title: Immunomodulatory effects of cardiotrophin-1 on in vitro cytokine production of monocytes & CD4 + T-lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In congestive heart failure (CHF), increased concentrations of several cytokines including cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and immunactivation are found. This study was performed to evaluate whether CT-1 can induce in vitro cytokines in monocytes and CD4 + T-lymphocytes of healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in vitro to see whether CT-1 can modulate monocyte or CD4 + T-lymphocyte interleukin (IL)-1β, -2, -4, -5, -10, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression by flow cytometry following stimulation with CT-1 alone or together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycine (iono).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-1 increased the number of TNFα and IL-1β positive monocytes. LPS induced IL-10, TNFα, and IL-1β in monocytes but only IL-2 in CD4+ T-lymphocytes, whereas PMA/iono induced all cytokines besides IL-5 in monocytes and IL-1β in CD4+ T-lymphocytes. In LPS activated monocytes, CT-1 induced a concentration-dependent reduction in the number of TNFα positive monocytes. After LPS activation, CT-1 decreased the number of CD4+ lymphocytes positive for IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5. In addition, following PMA/iono stimulation, CT-1 initiated a concentration-dependent decrease of CD4 + T-lymphocytes positive for TNFα, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data show that in vitro CT-1 can activate monocytes and modulate cytokine production of activated CD4 + T-lymphocytes. We speculate that CT-1 may at least be partly responsible for immunactivation in CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany. Michael.Fritzenwanger@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritzenwanger
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.forename: Hans R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Figulla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C092073:cardiotrophin 1