title: Detection of mercury in the 411-year-old beard hairs of the astronomer Tycho Brahe by elemental analysis in electron microscopy.
abstract: Hairs more than 400 years old of the famous astronomer Tycho Brahe were studied by electron microscopy to evaluate the hypothesis that Johannes Kepler murdered his teacher Brahe by mercury intoxication. The beard hairs showed a well-preserved ultrastructure with typical hair scales and melanosomes. The authors detected an accumulation of electron-dense granules of about 10 nm inside the outer hair scales, but not in the hair shaft and roots. At the places of these heavy-metal-containing granules they detected mercury besides other elements by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX, Oxford, UK) in a field cathode scanning electron microscope (SEM, Gemini, Zeiss). The mercury-containing granules were found over the whole length of hairs, but only in the outer hair scales. Nevertheless, surface coatings of hairs were free of mercury. This distribution of mercury does not support the murder hypothesis, but could be related to precipitation of mercury dust from the air during long-term alchemistic activities.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopic Center, Department of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. ludwig.jonas@gmx.de
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jaksch
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zellmann
authors.forename: Kerstin I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Klemm
authors.forename: Peter Hvilshøj
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D001256:Astronomy; D002423:Cause of Death; D005197:Famous Persons; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D020460:Melanosomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008628:Mercury