title: Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three important Anglo-Saxon medical texts from the 10th century contain herbal formulations for over 250 plant species, many of which have yet to be evaluated for their phytochemical and/or pharmacological properties. In this study, three native British plants were selected to determine antimicrobial activity relevant to treating bacterial infections and wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several preparations of Agrimonia eupatoria L., Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. and Potentilla reptans L. were screened for antimicrobial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of relevance in wounds using a 96 well plate microdilution method (200, 40 and 8μg/mL). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for the most potent extracts from 2 to 0.004mg/mL and HPLC chromatograms examined by multivariate analysis. Principle components analysis (PCA) was used to identify chemical differences between antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPLC-PCA score plots attributed HPLC peaks to the antimicrobial activity with all three plants inhibiting growth of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus by >50% in four or more extracts. The first two principal components (PC) represented 87% of the dataset variance. The P. reptans 75% ethanol root extract exhibited the greatest range of activity with MIC(50) at 31.25μg/mL to a total MIC that was also the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 1mg/mL. Additionally, the root of P. reptans, inhibited growth of Gram-negative bacteria with the 75% ethanol extract having a MIC(50) at 1mg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the decoction a MIC(50) at 3.9μg/mL against Escherichia coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a moderate antimicrobial activity against common wound pathogens for P. reptans suggesting it may well have been effective for treating wound and bacterial infections. Anglo-Saxon literary heritage may provide a credible basis for researching new antimicrobial formulations. Our approach encompassing advanced analytical technologies and chemometric models paves the way for systematic investigation of Anglo-Saxon medical literature for further therapeutic indications to uncover knowledge of native British plants, some of which are currently lost to modern Western herbal medicine.
authors.affiliation: Medicines Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Romford Road, London, UK.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pendry
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Medina
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Corcoran
mesh_terms: D031981:Agrimonia; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031170:Arctium; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D004739:England; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D031987:Potentilla; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts