title: Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to estimate the immunity of the UK population to tetanus and diphtheria, including the potential impact of new glycoconjugatate vaccines, and the addition of diphtheria to the school leaver booster in 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual sera (n=2697) collected in England in 2009/10 were selected from 18 age groups and tested for tetanus and diphtheria antibody. Results were standardised by testing a panel of sera (n=150) to enable comparison with a previously (1996) published serosurvey. Data were then standardised to the UK population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2009, 83% of the UK population were protected (≥0.1 IU/mL) against tetanus compared to 76% in 1996 (p=0.079), and 75% had at least basic protection against diphtheria (≥0.01 IU/mL) in 2009 compared to 60% in 1996 (p<0.001). Higher antibody levels were observed in those aged 1-3 years in 2009 compared to 1996 for both tetanus and diphtheria. Higher diphtheria immunity was observed in those aged 16-34 years in 2009 compared to 1996 (geometric mean concentration [GMC] 0.15 IU/mL vs. 0.03 IU/mL, p<0.001). Age groups with the largest proportion of susceptible individuals to both tetanus and diphtheria in 2009 were <1 year old (>29% susceptible), 45-69 years (>20% susceptible) and 70+ years (>32% susceptible). Low immunity was observed in those aged 10-11 years (>19% susceptible), between the scheduled preschool and school leaver booster administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current schedule appears to induce protective levels; increases in the proportions protected/GMCs were observed for the ages receiving vaccinations according to UK policy. Glycoconjugate vaccines appear to have increased immunity, in particular for diphtheria, in preschool age groups. Diphtheria immunity in teenagers and young adults has increased as a result of the addition of diphtheria to the school leaver booster. However, currently older adults remain susceptible, without any further opportunities for immunisations planned according to the present schedule.
authors.affiliation: Travel and Migrant Health Section, Colindale, Health Protection Agency, London, NW9 5EQ, UK. karen.wagner@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Nick J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borrow
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pebody
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013742:Tetanus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial