title: Epileptic high-frequency oscillations in intraoperative electrocorticography: the effect of propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epileptic high-frequency oscillations (HFOs; 80-500 Hz) may be used to guide neurosurgeons during epilepsy surgery to identify epileptogenic tissue. We studied the effect of the anesthetic agent propofol on the occurrence of HFOs in intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG).
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected patients who were undergoing surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy with a standardized electrode grid placement. Intraoperative ECoG was recorded at 2,048 Hz following cessation of propofol. The number and distribution of interictal spikes, ripples (R [80-250 Hz]), and fast ripples (FRs; 250-500 Hz) were analyzed. The amount of events on mesiotemporal channels and lateral neocortical channels were compared between patients with a suspected mesiotemporal and lateral epileptogenic area (Student's t-test), and HFOs were compared with the irritative zone, using correlation between amounts of events per channel, to provide evidence for the epileptic nature of the HFOs. Next, the amount of events within the first minute and the last minute were compared to each other and the change in events over the entire epochs was analyzed using correlation analyses of 10 epochs during the emergence periods (Spearman rank test). We studied whether the duration of HFOs changed over time. The change in events within presumed epileptogenic area was compared to the change outside this area (Student's t-test). Periods of burst suppression and continuous background activity were compared between and within patients (t-test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients were included: five with suspected mesiotemporal epileptogenic area and three with suspected lateral epileptogenic area (and four were "other"). Spikes, ripples, and FRs were related to the suspected epileptogenic areas, and HFO zones were related to the irritative zones. Ripples and FRs increased during emergence from propofol anesthesia (mean number of ripples from first minute-last minute: 61.5-73.0, R = 0.46, p < 0.01; FRs: 3.1-5.7, R = 0.30, p < 0.01) and spikes remained unchanged (80.1-79.9, R = -0.05, p = 0.59). There was a decrease in number of channels with spikes (R = -0.18, p = 0.05), but no change in ripples (R = -0.13, p = 0.16) or FRs (R = 0.11, p = 0.45). There was no change in the durations of HFOs. The amount of HFOs in the presumed epileptogenic areas did not change more than the amount outside the presumed epileptogenic area, whereas spikes paradoxically decreased more within the suspected epileptogenic area. Six patients showing burst-suppression had lower rates of ripples than six other patients with continuous background activity (p = 0.02). No significant difference was found between burst suppression and continuous background activity in four patients, but there was a trend toward showing more ripples during continuous background activity (p = 0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol, known for its antiepileptic effects, reduces the number of epileptic HFOs, but has no effect on spikes. This enforces the hypothesis that, in epilepsy, HFOs mirror the disease activity and HFOs might be useful for monitoring antiepileptic drug treatment. It is feasible to record HFOs during surgery, but propofol infusion should be interrupted for some minutes to improve detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.j.m.zijlmans@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Maeike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zijlmans
authors.forename: Geertjan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Huiskamp
authors.forename: Olaf L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: Cyrille H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Huffelen
authors.forename: Frans S S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Leijten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol