title: What happens if people start drinking mouthwash as surrogate alcohol? A quantitative risk assessment.
abstract: Mouthwash ingestion has been observed in settings of restricted availability to alcoholic beverages such as in hospitals, prisons or military establishments. The literature offers limited evidence that ingredients of mouthwash may have health effects above the effects of ethanol. This study provides a quantitative risk assessment based on analysis of 30 mouthwash samples. All investigated brands contained alcohol, most of them menthol (93%), eucalyptol (90%), benzoic acid (87%), methyl salicylate (67%), and thymol (30%). For low risk drinking scenarios with average levels, only ethanol will exceed acceptable daily intakes (ADI). In worst case scenarios for alcohol dependent consumers ingesting 100g ethanol per day in the form of mouthwash, methyl salicylate will also exceeded the ADI by a factor of 17. The margin of exposure (MOE) for methyl salicylate, benzoates and thymol was below 100 for average scenarios, and below 10 for worst case scenarios, but ethanol is still the most toxic ingredient with MOE below 1. The occasional or even chronic ingestion of mouthwash may not cause health effects except the effects of ethanol alone. Only in extreme exposures, ingredients such as thymol or methyl salicylate could exacerbate the effects of ethanol, especially by contributing to metabolic acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Lachenmeier@web.de
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lachenmeier
authors.forename: Yulia B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Monakhova
authors.forename: Mariya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markova
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuballa
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000032:analysis; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D006801:Humans; D008610:Menthol / Q000032:analysis; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012459:Salicylates / Q000032:analysis; D013943:Thymol / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012459:Salicylates; D008610:Menthol; D013943:Thymol; D000431:Ethanol; D019817:Benzoic Acid; C033069:methyl salicylate; D000077591:Eucalyptol