title: WAG2 represses apical hook opening downstream from gibberellin and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5.
abstract: When penetrating the soil during germination, dicotyledonous plants protect their shoot apical meristem through the formation of an apical hook. Apical hook formation is a dynamic process that can be subdivided into hook formation, maintenance and opening. It has previously been established that these processes require the transport and signaling of the phytohormone auxin, as well as the biosynthesis and signaling of the phytohormones ethylene and gibberellin (GA). Here, we identify a molecular mechanism for an auxin-GA crosstalk by demonstrating that the auxin transport-regulatory protein kinase WAG2 is a crucial transcription target during apical hook opening downstream from GA signaling. We further show that WAG2 is directly activated by PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5 (PIF5), a light-labile interactor of the DELLA repressors of the GA pathway. We find that wag2 mutants are impaired in the repression of apical hook opening in dark-grown seedlings and that this phenotype correlates with GA-regulated WAG2 expression in the concave (inner) side of the apical hook. Furthermore, wag2 mutants are also impaired in the maintenance or formation of a local auxin maximum at the site of WAG2 expression in the hook. WAG2 is a regulator of PIN auxin efflux facilitators and, in line with previous data, we show that this kinase can phosphorylate the central intracellular loop of all PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins regulating apical hook opening. We therefore propose that apical hook opening is controlled by the differential GA-regulated accumulation of WAG2 and subsequent local changes in PIN-mediated auxin transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center for Life and Food Sciences, Technische Universtität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising,  Germany.
authors.forename: Björn C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Willige
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogiso-Tanaka
authors.forename: Melina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zourelidou
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwechheimer
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D005875:Gibberellins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C497729:PIF5 protein, Arabidopsis; C036216:ethylene; C542125:WAG2 protein, Arabidopsis