title: Detection of smell print differences between nonmalignant and malignant prostate cells with an electronic nose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an electronic nose can differentiate cultured nonmalignant and malignant prostatic cells from each other and whether the smell print is secreted to the surrounding medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostatic nonmalignant (EP-156T and controls) and malignant (LNCaP) cell lines, as well as conditioned and unconditioned media, were collected. The smell prints of the samples were analyzed by a ChemPro(®) 100 electronic nose device. The data were normalized and dimension reduction was conducted. The samples were classified and misclassification rates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electronic nose differentiated the nonmalignant and malignant cell lines from each other, achieving misclassification rates of 2.9-3.6%. Cells did not differ from the conditioned medium but differed from the unconditioned medium (misclassification rates: 0.0-25.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignant and nonmalignant prostatic cell lines have distinct smell prints. Prostatic cancer cells seem to modify the smell print of their medium.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. antti.roine@uta.fi
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roine
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolvanen
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sipiläinen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumpulainen
authors.forename: Merja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vepsäläinen
authors.forename: Tuomo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Keinänen
authors.forename: Merja R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskimäki
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veskimäe
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuokko
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
authors.forename: Teuvo L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sioris
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lekkala
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helle
authors.forename: Niku K J
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Oksala
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D062609:Electronic Nose; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds