title: Kisspeptins in human reproduction-future therapeutic potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kisspeptins (Kps), were first found to regulate the hypothalamopituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis in 2003, when two groups-demonstrated that mutations of GPR54 causes idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) characterized by delayed puberty. Objective of this review is to highlight both animal and human discoveries in KISS1/GPR54 system in last decade and extrapolate the therapeutic potential in humans from till date human studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of international scientific literature by a search of PUBMED and the authors files was done for Kp in reproduction, metabolic control & signal transduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  None Patient(s): In human studies--normal subjects patients with HH, or HA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of Kp on puberty, brain sexual maturation, regulation of GnRH secretion, metabolic control of GnRH Neurons (N).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kps/GPR54 are critical for brain sexual maturation, puberty and regulation of reproduction. Kps have been implicated in mediating signals to GnRH N--positive and negative feedback, metabolic input. Ability of Kp neurons to coordinate signals impinging on the HPG axis makes it one of most important regulators of reproductive axis since GnRH N's lack many receptors, with Kp neurons serving as upstream modulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kps have proven as pivotal regulators of the reproduction, with the ability to integrate signals from both internal and external sources. Knowledge about signaling mechanisms involved in Kp stimulation of GnRH and with human studies has made it possible that therapeutically available Kp agonists/antagonists may be used for treatment of delayed puberty/HH, Hypothalamic amenorrhea and in prevention of spread of malignant ovarian/gonadal malignancies along with uses in some eating disorders.
authors.affiliation: Dr Kulvinder Kaur Centre for Human Reproduction, 721, GTB Nagar, Jalandhar, 144001 Punjab, India. kulvinder.dr@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kulvinder Kochar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allahbadia
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D059648:Kisspeptins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074502:Receptors, Kisspeptin-1; D012741:Sexual Maturation
chemical_list: C106628:KISS1 protein, human; C118688:KISS1R protein, human; D059648:Kisspeptins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000074502:Receptors, Kisspeptin-1; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone