title: Risk stratification with opioid therapy.
abstract: The use of chronic opioid therapy for persistent headache remains controversial because of limited supporting data and potential risks. In addition to possible individual risks for the patient, society risks associated with diversion and substance abuse are well documented. Few studies directly address risk stratification for opioid therapy where a diagnosis of headache is present, making it necessary to extrapolate from other pain research when developing recommendations for screening and patient management. Considering the historical framework of opioid prescribing, relevant studies assessing risk stratification of chronic opioid therapy are reviewed. Specific risk factors that may lead to a problematic course with chronic opioid therapy are outlined. Both clinical experience and the limited empirical research underscore the need for multiple assessment tools and ongoing patient monitoring in the evaluation of these risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kulich
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid