title: Monoclonal antibodies anti-TGFβ1 and anti-VEGF inhibit the experimental pleurodesis induced by silver nitrate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms underlying pleural inflammation and pleurodesis are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGFβ1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play a major role in pleurodesis after intrapleural silver nitrate (SN) injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty rabbits received intrapleurally 0.5% SN alone or 0.5% SN + anti-TGFβ1, anti-IL-8, or anti-VEGF. After 28 days, the animals were euthanized and macroscopic pleural adhesions, microscopic pleural fibrosis, and collagen deposition were analyzed for characterization of the degree of pleurodesis (scores 0-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores of pleural adhesions, pleural fibrosis, total collagen, and thin collagen fibers deposition after 28 days were significantly lower for 0.5% SN + anti-TGFβ1 and 0.5% SN + anti-VEGF. Significant correlations were found between macroscopic adhesion and microscopic pleural fibrosis with total collagen and thin collagen fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that both TGFβ1 and VEGF, but not IL-8, mediate the pleural inflammatory response and pleurodesis induced by SN.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo Medical School, Pulmonology, Al. das Castanheiras, 196, Terras de São Carlos, Jundiai 13216-770, Brazil. evmarchi@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Evaldo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: Francisco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Renan L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Milena M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Acencio
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonangelo
authors.forename: Lisete R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D005355:Fibrosis; D007249:Inflammation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010994:Pleura / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D018700:Pleurodesis; D011817:Rabbits; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000267:Tissue Adhesions; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012835:Silver Nitrate