title: Order parameter for symmetry-protected phases in one dimension.
abstract: We introduce an order parameter for symmetry-protected phases in one dimension which allows us to directly identify those phases. The order parameter consists of stringlike operators and swaps, but differs from conventional string order operators in that it only depends on the symmetry but not on the state. We verify our framework through numerical simulations for the SO(3) invariant spin-1 bilinear-biquadratic model which exhibits a dimerized and a Haldane phase, and find that the order parameter not only works very well for the dimerized and the Haldane phase, but it also returns a distinct signature for gapless phases. Finally, we discuss possible ways to measure the order parameter in experiments with cold atoms.
authors.affiliation: Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Jutho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haegeman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-García
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cirac
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schuch