title: Smoking affects mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in human periosteum.
abstract: Periosteum is important for bone homoeostasis   through the release of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their   effect on osteoprogenitor cells. Smoking has an adverse effect on   fracture healing and bone regeneration. The aim of this study was   to evaluate the effect of smoking on the expression of the BMPs   of human periosteum. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed   for BMP-2,-4,-6,-7 gene expression in periosteal samples obtained from   45 fractured bones (19 smokers, 26 non-smokers) and 60 non-fractured   bones (21 smokers, 39 non-smokers). A hierarchical model of BMP   gene expression (BMP-2 > BMP-6 > BMP-4 > BMP-7) was demonstrated   in all samples. When smokers and non-smokers were compared, a remarkable   reduction in the gene expression of BMP-2, -4 and -6 was noticed   in smokers. The comparison of fracture and non-fracture groups demonstrated   a higher gene expression of BMP-2, -4 and -7 in the non-fracture   samples. Within the subgroups (fracture and non-fracture), BMP gene   expression in smokers was either lower but without statistical significance   in the majority of BMPs, or similar to that in non-smokers with   regard to BMP-4 in fracture and BMP-7 in non-fracture samples. In   smokers, BMP gene expression of human periosteum was reduced, demonstrating   the effect of smoking at the molecular level by reduction of mRNA   transcription of periosteal BMPs. Among the BMPs studied, BMP-2   gene expression was significantly higher, highlighting   its role in bone homoeostasis.
authors.affiliation: University of Thessalia, Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis 41110, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Chassanidis
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Malizos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varitimidis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koromila
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kollia
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dailiana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010521:Periosteum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger