title: Effects of micronized progesterone added to non-oral estradiol on lipids and cardiovascular risk factors in early postmenopause: a clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much attention has been drawn to the deleterious effects of adding progestins to estrogen as hormone therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women. Some widely prescribed progestins have been shown to partially oppose the beneficial effects of estrogens on surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Progestins with higher androgenic activity may interfere with lipid profile and glucose tolerance, and could affect mechanisms of estrogen-induced C-reactive protein (CRP) stimulation. Recent data have shown that norpregnane derivatives, but not micronized progesterone, increase the risk of venous thromboembolism among transdermal estrogens users. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of combining micronized progesterone with non-oral estrogen therapy on lipid profile and cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of early postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trial including 40 women receiving intranasal 17β estradiol 3 mg/day for two months and 46 women receiving percutaneous 17β estradiol gel 1.5 mg/day for three months (E2). Both groups received an additional 200 mg/day of micronized progesterone by vaginal route 14 days/month (E2+P). Outcome measures included body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP) at baseline and during the E2 or E2+P portions of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 51±3 years. Mean time since menopause was 22.2±10 months. Most participants were overweight; HT did not change BMI. E2 and E2+P did not affect waist circumference and weight. Menopausal symptoms improved after HT. The effects of intranasal and percutaneous estradiol were similar, regardless of the addition of progesterone. Similarly, for the overall group of 86 women, micronized progesterone did not alter the response to E2. Blood pressure, glucose, insulin, HDL-c, triglycerides, and usCRP remained constant with or without micronized progesterone. Total cholesterol decreased after E2, and progesterone maintained this reduction. LDL-c levels were similar at baseline and with E2, and lower during E2+P in relation to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclic, short term exposure to vaginal micronized progesterone did not alter the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of non-oral E2 in early, apparently healthy, postmenopausal women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01432028.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: Poli Mara
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spritzer
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D002097:C-Reactive Protein