title: A method of dose reconstruction for moving targets compatible with dynamic treatments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method that allows a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) to perform accurate dose reconstruction for rigidly moving targets and to validate the method in phantom measurements for a range of treatments including intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), and dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) tracking.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-house computer program was developed to manipulate Dicom treatment plans exported from a TPS (Eclipse, Varian Medical Systems) such that target motion during treatment delivery was incorporated into the plans. For each treatment, a motion including plan was generated by dividing the intratreatment target motion into 1 mm position bins and construct sub-beams that represented the parts of the treatment that were delivered, while the target was located within each position bin. For each sub-beam, the target shift was modeled by a corresponding isocenter shift. The motion incorporating Dicom plans were reimported into the TPS, where dose calculation resulted in motion including target dose distributions. For experimental validation of the dose reconstruction a thorax phantom with a moveable lung equivalent rod with a tumor insert of solid water was first CT scanned. The tumor insert was delineated as a gross tumor volume (GTV), and a planning target volume (PTV) was formed by adding margins. A conformal plan, two IMRT plans (step-and-shoot and sliding windows), and a VMAT plan were generated giving minimum target doses of 95% (GTV) and 67% (PTV) of the prescription dose (3 Gy). Two conformal fields with MLC leaves perpendicular and parallel to the tumor motion, respectively, were generated for DMLC tracking. All treatment plans were delivered to the thorax phantom without tumor motion and with a sinusoidal tumor motion. The two conformal fields were delivered with and without portal image guided DMLC tracking based on an embedded gold marker. The target dose distribution was measured with a radiochromic film in the moving rod and compared with the reconstructed doses using gamma tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considerable interplay effects between machine motion and target motion were observed for the treatments without tracking. For nontracking experiments, the mean 2 mm∕2% gamma pass rate over all investigated scenarios was 99.6% between calculated and measured doses. For tracking experiments, the mean gamma pass rate was 99.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A method for accurate dose reconstruction for moving targets with dynamic treatments was developed and experimentally validated in a variety of delivery scenarios. The method is suitable for integration into TPSs, e.g., for reconstruction of the dose delivered to moving tumors or calculation of target doses delivered with DMLC tracking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noorrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. perpolse@rm.dk
authors.forename: Per Rugaard
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Mai Lykkegaard
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: Esben Schjodt
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Worm
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fledelius
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D009068:Movement; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*