title: Cigarette and waterpipe smoking decrease respiratory quality of life in adults: results from a national cross-sectional study.
abstract: Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is gaining an importance over the world, and its effect on quality of life is better grasped. Our objective was to use the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) to describe the respiratory quality of life in the Lebanese population, stressing on differences between smokers and nonsmokers. Methods. Using data from a cross-sectional national study, we checked the construct validity and reliability of the CCQ. Factors and items correlation with postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC were reported, in addition to factors and scale association with COPD and its severity. We then conducted a multiple regression to find predictors of quality of life. Results. The CCQ demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, with adequacy to the sample and high consistency. Smokers had a decreased respiratory quality of life versus nonsmokers, independently of their respiratory disease status and severity. This finding was confirmed in COPD individuals, where several environmental factors, lower education, and cumulative smoking of cigarette and of waterpipe were found to be independent predictors of a lower quality of life, after adjusting for COPD severity. Conclusions. Smoking decreases the respiratory quality of life of Lebanese adults; this issue has to be further emphasized during smoking cessation and patients' education.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut 961, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Salamé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Salameh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.forename: Khayat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: Waked
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mirna