title: Quantitative Bayesian model-based analysis of amide proton transfer MRI.
abstract: Amide Proton Transfer (APT) reports on contrast derived from the exchange of protons between amide groups and water. Commonly, APT contrast is quantified by asymmetry analysis, providing an ensemble contrast of both amide proton concentration and exchange rate. An alternative is to sample the off-resonant spectrum and fit an exchange model, permitting the APT effect to be quantified, correcting automatically for confounding effects of spillover, field inhomogeneity, and magnetization transfer. Additionally, it should permit amide concentration and exchange rate to be independently quantified. Here, a Bayesian method is applied to this problem allowing pertinent prior information to be specified. A three-pool model was used incorporating water protons, amide protons, and magnetization transfer effect. The method is demonstrated in simulations, creatine phantoms with varying pH and in vivo (n = 7). The Bayesian model-based approach was able to quantify the APT effect accurately (root-mean-square error < 2%) even when subject to confounding field variation and magnetization transfer effect, unlike traditional asymmetry analysis. The in vivo results gave approximate APT concentration (relative to water) and exchange rate values of 3 × 10(-3) and 15 s(-1) . A degree of correlation was observed between these parameter making the latter difficult to quantify with absolute accuracy, suggesting that more optimal sampling strategies might be required.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. michael.chappell@eng.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Manus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Yee Kai
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tee
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khrapitchev
authors.forename: Nicola R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sibson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jezzard
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Payne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000378:metabolism*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D011522:Protons