title: Heterogeneous epigenetic regulation of TIMP3 in prostate cancer.
abstract: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently downregulated in prostate cancer. The mechanisms involved in TIMP3 transcriptional repression are not fully understood, but evidence suggests that promoter hypermethylation may not be the predominant epigenetic alteration in prostate cancer. To clarify this issue, we examined the contribution of both CpG site promoter methylation and histone modifications on TIMP3 downregulation. Using publicly available data sets, we confirmed that TIMP3 mRNA expression is decreased in prostate tumors relative to normal glands. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed decreased TIMP3 levels in high-grade primary tumors, but promoter hypermethylation was only detected in 6 of 28 (21%) high-grade specimens. Similarly, in prostate cancer cells, TIMP3 hypermethylation was only observed in DU145 cells. Treatment of DU145 cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) restored TIMP3 expression, and this was significantly amplified by co-treating the cells with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Alternatively, in cells that did not exhibit aberrant TIMP3 methylation (LNCaP and PC3), TIMP3 expression could be upregulated by the combination of histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) and TSA. This reversal of transcriptional repression was associated with decreased H3K27me3 and increased H3K9ac histone marks at the TIMP3 promoter, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Collectively, these results indicate that histone modifications can contribute to TIMP3 repression in the absence of promoter hypermethylation, and suggest that the combination of histone modifying agents could restore TIMP3 expression in prostate tumors harboring aberrant histone modifications at the TIMP3 promoter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at St John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinojima
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Edison T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dave S B
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hoon
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lessard
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C088390:TIMP3 protein, human; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3