title: A preliminary investigation of the AUDIT and DUDIT in comparison to biomarkers for alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected clinic attendees in Cape Town, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing concern about the effect of substance use on HIV treatment outcomes. The study objectives included: (i) evaluating whether the use of validated questionnaires (AUDIT and DUDIT) provide useful and consistent information of alcohol and drug consumption when compared with the use of biomarkers of alcohol in (urine and hair) and drugs in (urine) and (ii) assessing the feasibility of using self-report measures compared with urine and hair tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were HIV positive patients attending an HIV community health clinic in Kraaifontein, Cape Town. Hair and urine samples were collected and analysed for alcohol, in Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) and in Ethyl Glucuronide and (EtG), and drugs. Biological markers were compared with self-report measures of alcohol and drug consumption in terms of sensitivity, specificity. Forty-three participants completed the self-report measures, while 30 provided hair and urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the AUDIT, 18 (41.9%) participants screened positive for harmful and hazardous drinking and 13 (30.2%) participants on the DUDIT screened positive for having a drug-related problem. Two of 30 participants (7%) tested positive for alcohol abuse on FAEE analysis. For EtG, 6 of 24 (25%) participants tested positive for alcohol abuse. On hair drug analysis, all 30 participants tested negative for cannabis, amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, PCP and methaqualone. On the urinalysis, 1 of 30 participants tested positive for cannabis and everyone tested negative for all other drugs included in the screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance use among patients attending HIV clinics appears to be a problem, especially alcohol. Self-report measures seem to be a more cost effective option for screening of alcohol and drug abuse in resource poor settings.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa. rehana.kader@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kader
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seedat
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Parry
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers