title: Association of XRCC1, XRCC3, and XPD genetic polymorphism with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma because of the hepatitis B and C virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The south-east Asian and sub-Saharan African populations are the most susceptible to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to establish whether XRCC1, XRCC3, and XPD are associated with liver cancer in Pakistan and to examine the interaction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) with repaired genes in the occurrence of liver cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 74 healthy individuals, 75 had either HBV or HCV, and 50 were HCC patients. The characteristic information of all the study participants were collected through a standard interviewer-administered questionnaire. The PCR-RFLP was used to identify the genotype of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of our study indicated that the patients infected with HBV or HCV had a four or three-fold greater risk of developing liver cancer. Patients older than 55 years of age had a significantly higher risk of developing cancer compared with younger patients. The homozygous wild types Arg/Arg for 280 and Thr/Thr for 241 were more frequent in the controls than in the cases. The allelic frequency of mutant 280His and 399Gln was more pronounced among HCC cases than the controls or the HBV-infected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of the XPD gene in the controls was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating that the gene played a protective role in the Pakistani population. XRCC1 or XRCC3 was associated with liver cancer in the Pakistani population; however, the XPD gene played a vital role in the repair of DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulnaz
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sayyed
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Abrar ul Haq
authors.initials: Au
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.forename: Rehan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C110901:X-ray repair cross complementing protein 3; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; D051759:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein; C497292:ERCC2 protein, human