title: Contamination by Microcystis and microcystins of blue-green algae food supplements (BGAS) on the Italian market and possible risk for the exposed population.
abstract: Blue green algae supplements (BGAS) are generally proposed as health-promoting natural products for their purported beneficial effects. Spirulina spp. and Aphanizomenon flos aquae are mainly used in BGAS production. They are usually collected from the natural environment, where other potentially toxic cyanobacteria can be present, making possible BGAS contamination by cyanotoxins, with potential risk for human health. In this work we apply a combined approach, by using chemical and molecular techniques, on BGAS of 17 brands available in Italy. Samples containing Spirulina-only were free of contamination. The Aphanizomenon flos aquae-based samples were contaminated by highly variable levels of microcystins (MC-LR and MC-LA congeners), up to 5.2 μg MC-LR equivalents per gram product. The highest variability (up to 50 fold) was among batches of the same brand, although intra-batch differences were also evidenced. PCR analyses were positive only for the presence of Microcystis sp., identified as the toxin-producing species responsible for contamination. At the maximum contamination levels found, a risk for consumers can be expected following chronic or sub-chronic exposure to a reasonable daily BGAS consumption of 4 g. The need for a strict monitoring by producers and Health Authority to assure an adequate protection for consumers is underscored.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Rome, Italy. susanna.vichi@iss.it
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vichi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavorini
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Funari
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scardala
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Testai
mesh_terms: D046890:Aphanizomenon / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012307:Risk Factors; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D052998:Microcystins