title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the pain catastrophizing scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Catastrophizing is a maladaptive response to pain and is one of the factors that contribute to the chronicity of some pain syndromes. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) assists both treatment planning and outcome assessment. Its use is limited in Portuguese-speaking countries because of the lack of a validated translated version. We conducted the validation of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP)-PCS and explored its psychometric properties. This study reports the internal consistency, factor structure, and its capability to discriminate pain reported by patients with specific chronic pain conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred eighty-four patients, 317 women (82.55%), aged 18-79 years with chronic nonmalignant pain attending an outpatient multidisciplinary pain center participated in this cross-sectional study. The instruments were the BP-PCS, pain intensity, pain interference in functional capacity, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. One subsample with chronic tensional headache (CTH) according to the criteria of the International Headache Society (N = 19), and another with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria (N = 50) were selected to assess the discriminative properties of BP-PCS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α values of 0.91 for the total BP-PCS, and 0.93 [helplessness], 0.88 [magnification], and 0.86 [rumination] for the respective subdomains). The item-total correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 0.94. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the three factors structure, with the comparative fit index = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.09, and normed fit index = 0.98. Significant correlations were found for pain intensity, pain interference, and patient's mood (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.48 to 0.66, P < 0.01). No significant gender difference was observed for BP-PCS scores. When comparing scores of BP-PCS scale and subscales between the selected control group (patients with pain scores on visual analog scale equal or lower than 40 mm in the most part of the day in the last 6 months) and patients with fibromyalgia or CTH, we observed lower scores for the former group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the validity and reliability of the BP-PCS. The scale showed satisfactory psychometric properties. CFA provides support for the three-factor structure reported in previous studies. This factor structure presented good discriminative properties to identify catastrophizers who present with mild chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and CTH. The BP-PCS is a valuable tool for use in scientific studies and in the clinical setting in patients with chronic pain in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking countries.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisléa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sehn
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chachamovich
authors.forename: Liliane Pinto
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Vidor
authors.forename: Letizzia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dall-Agnol
authors.forename: Izabel C Custódio
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Iraci L S
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Wolnei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Caumo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult