title: Protecting the infant brain during cardiac surgery: a systematic review.
abstract: Prevention of brain injury during congenital heart surgery has focused on intraoperative and perioperative neuroprotection and neuromonitoring. Many strategies have been adopted as "standard of care." However, the strength of evidence for these practices and the relationship to long-term outcomes are unknown. We performed a systematic review (January 1, 1990 to July 30, 2010) of neuromonitoring and neuroprotection strategies during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants of age 1 year or less. Papers were graded individually and as thematic groups, assigning evidence-based medicine and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) level of evidence grades. Consensus scores were determined by adjudication. Literature search identified 527 manuscripts; 162 met inclusion criteria. Study designs were prospective observational cohort (53.7%), case-control (21.6%), randomized clinical trial (13%), and retrospective observational cohort (9.9%). Median sample size was 43 (range 3 to 2,481). Primary outcome was evidence of structural brain injury or functional disability (neuroimaging, electroencephalogram, formal neurologic examination, or neurodevelopmental testing) in 43%. Follow-up information was reported in only 29%. The most frequent level of evidence was evidence-based medicine level 4 (33.3%) or ACC/AHA class IIB: level B (42%). The only intervention with sufficient evidence to recommend "the procedure or treatment should be performed" was avoidance of extreme hemodilution during CPB. Data supporting use of current neuromonitoring and neuroprotective techniques are limited. The level of evidence is insufficient to support effectiveness of most of these strategies. Well-designed studies with correlation to clinical outcomes and long-term follow-up are needed to develop guidelines for neuromonitoring and neuroprotection during CPB in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-4204, USA. jhirsch@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andropoulos
authors.forename: Erle H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pigula
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tweddell
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*