title: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance comorbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Effect on carotid intima-media thickness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance comorbidity on the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and their relationship to clinical manifestations, disease activity, and damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 92 SLE patients (mean age 30.18 ± 8.27 years) and 30 matched controls. Disease activity and damage were assessed by the SLEDAI and SLICC indices, respectively. The Health Assessment Questionnaire II (HAQII) and Quality of Life (QoL) index were evaluated in the patients. Levels of insulin, glucose, and creatinine and the lipid profile were measured in patients and controls. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-B) for beta cell function and (HOMA-IR) for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. The carotid IMT was measured by ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SLE patients had high HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. The IMT was significantly increased (0.82± 0.29 mm) compared to the controls (0.45± 0.2 mm).The HOMA-IR, SLEDAI, SLICC, HAQII, and IMT were significantly higher and the QoL lower in those with MetS (n = 34) compared to those without (n = 58), while the HOMAB was comparable. There was a significant correlation between the IMT and the SLEDAI, SLICC, and WHR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin sensitivity and IMT are altered in SLE patients, especially those with MetS comorbidity with an associated increase in disease activity and damage. Effective management of MetS would help control SLE activity, damage, and the future development of cardiovascular events especially in the absence of symptoms of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. gheitamer@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gheita
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Raafat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sayed
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Fishawy
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nasrallah
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rasheed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015897:Comorbidity; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D003401:Creatine