title: Demonstration of fuel switching on oceangoing vessels in the Gulf of Mexico.
abstract: Switching fuels from high-sulfur heavy fuel oils (HFO) to lower sulfur marine gas oils (MGO) on an oceangoing vessel (OGV) can substantially reduce both PM and SO(x) ship stack emissions, potentially resulting in significant human health and environmental benefits in Gulf of Mexico port communities. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established an emission control area (ECA) within 200 nautical miles of the US. and Canadian coastlines and French territories off the coast of Canada with lower fuel sulfur standards effective beginning August 2012, where OGVs will need to switch from HFO to MGO. However some operators and other stakeholders, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, may be unfamiliar with the benefits and requirements and ship operators may be concerned over potential implications for cost and operations. This first-ever US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-sponsored fuel switching demonstration in the Gulf of Mexico was initiated to showcase the environmental and health benefits of as well as operational issues associated with, fuel switching through the following activities: (1) Fuel switching was conducted on typical container ships operating the Gulf of Mexico, as routine fuel switching has been demonstrated in California in recent years. Two vessels were employed in the demonstration: the Maersk Roubaix, which switched fuels entering Port of Houston, TX, and the Port of Progreso, Mexico, and the Hamburg Süd vessel Cap San Lorenzo, which switched fuels entering the Port of Houston and the Mexican Ports of Veracruz and Altamira. Operational and cost aspects were also noted. (2) Emissions reductions were quantified through both a calculation approach based on fuel use of the Maersk Line vessel Roubaix and in-stack monitoring of emissions from the Hamburg Süd Cap San Lorenzo. Pollutant emissions including PM, SO(x), NO(x), and PM component speciation were sampled during use of both fuels. These observations showed reductions (1-6%) in NO(x) and substantial reductions in PM (50-70%) and SO(x) (> 99%) depending on engine and load. (3) Emission inventories at three ports were calculated. (4) Potential health and environmental benefits to communities and ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico were estimated through screening-level modeling of air dispersion and atmospheric deposition of ship emissions at the Port of Veracruz to indicate the substantial reductions available through fuel switching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The United States and Canada have recently adopted a North American Emission Control Area that will require a shift from high-sulfur to low-sulfur fuels in the marine transportation sector. Cleaner fuels are expected to reduce sulfur and particulate emissions. This paper verifies the feasibility of such switching operations, the potential to reduce emissions if extended to the Gulf of Mexico, and the associated environmental impacts of these emission reductions inland and to sensitive ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: ICF International, San Francisco, California, USA. Louis.Browning@icfi.com
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandemehr
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gathright
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000465:Algorithms; D005648:Fuel Oils; D060851:Gulf of America; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012767:Ships; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions