title: Sexual segregation in juvenile New Zealand sea lion foraging ranges: implications for intraspecific competition, population dynamics and conservation.
abstract: Sexual segregation (sex differences in spatial organisation and resource use) is observed in a large range of taxa. Investigating causes for sexual segregation is vital for understanding population dynamics and has important conservation implications, as sex differences in foraging ecology may affect vulnerability to area-specific human activities. Although behavioural ecologists have proposed numerous hypotheses for this phenomenon, the underlying causes of sexual segregation are poorly understood. We examined the size-dimorphism and niche divergence hypotheses as potential explanations for sexual segregation in the New Zealand (NZ) sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri), a nationally critical, declining species impacted by trawl fisheries. We used satellite telemetry and linear mixed effects models to investigate sex differences in the foraging ranges of juvenile NZ sea lions. Male trip distances and durations were almost twice as long as female trips, with males foraging over the Auckland Island shelf and in further locations than females. Sex was the most important variable in trip distance, maximum distance travelled from study site, foraging cycle duration and percent time at sea whereas mass and age had small effects on these characteristics. Our findings support the predictions of the niche divergence hypothesis, which suggests that sexual segregation acts to decrease intraspecific resource competition. As a consequence of sexual segregation in foraging ranges, female foraging grounds had proportionally double the overlap with fisheries operations than males. This distribution exposes female juvenile NZ sea lions to a greater risk of resource competition and bycatch from fisheries than males, which can result in higher female mortality. Such sex-biased mortality could impact population dynamics, because female population decline can lead to decreased population fecundity. Thus, effective conservation and management strategies must take into account sex differences in foraging behaviour, as well as differential threat-risk to external impacts such as fisheries bycatch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. elaineswleung@gmail.com
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: B Louise
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chilvers
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Antoni B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Bruce C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005398:Fisheries; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D011157:Population Dynamics; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution