title: Disordered eating among adolescent female swimmers: dietary, biochemical, and body composition factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify associations among body composition, biochemical parameters, and food intake in adolescent female swimmers with and without disordered eating (DE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven athletes 11 to 19 y old from clubs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied. DE was assessed through three questionnaires (Eating Attitudes Test-26; Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; and Body Shape Questionnaire), body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and food intake by a 3-d diet record. Biochemical parameters related to iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were analyzed. The Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Spearman coefficient were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DE was found in 44.2% of the sample. DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented greater body fat percentage (11-14 y: 27.5% versus 23.4%, P = 0.023; 15-19 y: 30.2% versus 24.1%, P = 0.006) and fat mass (11-14 y: 13.8 versus 10.3 kg, P = 0.010; 15-19 y: 17.0 versus 13.2 kg, P = 0.027). In relation to food intake, DE-positive athletes presented lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Most other dietary parameters showed a low adequacy of consumption, with no difference between athletes with and without DE. Four DE-positive athletes presented anemia or iron deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented a higher percentage of body fat and fat mass, lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group, and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Greater attention should be given to the nutritional state of these athletes, considering the number of adolescents with anemia and an inadequate dietary intake.
authors.affiliation: Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Ferreira
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schtscherbyna
authors.forename: Eliane Abreu
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Beatriz Gonçalves
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D001823:Body Composition; D001938:Brazil; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D053716:Female Athlete Triad Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins