title: High density trans-admittance mammography development and preliminary phantom tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant breast tumor tissue has a significantly different electrical impedance spectrum than surrounding normal tissues. This has led to the development of impedance imaging as a supplementary or alternative method to X-ray mammography for screening and assessment of breast cancers. However low spatial resolution and poor signal to noise ratio has limited the clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to improve spatial resolution we developed a trans-admittance mammography (TAM) system including an array of 60×60 current sensing electrodes. We adopted a similar setup to X-ray mammography where the breast is situated between two holding plates. The top plate is a large solid metal electrode for applying a sinusoidal voltage over a range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 500 kHz. The bottom plate has 3600 current sensing electrodes that are kept at the ground potential. Currents are generated from the top voltage-applying electrode and spread throughout the breast, entering the TAM system through the array of current sensing electrodes on the bottom plate. The TAM system measures the exit currents through 6 switching modules connected to 600 electrodes each. Each switching module is connected to 12 ammeter channels which are switched sequentially to 50 of the 600 electrodes each measurement time. Each ammeter channel is comprised of a current-to-voltage converter, a gain amplifier, filters, an analog to digital converter, and a digital phase sensitive demodulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an average noise level of 38 nA, amplitude stability of less than 0.2%, crosstalk of better than -60 dB and 70 dB signal to noise ratio over all channels and operating frequencies. Images were obtained in time difference and frequency difference modes in a saline phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe the design, construction, and calibration of a high density TAM system in detail. Successful high resolution time and frequency difference images showed regions of interest with the expected admittivity changes in the frequency spectrum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Mingkang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Hun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wi
authors.forename: Abu Hena
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mostofa Kamal
authors.forename: Alistair Lee
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.forename: Eung Je
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Tong In
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013997:Time Factors