title: The effect of HIV infection on the risk, frequency, and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in primigravid and multigravid women in Malawi.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common in pregnant women in many malaria-endemic regions and may increase risk of placental parasitemia. Placental malaria is more common in primigravidae than multigravidae, but the relationship between HIV and malaria across gravidities is not well characterized. We recruited pregnant Malawian women during the second trimester and followed them until delivery. Parasitemia was assessed at enrollment, follow-up visits, and delivery, when placental blood was sampled. There was no difference in risk of parasitemia between HIV-positive and HIV-negative primigravidae. Among multigravidae, HIV-infected women had greater than twice the risk of parasitemia as HIV-uninfected women throughout follow-up. Human immunodeficiency virus was also associated with more frequent peripheral parasitemia in multigravidae but not primigravidae. Both HIV and primigravid status were independently associated with higher peripheral and placental parasite densities. Although risk of parasitemia is lower in multigravidae than primigravidae, the HIV effect on risk of malaria is more pronounced in multigravidae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ella.nkhoma@bms.com
authors.forename: Ella T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Nkhoma
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalilani-Phiri
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mwapasa
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rogerson
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Meshnick
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018512:Parasitemia; D010298:Parity; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors