical serotest.
authors.affiliation: Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimba
authors.forename: Shin-Nosuke
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohara
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Tamako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuhashi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nunoya
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016583:Enzootic Bovine Leukosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D001909:Leukemia Virus, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011533:Proviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral