title: Effect of flaxseed supplementation and exercise training on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with myocardial ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flaxseed has recently gained attention in the area of cardiovascular disease primarily because of its rich contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), lignans, and fiber. Although the benefits of exercise on any single risk factor are unquestionable, the effect of exercise on overall cardiovascular risk, when combined with other lifestyle modifications such as proper nutrition, can be dramatic.This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of flaxseed and exercise on cardiac markers, lipids profile and inflammatory markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted on 40 male albino rats, divided into 4 groups (n=10): group I served as control, group II has acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol, groups III and IV have acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol pretreated with flaxseed supplementation orally for 6 weeks, additionally group IV practiced muscular exercise through swimming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alterations of lipid profile, cardiac and inflammatory markers (Il-1β, PTX 3 and TNF- α) were observed in myocardial ischemia group. Flaxseed supplementation combined with exercise training showed significant increase of HDL and PON 1, on the other hand cardiac troponin, Il- 1β and TNF- α levels significantly decreased as compared to myocardial ischemic group. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of cTnI, PTX 3, Il-1β and TNF- α revealed a satisfactory level of sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular exercise enhances the improvement in plasma lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular protection that results from flaxseed supplementation by mitigating the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Elevation of HDL, the antioxidant PON 1 and the cardioprotective marker PTX 3 emphasizes the protective effects of flaxseed and muscular exercise mutually against the harmful effects of acute myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. hnounou@ksu.edu.sa
authors.forename: Howaida A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nounou
authors.forename: Maha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Deif
authors.forename: Manal A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shalaby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019597:Flax; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D019210:Troponin I; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C560867:PON1 protein, mouse