title: Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa benchmarked against modafinil: a review and comparison of effect sizes.
abstract: Over recent years there has been increasing research into both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical cognition enhancers. Here we aimed to calculate the effect sizes of positive cognitive effect of the pharmaceutical modafinil in order to benchmark the effect of two widely used nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa (which have consistent acute and chronic cognitive effects, respectively). A search strategy was implemented to capture clinical studies into the neurocognitive effects of modafinil, Ginseng and Bacopa. Studies undertaken on healthy human subjects using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design were included. For each study where appropriate data were included, effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for measures showing significant positive and negative effects of treatment over placebo. The highest effect sizes for cognitive outcomes were 0.77 for modafinil (visuospatial memory accuracy), 0.86 for Ginseng (simple reaction time) and 0.95 for Bacopa (delayed word recall). These data confirm that neurocognitive enhancement from well characterized nutraceuticals can produce cognition enhancing effects of similar magnitude to those from pharmaceutical interventions. Future research should compare these effects directly in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic. 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camfield
authors.forename: Jonathon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reay
authors.forename: Con
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stough
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scholey
mesh_terms: D034681:Bacopa; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D000077408:Modafinil; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005894:Panax; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D000077408:Modafinil