title: Pharmacovigilance in pregnancy: adverse drug reactions associated with fetal disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide the first update on drug safety profiles and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study using data from 202 pharmacovigilance reports on drug-associated fetal disorders from the Swiss national ADR database from 1990 to 2009. Evaluated aspects included administrative information on the report, drug exposure, and disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADR reporting frequency on the topic of fetal disorders has increased during the last 20 years, from only 1 report in 1991 to a maximum of 31 reports in 2008. Nervous system drugs were the most frequently reported drug group (40.2%) above all antidepressants and antiepileptics. The highest level of overall drug intake could be observed for the 1st trimester (85.4%), especially for the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. The most frequently reported types of fetal disorders were malformations (68.8%), especially those of the musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. A positive association was discovered between antiepileptics and malformations in general and in particular of the circulatory system and the eye, ear, face, and neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the nervous system drug group bears an especially high risk for malformations. The most commonly identified drug exposures can help focus pharmacoepidemiologic efforts in drug-induced birth defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Pharmacology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wettach
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomann
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lambrigger-Steiner
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buclin
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Desmeules
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Mandach
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology