title: The role of nonverbal cognitive ability in the association of adverse life events with dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness in adolescence.
abstract: The aim of this study was to test whether nonverbal cognitive ability buffers the effect of life stress (number of adverse life events in the last year) on diatheses for depression. It was expected that, as problem-solving aptitude, nonverbal cognitive ability would moderate the effect of life stress on those diatheses (such as dysfunctional attitudes) that are depressogenic because they represent deficits in information-processing or problem-solving skills, but not on diatheses (such as hopelessness) that are depressogenic because they represent deficits in motivation or effort to apply problem-solving skills. The sample included 558 10- to 19-year-olds from a state secondary school in London. Nonverbal cognitive ability was negatively associated with both dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness. As expected, nonverbal cognitive ability moderated the association between life adversity and dysfunctional attitudes. However, hopelessness was not related to life stress, and therefore, there was no life stress effect for nonverbal cognitive ability to moderate. This study adds to knowledge about the association between problem-solving ability and depressogenic diatheses. By identifying life stress as a risk factor for dysfunctional attitudes but not hopelessness, it highlights the importance of considering outcome specificity in models predicting adolescent outcomes from adverse life events. Importantly for practice, it suggests that an emphasis on recent life adversity will likely underestimate the true level of hopelessness among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flouri
authors.forename: Constantina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panourgia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D058245:Cognitive Reserve; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008016:Life Change Events; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult