title: Do research activities during college, medical school, and residency mediate racial/ethnic disparities in full-time faculty appointments at U.S. Medical schools?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether postsecondary research experiences (in college, medical school, and residency) and other variables mediate racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. medical school graduates' full-time faculty appointments in academic medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individualized, deidentified records for 1994-2000U.S. medical school matriculants who graduated with MDs before 2005, completed graduate medical education before 2009, and had data for all variables were examined for potential mediators of racial/ethnic disparities in full-time faculty appointments using the SAS macro "MEDIATE" for estimation and statistical inference. Controlling for gender, parents' occupation, and graduation year, the authors estimatedthe effects of potential mediators in separate models comparing Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) versus underrepresented minority (URM; including African American, Hispanic, and Native American/Alaska Native) graduates and white versus URM graduates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 82,758 eligible graduates, 62,749 (75.8%) had complete data; of these, 11,234 (17.9%) had full-time faculty appointments, including 18.4% (7,848/42,733) of white, 18.8% (2,125/11,297) of Asian/PI, and 14.5% (1,261/8,719) of URM graduates. Proportion of total race/ethnicity effect on full-time faculty appointment explained by all mediators was 66.0% (95% CI, 44.7%-87.4%) in a model comparing Asians/PIs with URMs and 64.8% (95% CI, 52.2%-77.4%) in one comparing whites with URMs. Participation in postsecondary research activities, authorship during medical school, academic achievement, and faculty career intentions at graduation were among the significant mediators explaining the effect of race/ethnicityonfull-time faculty appointment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postsecondary research experiences for URM students are among the mediators of racial/ethnic disparities in full-time faculty appointments and, therefore, may increase academic medicine faculty diversity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Behavior Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. djeffe@dom.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jeffe
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Dorothy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Andriole
mesh_terms: D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States