title: Dairy cow behavior and welfare implications of time waiting before entry into the milking parlor.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate dairy cows' time spent in the possibly stressful waiting area (WA) of the milking parlor (MP) and their behavioral patterns while there and thereby investigate comparative effects on their welfare. The experiments were carried out in 3 loose-housing cowsheds. The study consisted of a total of 3,522 observations of individual dairy cows. Depending on the group size and the number of places in the MP, cows' waiting times in the WA were as high as 1:42:22 (h:mm:ss). In Cowsheds I and II, only one third of cows were observed ruminating in the WA, and up to 52% of cows were observed ruminating in the WA of Cowshed III where the feeding group size was the smallest, waiting time the shortest, and space per cow the largest. Cows spending more time in the WA have limited opportunities to behave normally; therefore, the welfare of these cows in particular is poor.
authors.affiliation: Van Hall Instituut, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Imbi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Veermäe
authors.forename: Jaan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Praks
authors.forename: Väino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poikalainen
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Arney
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002417:Cattle / Q000523:psychology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D013997:Time Factors