title: TiNOx coatings on roughened titanium and CoCr alloy accelerate early osseointegration of dental implants in minipigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Titanium nitride oxide (TiNOx) coatings are known for their biocompatibility, hardness and high resistance to corrosion and wear. Further, they can be applied by plasma vapor deposition onto a wide variety of metallic, mineral, or organic substrates. In cell cultures, TiNOx coatings applied onto SLA (sandblasted, large grit, acid etched)-roughened titanium surfaces increased human primary osteoblast proliferation by 1.5 times in the first 2 weeks after seeding, while maintaining a high degree of cell differentiation. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were (i) to determine whether these findings would translate into the enhanced osseointegration of TiNOx-coated implants in vivo and (ii) to compare the osseointegration of Ti-SLA (titanium-SLA) and CoCr-SLA (cobalt-chromium-SLA) implants coated with TiNOx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight cylinders made of Ti-SLA, Ti-SLA-TiNOx (TiNOx-coated Ti-SLA) and CoCr-SLA-TiNOx (TiNOx-coated CoCr-SLA) were implanted into the lower jawbone of 8 minipigs. The bone-to-implant contact was determined after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osseointegration proceeded normally on all 3 surfaces, with equal activity after the first week of healing. After 2 weeks, bone-to-implant contact was 1.8 times higher on TiNOx coatings, either deposited on Ti or on CoCr. These differences fell off after 1 and 3 months of healing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared to standard SLA titanium, TiNOx coatings enhance implant osseointegration during the first month of healing. Furthermore, this stimulating effect is independent of the substrate, leading to similar results whether the coating is applied onto SLA-Ti or onto SLA-CoCr.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. stephane.durual@unige.ch
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durual
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garavaglia
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filieri
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattani-Lorente
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: H W Anselm
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wiskott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D016348:Osseointegration; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; C434243:titanium-nitride-oxide; D014025:Titanium