title: Metabolic and inflammatory links to depression in youth with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Youth with diabetes are at increased risk for depression. The objectives of this study were to provide preliminary evidence that this at-risk status for depression is associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers and to inform future, more stringent examinations of the directionality of these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH), an observational study of U.S. children diagnosed with diabetes at <20 years of age, were used for these analyses. SEARCH participants were drawn from four geographically defined populations in Ohio, Washington, South Carolina, and Colorado; health plan enrollees in Hawaii and California; and Indian Health Service beneficiaries from four Native American populations. Participants were 2,359 youth with diabetes from the 2001 prevalent and 2002-2004 incident SEARCH cohorts. Depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Eight metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured: adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, apolipoprotein B (apoB), lipoprotein A, interleukin-6, and LDL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of eight markers were significantly (P < 0.006) associated with depression in youth with diabetes in bivariate analyses. In general, higher levels of depression were associated with indicators of worse metabolic or inflammatory functioning. In regression models stratified by diabetes type and accounting for demographic and clinical characteristics, only higher levels of apoB remained associated with higher levels of depression in youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that depression reported by youth with diabetes is partially associated with metabolic abnormalities and systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. hoodk@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Korey K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein