title: Teacher efficacy and pupil behaviour: the structure of teachers' individual and collective beliefs and their relationship with numbers of pupils excluded from school.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work has yielded knowledge of teachers' attributions for children's behaviour. Other studies have helped to develop understanding of teachers' efficacy beliefs. Little work has been undertaken to examine teachers' efficacy beliefs with regard to classroom behaviour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the relationship between teachers' individual and collective beliefs about their efficacy with children's behaviour and whether these beliefs were associated with the use of exclusion as a sanction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 197 teachers from 31 primary and nursery schools in the North East of England participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants responded to questionnaires to assess their individual and collective efficacy beliefs. Demographic and school level data were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis indicated that teachers' individual efficacy beliefs were best represented by three factors: 'Classroom Management', 'Children's Engagement', 'Instructional Strategies' that corresponded well to previous findings. Analysis of collective efficacy beliefs showed a similar structure that differed from previous findings. Individual efficacy was not associated with numbers of children excluded. One factor 'Addressing External Influences' in the collective beliefs was negatively correlated with numbers of children excluded and appeared to mitigate the deleterious effects associated with socio-economic deprivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds weight to the importance of understanding and supporting teachers' beliefs in their collective efficacy. In particular, this study underlines the need for strategies that will endorse and develop teachers' beliefs in their ability to manage children's behaviour successfully.
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, UK             Educational Psychology, Leeds City Council, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003469:Culture; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011678:Punishment; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012578:Schools, Nursery; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards*