title: Direction of association between bite wounds and Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers: implications for transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Badgers are involved in the transmission to cattle of bovine tuberculosis (TB), a serious problem for the UK farming industry. Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between bite wounds and TB infection in badgers which may have implications for M. bovis transmission and control, although the sequence of these two events is unclear. Transmission during aggressive encounters could potentially reduce the effectiveness of policies which increase the average range of a badger and thus its opportunities for interaction with other social groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained on badgers captured during a long term study at Woodchester Park, UK (1998-2006). Many badgers had multiple observations. At each observation, the badger was assigned a "state" depending on presence of bite wounds and/or TB infection. Hence each badger had a "transition" from the previous state to the current state. We calculated the numbers of each type of transition and the time spent in each state. Transition rates were calculated for each transition category, dividing the number of such transitions by the total time at risk. We compared the rate of bite wound acquisition in infected badgers with that for uninfected badgers and the rate of positive M.bovis test results in bitten badgers with that in unbitten badgers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of bite wound acquisition in infected badgers (0.291 per year) was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.41, 3.08) times that in uninfected badgers (0.139 per year). The rate of positive M.bovis test results in bitten badgers (0.097 per year) was 2.45 (95% CI: 1.29, 4.65) times that in unbitten badgers (0.040 per year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found strong evidence of both potential sequences of events consistent with transmission via bite wounds and distinctive behaviour in infected badgers. The complex relationship between behaviour and infection must be considered when planning TB control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. jenkins.helen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Delahay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D045969:Mustelidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000635:transmission; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*