title: Clinical evaluation of analytical variations in serum creatinine measurements: why laboratories should abandon Jaffe techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-equivalence in serum creatinine (SCr) measurements across Dutch laboratories and the consequences hereof on chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  National data from the Dutch annual external quality organization of 2009 were used. 144 participating laboratories examined 11 pairs of commutable, value-assigned SCr specimens in the range 52-262 μmol/L, using Jaffe or enzymatic techniques. Regression equations were created for each participating laboratory (by regressing values as measured by participating laboratories on the target values of the samples sent by the external quality organization); area under the curves were examined and used to rank laboratories. The 10th and 90th percentile regression equation were selected for each technique separately. To evaluate the impact of the variability in SCr measurements and its eventual clinical consequences in a real patient population, we used a cohort of 82424 patients aged 19-106 years. The SCr measurements of these 82424 patients were introduced in the 10th and 90th percentile regression equations. The newly calculated SCr values were used to calculate an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the 4-variable Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Differences in CKD staging were examined, comparing the stratification outcomes for Jaffe and enzymatic SCr techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Jaffe techniques overestimated SCr: 21%, 12%, 10% for SCr target values 52, 73 and 94 μmol/L, respectively. For enzymatic assay these values were 0%, -1%, -2%, respectively. eGFR using the MDRD formula and SCr measured by Jaffe techniques, staged patients in a lower CKD category. Downgrading to a lower CKD stage occurred in 1-42%, 2-37% and 12-78.9% of patients for the 10th and 90th percentile laboratories respectively in CKD categories 45-60, 60-90 and >90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Using enzymatic techniques, downgrading occurred only in 2-4% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enzymatic techniques lead to less variability in SCr measurements than Jaffe techniques, and therefore result in more accurate staging of CKD. Therefore the specific enzymatic techniques are preferably used in clinical practice in order to generate more reliable GFR estimates.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Isala Clinics, P.O. Box 10400, 8000, GK Zwolle, the Netherlands. i.drion@isala.nl
authors.forename: Iefke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drion
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobbaert
authors.forename: Klaas H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Groenier
authors.forename: Cas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weykamp
authors.forename: Henk J G
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bilo
authors.forename: Jack F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wetzels
authors.forename: Nanne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleefstra
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine