title: Comparative binding of disulfide-bridged PEG-Fabs.
abstract: Protein PEGylation is the most clinically validated method to improve the efficacy of protein-based medicines. Antibody fragments such as Fabs display rapid clearance from blood circulation and therefore are good candidates for PEGylation. We have developed PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 that can selectively alkylate both sulfurs derived from a native disulfide. Using PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1, conjugation of PEG specifically targets the disulfide distal to the binding region of the Fab (Scheme  2 ). PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 (10-40 kDa) were used to generate the corresponding PEG-mono-sulfones 2 that underwent essentially quantitative conjugation to give the PEG-Fab product 4. Four Fabs were PEGylated: Fab(beva), Fab'(beva), Fab(rani), and Fab(trast). Proteolytic digestion of bevacizumab with papain gave Fab(beva), while digestion of bevacizumab with IdeS gave F(ab')(2-beva), which after reaction with DTT and PEG-mono-sulfone 2 gave PEG(2)-Fab'(beva). Ranibizumab, which is a clinically used Fab, was directly PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(rani). Trastuzumab was proteolytically digested with papain, and its corresponding Fab was PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(trast). Purification of the PEGylated Fabs was accomplished by a single ion exchange chromatography step to give pure PEG-Fab products as determined by silver-stained SDS-PAGE. No loss of PEG was detected post conjugation. A comparative binding study by SPR using Biacore with low ligand immobilization density was conducted using (i) VEGF(165) for the bevacizumab and ranibizumab derived products or (ii) HER2 for the trastuzumab derived products. VEGF(165) is a dimeric ligand with two binding sites for bevacizumab. HER2 has one domain for the binding of trastuzumab. Binding studies with PEG-Fab(beva) indicated that the apparent affinity was 2-fold less compared to the unPEGylated Fab(beva). Binding properties of the PEG-Fab(beva) products appeared to be independent of PEG molecular weight. Site-specific conjugation of two PEG molecules gave PEG(2×20)-Fab'(beva), whose apparent binding affinity was similar to that observed for PEG-Fab(beva) derivatives. The k(d) values were similar to those of the unPEGylated Fab(beva); hence, once bound, PEG-Fab(beva) remained bound to the same degree as Fab(beva). Biacore analysis indicated that both Fab(rani) and PEG(20)-Fab(rani) did not dissociate from the immobilized VEGF at 25 °C, but ELISA using immobilized VEGF showed 2-fold less apparent binding affinity for PEG(20)-Fab(rani) compared to the unPEGylated Fab(rani). Additionally, the apparent binding affinities for trastuzumab and Fab(trast) were comparable by both Biacore and ELISA. Biacore results suggested that trastuzumab had a slower association rate compared to Fab(trast); however, both molecules displayed the same apparent binding affinity. This could have been due to enhanced rebinding effects of trastuzumab, as it is a bivalent molecule. Analogous to PEG-Fab(beva) products, PEG(20)-Fab(trast) displayed 2-fold lower binding compared to Fab(trast) when evaluated by ELISA. The variations in the apparent affinity for the PEGylated Fab variants were all related to the differences in the association rates (k(a)) rather than the dissociation rates (k(d)). We have shown that (i) Fabs are well-matched for site-specific PEGylation with our bis-alkylation PEG reagents, (ii) PEGylated Fabs display only a 2-fold reduction in apparent affinity without any change in the dissociation rate, and (iii) the apparent binding rates and affinities remain constant as the PEG molecular weight is varied.
authors.affiliation: UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
authors.forename: Hanieh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.forename: Ji-won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brocchini
mesh_terms: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D001665:Binding Sites; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D055767:Immobilized Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D004220:Disulfides; D055767:Immobilized Proteins; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human