title: The independence of deficits in position sense and visually guided reaching following stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have found correlations between proprioception and visuomotor function during stroke recovery, however two more recent studies have found no correlation. Unfortunately, most of the studies to date have been conducted with clinical assessments of sensation that are observer-based and have poor reliability. We have recently developed new tests to assess position sense and motor function using robotic technology. The present study was conducted to reassess the relationship between position sense and upper limb movement following stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed position sense and motor performance of 100 inpatient stroke rehabilitation subjects and 231 non-disabled controls. All subjects completed quantitative assessments of position sense (arm-position matching task) and motor performance (visually-guided reaching task) using the KINARM robotic device. Subjects also completed clinical assessments including handedness, vision, Purdue Pegboard, Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment-Impairment Inventory and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Neuroimaging documented lesion localization. Fisher's exact probability tests were used to determine the relationship between performances on the arm-position matching and visually-guided reaching task. Pearson's correlations were conducted to determine the relationship between robotically measured parameters and clinical assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance by individual subjects on the matching and reaching tasks was statistically independent (Fisher's test, P<0.01). However, performance on the matching and reaching tasks both exhibited relationships with abilities in daily activities as measured by the FIM. Performance on the reaching task also displayed strong relationships with other clinical measures of motor impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support the concept that position sense deficits are functionally relevant and point to the importance of assessing proprioceptive and motor impairments independently when planning treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. sean.dukelow@albertahealthservices.ca
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dukelow
authors.forename: Troy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Herter
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bagg
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult