title: HPLC determination of the major active flavonoids and GC-MS analysis of volatile components of Dysphania graveolens (Amaranthaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysphania graveolens is used mainly in Mexican traditional medicine against gastrointestinal ailments. Previous investigations revealed that its flavonoids are important active principles; however, there is not a reliable and accurate analytical method for determining these compounds in the crude drug or preparations of the plant. In addition, its volatile chemical composition remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main goals were to develop a validated HPLC method for quantifying the active flavonoids (pinostrobin (1), pinocembrin (2) and chrysin (3)) of D. graveolens and to establish its volatile composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separation was carried out on a Licrospher100 RP18 column with a linear gradient acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid and aqueous 0.1% formic acid. Accuracy was determined by spiking the crude drug with the standards, the recoveries were between 99% and 101%. A systematic description of the volatile components of D. graveolens was assessed via GC-MS using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation extraction methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed HPLC method represented a powerful technique for the quality control of D. graveolens allowing the quantification of the three active flavonoids. For each compound a linear response was evaluated within the range of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL for pinostrobin (1), 0.25-1.25 mg/mL for pinocembrin (2) and 0.05-0.5 mg/mL for chrysin (3). According to SPME the major components in D. graveolens were p-cymene (84.85%) and eucalyptol (11.26%). On the other hand, the essential oil had eucalyptol (42.89%) and p-cymene (16.51%) and did not contain ascaridol. Thus the most relevant volatile components in the species were monoterpenoids.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México DF, México.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Ospina
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivero Cruz
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bye
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mata
mesh_terms: D027703:Amaranthaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D009822:Oils, Volatile; C043561:chrysin; C016063:pinocembrin; C411294:pinostrobin