title: Coronary venous retention-a feature in heart failure as evidenced by mean of cardiac computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether the functional status of the heart can influence the coronary venous system itself has not yet been examined. In order to answer this question, we used multislice computed tomography (CT) imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To answer the question of whether the heart failure (HF) is associated with significant anatomical changes in the coronary venous system?
  
  
  METHODS
  In 136 (aged 56.6 ± 11.5) patients, a 64-slice CT was performed. Patients were divided into three groups according their ejection fraction. In each case, nine 3D volume rendering reconstructions, using a 2-mm layer with electrocardiographic-gating, were created at 0% to 90% R-R intervals (step 10%). The visualization of coronary veins (CVs) was graded independently by two experts trained in multislice computed tomography on a 0-5 point scale (0-not visible/lack of vein; 5-smoothly bordered vascular structure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of visible CVs per case was 3.44 in the HF group and 2.72 in patients with a normal ejection fraction (P = 0.0246). The statistical correlation between a reduction in ejection fraction and the increase in the number of veins was found (r =-0.2446, P < 0.05). For two of seven common variants of the coronary venous system at least two target veins (posterolateral and lateral) for cardiac resynchronization were presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The statistically higher number of veins in patients with heart failure may suggest an association between a failing heart and cardiac venous retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Upper-Silesian Medical Center, Katowice, Poland. agnieszkawlodyka@o2.pl
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mlynarska
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mlynarski
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sosnowski
mesh_terms: D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*