title: Treatment of unscheduled bleeding in women using extended- or continuous-use combined hormonal contraception: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unscheduled uterine bleeding is common among women who choose extended or continuous combined hormonal contraception and may subsequently lead to method discontinuation. This systematic review evaluates the evidence on treatments for unscheduled bleeding for women using continuous or extended combined hormonal contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles that were published in any language from inception of the database through January 2012 and were relevant to therapeutic or prophylactic treatments for unscheduled uterine bleeding during extended or continuous combined hormonal contraception use. We used standard abstract forms and grading systems to summarize and assess the quality of the evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four articles met the inclusion criteria. Evidence from two randomized controlled trials, both of fair quality, suggested that a short hormone-free interval of 3 or 4 days improved a current unscheduled bleeding episode. Evidence from one randomized controlled trial of fair quality suggested that oral doxycycline (100 mg twice daily) did not improve a current unscheduled bleeding episode. One good quality randomized controlled trial suggested that prophylactic treatment with a daily low dose of oral doxycycline (40 mg) caused earlier onset of amenorrhea in new extended combined oral contraceptive users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited evidence suggests that introducing a short hormone-free interval when unscheduled bleeding occurs during continuous or extended hormonal contraceptive use may reduce unscheduled bleeding days; one study suggests that twice-daily oral doxycycline initiated at the time of unscheduled bleeding is an ineffective treatment. Limited data suggest that prophylactic low-dose daily oral doxycycline may induce earlier amenorrhea among new extended combined hormonal contraceptive users.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.forename: Maura K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female / Q000009:adverse effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D008796:Metrorrhagia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined