title: Induction of quinone oxidoreductase 1 enzyme by Rhazya stricta through Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhazya stricta Decne. (Apocynaceae) is a common medicinal plant in the Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan and India. Rhazya stricta has been used traditionally to treat several diseases including tumors; however, the underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to examine the ability of Rhazya stricta to induce a key enzyme involved in cancer chemoprevention, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) in murine and human hepatoma cells. Nqo1 is regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rhazya stricta leaves were extracted using ethanol, the strong basic alkaloid fraction (AF) was isolated according to a bioassay-guided fractionation and its mass spectrum was used as a fingerprint for its identity. The effect of increasing concentrations of AF on Nqo1 was tested in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 and human HepG2 cells. The role of Nrf2-dependent mechanism was tested by using Nrf2-dependent luciferase assay and by determining the Nrf2 nuclear accumulation in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. The role of AhR-dependent mechanism was assessed by using an AhR-deficient version of murine hepatoma c12 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AF significantly induced the Nqo1 at mRNA, protein and catalytic activity levels in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Moreover, the induction of Nqo1 by AF was completely abolished by using the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D, implying a role of transcriptional regulation. In addition, the role of Nrf2 signaling pathway was confirmed by the induction of Nrf2-dependent luciferase activity and the induced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Interestingly, AF induced Nqo1 at mRNA and catalytic activity in c12 and HepG2 cells. Finally, the AF induced the Nrf2-dependent luciferase activity in HepG2 cells, confirming the role of Nrf2 in its regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study presents the first evidence that Rhazya stricta and its active strongly basic alkaloid fraction induce the chemopreventative enzyme, Nqo1 through Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Gendy
authors.forename: Badreldin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michail
authors.forename: Arno G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Siraki
authors.forename: Ayman O S
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: El-Kadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029062:Apocynaceae; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); C447479:NQO1 protein, human; C491732:Nqo1 protein, mouse