title: Characterization of a 3D optrode array for infrared neural stimulation.
abstract: This paper characterizes the Utah Slant Optrode Array (USOA) as a means to deliver infrared light deep into tissue. An undoped crystalline silicon (100) substrate was used to fabricate 10 × 10 arrays of optrodes with rows of varying lengths from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm on a 400-μm pitch. Light delivery from optical fibers and loss mechanisms through these Si optrodes were characterized, with the primary loss mechanisms being Fresnel reflection, coupling, radiation losses from the tapered shank and total internal reflection in the tips. Transmission at the optrode tips with different optical fiber core diameters and light in-coupling interfaces was investigated. At λ = 1.55μm, the highest optrode transmittance of 34.7%, relative to the optical fiber output power, was obtained with a 50-μm multi-mode fiber butt-coupled to the optrode through an intervening medium of index n = 1.66. Maximum power is directed into the optrodes when using fibers with core diameters of 200 μm or less. In addition, the output power varied with the optrode length/taper such that longer and less tapered optrodes exhibited higher light transmission efficiency. Output beam profiles and potential impacts on physiological tests were also examined. Future work is expected to improve USOA efficiency to greater than 64%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,  USA.
authors.forename: T V F
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Abaya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diwekar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tathireddy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rieth
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Solzbacher