title: LEFT ventricular function assessed by echocardiography in cirrhosis: relationship to systemic hemodynamics and renal dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed at assessing the potential role of cardiac abnormalities in the pathogenesis of circulatory and renal dysfunction in cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-two patients (34 without ascites, 95 with ascites without renal failure and 21 with hepatorenal syndrome) were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography. In 102 patients, diastolic function was assessed by measuring parameters related to ventricular filling velocity, mitral annulus velocity and left atrial dimensions. Cardiopulmonary pressures were also measured by cardiac catheterization in 54 patients. In 50 additional patients, left ventricular myocardial strain was performed to estimate myocardial contractility and systolic function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grade 1 and 2 diastolic dysfunction was present in 41% and 16% of the patients, respectively. There was no patient with severe grade 3 diastolic dysfunction. Grade 2 diastolic dysfunction was associated with higher cardiopulmonary pressures but values were within the normal limits in all cases. Diastolic dysfunction directly correlated with liver failure but not with the degree of impairment in circulatory and renal function. The proportion of patients without or with grade 1 or 2 diastolic dysfunction was similar in patients with compensated cirrhosis, with ascites without renal failure or with hepatorenal syndrome despite marked differences in the degree of circulatory dysfunction, as indicated by plasma renin activity and noradrenaline concentration. The heart rate and systolic function were normal in all cases. There were no differences between patients without ascites, with ascites without renal failure or with HRS, despite marked differences in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system. These features indicate an impaired response of cardiac chronotropic and inotropic function to changes in systemic hemodynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicates that: (1) diastolic dysfunction is frequent in cirrhosis but in most cases it is of mild degree and does not increase the cardiopulmonary pressure to abnormal levels. This feature, which may be due to the central hypovolemia of cirrhosis, probably accounts for the lack of symptoms associated with this condition. (2) Diastolic dysfunction in cirrhosis is unrelated to circulatory dysfunction, ascites and HRS. (3) In cirrhosis, there is a lack of response of the left ventricular systolic and chronotropic function to peripheral arterial vasodilation and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and this feature is an important contributory factor to the progression of circulatory dysfunction and the pathogenesis of ascites and HRS.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazar
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitges
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guigou
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ginès
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006530:Hepatorenal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology