title: Preventing maritime transfer of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae.
abstract: Organisms, including Vibrio cholerae, can be transferred between harbors in the ballast water of ships. Zones in the Caribbean region where distance from shore and water depth meet International Maritime Organization guidelines for ballast water exchange are extremely limited. Use of ballast water treatment systems could mitigate the risk for organism transfer.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. hei1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Slaten
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.forename: Jordan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Espey
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Handzel
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Tauxe
mesh_terms: D017691:Caribbean Region; D002771:Cholera / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006205:Haiti; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D012767:Ships; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002772:Cholera Toxin