title: The effects of periodontal curette handle weight and diameter on arm pain: a four-month randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The design of periodontal curette handles may cause or aggravate arm pain in dental practitioners. The authors conducted a four-month randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of curette handle diameter and weight on arm pain among dental hygienists and dentists.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten dental hygienists and dentists who performed scaling, root planing or dental prophylaxis procedures participated in this study. The authors assessed right wrist/hand, elbow/forearm and shoulder pain levels weekly. They randomized participants to receive either a set of light (14 grams) periodontal curettes with a large diameter (11 millimeters) or a set of heavy (34 g) periodontal curettes with a narrow diameter (8 mm). The authors compared changes in mean pain scores across the study period between intervention groups by using general linear models and controlling for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The improvement in pain scores across the three body regions was greater for participants who used the lighter, wider-diameter curettes. In the final adjusted model, the differences were statistically significant only for the shoulder region (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results show that dental instrument design has an effect on upper-extremity pain in dental practitioners. Using a lighter instrument with a wider diameter may be an easy and cost-effective intervention to reduce or prevent upper-extremity pain associated with dental hygiene procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To prevent or reduce arm pain, practitioners should consider using lightweight instruments with large diameters when performing scaling and root planing procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1301 S. 46th St., Building 163, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. david.rempel@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loomer
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003756:Dental Hygienists; D003762:Dental Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003815:Dentists; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D057747:Periodontal Debridement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires