title: Artificial muscle for reanimation of the paralyzed face: durability and biocompatibility in a gerbil model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current management of permanent facial paralysis centers on nerve grafting and muscle transfer; however, limitations of those procedures call for other options.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the durability and biocompatibility of implanted artificial muscle in a gerbil model and the degree of inflammation and fibrosis at the host tissue-artificial muscle interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electroactive polymer artificial muscle (EPAM) devices engineered in medical-grade silicone were implanted subcutaneously in 13 gerbils. The implanted units were stimulated with 1 kV at 1 Hz, 24 h/d via a function generator. Electrical signal input/output was recorded up to 40 days after implantation. The animals were euthanized between 23 and 65 days after implantation, and the host tissue-implant interface was evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animals tolerated implantation of the EPAM devices well, with no perioperative deaths. The muscle devices created motion for a mean of 30.3 days (range, 19-40 days), with a mean of 2.6 × 106 cycles (range, 1.6 × 106 to 3.5 × 106 cycles). Histologic examination of the explanted devices revealed the development of a minimal fibrous capsule surrounding the implants, with no evidence of bacterial infection or inflammatory infiltrate. No evidence of device compromise, corrosion, or silicone breakdown was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Artificial muscle implanted in this short-term animal model was safe and functional in this preliminary study. We believe that EPAM devices will be a safe and viable option for restoration of facial motions in patients with irreversible facial paralysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Levi G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Ledgerwood
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tinling
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Senders
authors.forename: Annjoe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong-Foy
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prahlad
authors.forename: Travis T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tollefson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001187:Artificial Organs; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D005355:Fibrosis; D005849:Gerbillinae; D007249:Inflammation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D011108:Polymers; D012828:Silicones
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers; D012828:Silicones