title: The effect of very small air gaps on small field dosimetry.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of very small air gaps (less than 1 mm) on the dosimetry of small photon fields used for stereotactic treatments. Measurements were performed with optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) for 6 MV photons on a Varian 21iX linear accelerator with a Brainlab µMLC attachment for square field sizes down to 6 mm × 6 mm. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using EGSnrc C++ user code cavity. It was found that the Monte Carlo model used in this study accurately simulated the OSLD measurements on the linear accelerator. For the 6 mm field size, the 0.5 mm air gap upstream to the active area of the OSLD caused a 5.3% dose reduction relative to a Monte Carlo simulation with no air gap. A hypothetical 0.2 mm air gap caused a dose reduction >2%, emphasizing the fact that even the tiniest air gaps can cause a large reduction in measured dose. The negligible effect on an 18 mm field size illustrated that the electronic disequilibrium caused by such small air gaps only affects the dosimetry of the very small fields. When performing small field dosimetry, care must be taken to avoid any air gaps, as can be often present when inserting detectors into solid phantoms. It is recommended that very small field dosimetry is performed in liquid water. When using small photon fields, sub-millimetre air gaps can also affect patient dosimetry if they cannot be spatially resolved on a CT scan. However the effect on the patient is debatable as the dose reduction caused by a 1 mm air gap, starting out at 19% in the first 0.1 mm behind the air gap, decreases to <5% after just 2 mm, and electronic equilibrium is fully re-established after just 5 mm.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia. p.charles@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kairn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Langton
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Trapp
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*