title: Variability of ICU use in adult patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage are frequently admitted to the ICU, although many never require critical care interventions. To describe ICU resource use in minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, we assess (1) the variability of ICU use in a cohort of patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage across multiple trauma centers, and (2) the proportion of adult patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage who are admitted to the ICU and never receive a critical care intervention during hospitalization. In addition, we evaluate the association between ICU admission and key independent variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured, historical cohort study of adult patients (aged 18 years and older) with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage was conducted within a consortium of 8 Level I trauma centers in the western United States from January 2005 to June 2010. The study population included patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, defined as an emergency department (ED) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 (normal mental status) and an Injury Severity Score less than 16 (no other major organ injury). The primary outcome measure was initial ICU admission. The secondary outcome measure was a critical care intervention during hospitalization. Critical care interventions included mechanical ventilation, neurosurgical intervention, transfusion of blood products, vasopressor or inotrope administration, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. ED disposition and the proportion of ICU patients not receiving a critical care intervention were compared across sites with descriptive statistics. The association between ICU admission and predetermined independent variables was analyzed with multivariable regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 11,240 adult patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, 1,412 (13%) had minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage and complete ED disposition data (mean age 48 years; SD 20 years). ICU use within this cohort across sites ranged from 50% to 97%. Overall, 847 of 888 patients (95%) with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage who were admitted to the ICU did not receive a critical care intervention during hospitalization (range between sites 80% to 100%). Three of 524 (0.6%) patients discharged home or admitted to the observation unit or ward received a critical care intervention. After controlling for severity of injury (age, blood pressure, and Injury Severity Score), study site was independently associated with ICU admission (odds ratios ranged from 1.5 to 30; overall effect P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across a consortium of trauma centers in the western United States, there was wide variability in ICU use within a cohort of patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Moreover, a large proportion of patients admitted to the ICU never required a critical care intervention, indicating the potential to improve use of critical care resources in patients with minor traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. daniel.nishijima@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Haukoos
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Newgard
authors.forename: Kristan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Preston C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Maxim
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Renee Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Joy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Melnikow
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data