title: Effect of smoking on sperm vitality, DNA integrity, seminal oxidative stress, zinc in fertile men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of smoking on sperm vitality, sperm DNA integrity, semen reactive oxygen species, and zinc levels in fertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred sixty men were investigated. They were divided into 2 equal groups: healthy fertile nonsmokers and healthy fertile smokers. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and semen analysis. In their semen, sperm hypo-osmotic swelling test, sperm DNA fragmentation test, seminal reactive oxygen species, and zinc were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with fertile nonsmokers, fertile smokers were significantly associated with lower hypo-osmotic swelling test and seminal zinc levels and significantly associated with higher sperm DNA fragmentation percent and seminal reactive oxygen species levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking (cigarettes/day and duration) has detrimental effects on sperm motility, viability, DNA fragmentation, seminal zinc levels, and semen reactive oxygen species levels, even in fertile men, and it is directly correlated with cigarette quantity and smoking duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt.
authors.forename: Emad A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: Azza M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ez-Aldin
authors.forename: Sohair K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sayed
authors.forename: Nagwa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ghandour
authors.forename: Taymour
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mostafa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis*; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015032:Zinc