title: Changes in free amino acid, protein, and flavonoid content in jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit during eight stages of growth and antioxidative and cancer cell inhibitory effects by extracts.
abstract: Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) was analyzed at eight stages of ripeness (S1-8) for protein, by HPLC and mass spectroscopy for free amino acids and flavonoids, and by colorimetry for total flavonoids and antioxidative activity. The ripe fruit had lower levels of protein, flavonoids, and antioxidative activity than that of the unripe fruit. Free amino acids levels peaked at S5, due mainly to an increase in free asparagine. Extracts were also tested against four cell lines using the MTT cell viability assay. All growth stages dose-dependently inhibited HeLa cervical cancer cells, whereas the inhibition of Hel299 normal lung and A549 lung cancer cells decreased as the fruit matured and was well correlated with the flavonoid content and antioxidative activity. Chang normal liver cells were inhibited by only the S5 extract. U937 lymphoma cells were unaffected by the extracts. These results show the effect of fruit maturity on nutritional and health-promoting components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Service Industry, Seowon University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jun-Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Hyun-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nam-Kyung
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kozukue
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001216:Asparagine / Q000032:analysis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D020298:U937 Cells; D031957:Ziziphus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D001216:Asparagine