title: Speciation of Zn in blast furnace sludge from former sedimentation ponds using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy.
abstract: Blast furnace sludge (BFS), an industrial waste generated in pig iron production, typically contains high contents of iron and various trace metals of environmental concern, including Zn, Pb, and Cd. The chemical speciation of these metals in BFS is largely unknown. Here, we used a combination of synchrotron X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Zn K-edge for solid-phase Zn speciation in 12 BFS samples collected on a former BFS sedimentation pond site. Additionally, one fresh BFS was analyzed for comparison. We identified five major types of Zn species in the BFS, which occurred in variable amounts: (1) Zn in the octahedral sheets of phyllosilicates, (2) Zn sulfide minerals (ZnS, sphalerite, or wurtzite), (3) Zn in a KZn-ferrocyanide phase (K(2)Zn(3)[Fe(CN)(6)](2)·9H(2)O), (4) hydrozincite (Zn(5)(OH)(6)(CO(3))(2)), and (5) tetrahedrally coordinated adsorbed Zn. The minerals franklinite (ZnFe(2)O(4)) and smithsonite (ZnCO(3)) were not detected, and zincite (ZnO) was detected only in traces. The contents of ZnS were positively correlated with the total S contents of the BFS. Similarly, the abundance of the KZn-ferrocyanide phase was closely correlated with the total CN contents, with the stoichiometry suggesting this as the main cyanide phase. This study provides the first quantitative Zn speciation in BFS deposits, which is of great relevance for environmental risk assessment, the development of new methods for recovering Zn and Fe from BFS, and potential applications of BFS as sorbent materials in wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CHN, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. kretzschmar@env.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mansfeldt
authors.forename: Petar N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Mandaliev
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barmettler
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voegelin
mesh_terms: D003486:Cyanides / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D005858:Germany; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D008669:Metallurgy; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis*; D017356:Synchrotrons; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D013455:Sulfur