title: The long journey of cancer biomarkers from the bench to the clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein cancer biomarkers serve multiple clinical purposes, both early and late, during disease progression. The search for new and better biomarkers has become an integral component of contemporary cancer research. However, the number of new biomarkers cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration has declined substantially over the last 10 years, raising concerns regarding the efficiency of the biomarker-development pipeline.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We describe different clinical uses of cancer biomarkers and their performance requirements. We also present examples of protein cancer biomarkers currently in clinical use and their limitations. The major barriers that candidate biomarkers need to overcome to reach the clinic are addressed. Finally, the long and arduous journey of a protein cancer biomarker from the bench to the clinic is outlined with an example.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The journey of a protein biomarker from the bench to the clinic is long and challenging. Every step needs to be meticulously planned and executed to succeed. The history of clinically useful biomarkers suggests that at least a decade is required for the transition of a marker from the bench to the bedside. Therefore, it may be too early to expect that the new technological advances will catalyze the anticipated biomarker revolution any time soon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pavlou
authors.forename: Eleftherios P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Diamandis
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Blasutig
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor