title: Landmarks in non-hormonal pharmacological therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: • The treatment of metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has advanced considerably from the era where it was considered that the disease was resistant to chemotherapy. • Cytotoxic chemotherapy involving docetaxel is now used routinely as a first-line therapy after failed first- and second-line androgen deprivation in advanced disease, improving quality of life and to a limited extent, survival in patients with advanced prostate cancer. • The cytotoxic taxane, cabazitaxel has also become a second-line treatment option for patients with CRPC failing previous docetaxel therapy. • Additionally, a broad range of agents are now available or under development including immune-based therapies (cellular therapies and vaccines), bone-targeting agents (anti-osteolytic and anti-tumour therapies) and molecular-based agents targeting cellular control mechanisms. • Most of these remain experimental but on-going pharmacological development will inevitably provide urologists and urological oncologists with a broader range of therapeutic options for better cancer management in the future.
authors.affiliation: The Christie and Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK. noel.clarke@christie.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Noel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077143:Docetaxel; D015195:Drug Design; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012106:Research; D043823:Taxoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; C552428:cabazitaxel