title: The effect of temperature on amount and structure of motor variability during 2-minute maximum voluntary contraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we questioned whether local cooling of muscle or heating involving core and muscle temperatures are the main indicators for force variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten volunteers performed a 2-min maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors under control (CON) conditions after passive heating (HT) and cooling (CL) of the lower body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HT increased muscle and rectal temperatures, whereas CL lowered muscle temperature but did not affect rectal temperature. During 2-min MVC, peak force decreased to a lower level in HT compared with CON and CL experiments. Greater central fatigue was found in the HT experiment, and there was less in the CL experiment than in the CON experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased core and muscle temperature increased physiological tremor and the amount and structural complexity of force variability of the exercising muscles, whereas local muscle cooling decreased all force variability variables measured.
authors.affiliation: Movement Fundamentals and Clinical Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Sporto 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brazaitis
authors.forename: Albertas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skurvydas
authors.forename: Kazimieras
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pukėnas
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daniuseviciūtė
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mickevicienė
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Solianik
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult