title: Effect of microbubbled water on the removal of a biofilm attached to orthodontic appliances--an in vitro study.
abstract: Orthodontic appliances often cause oral diseases such as dental caries and gingivitis due to the attachment of an oral biofilm. However, there are few reliable methods to remove the biofilm from the orthodontic appliances. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microbubbled water on the removal of biofilms made with Streptococcus mutans or Candida albicans on orthodontic appliances. The orthodontic appliances with biofilm were immersed with microbubbled water and the remaining biofilm on the appliances was detected and measured using a micro-plate reader and an absorbance meter. The microbubbled water had a sufficient effect on the removal of biofilm from orthodontic appliances. The effects of microbubbled water were significantly higher than those of tap water (S. mutans: p<0.05, C. albicans: p<0.01). The results of this study suggest that microbubbled water is effective in the removal of biofilm from the mouth of orthodontic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumiku, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan. spat3au9@star.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukumoto
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000502:physiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; D001840:Dental Bonding; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000382:microbiology*; D009968:Orthodontic Appliances, Removable / Q000382:microbiology; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000382:microbiology; D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014070:Tooth / Q000382:microbiology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes; D019279:Resin Cements; D014867:Water