title: Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens from retail raw meats and food-producing animals in Japan.
abstract: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in food-producing animals and retail raw meats in Japan, raw meat  samples as well as food-producing animal feces, cutaneous swabs, and nasal swabs collected from 2004 to 2006 were analyzed. Isolation rates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus were 34.6% (363 of 1,050), 2.7% (28 of 1,050), and 32.8%  (238 of 725), respectively. MRSA was isolated from 3% (9 of 300) of meat samples. No VRE were isolated in this study. Antibiotic resistance in C. coli was higher than that in C. jejuni. Three C. jejuni isolates from a patient with diarrhea in a hospital of Shizuoka Prefecture  and two chicken samples that exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, suggesting that ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni could have been distributed in meat. S. aureus isolates showed the highest level of resistance to ampicillin  and tetracycline. Resistance to tetracycline in S. aureus isolates from beef was lower than that seen in isolates from chicken and pork (P < 0.01). This study revealed that the prevalence of MRSA and VRE were low in food-producing animals and retail domestic meats in Japan,  although Campylobacter isolates resistant to fluoroquinolone and erythromycin were detected. The occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens should be monitored continuously to improve the management of the risks associated with antimicrobial drug resistance transferred from food-producing  animals to humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, 4-27-2 Kita-ando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8637, Japan. midori1_hiroi@pref.shizuoka.lg.jp
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiroi
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawamori
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Yono
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Norinaga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hara-Kudo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents