title: Who should have surgery for spinal stenosis? Treatment effect predictors in SPORT.
abstract: METHODS
  Combined prospective randomized controlled trial and observational cohort study of spinal stenosis (SpS) with an as-treated analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine modifiers of the treatment effect (TE) of surgery (the difference between surgical and nonoperative outcomes) for SpS using subgroup analysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial demonstrated a positive surgical TE for SpS at the group level. However, individual characteristics may affect TE. No previous studies have evaluated TE modifiers in SpS.
  
  
  METHODS
  SpS patients were treated with either surgery (n = 419) or nonoperative care (n = 235) and were analyzed according to treatment received. Fifty-three baseline variables were used to define subgroups for calculating the time-weighted average TE for the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) over 4 years (TE = ΔODIsurgery - ΔODInonoperative). Variables with significant subgroup × treatment interactions (P < 0.05) were simultaneously entered into a multivariate model to select independent TE predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Other than smokers, all analyzed subgroups including at least 50 patients improved significantly more with surgery than with nonoperative treatment (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated: baseline ODI ≤ 56 (TE -15.0 vs. -4.4, ODI > 56, P < 0.001), not smoking (TE -11.7 vs. -1.6 smokers, P < 0.001), neuroforaminal stenosis (TE -14.2 vs. -8.7 no neuroforaminal stenosis, P = 0.002), predominant leg pain (TE -11.5 vs. -7.3 predominant back pain, P = 0.035), not lifting at work (TE -12.5 vs. -0.5 lifting at work, P = 0.017), and the presence of a neurological deficit (TE -13.3 vs. -7.2 no neurological deficit, P < 0.001) were associated with greater TE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of smokers, patients who met strict inclusion criteria improved more with surgery than with nonoperative treatment, regardless of other specific characteristics. However, TE varied significantly across certain subgroups, and these data can be used to individualize shared decision making discussions about likely outcomes. Smoking cessation should be considered before surgery for SpS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth Medical School and the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Hanover, NH, USA. adam.m.pearson@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: Wenyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abdu
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors