title: Annual Research Review: Resilience--clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is a universal finding that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all kinds of stress and adversity. Resilience is an interactive phenomenon that is inferred from findings indicating that some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite having experienced serious adversities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resilience can only be inferred if there has been testing of environmental mediation of risks and quantification of the degree of risk. The use of 'natural experiments' to test environmental mediation is briefly discussed. The literature is then reviewed on features associated with resilience in terms of (a) those that are neutral or risky in the absence of the risk experience (such as adoption); (b) brief exposure to risks and inoculation effects; (c) mental features (such as planning, self-regulation or a sense of personal agency); (d) features that foster those mental features; (e) turning point effects; (f) gene-environment interactions; (g) social relationships and promotive effects; and (h) the biology of resilience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical implications are considered with respect to (a) conceptual implications; (b) prevention; and (c) treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resilience findings do not translate into a clear programme of prevention and treatment, but they do provide numerous leads that focus on the dynamic view of what may be involved in overcoming seriously adverse experiences.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. camilla.azis@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutter
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000850:Anomie; D002605:Character; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D004243:Divorce / Q000523:psychology; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011340:Problem Solving; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012931:Social Environment; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012944:Social Support