title: Innate and adaptive immune gene expression profiles as biomarkers in human type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The mRNA levels of a set of immune-related genes were analysed with peripheral blood samples from at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, in comparison to those from healthy controls. The selected set includes T lymphocyte genes [CD3G and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)], B lymphocyte genes (CD19 and CD20) and myeloid cell-related genes [CD11b, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, arginase (ARG1)]. Also included is a subset of the S100 family members that has been documented recently as regulatory elements of innate immunity. Samples from patients with long-term T1D had a reduced level of mRNA for most of selected innate and adaptive immune genes. No such reduction was detected in samples collected from at-risk or new-onset T1D patients. Analyses of regulatory gene expression ratios revealed a dynamic disproportion of CTLA4 versus CD3G expression in samples from at-risk, new-onset and long-term T1D patients. These changes could serve as immunological biomarkers for the status of the immune system during T1D progression and therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, RMSB 3035, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skyler
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001119:Arginase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009418:S100 Proteins; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D001119:Arginase