title: Microbiota found in protective athletic mouthguards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protective athletic mouthguards (PAM) produce oral mucosal injuries and may be associated with other systemic conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  With wear, PAM become contaminated by a range of microorganisms. The number of microorganisms in PAM can be reduced by daily use of an antimicrobial solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two division I football player volunteers were divided into 4 groups, using PAM for varying lengths of time before surrendering them for microbial analysis. One group had their PAM soaked in an antimicrobial solution between uses. The PAM were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, using previously accepted methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 62 football players surrendered a total of 81 PAM for microbial analysis. The PAM yielded 154 gram-positive cocci, 150 gram-positive bacilli, 21 gram-negative cocci, 31 gram-negative bacilli, 22 yeasts, and 107 molds. The most common species of gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. Only 3 PAM (4%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The most common species of gram-positive bacilli were Brevibacterium spp. and Cellulomonas spp. The most common species of yeasts were Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, while the most common species of mold were Cochliobolus spp. and Penicillium chrysogenum. Soaking the PAM in an antimicrobial solution between uses substantially reduced the numbers of microorganisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial microbial contamination of PAM occurs with use. The microbial load can be reduced by soaking in an antimicrobial solution between uses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAM are contaminated by microorganisms that have the potential to produce oral and systemic diseases. They should be sanitized daily and changed when they become sharp and/or jagged.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Gerwald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Aric J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bullard