title: Closed-loop insulin therapy improves glycemic control in children aged <7 years: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the possibility of improving nocturnal glycemic control as well as meal glycemic response using closed-loop therapy in children aged <7 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized controlled crossover trial comparing closed-loop with standard open-loop insulin pump therapy performed in an inpatient clinical research center. Ten subjects aged <7 years with type 1 diabetes for >6 months treated with insulin pump therapy were studied. Closed-loop therapy and standard open-loop therapy were compared from 10:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. on 2 consecutive days. The primary outcome was plasma glucose time in range (110-200 mg/dL) during the night (10:00 p.m.-8:00 a.m.). Secondary outcomes included peak postprandial glucose levels, incidence of hypoglycemia, degree of hyperglycemia, and prelunch glucose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend toward a higher mean nocturnal time within target range was noted for closed- versus open-loop therapy, although not reaching statistical significance (5.3 vs. 3.2 h, P = 0.12). There was no difference in peak postprandial glucose or number of episodes of hypoglycemia. There was significant improvement in time spent >300 mg/dL overnight with closed-loop therapy (0.18 vs. 1.3 h, P = 0.035) and the total area under the curve of glucose >200 mg/dL (P = 0.049). Closed-loop therapy returned prelunch blood glucose closer to target (189 vs. 273 mg/dL on open loop, P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closed-loop insulin delivery decreases the severity of overnight hyperglycemia without increasing the incidence of hypoglycemia. The therapy is better able to reestablish target glucose levels in advance of a subsequent meal. Younger children with type 1 diabetes may reap significant benefits from closed-loop therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dauber
authors.forename: Liat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corcia
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.forename: Michael S D
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Agus
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einis
authors.forename: Garry M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Steil
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin