title: The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Cellular proteins called "restriction factors" can serve as powerful blockades to HIV replication, but the virus possesses elaborate strategies to circumvent these barriers. First, we discuss general hallmarks of a restriction factor. Second, we review how the viral Vif protein protects the viral genome from lethal levels of cDNA deamination by promoting APOBEC3 protein degradation; how the viral Vpu, Env, and Nef proteins facilitate internalization and degradation of the virus-tethering protein BST-2/tetherin; and how the viral Vpx protein prevents the premature termination of reverse transcription by degrading the dNTPase SAMHD1. These HIV restriction and counter-restriction mechanisms suggest strategies for new therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. rsh@umn.edu
authors.forename: Reuben S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Judd F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hultquist
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008251:Macaca; D008954:Models, Biological; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D048348:Reverse Transcription; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D015703:Antigens, CD; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D014764:Viral Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human; C502889:APOBEC3 proteins, human