title: Exercise training performed simultaneously to a high-fat diet reduces the degree of insulin resistance and improves adipoR1-2/APPL1 protein levels in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of concurrent exercise in the degree of the insulin resistance in mice fed with a high-fat diet, and assess adiponectin receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) and endosomal adaptor protein APPL1 in different tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four mice were randomized into four groups (n = 6): chow standard diet and sedentary (C); chow standard diet and simultaneous exercise training (C-T); fed on a high-fat diet and sedentary (DIO); and fed on a high-fat diet and simultaneous exercise training (DIO-T). Simultaneously to starting high-fat diet feeding, the mice were submitted to a swimming exercise training protocol (2 x 30 minutes, with 5 minutes of interval/day), five days per week, for twelve weeks (90 days). Animals were then euthanized 48 hours after the last exercise training session, and adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue were extracted for an immunoblotting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IR, IRs, and Akt phosphorylation decreased in the DIO group in the three analyzed tissues. In addition, the DIO group exhibited ADIPOR1 (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue), ADIPOR2 (liver), and APPL1 reduced when compared with the C group. However, it was reverted when exercise training was simultaneously performed. In parallel, ADIPOR1 and 2 and APPL1 protein levels significantly increase in exercised mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that exercise training performed concomitantly to a high-fat diet reduces the degree of insulin resistance and improves adipoR1-2/APPL1 protein levels in the hepatic, adipose, and skeletal muscle tissue.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tromm
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinho
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C510733:Appl1 protein, mouse; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin; C475419:adiponectin receptor 1, mouse