title: Divergent patterns of endogenous small RNA populations from seed and vegetative tissues of Glycine max.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small non-coding RNAs (smRNAs) are known to have major roles in gene regulation in eukaryotes. In plants, knowledge of the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of smRNA classes including microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) has been gained mostly through studies with Arabidopsis. In recent years, high throughput sequencing of smRNA populations has enabled extension of knowledge from model systems to plants with larger, more complex genomes. Soybean (Glycine max) now has many genomics resources available including a complete genome sequence and predicted gene models. Relatively little is known, however, about the full complement of its endogenous smRNAs populations and the silenced genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Illumina sequencing and computational analysis, we characterized eight smRNA populations from multiple tissues and organs of soybean including developing seed and vegetative tissues. A total of 41 million raw sequence reads collapsed into 135,055 unique reads were mapped to the soybean genome and its predicted cDNA gene models. Bioinformatic analyses were used to distinguish miRNAs and siRNAs and to determine their genomic origins and potential target genes. In addition, we identified two soybean TAS3 gene homologs, the miRNAs that putatively guide cleavage of their transcripts, and the derived tasiRNAs that could target soybean genes annotated as auxin response factors. Tissue-differential expression based on the flux of normalized miRNA and siRNA abundances in the eight smRNA libraries was evident, some of which was confirmed by smRNA blotting. Our global view of these smRNA populations also revealed that the size classes of smRNAs varied amongst different tissues, with the developing seed and seed coat having greater numbers of unique smRNAs of the 24-nt class compared to the vegetative tissues of germinating seedlings. The 24-nt class is known to be derived from repetitive elements including transposons. Detailed analysis of the size classes associated with ribosomal RNAs and transposable element families showed greater diversity of smRNAs in the 22- and 24-nt size classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flux of endogenous smRNAs within multiple stages and tissues of seed development was contrasted with vegetative tissues of soybean, one of the dominant sources of protein and oil in world markets. The smRNAs varied in size class, complexity of origins, and possible targets. Sequencing revealed tissue-preferential expression for certain smRNAs and expression differences among closely related miRNA family members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Gracia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zabala
authors.forename: Edhilvia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Kranthi K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Varala
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bloomfield
authors.forename: Sarah I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Hlaing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Win
authors.forename: Jigyasa H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tuteja
authors.forename: Bernarda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calla
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Lila O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Vodkin
mesh_terms: D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated; D018626:Retroelements