title: Current application of neurochemical biomarkers in the prediction and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative dementias.
abstract: In light of the dramatically increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be expected in the future, the development of novel therapeutics, improved differential and early diagnostics, and means for the identification of individuals at risk are urgently needed. At present, instruments for a reliable differential diagnosis in clinical dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or prodromal stages have direct practical implications for differentiating secondary dementias from neurodegenerative conditions and for treatment decisions. It may also be reasonable to enforce the incorporation of biomarkers into clinical studies as surrogate outcome parameters and as an attempt to optimize recruitment criteria. Recently, revised research criteria increasingly rely on the interpretation of biomarker patterns, including neuroimaging and CSF-based neurochemical dementia diagnosis (NDD) in supporting the clinical diagnosis. Here, we review the performance of current core CSF biomarkers (Aβ(42) peptide, total tau protein and phosphorylated tau species) and try to define objectives for prospective markers, also considering blood-based tests, which would increase the acceptance and wide application of NDD. Moreover, we evaluate the role and the limitations of genotyping in the predictive diagnosis of AD.
authors.affiliation: LVR-Klinikum Essen, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Kliniken und Institut der Universität Duisburg-Essen, Altendorfer Straße 97-101, 45143 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genius
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klafki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benninghoff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esselmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D003704:Dementia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000150:complications; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins