title: Psychosocial impact of lymphedema: a systematic review of literature from 2004 to 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aimed to evaluate the level of evidence of contemporary peer-reviewed literature published from 2004 to 2011 on the psychosocial impact of lymphedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven electronic databases were searched and 1311 articles retrieved; 23 met inclusion criteria. Twelve articles utilized qualitative methodology and 11 used quantitative methodology. An established quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall quality of the 23 included studies was adequate. A critical limitation of current literature is the lack of conceptual or operational definitions for the concept of psychosocial impact. Quantitative studies showed statistically significant poorer social well-being in persons with lymphedema, including perceptions related to body image, appearance, sexuality, and social barriers. No statistically significant differences were found between persons with and without lymphedema in the domains of emotional well-being (happy or sad) and psychological distress (depression and anxiety). All 12 of the qualitative studies consistently described negative psychological impact (negative self-identity, emotional disturbance, and psychological distress) and negative social impact (marginalization, financial burden, perceived diminished sexuality, social isolation, perceived social abandonment, public insensitivity, and non-supportive work environment). Factors associated with psychosocial impact were also identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphedema has a negative psychosocial impact on affected individuals. The current review sheds light on the conceptualization and operationalization of the definitions of psychosocial impact with respect to lymphedema. Development of a lymphedema-specific instrument is needed to better characterize the impact of lymphedema and to examine the factors contributing to these outcomes in cancer and non-cancer-related populations.
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY 10003, USA. mf67@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Mei R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Sheila H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ridner
authors.forename: Sophia H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Bob R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Janice N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Armer
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012944:Social Support