title: Occurrence of IMP-8, IMP-10, and IMP-13 metallo-β-lactamases located on class 1 integrons and other extended-spectrum β-lactamases in bacterial isolates from Tunisian rivers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been surveyed widely in water bodies, but few studies have determined the diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in river waters. This study was undertaken to investigate the origin of resistance among polluted river bacterial isolates in Tunisia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study 128 isolates resistant to β-lactam antibiotics were obtained from 2 polluted rivers in the north of Tunisia. Isolates were identified using Phoenix phenotyping criteria. The occurrence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY), bla(VIM), and bla(IMP) was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing, and the genetic relatedness of the 16 IMP-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was analyzed by comparison of XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Phoenix phenotyping criteria, diverse genera of bacteria were identified with different rates of prevalence and with different minimum inhibitory concentrations against different antibiotics. The occurrence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTXM), bla(CMY), bla(VIM), and bla(IMP) genes was confirmed. The DNA sequences upstream and downstream of bla(IMP) genes were determined, revealing that all IMP-encoding genes constituted the first cassette of class 1 integrons, followed by aacA gene cassettes encoding aminoglycoside resistance. Comparison of PFGE profiles showed that only 2 of the isolates were clonal, the other 14 displaying unique profiles. The bla(CTX-M) gene was the most dominant of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, while the bla(TEM) gene was the second-most dominant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discovery of highly diverse ESBL-producing bacteria and metallo-β-lactamases, particularly bla(IMP), in polluted river water raises alarms with regard to the potential dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in communities through river environments.
authors.affiliation: Université de Carthage, Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement de Borj-Cedria, Technopôle de Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia. chdoula77@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Chedly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chouchani
authors.forename: Rim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marrakchi
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correia
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D032023:Integrons; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D014416:Tunisia; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases