title: Effects of light-emitting diode radiations on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro.
abstract: Human visual system is exposed to high levels of natural and artificial lights of different spectra and intensities along lifetime. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the basic lighting components in screens of PCs, phones and TV sets; hence it is so important to know the implications of LED radiations on the human visual system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LEDs radiations on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (HRPEpiC). They were exposed to three light-darkness (12 h/12 h) cycles, using blue-468 nm, green-525 nm, red-616 nm and white light. Cellular viability of HRPEpiC was evaluated by labeling all nuclei with DAPI; Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by H2DCFDA staining; mitochondrial membrane potential was quantified by TMRM staining; DNA damage was determined by H2AX histone activation, and apoptosis was evaluated by caspases-3,-7 activation. It is shown that LED radiations decrease 75-99% cellular viability, and increase 66-89% cellular apoptosis. They also increase ROS production and DNA damage. Fluorescence intensity of apoptosis was 3.7% in nonirradiated cells and 88.8%, 86.1%, 83.9% and 65.5% in cells exposed to white, blue, green or red light, respectively. This study indicates three light-darkness (12 h/12 h) cycles of exposure to LED lighting affect in vitro HRPEpiC.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. eva.chamorro@opt.ucm.es
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chamorro
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonnin-Arias
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Carrasco
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz de Luna
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ramos
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017440:Photoperiod; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020169:Caspases