title: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Evaluation of forensic autopsy cases.
abstract: Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. Mortality is significantly increased in patients with epilepsy. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common seizure-related category of death. A retrospective study of forensic autopsy cases from 2007 to 2009 at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) yielded a total of 104 sudden unexpected deaths directly or indirectly caused by an epilepsy/seizure disorder in the State of Maryland. Of these deaths, 74 cases met a general accepted definition of SUDEP. The age of SUDEP individuals ranged from 14 to 63 with the majority of subjects in the ages between 21 and 50 years (58 cases, 78.4%). Males were slightly more likely than females to die of SUDEP (male:female=1.5:1 based on the rate). The onset age of epilepsy was documented in 47.3% of cases (35/74) based on investigation and medical records. Of the 35 cases, 12 subjects had early onset epilepsy (onset ages 1-15 years) and 20 subjects had duration of epilepsy for more than 10 years. The majority of deaths (61 of the 74 cases, 82.4%) were unwitnessed. Death scene investigation showed that 71 deaths (95.9%) occurred inside their residence with 50 subjects (70.4%) found either in bed or on the bedroom floor near the bed. Forty-three out of 74 cases (58.1%) showed neuropathological lesions. Per history, 50 subjects were reported as being on anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). However, postmortem toxicological analysis revealed that only 26 subjects (35.1%) had detectable AEDs. Of the 74 cases, seizure disorder or epilepsy was listed as primary cause of death in 66 cases and the term of SUDEP as official cause of death in only 8 cases. This report focuses on the characteristics of death scene investigation and postmortem examination findings of SUDEP cases.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21223, USA.
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: H Ronald
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zielke
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000473:pathology; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants