title: A review of images of nurses and smoking on the World Wide Web.
abstract: With the advent of the World Wide Web, historic images previously having limited distributions are now widely available. As tobacco use has evolved, so have images of nurses related to smoking. Using a systematic search, the purpose of this article is to describe types of images of nurses and smoking available on the World Wide Web. Approximately 10,000 images of nurses and smoking published over the past century were identified through search engines and digital archives. Seven major themes were identified: nurses smoking, cigarette advertisements, helping patients smoke, "naughty" nurse, teaching women to smoke, smoking in and outside of health care facilities, and antitobacco images. The use of nursing images to market cigarettes was known but the extent of the use of these images has not been reported previously. Digital archives can be used to explore the past, provide a perspective for understanding the present, and suggest directions for the future in confronting negative images of nursing.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. lsarna@sonnet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.forename: Stella Aguinaga
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bialous
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking; D040241:Social Marketing; D012938:Social Perception; D062789:Tobacco Products