title: Predicting the outcome of a cognitive-behavioral group training for patients with unexplained physical symptoms: a one-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for Unexplained Physical Symptoms (UPS), some therapists in clinical practice seem to believe that CBT outcome will diminish if psychiatric comorbidity is present. The result is that patients with a psychiatric comorbidity are redirected from treatment for UPS into treatment for mental health problems. To explore whether this selection and allocation are appropriate, we explored whether CBT outcomes in UPS could be predicted by variables assessed at baseline and used in routine-practice assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n=162) with UPS classified as undifferentiated somatoform disorder or chronic pain disorder were followed up until one year after they had attended a CBT group training. The time-points of the follow-up were at the end of CBT (immediate outcome), three months after CBT (short-term outcome), and one year after CBT (long-term outcome).CBT outcome was measured using the Physical Component Summary of the SF-36, which was the primary outcome measure in the randomized controlled trial that studied effectiveness of the CBT group training. Predictors were: 1.) psychological symptoms (global severity score of SCL-90), 2.) personality-disorder characteristics (sum of DSM-IV axis II criteria confirmed), 3.) psychiatric history (past presence of DSM-IV axis I disorders), and 4.) health-related quality of life in the mental domain (mental component summary of SF-36). The effect of this predictor set was explored using hierarchical multiple regression analyses into which these predictors had been entered simultaneously, after control for: a.) pretreatment primary outcome scores, b.) age, c.) gender, d.) marital status, and e.) employment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predictor set was significant only for short-term CBT outcome, where it explained 15% of the variance. A better outcome was predicted by more psychological symptoms, fewer personality-disorder characteristics, the presence of a psychiatric history, and a better quality of life in the mental domain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the predictors do not seem to predict CBT outcome consistently over time, the need for selection and allocation of patients for CBT is doubtful. It seems that this would unnecessarily deprive patients of effective treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nederlands Trial Register, NTR1609.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, the Netherlands. l.zonneveld@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Lyonne N L
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Zonneveld
authors.forename: Yanda R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: van Rood
authors.forename: Cornelis G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kooiman
authors.forename: Reinier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timman
authors.forename: Adriaan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van 't Spijker
authors.forename: Jan J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Busschbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome