title: Closed globe macular injuries after blasts in combat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the macular findings after closed globe ocular injuries sustained from blasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review from February 2003 to March 2010 of all soldiers with closed globe ocular injuries sustained during combat with macular findings of trauma on examination was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 36 eyes that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the soldiers was 29.5 years and 97% were men. The average follow-up time was 18.6 months. Improvised explosive device blasts accounted for 86% of injuries. Forty-five percent of soldiers had bilateral ocular injuries. Eight of 36 eyes (22.2%) developed a macular hole. One eye had spontaneous closure and five eyes underwent surgical repair. There was a range of macular findings from retinal pigment epitheliopathy alone to retinal pigment epitheliopathy with full-thickness atrophy. Eight eyes (22.2%) had macular scarring on examination but no optical coherence tomography study. One eye (2.8%) developed phthisis bulbi. Fifteen eyes (42%) had an orbital fracture. Seven eyes (19%) sustained optic neuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closed globe injuries after blasts resulted in a spectrum of macular findings. The integrity of the foveal inner segment/outer segment junction was the most important retinal factor in visual outcomes. Orbital fractures were not found to be a risk factor for developing optic neuropathy and may improve visual outcomes. The rate of long-term complications is unknown, and it is important for ophthalmologists to follow these patients closely.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Service, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. brandon.n.phillips@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Brandon N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Dal W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002829:Choroid / Q000293:injuries*; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014481:United States; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult