title: Academic achievement of African American boys: a city-wide, community-based investigation of risk and resilience.
abstract: In light of persistent Black-White achievement gaps for boys, this study examined publicly monitored risks believed to be associated with being behind academically for an entire subpopulation of African American boys in a large urban public school district. Also examined were indicators of academic engagement hypothesized to mediate the relations between risks and low achievement. Findings indicated that the Black-White achievement gap for boys was matched by a comparable difference in risk experiences. Multilevel linear regression models controlling for poverty found that both the type and accumulation of risk experiences explained a significant amount of variation in reading and mathematics achievement for the subpopulation of African American boys. Socio-familial risks were related to the poorest academic outcomes. Academic engagement indicators significantly mediated relations between risks and achievement. Implications of this research for collective school and community actions to make race, gender, and place matter in educational public policy were discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. johnf@gse.upenn.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fantuzzo
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: LeBoeuf
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Chin-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003256:Community Participation; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D014477:Underachievement; D014505:Urban Population