title: A candidate-gene association study for berry colour and anthocyanin content in Vitis vinifera L.
abstract: Anthocyanin content is a trait of major interest in Vitis vinifera L. These compounds affect grape and wine quality, and have beneficial effects on human health. A candidate-gene approach was used to identify genetic variants associated with anthocyanin content in grape berries. A total of 445 polymorphisms were identified in 5 genes encoding transcription factors and 10 genes involved in either the biosynthetic pathway or transport of anthocyanins. A total of 124 SNPs were selected to examine association with a wide range of phenotypes based on RP-HPLC analysis and visual characterization. The phenotypes were total skin anthocyanin (TSA) concentration but also specific types of anthocyanins and relative abundance. The visual assessment was based on OIV (Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin) descriptors for berry and skin colour. The genes encoding the transcription factors MYB11, MYBCC and MYC(B) were significantly associated with TSA concentration. UFGT and MRP were associated with several different types of anthocyanins. Skin and pulp colour were associated with nine genes (MYB11, MYBCC, MYC(B), UFGT, MRP, DFR, LDOX, CHI and GST). Pulp colour was associated with a similar group of 11 genes (MYB11, MYBCC, MYC(B), MYC(A), UFGT, MRP, GST, DFR, LDOX, CHI and CHS(A)). Statistical interactions were observed between SNPs within the transcription factors MYB11, MYBCC and MYC(B). SNPs within LDOX interacted with MYB11 and MYC(B), while SNPs within CHI interacted with MYB11 only. Together, these findings suggest the involvement of these genes in anthocyanin content and on the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work forms a benchmark for replication and functional studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Cell Biotechnology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Oeiras, Portugal. silvana@itqb.unl.pt
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eiras Dias
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fevereiro
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maniatis
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors