title: The effect of continuous ultrasound on chronic non-specific low back pain: a single blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders around the world including Iran. One of the most widely used modalities in the field of physiotherapy is therapeutic ultrasound (US). Despite its common use, there is still inconclusive evidence to support its effectiveness in patients with NSCLBP. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous US compared with placebo US additional to exercise therapy for patients with NSCLBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single blind placebo controlled study, 50 patients with NSCLBP were randomized into two treatment groups: 1) continuous US (1 MHz &1.5 W/cm2) plus exercise 2) placebo US plus exercise. Patients received treatments for 4 weeks, 10 treatment sessions, 3 times per week, every other day. Treatment effects were assessed in terms of primary outcome measures: 1) functional disability, measured by Functional Rating Index, and 2) global pain, measured by a visual analog scale. Secondary outcome measures were lumbar flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), endurance time and rate of decline in median frequency of electromyography spectrum during a Biering Sorensen test. All outcome variables were measured before, after treatment, and after one-month follow-up. An intention to treat analysis was performed. Main effects of Time and Group as well as their interaction effect on outcome measures were investigated using repeated measure ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed that both groups had improved regarding function (FRI) and global pain (VAS) (P < .001). Lumbar ROM as well as holding time during the Sorensen test and median frequency slope of all measured paravertebral muscles did not change significantly in either group (P > .05). Improvement in function and lumbar ROM as well as endurance time were significantly greater in the group receiving continuous US (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that adding continuous US to a semi supervised exercise program significantly improved function, lumbar ROM and endurance time. Further studies including a third group of only exercise and no US can establish the possible effects of placebo US.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NTR2251.
authors.affiliation: Department of physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazari St, Tehran, Iran. s_ebadi@razi.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Safoora
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.forename: Noureddin Nakhostin
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Soofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naghdi
authors.forename: Shohre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalaei
authors.forename: Mirmostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadat
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.forename: Maurits W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Vantulder
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Henschke
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fallah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010807:Physical Endurance; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D055815:Young Adult