title: Risk factors for injury accidents among moped and motorcycle riders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study and quantify the effect of factors related to the riders of powered two-wheelers on the risk of injury accident involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on national data held by the police from 1996 to 2005, we conducted a case-control study with responsibility for the accident as the event of interest. We estimated the odds ratios for accident responsibility. Making the hypothesis that the non-responsible riders in the study are representative of all the riders on the road, we thus identified risk factors for being responsible for injury accidents. The studied factors are age, gender, helmet wearing, alcohol consumption, validity of the subject's driving licence and for how long it has been held, the trip purpose and the presence of a passenger on the vehicle. Moped and motorcycle riders are analyzed separately, adjusting for the main characteristics of the accident.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both moped and motorcycle riders, being male, not wearing a helmet, exceeding the legal limit for alcohol and travelling for leisure purposes increased the risk of accident involvement. The youngest and oldest users had a greater risk of accident involvement. The largest risk factor was alcohol, and we identified a dose-effect relationship between alcohol consumption and accident risk, with an estimated odds ratio of over 10 for motorcycle and moped riders with a BAC of 2 g/l or over. Among motorcycle users, riders without a licence had twice the risk of being involved in an accident than those holding a valid licence. However, the number of years the rider had held a licence reduced the risk of accident involvement. One difference between moped and motorcycle riders involved the presence of a passenger on the vehicle: while carrying a passenger increased the risk of being responsible for the accident among moped riders, it protected against this risk among motorcycle riders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of responsibility has identified the major factors contributing to excess risk of injury accidents, some of which could be targeted by prevention programmes.
authors.affiliation: UMRESTTE, UMR T9405, INRETS, Université de Lyon, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, 69675 Bron Cedex, F-69003, France. moskala@fellows.iarc.fr
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moskal
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laumon
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult