title: The relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in renal transplant and end-stage renal disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular risk is increased in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is also found to be ongoing in renal transplant (Rtx) patients. As a sign of atherosclerosis, increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been widely accepted as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were introduced as oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in ESRD. The role of Rtx in terms of atherogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between IMA, PTX-3, NLR, and CIMT in Rtx patients without overt CVD and to compare these results with those obtained from healthy subjects and ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis in which CIMT measurements, NLR, and serum PTX-3 and IMA levels were assessed in 18 Rtx patients (10 females; mean age: 40.0 ± 13.3 years), 16 PD patients (7 females; 40.2 ± 12.9 years), 14 HD patients (8 females; 46.6 ± 10.7 years), and 19 healthy subjects (9 females; 36.9 ± 8.9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  IMA, PTX-3, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, NLR, and CIMT of Rtx patients were found to be significantly higher compared with healthy subjects ( p = 0.04, p < 0.0001, p < 0.005, p = 0.005, and p = 0.005, respectively). IMA level was positively correlated with hs-CRP and PTX-3 levels, NLR, and CIMT when all participants were included (r = 0.338, p = 0.005; r = 0.485, p < 0.0001; r = 0.304, p = 0.013; and r = 0.499, p < 0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been ongoing inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in Rtx patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey. mdkt2010@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kultigin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turkmen
authors.forename: Halil Zeki
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Tonbul
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toker
authors.forename: Abduzhappar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaipov
authors.forename: Fatih Mehmet
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Erdur
authors.forename: Humeyra
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cicekler
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anil
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozbek
authors.forename: Nedim Yılmaz
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Selcuk
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeksan
authors.forename: Suleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*