title: Comparison of geostatistical interpolation and remote sensing techniques for estimating long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 concentrations across the continental United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A better understanding of the adverse health effects of chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) requires accurate estimates of PM2.5 variation at fine spatial scales. Remote sensing has emerged as an important means of estimating PM2.5 exposures, but relatively few studies have compared remote-sensing estimates to those derived from monitor-based data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated and compared the predictive capabilities of remote sensing and geostatistical interpolation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a space-time geostatistical kriging model to predict PM2.5 over the continental United States and compared resulting predictions to estimates derived from satellite retrievals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kriging estimate was more accurate for locations that were about 100 km from a monitoring station, whereas the remote sensing estimate was more accurate for locations that were > 100 km from a monitoring station. Based on this finding, we developed a hybrid map that combines the kriging and satellite-based PM2.5 estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that for most of the populated areas of the continental United States, geostatistical interpolation produced more accurate estimates than remote sensing. The differences between the estimates resulting from the two methods, however, were relatively small. In areas with extensive monitoring networks, the interpolation may provide more accurate estimates, but in the many areas of the world without such monitoring, remote sensing can provide useful exposure estimates that perform nearly as well.
authors.affiliation: Geospatial Development Department, Risk Management Solutions Inc., Newark, California, USA.
authors.forename: Seung-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Serre
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Donkelaar
authors.forename: Randall V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerrett
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018531:Spacecraft; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter