title: The efficacy of foam cleaners in removing debris from two endodontic instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of ProFile File cleaner and a nanostructured foam in removing debris from two rotary nickel-titanium instruments during and after instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty mandibular premolars were decoronated and instrumented up to either no. 40.04 RaCe (no. 40.04) or K3 (no. 40.04) instruments (n = 10). Each group of files was randomly divided into two groups: ProFile File cleaner and Nano Foam cleaner. The instruments were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after placement into the canals. Subsequently, instruments were introduced into each cleaner and examined again under SEM. The amount of debris removal from the instruments was determined by ImageJ software. Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a .05 level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of debris removal was significantly different between the groups (P = .002). The amount of debris removed was significantly higher in K3 with Nano Foam cleaner than ProFile File cleaner (P = .009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanostructured foam can remove debris from endodontic files, especially from those with complex cross-section. This method is recommended to help optimize debris removal with the further possibility of instrument sterilization and reduced risk of cross-contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Center for Craniofacial Research, Azad University, Dental Branch, Tehran, Iran. saghiri@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saghiri
authors.forename: Kasra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karamifar
authors.forename: Payman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mehrvazfar
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asgar
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotfi
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016369:Smear Layer; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003902:Detergents; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; C040654:titanium nickelide; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium