title: Is dairy product consumption associated with the incidence of CHD?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies examining the association of dairy consumption with incident CHD have yielded inconsistent results. The current prospective study examined the association between dairy consumption and CHD in a population-based sample of older community-dwelling adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline CHD risk factors were assessed and an FFQ was self-administered. Participants were followed for morbidity and mortality with periodic clinic visits and annual mailed questionnaires for an average of 16?2 years, with a 96% follow-up rate for fatal and non-fatal CHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 751 men and 1008 women aged 50–93 years who attended a clinic visit in 1984–1987.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline the mean age was 70.6 (SD 9.8) years for men and 70.1 (SD 9.3) years for women. Participants who developed CHD during follow-up were significantly older (P < 0.001), had higher BMI (P = 0.035) and higher total cholesterol (P = 0.050), and were more likely to be male (P < 0.001), diabetic (P = 0.011) and hypertensive (P < 0.001), than those who did not develop CHD. Multivariate regression analyses adjusting for age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, LDL-cholesterol and oestrogen use (in women) indicated that women who consumed low-fat cheese ‘sometimes/often’ and women who consumed non-fat milk ‘sometimes/often’ had an increased risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio 52.32; 95% CI 1.57, 3.41) and CHD (hazard ratio 51.48; 95% CI 1.02, 2.16) compared with women who ‘never/rarely’ ate these dairy products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Woman with higher intake of low-fat cheese and non-fat milk seem to have a higher risk of incident CHD. This needs further investigation considering recent evidence of cardiovascular benefits from certain dairy fat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0628, USA.
authors.forename: Elisea E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Avalos
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kritz-Silverstein
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Wingard
authors.forename: Jaclyn N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.forename: Wael K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Al-Delaimy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D002784:Cholesterol