title: Calcium-dependent regulation of cyclic photosynthetic electron transfer by a CAS, ANR1, and PGRL1 complex.
abstract: Cyclic photosynthetic electron flow (CEF) is crucial to photosynthesis because it participates in the control of chloroplast energy and redox metabolism, and it is particularly induced under adverse environmental conditions. Here we report that down-regulation of the chloroplast localized Ca(2+) sensor (CAS) protein by an RNAi approach in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results in strong inhibition of CEF under anoxia. Importantly, this inhibition is rescued by an increase in the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration, inferring that CEF is Ca(2+)-dependent. Furthermore, we identified a protein, anaerobic response 1 (ANR1), that is also required for effective acclimation to anaerobiosis. Depletion of ANR1 by artificial microRNA expression mimics the CAS-depletion phenotype, and under anaerobic conditions the two proteins coexist within a large active photosystem I-cytochrome b(6)/f complex. Moreover, we provide evidence that CAS and ANR1 interact with each other as well as with PGR5-Like 1 (PGRL1) in vivo. Overall our data establish a Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of CEF via the combined function of ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1, associated with each other in a multiprotein complex.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology,  University of Münster, 48143 Münster,  Germany.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terashima
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petroutsos
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hüdig
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tolstygina
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trompelt
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gäbelein
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fufezan
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudla
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weinl
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finazzi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hippler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004579:Electron Transport; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D010788:Photosynthesis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins