title: Duration of xylogenesis in black spruce lengthened between 1950 and 2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reconstructions have identified the 20th century as being uniquely warm in the last 1000 years. Changes in the phenology of primary meristems converged toward increases in length of the growing season. Has the phenology of secondary meristem changed during the last century, and to what extent?
  
  
  METHODS
  Timings of wood formation in black spruce, Picea mariana, were monitored for 9 years on a weekly timescale at four sites in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Models for assessing xylem phenology were defined and applied to reconstruct onset, ending and duration of xylogenesis between 1950 and 2010 using thermal thresholds on chronologies of maximum and minimum temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All sites exhibited increasing trends of both annual and May-September temperatures, with the greatest changes observed at the higher latitudes. Phenological events in spring were more affected than those occurring in autumn, with cambial resumptions occurring 0·5-0·8 d decade(-1) earlier. The duration of xylogenesis has lengthened significantly since 1950, although the models supplied wide ranges of variations, between 0·07 and 1·5 d decade(-1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimated changes in past cambial phenology demonstrated the marked effects of the recent increase in temperature on the phenological traits of secondary meristems. In the long run, the advancement of cambial activity could modify the short time window for growth of boreal species and dramatically affect the dynamics and productivity of trees in these temperature-limited ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boulouf Lugo
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D058506:Cambium / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002980:Climate; D018519:Meristem / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D008954:Models, Biological; D028222:Picea / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D011792:Quebec; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees; D014934:Wood / Q000254:growth & development; D052584:Xylem / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*