title: Prevalence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum bacterial cells in farmed rainbow trout: characterization of metallothionein A and interleukin1-β genes as markers overexpressed in spleen and kidney of diseased fish.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of the flavobacteria within farmed trout and to quantify their bacterial burden. A total of 61 fish were sampled from seven farms, and were distributed in two groups: (1) visibly diseased fish suffering from the rainbow trout fry syndrome or the bacterial cold water disease caused by the bacteria Flavobacterium psychrophilum and (2) normally appearing fish. F. psychrophilum cells were titered by qPCR, targeting a specific area of the 16S rRNA gene in skin, muscle, gills, liver, spleen and kidney from all fish. The pathogen was detected in these organs whatever the health status, with titers ranging from 10(4) to 6 × 10(7)bacteria/g of tissue in normally appearing fish, thus showing they were bacterial carriers. Two organs allowed differentiation between diseased and normally appearing fish: spleen and kidney, with titers ranging from 10(6) to 10(7)bacteria/g of tissue in normally appearing fish vs 10(11) to 10(12)bacteria/g of tissue in diseased fish. No relationship was found between immunoglobulin M-like titer in plasma and health status. Gene expression analysis in fish organs revealed two genes that were markers of the bacterial infection: mt-a and il-1β genes encoding the metallothionein A and the interleukin1-β, respectively. These genes were both over-expressed in gills, liver, spleen and kidney of diseased fish. Four genes encoding immunity markers were down-regulated in spleen (a key organ implicated in immunity) of diseased fish: tgf-β, cd8-α, mhc2-β and igt, suggesting a weakened immune system in diseased fish.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques, Station Marine d'Arcachon, Place du Dr. Peyneau, F-33120 Arcachon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orieux
authors.forename: Diane-Gaëlle
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Douet
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Hénaff
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bourdineaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D017931:DNA Primers; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D045826:Flavobacteriaceae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D015995:Prevalence; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008668:Metallothionein