title: Toxicology of food dyes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food dyes, synthesized originally from coal tar and now petroleum, have long been controversial because of safety concerns. Many dyes have been banned because of their adverse effects on laboratory animals or inadequate testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review  finds that all of the nine currently US-approved dyes raise health concerns of varying degrees. Red 3 causes cancer in animals, and there is evidence that several other dyes also are carcinogenic. Three dyes (Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) have been found to be contaminated with benzidine  or other carcinogens. At least four dyes (Blue 1, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) cause hypersensitivity reactions. Numerous microbiological and rodent studies of Yellow 5 were positive for genotoxicity. Toxicity tests on two dyes (Citrus Red 2 and Orange B) also suggest safety concerns, but  Citrus Red 2 is used at low levels and only on some Florida oranges and Orange B has not been used for several years. The inadequacy of much of the testing and the evidence for carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and hypersensitivity, coupled with the fact that dyes do not improve the safety or  nutritional quality of foods, indicates that all of the currently used dyes should be removed from the food supply and replaced, if at all, by safer colorings. It is recommended that regulatory authorities require better and independent toxicity testing, exercise greater caution regarding  continued approval of these dyes, and in the future approve only well-tested, safe dyes.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobylewski
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007881:Legislation, Food; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents