title: Structural brain alterations associated with schizophrenia preceded by conduct disorder: a common and distinct subtype of schizophrenia?
abstract: Conduct disorder (CD) prior to age 15 is a precursor of schizophrenia in a minority of cases and is associated with violent behavior through adulthood, after taking account of substance misuse. The present study used structural magnetic imaging to examine gray matter (GM) volumes among 27 men with schizophrenia preceded by CD (SZ+CD), 23 men with schizophrenia but without CD (SZ-CD), 27 men with CD only (CD), and 25 healthy (H) men. The groups with schizophrenia were similar in terms of age of onset and duration of illness, levels of psychotic symptoms, and medication. The 2 groups with CD were similar as to number of CD symptoms, lifelong aggressive behavior, and number of criminal convictions. Men with SZ+CD, relative to those with SZ-CD, displayed (1) increased GM volumes in the hypothalamus, the left putamen, the right cuneus/precuneus, and the right inferior parietal cortex after controlling for age, alcohol, and drug misuse and (2) decreased GM volumes in the inferior frontal region. Men with SZ+CD (relative to the SZ-CD group) and CD (relative to the H group) displayed increased GM volumes of the hypothalamus and the inferior and superior parietal lobes, which were not associated with substance misuse. Aggressive behavior, both prior to age 15 and lifetime tendency, was positively correlated with the GM volume of the hypothalamus. Thus, among males, SZ+CD represents a distinct subtype of schizophrenia. Although differences in behavior emerge in childhood and remain stable through adulthood, further research is needed to determine whether the differences in GM volumes result from abnormal neural development distinct from that of other males developing schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. boris.schiffer@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schiffer
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leygraf
authors.forename: Bernhard W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scherbaum
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsting
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: Elke R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gizewski
authors.forename: Sheilagh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hodgins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D011699:Putamen / Q000473:pathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology