title: Assessment and management of the orthopedic and other complications of Proteus syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A multidisciplinary workshop was convened at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to discuss the management of the orthopedic and other complications of Proteus syndrome (PS), a progressive, disproportionate overgrowth disorder. While PS poses many complex challenges, the focus of the workshop was the management of the asymmetric and disorganized skeletal overgrowth that characterizes this multisystem disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workshop participants developed recommendations for clinical research and patient management and surveillance to maximize the benefits and reduce the risks of surgical and other interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recommendations for clinical care and management included assessments of skeletal overgrowth and its progression with modalities such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and computerized tomography (CT) imaging. The recommendations also cover the assessment of non-orthopedic complications of PS that significantly impact surgical risk, such as pulmonary embolism and lung bullae. Surgical considerations in PS include assessment of the contribution of contractures to deformities and prophylactic soft-tissue release, aggressive and early use of epiphysiodesis and epiphysiostasis, amputation, and spinal bracing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisions on the timing of orthopedic procedures in children with PS are challenging because they entail balancing the risks of intervention in this high-risk and complex population against the increasing morbidity that patients experience with progressive bony overgrowth. If surgery is delayed too long, the condition may become inoperable. We hope that these recommendations will help clinicians gather appropriate data and assist their patients in making timely treatment decisions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA  ; Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Regis J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.forename: Leslie G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Biesecker