title: Kinetics of interleukin-6 and chemokine ligands 2 and 3 expression of periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical loading induces remodeling of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone and is mediated by cytokines and chemokines. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of interleukin-6 and chemokine ligands 2 and 3 levels in periodontal ligaments subjected to orthodontic forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 64 premolars in this split-mouth design study. The experimental group consisted of premolars subjected to a force of 0.980 N in the apical direction for 3 hours, 15 hours, 3 days, 12 days, or 21 days with a 0.017 × 0.025-in beta-titanium alloy cantilever. The contralateral teeth, without orthodontic appliances, were used as controls. The premolars were extracted for orthodontic reasons, and the periodontal ligaments were scraped for analysis of cytokine levels by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, an increase in chemokine ligand 2 was observed on days 3 and 12, and increases in interleukin-6 and chemokine ligand 3 were observed on day 12 in the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrated differential expressions of interleukin-6 and chemokine ligands 2 and 3 in periodontal ligaments after mechanical loading; this might reflect the distinct roles of these molecules in the bone remodeling process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Davidson Fróis
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.forename: Silvana de Albuquerque
authors.initials: Sde A
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pretti
authors.forename: Elizabeth Maria Bastos
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lages
authors.forename: Tarcilia Aparecida
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000378:metabolism; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000378:metabolism; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis*; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000378:metabolism*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515429:CCL3 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D003722:Dental Alloys; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; C023988:beta titanium; D014025:Titanium