title: Maxillary sinus elevation by lateral window approach: evolution of technology and technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The maxillary sinus elevation procedure has become an important pre-prosthetic surgical procedure for the creation of bone volume in the edentulous posterior maxilla for the placement of dental implants. Research and clinical experience over the past 30 years has increased the predictability of this procedure as well as reduced patient morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on grafting materials and implant survival rates comes from 10 published evidence-based reviews that include all relevant published data from 1980 to 2012. Supporting clinical material comes from the experience of the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence-based reviews report and compare the implant survival rates utilizing various grafting materials, implant surfaces, and the use or non-use of barrier membranes over the lateral window. Clinical studies report on complication rates utilizing piezoelectric surgery and compare them to complication rates with rotary instrumentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusions of all the evidence-based reviews indicate that the utilization of bone replacement grafts, rough-surfaced implants, and barrier membranes result in the most positive outcomes when considering implant survival. Further, the utilization of piezoelectric surgery, rather than rotary diamond burs, for lateral window preparation and membrane separation leads to a dramatic reduction in the occurrence of the intraoperative complications of bleeding and membrane perforation.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY 10032, USA. sswdds.sinus@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Froum
authors.forename: Sang-Choon
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Homayoun H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stoupel
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Fabbro
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Testori
mesh_terms: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic / Q000379:methods*; D059745:Piezosurgery / Q000379:methods; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015921:Dental Implants; D008567:Membranes, Artificial