title: Daily sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and insulin resistance in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the consumption of selected food groups and insulin resistance, with an emphasis on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present research is a large multicentre European study in adolescents, the HELENA-CSS (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Several anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics were recorded. Dietary assessment was conducted by using a short FFQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were a subset of the original sample (n 546) with complete data on glucose, insulin and FFQ. All participants were recruited at schools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (25th, 75th percentile) HOMA-IR was 0.62 (0.44, 0.87). Mean HOMA-IR was significantly higher among adolescents consuming brown bread ≤1 time/week than among those consuming 2-6 times/week (P = 0·011). Mean values of HOMA-IR were also higher in adolescents consuming SSB >5 times/week compared with those consuming less frequently, although a statistically significant difference was detected between those consuming SSB 5-6 times/week and 2-4 times/week (P = 0.049). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only the frequency of SSB consumption was significantly associated with HOMA-IR after controlling for potential confounders. In particular, it was found that HOMA-IR levels were higher among adolescents consuming SSB 5-6 times/week and ≥1 time/d compared with those consuming ≤1 time/week by 0.281 and 0.191 units, respectively (P = 0.009 and 0.046, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed that daily consumption of SSB was related with increased HOMA-IR in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Street, 17671 Athens, Greece. KaterinaKondaki@hua.gr
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondaki
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grammatikaki
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Pavón
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöstrom
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001628:Beverages; D001939:Bread; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose