title: Bilingualism enriches the poor: enhanced cognitive control in low-income minority children.
abstract: This study explores whether the cognitive advantage associated with bilingualism in executive functioning extends to young immigrant children challenged by poverty and, if it does, which specific processes are most affected. In the study reported here, 40 Portuguese-Luxembourgish bilingual children from low-income immigrant families in Luxembourg and 40 matched monolingual children from Portugal completed visuospatial tests of working memory, abstract reasoning, selective attention, and interference suppression. Two broad cognitive factors of executive functioning-representation (abstract reasoning and working memory) and control (selective attention and interference suppression)-emerged from principal component analysis. Whereas there were no group differences in representation, the bilinguals performed significantly better than did the monolinguals in control. These results demonstrate, first, that the bilingual advantage is neither confounded with nor limited by socioeconomic and cultural factors and, second, that separable aspects of executive functioning are differentially affected by bilingualism. The bilingual advantage lies in control but not in visuospatial representational processes.
authors.affiliation: Educational Measurement and Applied Cognitive Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg. pascale.engel@uni.lu
authors.forename: Pascale M J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Engel de Abreu
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz-Santos
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tourinho
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bialystok
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D011203:Poverty