title: Medication errors in residential aged care facilities: a distributed cognition analysis of the information exchange process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication safety is a pressing concern for residential aged care facilities (RACFs). Retrospective studies in RACF settings identify inadequate communication between RACFs, doctors, hospitals and community pharmacies as the major cause of medication errors. Existing literature offers limited insight about the gaps in the existing information exchange process that may lead to medication errors. The aim of this research was to explicate the cognitive distribution that underlies RACF medication ordering and delivery to identify gaps in medication-related information exchange which lead to medication errors in RACFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was undertaken in three RACFs in Sydney, Australia. Data were generated through ethnographic field work over a period of five months (May-September 2011). Triangulated analysis of data primarily focused on examining the transformation and exchange of information between different media across the process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this study highlight the extensive scope and intense nature of information exchange in RACF medication ordering and delivery. Rather than attributing error to individual care providers, the explication of distributed cognition processes enabled the identification of gaps in three information exchange dimensions which potentially contribute to the occurrence of medication errors namely: (1) design of medication charts which complicates order processing and record keeping (2) lack of coordination mechanisms between participants which results in misalignment of local practices (3) reliance on restricted communication bandwidth channels mainly telephone and fax which complicates the information processing requirements. The study demonstrates how the identification of these gaps enhances understanding of medication errors in RACFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of the theoretical lens of distributed cognition can assist in enhancing our understanding of medication errors in RACFs through identification of gaps in information exchange. Understanding the dynamics of the cognitive process can inform the design of interventions to manage errors and improve residents' safety.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. amina.tariq@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003142:Communication; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D006282:Health Personnel; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012112:Residential Facilities / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations