title: High inorganic triphosphatase activities in bacteria and mammalian cells: identification of the enzymes involved.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently characterized a specific inorganic triphosphatase (PPPase) from Nitrosomonas europaea. This enzyme belongs to the CYTH superfamily of proteins. Many bacterial members of this family are annotated as predicted adenylate cyclases, because one of the founding members is CyaB adenylate cyclase from A. hydrophila. The aim of the present study is to determine whether other members of the CYTH protein family also have a PPPase activity, if there are PPPase activities in animal tissues and what enzymes are responsible for these activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant enzymes were expressed and purified as GST- or His-tagged fusion proteins and the enzyme activities were determined by measuring the release of inorganic phosphate. We show that the hitherto uncharacterized E. coli CYTH protein ygiF is a specific PPPase, but it contributes only marginally to the total PPPase activity in this organism, where the main enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of inorganic triphosphate (PPP(i)) is inorganic pyrophosphatase. We further show that CyaB hydrolyzes PPP(i) but this activity is low compared to its adenylate cyclase activity. Finally we demonstrate a high PPPase activity in mammalian and quail tissue, particularly in the brain. We show that this activity is mainly due to Prune, an exopolyphosphatase overexpressed in metastatic tumors where it promotes cell motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time that PPPase activities are widespread in bacteria and animals. We identified the enzymes responsible for these activities but we were unable to detect significant amounts of PPP(i) in E. coli or brain extracts using ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The role of these enzymes may be to hydrolyze PPP(i), which could be cytotoxic because of its high affinity for Ca(2+), thereby interfering with Ca(2+) signaling.
authors.affiliation: GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delvaux
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lakaye
authors.forename: Anne-Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Servais
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scholer
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fillet
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Derochette
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crommen
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wins
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bettendorff
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D055162:Biocatalysis; D002470:Cell Survival; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D043564:Inorganic Pyrophosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D008322:Mammals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D043370:Nitrosomonas europaea / Q000201:enzymology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D011122:Polyphosphates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D043564:Inorganic Pyrophosphatase; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; C005692:triphosphoric acid