title: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles inhibit proliferation and induce morphological changes and apoptosis in glial cells.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) are widely used in the chemical, electrical and electronic industries. TiO(2) NPs can enter directly into the brain through the olfactory bulb and be deposited in the hippocampus region. We determined the effect of TiO(2) NPs on rat and human glial cells, C6 and U373, respectively. We evaluated proliferation by crystal violet staining, internalization of TiO(2) NPs, and cellular morphology by TEM analysis, as well as F-actin distribution by immunostaining and cell death by detecting active caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation. TiO(2) NPs inhibited proliferation and induced morphological changes that were related with a decrease in immuno-location of F-actin fibers. TiO(2) NPs were internalized and formation of vesicles was observed. TiO(2) NPs induced apoptosis after 96h of treatment. Hence, TiO(2) NPs had a cytotoxic effect on glial cells, suggesting that exposure to TiO(2) NPs could cause brain injury and be hazardous to health.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra Gissela
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Márquez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Norma Laura
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Delgado-Buenrostro
authors.forename: Yolanda Irasema
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Chirino
authors.forename: Gisela Gutiérrez
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Marure
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3