title: Increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA expression in monocytes is a feature of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is diagnosed frequently in some but not all overweight adolescents. Chronic inflammation, as seen in obesity, is strongly associated with MetSyn.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this pilot study was to assess the correlation between activation of the innate immune system and MetSyn, independent of body mass index (BMI), in a young population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We quantitatively measured both systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream cytokines in circulating monocytes obtained from nine adolescents with metabolic syndrome (Overwt-MetSyn) and eight BMI-matched controls (Overwt-Healthy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Overwt-MetSyn group demonstrated a significant elevation in expression of TLR2, TLR4, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF a) and interleukin-6 (IL6) in peripheral monocytes, and increased circulating levels of TNF a and IL6 when compared with the Overwt-Healthy group. TLR2 (r = 0.78, P < 0.001), TLR4 (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) and TNF a (r = 0.61, P < 0.01) gene expression positively correlated with serum levels of TNF a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that activation of the innate immune pathway via TLRs may be partially responsible for the increased systemic inflammation seen in adolescents with MetSyn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. olga.gupta@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciccarelli
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiecha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha