title: Physiological challenges of bone repair.
abstract: Bone healing after fracture occurs in a well-organized manner and involves a multitude of cell types, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, and certain vitamins. Some of the means by which alterations in these essential components affect bone repair are understood, whereas others still need to be delineated. Based on clinical experience and basic science research, certain clinical conditions have become associated with delays in bone repair after fracture. These conditions include chronic inflammation, diabetes, hypovitaminosis, aging, and polytrauma. This brief report reviews some of the ways by which these conditions have been shown to negatively influence bone repair.
authors.affiliation: Texas Health Physicians Group, Orthopedic Medicine Specialists, Arlington, TX, USA. josephborrelli@texashealth.org
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hak
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans