title: The density of knobs on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes depends on developmental age and varies among isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The virulence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is related to the parasite's ability to evade host immunity through clonal antigenic variation and tissue-specific adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs). The P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family expressed on dome-shaped protrusions called knobs on the IE surface is central to both. Differences in receptor specificity and affinity of expressed PfEMP1 are important for IE adhesiveness, but it is not known whether differences in the number and size of the knobs on which the PfEMP1 proteins are expressed also play a role. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide detailed information on isolate- and time-dependent differences in knob size and density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used atomic force microscopy to characterize knobs on the surface of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Fourteen ex vivo isolates from Ghanaian children with malaria and 10 P. falciparum isolates selected in vitro for expression of a particular PfEMP1 protein (VAR2CSA) were examined. Knob density increased from ∼20 h to ∼35 h post-invasion, with significant variation among isolates. The knob density ex vivo, which was about five-fold higher than following long-term in vitro culture, started to decline within a few months of culture. Although knob diameter and height varied among isolates, we did not observe significant time-dependent variation in these dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The density of knobs on the P. falciparum-IE surface depends on time since invasion, but is also determined by the infecting isolate in a time-independent manner. This is the first study to quantitatively evaluate knob densities and dimensions on different P. falciparum isolates, to examine ex vivo isolates from humans, and to compare ex vivo and long-term in vitro-cultured isolates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the interaction between P. falciparum parasites and the infected host.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Parasitology at i, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and at Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Katharina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Quadt
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barfod
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruun
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gyan
authors.forename: Tue
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hassenkam
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ofori
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hviid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000472:pathogenicity*