title: Variations in management of mild prenatal hydronephrosis among maternal-fetal medicine obstetricians, and pediatric urologists and radiologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no current guidelines for diagnosing and managing mild prenatal hydronephrosis. Variations in physician approach make it difficult to analyze outcomes and establish optimal management. We determined the variability of diagnostic approach and management regarding prenatal hydronephrosis among maternal-fetal medicine obstetricians, pediatric urologists and pediatric radiologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online surveys were sent to mailing lists for national societies for each specialty. Participants were surveyed regarding criteria for diagnosing mild prenatal hydronephrosis and recommendations for postnatal management, including use of antibiotic prophylaxis, followup scheduling and type of followup imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 308 maternal-fetal medicine obstetricians, 126 pediatric urologists and 112 pediatric radiologists responded. Pediatric urologists and radiologists were divided between Society for Fetal Urology criteria and use of anteroposterior pelvic diameter for diagnosis, while maternal-fetal medicine obstetricians preferred using the latter. For postnatal evaluation radiologists preferred using personal criteria, while urologists preferred using anteroposterior pelvic diameter or Society for Fetal Urology grading system. There was wide variation in the use of antibiotic prophylaxis among pediatric urologists. Regarding the use of voiding cystourethrography/radionuclide cystography in patients with prenatal hydronephrosis, neither urologists nor radiologists were consistent in their recommendations. Finally, there was no agreement on length of followup for mild prenatal hydronephrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a lack of uniformity regarding grading criteria in diagnosing hydronephrosis prenatally and postnatally among maternal-fetal medicine obstetricians, pediatric urologists and pediatric radiologists. There was also a lack of agreement on the management of mild intermittent prenatal hydronephrosis, resulting in these cases being managed inconsistently. A unified set of guidelines for diagnosis, evaluation and management of mild intermittent prenatal hydronephrosis would allow more effective evaluation of outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Vitor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Zanetta
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rosman
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bromley
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Shipp
authors.forename: Jeanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: C D Anthony
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Carlo C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Passerotti
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cendron
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: Hiep T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009774:Obstetrics; D010372:Pediatrics; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011871:Radiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014572:Urology