title: A population-based case-control study of extreme summer temperature and birth defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hyperthermia is a recognized animal teratogen and maternal fever has been associated with birth defects in humans, data on the relationship between high environmental temperatures and birth defects are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pregnancies are potentially vulnerable to the weather extremes anticipated with climate change, we evaluated the relationship between extreme summer temperature and the occurrence of birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a population-based case-control study by linking the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry to birth certificates for the years 1992-2006. We selected nonmalformed infants from a 10% random sample of live births as controls. We assigned meteorologic data based on maternal residence at birth, summarized universal apparent temperature (UAT; degrees Fahrenheit) across the critical period of embryogenesis, and estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with multivariable logistic regression, controlling for confounders available on the birth certificate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 6,422 cases and 59,328 controls that shared at least 1 week of the critical period in summer, a 5-degree increase in mean daily minimum UAT was significantly associated with congenital cataracts (aOR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.99). Congenital cataracts were significantly associated with all ambient temperature indicators as well: heat wave, number of heat waves, and number of days above the 90th percentile. Inconsistent associations with a subset of temperature indicators were observed for renal agenesis/hypoplasia (positive) and anophthalmia/microphthalmia and gastroschisis (negative).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found positive and consistent associations between multiple heat indicators during the relevant developmental window and congenital cataracts which should be confirmed with other data sources.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237, USA. arc05@health.state.ny.us
authors.forename: Alissa R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Van Zutphen
authors.forename: Shao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Syni-An
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult