title: Estimation of tibiofemoral static zero position during dynamic drop landing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective is to assess the in vivo knee secondary motions intrinsic to flexion in isolation from actual displacements during a landing activity. For this purpose a "static zero position", which denotes the normal tibiofemoral position to the static flexion angle, was introduced to describe the intrinsic secondary motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three-dimensional motion data of the healthy knee were collected from 13 male and 13 female young adults by using an auto motion analysis system and point cluster technique. First, the relationship between flexion and secondary motion in the static state was determined during a single-leg quasistatic squat. The static zero position during a single-leg drop landing was then calculated by substituting the flexion angle into the flexion-secondary relational expression obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the foot-ground contact, the estimated static zero positions shifted monotonically in valgus, internal rotation, and anterior translation in the case of both the male and female groups. For the time-course change, noticeable differences between the actual displacement and estimated static zero position were found from the foot-ground contact up to 25ms after the contact for the valgus/varus and external/internal rotation, and between 20 and 35ms after the contact for the anterior/posterior translation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The static zero position demonstrated relatively modest but not negligible shift in comparison with the actual displacement. The intrinsic tibiofemoral motion, or baseline shift, would be worth taking into account when examining the fundamental function and injury mechanics of the knee during an impulsive activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. hiroida@me.com
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ida
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akai
authors.forename: Motonobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukubayashi
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D011187:Posture; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult