title: Proton pump inhibitor therapy predisposes to community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiological mechanisms which contribute to an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients using proton pump inhibitors are not well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine differences in microbial etiology in patients with CAP between patients with and without proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and its possible impact on disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  All individuals consulting the emergency care unit were prospectively registered and underwent chest radiography. Sputum, urine, nose-throat swabs and blood samples were obtained for microbial evaluation. We evaluated the association between use of proton pump inhibitors, etiology of CAP and severity of illness with multivariate regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final cohort comprised 463 patients, 29% using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Pathogens regarded as oropharyngeal flora were more common in CAP patients using PPI therapy compared to those who did not (adjusted OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.22-3.72). Patients using proton pump inhibitors more frequently had an infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (28% vs. 14%) and less frequently with Coxiella burnetii (8% vs. 19%) compared to nonuser of PPI. Adjusted for baseline differences, the risk of PPI users being infected with S. pneumonia was 2.23 times (95% CI: 1.28-3.75) higher compared to patients without PPI's. No risk between PPI use and any other microbial pathogen was found. There was no difference in severity of CAP between patients with and without using PPI therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proton pump inhibitor therapy was associated with an approximately 2-fold increased risk to develop community-acquired pneumonia possibly as a result of S. pneumoniae infection.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. p.de.jager@jbz.nl
authors.forename: C P C
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wever
authors.forename: E F A
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Gemen
authors.forename: M G H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Oijen
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: van Gageldonk-Lafeber
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Siersema
authors.forename: G C M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kusters
authors.forename: R J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laheij
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011778:Q Fever / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors