title: Value and level of galectin-3 in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the impact of the circulating galectin-3 level on the 30-day prognostic outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2009 to March 2011, blood samples for assessment of the circulating galectin-3 level were collected from 196 consecutive STEMI patients treated by primary PCI and from 30 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The galectin-3 level was determined using ELISA. Our results demonstrated that the circulating level of galectin-3 was significantly higher in STEMI patients than in healthy control subjects (p<0.001). As compared with patients with galectin-3 <7.67 ng/mL, patients with galectin-3 ≥7.67 ng/mL were significantly older, had significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction and significantly higher frequency of elevated white blood cell count, advanced Killip score (defined as ≥ score 3), congestive heart failure (defined as ≥ New York Heart Association Functional Class III), respiratory failure, unstable hemodynamics requiring a mechanical ventilator and intra-aortic balloon pump support, multiple vessel diseases and 30-day mortality (all p<0.04). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that elevated circulating level of galectin-3 was the strongest independent predictor of the combined 30-day major adverse clinical outcome (MACO) (defined as advanced CHF or 30-day mortality) (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high circulating galectin-3 level may serve as a useful biomarker for predicting 30-day MACO in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Pei-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Li-Teh
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cheuk-Kwan
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Kuo-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Sheng-Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Yung-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chiung-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hsuen-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sheung-Fat
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Hon-Kan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yip
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D037502:Galectin 3