title: Predictors of radiotherapy induced bone injury (RIBI) after stereotactic lung radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and dosimetric factors associated with radiotherapy induced bone injury (RIBI) following stereotactic lung radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inoperable patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer, treated with SBRT, who received 54 or 60 Gy in 3 fractions, and had a minimum of 6 months follow up were reviewed. Archived treatment plans were retrieved, ribs delineated individually and treatment plans re-computed using heterogeneity correction. Clinical and dosimetric factors were evaluated for their association with rib fracture using logistic regression analysis; a dose-event curve and nomogram were created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46 consecutive patients treated between Oct 2004 and Dec 2008 with median follow-up 25 months (m) (range 6 - 51 m) were eligible. 41 fractured ribs were detected in 17 patients; median time to fracture was 21 m (range 7 - 40 m). The mean maximum point dose in non-fractured ribs (n=1054) was 10.5 Gy ± 10.2 Gy, this was higher in fractured ribs (n=41) 48.5 Gy ± 24.3 Gy (p<0.0001). On univariate analysis, age, dose to 0.5 cc of the ribs (D0.5), and the volume of the rib receiving at least 25 Gy (V25), were significantly associated with RIBI. As D0.5 and V25 were cross-correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.57, p<0.001), we selected D0.5 as a representative dose parameter. On multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio: 1.121, 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.21, p=0.003), female gender (odds ratio: 4.43, 95% CI: 1.68 - 11.68, p=0.003), and rib D0.5 (odds ratio: 1.0009, 95% CI: 1.0007 - 1.001, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with rib fracture.Using D0.5, a dose-event curve was constructed estimating risk of fracture from dose at the median follow up of 25 months after treatment. In our cohort, a 50% risk of rib fracture was associated with a D0.5 of 60 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dosimetric and clinical factors contribute to risk of RIBI and both should be included when modeling risk of toxicity. A nomogram is presented using D0.5, age, and female gender to estimate risk of RIBI following SBRT. This requires validation.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. mojgan.taremi@rmp.uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taremi
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahele
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Purdie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaffray
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bezjak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011379:Prognosis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology