title: Heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Makassar, Indonesia.
abstract: METHODS
  Patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) visiting government TB diagnostic and treatment centres in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, from February to October 2008 were included in the study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of Mycobacterium  tuberculosis genotypes in Makassar.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and principal genetic grouping (PGG) were used to genotype the M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 179 isolates derived from pulmonary TB patients, distribution of spoligotypes comprised the East Africa-Indian (30.2%), T (17.9%), H (12.3%) and Beijing (9.5%) lineages. Other lineages found in smaller proportions were the Latin American-Mediterranean, MANU, S and X lineages. Nineteen  isolates (10.6%) could not be grouped into any of the reported lineages or shared types. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of katG(463) and gyrA(95) grouped these isolates primarily into PGG1 (9/19, 47%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a few genetically identical  clustered isolates were identified within the 9-month study period, and most isolates were genetically diverse. Furthermore, 15 spoligopatterns identified in our study have not been reported previously. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study describing genotypes of M. tuberculosis  clinical isolates in Sulawesi.
authors.affiliation: Novartis-Eijkman-Hasanuddin Clinical Research Initiative, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia. sasmono@eijkman.go.id
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sasmono
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Massi
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Setianingsih
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wahyuni
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halik
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bifani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phyu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D005810:Multigene Family; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult