title: A novel method of evaluating ureteropelvic junction obstruction: dynamic near infrared fluorescence imaging compared to standard modalities to assess urinary obstruction in a swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic near infrared fluorescence imaging of the urinary tract provides a promising way to diagnose ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Initial studies demonstrated the ability to visualize urine flow and peristalsis in great detail. We analyzed the efficacy of near infrared imaging in evaluating ureteropelvic junction obstruction, renal involvement and the anatomical detail provided compared to conventional imaging modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten swine underwent partial or complete unilateral ureteral obstruction. Groups were survived for the short or the long term. Imaging was performed with mercaptoacetyltriglycine diuretic renogram, magnetic resonance urogram, excretory urogram, ultrasound and near infrared imaging. Scoring systems for ureteropelvic junction obstruction were developed for magnetic resonance urogram and near infrared imaging. Physicians and medical students graded ureteropelvic junction obstruction based on magnetic resonance urogram and near infrared imaging results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Markers of vascular and urinary dynamics were quantitatively consistent among control renal units. The same markers were abnormal in obstructed renal units with significantly different times of renal phase peak, start of pelvic phase and start of renal uptake. Such parameters were consistent with those obtained with mercaptoacetyltriglycine diuretic renography. Near infrared imaging provided live imaging of urinary flow, which was helpful in identifying the area of obstruction for surgical planning. Physicians and medical students categorized the degree of obstruction appropriately for fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance urogram.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near infrared imaging offers a feasible way to obtain live, dynamic images of urine flow and ureteral peristalsis. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were comparable to those of conventional imaging. Findings support fluorescence imaging as an accurate, easy to use method of diagnosing ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Robotic Surgery, Research and Training Center, Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Felipe B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Joao A B A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Minnillo
authors.forename: Jeanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Treves
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: Hiep T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D013552:Swine; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis*