title: Possible mechanical roles of glycosaminoglycans in thoracic aortic dissection and associations with dysregulated transforming growth factor-β.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four distinguishing histopathological characteristics of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAADs) are the fragmentation or degradation of elastic fibers, loss of smooth muscle, pooling of glycosaminoglycans, and remodeling of fibrillar collagens. Of these, pooling of glycosaminoglycans appears to be unique to these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review acknowledges the importance of dysregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in TAADs and offers a complementary hypothesis that increased TGF-β could contribute to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the media of the proximal thoracic aorta. Regardless, observed pools of glycosaminoglycans could decrease tensile strength, cause stress concentrations, and increase intralamellar swelling pressure, all of which could initiate local delaminations that could subsequently propagate as dissections and result in a false lumen or rupture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a pressing need to investigate potential mechanical as well as biological consequences of accumulated glycosaminoglycans in TAADs and to elucidate responsible signaling pathways, with particular attention to synthetic cells of nonmesodermal lineage. Such research could provide insight into the mechanisms of dissection and the seemingly paradoxical role of the over-expression of a cytokine that is typically associated with fibrosis but is implicated in a degenerative disease of the aorta that can result in a catastrophic mechanical failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. jay.humphrey@yale.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001019:Aortic Rupture / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta