title: IL-19 and IL-20 genes polymorphisms and haplotype analysis in a vesicoureteral reflux population.
abstract: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common childhood problem, causing renal wounds and escalating the risk of renal deficiency and hypertension. A vast literature exists suggesting that genetic variations play a significant role in the pathogenesis of VUR. The aim of the present study was to estimate whether genetic polymorphisms of IL-19 (GC rs2243158, AT rs2243158) and IL-20 (AG rs2981573, TG rs2981572) genes are involved in the development of VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tetra amplification mutation refractory system-polymerase chain reaction (Tetra-ARMS PCR) was applied for analyzing four polymorphic sites of IL-19 (GC rs2243158, AT rs2243158) and IL-20 (AG rs2981573, TG rs2981572) genes in 110 healthy controls and 124 VUR children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant association was found between the combined genotypes of IL19GC+CC and IL20TG+GG and increased risk of VUR (OR = 1.90, 95% CL, 1.06-3.41; OR=1.87, 95% CL, 1.06-3.29, respectively). The frequency of allele G in both sites of IL-20 (IL20AG rs2981573 and IL20TG, rs2981572) showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) between cases and controls in comparison with the wild type. The combined haplotype analysis of IL-19 and IL-20 polymorphic sites revealed that HT2, HT3 and HT5 haplotypes marginally increased the risk of VUR, but not statistically significantly. Gene-gene interaction data of IL-19 (GC rs2243158, AT rs2243158) and IL-20 (AG rs2981573, TG rs2981572) in various genotype patterns highlighted the fact that most of the genotype combinations increased the risk of disease insignificantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first evidence regarding IL-19 and IL-20 cytokine genes polymorphism and risk of VUR, suggesting the need for further study with large sample size and in different populations to confirm the presented data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. dor_kordi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Dor Mohammad
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kordi-Tamandani
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Bojd
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torkamanzehi
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012306:Risk; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C421250:IL19 protein, human; D007378:Interleukins; C422042:interleukin 20