title: Association of malnutrition-inflammation complex and responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in long-term hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein-energy wasting, inflammation and refractory anemia are common in long-term hemodialysis patients. A decreased responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) is often the cause of the refractory anemia. We hypothesized that the malnutrition-inflammation complex is an independent predictor of decreased responsiveness to ESAs in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cohort study of 754 hemodialysis patients was examined for an association between inflammatory and nutritional markers, including the malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) and responsiveness to ESA. Cubic spline models were fitted to verify found associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SD) age of patients was 54 ± 15 years, 53% were diabetic and 32% blacks. MIS was worse in the highest quartile of ESAs responsiveness index (ERI, ESA dose divided by hemoglobin) when compared with 1st quartile (6.5 ± 4.5 versus 4.4 ± 3.4; P < 0.001). Both C-reactive protein (log CRP) (β = 0.19) and interleukin-6 (log IL-6) (β = 0.32) were strong and independent predictors of ERI using multivariate linear regression. Serum albumin (β = -0.30) and prealbumin levels (β = -0.14) were inversely associated with ERI. Each 1 SD higher MIS, higher CRP and lower albumin were associated with 86, 44 and 97% higher likelihood of having highest versus three lowest ERI quartiles in fully adjusted models [odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of 1.86 (1.31-2.85), 1.44 (1.08-1.92) and 1.97 (1.41-2.78)], respectively. Cubic splines confirmed the continuous and incremental nature of these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malnutrition-inflammation complex is an incremental predictor of poor responsiveness to ESAs in hemodialysis patients. Further studies are needed to assess whether modulating inflammatory or nutritional processes can improve anemia management.
authors.affiliation: Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Manoch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rattanasompattikul
authors.forename: Miklos Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zaritsky
authors.forename: Parta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hatamizadeh
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Csaba P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kovesdy
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006397:Hematinics