title: Quantitative analysis of the excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons during natural sleep in the rat.
abstract: We describe a novel approach to assess the excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons in rats during naturally occurring states of sleep and wakefulness. Adult rats were surgically prepared with permanently placed electrodes to record the EEG, EOG and neck EMG. A stimulating/recording miniature tripolar cuff electrode was implanted around the intact hypoglossal nerve and a head-restraining device was bonded to the calvarium. After a period of adaptation to head-restraint, the animals did not exhibit any sign of discomfort and readily transitioned between the states of wakefulness, NREM and REM sleep. There was no spontaneous respiratory or tonic activity present in the hypoglossal nerve during sleep or wakefulness. Hypoglossal motoneurons were activated by electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve (antidromically) or by microstimulation directly applied to the hypoglossal nucleus. Microstimulation of hypoglossal motoneurons evoked compound action potentials in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve. The magnitude of their integrals tended to be higher during wakefulness (112.6% ± 15; standard deviation) and were strongly depressed during REM sleep (24.7% ± 3.4), compared to the integral magnitude during NREM sleep. Lidocaine, which was delivered using pressure microinjection to the microstimulation site, verified that the responses evoked in hypoglossal nerve can be affected pharmacologically. We conclude that this animal model can be utilized to study the neurotransmitter mechanisms that control the excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons during naturally occurring states of sleep and wakefulness.
authors.affiliation: VA Grater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. vfenik@live.com
authors.forename: Victor B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Fenik
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chase
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology*; D008845:Microinjections; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine