title: Application of Zernike polynomials towards accelerated adaptive focusing of transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the phase aberrations produced by human skulls during transcranial magnetic resonance imaging guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS), to demonstrate the potential of Zernike polynomials (ZPs) to accelerate the adaptive focusing process, and to investigate the benefits of using phase corrections obtained in previous studies to provide the initial guess for correction of a new data set.
  
  
  METHODS
  The five phase aberration data sets, analyzed here, were calculated based on preoperative computerized tomography (CT) images of the head obtained during previous transcranial MRgFUS treatments performed using a clinical prototype hemispherical transducer. The noniterative adaptive focusing algorithm [Larrat et al., "MR-guided adaptive focusing of ultrasound," IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 57(8), 1734-1747 (2010)] was modified by replacing Hadamard encoding with Zernike encoding. The algorithm was tested in simulations to correct the patients' phase aberrations. MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) was used to visualize the effect of the phase aberration correction on the focusing of a hemispherical transducer. In addition, two methods for constructing initial phase correction estimate based on previous patient's data were investigated. The benefits of the initial estimates in the Zernike-based algorithm were analyzed by measuring their effect on the ultrasound intensity at the focus and on the number of ZP modes necessary to achieve 90% of the intensity of the nonaberrated case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Covariance of the pairs of the phase aberrations data sets showed high correlation between aberration data of several patients and suggested that subgroups can be based on level of correlation. Simulation of the Zernike-based algorithm demonstrated the overall greater correction effectiveness of the low modes of ZPs. The focal intensity achieves 90% of nonaberrated intensity using fewer than 170 modes of ZPs. The initial estimates based on using the average of the phase aberration data from the individual subgroups of subjects was shown to increase the intensity at the focal spot for the five subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of ZPs to phase aberration correction was shown to be beneficial for adaptive focusing of transcranial ultrasound. The skull-based phase aberrations were found to be well approximated by the number of ZP modes representing only a fraction of the number of elements in the hemispherical transducer. Implementing the initial phase aberration estimate together with Zernike-based algorithm can be used to improve the robustness and can potentially greatly increase the viability of MR-ARFI-based focusing for a clinical transcranial MRgFUS therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. klena@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Yoni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navon
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levoy
authors.forename: Kim Butts
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pauly
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000162:Acoustics; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012886:Skull; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted