title: Tumor growth analysis by magnetic resonance imaging of the C6 glioblastoma model with prospects for the assessment of magnetohyperthermia therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to establish a pattern of tumor growth of the C6 model of glioblastoma multiform in Wistar rats via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the subsequent verification of tumor volume reduction due to magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used for the C6 model. After the rats were anesthetized (55 mg/ kg ketamine and 11 mg/kg xylazine), C6 lineage tumorigenic cells suspended in culture medium (10(5) cells in 10 microl) were stereotaxically injected into the right frontal cortex (bregma coordinates: 2.0 mm anteroposterior, 3.0 mm laterolateral, and 2.5 mm depth) of the rats using a Hamilton syringe. For the control group, the rats were injected with culture medium without cells. MRI scans were performed at 14, 21, and 28 d after the injection using a 2.0 T MRI scanner (Bruker BioSpec, Germany). The animals were anesthetized with 55 mg/kg ketamine and 11 mg/kg xylazine before being examined. Coronal multilayers were acquired using a standard spin echo sequence with the following parameters: repetition/echo time = 4.000 ms/67.1 ms, field of view = 3.50, matrix = 192, slice thickness = 0.4 mm, and slice separation = 0 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MRI analysis enabled a clear visualization of the tumor mass, and it was possible to establish the tumor volume parameters on the various days that were examined. The volume at 14 d after induction was 13.7 +/- 2.5 mm3. On days 21 and 28, the tumor volumes were 31.7 +/- 6.5 mm3 and 122.1 +/- 11.8 mm3, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that it is possible to evaluate the C6 model tumor volume in rats, which will allow for the future implementation and verification of magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - HIAE, São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: André César
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Francisco Romero
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Javier Bustamante
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mamani
authors.forename: Jackeline Moraes
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: Roberson Saraiva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Polli
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannus
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vidoto
authors.forename: Mateus José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Tatiana Tais
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sibov
authors.forename: Lorena Favaro
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pavon
authors.forename: Liza Aya Mabuchi
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: Walter Humberto Zavala
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.forename: Suzana Maria Fleury
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: Reynaldo André
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro Júnior
authors.forename: Lionel Fernel
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gamarra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000637:transplantation; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D047368:Tumor Burden