title: Effect of radiation induced current on the quality of MR images in an integrated linac-MR system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In integrated linac-MRI systems, the RF coils are exposed to the linac's pulsed radiation, leading to a measurable radiation induced current (RIC). This work (1) visualizes the RIC in MRI raw data and determines its effect on the MR image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (b) examines the effect of linac dose rate on SNR degradations, (c) examines the RIC effect on different MRI sequences, (d) examines the effect of altering the MRI sequence timing on the RIC, and (e) uses a postprocessing method to reduce the RIC signal from the MR raw data.
  
  
  METHODS
  MR images were acquired on the linac-MR prototype system using various imaging sequences (gradient echo, spin echo, and bSSFP), dose rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 MU∕min) and repetition times (TR) with the gradient echo sequence. The images were acquired with the radiation beam either directly incident or blocked from the RF coils. The SNR was calculated for each of these scenarios, showing a loss in SNR due to RIC. Finally, a postprocessing method was applied to the image k-space data in order to remove partially the RIC signal and recover some of the lost SNR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RIC produces visible spikes in the k-space data acquired with the linac's radiation incident on the RF coils. This RIC leads to a loss in imaging SNR that increases with increasing linac dose rate (15%-18% loss at 250 MU∕min). The SNR loss seen with increasing linac dose rate appears to be largely independent of the MR sequence used. Changing the imaging TR had interesting visual effects on the appearance of RIC in k-space due to the timing between the linac's pulsing and the MR sequence, but did not change the SNR loss for a given linac dose rate. The use of a postprocessing algorithm was able to remove much of the RIC noise spikes from the MR image k-space data, resulting in the recovery of a significant portion, up to 81% (Table II), of the lost image SNR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of RIC in MR RF coils leads to a loss of SNR which is directly related to the linac dose rate. The RIC related loss in SNR is likely to increase for systems that are able to provide larger than 250 MU∕min dose. Some of this SNR loss can be recovered through the use of a postprocessing algorithm, which removes the RIC artefact from the image k-space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. blburke@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wachowicz
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fallone
authors.forename: Satyapal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathee
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011786:Quality Control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011846:Radio Waves; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013997:Time Factors