title: The impact of artificial vehicle sounds for pedestrians on driver stress.
abstract: Electrically based vehicles have produced some concern over their lack of sound, but the impact of artificial sounds now being implemented have not been examined in respect to their effects upon the driver. The impact of two different implementations of vehicle sound on driver stress in electric vehicles was examined. A Nissan HEV running in electric vehicle mode was driven by participants in an area of congestion using three sound implementations: (1) no artificial sounds, (2) manually engaged sounds and (3) automatically engaged sounds. Physiological and self-report questionnaire measures were collected to determine stress and acceptance of the automated sound protocol. Driver stress was significantly higher in the manually activated warning condition, compared to both no artificial sounds and automatically engaged sounds. Implications for automation usage and measurement methods are discussed and future research directions suggested.
  The advent of hybrid- and all-electric vehicles has created a need for artificial warning signals for pedestrian safety that place task demands on drivers. We investigated drivers' stress differences in response to varying conditions of warning signals for pedestrians. Driver stress was lower when noises were automated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho, PO Box 443043, Moscow, ID, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Barton
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001336:Automobiles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013016:Sound; D055815:Young Adult