title: Cut points on 0-10 numeric rating scales for symptoms included in the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale in cancer patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To improve the management of cancer-related symptoms, systematic screening is necessary, often performed by using 0-10 numeric rating scales. Cut points are used to determine if scores represent clinically relevant burden.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic review was to explore the evidence on cut points for the symptoms of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant literature was searched in PubMed, CINAHL®, Embase, and PsycINFO®. We defined a cut point as the lower bound of the scores representing moderate or severe burden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen articles were eligible for this review. Cut points were determined using the interference with daily life, another symptom-related method, or a verbal scale. For pain, cut point 5 and, to a lesser extent, cut point 7 were found as the optimal cut points for moderate pain and severe pain, respectively. For moderate tiredness, the best cut point seemed to be cut point 4. For severe tiredness, both cut points 7 and 8 were suggested frequently. A lack of evidence exists for nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, appetite, well-being, and shortness of breath. Few studies suggested a cut point below 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For many symptoms, there is no clear evidence as to what the optimal cut points are. In daily clinical practice, a symptom score ≥4 is recommended as a trigger for a more comprehensive symptom assessment. Until there is more evidence on the optimal cut points, we should hold back using a certain cut point in quality indicators and be cautious about strongly recommending a certain cut point in guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. w.h.oldenmenger@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oldenmenger
authors.forename: Pleun J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Raaf
authors.forename: Cora
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Klerk
authors.forename: Carin C D
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van der Rijt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data