title: Trial of shift scheduling with standardized sign-out to improve continuity of care in intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 2003, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires residency programs to restrict to 80 hrs/wk, averaged over 4 wks to improve patient safety. These restrictions force training programs with night call responsibilities to either maintain a traditional program with alternative night float schedules or adopt a "shift" model, both with increased handoffs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether a 65 hrs/wk shift-work schedule combined with structured sign-out curriculum is equivalent to a 65 hrs/wk traditional day coverage with night call schedule, as measured by multiple assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-month trial of shift-work schedule with structured sign-out curriculum (intervention) vs. traditional call schedule without curriculum (control) in alternating 1-2 month periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit at a tertiary care academic center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary subjects: 19 fellows in a Multidisciplinary Critical Care Training Program; Secondary subjects: intensive care unit nurses and attending physicians, families of intensive care unit patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implementation of shift-work schedule, combined with structured sign-out curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workplace perception assessment through Continuity of Care Survey evaluation by faculty, fellows, and nurses through structured surveys; family assessment by the Critical Care Family Needs Index survey; clinical assessment through intensive care unit mortality, intensive care unit length of stay, and intensive care unit readmission within 48 hrs; and educational impact assessment by rate of fellow didactic lecture attendance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in surveyed perceptions of continuity of care, intensive care unit mortality (8.5% vs. 6.0%, p = .20), lecture attendance (43% vs. 42%), or family satisfaction (Critical Care Family Needs Index score 24 vs. 22) between control and intervention periods. There was a significant decrease in intensive care unit length of stay (8.4 vs. 5.7 days, p = .04) with the shift model. Readmissions within 48 hrs were not different (3.6% vs. 4.9%, p = .39). Nurses preferred the intervention period (7% control vs. 73% intervention, n = 30, p = .00), and attending faculty preferred the intervention period and felt continuity of care was maintained (15% control vs. 54% intervention, n = 11, p = .15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A shift-work schedule with structured sign-out curriculum is a viable alternative to traditional work schedules for the intensive care unit in training programs.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. emlell@ccm.upmc.edu
authors.forename: Lillian L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Emlet
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Khafaji
authors.forename: Yeon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017146:Models, Organizational; D062209:Patient Handoff / Q000458:organization & administration; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration*