title: Craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion in individuals with sickle cell anemia: a critical review of the literature.
abstract: This study aims to critically review the literature in respect to craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion in sickle cell anemia individuals. The Bireme and Pubmed electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: malocclusion, maxillofacial abnormalities, and Angle Class I, Class II and lass III malocclusions combined with sickle cell anemia. The search was limited to publications in English, Spanish or Portuguese with review articles and clinical cases being excluded from this study. Ten scientific publications were identified, of which three were not included as they were review articles. There was a consistent observation of orthodontic and orthopedic variations associated with sickle cell anemia, especially maxillary protrusions. However, convenience sampling, sometimes without any control group, and the lack of estimates of association and hypotheses testing undermined the possibility of causal inferences. It was concluded that despite the high frequency of craniofacial bone abnormalities and malocclusion among patients with sickle cell anemia, there is insufficient scientific proof that this disease causes malocclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry II, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cyrene Piazera Silva
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Halinna Larissa Cruz Correia
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Erika Bárbara Abreu Fonseca
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Thomaz
authors.forename: Soraia de Fátima Carvalho
authors.initials: Sde F
authors.lastname: Sousa