title: Second-hand tobacco smoke and children.
abstract: Cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals with hazardous adverse effects on almost every organ in the body of smokers as well as of nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). There has been increasing interest in the effects of passive smoking on the health of children. In order to detect the magnitude of passive smoking in children, parental questionnaires, measuring nicotine and cotinine body levels, and evaluating expired carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations, have been used. Passive smoking causes respiratory illness, asthma, poor growth, neurological disorders, and coronary heart diseases. Herein, we focused on the deleterious influences of passive smoking on immunity and liver. Besides, its effects on the concentrations of various biomarker levels related to the oxidant/antioxidant status were considered. Understanding these effects may help clinicians to counsel parents on smoking cessation and smoke exposure elimination. It may also help to develop interventions to improve the health of children. This review potentially demonstrated some nutraceuticals with a promising role in the prevention of smoking-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Al-Sayed
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt khadigasalah@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Khadiga Salah
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution