title: Gout, stone composition and urinary stone risk: a matched case comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We established the most common stone composition, and serum and urinary biochemical features in patients with gout and urolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively searched for the records of patients diagnosed with gout among all those in our stone registry. A matched case cohort of stone formers was generated from our registry who had the same age, gender and body mass index. Primary end points were baseline 24-hour urinary metabolic panels and stone composition. Medications were considered. Groups were compared using the Student t and chi-square/Fisher exact tests with significance considered at p <0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For stone panel evaluation 181 patients met our inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in 24-hour uric acid between the nongout and gout cohorts but hyperoxaluria was more common in patients with gout (74% vs 61%, p = 0.009). For stone composition analysis 393 patients were included. The gout cohort had lower calcium oxalate monohydrate (39.4% vs 54.7%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (6.0% vs 11.2%) and calcium phosphate (9.6% vs 14.1%) but higher uric acid (42.7% vs 18.2%, each p <0.001). Pure uric acid stones were more common in patients with gout (52.2% vs 22.3%, p <0.001), while calcium oxalate monohydrate (45.2% vs 68.6%, p <0.001), calcium oxalate dihydrate (0.6% vs 3.5%, p = 0.017) and calcium phosphate (1.6% vs 4.9%, p = 0.033) were more common in nongout cases. Patients with gout who were on allopurinol had fewer pure uric acid stones (30.4% vs 56.4%) and more calcium oxalate monohydrate stones (69.6% vs 40.7%, each p <0.001) than those without medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uric acid stones are the most common pure stone composition in patients with gout but 48% have nonuric acid stones. Allopurinol changes the stone composition distribution in patients with gout to a pattern similar to that in stone formers without gout.
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Giovanni Scala
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarkissian
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Surafel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebreselassie
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000150:complications*