title: Implementing the 3Rs in neuroscience research: a reasoned approach.
abstract: The 3Rs--replacement, reduction, and refinement--are aimed at minimizing the welfare costs to animals used in research. Some neuroscientists fear that implementing the 3Rs will prohibit essential studies. Others view them as fundamental ethical principles that improve the quality of research. A regulatory system that integrates science and welfare is most likely to deliver public confidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blakemore
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MaCarthur Clark
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberdorfer
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sussman
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000941:ethics