title: Decrease of sexual organ reciprocity between heterostylous primrose species, with possible functional and evolutionary implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heterostyly is a floral polymorphism that has fascinated evolutionary biologists since Darwin's seminal studies on primroses. The main morphological characteristic of heterostyly is the reciprocal placement of anthers and stigmas in two distinct (distyly) floral morphs. Variation in the degree of intermorph sexual reciprocity is relatively common and known to affect patterns of pollen transfer within species. However, the partitioning of sexual organ reciprocity within and between closely related species remains unknown. This study aimed at testing whether intermorph sexual reciprocity differs within vs. between primrose species that hybridize in nature and whether the positions of sexual organs are correlated with other floral traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six floral traits were measured in both floral morphs of 15 allopatric populations of Primula elatior, P. veris and P. vulgaris, and anther-stigma reciprocity was estimated within and between species. A combination of univariate and multivariate approaches was used to test whether positions of reproductive organs were less reciprocal between than within species, to assess correlations between sexual organ positions and other corolla traits, and to quantify differences between morphs and species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three species were morphologically well differentiated in most floral traits, except that P. veris and P. vulgaris did not differ significantly in sexual organ positions. Overall, lower interspecific than intraspecific sexual organ reciprocity was detected. This decrease was marked between P. elatior and P. vulgaris, intermediate and variable between P. elatior and P. veris, but negligible between P. veris and P. vulgaris.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in anther and stigma heights between the analysed primrose species were of the same magnitude or larger than intraspecific differences that altered pollen flow within other heterostylous systems. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that considerable reductions of sexual organ reciprocity between species may lower interspecific pollen flow, with potential effects on reproductive isolation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Jurriaan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conti
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D005843:Geography; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D031825:Primula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity