title: Is collagen fiber damage the cause of early softening in articular cartilage?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because collagen damage and cartilage softening have not yet been determined simultaneously in one study for the very early onset of osteoarthritis (OA), it remains questionable whether they are associated. The aim of the present study is therefore to evaluate whether indeed, initial collagen damage can be found when tissue softening occurs as a result of excessive mechanical loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate this aim, a series of specific indentation loading protocols were designed to induce and monitor cartilage softening in osteochondral explants of bovine carpometacarpal joints. The experiment contained one control group (n = 6) in which no damage was induced and four experimental groups in which samples received either a constant load of 3 (n = 5), 6 (n = 5) or 15 N (n = 6), or an increasing load (n = 7) from 2 to 13 N in 11 steps. Moreover, to determine mechanically induced collagen damage, Col2-3/4M (cumulative collagen damage) and Col2-3/4C(short) (only enzymatic damage) staining were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normalized peak and equilibrium reaction forces decreased in the groups that received increasing and 15 N peak loading. However, Col2-3/4M staining was negative in all samples, while enzymatic damage (Col2-3/4C(short)) appeared similar in experiments and in unloaded control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that a loading magnitude threshold exists above which softening occurs in cartilage. However, in samples that did show softening, we were unable to detect collagen damage. Thus, our results demonstrate that cartilage softening most likely precedes collagen damage.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, The Netherlands. S.M.Hosseini@tue.nl
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Veldink
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van Donkelaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000473:pathology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C013786:A73025; D003094:Collagen