title: Lymph node transfer and perinodal lymphatic growth factor treatment for lymphedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to define the optimal growth factor treatment to be used in combination with lymph node transfer to normalize lymphatic vascular anatomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In the lymph node transfer method, lymphatic anastomoses are expected to form spontaneously. However, lymphangiogenic growth factor therapies have shown promising results in preclinical models of lymphedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inguinal lymphatic vasculature of pigs was surgically destroyed around the inguinal lymph node. To enhance the regrowth of the lymphatic network in the defected area, adenoviral vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) was administered intranodally or perinodally. Control animals received injections of saline or control vector. The lymphangiogenic effect of the growth factor therapy and any potential adverse effects associated with the 2 alternative delivery routes were examined 2 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both routes of growth factor administration induced robust growth of lymphatic vessels and helped to preserve the structure of the transferred lymph nodes in comparison with the controls. The lymph nodes of the control treated animals regressed in size and their nodal structure was partly replaced by fibro-fatty scar tissue. Intranodally injected adenoviral VEGF-C and adenoviral vector encoding control gene LacZ induced macrophage accumulation inside the node, whereas perinodal administration of VEGF-C did not have this adverse effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphangiogenic growth factors improve lymphatic vessel regeneration and lymph node function after lymph node transfer. The perinodal route of delivery provides a basis for future clinical trials in lymphedema patients.
authors.affiliation: A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Krista M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Honkonen
authors.forename: Mikko T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Visuri
authors.forename: Tomi V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Tervala
authors.forename: Paavo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: Markku T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lähteenvuo
authors.forename: Kari K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Alitalo
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ylä-Herttuala
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saaristo
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007272:Injections, Intralymphatic; D016014:Linear Models; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000637:transplantation*; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000628:therapy*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C