title: Positive allosteric modulation of TRPV1 as a novel analgesic mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of long-term opiate use in treating chronic non-cancer pain is increasing, and prescription opioid abuse and dependence are a major public health concern. To explore alternatives to opioid-based analgesia, the present study investigates a novel allosteric pharmacological approach operating through the cation channel TRPV1. This channel is highly expressed in subpopulations of primary afferent unmyelinated C- and lightly-myelinated Aδ-fibers that detect low and high rates of noxious heating, respectively, and it is also activated by vanilloid agonists and low pH. Sufficient doses of exogenous vanilloid agonists, such as capsaicin or resiniferatoxin, can inactivate/deactivate primary afferent endings due to calcium overload, and we hypothesized that positive allosteric modulation of agonist-activated TRPV1 could produce a selective, temporary inactivation of nociceptive nerve terminals in vivo. We previously identified MRS1477, a 1,4-dihydropyridine that potentiates vanilloid and pH activation of TRPV1 in vitro, but displays no detectable intrinsic agonist activity of its own. To study the in vivo effects of MRS1477, we injected the hind paws of rats with a non-deactivating dose of capsaicin, MRS1477, or the combination. An infrared diode laser was used to stimulate TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals and the latency and intensity of paw withdrawal responses were recorded. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed on dorsal root ganglia to examine changes in gene expression and the cellular specificity of such changes following treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Withdrawal responses of the capsaicin-only or MRS1477-only treated paws were not significantly different from the untreated, contralateral paws. However, rats treated with the combination of capsaicin and MRS1477 exhibited increased withdrawal latency and decreased response intensity consistent with agonist potentiation and inactivation or lesion of TRPV1-containing nerve terminals. The loss of nerve endings was manifested by an increase in levels of axotomy markers assessed by qRT-PCR and colocalization of ATF3 in TRPV1+ cells visualized via immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present observations suggest a novel, non-narcotic, selective, long-lasting TRPV1-based approach for analgesia that may be effective in acute, persistent, or chronic pain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory Of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bldg 49 Rm 1C2049 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Evan E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Lebovitz
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kominsky
authors.forename: Krisztian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaszas
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maric
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Iadarola
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C569632:4,5-diethyl-3-(2-methoxyethylthio)-2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate; D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D000700:Analgesics; C497108:Atf3 protein, rat; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493922:Trpv1 protein, rat; D002211:Capsaicin