title: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of strategies to increase adolescents' physical activity and motivation during physical education lessons: the Motivating Active Learning in Physical Education (MALP) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The physical activity (PA) levels of many children and adolescents in Australia are currently insufficient to promote health benefits. Physical education (PE) programs aim to promote PA and reach nearly all school-aged children, but PA levels within PE lessons are often low. PE teachers may influence children's motivation to be physically active in PE lessons, but little is known about teacher strategies that effectively motivate children to participate in PA, and few intervention studies have examined motivational strategies in PE. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three motivational strategies, each based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), on PA levels, and their hypothesized antecedents, during year 8 PE lessons.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study employed a cluster-randomized controlled trial design. Following a familiarization session, PA levels and hypothesized PA antecedents were measured during a baseline lesson and a post-intervention or control lesson. Teachers (n = 16) and their classes from five secondary schools in Sydney, Australia were randomly assigned into four blocks and instructed to provide one of four 20-min lesson teaching strategy conditions: (1) explaining the relevance of activities; (2) providing choice from PA options selected by the teacher; (3) providing equipment and free choice of activities; or (4) usual practice. The primary outcomes were lesson time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA, and motivation towards the lesson. Secondary outcomes were perceptions of teacher behavior, psychological needs satisfaction, and lesson time spent in sedentary behavior. PA and sedentary behavior were measured during baseline and post-intervention lessons with waist-mounted Actigraph GT3X accelerometers. Teacher behavior, psychological needs satisfaction, and motivation were assessed via questionnaires at the end of each lesson. Linear mixed-model analyses will be run on all outcomes, with students nested within teachers as a random effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings will inform the development of effective SDT-based teaching strategy interventions to enhance students' psychological needs satisfaction, motivation, and PA levels. More effective teaching strategies may be identified that are capable of improving adolescents' PA levels, and thereby provide beneficial population health outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials and is traceable as ISRCTN07038258.
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rosenkranz
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lubans
authors.forename: Louisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennie
authors.forename: Taren
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lonsdale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001315:Australia; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009043:Motor Activity; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011582:Psychological Theory