title: A new mitochondrial C1 lineage from the prehistory of Uruguay: population genocide, ethnocide, and continuity.
abstract: Uruguayan population has been considered as of European descent, as its Native populations victims of genocide apparently disappeared in the 19th century. Contradicting this national belief, genetic studies have shown a substantial Native contribution. However, the continuity between prehistoric, historic, and present populations remains unproved. With the aim of adding elements to prove a possible population continuity, we studied a mitochondrial lineage, part of haplogroup C1, analyzing the complete genome of a modern Uruguayan individual and the hypervariable region I (HVRI) in prehistoric, historic, and contemporary individuals. Several individuals carried the mutations that characterize this lineage: two from an archaeological mound located in the east of the country, the Charrúa Indian chief Vaimaca Perú and five individuals from the present population. The lineage was initially characterized by its HVRI sequence, having the four typical C1 mutations and adding 16051G and 16288C; other mutations were also found: 16140C was found in all but the oldest individual, dated 1,610 years BP, while 16209C, 16422C, and 16519C were found only in some individuals. Hypervariable region II showed the typical C1 mutations and 194T. The coding region, analyzed in modern individuals, was characterized by 12378T, while other mutations found were not common to all of them. In summary, we have found and described a new lineage that shows continuity from prehistoric mound builders to the present population, through a representative of the extinct Charrúa Indians. The lineage appeared at least 1,600 years ago and is carried by approximately 0.7% of the modern Uruguayan population. The continuity of the lineage supports alternative perspectives about Uruguayan national identity and the meaning of the genocide, best labeled as ethnocide because of its consequences. It also contributes to the discussion about who the prehistoric mound builders were, and to the origin, at least in the maternal line, of a Charrúa Indian. From a more general perspective, we can conclude that the characteristics, evolution, and expansion of founder haplogroup C in America have not yet been elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Anthropology, College of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of the Republic, Magallanes 1577, 11,200 Montevideo, Uruguay. msans@fhuce.edu.uy
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sans
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Figueiro
authors.forename: Pedro C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D003710:Demography; D063365:Genocide / Q000266:history*; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000266:history*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial