title: Type 1 diabetes: current concepts in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical care, and research.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease mediated by a combination of genetic and environmental triggers resulting in lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets, destruction of beta cells, and lifelong dependency on exogenous insulin. Although T1D is prevalent (1 in 300) and its incidence is steadily increasing worldwide (3% per year), the exact gene-environment interactions precipitating the disease remain unknown. Living with T1D is challenging for patients, families, and caregivers. Because of the relative paucity of pediatric endocrinologists, general pediatricians and other subspecialists may occasionally be faced with the task of managing diabetes-related complaints. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the natural history, pathophysiology, and contemporary management of T1D. In addition, recent advances in T1D research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Joyce
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albanese-O'Neill
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014943:Global Health; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human