title: Stereoelectroencephalography in the "difficult to localize" refractory focal epilepsy: early experience from a North American epilepsy center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) enables precise recordings from deep cortical structures, multiple noncontiguous lobes, as well as bilateral explorations while avoiding large craniotomies. Despite a long reported successful record, its application in the United States has not been widely adopted. We report on our initial experience with the SEEG methodology in the extraoperative mapping of refractory focal epilepsy in patients who were not considered optimal surgical candidates for other methods of invasive monitoring. We focused on the applied surgical technique and its utility and efficacy in this subgroup of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2009 and May 2011, 100 patients with the diagnosis of medically refractory focal epilepsy who were not considered optimal candidates for subdural grids and strips placement underwent SEEG implantation at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center. Demographics, noninvasive clinical data, number and location of implanted electrodes, electrophysiologic localization of the epileptic zone, complications, and short-term seizure outcome after resection were prospectively collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 32 years (range 5-68 years); 54 were male and 46 female. The mean follow-up after resection was 15 months. In total, 1,310 electrodes were implanted. Analyses of the SEEG recordings resulted in the electrographic localization of the epileptogenic focus in 96 patients. In the group of 75 patients who underwent resection, only 53 had at least 12 months follow-up. From this group, 33 patients (62.3%) were seizure-free at the end of the follow-up period. The presence of abnormal pathologic finding was strongly associated with postoperative seizure control (p = 0.005). The risk of hemorrhagic complications per electrode was 0.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients who are not considered to be ideal candidates for subdural grids and strips implantation, the SEEG methodology is a safe, useful and reliable alternative option for invasive monitoring in patients with refractory focal epilepsy, providing an additional mean for seizure localization and control in a "difficult to localize" subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44118, USA. gonzalj1@ccf.org
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Martinez
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bulacio
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jehi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bingaman
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Najm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult