title: Nutritional status in relation to adipokines and oxidative stress is associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed whether disease activity was associated with dietary habits, nutritional status, adipokines, and oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 37 patients with RA. The assessment of the nutritional status included anthropometric and biochemical parameters. A food-frequency questionnaire and a 3-d diet record to assess dietary intake were used. The serum levels of adipokines and oxidative stress markers in sera and saliva were measured. The disease activity was determined using the 28 Disease Activity Score (DAS28). We divided the subjects into high (DAS28 ≥3.2) and low (DAS28 <3.2) disease activity groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum leptin and albumin levels were significantly lower, whereas the inflammatory markers were increased, in the high disease activity group. The dietary intake assessment showed a lower intake of fish oil and a lower ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid intake in the high disease activity group. There was a negative correlation between the DAS28 and the dietary intake of the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to total fatty acid intake. The serum oxidative stress marker (reactive oxygen metabolites) showed a positive correlation to the DAS28. The salivary reactive oxygen metabolites also correlated with C-reactive protein and serum reactive oxygen metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered serum adipokine levels with decreased albumin may reflect the deterioration that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. An increased oxidative stress was observed in sera and saliva. Intakes of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oil, and monounsaturated fatty acid seem to affect disease activity and may have beneficial effects by decreasing inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoi
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato-Mito
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaburagi
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Megumu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000208:ethnology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species