title: Oromandibular dystonia--functional and clinical characteristics: a report on 21 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to describe subtypes, characteristics, and orofacial function of patients with oromandibular dystonia and report results of special dental importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms, signs, and function were evaluated by questionnaires, video, and clinical and physiological examinations in 21 patients with primary and secondary dystonia (13 focal, 7 segmental, 1 multifocal).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mixture of 2 or more subtypes of jaw movements was most common (43%), and the dystonic electromyographic activity was frequent in the anterior digastric (62%) and temporal and lateral pterygoid (48%) muscles. The impact from the oromandibular dystonia was marked. The prevalence of problems with mastication and swallowing was high, as well as with hyposalivation, dental attrition, and other dental problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with oromandibular dystonia may present to dentists with involuntary jaw movements and other severe functional problems. Care must be adapted to the neurological disorder and may be complicated by the condition itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine (Clinical Oral Physiology), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. mbak@sund.ku.dk
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.forename: Bo Madvig
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalager
authors.forename: Eigild
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Møller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004245:DMF Index; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording