title: Contribution of evening macronutrient intake to total caloric intake and body mass index.
abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sleep timing and macronutrient intake as an approach towards better understanding of how sleep and eating affect weight regulation. Fifty-two volunteers (25 women) completed 7 days of wrist actigraphy and food logs. "Average sleepers" (56%) were defined as having a midpoint of sleep <5:30 am and "late sleepers" (44%) were defined as having a midpoint of sleep ≥ 5:30 am. Data were analyzed using t-tests, correlations and regression. Late sleepers consumed a greater amount of protein fat and carbohydrates in the evening (defined as after 8:00 pm) but less fat in the 4 h before sleep. Total protein, protein, carbohydrate, and fat consumed after 8:00 pm, protein consumed within 4h of sleep as well as the percentage of fat consumed after 8:00 were associated with higher BMI. The amount of protein and carbohydrates consumed within 4h of sleep and the amount and percentage of carbohydrate and fat consumed after 8:00 pm were associated with greater total calories. In multivariate analyses controlling for age, gender, sleep timing and duration, protein consumed 4 h before sleep was associated with BMI; carbohydrates consumed after 8 pm, protein and carbohydrates consumed 4h before sleep were associated with higher total calories. Results indicate that evening intake of macronutrients and intake before sleep are not synonymous, particularly among late sleepers. Eating in the evening or before sleep may predispose individuals to weight gain through higher total calories.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Cognitive Therapy, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Abbott Hall, Rm. 523, 710 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: k-baron@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Kelly Glazer
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Academy of Cognitive Therapy, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Abbott Hall, Rm. 523, 710 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Linda Van
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.affiliation: Academy of Cognitive Therapy, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Abbott Hall, Rm. 523, 710 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Zee
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins