title: cAMP controls rod photoreceptor sensitivity via multiple targets in the phototransduction cascade.
abstract: In early studies, both cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cGMP were considered as potential secondary messengers regulating the conductivity of the vertebrate photoreceptor plasma membrane. Later discovery of the cGMP specificity of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels has shifted attention to cGMP as the only secondary messenger in the phototransduction cascade, and cAMP is not considered in modern schemes of phototransduction. Here, we report evidence that cAMP may also be involved in regulation of the phototransduction cascade. Using a suction pipette technique, we recorded light responses of isolated solitary rods from the frog retina in normal solution and in the medium containing 2 µM of adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. Under forskolin action, flash sensitivity rose more than twofold because of a retarded photoresponse turn-off. The same concentration of forskolin lead to a 2.5-fold increase in the rod outer segment cAMP, which is close to earlier reported natural day/night cAMP variations. Detailed analysis of cAMP action on the phototransduction cascade suggests that several targets are affected by cAMP increase: (a) basal dark phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity decreases; (b) at the same intensity of light background, steady background-induced PDE activity increases; (c) at light backgrounds, guanylate cyclase activity at a given fraction of open channels is reduced; and (d) the magnitude of the Ca(2+) exchanger current rises 1.6-fold, which would correspond to a 1.6-fold elevation of [Ca(2+)](in). Analysis by a complete model of rod phototransduction suggests that an increase of [Ca(2+)](in) might also explain effects (b) and (c). The mechanism(s) by which cAMP could regulate [Ca(2+)](in) and PDE basal activity is unclear. We suggest that these regulations may have adaptive significance and improve the performance of the visual system when it switches between day and night light conditions.
authors.affiliation: IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Luba A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Astakhova
authors.forename: Evgeniia V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Samoiliuk
authors.forename: Victor I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Govardovskii
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Firsov
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D055537:Light Signal Transduction; D011895:Rana ridibunda; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D005576:Colforsin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D002118:Calcium