title: Functional characterization of the matrix metalloproteinase-1 cigarette smoke-responsive region and association with the lung health study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have demonstrated that the distal 1.5 kb of the MMP-1 promoter is fundamental in directing the induction of the MMP-1 gene by cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize the genetic variants in the MMP-1 cigarette smoke-responsive element, deep re-sequencing of this element was performed on DNA samples from participants in the Lung Health Study. Furthermore, evidence of Sp1 binding to the MMP-1 promoter was assessed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and the influence of cigarette smoke exposure on this interaction was evaluated in cultured human small airway epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten polymorphisms (four novel) were detected in the cigarette smoke-responsive element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to assess the protein-DNA interactions at Sp1 sites in the MMP-1 promoter showed increased binding to the Sp1 sites in the cigarette smoke-responsive element in small airway epithelial cells treated with cigarette smoke extract. In contrast, a Sp1 site outside of the element exhibited the opposite effect. None of the polymorphisms were more prevalent in the fast decliners versus the slow decliners (fast decliners = mean -4.14% decline in FEV1% predicted per year vs. decline in FEV1% predicted per year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequencing analyses identified four novel polymorphisms within the cigarette smoke-responsive element of the MMP-1 promoter. This study identifies functional activity within the cigarette smoke-responsive element that is influenced by cigarette smoke and examines this region of the promoter within a small patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Becky A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Jianqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Foronjy
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Accili
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sandford
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1