title: Monkey liver cytochrome P450 2C19 is involved in R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation.
abstract: Cynomolgus monkeys are widely used as primate models in preclinical studies. However, some differences are occasionally seen between monkeys and humans in the activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes. R- and S-warfarin are model substrates for stereoselective oxidation in humans. In this current research, the activities of monkey liver microsomes and 14 recombinantly expressed monkey cytochrome P450 enzymes were analyzed with respect to R- and S-warfarin 6- and 7-hydroxylation. Monkey liver microsomes efficiently mediated both R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation, in contrast to human liver microsomes, which preferentially catalyzed S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation. R-Warfarin 7-hydroxylation activities in monkey liver microsomes were not inhibited by α-naphthoflavone or ketoconazole, and were roughly correlated with P450 2C19 levels and flurbiprofen 4-hydroxylation activities in microsomes from 20 monkey livers. In contrast, S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation activities were not correlated with the four marker drug oxidation activities used. Among the 14 recombinantly expressed monkey P450 enzymes tested, P450 2C19 had the highest activities for R- and S-warfarin 7-hydroxylations. Monkey P450 3A4 and 3A5 slowly mediated R- and S-warfarin 6-hydroxylations. Kinetic analysis revealed that monkey P450 2C19 had high V(max) and low K(m) values for R-warfarin 7-hydroxylation, comparable to those for monkey liver microsomes. Monkey P450 2C19 also mediated S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation with V(max) and V(max)/K(m) values comparable to those for recombinant human P450 2C9. R-warfarin could dock favorably into monkey P450 2C19 modeled. These results collectively suggest high activities for monkey liver P450 2C19 toward R- and S-warfarin 6- and 7-hydroxylation in contrast to the saturation kinetics of human P450 2C9-mediated S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosoi
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Norie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shukuya
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Utoh
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014859:Warfarin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System