title: The Validity of the WHO-5 as an Early Screening for Apathy in an Elderly Population.
abstract: Aim. The objective of our study has been to evaluate the WHO-5 as a new early screening instrument for apathy in a group of elderly persons. Methods. The WHO-5 was compared to the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The GDS contains five items measuring well-being and ten items measuring depression. The internal validity of the WHO-5 (total score being a sufficient statistic) was evaluated with both parametric and nonparametric item response theory models. The external validity of the WHO-5 and the GDS was evaluated by ROC using depression as index of validity. Results. The item response theory analyses confirmed that the total score of the WHO-5 is a sufficient statistic. The ROC analysis shows an adequate sensitivity (61%) and specificity (84%). The GDS(15) and its two subscales obtained low sensitivity (25-42%), but high specificity (90-98%). Conclusion. The WHO-5 was found both internally and externally valid when considering decreased positive well-being to be an early indication of apathy reflecting that the wind has begun to be taken out of the "motivation sail."
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology and Behavioral Sciences, University of Barcelona, SGR 822 Generalitat de Catalunya, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucas-Carrasco
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allerup
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bech