title: Analysis of national data shows mixed evidence of hardening among Australian smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to the 'hardening hypothesis', the proportion of smokers that are 'low-probability quitters' will increase as societal disapproval of smoking increases. This paper examines whether there has been increased hardening in Australian smokers over the past decade as reflected in an increased prevalence of psychological distress and social disadvantage among current smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between psychological distress, living in a disadvantaged area and level of education was determined using logistic regression at two time points 7 to 10 years apart in three cross-sectional household survey series: National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), National Health Survey (NHS) and National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being (NSMHW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationships between smoking and living in the most disadvantaged areas and having completed less than 12 years of schooling strengthened between 2001 and 2010 in the NDSHS, but there were no significant changes between survey years in the NHS and NSMHW. There was no significant change in the relationship between smoking and psychological distress between survey years in any of the survey series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social disadvantage may be increasing among current smokers, but the results were inconsistent between survey series, presenting weak evidence that the population of Australian smokers hardened as smoking prevalence declined by approximately 4% over the last decade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater focus on intensive individual-level tobacco cessation interventions does not appear warranted at this time.
authors.affiliation: UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia. c.gartner@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scollo
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marquart
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult