title: Estimating variance components and predicting breeding values for eventing disciplines and grades in sport horses.
abstract: Eventing competitions in Great Britain (GB) comprise three disciplines, each split into four grades, yielding 12 discipline-grade traits. As there is a demand for tools to estimate (co)variance matrices with a large number of traits, the aim of this work was to investigate different methods to produce large (co)variance matrices using GB eventing data. Data from 1999 to 2008 were used and penalty points were converted to normal scores. A sire model was utilised to estimate fixed effects of gender, age and class, and random effects of sire, horse and rider. Three methods were used to estimate (co)variance matrices. Method 1 used a method based on Gibbs sampling and data augmentation and imputation. Methods 2a and 2b combined sub-matrices from bivariate analyses; one took samples from a multivariate Normal distribution defined by the covariance matrix from each bivariate analysis, then analysed these data in a 12-trait multivariate analysis; the other replaced negative eigenvalues in the matrix with positive values to obtain a positive definite (co)variance matrix. A formal comparison of models could not be conducted; however, estimates from all methods, particularly Methods 2a/2b, were in reasonable agreement. The computational requirements of Method 1 were much less compared with Methods 2a or 2b. Method 2a heritability estimates were as follows: for dressage 7.2% to 9.0%, for show jumping 8.9% to 16.2% and for cross-country 1.3% to 1.4%. Method 1 heritability estimates were higher for the advanced grades, particularly for dressage (17.1%) and show jumping (22.6%). Irrespective of the model, genetic correlations between grades, for dressage and show jumping, were positive, high and significant, ranging from 0.59 to 0.99 for Method 2a and 0.78 to 0.95 for Method 1. For cross-country, using Method 2a, genetic correlations were only significant between novice and pre-novice (0.75); however, using Method 1 estimates were all significant and low to moderate (0.36 to 0.70). Between-discipline correlations were all low and of mixed sign. All methods produced positive definite 12 × 12 (co)variance matrices, suitable for the prediction of breeding values. Method 1 benefits from much reduced computational requirements, and by performing a true multivariate analysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. I.D.Stewart@sms.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: I M S
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gilmour
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Woolliams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brotherstone
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006736:Horses / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011998:Recreation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom