title: Pharmacokinetic study of niosome-loaded insulin in diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Encapsulation of human insulin in lipid vesicular systems such as niosomes was sought as a route to protect this protein against proteolytic enzymes and to improve its oral bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of insulin encapsulation in niosomes on oral bioavailability in diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant human insulin was entrapped in multilamellar niosomes composed of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether surfactants (Brij 52 and Brij 92) or sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) and cholesterol. The amount of insulin released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) were measured at 37°C. The protection of entrapped insulin against pepsin, α-chymotrypsin and trypsin were evaluated in comparison with free insulin solution. Diabetes was induced by IP injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in male wistar rats and effects of orally administered niosomes and subcutaneously injected insulin on hypoglycemia and elevation of insulin levels in serum were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent and rate of insulin release from Brij 92 and Span 60 vesicles were lower than that of Brij 52 niosomes (P<0.05). Vesicles protected insulin in comparison with free insulin solution against proteolytic enzymes (P<0.05) significantly. Animals treated with oral niosome-encapsulated insulin (100 IU/kg) showed decreased levels of blood glucose and elevated serum insulin, which in the case of Brij 92 niosomes, hypoglycemic effect was significant (P<0.05). Niosomes were also stable in solubilizing bile salt solutions and could effectively prolong the release of insulin in both SGF and SIF. Results of this study showed that niosomes may be utilized as oral carriers of insulin; however, to increase bioavailability of insulin, further studies on the protease inhibitor co-encapsulation in niosomal formulations might be helpful.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pardakhty
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moazeni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varshosaz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hajhashemi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rouholamini Najafabadi