title: Automatic joint alignment measurements in pre- and post-operative long leg standing radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For diagnosis or treatment assessment of knee joint osteoarthritis it is required to measure bone morphometry from radiographic images. We propose a method for automatic measurement of joint alignment from pre-operative as well as post-operative radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a two step approach we first detect and segment any implants or other artificial objects within the image. We exploit physical characteristics and avoid prior shape information to cope with the vast amount of implant types. Subsequently, we exploit the implant delineations to adapt the initialization and adaptation phase of a dedicated bone segmentation scheme using deformable template models. Implant and bone contours are fused to derive the final joint segmentation and thus the alignment measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated our method on clinical long leg radiographs and compared both the initialization rate, corresponding to the number of images successfully processed by the proposed algorithm, and the accuracy of the alignment measurement. Ground truth has been generated by an experienced orthopedic surgeon. For comparison a second reader reevaluated the measurements. Experiments on two sets of 70 and 120 digital radiographs show that 92% of the joints could be processed automatically and the derived measurements of the automatic method are comparable to a human reader for pre-operative as well as post-operative images with a typical error of 0.7° and correlations of r = 0.82 to r = 0.99 with the ground truth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method allows deriving objective measures of joint alignment from clinical radiographs. Its accuracy and precision are on par with a human reader for all evaluated measurements.
authors.affiliation: André Gooßen, Philips Research, Philips Technologie GmbH - Innovative Technologies, 22335 Hamburg, Germany. andre.goossen@philips.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goossen
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: S P M
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dries
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D007866:Leg / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D057234:Preoperative Period; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011859:Radiography