title: Aerosolized lidocaine during invasive mechanical ventilation: in vitro characterization and clinical efficiency to prevent systemic and cerebral hemodynamic changes induced by endotracheal suctioning in head-injured patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with severe brain injury, endotracheal suctioning (ETS) can increase intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduce cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The aim of this prospective, blinded clinical trial was to assess the effectiveness of aerosolized lidocaine to prevent increase of ICP induced by ETS in mechanically ventilated head-injured patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we measured the particle size of aerosolized lidocaine produced by a vibrating plate nebulizer. Second, we measured the cerebral hemodynamic response to tracheal suctioning in patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit with and without pretreatment of aerosolized lidocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particle size distribution of aerosolized lidocaine was suitable to reach the bronchotracheal target during mechanical ventilation. In 15 patients included in this study, aerosolized lidocaine by itself did not induce significant changes in ICP. ETS caused an increase in ICP (variation: 6±2 mm Hg, P<0.05) with a concomitant decrease in CPP (variation: 2±2 mm Hg, P<0.05) that was maximal at 1 minute after NaCl aerosolization. This was prevented by aerosolization of lidocaine (variation of ICP: 1±1 mm Hg, and CPP: -1±1 mm Hg, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerosolized lidocaine (2 mg/kg) can prevent ETS-induced increases in ICP, without modifying systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in deeply sedated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France. mathieu.antoine37@gmail.com
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillon
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leyre
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fusciardi
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laffon
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D054810:Deep Sedation; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000601:surgery; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine