title: Hypoxic conditions induce a cancer-like phenotype in human breast epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solid tumors are less oxygenated than their tissue of origin. Low intra-tumor oxygen levels are associated with worse outcome, increased metastatic potential and immature phenotype in breast cancer. We have reported that tumor hypoxia correlates to low differentiation status in breast cancer. Less is known about effects of hypoxia on non-malignant cells. Here we address whether hypoxia influences the differentiation stage of non-malignant breast epithelial cells and potentially have bearing on early stages of tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal human primary breast epithelial cells and immortalized non-malignant mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells were grown in a three-dimensional overlay culture on laminin-rich extracellular matrix for up to 21 days at normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Acinar morphogenesis and expression of markers of epithelial differentiation and cell polarization were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and immunoblot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In large ductal carcinoma in situ patient-specimens, we find that epithelial cells with high HIF-1α levels and multiple cell layers away from the vasculature are immature compared to well-oxygenated cells. We show that hypoxic conditions impaired acinar morphogenesis of primary and immortalized breast epithelial cells grown ex vivo on laminin-rich matrix. Normoxic cultures formed polarized acini-like spheres with the anticipated distribution of marker proteins associated with mammary epithelial polarization e.g. α6-integrin, laminin 5 and Human Milk Fat Globule/MUC1. At hypoxia, cells were not polarized and the sub-cellular distribution pattern of the marker proteins rather resembled that reported in vivo in breast cancer. The hypoxic cells remained in a mitotic state, whereas proliferation ceased with acinar morphogenesis at normoxia. We found induced expression of the differentiation repressor ID1 in the undifferentiated hypoxic MCF-10A cell structures. Acinar morphogenesis was associated with global histone deacetylation whereas the hypoxic breast epithelial cells showed sustained global histone acetylation, which is generally associated with active transcription and an undifferentiated proliferative state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Molecular Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaapil
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helczynska
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villadsen
authors.forename: Ole W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Siv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Påhlman
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jögi
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D061354:Acinar Cells / Q000473:pathology; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D016764:Cell Polarity; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D039503:Integrin alpha6 / Q000378:metabolism; D066292:Lipid Droplets; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D021381:Protein Transport; D000097794:Kalinin
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D006017:Glycolipids; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006657:Histones; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D039503:Integrin alpha6; D000097794:Kalinin; C497453:ID1 protein, human; C110367:milk fat globule