title: EEG during pedaling: evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study characterized the brain electrical activity during pedaling, a locomotor-like task, in humans. We postulated that phasic brain activity would be associated with active pedaling, consistent with a cortical role in locomotor tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty four channels of electroencephalogram (EEG) and 10 channels of electromyogram (EMG) data were recorded from 10 neurologically-intact volunteers while they performed active and passive (no effort) pedaling on a custom-designed stationary bicycle. Ensemble averaged waveforms, 2 dimensional topographic maps and amplitude of the β (13-35 Hz) frequency band were analyzed and compared between active and passive trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peak-to-peak amplitude (peak positive-peak negative) of the EEG waveform recorded at the Cz electrode was higher in the passive than the active trials (p < 0.01). β-band oscillations in electrodes overlying the leg representation area of the cortex were significantly desynchronized during active compared to the passive pedaling (p < 0.01). A significant negative correlation was observed between the average EEG waveform for active trials and the composite EMG (summated EMG from both limbs for each muscle) of the rectus femoris (r = -0.77, p < 0.01) the medial hamstrings (r = -0.85, p < 0.01) and the tibialis anterior (r = -0.70, p < 0.01) muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that substantial sensorimotor processing occurs in the brain during pedaling in humans. Further, cortical activity seemed to be greatest during recruitment of the muscles critical for transitioning the legs from flexion to extension and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of EEG recording during pedaling, and owing to similarities between pedaling and bipedal walking, may provide valuable insight into brain activity during locomotion in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, United States.
authors.forename: Sanket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Krishnaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gourab
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schindler-Ivens
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schmit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*