title: Simple physical approach to reducing frictional and adhesive forces on a TiO2 surface via creating heterogeneous nanopores.
abstract: A simple physical strategy to reduce the frictional and adhesive forces on TiO(2) films was proposed by constructing mesoporous TiO(2) films with heterogeneously distributed nanopores on the film surfaces. In comparison, TiO(2) films with densely packed nanoparticles were also prepared. The crystal structure and morphology of the films were characterized with Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the TiO(2)(B) phase exists in the mesoporuos TiO(2) films but not in the densely packed films. The existence of TiO(2)(B) plays a significant role in creating and maintaining the nanopores in the mesoporous TiO(2) films. The frictional and adhesive forces were measured on both films using AFM. The mesoporous films exhibit two typical adhesion forces of around 3 and 12 nN in the force distribution profile whereas the densely packed films show only one around 12 nN. The frictional coefficients were 2.6 × 10(-3) and 6.7 × 10(-2) for the mesoporous and densely packed TiO(2) films, respectively. A model based on the atomic structures of a thin film of water molecules adsorbed on TiO(2) surfaces leading to hydrophobic effects was proposed to understand the lower frictional and adhesive forces observed on the mesoporous TiO(2) films. This simple physical approach to reducing the frictional and adhesive forces on TiO(2) films could have broad applications to a variety of surface coatings.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Qiuming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Luzheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yudan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Shuangqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Licheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Changsong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ximing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017276:Friction; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D058608:Nanopores; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium