title: Spine surgery research: on and beyond current strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systematic reviews of the literature are powerful tools in evidence-based medicine. However, the design and report of systematic reviews in spinal surgery contain many aspects amenable to improvement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the issues especially relevant for systematic reviews in spinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From our experience of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials in spinal surgery, we infer guidance for the design and execution of systematic literature reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are many difficulties associated with the design as well as conduct of clinical trials and consequently appraising evidence in spinal surgery. New treatments should be compared with the gold standard before other comparisons are investigated. Studies should present data as thoroughly as possible regarding all subgroups and follow-up moments, possibly in supplementary material. To provide the highest level of evidence, systematic reviews should be as rigorously designed as possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gathering information on clinical effectiveness in spinal surgery can be improved both at the clinical study level and at the systematic review level. Alternatives to randomized controlled trials such as comparative studies can be valuable tools on the clinical effectiveness of treatments in spinal surgery. The experience reflected in this article can support the scientific efforts in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands. wch.jacobs@gmail.com
authors.forename: Wilco C H
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Moyo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruyt
authors.forename: Ab J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verbout
authors.forename: F Cumhur
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Oner
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome