title: Leisure time activities in adolescence in the presence of susceptibility genes for obesity: risk or resilience against overweight in adulthood? The HUNT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environment, health behavior, and genetic background are important in the development of obesity. Adolescents spend substantial part of daily leisure time on cultural and social activities, but knowledge about the effects of participation in such activities on weight is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of 1450 adolescents from the Norwegian HUNT study (1995-97) were followed-up in 2006-08 as young adults. Phenotypic data on lifestyle and anthropometric measures were assessed using questionnaires and standardized clinical examinations. Genotypic information on 12 established obesity-susceptibility loci were available for analyses. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations between cultural and social activities in adolescence and adiposity measures in young adulthood. In addition, interaction effects of a genetic predisposition score by leisure time activities were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In girls, participation in cultural activities was negatively associated with waist circumference (WC) (B = -0.04, 95%CI: -0.08 to -0.00) and with waist-hip ratio (WHR) (B = -0.058, 95%CI: -0.11 to -0.01). However, participation in social activities was positively associated with WC (B = 0.040, CI: 0.00 to 0.08) in girls and with BMI (B = 0.027, CI: 0.00 to 0.05) in boys. The effect of the obesity-susceptibility genetic variants on anthropometric measures was lower in adolescents with high participation in cultural activities compared to adolescents with low participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the effects of cultural activities on body fat are different from the effects of participation in social activities. The protective influence of cultural activities in female adolescents against overweight in adulthood and their moderating effect on obesity-susceptibility genes suggest that even cultural activities may be useful in public health strategies against obesity.
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian, University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway. koenraad.cuypers@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cuypers
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Ridder
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kvaløy
authors.forename: Margunn Skjei
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Knudtsen
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krokstad
authors.forename: Jostein
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.forename: Turid Lingaas
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holmen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult