title: Unbiased label-free quantitative proteomic profiling and enriched proteomic pathways in seminal plasma of adult men before and after varicocelectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does the seminal plasma proteomic profile and functional enrichment of gene ontology terms change after microsurgical varicocelectomy? Are there any potential targets for diagnosis or therapeutic intervention in varicocele?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A shift in state from a responsive-to-stress condition before varicocele correction to a responsive-to-environment condition after varicocelectomy was observed in enriched proteomic pathways.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Varicocele may lead to many adverse effects, including failure of testicular growth and development, and is associated with decreased semen quality and increased semen oxidative stress. Varicocelectomy is the treatment of choice, and is associated with improved semen quality, but little is known regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms and post-genomic pathways following intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was carried out including 18 adult men with varicocele. These patients provided one semen sample before they were submitted for bilateral varicocele repair through microsurgical varicocelectomy, and one other semen sample 90 days after the surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An aliquot of each semen sample was used for unbiased proteomics analysis by a label-free quantitative approach (2D nanoUPLC-ESI-MS(E)). Samples were pooled according to group (normalized to protein content) and run in quadruplicate. These quadruplicate runs provided degrees of freedom in order to compare groups using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for quantified proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 316 proteins were quantified or identified, of which 91 were exclusively identified or quantified in one of the groups (53 in the pre- and 38 in the post-varicocelectomy group), and 68 were quantified in both groups and submitted to statistical analysis, of which 5 were overrepresented in the pre-varicocelectomy group (P < 0.05). In enriched functional analysis, binding and response to stimulus functions were enriched in a common cluster (present in both groups), nitric oxide metabolism and tetratricopeptide repeat domain-binding functions were enriched in the pre-varicocelectomy group, and response to reactive oxygen species, gluconeogenesis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-binding and protein stabilization were enriched in the post-varicocelectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because a shotgun proteomics analysis was chosen in order to generate a list of putative biomarkers, a targeted follow-up study should be performed to confirm these biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proteins found in both groups possess functions usually found in human semen. The enriched function analysis demonstrated a shift back to homeostasis after varicocelectomy, suggesting that varicocele correction promotes return of semen to a physiological state.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The funding for this project was received from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) as a scholarship for Ms Camargo. There was no conflict of interest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Human Reproduction Section, Sao Paulo Federal University, Sao Paulo Hospital, R Embau 231, 04039-060 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Intasqui Lopes
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: K H M
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fraietta
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bertolla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052636:Allostasis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D011446:Prospective Studies; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D055101:Semen Analysis; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000601:surgery*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014646:Varicocele / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins