title: [Pharmacies of the past in Istanbul].
abstract: In the middle of the 19th century, we notice that the most of pharmacies in Istanbul are quite similar with the European pharmacies. Until 1890, the owners of pharmacies are generally foreigners or persons of minorities with ottoman nationality. The French scientifical influency is very important: French language is officially used for the medicines, the instruction at school, in the publications and the businesse meetings. After 1890, pharmacies belonging to Turkish people are more numerous.
authors.affiliation: CNRS/EHESS, Paris.
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicolas
mesh_terms: D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000266:history* / Q000458:organization & administration; D014421:Turkey