title: Low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Ugandan HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB) associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) concentrations in four groups of patients at Mulago Hospital,  Kampala, Uganda: 1) patients co-infected with TB and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment (HIV+TB+; n = 92) who did and did not develop TB-IRIS after starting antiretroviral treatment (ART), 2) HIV-infected patients without TB (HIV+TB-;  n = 20) starting ART, 3) non-HIV-infected individuals with TB (HIV-TB+; n = 27), and 4) those without TB (HIV-TB-; n = 23).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of optimal 25D levels (>75 nmol/l) was as follows: 59% in HIV+TB+, 65% in HIV+TB-, 63% in HIV-TB+  and 35% in HIV-TB- patients. 25D concentrations decreased during the first 3 months of ART in HIV+TB+ individuals who developed IRIS (P = 0.005) and those who did not (P = 0.002), and in HIV+TB- individuals (P = 0.015); however, 25D concentration in patients  who did or did not develop TB-IRIS did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of optimal vitamin D status was relatively high in HIV-infected patients with and without TB living near the equator. No difference in 25D concentrations was observed between TB-IRIS and non-IRIS. However, 25D  concentrations decreased during ART.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conesa-Botella
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goovaerts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massinga-Loembé
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Worodria
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazakpwe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luzinda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayanja-Kizza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colebunders
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kestens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D