title: Impact of parturition on chemokine homing factor expression in the vaginal distention model of stress urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human childbirth simulated by vaginal distention is known to increase the expression of chemokines and receptors involved in stem cell homing and tissue repair. We hypothesized that pregnancy and parturition in rats contributes to the expression of chemokines and receptors after vaginal distention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 72 age matched female Lewis rats, including virgin rats with and without vaginal distention, and delivered rats with and without vaginal distention. Each rat was sacrificed immediately, or 3 or 7 days after vaginal distention and/or parturition, and the urethra was harvested. Relative expression of chemokines and receptors was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mixed models were used with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaginal distention up-regulated urethral expression of CCL7 immediately after injury in virgin and postpartum rats. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were up-regulated only in virgin rats immediately after vaginal distention. CD191 expression was immediately up-regulated in postpartum rats without vaginal distention compared to virgin rats without vaginal distention. CD195 was up-regulated in virgin rats 3 days after vaginal distention compared to virgin rats without vaginal distention. CD193 and CXCR4 showed delayed up-regulation in virgin rats 7 days after vaginal distention. CXCL12 was up-regulated in virgin rats 3 days after vaginal distention compared to immediately after vaginal distention. Interleukin-8 and CD192 showed no differential expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal distention results in up-regulation of the chemokines and receptors expressed during tissue injury, which may facilitate the spontaneous functional recovery previously noted. Pregnancy and delivery up-regulated CD191 and attenuated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in the setting of vaginal distention, likely by decreasing hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lenis
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Lynn L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Adonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hijaz
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Penn
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rackley
authors.forename: Margot S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Damaser
authors.forename: Hadley M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D036801:Parturition; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000378:metabolism*; D014621:Vagina
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine