title: [6]-Gingerol induces bone loss in ovary intact adult mice and augments osteoclast function via the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel.
abstract: METHODS
  [6]-Gingerol, a major constituent of ginger, is considered to have several health beneficial effects. The effect of 6-gingerol on bone cells and skeleton of mice was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effects of 6-gingerol on mouse bone marrow macrophages and osteoblasts were studied. 6-Gingerol-stimulated osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow macrophages but had no effect on osteoblasts. Capsazepine, an inhibitor of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) channel, attenuated the pro-osteoclastogenic effect of 6-gingerol or capsaicin (an agonist of TRPV1). Similar to capsaicin, 6-gingerol stimulated Ca(2) + influx in osteoclasts. The effect of daily feeding of 6-gingerol for 5 wk on the skeleton of adult female Balb/cByJ mice was investigated. Mice treated with capsaicin and ovariectomized (OVx) mice served as controls for osteopenia. 6-Gingerol caused increase in trabecular osteoclast number, microarchitectural erosion at all trabecular sites and loss of vertebral stiffness, and these effects were comparable to capsaicin or OVx group. Osteoclast-specific serum and gene markers of 6-gingerol-treated mice were higher than the OVx group. Bone formation was unaffected by 6-gingerol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily feeding of 6-gingerol to skeletally mature female mice caused trabecular osteopenia, and the mechanism appeared to be activation of osteoclast formation via the TRPV1 channel.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Kainat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Akanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharan
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Preety
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Sabyasachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maurya
authors.forename: Naibedya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002396:Catechols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C007845:gingerol; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002211:Capsaicin; D002118:Calcium