title: Assessment of proximal outcomes of self-management programs: translation and psychometric evaluation of a German version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ™).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes the translation, cultural adaption, and psychometric evaluation of a German version of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ™), a widely used generic instrument assessing a wide range of proximal outcomes of self-management programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The translation was carried out according to international standards and included forward and backward translations. Comprehensibility and content validity were tested using cognitive interviews with 10 rehabilitation inpatients. Psychometric properties were examined in rehabilitation inpatients (n = 1,202) with a range of chronic conditions. Factorial validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis; concurrent validity was explored by correlations with comparator scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The items of the German heiQ™ were well understood by rehabilitation inpatients. The structure of the eight heiQ™ scales was replicated after minor adjustment. heiQ™ scales had higher correlations with comparator scales with similar constructs, particularly mental health concepts than with physical health. Moreover, all heiQ™ scales differentiated between individuals across different levels of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The German heiQ™ is comprehensible for German-speaking patients suffering from different types of chronic conditions; it assesses relevant outcomes of self-management programs in a reliable and valid manner. Further studies involving its practical application are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychotherapy and Medical Psychology, Rehabilitation Sciences Section, University of Wuerzburg, Klinikstr. 3, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany. m.schuler@uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Gunda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Musekamp
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ehlebracht-König
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutenbrunner
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bengel
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarze
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D032882:Comprehension; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating