title: Bleeding risks and response to therapy in patients with INR higher than 9.
abstract: An international normalized ratio (INR) higher than 9 is associated with a high risk of bleeding, yet most studies have focused on outpatients with lower INR. We retrospectively analyzed diagnosis, bleeding, treatment, and mortality in 162 patients with INR higher than 9, including inpatients and outpatients with and without warfarin treatment. Patients without anticoagulant treatment with INR higher than 9 had a poor prognosis, 67% experienced bleeding and 74% died. Among outpatients receiving warfarin with INR higher than 9, 11% had bleeding, but none died. Among inpatients receiving warfarin, 35% had bleeding and 17% died. Factors associated with bleeding were older age, renal failure, and alcohol use. Withholding warfarin or giving vitamin K treatment was ineffective at reducing the INR within 24 hours, whereas plasma infusion immediately dropped the INR to 2.4 ± 0.9. Because of underlying disease, comorbidities, and medications, hospitalized patients with INR higher than 9 may not respond quickly to withholding warfarin or vitamin K treatment, and plasma infusion may be needed to reduce INR and the risk of bleeding within 24 hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Wayne L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin