title: Role of NOD1-mediated signals in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), an innate immune sensor, on allergic inflammation and induction of regulatory T cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. We also aimed to explore whether there were differences in the effect of NOD1 ligand according to the timing of administration. Study Design An in vivo study using an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: control, OVA, pre-NOD1, and post-NOD1. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used for sensitization and challenge. The pre-NOD1 group received NOD1 ligand intranasally before sensitization, whereas the post-NOD1 group received it after sensitization. The effects of allergic inflammation and regulatory T cells were compared among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the post-NOD1 group, serum OVA-specific IgE, eosinophil counts, interleukin (IL)-13 levels, and GATA-3 mRNA expression were significantly increased and Foxp3(+) mRNA expression and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells were decreased compared with the OVA group. In the pre-NOD1 group, Foxp3 mRNA expression and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells were significantly decreased compared with the OVA group. Although not significant, the pre-NOD1 group showed increases in serum OVA-specific IgE, eosinophil counts, IL-13 levels, and GATA-3 mRNA expression compared with the OVA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The innate immune response through NOD1 enhances allergen-specific Th2 response and suppresses induction of regulatory T cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis, and the effects are different depending on the timing of exposure to NOD1 ligand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Soo Whan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000378:metabolism; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494748:Gata3 protein, mouse; D018793:Interleukin-13; D008024:Ligands; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C507873:Nod1 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D010047:Ovalbumin