title: A genetic basis for the variable effect of smoking/nicotine on Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Prior studies have established an inverse association between cigarette smoking and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and currently, the disease-modifying potential of the nicotine patch is being tested in clinical trials. To identify genes that interact with the effect of smoking/nicotine, we conducted genome-wide interaction studies in humans and in Drosophila. We identified SV2C, which encodes a synaptic-vesicle protein in PD-vulnerable substantia nigra (P=1 × 10(-7) for gene-smoking interaction on PD risk), and CG14691, which is predicted to encode a synaptic-vesicle protein in Drosophila (P=2 × 10(-11) for nicotine-paraquat interaction on gene expression). SV2C is biologically plausible because nicotine enhances the release of dopamine through synaptic vesicles, and PD is caused by the depletion of dopamine. Effect of smoking on PD varied by SV2C genotype from protective to neutral to harmful (P=5 × 10(-10)). Taken together, cross-validating evidence from humans and Drosophila suggests SV2C is involved in PD pathogenesis and it might be a useful marker for pharmacogenomics studies involving nicotine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hill-Burns
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montimurro
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yearout
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frodey
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McLear
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Feany
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hanes
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wolfgang
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zabetian
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Factor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Payami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila; D015870:Gene Expression; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D004298:Dopamine