title: Energy and macronutrient content of familiar beverages interact with pre-meal intervals to determine later food intake, appetite and glycemic response in young adults.
abstract: The objective was to compare the effects of pre-meal consumption of familiar beverages on appetite, food intake, and glycemic response in healthy young adults. Two short-term experiments compared the effect of consumption at 30 (experiment 1) or 120 min (experiment 2) before a pizza meal of isovolumetric amounts (500 mL) of water (0 kcal), soy beverage (200 kcal), 2% milk (260 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (340 kcal), orange juice (229 kcal) and cow's milk-based infant formula (368 kcal) on food intake and subjective appetite and blood glucose before and after a meal. Pre-meal ingestion of chocolate milk and infant formula reduced food intake compared to water at 30 min, however, beverage type did not affect food intake at 2h. Pre-meal blood glucose was higher after chocolate milk than other caloric beverages from 0 to 30 min (experiment 1), and after chocolate milk and orange juice from 0 to 120 min (experiment 2). Only milk reduced post-meal blood glucose in both experiments, suggesting that its effects were independent of meal-time energy intake. Combined pre- and post-meal blood glucose was lower after milk compared to chocolate milk and orange juice, but did not differ from other beverages. Thus, beverage calorie content and inter-meal intervals are primary determinants of food intake in the short-term, but macronutrient composition, especially protein content and composition, may play the greater role in glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Bohdan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Luhovyy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Ting Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: H Douglas
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2. Electronic address: harvey.anderson@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harvey Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002099:Cacao; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008892:Milk; D009753:Nutritive Value; D041942:Soy Milk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins