title: Hydrothermal processing of duckweed: effect of reaction conditions on product distribution and composition.
abstract: Influences of operating conditions such as temperature (270-380 °C), time (10-120 min), reactor loading (0.5-5.5 g), and K2CO3 loading (0-50 wt.%) on the product (e.g. crude bio-oil, water soluble, gas and solid residue) distribution from the hydrothermal processing of duckweed were determined. Of the four variables, temperature and K2CO3 loading were always the most influential factors to the relative amount of each component. The presence of K2CO3 is unfavorable for the production of bio-oil and gas. Hydrothermal processing duckweed produces a bio-oil that is enriched in carbon and hydrogen and has reduced levels of O compared with the original duckweed feedstock. The higher heating values of the bio-oil were estimated within the range of 32-36 MJ/kg. Major bio-oil constituents include ketones and their alkylated derivatives, alcohols, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, saturated fatty acids and hydrocarbons. The gaseous products were mainly CO2 and H2, with lesser amounts of CH4 and CO.
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China. pgduan@hpu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Peigao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Zhoufan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiujun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D029064:Araceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009821:Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005740:Gases; D009821:Oils; D014867:Water