title: Molecular epidemiological studies on animal trypanosomiases in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or T. brucei gambiense, while African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused mainly by T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae,T. evansi and T. brucei brucei. Trypanosomiasis is of public health importance in humans and is also the major constraint for livestock productivity in sub-Saharan African countries. Scanty information exists about the trypanosomiasis status in Ghana especially regarding molecular epidemiology. Therefore, this study intended to apply molecular tools to identify and characterize trypanosomes in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 219 tsetse flies, 248 pigs and 146 cattle blood samples were collected from Adidome and Koforidua regions in Ghana in 2010. Initial PCR assays were conducted using the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) primers, which can detect most of the pathogenic trypanosome species and T. vivax-specific cathepsin L-like gene primers. In addition, species- or subgroup-specific PCRs were performed for T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, T. evansi and three subgroups of T. congolense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of trypanosomes were 17.4% (38/219), 57.5% (84/146) and 28.6% (71/248) in tsetse flies, cattle and pigs, respectively. T. congolense subgroup-specific PCR revealed that T. congolense Savannah (52.6%) and T. congolense Forest (66.0%) were the endemic subgroups in Ghana with 18.6% being mixed infections. T. evansi was detected in a single tsetse fly. Human infective trypanosomes were not detected in the tested samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that there is a high prevalence of parasites in both tsetse flies and livestock in the study areas in Ghana. This enhances the need to strengthen control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasites.
authors.affiliation: Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
authors.forename: Jesca
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakayima
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhassan
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahama
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Afakye
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer