title: Comparison of neonatal tolerance to thoracoscopic and open repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques and neonatal intensive care for neonates have allowed for repair of the neonatal esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) to be approached endoscopically. However, thoracoscopic surgery in children is still performed in only a few centers throughout the world. The aim of this study was to compare the neonatal tolerance to the thoracoscopic repair (TR) and the open repair (OR) and also to discuss anesthetic management in thoracoscopic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective study enrolling newborns diagnosed with EA with distal TEF (type C) receiving the repair surgery between June 2009 and January 2012 in our institution. Data collected included the newborns' gestational age and weight at the time of the operation, operative time, parameters of intraoperative mechanical ventilation, oxygenation, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and analysis of blood gases. Time to extubation and length of stay were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous induction with muscle paralysis followed by pressure-control ventilation and tracheal intubation regardless of the position of the fistula can be performed uneventfully in EA/TEF newborns with no additional airway anomalies and large, pericarinal fistulas in our experiences. The thoracoscopic approach appeared to take longer than the open approach. During the procedure of repair, hypercarbia and acidosis developed immediately 1 hour after pneumothorax in both groups. CO2 insufflation did have additional influence on the respiratory function of the newborns in the TR group; values of PaCO2 and ETCO2 were higher in the TR group but the difference did not reach statistical significance. By the end of the procedure, values of PaCO2 and ETCO2 returned to the baseline levels while pH did not, but all parameters made no difference in the two groups. Besides, time to extubation was shorter in the TR group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoscopic repair of EA/TEF is comparable to the open repair, and is believed to be safe and tolerable in selected patients. A wider range of neonates may be acceptable for thoracoscopic EA/TEF repair with increasing surgical experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Military General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100700, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yong-Zhe
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ya-Qun
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Sheng-Suo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ning-Ling
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000601:surgery*