title: CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity: protective effect of rutin on p53, CYP2E1 and the antioxidative status in rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rutin is a polyphenolic natural flavonoid which possesses antioxidant and anticancer activity. In the present study the hepatoprotective effect of rutin was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injuries in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 Sprague-Dawley male rats were equally divided into 4 groups for the assessment of hepatoprotective potential of rutin. Rats of group I (control) received only vehicles; 1 ml/kg bw of saline (0.85%) and olive oil (3 ml/kg) and had free access to food and water. Rats of group II, III and IV were treated with CCl₄ (30% in olive oil, 3 ml/kg bw) via the intraperitoneal route twice a week for four weeks. The rutin at the doses of 50 and 70 mg/kg were administered intragastrically after 48 h of CCl₄ treatment to group III and IV, respectively. Protective effect of rutin on serum enzyme level, lipid profile, activities of antioxidant enzymes and molecular markers were calculated in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rutin showed significant protection with the depletion of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) in serum as was raised by the induction of CCl₄. Concentration of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins was increased while high-density lipoprotein was decreased with rutin in a dose dependent manner. Activity level of endogenous liver antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione (GSH) contents were increased while lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was decreased dose dependently with rutin. Moreover, increase in DNA fragmentation and oxo8dG damages while decrease in p53 and CYP 2E1 expression induced with CCl₄ was restored with the treatment of rutin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these results, it is suggested that rutin possesses hepatoprotective properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Rahmatgul_81@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rahmat A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Muhammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sumaira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahreen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; D008055:Lipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D012431:Rutin; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1