title: The CTD code of RNA polymerase II: a structural view.
abstract: RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) is not only the fundamental enzyme for gene expression but also the central coordinator of co-transcriptional processing. RNA pol II associates with a large number of enzymes and protein/RNA-binding factors through its C-terminal domain (CTD) that consists of tandem repeats of the heptapeptide consensus Y(1)S(2)P(3) T(4)S(5)P(6)S(7). The CTD is posttranslationally modified, yielding specific patterns (often called the CTD code) that are recognized by appropriate factors in coordination with the transcription cycle. Serine phosphorylations are currently the best characterized elements of the CTD code; however, the roles of the proline isomerization and other modifications of the CTD remain poorly understood. The dynamic remodeling of the CTD modifications by kinases, phosphatases, isomerases, and other enzymes introduce changes in the CTD structure and dynamics. These changes serve as structural switches that spatially and temporally regulate the binding of processing factors. Recent structural studies of the CTD bound to various proteins have revealed the basic rules that govern the recognition of these switches and shed light on the roles of these protein factors in the assemblies of the processing machineries.
authors.affiliation: CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jasnovidova
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stefl
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000072340:NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D011392:Proline; D008780:Methyltransferases; C055099:mRNA (nucleoside-O(2'))-methyltransferase; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; C496300:SSU72 protein, human; C000606845:ESS1 protein, S cerevisiae; C000606846:PIN1 protein, human; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase