title: Poor health but not absent: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of presenteeism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of presenteeism, to develop and test a model of the relationship between workplace factors and presenteeism, and to assess the perceived influence of manager, coworkers, and self on presenteeism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used survey data collected for 6309 employees from seven different organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 60% of the sample reported presenteeism during a 3-month period. The model was supported, with presenteeism linking workplace factors and health outcomes to productivity, as predicted. The majority of participants (67%) indicated that the primary pressure to attend work while sick came from themselves. A substantial minority (20%) also indicated the manager as a source of pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychosocial workplace factors are predictive of presenteeism, and efforts to control them, including the use of more effective management, may impact presenteeism rates and the resulting levels of productivity.
authors.affiliation: Robertson Cooper Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom. ivan.robertson@robertsoncooper.com
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Nadin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doerner
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smeed
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006076:Government; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology