title: Insomnia and urban neighbourhood contexts--are associations modified by individual social characteristics and change of residence? Results from a population-based study using residential histories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until now, insomnia has not been much of interest in epidemiological neighbourhood studies, although literature provides evidence enough for insomnia-related mechanisms being potentially dependent on neighbourhood contexts. Besides, studies have shown differences in sleep along individual social characteristics that might render residents more vulnerable to neighbourhood contextual exposures. Given the role of exposure duration and changes in the relationship between neighbourhoods and health, we studied associations of neighbourhood unemployment and months under residential turnover with insomnia by covering ten years of residential history of nearly 3,000 urban residents in the Ruhr Area, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual data were retrieved from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, a population-based study of randomly chosen participants from adjacent cities, which contains self-rated insomnia symptoms and individual social characteristics. Participants' residential addresses were retrospectively assessed using public registries. We built individually derived exposure measures informing about mean neighbourhood unemployment rates and months under high residential turnover. These measures were major predictors in multivariate logistic regressions modelling the association between social neighbourhood characteristics and insomnia in the whole sample and subgroups defined by low income, low education, social isolation, and change of residence. Traffic-related noise, age, gender, economic activity, and education were considered as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 12 per cent of the participants complained about insomnia. Associations of neighbourhood unemployment with insomnia were more consistent than those of residential turnover in the whole sample (adjusted OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.00-2.03 for neighbourhood unemployment and OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.78-2.25 for residential turnover in the highest exposure categories). In low-income and socially isolated participants, neighbourhood unemployment odds of reporting insomnia were particularly elevated (adjusted OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.39-6.02 and OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.11-9.96, respectively). Less educated participants displayed relatively high odds of reporting insomnia throughout all upper neighbourhood unemployment exposure categories. Change of residence weakened associations, whereas undisrupted exposure sharpened them by trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings hint at multiple stressors being effective in both the neighbourhood context and individual resident, possibly reflecting precarious life situations undermining residents' sleep and health chances. Moreover, our results suggest a temporal dependency in the association between neighbourhood and insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Spatial Planning, Institute of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany. natalie.riedel@udo.edu
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: Kateryna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fuks
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weyers
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viehmann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheiner
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011157:Population Dynamics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*