title: Physiopathology of symptoms and signs in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: The physiopathology of symptoms and signs in multiple sclerosis (MS) is a less divulged topic albeit its importance in the patients' management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was to summarize the main biophysical and biochemical mechanisms which produce the clinical manifestations in MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanisms underpinning neurological deficits are described in the relapsing and in the progressive phases, stressing inflammatory and neurodegenerative components, especially demyelination, axonal damage and conduction impairment. Transient worsening based in Uhthoff's phenomenon, mechanisms producing positive symptoms, as paraesthesias and Lhermitte sign due to axonal hyperexcitability and ephaptic interactions, and development of cortical symptoms will also be addressed. The variety of processes leading to neural repair and functional recovery in the remitting phase is focused, as remyelination and adaptive changes due to neural plasticity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The awareness of mechanisms producing symptoms in MS emphasises the role of symptomatic and rehabilitation therapies in the improvement of patients' well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal. mjsa@med.up.pt
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sá
mesh_terms: D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D063189:Symptom Assessment