title: Utility of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography for lymph node involvement identification in intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determination of tumour involvement of regional lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is of key importance for the proper planning of treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a critical overview of published reports and to perform a meta-analysis about the diagnostic performance of 18F-choline and 11C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) in the lymph node staging of PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar search was carried out to select English-language articles published before January 2012 that discussed the diagnostic performance of choline PET to individualise lymph node disease at initial staging in PCa patients. Articles were included only if absolute numbers of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results were available or derivable from the text and focused on lymph node metastases. Reviews, clinical reports, and editorial articles were excluded. All complete studies were reviewed; thus qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the year 2000 to January 2012, we found 18 complete articles that critically evaluated the role of choline PET and PCa at initial staging. The meta-analysis was carried out and consisted of 10 selected studies with a total of 441 patients. The meta-analysis provided the following results: pooled sensitivity 49.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.9-58.4) and pooled specificity 95% (95% CI, 92-97.1). The area under the curve was 0.9446 (p<0.05). The heterogeneity ranged between 22.7% and 78.4%. The diagnostic odds ratio was 18.999 (95% CI, 7.109-50.773).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choline PET and PET/CT provide low sensitivity in the detection of lymph node metastases prior to surgery in PCa patients. A high specificity has been reported from the overall studies. Studies carried out on a larger scale with a homogeneous patient population together with the evaluation of cost effectiveness are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy. laura.evangelista@ioveneto.it
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guttilla
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zattoni
authors.forename: Pier Carlo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Muzzio
authors.forename: Filiberto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zattoni
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002794:Choline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C516370:fluoromethylcholine; D002794:Choline