title: Catalytic oxidative degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by FeIII-TAML/H2O2: estrogenicities of the products of partial, and extensive oxidation.
abstract: The oxidative degradation of the oral contraceptive 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)) in water by a new advanced catalytic oxidation process was investigated. The oxidant employed was hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution and the catalyst was the iron tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand (Fe(III)-TAML) complex that has been designated Na[Fe(H(2)O)(B*)] (Fe(III)-B*). EE(2) (10 μM) was oxidised rapidly by the Fe(III)-B*/H(2)O(2) (5 nM/4 mM) catalytic oxidation system at 25 °C, and for reactions at pH 8.40-11.00, no unchanged EE2 was detected in the reaction mixtures after 60 min. No oxidation of EE(2) was detected in blank reactions using either H(2)O(2) or Fe(III)-B* alone. The maximum rate of EE(2) loss occurred at pH 10.21. At this pH the half-life of EE(2) was 2.1 min and the oxidised products showed around 30% estrogenicity removal, as determined by the yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay. At pH 11.00, partial oxidation of EE(2) by Fe(III)-B*/H(2)O(2) (5 nM/4 mM) was studied (half-life of EE(2) was 14.5 min) and in this case the initial intermediates formed were a mixture of the epimers 17α-ethynyl-1,4-estradiene-10α,17β-diol-3-one (1a) and 17α-ethynyl-1,4-estradiene-10β,17β-diol-3-one (1b) (identified by LC-ToF-MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy). Significantly, this product mixture displayed a slightly higher estrogenicity than EE(2) itself, as determined by the YES bioassay. Upon the addition of further aliquots of Fe(III)-B* (to give a Fe(III)-B* concentration of 500 nM) and H(2)O(2) (to bring the concentration up to 4 mM assuming the final concentration had dropped to zero) to this reaction mixture the amounts of 1a and 1b slowly decreased to zero over a 60 min period as they were oxidised to unidentified products that showed no estrogenicity. Thus, partial oxidation of EE(2) gave products that have slightly increased estrogenicity, whereas more extensive oxidation by the advanced catalytic oxidation system completely removed all estrogenicity. These results underscore the importance of controlling the level of oxidation during the removal of EE(2) from water by oxidative processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jian Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shanthinie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: L James
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singhal
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000737:chemistry; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004963:Estrenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004963:Estrenes; D004967:Estrogens; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol