title: Breast vibro-acoustography: initial results show promise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vibro-acoustography (VA) is a recently developed imaging modality that is sensitive to the dynamic characteristics of tissue. It detects low-frequency harmonic vibrations in tissue that are induced by the radiation force of ultrasound. Here, we have investigated applications of VA for in vivo breast imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recently developed combined mammography-VA system for in vivo breast imaging was tested on female volunteers, aged 25 years or older, with suspected breast lesions on their clinical examination. After mammography, a set of VA scans was acquired by the experimental device. In a masked assessment, VA images were evaluated independently by 3 reviewers who identified mass lesions and calcifications. The diagnostic accuracy of this imaging method was determined by comparing the reviewers' responses with clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected images from 57 participants: 7 were used for training and 48 for evaluation of diagnostic accuracy (images from 2 participants were excluded because of unexpected imaging artifacts). In total, 16 malignant and 32 benign lesions were examined. Specificity for diagnostic accuracy was 94% or higher for all 3 reviewers, but sensitivity varied (69% to 100%). All reviewers were able to detect 97% of masses, but sensitivity for detection of calcification was lower (≤ 72% for all reviewers).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VA can be used to detect various breast abnormalities, including calcifications and benign and malignant masses, with relatively high specificity. VA technology may lead to a new clinical tool for breast imaging applications.
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alizad
authors.forename: Dana H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Rickey E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Randall R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kinnick
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatemi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000473:pathology; D008327:Mammography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards