title: Integrons, β-lactamase and qnr genes in multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris.
abstract: Thirty-three isolates of Proteus mirabilis and two P. vulgaris were examined for their antimicrobial resistance, the presence of integrons with regard to gene cassette content, and genetic determinants of β-lactam and low-level quinolone resistance. Integrons were detected in 23 (69.7%) P. mirabilis isolates; six (18.2%) of them had class 1 integrons, 11 (33.3%) possessed class 2 integrons and six (18.2%) carried integrons of both classes. One P. vulgaris strain possessed class 1 and class 2 integrons. The presence of integrons was associated with increased frequency of resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. Moreover, integron presence was associated with increased resistance range in terms of both the number of antimicrobials and the number of classes of antimicrobials to which a strain was resistant. Class 1 integrons contained aadA1, aadB-aadA1, dfrA1-aadA1, bla(PSE-1) -aadA1 and aacA4-orfA-orfB-aadA1 gene cassette arrays, whereas all class 2 integrons had a dfrA1-sat2-aada1 array. β-lactamase genes not associated with integrons comprised bla(TEM-2) , bla(DHA-1)  and bla(CMY-15) . Plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance was determined by qnrD and qnrS1 genes. This is the first report of P. vulgaris strains harbouring qnrD genes in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. amok@amu.edu.pl
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mokracka
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gruszczyńska
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaznowski
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D032023:Integrons / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011514:Proteus vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000494:pharmacology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D005839:Gentamicins; D047090:beta-Lactams; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole