title: Sacral nerve stimulation for neuromodulation of the lower urinary tract.
abstract: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has become a standard treatment option for patients suffering from urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, and/or nonobstructive urinary retention refractory to conservative and pharmacologic treatment.  Since its initial development, the manufacturer of InterStim therapy (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), has introduced technical modifications, while surgeons and researchers have adapted and published various innovations and alterations of the implantation technique.  In this article, we feature our SNM technique including patient selection, comprehensive dialogue/evaluation, procedure details, and appropriate follow up.  Although there is often great variability in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction, we maintain that great success can be achieved with a systematic and methodical approach to SNM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Chad P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hubsher
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Dale R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaslau
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D018579:Patient Selection; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*