title: How to analyze palliative care outcome data for patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: an international, multicenter, factor analytic examination of the APCA African POS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of life-limiting progressive disease in sub-Saharan Africa presents a significant clinical and public health challenge. The ability to easily measure patient outcomes is essential to improving care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to determine the specific factors (if any) that underpin the African Palliative Care Association African Palliative Outcome Scale to assist the analysis of data in routine clinical care and audit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using self-reported data collected from patients with HIV infection in eastern and southern Africa, an exploratory factor analysis was undertaken with 1337 patients; subsequently, a confirmatory analysis was done on two samples from separate data sets (n = 445).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using exploratory factor analysis initially, both two- and three-factor solutions were examined and found to meet the criteria for simple structure and be readily interpretable. Then using confirmatory factor analysis on two separate samples, the three-factor solution demonstrated better fit, with Goodness-of-Fit Index values greater than 0.95 and Normative Fit Index values close to 0.90. The resulting three factors were 1) physical and psychological well-being, 2) interpersonal well-being, and 3) existential well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis presents an important new opportunity in the analysis of outcome data for patients with progressive disease. It has advantages over both the total scoring of multidimensional scaling (which masks differences between domains) and of item scoring (which requires repeated analyses). The three factors map well onto the underlying concept and clinical goals of palliative care, and will enable audit of facility care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy, and Rehabilitation and The Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. richard.harding@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Selman
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penfold
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agupio
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dinat
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gwyther
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ikin
authors.forename: Thandi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashao
authors.forename: Keletso
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mmoledi
authors.forename: Lydia Mpanga
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sebuyira
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mwangi-Powell
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Namisango
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Walkey
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Higginson
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Siegert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome