title: Meditation-related increases in GABAB modulated cortical inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest meditation practice improves attentional performance and emotional regulation. The process of meditation apparently increases activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and stimulates the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, implicating the production and delivery of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABAergic inhibitory interneurons have a central role in cortical inhibition (CI), modulating cortical excitability and neural plasticity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Changes in CI, after completion of a single meditation session, were investigated and compared to a non-meditating control activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a non-invasive method of examining CI, was used to evaluate changes before and after a 60 min meditation session. Seventy right-handed healthy subjects (n = 35 meditators, n = 35 non-meditators) were assessed using TMS related measures of cortical silent period (CSP) and short intra cortical inhibition (SICI), with stimulation of the motor cortex coordinated with EMG recording of peripheral hand muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the meditators, CSP and SICI were measured before and after meditation sessions while age-sex matched healthy control subjects were identically assessed after a non-meditating activity (television watching). The meditators showed a statistically significant increase in CSP after meditation compared to non-meditators after an equivalent period of television watching (P = 0.02) while no significant between-group differences were observed in the SICI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate meditation processes are linked to GABAergic cortical inhibition, a mechanism previously implicated in improved cognitive performance and enhanced emotional regulation.
authors.affiliation: York University, Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Crissa L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Guglietti
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Radhu
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ritvo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult