title: High osteoporotic fracture risk and CVD risk co-exist in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis related risk factors such as BMD have been associated with cardiovascular endpoints in previous studies but there have been no studies of integrated risk using risk factor algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 358 peri- and postmenopausal women, mean age 59.3 (range 45-74) years were studied. Each individual had bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fracture risk was assessed using the WHO FRAX algorithm and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk using the Framingham Risk Tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with higher 10 year risk of major osteoporotic had significantly higher cardiovascular risk (4.634% vs 8.36%, p=0.001). In multiple regression analysis, 5-year CVD risk was significantly associated with the 10-year risk of having major osteoporotic (β=0.095, p=0.001) and hip (β=0.055, p=0.001) fracture. Women with the highest CVD risk were 5.4 times more likely to have higher risk of major osteoporotic fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fracture risk, determined by using a multiple risk factor algorithm such as FRAX, was positively associated with higher cardiovascular risk determined by using the Framingham Risk Tool. Awareness regarding these concurrent risk factors needs to be raised so that appropriate risk reduction can be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. jmakovey@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Makovey
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macara
authors.forename: Jian Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Sambrook
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors