title: Epidemiology and molecular investigation of hepatitis C infection following holiday haemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is not infrequent among haemodialysis patients. Most published reports suggest that patient-to-patient spread, either directly or indirectly, is the most common mode of transmission in renal units.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the source of an outbreak, and the route of transmission, of acute HCV infection in two Scottish patients occurring within eight weeks of receiving haemodialysis in the same unit while on holiday in Majorca.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an international epidemiological and molecular investigation of HCV infection among a cohort of haemodialysis patients from nine countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No further HCV-positive infections were observed among residents and holidaymakers receiving haemodialysis at the unit in Majorca. Molecular investigations confirmed that a Spanish healthcare worker (HCW) was the source of infection for the two Scottish patients. The investigators were unable to determine the route of transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This outbreak is the first reported case of HCW-to-patient transmission of HCV in a renal unit, and the third reported case of transmission involving a HCW who had not performed invasive procedures. The issue of whether renal units are an exceptional case with regards to the risk of transmission associated with non-invasive procedures should be considered, in conjunction with the need to improve surveillance of blood-borne virus transmissions in renal units in the UK and abroad.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK. Kirsty.Roy@nhs.net
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galmés-Truyols
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giménez-Duran
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prempeh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Candelas
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bracho
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mactier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tejera
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral