title: Non-genomic effect of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular system.
abstract: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential steroid hormones for homeostasis, development, metabolism, and cognition and possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Since glucocorticoid receptor II (GR) is nearly ubiquitous, chronic activation or depletion of GCs leads to dysfunction of diverse organs, including the heart and blood vessels, resulting predominantly from changes in gene expression. Most studies, therefore, have focused on the genomic effects of GC to understand its related pathophysiological manifestations. The nongenomic effects of GCs clearly differ from well-known genomic effects, with the former responding within several minutes without the need for protein synthesis. There is increasing evidence that the nongenomic actions of GCs influence various physiological functions. To develop a GC-mediated therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, understanding the genomic and nongenomic effects of GC on the cardiovascular system is needed. This article reviews our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GCs on cardiovascular diseases and stress, as well as how nongenomic GC signaling contributes to these conditions. We suggest that manipulation of GC action based on both GC and GR metabolism, mitochondrial impact, and the action of serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase 1 may provide new information with which to treat cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-Dong, Busanjin-Gu, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ryul
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyoung Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Boum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Youm
authors.forename: Louise Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dizon
authors.forename: In Sung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Seung Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Dae Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Kyoung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Byoung Doo
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Nari
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid