title: Molecular evidence that the deadliest sea snake Enhydrina schistosa (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) consists of two convergent species.
abstract: We present a striking case of phenotypic convergence within the speciose and taxonomically unstable Hydrophis group of viviparous sea snakes. Enhydrina schistosa, the 'beaked sea snake', is abundant in coastal and inshore habitats throughout the Asian and Australian regions, where it is responsible for the large majority of recorded deaths and injuries from sea snake bites. Analyses of five independent mitochondrial and nuclear loci for populations spanning Australia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka indicate that this 'species' actually consists of two distinct lineages in Asia and Australia that are not closest relatives. As a result, Australian "E. schistosa" are elevated to species status and provisionally referred to Enhydrinazweifeli. Convergence in the characteristic 'beaked' morphology of these species is probably associated with the wide gape required to accommodate their spiny prey. Our findings have important implications for snake bite management in light of the medical importance of beaked sea snakes and the fact that the only sea snake anti-venom available is raised against Malaysian E. schistosa.
authors.affiliation: Darling Building, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Kanishka D B
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ukuwela
authors.forename: Anslem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Silva
authors.lastname: Mumpuni
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Michael S Y
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D017815:Elapidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D007214:Indonesia; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013188:Sri Lanka
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial