title: [Treatment of lithiasis with infundibular axis at an acute angle to the calyx entry in PCNL].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the treatment of pyelo multi calyceal renal lithiasis, although we utilize both rigid and flexible instruments, the greatest challenge when trying to achieve a stone-free status after the procedure with a single access, is represented by the presence of residual caliceal stones difficult to reach for the length of the infundibular system in which they are localized, and major axis of it at an acute angle with respect to the axis of the cannula entrance. We describe our technique of treatment in these cases with no second access.
  
  
  METHODS
  55 cases of multiple lithiasis of the lower calyx at the end of PCNL for complex lithiasis were treated with the following technique. Using ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance a puncture of the calyx adjacent to the cannula was performed. A standard Lubriglide guide (0.038", right or J) was introduced until the renal pelvis. Through a nephroscopic guidance, the guide was retrieved with a clamp and was taken out from the cannula; then the two leaders were locked together by a mosquito-mounted clamp. The guide traction towards the cannula allowed identifying, through the rigid nephroscope, the infundibulum where the lithiasis was located. The infundibulum was sectioned with monopolar electrode and it was possible to access the calyx affected by the lithiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all treated cases it was possible to reach the lithiasis from the single initial percutaneous access and to eliminate them. Small bleedings were dominated by monopolar electrode. The Urography or uro-CT performed after three months showed no residual lithiasis; the infundibulum resumed its morphological characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described technique allows for a complete resolution of the lithiasis with no need of a second access or a retrograde approach, in situations where the combined use of flexible instruments does not allow solving the pathology.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Clinic, University of Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Lisa
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery; D007670:Kidney Calices; D010535:Laparoscopy; D020347:Lithiasis; D016896:Treatment Outcome