title: The safety of codeine in patients with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug provocation testing should be performed before safely prescribing an analgesic for patients that are hypersensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whether or not the direct histamine releasing effect of codeine renders it useful in NSAID-hypersensitive patients is unknown. This study aimed to determine if codeine could be recommended as a safe treatment option for NSAID-hypersensitive patients without the need for oral drug provocation testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included NSAID-hypersensitive patients with and without concurrent asthma, rhinitis, and chronic urticaria that presented to the allergy clinic between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2010. Patient data were collected from the allergy clinic computer database. Patients challenged with codeine were included in the codeine group. The non-codeine group included those patients that were tested with analgesics other than codeine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, data for 1071 patients, of whom 301 were in the codeine group, were analysed. The reaction rate to codeine was 7.3% and when compared in pairs, the rate was significantly lower than to meloxicam and nimesulide (odds ratios=0.26-0.31, respectively). The reaction rate to codeine did not differ from that to benzydamine, rofecoxib, and paracetamol. Symptomatic dermographism was associated (p=0.009) with test positivity to any drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although, codeine was among the safest alternative drugs and none of the patients had an anaphylactic reaction to it, thus a challenge with codeine may be considered especially in patients with dermographism. The results of this preliminary study should be confirmed in a prospective study including a control group.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Adult Allergy Unit, Ankara, Turkey. edamadoglu@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Celebioglu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karakaya
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kalyoncu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced; D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000150:complications; D007159:Immunologic Tests / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012882:Skin Tests; D014581:Urticaria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009294:Narcotics; D001241:Aspirin; D003061:Codeine