title: Nodal involvement at nephrectomy is associated with worse survival: a stage-for-stage and grade-for-grade analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine cancer-specific mortality in patients with nodal metastases relative to patients without nodal involvement at nephrectomy for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 11 374 non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients who underwent a lymph node dissection at nephrectomy were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (1988-2008). The 5-year cancer-specific mortality-free survival rates were examined according to the presence or absence of nodal involvement within the entire cohort, and stratified according to pathological tumor stage (pT1 vs pT2 vs pT3 vs pT4) and Fuhrman grade (I vs II vs III vs IV). Cox regression analyses for prediction of cancer-specific mortality were modeled to assess the effect of nodal metastases versus no nodal involvement in the entire population. Finally, separate Cox regression models were fitted within each pathological stage and grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1260 (11%) patients had nodal metastases at nephrectomy. The overall 5-year cancer-specific mortality-free survival rates were 38.4 versus 83.8% in patients with nodal metastases and without nodal metastases, respectively. In multivariable analyses, amongst pT1, pT2, pT3 and pT4, patients with nodal metastases were 6.0-, 3.6-, 3.2- and 2.0-fold, respectively, more likely to die after nephrectomy (all P < 0.001). Similarly, amongst Fuhrman grade I, Fuhrman grade II, Fuhrman grade III and Fuhrman grade IV, patients with nodal metastases were 3.9-, 3.5-, 3.1- and 2.7-fold, respectively, more likely to die of cancer-specific mortality (all P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nodal involvement is an important determinant of higher cancer-specific mortality after nephrectomy. The detrimental effect of nodal metastases is particularly strong amongst patients with low-stage or low-grade non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. mcw.sun@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdollah
authors.forename: Quoc-Dien
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lughezzani
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrotte
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data