title: A review of 13 years of experience with endoscopic forehead-lift.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct objective quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the long-term result in endoscopic forehead-lift.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical charts of 143 patients who underwent endoscopic forehead-lift between 1994 and 2007 were reviewed for postoperative complications and the duration of complaints. Patients received a questionnaire to evaluate satisfaction and social restriction after surgery. Objective photographic preoperative and postoperative eyebrow-to-eye distances in a relaxed position and during muscle contractions were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 98 patients (69% response; mean follow-up, 38 months) showed high satisfaction (score, 7.1 of 10). In a relaxed position, mean midpupil-to-eyebrow elevation was 5.6 mm after surgery, with significant eyebrow symmetry between the left and right eyes (P < .05), and showed significant influence of time (P = .005) on persisting eyebrow elevation, with a decrease of almost 1 mm per year. Measurements during muscle contraction showed no relevant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic forehead-lift enables long-lasting results with highly satisfied patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany. n.papadopulos@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papadopulos
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weigand
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biemer
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010781:Photography; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires