title: Bias in medicine: a survey of medical student attitudes towards HIV-positive and marginalized patients in Russia, 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Russia has a substantial HIV epidemic which is poised to escalate in the coming years. The increases in prevalence of HIV will result in increased healthcare needs by a medical system with limited experience with HIV. A healthcare provider's attitude towards a patient plays a significant role in determining the patient's health-related behaviours and medical outcomes. Previous studies have identified negative attitudes of medical students towards people living with HIV. Studying the prevalence of such attitudes is of particular interest, as medical students represent the future workforce and also as the schooling years present a unique opportunity to nurture bias-free healthcare providers. The study measures prevalence of prejudicial attitudes towards HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients who belong to marginalized subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical students of a Russian medical university. Of 500 students surveyed, 436 provided sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Prejudicial attitudes were defined as reluctance to provide medical care to a specified hypothetical patient. Nine hypothetical HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients were proposed: physicians, injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men and a patient HIV-positive due to blood transfusion. A log-binomial regression solved using generalized estimating equations was utilized to identify factors associated with reluctance to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of reluctance to provide medical care to HIV-positive patients in marginalized subgroups was high (ranging from 26.4% up to 71.9%), compared to a maximum of 7.5% if a patient was an HIV-negative physician. Students in their clinical years reported more negative attitudes than preclinical students. In general, female students were less willing to provide care than their male counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prejudicial attitudes about HIV-positive patients and those in marginalized subgroups of the population are prevalent among medical students in Russia. Given the increasing prevalence of HIV in the country, reasons for this hesitance to treat must be identified and addressed. Educational programs for healthcare providers are urgently needed to eliminate bias in the delivery of critically needed medical care. These targeted interventions should be coupled with other programs to eliminate structural barriers to care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia. damirbikm@gmail.com
authors.forename: Damir A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bikmukhametov
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Anokhin
authors.forename: Anna N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vinogradova
authors.forename: Wayne R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Triner
authors.forename: Louise-Anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McNutt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D016079:Refusal to Treat / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult