title: Risk and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D.
abstract: METHODS
  All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, New Delhi, India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D with susceptibility to, and response to treatment  of, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in comparison with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (DS-PTB) and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 897 participants from northern India were consecutively enrolled into three groups (MDR-TB 354, DS-PTB 338,  controls 205). Genotypic and allelic frequencies of FokI, BsmI and TaqI VDR polymorphisms, and serum 25(OH)D, calcium and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in all participants. In those with active TB, disease severity, time to sputum smear and culture conversion  were correlated with VDR genotype and biochemical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FokI Ff genotype and TaqI t allele correlated positively with MDR-TB; Ff genotype and f allele of FokI frequency were higher in both TB groups. BsmI Bb genotype  correlated inversely with MDR-TB. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lowest in MDR-TB, correlating inversely with time to sputum smear conversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VDR gene polymorphisms and hypovitaminosis D may predispose to MDR-TB. Lower serum 25(OH)D may increase time to MDR-TB  sputum smear negativity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathored
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Banavaliker
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sreenivas
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachan
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Harinarayan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goswami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D