title: Comparison between patient-reported and clinician-observed symptoms in oncology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptom assessment is critical to understand the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Traditionally, clinicians have provided the information about cancer patients' symptoms. However, current research has shown that there are discrepancies on symptom assessment results reported by patients themselves and clinicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to present an integrative review on studies comparing patient-reported symptoms and clinician-observed symptoms in patients with a diagnosis of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a review of published articles from PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database, using the key words symptom or toxicity, and patient-reported, patient-rated, patient-assessed or patient-evaluated, which were combined with cancer, oncology, neoplasm, or tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinicians have the propensity to underestimate the incidence, severity, or distress of symptoms experienced by cancer patients. These discrepancies appear to be consistently demonstrated over time and become even more apparent when symptoms are more severe and distressing to patients. In addition, patients report both symptom frequency and severity earlier than clinicians do; patients' symptom assessments are more predictable for daily health status, whereas clinicians' symptom measurements are more related to clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare professionals must appreciate that there can be discordance between what they perceive and what patients experience and report. Further research needs to address methodological limitations and weaknesses of existing literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms reported by patients themselves provide the necessary and different insight into cancer and its treatment, compared with those observed by clinicians. The use of patient-reported symptoms should be incorporated into routine clinical practice and not just research studies.
authors.affiliation: Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Drs Xiao and Bruner); and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Polomano).
authors.forename: Canhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Polomano
authors.forename: Deborah Watkins
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bruner
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment