title: Effect of pilocarpine on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide releases correlate with salivary secretion in human saliva and plasma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, has been used for the treatment of dry mouth. Salivary glands are supplied with nerve fibres that contain neuropeptides, such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which are important modulators of salivation. It is known that measurement of salivary and plasma levels of neuropeptides is useful for assessing the dose-pharmacological effect relationship of drugs. The relationship between the action of pilocarpine and neuropeptides in humans has not been studied. Moreover, studies evaluate the usefulness of drug salivary levels in the pharmacological evaluation of drugs are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of pilocarpine on the levels of substance P-, CGRP- and VIP-like immunoreactive substances (IS) in saliva and plasma taken in healthy humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy male subjects participated in this study. Pilocarpine tablet (10 mg) or placebo tablet was orally administered with 100 mL of water. Each subject was administered placebo and drug with an interval of 4 weeks in between. Saliva was sampled before and at 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after administration of the test substances. Venous blood samples (10 mL) were also taken from a forearm vein at each time interval. The samples were then enzyme immunoassayed using a highly sensitive system for substance P-, CGRP- and VIP-IS. The amount of saliva was measured by the Saxon test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single oral administration of pilocarpine increased the release of salivary substance P-IS (the area under the concentration-time curve: AUC(0→240 min)) compared with the placebo. Pilocarpine also significantly increased the release of salivary CGRP-IS (AUC(0→240 min)). Pilocarpine significantly increased the release of plasma CGRP-IS. The salivary volume correlated with the salivary level of substance P and CGRP-IS (r = 0·84, P < 0·05 and r = 0·59, P < 0·05, respectively). AUC(0→240 min) for substance P-IS in saliva correlated with that for plasma (r = 0·78, P < 0·05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pilocarpine increases the release of salivary substance P and CGRP-IS. This suggests that one mechanism by which pilocarpine improves dry mouth is by local stimulation of neuropeptidergic nerves. Moreover, saliva levels of substance P showed good correlation with the plasma levels. The substance P levels in saliva and plasma may be good indicators of the effects of drugs used in dry mouth/xerostomic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Oita University Hospital, Hasama-Machi, Oita, Japan. syuhki@oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tatsuta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeyama
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013373:Substance P / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D010862:Pilocarpine; D013373:Substance P; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide