title: Surgical resection of cavernous malformations of the brainstem: evolution of a minimally invasive technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to provide an institutional retrospective review of surgically treated brainstem cavernous malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2005 and 2010, 22 consecutive patients with brainstem cavernous malformations (15 female and 7 male) with a mean age of 43 years underwent surgical treatment. Mean volume of the resected cavernous malformations was 0.65 cm(3). A minimally invasive resection technique was used for these cases, in conjunction with skull base approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up period was 26.6 months (range, 4-68 months). Of the 22 patients, 9% did not have clear evidence of hemorrhage at the time of presentation. Of the remainder, 22% had two or more instances of hemorrhage documented by magnetic resonance imaging. After resection and during follow-up, 54% of patients had an improvement in their modified Rankin scale, whereas 14% were worse compared with their preoperative presentation; 32% were unchanged and 9% of patients were found to have residual cavernoma post-surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our longitudinal experience has guided us to emphasize minimally invasive approaches during resection of the brainstem cavernous malformations, occasionally at the expense of achieving a complete resection, to improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Laligam N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Sekhar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult