title: Measured dose rate constant from oncology patients administered 18F for positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient exposure rate measurements verify published patient dose rate data and characterize dose rates near 2-18-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) patients. A specific dose rate constant based on patient exposure rate measurements is a convenient quantity that can be applied to the desired distance, injection activity, and time postinjection to obtain an accurate calculation of cumulative external radiation dose. This study reports exposure rates measured at various locations near positron emission tomography (PET) (18)F-FDG patients prior to PET scanning. These measurements are normalized for the amount of administered activity, measurement distance, and time postinjection and are compared with other published data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure rates were measured using a calibrated ionization chamber at various body locations from 152 adult oncology patients postvoid after a mean uptake time of 76 min following injection with a mean activity of 490 MBq (18)F-FDG. Data were obtained at nine measurement locations for each patient: three near the head, four near the chest, and two near the feet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On contact with, 30 cm superior to and 30 cm lateral to the head, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.482 (0.511), 0.135 (0.155), and 0.193 (0.223) μSv∕MBq h, respectively. On contact with, 30 cm anterior to, 30 cm lateral to and 1 m anterior to the chest, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.623 (0.709), 0.254 (0.283), 0.190 (0.218), and 0.067 (0.081) μSv∕MBq h respectively. 30 cm inferior and 30 cm lateral to the feet, the mean (75th percentile) dose rates per unit injected activity at 60 min postinjection were 0.024 (0.022) and 0.039 (0.044) μSv∕MBq h, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurements for this study support the use of 0.092 μSv m(2)∕MBq h as a reasonable representation of the dose rate anterior from the chest of patients immediately following injection. This value can then be reliably scaled to the desired time and distance for planning and staff dose evaluation purposes. At distances closer than 1 m, a distance-specific dose rate constant of 0.367 μSv∕MBq h at 30 cm is recommended for accurate calculations. An accurate patient-specific dose rate constant that accounts for patient-specific variables (e.g., distribution and attenuation) will allow an accurate evaluation of the dose rate from a patient injected with an isotope rather than simply utilizing a physical constant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. quinnb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holahan
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aime
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Humm
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: St Germain
authors.forename: Lawrence T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Dauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18