title: Classification of individual well-being scores for the determination of adverse health and productivity outcomes in employee populations.
abstract: Adverse health and productivity outcomes have imposed a considerable economic burden on employers. To facilitate optimal worksite intervention designs tailored to differing employee risk levels, the authors established cutoff points for an Individual Well-Being Score (IWBS) based on a global measure of well-being. Cross-sectional associations between IWBS and adverse health and productivity outcomes, including high health care cost, emergency room visits, short-term disability days, absenteeism, presenteeism, low job performance ratings, and low intentions to stay with the employer, were studied in a sample of 11,702 employees from a large employer. Receiver operating characteristics curves were evaluated to detect a single optimal cutoff value of IWBS for predicting 2 or more adverse outcomes. More granular segmentation was achieved by computing relative risks of each adverse outcome from logistic regressions accounting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results showed strong and significant nonlinear associations between IWBS and health and productivity outcomes. An IWBS of 75 was found to be the optimal single cutoff point to discriminate 2 or more adverse outcomes. Logistic regression models found abrupt reductions of relative risk also clustered at IWBS cutoffs of 53, 66, and 88, in addition to 75, which segmented employees into high, high-medium, medium, low-medium, and low risk groups. To determine validity and generalizability, cutoff values were applied in a smaller employee population (N=1853) and confirmed significant differences between risk groups across health and productivity outcomes. The reported segmentation of IWBS into discrete cohorts based on risk of adverse health and productivity outcomes should facilitate well-being comparisons and worksite interventions.
authors.affiliation: Healthways, Inc. , Center for Health Research, Franklin, Tennessee 37067, USA. Yuyan.Shi@Healthways.com
authors.forename: Yuyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: Carter R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Coberley
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States