title: Low levels of tissue factor lead to alveolar haemorrhage, potentiating murine acute lung injury and oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic blockade of tissue factor (TF) attenuates acute lung injury (ALI) in animal models of sepsis but the effects of global TF deficiency are unknown. We used mice with complete knockout of mouse TF and low levels (∼1%) of human TF (LTF mice) to test the hypothesis that global TF deficiency attenuates lung inflammation in direct lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  LTF mice were treated with 10 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle administered by direct intratracheal injection and studied at 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to our hypothesis, LTF mice had increased lung inflammation and injury as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage cell count (3.4×10(5) wild-type (WT) LPS vs 3.3×10(5) LTF LPS, p=0.947) and protein (493 μg/ml WT LPS vs 1014 μg/ml LTF LPS, p=0.006), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12, p<0.035 WT LPS vs LTF LPS) and histology compared with WT mice. LTF mice also had increased haemorrhage and free haemoglobin in the airspace accompanied by increased oxidant stress as measured by lipid peroxidation products (F(2) isoprostanes and isofurans).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that global TF deficiency does not confer protection in a direct lung injury model. Rather, TF deficiency causes increased intra-alveolar haemorrhage following LPS leading to increased lipid peroxidation. Strategies to globally inhibit TF may be deleterious in patients with ALI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA. julie.bastarache@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bastarache
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sebag
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Clune
authors.forename: Brandon S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Janz
authors.forename: L Jackson
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dworski
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mackman
authors.forename: Lorraine B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Ware
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005663:Furans / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005663:Furans; D006454:Hemoglobins; D028421:Isoprostanes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013925:Thromboplastin