title: Germline mutations of AIP gene in somatotropinomas resistant to somatostatin analogues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most cases of familial isolated pituitary adenomas with mutated aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP:HGNC:358) gene develop somatotropinomas. They are characterised by an aggressive clinical phenotype including early age at diagnosis, large tumours and frequent invasiveness. There is little information on AIP gene mutations' prevalence in isolated somatotropinomas characterised by poor response to somatostatin analogue treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AIP mutations in non-familial cases of somatotropinomas with poor response to conventional treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with acromegaly (22 males/28 females, age 51±18 years) and 60 controls were included in this study performed at eight University Hospitals in Spain. None had family history of pituitary adenomas or other endocrine tumors. All patients failed to respond to conventional treatment including surgery and somatostatin analogues. Some patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and most cases required pegvisomant (PEG) treatment for normalisation of IGF1. AIP analysis was performed in DNA extracted from peripheral leucocytes, using standardised PCR protocol in which the coding regions of exons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were amplified. Possible deletions/duplications were studied using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEQUENCE CHANGES OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENT SIGNIFICANCE THAT COULD BE CONSIDERED AS MUTATIONS OR VARIATIONS OF UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE (VUS) OF THE AIP GENE WERE FOUND IN FOUR PATIENTS (8%). IN TWO CASES, TWO DIFFERENT MUTATIONS PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED WERE FOUND: p.Arg9Gln and p.Phe269Phe. Two other VUS were also found: c.787+24C>T in intron 5 and c.100-18C>T in intron 1. Age at diagnosis ranged from 21 to 50 years old, and in all patients, the tumor was a macroadenoma depicting IGF1 normalisation under PEG treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AIP germline mutations show a low, but non-negligible, prevalence in non-familial acromegaly patients with tumors resistant to treatment with somatostatin analogues.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oriola
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Ma José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Escolá
authors.forename: de Miguel-Novoa
authors.initials: de MN
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Díaz Soto
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Julián
authors.forename: Izaskun
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olaizola
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bernabeu
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marazuela
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puig-Domingo
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D049912:Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C103265:aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein; D013004:Somatostatin