title: A hypothesis on the formation of the primary ossification centers in the membranous neurocranium: a mathematical and computational model.
abstract: This article develops a model of the appearance and location of the primary centers of ossification in the calvaria. The model uses a system of reaction-diffusion equations of two molecules (BMP and Noggin) whose behavior is of type activator-substrate and its solution produces Turing patterns, which represents the primary ossification centers. Additionally, the model includes the level of cell maturation as a function of the location of mesenchymal cells. Thus the mature cells can become osteoblasts due to the action of BMP2. Therefore, with this model, we can have two frontal primary centers, two parietal, and one, two or more occipital centers. The location of these centers in the simplified computational model is highly consistent with those centers found at an embryonic level.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Numerical Methods for Engineering (GNUM), Departament of Mechanical and Mechatronical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia. dagarzona@unal.edu.co
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Garzón-Alvarado
mesh_terms: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D008566:Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000099176:Noggin Protein