title: The effectiveness of prophylactic knee bracing in american football: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knee injuries, particularly of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), are the most common injury sustained in American football. In 1979, Anderson et al described a knee brace that could protect uninjured knees from MCL injuries resulting from lateral impact. Since then, a number of light and free-moving bracing devices have been developed. However, the efficacy of prophylactic knee bracing remains in question.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review of the efficacy of prophylactic knee bracing in preventing MCL injuries in football players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on MedSearch and PubMed, articles from 1985 to November 2009 were identified with the following keywords and their combinations: prophylactic, prevent injury, knee brace, prevention, medial collateral ligament, MCL, football, and bracing.
  
  
  METHODS
  One randomized controlled trial (level 1 study) and 5 prospective cohort studies (level 2 studies) were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the studies were inconsistent; only 1 study showed that prophylactic knee bracing significantly reduced MCL injuries (P < .05). In contrast, 2 studies found that knee bracing was associated with an increase in knee injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic bracing in American football has not consistently reduced MCL injuries. There remains a lack of evidence to support the routine use of prophylactic knee bracing in uninjured knees. There is limited high-level evidence, bias in the available literature, and confounding variables that limit the current literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salata
authors.forename: Aimee E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Jon K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sekiya