title: Presentation of clinical laboratory results: an experimental comparison of four visualization techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how clinical chemistry test results were assessed by volunteers when presented with four different visualization techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 medical students reviewed quantitative test results from 4 patients using 4 different visualization techniques in a balanced, crossover experiment. The laboratory data represented relevant patient categories, including simple, emergency, chronic and complex patients. Participants answered questions about trend, overall levels and covariation of test results. Answers and assessment times were recorded and participants were interviewed on their preference of visualization technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessment of results and the time used varied between visualization techniques. With sparklines and relative multigraphs participants made faster assessments. With relative multigraphs participants identified more covarying test results. With absolute multigraphs participants found more trends. With sparklines participants more often assessed laboratory results to be within reference ranges. Different visualization techniques were preferred for the four different patient categories. No participant preferred absolute multigraphs for any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessments of clinical chemistry test results were influenced by how they were presented. Importantly though, this association depended on the complexity of the result sets, and none of the visualization techniques appeared to be ideal in all settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sparklines and relative multigraphs seem to be favorable techniques for presenting complex long-term clinical chemistry test results, while tables seem to suffice for simpler result sets.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian EPR Research Centre, Department of Neuroscience, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torsvik
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lillebo
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
mesh_terms: D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D002984:Clinical Laboratory Information Systems; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D015588:Observer Variation