title: Critical review and comments on B.H. Kim's work on the primo vascular system.
abstract: Two periods of primo vascular system (PVS) discovery exist. The first one includes the five reports of B. H. Kim made from 1962 to 1965. The second one is from 2002 until the present time and includes reports made mainly by the Seoul National University group using modern methods. The purpose of this article is to describe the claims in B. H. Kim's reports, to comment on the most important points of his claims, and to offer hypotheses for the morphological architecture and the function of the PVS. The PVS integrated the cardiovascular, nervous, and hormonal systems. Thus, the particularities of the various body systems are combined in the PVS. The PVS is not a simple circulatory system like the cardiovascular system. Its influence on all body systems is a combination of not only substances and signals but also energy and information. The primordial PVS is like a matrix for the vascular and the nervous systems, which are formed around the PVS. The PVS is duplicated by the vascular and the nervous systems in the very early stage of body development. This is the reason why the PVS combines the features of the vascular, the nervous, and the hormonal systems. Subsequently, all embryonic body systems have developed, the primordial PVS remains connected to them, but dominates and controls them as the primeval functional system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Nutrition, Agricultural Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. stefanat@af.uni-sz.bg
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefanov
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture / Q000266:history*; D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000818:Animals; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D016740:Meridians; D056910:Republic of Korea