title: Menopausal symptoms in young survivors of breast cancer: a growing problem without an ideal solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New breast cancers occur in 25% to 30% of women < 50 years of age. These young women undergo ablative surgery, chemotherapy, or hormonal/targeted treatment. These treatments have resulted in increased survival but at the expense of early menopause, marked by distressing vasomotor symptoms, sexual dysfunction, decreased metabolism, and musculoskeletal and cardiovascular effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed. This article reviews the evidence-based approaches to the treatment of these distressing symptoms in young breast cancer survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Menopausal symptoms in young patients are typically more severe due to the abrupt and rapid decrease in estrogen, and chemotherapy and hormones worsen these symptoms. Evidence supporting the efficacy of most complementary therapies is scarce. Behavioral modification and yoga may be helpful in mild cases of vasomotor symptoms, whereas newer antidepressants are promising in moderate to severe cases, and stellate ganglion block may be used in refractory cases. Local vaginal moisturizers, and in refractory cases low-dose estrogen creams, may ameliorate most urogenital symptoms. Bisphosphonates, vitamin D, and calcium can treat osteoporosis, and weight-bearing exercises decrease bone mineral density loss and help to control weight. Smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary modifications should be recommended to all young patients to decrease cardiac morbidity. At present, there is insufficient evidence to support any natural agent as a viable alternative to hormone replacement therapy to treat these symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No single agent can ameliorate vasomotor, cardiac, skeletal, and sexual concerns of young breast cancer survivors coping with menopausal symptoms. Quality-of-life research involving premenopausal breast cancer survivors is lacking. Further study is needed to identify safe and effective treatments for menopausal symptoms and to confirm their long-term safety in young breast cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA.
authors.forename: Vijayashree
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008594:Menopause, Premature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens