title: Effect of warm-up and precooling on pacing during a 15-km cycling time trial in the heat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The best way to apply precooling for endurance exercise in the heat is still unclear. The authors analyzed the effect of different preparation regimens on pacing during a 15-km cycling time trial in the heat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten male subjects completed four 15-km time trials (30°C), preceded by different preparation regimes: 10 min cycling (WARM-UP), 30 min scalp cooling of which 10 min was cycling (SC+WARM-UP), ice-slurry ingestion (ICE), and ice slurry ingestion + 30 min scalp cooling (SC+ICE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were observed in finish time and mean power output, although power output was lower for WARM-UP than for SC+ICE during km 13-14 (17 ± 16 and 19 ± 14 W, respectively) and for ICE during km 13 (16 ± 16 W). Rectal temperature at the start of the time trial was lower for both ICE conditions (~36.7°C) than both WARMUP conditions (~37.1°C) and remained lower during the first part of the trial. Skin temperature and thermal sensation were lower at the start for SC+ICE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preparation regimen providing the lowest body-heat content and sensation of coolness at the start (SC+ICE) was most beneficial for pacing during the latter stages of the time trial, although overall performance did not differ.
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Inst Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and also with TNO, Behavioral and Societal Sciences, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levels
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Teunissen L
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Bernadet
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Daanen H
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012535:Scalp / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007053:Ice