title: The effects of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on fracture healing in a postmenopausal osteoporotic rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoporosis increases the risk of bone fractures and may impair fracture healing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether alpha-tocopherol can improve the late-phase fracture healing of osteoporotic bones in ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. The first group was sham-operated, and the other two groups were ovariectomized. After two months, the right femora of the rats were fractured under anesthesia and internally repaired with K-wires. The sham-operated and ovariectomized control rat groups were administered olive oil (a vehicle), whereas 60 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol was administered via oral gavage to the alpha-tocopherol group for six days per week over the course of 8 weeks. The rats were sacrificed, and the femora were dissected out. Computed tomography scans and X-rays were performed to assess fracture healing and callus staging, followed by the assessment of callus strengths through the biomechanical testing of the bones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher callus volume and callus staging were observed in the ovariectomized control group compared with the sham-operated and alpha-tocopherol groups. The ovariectomized control group also had significantly lower fracture healing scores than the sham-operated group. There were no differences between the alpha-tocopherol and sham-operated groups with respect to the above parameters. The healed femora of the ovariectomized control group demonstrated significantly lower load and strain parameters than the healed femora of the sham-operated group. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation was not able to restore these biomechanical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alpha-tocopherol supplementation appeared to promote bone fracture healing in osteoporotic rats but failed to restore the strength of the fractured bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sharlina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.forename: Ahmad Nazrun
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shuid
authors.forename: Norazlina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Fazalina Mohd
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fadzilah
authors.forename: Sabarul Afian
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.forename: Shahrum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: Faizah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.forename: Farihah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suhaimi
authors.forename: Norliza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Ima Nirwana
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Soelaiman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018583:Pliability; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol