title: Evaluation of three short dietary instruments to assess fruit and vegetable intake: the National Cancer Institute's food attitudes and behaviors survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake assessment tools that are valid, reliable, brief, and easy to administer and code are vital to the field of public health nutrition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate three short F/V intake screeners (ie, a 2-item serving tool, a 2-item cup tool, and a 16-item F/V intake screener) among adults using multiple 24-hour dietary recalls (24-hour recalls) as the reference instrument and evaluate test-retest reliability of the screeners across a 2- to 3-week time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Validity and reliability study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-four adults for the validity study and 335 adults for test-retest reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Median values for F/V intakes were calculated for the screeners and 24-hour recalls. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare screeners with the 24-hour recalls. Deattenuated Pearson correlations were reported for validity and intraclass correlation coefficient used for reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated median daily servings/cups of F/V for the 2-item serving screener was lower, for the 2-item cup screener was equivalent for men but higher for women, and for the 16-item F/V intake screener were about the same when compared with 24-hour recall values. The deattenuated correlations comparing the 24-hour recalls with the screeners were positive but weak for the 2-item serving screener, and were positive and moderate in strength for the 2-item cup and 16-item F/V intake screeners. The test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients were all positive and fairly strong for all of the screeners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although dietary screeners offer a more cost-effective, less burdensome way to obtain gross estimates to rank individuals with regard to F/V intake, these methods are not recommended for assessing precise intake levels.
authors.affiliation: Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 505 Durham Research Plaza, Omaha, NE 68105, USA. ayaroch@centerfornutrition.org
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Yaroch
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tooze
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: Olivia M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Uriyoan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Colón-Ramos
authors.forename: Abdul R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNutt
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Nebeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables