title: Influenza infection and risk of acute myocardial infarction in England and Wales: a CALIBER self-controlled case series study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association between infections and vascular events has been observed, but the specific effect of influenza and influenza-like illnesses on triggering acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Episodes of first AMI from 1 January 2003 through 31 July 2009 were identified using linked anonymized electronic medical records from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project and the General Practice Research Database. Self-controlled case series analysis was used to investigate AMI risks after consultation for acute respiratory infection. Infections were stratified by influenza virus circulation, diagnostic code, and vaccination status to assess whether influenza was more likely than other infections to trigger AMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 22,024 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 11,208 met the criterion of having had their first AMI at the age of ≥ 40 years, and 3927 had also consulted for acute respiratory infection. AMI risks were significantly raised during days 1-3 after acute respiratory infection (incidence ratio, 4.19 [95% confidence interval, 3.18-5.53], with the effect tapering over time. The effect was greatest in those aged ≥ 80 years (P = .023). Infections occurring when influenza was circulating and those coded as influenza-like illness were associated with consistently higher incidence ratios for AMI (P = .012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Influenza and other acute respiratory infections can act as a trigger for AMI. This effect may be stronger for influenza than for other infections.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01106196.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom. c.warren-gash@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Warren-Gash
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denaxas
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Timmis
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology