title: Novel route of tannic acid biotransformation and their effect on major biopolymer synthesis in Azotobacter sp. SSB81.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine tannic acid (TA) utilization capacity by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Azotobacter sp. SSB81, and identify the intermediate products during biotransformation. Another aim of this work is to investigate the effects of TA on major biopolymers like extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tannic acid utilization and tolerance capacity of the strain was determined according to CLSI method. Intermediate products were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, LC-MS/MS and (1) H NMR analysis. Intermediates were quantified by multiple reactions monitoring using LC-MS/MS. The strain was able to tolerate a high level of TA and utilized through enzymatic system. Growth of Azotobacter in TA-supplemented medium was characterized by an extended lag phase and decreased growth rate. Presence of TA catalytic enzymes as tannase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenol decarboxylase was confirmed in cell lysate using their specific substrates. PPO activity was more prominent in TA-supplemented mineral medium after 48 h of growth when gallic to ellagic acid (EA) reversible reaction was remarkable. Phase contrast and scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed elongated and irregular size of Azotobacter cells in response to TA. (1) H NMR analysis indicated that TA was transformed into gallic acid (GA), EA and pyrogallol. Biopolymer (EPS and PHB) production was decreased several folds in the presence of TA compared with cells grown in only glucose medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first evidence on the biotransformation of TA by Azotobacter and also elevated level of EA production from gallotannins. Azotobacter has developed the mechanism to utilize TA for their carbon and energy source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widespread occurrence and exploitation of Azotobacter sp. strain SSB81 in agricultural and forest soil have an additional advantage to utilize the soil-accumulated TA and detoxifies the allelopathic effect of constant accumulated TA in soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gauri
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pati
mesh_terms: D001395:Azotobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D011748:Pyrogallol / Q000378:metabolism; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013634:Tannins; D011748:Pyrogallol; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C022711:tannase; D002262:Carboxy-Lyases; C017616:phenolic acid