title: A global model of malaria climate sensitivity: comparing malaria response to historic climate data based on simulation and officially reported malaria incidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of the Anopheles vector in malaria transmission and the effect of climate on Anopheles populations are well established. Models of the impact of climate change on the global malaria burden now have access to high-resolution climate data, but malaria surveillance data tends to be less precise, making model calibration problematic. Measurement of malaria response to fluctuations in climate variables offers a way to address these difficulties. Given the demonstrated sensitivity of malaria transmission to vector capacity, this work tests response functions to fluctuations in land surface temperature and precipitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study of regional sensitivity of malaria incidence to year-to-year climate variations used an extended Macdonald Ross compartmental disease model (to compute malaria incidence) built on top of a global Anopheles vector capacity model (based on 10 years of satellite climate data). The predicted incidence was compared with estimates from the World Health Organization and the Malaria Atlas. The models and denominator data used are freely available through the Eclipse Foundation's Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeller (STEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the absolute scale factor relating reported malaria to absolute incidence is uncertain, there is a positive correlation between predicted and reported year-to-year variation in malaria burden with an averaged root mean square (RMS) error of 25% comparing normalized incidence across 86 countries. Based on this, the proposed measure of sensitivity of malaria to variations in climate variables indicates locations where malaria is most likely to increase or decrease in response to specific climate factors. Bootstrapping measures the increased uncertainty in predicting malaria sensitivity when reporting is restricted to national level and an annual basis. Results indicate a potential 20x improvement in accuracy if data were available at the level ISO 3166-2 national subdivisions and with monthly time sampling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high spatial resolution possible with state-of-the-art numerical models can identify regions most likely to require intervention due to climate changes. Higher-resolution surveillance data can provide a better understanding of how climate fluctuations affect malaria incidence and improve predictions. An open-source modelling framework, such as STEM, can be a valuable tool for the scientific community and provide a collaborative platform for developing such models.
authors.affiliation: IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Judith V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Arik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kershenbaum
authors.forename: Narongrit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waraporn
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lessler
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development*; D057231:Climate Change; D004199:Disease Vectors; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D015233:Models, Statistical