title: Protective potential of non-dialyzable material fraction of cranberry juice on the virulence of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum mixed infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease. A novel potential chemical treatment modality may lie in bacterial anti-adhesive materials, such as cranberry juice fractions. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of high molecular weight cranberry constituent (non-dialyzable material [NDM]) on the virulence of a mixed infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, the anti-adhesive property of NDM was validated on epithelial cell culture, and inhibition of coaggregation was tested using a coaggregation assay. The in vivo effect was tested on the outcome of experimental periodontitis induced by a P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum mixed infection, and also on the local host response using the subcutaneous chamber model of infection. Phagocytosis was also tested on RAW macrophages by the use of fluorescent-labeled bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NDM was found to inhibit the adhesion of both species of bacteria onto epithelial cells and to inhibit coaggregation in a dose-dependent manner. NDM consumption by mice attenuated the severity of experimental periodontitis compared with a mixed infection without NDM treatment. In infected subcutaneous chambers, NDM alone reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels induced by the mixed infection. In vitro, NDM eliminated TNF-α expression by macrophages that were exposed to P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, without impairing their viability. Furthermore, NDM increased the phagocytosis of P. gingivalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the use of NDM may hold potential protective and/or preventive modalities in periodontal disease. Underlying mechanisms for this trait may perhaps be the anti-adhesive properties of NDM or its potential effect on inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. polak@mail.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naddaf
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Ervin I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Houri-Haddad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D060085:Coinfection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005674:Fusobacterium Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*; D014774:Virulence / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D028321:Plant Preparations; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D020011:Protective Agents; D013634:Tannins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha