title: Cardiovascular health, part 2: sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An athlete's health may be endangered if he or she continues to compete after diagnosis of certain cardiovascular conditions. The most worrisome risk is sudden cardiac death; the annual rate in US athletes is 1 in 50 000 to 200 000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part 2 of this review highlights the current guidelines and controversies surrounding compatibility of participation with a variety of cardiac conditions in competitive and recreational athletics. Data sources were limited to peer-reviewed publications from 1984 to the April 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology provide a framework for safe competitive and recreational sports participation in athletes with a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired cardiovascular disorders. These guidelines are necessarily conservative because it is not currently possible to individualize risk prediction. Few data are available in many areas, particularly in the noncompetitive arena or in older athletes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published national guidelines are currently the foundation governing return-to-play decisions in athletes with cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are needed to refine risk stratification algorithms to allow athletes with cardiovascular conditions to reap the health benefits of regular exercise and sports participation without undue risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Timir S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Baman
authors.forename: Sanjaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sharlene M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Day