title: Mindfulness trait, eating behaviours and body uneasiness: a case-control study of binge eating disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Binge eating disorder (BED) is a complex and multifaceted eating disorder, and the literature indicates that BED patients show greater difficulty in identifying and making sense of emotional states, and that they have limited access to emotion regulation strategies. Findings show many links between mindfulness and emotional regulation, however there has been no previous research on mindfulness traits in BED patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty BED patients (N=150: women=98, men=52; age 49.3±4.1) were matched for gender, age, marital status and educational level with 150 non-bingeing obese and 150 normal-weight subjects. All were assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Binge Eating Scale (BES), Objective bulimic episodes (EDE-OBEs) and Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). For all the participants past or current meditation experience was an exclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings showed that Mindfulness-global, Non reactivity to experience, Acting with awareness, Describing with words and Observation of experience scores were significantly lower in BED than control groups (p<0.05). However, on the mindfulness measures, the obese control group did not differ from the normal weight control group. Moreover, correlations showed that mindfulness was more widely negatively correlated with the BED's OBEs, BES and BUT-GSI scores. Meanwhile, binge eating behaviours, frequency and severity (OBEs and BES) were more negatively correlated with action (Nonreactivity- to-experience and Acting-with-awareness scores). Body Uneasiness was more negatively correlated with mental processes (Describing-with-words and Observation-ofexperience) and mindfulness features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications on understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of problematic eating in BED were considered. Moreover, clinical considerations on treatment targets of mindfulnessbased eating awareness training were discussed.
authors.affiliation: Università di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy. angelo.compare@unibg.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Compare
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Callus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001364:Awareness; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires