title: Multifluorescence confocal microscopy: application for a quantitative analysis of hemostatic proteins in human venous valves.
abstract: Confocal laser scanning microscopy is commonly used to visualize and quantify protein expression. Visualization of the expression of multiple proteins in the same region via multifluorescence allows for the analysis of differential protein expression. The defining step of multifluorescence labeling is the selection of primary antibodies from different host species. In addition, species-appropriate secondary antibodies must also be conjugated to different fluorophores so that each protein can be visualized in separate channels. Quantitative analysis of proteins labeled via multifluorescence can be used to compare relative changes in protein expression. Multifluoresecence labeling and analysis of fluorescence intensity within and among human venous specimens, for example, allowed us to determine that the anticoagulant phenotype of the venous valve is defined not by increased anticoagulant expression, but instead by significantly decreased procoagulant protein expression (Blood 114:1276-1279, 2009 and Histochem Cell Biol 135:141-152, 2011).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Winifred E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Trotman
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Taatjes
authors.forename: Edwin G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bovill
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000601:surgery; D000074283:Endothelial Protein C Receptor; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008867:Microtomy; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D012984:Software; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D055422:Venous Valves / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000074283:Endothelial Protein C Receptor; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; C478370:PROCR protein, human; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C546931:THBD protein, human; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; C007293:DAPI