title: Enhancement of corneal permeation of riboflavin-5'-phosphate through vitamin E TPGS: a promising approach in corneal trans-epithelial cross linking treatment.
abstract: Corneal accumulation of riboflavin-5'-phosphate (riboflavin) is an essential step in the so called corneal cross-linking (CXL), an elective therapy for the treatment of progressive keratoconus, corneal ectasia and irregular astigmatism. CXL is usually performed after surgical debridement of corneal epithelium, since it impedes the stromal penetration of riboflavin in a relatively short time. d-Alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate (VE-TPGS) is an effective permeation enhancer used to increase adsorption of drugs trough different biological barriers. Moreover, belonging to the group of tocopherol pro-drugs, VE-TPGS exerts a protective effect on biological membrane against free-radical damage. The aim of this work is the evaluation of VE-TPGS effects on riboflavin corneal permeability, and the assessment of its protective effect against free-radicals generated during CXL procedures. Different solutions containing riboflavin (0.125% w/w), dextran (20.0% w/w) and increasing concentration of VE-TPGS were tested. Corneal permeation was evaluated in vitro by the use of modified Franz-cell type diffusion cells and freshly excised porcine corneas as barrier. The effect of VE-TPGS on riboflavin corneal penetration was compared with a standard commercial solution of riboflavin in dextran at different times. Accumulation experiments were conducted both on epithelized and non-epithelized corneas. Moreover, epithelized porcine corneas, treated with the tested solutions, were subjected to an in vitro CXL procedure versus non-epithelized corneas, treated with a commercial solution of riboflavin. Differences were measured by means of corneal rigidity using Young's modulus. The photo-protective effect of tested solutions on corneal epithelium was, finally, evaluated. CXL treatment was applied, in vitro, on human explanted corneas and resulting morphology of corneal epithelium was investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University Federico II, Via D Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy. ostacolo@unina.it
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostacolo
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tronino
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Troisi
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laneri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pacente
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Prete
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacchi
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019781:Corneal Topography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003911:Dextrans; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011355:Prodrugs; D014810:Vitamin E; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide; C014225:tocophersolan