title: Unpredicted ovulations and conceptions during early pregnancy: an explanatory mechanism of human superfetation.
abstract: In this bioessay, a literature review on human superfetation was performed in order to find epidemiological variables associated with this phenomenon. Thereafter, an explanatory mechanism of superfetation compatible with the endocrinological, histological and physiological changes undergone by women during early pregnancy is proposed. Superfetation can be defined as the ovulation, fertilisation and implantation of a second or additional embryo(s) during pregnancy. The literature review evidences a small discordance in gestational age between dizygotic twins in humans (range: 2-4 weeks; mean ± s.e.m.: 3.3 ± 0.3 weeks). This difference is compatible with a luteal out-of-phase (LOOP; i.e. atypical increase in E2 levels in the mid-luteal phase)-like event occurring between 1 and 3 weeks after the ovulation that allowed the first pregnancy to take place. The LOOP-like event may allow passive sperm transport from the vaginal fornix to the Fallopian tube ipsilateral to the ovulatory ovary and trigger a LH peak and ovulation. Furthermore, during very early pregnancy, the decidual reaction is not yet completed and at least one proximal Fallopian ostium may be opened, allowing the passage of the spermatozoa ascending to the fertilisation site and the extra embryo(s) descending to the implantation site(s).
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain. tarinjj@uv.es
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tarín
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: García-Pérez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hermenegildo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cano
mesh_terms: D003656:Decidua / Q000502:physiology; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000502:physiology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000502:physiology; D013476:Superfetation / Q000502:physiology*; D014427:Twins; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol