title: How to deal with diplopia.
abstract: Diplopia is a frequent neuro-ophthalmologic symptom with diverse etiologies. This article describes elementary diagnostic tests and frequent causes of diplopia. Monocular diplopia persists when the other eye is closed and usually disappears when the patient looks through a pinhole. It is usually caused by errors in the optical media of the eye and has to be differentiated from spectacle-induced side effect and non-organic disorders. A sign of non-organic etiology is absence of change in image position when the head is tilted. Binocular diplopia disappears regardless of which eye is closed. Binocular diplopia occurs when the images of both eyes cannot be fused. The most frequent direct cause of diplopia is acquired strabismus. Knowledge of several specific types of strabismus enables efficient patient management. Congenital and decompensating strabismus like accommodative esotropia, pathophoria, strabismus surso- and deorsoadductorius, retraction syndrome, Brown's syndrome and esotropia in high myopia only need ophthalmologic treatment. Orbital injury, orbital tumor, ocular myositis, Graves orbitopathy and vascular disease usually require multidisciplinary management. Neurogenic paresis, superior oblique myokymia, ocular neuromyotonia, myasthenia, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) and skew deviation require specific neurologic examination. Treatment of diplopia includes treatment of the fundamental disorder, monocular occlusion, prisms and strabismus surgery.
authors.affiliation: Universitaetsklinikum Giessen and Marburg, Giessen Campus, Friedrichstrasse 18, 35392 Giessen, Germany. michael.h.graef@augen.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gräf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004172:Diplopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D011364:Professional Practice; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data