title: Clinical review: Present and future prospects of male fertility preservation for children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid progress in fertility preservation strategies has led to the investigation of ways in which fertile gametes could be generated from cryopreserved immature testicular tissue. Childhood cancer patients remain the major group that can benefit from these techniques. Other potential candidates include patients undergoing gonadectomy and patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and cryptorchid testes. This review aims to present an overview of the current state of knowledge in experimental germ cell transplantation, testicular tissue transplantation, and germ cell culture as fertility preservation methods for males.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included English articles published in PubMed as well as personal files with the focus on studies including human or nonhuman material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germ cell and testicular tissue transplantation demonstrate clinical options to mature germ cells from immature primate testicular tissue. The most promising approach involves autologous grafting of immature testicular tissue, whereas germ cell maturation in vitro provides the best strategies to overcome problems of cancer contamination in cryopreserved testicular tissue. Three-dimensional and organ culture systems offer the possibility to differentiate immature male germ cells up to the stage of elongated spermatids. Further characterization of early germ cell development in humans is needed to modify these systems for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Kirsi.Jahnukainen@ki.se
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jahnukainen
authors.forename: Jan-Bernd
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stukenborg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D059247:Fertility Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology