title: Upper extremity injured workers stratified by current work status: an examination of health characteristics, work limitations and work instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper extremity injured workers are an under-studied population. A descriptive comparison of workers with shoulder, elbow and hand injuries reporting to a Canadian Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) clinic was undertaken.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if differences existed between injury groups stratified by current work status.
  
  
  METHODS
  All WSIB claimants reporting to our upper extremity clinic between 2003 and 2008 were approached to participate in this descriptive study. 314 working and 146 non-working WSIB claimants completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH); Short Form health survey (SF36); Worker's Limitations Questionnaire and the Work Instability Scale. Various parametric and non-parametric analyses were used to assess significant differences between groups on demographic, work and health related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hand, followed by the shoulder and elbow were the most common site of injury. Most non-workers listed their current injury as the reason for being off work, and attempted to return to work once since their injury occurrence. Non-workers and a subset of workers at high risk for work loss showed significantly worse mental functioning. Workers identified physical demands as the most frequent injury-related on the job limitation. 60% of current workers were listed as low risk for work loss on the Work Instability Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poorer mental functioning, being female and sustaining a shoulder injury were risk factors for work instability. Our cohort of injured non-workers were unable to return to work due to their current injury, reinforcing the need to advocate for modified duties, shorter hours and a work environment where stress and injury recurrence is reduced. Future studies examining pre-injury depression as a risk factor for prolonged work absences are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pichora
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D009864:Ontario; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D014942:Workers' Compensation