title: Deep sequencing does not reveal additional transmitted mutations in patients diagnosed with HIV-1 variants with single nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to gain more insight into the relationship between transmitted singletons found at HIV diagnosis by population sequencing and the possible presence of clinically relevant viral minorities containing additional resistance mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the viral quasispecies and therapy response in 10 individuals with transmitted single nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-related resistance mutations as detected by population sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultra-deep pyrosequencing did not reveal additional drug-resistance mutations in nine of 10 patients. In these nine patients, no breakthrough with resistant viruses was observed despite the use of low genetic nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens in the majority of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that viral minority variants containing additional resistance mutations may be rare in patients with transmitted NRTI singletons in the Netherlands. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings and to determine the therapeutic consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pingen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wensing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: el Barzouhi
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Simen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schutten
authors.forename: C A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boucher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase