title: Anaerobic benzene oxidation by Geobacter species.
abstract: The abundance of Geobacter species in contaminated aquifers in which benzene is anaerobically degraded has led to the suggestion that some Geobacter species might be capable of anaerobic benzene degradation, but this has never been documented. A strain of Geobacter, designated strain Ben, was isolated from sediments from the Fe(III)-reducing zone of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in which there was significant capacity for anaerobic benzene oxidation. Strain Ben grew in a medium with benzene as the sole electron donor and Fe(III) oxide as the sole electron acceptor. Furthermore, additional evaluation of Geobacter metallireducens demonstrated that it could also grow in benzene-Fe(III) medium. In both strain Ben and G. metallireducens the stoichiometry of benzene metabolism and Fe(III) reduction was consistent with the oxidation of benzene to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor. With benzene as the electron donor, and Fe(III) oxide (strain Ben) or Fe(III) citrate (G. metallireducens) as the electron acceptor, the cell yields of strain Ben and G. metallireducens were 3.2 × 10(9) and 8.4 × 10(9) cells/mmol of Fe(III) reduced, respectively. Strain Ben also oxidized benzene with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as the sole electron acceptor with cell yields of 5.9 × 10(9) cells/mmol of AQDS reduced. Strain Ben serves as model organism for the study of anaerobic benzene metabolism in petroleum-contaminated aquifers, and G. metallireducens is the first anaerobic benzene-degrading organism that can be genetically manipulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. tzhang@microbio.umass.edu
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Kelly P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nevin
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barlett
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lovley
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D045302:Geobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D001554:Benzene