title: Tetanus as cause of mass die-off of captive Japanese macaques, Japan, 2008.
abstract: In 2008 in Japan, 15/60 captive Japanese macaques died. Clostridium tetani was isolated from 1 monkey, and 11 had tetanus-specific symptoms. We conclude the outbreak resulted from severe environmental C. tetani contamination. Similar outbreaks could be prevented by vaccinating all monkeys, disinfecting housing areas/play equipment, replacing highly C. tetani-contaminated soil, and conducting epidemiologic surveys.
authors.affiliation: Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Motohide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Une
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000382:microbiology*; D003017:Clostridium tetani / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008251:Macaca / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013742:Tetanus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*