title: Different water use strategies of juvenile and adult Caragana intermedia plantations in the Gonghe Basin, Tibet Plateau.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a semi-arid ecosystem, water is one of the most important factors that affect vegetation dynamics, such as shrub plantation. A water use strategy, including the main water source that a plant species utilizes and water use efficiency (WUE), plays an important role in plant survival and growth. The water use strategy of a shrub is one of the key factors in the evaluation of stability and sustainability of a plantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caragana intermedia is a dominant shrub of sand-binding plantations on sand dunes in the Gonghe Basin in northeastern Tibet Plateau. Understanding the water use strategy of a shrub plantation can be used to evaluate its sustainability and long-term stability. We hypothesized that C. intermedia uses mainly deep soil water and its WUE increases with plantation age. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were used to determine the main water source and leaf carbon isotope discrimination was used to estimate long-term WUE. The root system was investigated to determine the depth of the main distribution. The results showed that a 5-year-old C. intermedia plantation used soil water mainly at a depth of 0-30 cm, which was coincident with the distribution of its fine roots. However, 9- or 25-year-old C. intermedia plantations used mainly 0-50 cm soil depth water and the fine root system was distributed primarily at soil depths of 0-50 cm and 0-60 cm, respectively. These sources of soil water are recharged directly by rainfall. Moreover, the long-term WUE of adult plantations was greater than that of juvenile plantations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C. intermedia plantation can change its water use strategy over time as an adaptation to a semi-arid environment, including increasing the depth of soil water used for root growth, and increasing long-term WUE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D032602:Caragana / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D003903:Deuterium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D018609:Tibet; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D003903:Deuterium