title: The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, other cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional. Three breakfast groups were identified, breakfast skippers (BS), ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumers and other breakfast (OB) consumers, using a 24 h dietary recall. Risk factors were compared between the breakfast groups using covariate-adjusted statistical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adults (20–39 years of age).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these young adults (n 5316), 23.8% were BS, 16.5% were RTEC consumers and 59.7% were OB consumers. Relative to the BS, the RTEC consumers were 31%, 39%, 37%, 28%, 23%, 40% and 42% less likely to be overweight/obese or have abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol, reduced serum HDL-cholesterol or elevated serum insulin, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the BS were 1.24, 1.26 and 1.44 times more likely to have elevated serum total cholesterol, elevated serum LDL-cholesterol or reduced serum HDL-cholesterol, respectively. Relative to the OB consumers, the RTEC consumers were 22%, 31% and 24% less likely to be overweight/ obese or have abdominal obesity or elevated blood pressure, respectively. No difference was seen in the prevalence of the MetS by breakfast skipping or type of breakfast consumed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that consumption of breakfast, especially that included an RTEC, was associated with an improved cardiometabolic risk profile in U.S. young adults. Additional studies are needed to determine the nature of these relationships.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deshmukh-Taskar
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D062408:Breakfast; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D002523:Edible Grain; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology; D050177:Overweight; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D002784:Cholesterol