title: Lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 regulates Hsp90-mediated protection of the sarcomeric titin springs and cardiac function.
abstract: Protein lysine methylation controls gene expression and repair of deoxyribonucleic acid in the nucleus but also occurs in the cytoplasm, where the role of this posttranslational modification is less understood. Members of the Smyd protein family of lysine methyltransferases are particularly abundant in the cytoplasm, with Smyd1 and Smyd2 being most highly expressed in the heart and in skeletal muscles. Smyd1 is a crucial myogenic regulator with histone methyltransferase activity but also associates with myosin, which promotes sarcomere assembly. Smyd2 methylates histones and non-histone proteins, such as the tumor suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma protein, RB. Smyd2 has an intriguing function in the cytoplasm of skeletal myocytes, where it methylates the chaperone Hsp90, thus promoting the interaction of a Smyd2-methyl-Hsp90 complex with the N2A-domain of titin. This complex protects the sarcomeric I-band region and myocyte organization. We briefly summarize some novel functions of Smyd family members, with a focus on Smyd2, and highlight their role in striated muscles and cytoplasmic actions. We then provide experimental evidence that Smyd2 is also important for cardiac function. In the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, Smyd2 was found to associate with the sarcomeric I-band region at the titin N2A-domain. Binding to N2A occurred in vitro and in yeast via N-terminal and extreme C-terminal regions of Smyd2. Smyd2-knockdown in zebrafish using an antisense oligonucleotide morpholino approach strongly impaired cardiac performance. We conclude that Smyd2 and presumably several other Smyd family members are lysine methyltransferases which have, next to their nuclear activity, specific regulatory functions in the cytoplasm of heart and skeletal muscle cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voelkel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andresen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Just
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rottbauer
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Linke
mesh_terms: D000185:Actinin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D002642:Chick Embryo; D064211:Connectin; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000201:enzymology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C096485:Smyd1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000185:Actinin; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; C512570:Smyd2 protein, mouse; D011494:Protein Kinases; D008239:Lysine