title: Effect of cigarette smoking on human oviductal ciliation and ciliogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on ciliation and ciliogenesis in human oviductal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular analysis using human tubal segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty women undergoing elective tubal sterilization procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of ciliated cell-specific markers was compared in tubal segments from smokers and nonsmokers using quantitative immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The expression of transcription factors in the motile ciliogenesis program was compared using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oviductal ciliation and expression of transcription factors involved in ciliogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were detected in density of ciliation between groups. Neither number of years of smoking nor pack-year history correlated with density of ciliation. Expression of ciliogenic transcription factors FOXJ1, RFX2, and RFX3 was consistent between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few studies have evaluated the relationship between smoking and ciliated epithelium in human oviducts. Cigarette smoking does not seem to result in quantitative differences in the density of ciliation nor expression of ciliogenesis factors. Our findings suggest that pathophysiologic mechanisms other than ciliation account for the increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who smoke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pier
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington.
authors.forename: Avedis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazanjian
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillette
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strenge
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington; Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington. Electronic address: roburney@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Richard O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Burney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002923:Cilia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C106349:FOXJ1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C101059:RFX2 protein, human; C000605540:RFX3 protein, human; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors