title: The APC/C inhibitor XErp1/Emi2 is essential for Xenopus early embryonic divisions.
abstract: Mitotic divisions result from the oscillating activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cdk1 activity is terminated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that targets cyclin B for destruction. In somatic divisions, the early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1) and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) regulate cell cycle progression by inhibiting the APC/C. Early embryonic divisions lack these APC/C-inhibitory components, which raises the question of how those cycles are controlled. We found that the APC/C-inhibitory activity of XErp1 (also known as Emi2) was essential for early divisions in Xenopus embryos. Loss of XErp1 resulted in untimely destruction of APC/C substrates and embryonic lethality. XErp1's APC/C-inhibitory function was negatively regulated by Cdk1 and positively by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Thus, Cdk1 and PP2A operate at the core of early mitotic cell cycles by antagonistically controlling XErp1 activity, which results in oscillating APC/C activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tischer
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hörmanseder
authors.forename: Thomas U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome; D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology; D044783:F-Box Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D044783:F-Box Proteins; C498166:FBXO43 protein, Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D043743:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes; D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2