title: Towards increased data transmission rate for a three-class metabolic brain-computer interface based on transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
abstract: In this study, we conducted an offline analysis of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound recordings to investigate potential methods for increasing data transmission rate in a TCD-based brain-computer interface. Cerebral blood flow velocity was recorded within the left and right middle cerebral arteries while nine able-bodied participants alternated between rest and two different mental activities (word generation and mental rotation). We differentiated these three states using a three-class linear discriminant analysis classifier while the duration of each state was varied between 5 and 30s. Maximum classification accuracies exceeded 70%, and data transmission rate was maximized at 1.2 bits per minute, representing a four-fold increase in data transmission rate over previous two-class analysis of TCD recordings.
authors.affiliation: Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myrden
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kushki
authors.forename: Ervin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sejdić
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest; D012399:Rotation; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult