title: Uptake, efflux, and mass transfer coefficient of fluorescent PAMAM dendrimers into pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: Targeted delivery of imaging agents to cells can be optimized with the understanding of uptake and efflux rates. Cellular uptake of macromolecules is studied frequently with fluorescent probes. We hypothesized that the internalization and efflux of fluorescently labeled macromolecules into and out of mammalian cells could be quantified by confocal microscopy to determine the rate of uptake and efflux, from which the mass transfer coefficient is calculated. The cellular influx and efflux of a third generation poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer labeled with an Alexa Fluor 555 dye was measured in Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cells using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The Capan-1 cells were also labeled with 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) green cell tracker dye to delineate cellular boundaries. A dilution curve of the fluorescently labeled PAMAM dendrimer enabled quantification of the concentration of dendrimer in the cell. A simple mass transfer model described the uptake and efflux behavior of the PAMAM dendrimer. The effective mass transfer coefficient was found to be 0.054±0.043μm/min, which corresponds to a rate constant of 0.035±0.023min(-1) for uptake of the PAMAM dendrimer into the Capan-1 cells. The effective mass transfer coefficient was shown to predict the efflux behavior of the PAMAM dendrimer from the cell if the fraction of labeled dendrimer undergoing non-specific binding is accounted for. This work introduces a novel method to quantify the mass transfer behavior of fluorescently labeled macromolecules into mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Armin W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Czymmek
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; C104700:PAMAM Starburst; D011073:Polyamines; C069306:5-chloromethylfluorescein