title: Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract from Myagropsis myagroides on murine macrophages and mouse ear edema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Myagropsis myagroides (EMM) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced ear edema in mice, and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt were measured using Western blotting. Nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined by immunocytochemistry and reporter gene assay, respectively. PMA-induced mouse ear edema was used as the animal model of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMM significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EMM strongly suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB by preventing degradation of inhibitor of κB-α as well as by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. EMM reduced ear edema in PMA-induced mice. One of the anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM was identified as 6,6'-bieckol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of EMM are associated with the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Joung
authors.forename: Min-Sup
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ji-Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Soon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Taisun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Bok-Mi
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Na Young
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Chi-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jae-Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyeung-Rak
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001692:Biological Transport; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004423:Ear; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004147:Dioxins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C062360:6,6'-bieckol