title: Timing perception and motor coordination on rope jumping in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate timing perception ability and motor coordination in children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) while rope jumping at different rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rope jumping at (1) a constant tempo of 100 for 15 s (RJ-C) and (2) two randomly permutated tempos (80, 100, or 120) for 15 s (RJ-V).
  
  
  METHODS
  The "timing variation while jumping", "timing variation while whirling", and "hand-foot deviation time" in each rope jumping cycle were recorded, to assess the time estimation ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 children with ADHD (9.65 ± 1.27 years) and 10 children without ADHD (9.93 ± 1.54 years) were recruited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD group showed greater variation in time between the foot jumping and the rope whirling tasks. Also, the median value of hand-foot deviation time was greater in the ADHD group (3.34 ms) than in the control group (1.75 ms). In RJ-V, the control group was able to modify their pace and respond to the target speed in the post-phase, while the ADHD group could not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired timing perception leads to less accurate performance during rope jumping for ADHD children. The findings also reveal that poor hand-foot coordination results in poor control of simultaneous movements of the upper and lower limbs during rope jumping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lih-Jiun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Jing-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Wei-Tso
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Lan-Yuen
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Wen-Lan
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013995:Time