title: Application of patent bio-rack wetland system using Phragmites sp. for domestic wastewater treatment in the presence of high total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metal salts.
abstract: The quality of water recourses is degrading due to improper wastewater management. The aim of this study is to examine the potential of bio-rack system for treatment of domestic wastewater in the presence of high total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metal salts. The bio-rack is a modified wetland system incorporated with the advantages of phytoremediation and attached growth microbial process. The bio-rack is void of the soil strata based root zone system and in lieu a support matrix is provided to enrich the micro flora. The studies indicate that, Phragmites sp. can tolerate TDS up to 9000 mg/L in the bio-rack. The heavy metal removal is a function of phytoaccumulation or phytoextraction, which can lead to morphological deformity if heavy metals exceed the saturation limit of 786 and 5760 mg/kg Cd, 854 and 9280 mg/kg Cu, 639 and 4720 mg/kg Ni, 1187 and 7516 mg/kg Zn, in shoots and roots respectively. The reduction in TDS is marginal (14%) at the highest tolerable limit whereas the heavy metal reduction is 68%, 69%, 67%, 71% for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively at the outlet of the treatment system. The sewage treatment performance of the bio-rack system for all other parameters is estimated as 75 % Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 86 % Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 27% Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), 73% Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 9% chlorides, 70% ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), 32% phosphate (PO4-P), 92% most probable number (MPN) and 93% total viable count (TVC) reduction.
authors.affiliation: WWRC, Water Resource Institute, Shahid Abbaspour, Blud, Tehran--167653131, Iran. alirezavalipour.envi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valipour
authors.forename: V Kalyan
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ghole
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D018517:Plant Roots; D018520:Plant Shoots; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D012492:Salts; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010710:Phosphates; D012492:Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen