title: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised as a potential screening test for elderly drivers.
abstract: Considerable research has shown that neuropsychological tests are predictive of real-world driving ability. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a brief cognitive test that has been commonly used in the assessment of older drivers. However, this test has inherent problems that limit its validity to evaluate cognitive abilities related to driving and to screen for driving impairments in non-demented people. Therefore, it is useful to test new screening instruments that may predict potential unsafe drivers who require an in-depth neuropsychological assessment in a specialised centre. To date, the utility of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) as an indicator of driving ability has not been established. In the current study, fifty older drivers (mean age=73.1 years) who were referred for a psychological assessment, the protocol of which included the ACE-R, underwent an on-road driving test. Using linear discriminant analyses, the results highlighted the higher classification accuracy of the ACE-R compared to the MMSE score, particularly for detecting unsafe drivers. Measures of visuospatial and executive functions, which are not incorporated in the MMSE score, had an incremental value in the prediction of driving ability. This emerging brief cognitive test may warrant additional study for use in the fitness to drive assessment of older adults.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo Comportamental (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. isferreira@fpce.uc.pt
authors.forename: Inês S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Mário R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marôco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001333:Automobile Driver Examination; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety