title: Recent cases of invasive alien mites and ticks in Japan: why is a regulatory framework needed?
abstract: Japan's economy depends on the importation of natural resources, and as a result, Japan is subjected to a high risk of biological invasion. Although Japan has quarantine systems to protect ecosystems, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and human health against alien species, economic globalization has resulted in an ever-increasing risk of invasion. Mite invasion is no exception. Alien species that impact natural ecosystems are regulated in Japan by the Invasive Alien Species Act. However, the law focuses only on visibly recognizable species, so that species too small to see, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mites, are beyond the scope of this law. The Plant Protection Law has limited the introduction of alien pests, including mites, that are harmful to agricultural crops. Recently, the liberalization of global trade policies have increased pressure to loosen regulations on various pests, including spider mites. Infectious diseases and their causative species are quarantined under the Rabies Prevention Law, the Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control Law, and the Human Infectious Diseases Control Law, but these laws do not cover wildlife diseases. The most serious problem is that wild reptiles, which can be carriers of ticks and tick-borne diseases, can be freely introduced to Japan. These loopholes in Japan's regulatory system have resulted in mite and tick invasions, which affect not only wildlife communities and human society but also endemism and biological diversity of natural mite populations.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. goka@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goka
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000502:physiology; D056630:Beekeeping; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000469:parasitology; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D058865:Introduced Species / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites / Q000502:physiology*; D010944:Plants; D012104:Reptiles / Q000469:parasitology; D017282:Tick-Borne Diseases / Q000662:veterinary; D013987:Ticks / Q000502:physiology*