title: A review of the anatomical, biomechanical and kinematic findings of posterior cruciate ligament injury with respect to non-operative management.
abstract: An understanding of the kinematics of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency is important for the diagnosis and management of patients with isolated PCL injury. The kinematics of PCL injury has been analysed through cadaveric and in vivo imaging studies. Cadaveric studies have detailed the anatomy of the PCL. It consists of two functional bundles, anterolateral and posteromedial, which exhibit different tensioning patterns through the arc of knee flexion. Isolated sectioning of the PCL and its related structures in cadaveric specimens has defined its primary and secondary restraining functions. The PCL is the primary restraint to posterior tibia translation above 30° and is a secondary restraint below 30° of knee flexion. Furthermore, sectioning of the PCL produces increased chondral deformation forces in the medial compartment as the knee flexes. However, the drawback of cadaveric studies is that they can not replicate the contribution of surrounding neuromuscular structures to joint stability that occurs in the clinical setting. To address this, there have been in vivo studies that have examined the kinematics of the PCL deficient knee using imaging modalities whilst subjects perform dynamic manoeuvres. These studies demonstrate significant posterior subluxation of the medial tibia as the knee flexes. The results of these experimental studies are in line with clinical consequences of PCL deficiency. In particular, arthroscopic evaluation of subjects with isolated PCL injuries demonstrate an increased incidence of chondral lesions in the medial compartment. Yet despite the altered kinematics with PCL injury only a minority of patients require surgery for persistent instability and the majority of athletes are able to return to sport following a period of non-operative rehabilitation. Specifically, non-operative management centres on a programme of quadriceps strengthening and hamstring inhibition to minimise posterior tibial load. The mechanism behind the neuromuscular adaptation that allows the majority of athletes to return to sport has been investigated but not clearly elucidated. The purpose of this review paper is to draw together the findings of experimental studies on the anatomical and kinematic effects of PCL injury and summarise their relevance with respect to non-operative management and functional outcome in patients with isolated PCL deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden ACT, Australia. dr_sivashankar@yahoo.com.au
authors.forename: Sivashankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scarvell
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology