title: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The greatly increased risk of being killed or injured in a car crash for the young novice driver has been recognised in the road safety and injury prevention literature for decades. Risky driving behaviour has consistently been found to contribute to traffic crashes. Researchers have devised a number of instruments to measure this risky driving behaviour. One tool developed specifically to measure the risky behaviour of young novice drivers is the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS) (Scott-Parker et al., 2010). The BYNDS consists of 44 items comprising five subscales for transient violations, fixed violations, misjudgement, risky driving exposure, and driving in response to their mood. The factor structure of the BYNDS has not been examined since its development in a matched sample of 476 novice drivers aged 17-25 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current research attempted to refine the BYNDS and explore its relationship with the self-reported crash and offence involvement and driving intentions of 390 drivers aged 17-25 years (M=18.23, SD=1.58) in Queensland, Australia, during their first 6 months of independent driving with a Provisional (intermediate) driver's licence. A confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken examining the fit of the originally proposed BYNDS measurement model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model was not a good fit to the data. A number of iterations removed items with low factor loadings, resulting in a 36-item revised BYNDS which was a good fit to the data. The revised BYNDS was highly internally consistent. Crashes were associated with fixed violations, risky driving exposure, and misjudgement; offences were moderately associated with risky driving exposure and transient violations; and road-rule compliance intentions were highly associated with transient violations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applications of the BYNDS in other young novice driver populations will further explore the factor structure of both the original and revised BYNDS. The relationships between BYNDS subscales and self-reported risky behaviour and attitudes can also inform countermeasure development, such as targeting young novice driver non-compliance through enforcement and education initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia. b.scott-parker@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scott-Parker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011594:Psychometrics; D011793:Queensland; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult