title: A Holstein cow-calf model for the transfer of ciprofloxacin through milk after a long-term intravenous infusion.
abstract: This study is part of an ongoing effort to develop animal models that provide milk and sufficient infant (offspring) plasma samples to fully describe a drug's pharmacokinetics to quantitate the risk to the nursing infant. Ciprofloxacin was administered to six healthy Holstein cows as a constant rate intravenous infusion (flow rate was weight adjusted) to achieve a steady-state concentration of approximately 300 ng/mL for 7 days. Plasma and milk samples were collected from the cow at regular intervals over the course of the 7 days. The plasma and milk samples were analyzed for ciprofloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The milk was fed to calves, and calf plasma samples were analyzed to study the lactational transfer of ciprofloxacin from dam to nursing neonate. Remarkably, concentrations of ciprofloxacin in milk were 45 times higher than plasma drug concentrations in the dam. Approximately 6% of the administered dose was transferred to the milk, resulting in an average oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg to the calves with every feeding. The drug did not accumulate in the calves, and plasma concentrations were between one-tenth and one-fifth the plasma concentrations of the dam.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Veterinary Research, Food & Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, MD, USA; Division of Residue Chemistry, Food & Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, MD, USA.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Idowu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nochetto
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Bredow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002417:Cattle; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin