title: Synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons is required for air-puff stimulated flight in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flight is an integral component of many complex behavioral patterns in insects. The giant fiber circuit has been well studied in several insects including Drosophila. However, components of the insect flight circuit that respond to an air-puff stimulus and comprise the flight central pattern generator are poorly defined. Aminergic neurons have been implicated in locust, moth and Drosophila flight. Here we have investigated the requirement of neuronal activity in serotonergic neurons, during development and in adults, on air-puff induced flight in Drosophila.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To target serotonergic neurons specifically, a Drosophila strain that contains regulatory regions from the TRH (Tryptophan Hydroxylase) gene linked to the yeast transcription factor GAL4 was used. By blocking synaptic transmission from serotonergic neurons with a tetanus toxin transgene or by hyperpolarisation with Kir2.1, close to 50% adults became flightless. Temporal expression of a temperature sensitive Dynamin mutant transgene (Shi(ts)) suggests that synaptic function in serotonergic neurons is required both during development and in adults. Depletion of IP(3)R in serotonergic neurons via RNAi did not affect flight. Interestingly, at all stages a partial requirement for synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons was observed. The status of serotonergic neurons was investigated in the central nervous system of larvae and adults expressing tetanus toxin. A small but significant reduction was observed in serotonergic cell number in adult second thoracic segments from flightless tetanus toxin expressing animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies show that loss of synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons causes a flight deficit. The temporal focus of the flight deficit is during pupal development and in adults. The cause of the flight deficit is likely to be loss of neurons and reduced synaptic function. Based on the partial phenotypes, serotonergic neurons appear to be modulatory, rather than an intrinsic part of the flight circuit.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sufia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadaf
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Birman
authors.forename: Gaiti
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D034281:Dynamins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011679:Pupa / Q000502:physiology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059326:Serotonergic Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D013744:Tetanus Toxin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019076:Transgenes; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C052130:GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae; C489461:Kir2.1 channel; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013744:Tetanus Toxin; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase; D034281:Dynamins