title: Patient radiation doses in interventional cardiology in the U.S.: advisory data sets and possible initial values for U.S. reference levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patient radiation doses from interventional cardiology procedures in the U.S and to suggest possible initial values for U.S. benchmarks for patient radiation dose from selected interventional cardiology procedures [fluoroscopically guided diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)].
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient radiation dose metrics were derived from analysis of data from the 2008 to 2009 Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends (NEXT) survey of cardiac catheterization. This analysis used identified data and did not require review by an IRB. Data from 171 facilities in 30 states were analyzed. The distributions (percentiles) of radiation dose metrics were determined for diagnostic cardiac catheterizations, PCI, and combined diagnostic and PCI procedures. Confidence intervals for these dose distributions were determined using bootstrap resampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentile distributions (advisory data sets) and possible preliminary U.S. reference levels (based on the 75th percentile of the dose distributions) are provided for cumulative air kerma at the reference point (K(a,r)), cumulative air kerma-area product (P(KA)), fluoroscopy time, and number of cine runs. Dose distributions are sufficiently detailed to permit dose audits as described in National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 168. Fluoroscopy times are consistent with those observed in European studies, but P(KA) is higher in the U.S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sufficient data exist to suggest possible initial benchmarks for patient radiation dose for certain interventional cardiology procedures in the U.S. Our data suggest that patient radiation dose in these procedures is not optimized in U.S. practice.
authors.affiliation: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. donald.miller@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hilohi
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Spelic
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D014481:United States