title: Neuro-ophthalmology of movement disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Movement disorders commonly present with ocular features. The purpose of this review is to outline neuro-ophthalmologic findings that can help in diagnosis, treatment and determining prognosis in patients with movement disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common movement disorders with ophthalmic symptoms include extrapyramidal disorders such as Parkinson disease-associated dry eye, decreased blink rate, and vergence dysfunction, and progressive supranuclear palsy-related lid retraction, frequent square-wave jerks and supranuclear gaze palsy. Multisystem atrophy can present with gaze-evoked horizontal or positional downbeat nystagmus and impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression. Genetic disorders such as Huntington disease produce increased saccadic latencies and impaired suppression of saccades to presented stimulus, whereas Wilson disease is associated with saccadic pursuits, increased antisaccade latencies and decreased pursuit gain. Whipple's disease can present with supranuclear gaze palsy and characteristic oculomasticatory myorrhythmia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Movement disorders commonly present with ocular features. Knowledge of these ocular symptoms can assist the ophthalmologist in diagnosis and treatment of movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. david.clark@hc.msu.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eggenberger
mesh_terms: D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019578:Multiple System Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D013494:Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology