title: Inpatient urological surgery at critical access hospitals in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand urological care delivery in rural communities, we evaluated the utilization, outcomes and costs of inpatient urological surgery at critical access hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the AHA (American Hospital Association) and NIS (Nationwide Inpatient Sample), we identified all urological surgical admissions to critical and noncritical access hospitals from 2005 through 2009. We compared the distribution of urological procedures, hospital mortality, length of stay and costs for patients undergoing common urological operations at critical vs noncritical access hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,292 critical and 3,760 noncritical access hospitals reporting to the AHA 450 (35%) and 1,372 (36%), respectively, had at least 1 year of data available in the NIS. We identified 333,925 urological surgical admissions, including 2,286 (0.7%) to critical access hospitals. Overall, at least 1 inpatient urological operation was performed at only 45% of critical access hospitals vs 91% of noncritical access hospitals (p <0.001). The distribution of urological surgeries differed between critical and noncritical access hospitals (p <0.001) with a greater prevalence of operations for benign indications at critical access hospitals. For 6 common inpatient urological surgeries we found no meaningful difference in in-hospital mortality and prolonged length of stay between patients treated at critical vs noncritical access hospitals. However, costs at critical access hospitals were universally higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inpatient urological surgery is performed at only a few critical access hospitals. While in-hospital mortality and length of stay are largely indistinguishable between critical and noncritical access hospitals, the higher costs at critical access hospitals may pose a challenge to improving rural access to urological care.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Surgery (JBD), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gadzinski
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dimick
authors.forename: Zaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*