title: Correction of step artefact associated with MRI scanning of long bones.
abstract: 3D models of long bones are being utilised for a number of fields including orthopaedic implant design. Accurate reconstruction of 3D models is of utmost importance to design accurate implants to allow achieving a good alignment between two bone fragments. Thus for this purpose, CT scanners are employed to acquire accurate bone data exposing an individual to a high amount of ionising radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a potential alternative to computed tomography (CT) for scanning of volunteers for 3D reconstruction of long bones, essentially avoiding the high radiation dose from CT. In MRI imaging of long bones, the artefacts due to random movements of the skeletal system create challenges for researchers as they generate inaccuracies in the 3D models generated by using data sets containing such artefacts. One of the defects that have been observed during an initial study is the lateral shift artefact occurring in the reconstructed 3D models. This artefact is believed to result from volunteers moving the leg during two successive scanning stages (the lower limb has to be scanned in at least five stages due to the limited scanning length of the scanner). As this artefact creates inaccuracies in the implants designed using these models, it needs to be corrected before the application of 3D models to implant design. Therefore, this study aimed to correct the lateral shift artefact using 3D modelling techniques. The femora of five ovine hind limbs were scanned with a 3T MRI scanner using a 3D vibe based protocol. The scanning was conducted in two halves, while maintaining a good overlap between them. A lateral shift was generated by moving the limb several millimetres between two scanning stages. The 3D models were reconstructed using a multi threshold segmentation method. The correction of the artefact was achieved by aligning the two halves using the robust iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, with the help of the overlapping region between the two. The models with the corrected artefact were compared with the reference model generated by CT scanning of the same sample. The results indicate that the correction of the artefact was achieved with an average deviation of 0.32±0.02 mm between the corrected model and the reference model. In comparison, the model obtained from a single MRI scan generated an average error of 0.25±0.02 mm when compared with the reference model. An average deviation of 0.34±0.04 mm was seen when the models generated after the table was moved were compared to the reference models; thus, the movement of the table is also a contributing factor to the motion artefacts.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. kanchanatt@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kanchana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rathnayaka
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cowin
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuetz
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sahama
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmutz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D005269:Femur; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep