title: Design of an acoustic metamaterial lens using genetic algorithms.
abstract: The present work demonstrates a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the effective material parameters of an acoustic metamaterial. The target device is an acoustic gradient index (GRIN) lens in air, which ideally possesses a maximized index of refraction, minimized frequency dependence of the material properties, and minimized acoustic impedance mismatch. Applying this algorithm results in complex designs with certain common features, and effective material properties that are better than those present in previous designs. After modifying the optimized unit cell designs to make them suitable for fabrication, a two-dimensional lens was built and experimentally tested. Its performance was in good agreement with simulations. Overall, the optimization approach was able to improve the refractive index but at the cost of increased frequency dependence. The optimal solutions found by the algorithm provide a numerical description of how the material parameters compete with one another and thus describes the level of performance achievable in the GRIN lens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zigoneanu
authors.forename: Bogdan-Ioan
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Popa
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cummer
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D007909:Lenses; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012031:Refractometry