title: Associations of erythrocyte palmitoleic acid with adipokines, inflammatory markers, and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palmitoleic acid has been shown to regulate adipokine expression and systemic metabolic homeostasis in animal studies. However, its association with human metabolic diseases remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate associations of erythrocyte palmitoleic acid with adipokines, inflammatory markers, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Erythrocyte fatty acids were measured in a population-based sample of 3107 men and women aged 50-70 y, for whom plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP-4), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SD) erythrocyte palmitoleic acid value was 0.41 ± 0.20% of total fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid was positively correlated with RBP-4 (r = 0.14, P < 0.001) and inversely correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.15, P < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, palmitoleic acid was strongly associated with MetS and its components. ORs (95% CIs) for comparisons of extreme quartiles of palmitoleic acid were 3.50 (2.66, 4.59) for MetS, 7.88 (5.90, 10.52) for hypertriglyceridemia, 2.13 (1.66, 2.72) for reduced HDL cholesterol, 1.99 (1.60, 2.48) for central obesity, and 1.86 (1.41, 2.44) for elevated blood pressure (all P < 0.001). Further control for adipokines and hsCRP abolished the association of palmitoleic acid with central obesity but not with other MetS components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erythrocyte palmitoleic acid is associated with an adverse profile of adipokines and inflammatory markers and an increased risk of MetS in this Chinese population.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.forename: Xingwang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Huaixing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D014280:Triglycerides; C008757:palmitoleic acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol