title: Gene by neuroticism interaction and cognitive function among older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε-4 allele(s) and elevated trait neuroticism, the tendency to experience distress, are associated with cognitive function among older adults. We predicted that neuroticism moderates the association between ApoE and cognitive function and also explored whether other personality dimensions (openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness) affect the association between ApoE status and cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-hundred and ninety-seven older adults (mean age of 78 years) enrolled in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study completed the NEO five-factor inventory of personality. Cognitive function was assessed via the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, and a blood sample for ApoE genotyping was drawn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, regression analysis indicated that neuroticism moderated the relationship between the presence of ApoE ε-4 and cognitive function. Individuals with high neuroticism scores had significantly lower scores on the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale compared with individuals with low neuroticism scores, but this was true only among carriers of ApoE ε-4 (interaction effect β = 0.124, p = 0.028). There was scant evidence that other personality dimensions moderate the association between ApoE ε-4 and cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive function may be affected by ApoE and neuroticism acting in tandem. Research on the underlying physiological mechanisms by which neuroticism amplifies the effect of ApoE ε-4 is warranted. The study of genotype by phenotype interactions provides an important and useful direction for the study of cognitive function among older adults and for the development of novel prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. ilan_dar-nimrod@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dar-Nimrod
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porsteinsson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mapstone
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Duberstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E