title: Cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes controls phenotypic switching of adventitial fibroblasts by blocking p38MAPK activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phenotypic modulation of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vascular diseases. The current study aimed to identify the role of cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a critical mediator in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, in AF phenotypic modulation and adventitial remodeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using in situ double-immunofluorescence staining, we ascertained that CREG expression was significantly down-regulated in the adventitia after vascular injury, and its expression pattern was conversely correlated with the expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), a marker for differentiation of AFs into myofibroblasts. In vitro data confirmed the association of CREG in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AF differentiation. Additionally, overexpression of CREG attenuated Ang II-induced α-SMA expression in AFs. CREGoverexpressing AFs showed decreased levels of proliferation on days 2-5 following stimulation by Ang II compared with controls, with changes in the cell cycle profile as shown by BrdU incorporation assay and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Moreover, wound healing assay and transwell migration model demonstrated that upregulation of CREG expression inhibited Ang II-induced AF migration. We found that CREG-mediated its counterbalancing effects in Ang II-induced phenotypic modulation, proliferation and migration by inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway, validated by pharmacological blockade of p38MAPK with SB 203580 and by overexpression of p38MAPK with transfectants expressing constitutively active p38αMAPK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that CREG is a novel AF phenotypic modulator in a p38MAPK-dependent manner. Modulating CREG on the local vascular wall may become a new therapeutic target against proliferative vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoxiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Shaowei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mingyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chenghui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yaling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D063194:Adventitia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010641:Phenotype; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C558396:Acta2 protein, mouse; D000199:Actins; D015415:Biomarkers; C114068:CREG1 protein, human; C485248:Creg protein, mouse; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases