title: Technology-related medication errors in a tertiary hospital: a 5-year analysis of reported medication incidents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Healthcare technology is meant to reduce medication errors. The objective of this study was to assess unintended errors related to technologies in the medication use process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication incidents reported from 2006 to 2010 in a main tertiary care hospital were analysed by a pharmacist and technology-related errors were identified. Technology-related errors were further classified as socio-technical errors and device errors. This analysis was conducted using data from medication incident reports which may represent only a small proportion of medication errors that actually takes place in a hospital. Hence, interpretation of results must be tentative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1538 medication incidents were reported. 17.1% of all incidents were technology-related, of which only 1.9% were device errors, whereas most were socio-technical errors (98.1%). Of these, 61.2% were linked to computerised prescription order entry, 23.2% to bar-coded patient identification labels, 7.2% to infusion pumps, 6.8% to computer-aided dispensing label generation and 1.5% to other technologies. The immediate causes for technology-related errors included, poor interface between user and computer (68.1%), improper procedures or rule violations (22.1%), poor interface between user and infusion pump (4.9%), technical defects (1.9%) and others (3.0%). In 11.4% of the technology-related incidents, the error was detected after the drug had been administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A considerable proportion of all incidents were technology-related. Most errors were due to socio-technical issues. Unintended and unanticipated errors may happen when using technologies. Therefore, when using technologies, system improvement, awareness, training and monitoring are needed to minimise medication errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. nithushisamaranayake@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Samaranayake
authors.forename: S T D
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: W C M
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: B M Y
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D017751:Safety Management; D013672:Technology; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers