title: Heavy metal toxicity to bacteria - are the existing growth media accurate enough to determine heavy metal toxicity?
abstract: A new minimal medium was formulated considering the limitations of the existing media for testing heavy metal sensitivity to bacteria. Toxicity of cadmium and copper to three bacteria was investigated in the new medium and compared with three other media commonly used to study the effect of the toxic metals. Based on speciation data arrived at using ion-selective electrodes, the available free-metal concentration in solution was highest in the MES-buffered medium. This finding was strongly supported by the estimated EC(50) values for the metals tested based on the toxicity bioassays. The free-ionic cadmium and copper concentrations in the medium provide more accurate determination of metal concentrations that affects the bacteria, than with most of other existing media. This will avoid doubts on other media and misleading conclusions relevant to the toxicity of heavy metals to bacteria and provides a better option for the study of metal-bacteria interactions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: I V N
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Rathnayake
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.forename: G S R
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Krishnamurti
authors.forename: Nanthi S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bolan
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000633:toxicity; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper