title: Explaining reduction of pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes in Arkhangelsk, Russia, in 2005-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explain a reduction in pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes in Arkhangelsk, Russia, in 2005-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective ecological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 2005-2010, police data on pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes, traffic violations, and total motor vehicles (MVs) were combined with data on changes in national road traffic legislation and municipal road infrastructure. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate trends in monthly rates of pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes per total MVs and estimate changes in these rates per unit changes in the safety measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 6 years, the police registered 2,565 pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes: 1,597 (62%) outside crosswalks, 766 (30%) on non-signalized crosswalks, and 202 (8%) on signalized crosswalks. Crash rates outside crosswalks and on signalized crosswalks decreased on average by 1.1% per month, whereas the crash rate on non-signalized crosswalks remained unchanged. Numbers of signalized and non-signalized crosswalks increased by 14 and 19%, respectively. Also, 10% of non-signalized crosswalks were combined with speed humps, and 4% with light-reflecting vertical signs. Pedestrian penalties for traffic violations increased 4-fold. Driver penalties for ignoring prohibiting signal and failure to give way to pedestrian on non-signalized crosswalk increased 7- and 8-fold, respectively. The rate of total registered drivers' traffic violations per total MVs decreased on average by 0.3% per month. All studied infrastructure and legislative measures had inverse associations with the rate of crashes outside crosswalks. The rate of crashes on signalized crosswalks showed inverse associations with related monetary penalties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of infrastructure and legislative measures is the most probable explanation of the reduction of pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes in Arkhangelsk. The overall reduction is due to decreases in rates of crashes outside crosswalks and on signalized crosswalks. No change was observed in the rate of crashes on non-signalized crosswalks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. ispha09@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kudryavtsev
authors.forename: Odd
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nilssen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Andrej M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grjibovski
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ytterstad
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012426:Russia; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*