title: A pilot randomised controlled trial in intensive care patients comparing 7 days' treatment with empirical antibiotics with 2 days' treatment for hospital-acquired infection of unknown origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) sepsis is complicated by the high incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which mimics sepsis but without an infective cause. This pilot randomised trial investigated whether or not, in the ICU, 48 hours of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment was adequate to safely treat suspected sepsis of unknown and unproven origin and also the predictive power of newer biomarkers of sepsis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this pilot study was to provide preliminary data on the likely safety and efficacy of a reduced course of antibiotics for the treatment of ICU infections of unknown origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot, single-centre, open-label randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out in the ICU of a tertiary heart and chest hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients being treated within the ICU were recruited into the trial if the intensivist was planning to commence antibiotics because of evidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and a strong suspicion of infection but there was no actual known source for that infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment administered for 48 hours (experimental) compared with treatment for 7 days (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was a composite outcome of the rate of death or initiation of antibiotic therapy after the completion of the treatment schedule allocated at randomisation. Secondary outcomes included the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU and hospital stay; the incidence of infection with Clostridium difficile (B. S. Weeks & E. Alcamo) Jones & Bartlett International Publishers, 2008, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (B. S. Weeks & E. Alcamo) Jones & Bartlett International Publishers, 2008; resource utilisation and costs associated with each of the two pilot arms; the ratio of patients screened to patients eligible to patients randomised; the incidence of crossover between groups; and the significance of newer biomarkers for sepsis for predicting patients' need for further antibiotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 46 patients were recruited into the trial, with 23 randomised to each group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the composite primary outcome measure. The risk difference was 0.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11 to 0.13; p = 0.3]. In the 2-day group, four patients (17.4%) required further antibiotics compared with three (13%) in the 7-day group. Four patients died within the trial period and the deaths were not trial related. Patients who died during the trial period received no additional antibiotics in excess of their trial allocation. There were no documented incidences of MRSA or C. difficile infection in either group. No significant differences in adverse events were observed between the groups. Key economic findings were mean antibiotic costs per patient of £168.97 for the 2-day group and £375.86 for the 7-day group. The potential per annum cost saving for the ICU of 2-day treatment was estimated to range from £108,140 to £126,060. Patient screening was considered the biggest barrier to recruitment. There was no crossover between the two randomised groups. Data verification ascertained > 98% accuracy in data collection. Baseline procalcitonin was found to be predictive of the composite outcome (death and needing further antibiotics) (odds ratio 1.79, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.67; p = 0.005). Analysis of baseline procalcitonin also indicated a trend towards it being a predictor of restarting antibiotics, with an odds ratio of 1.45 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.02; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this pilot study suggest that there could be significant benefits of reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use in the ICU without it undermining patient safety, with a potential cost saving in our unit of over £100,000 per year. Evidence from this pilot trial is not definitive but warrants further investigation using a large randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN82694288.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 16, No. 36. See the HTA programme website for further project information.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. nigel.scawn@lhch.nhs.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scawn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matata
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stables
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haycox
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers