title: Tissue characterization using a phantom to validate four-dimensional tissue deformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This project proposes using a real tissue phantom for 4D tissue deformation reconstruction (4DTDR) and 4D deformable image registration (DIR) validation, which allows for the complete verification of the motion path rather than limited end-point to end-point of motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three electro-magnetic-tracking (EMT) fiducials were implanted into fresh porcine liver that was subsequently animated in a clinically realistic phantom. The animation was previously shown to be similar to organ motion, including hysteresis, when driven using a real patient's breathing pattern. For this experiment, 4DCTs and EMT traces were acquired when the phantom was animated using both sinusoidal and recorded patient-breathing traces. Fiducial were masked prior to 4DTDR for reconstruction. The original 4DCT data (with fiducials) were sampled into 20 CT phase sets and fiducials' coordinates were recorded, resulting in time-resolved fiducial motion paths. Measured values of fiducial location were compared to EMT measured traces and the result calculated by 4DTDR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the sinusoidal breathing trace, 95% of EMT measured locations were within 1.2 mm of the measured 4DCT motion path, allowing for repeatable accurate motion characterization. The 4DTDR traces matched 95% of the EMT trace within 1.6 mm. Using the more irregular (in amplitude and frequency) patient trace, 95% of the EMT trace points fitted both 4DCT and 4DTDR motion path within 4.5 mm. The average match of the 4DTDR estimation of the tissue hysteresis over all CT phases was 0.9 mm using a sinusoidal signal for animation and 1.0 mm using the patient trace.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The real tissue phantom is a tool which can be used to accurately characterize tissue deformation, helping to validate or evaluate a DIR or 4DTDR algorithm over a complete motion path. The phantom is capable of validating, evaluating, and quantifying tissue hysteresis, thereby allowing for full motion path validation.
authors.affiliation: Huntsman Cancer Hospital, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. martin.szegedi@hci.utah.edu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szegedi
authors.forename: Prema
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rassiah-Szegedi
authors.forename: Vikren
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinkle
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Huei
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Sarang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Salter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D013552:Swine