title: Occupational lead poisoning in workers of traditional tile factories in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational lead poisoning is a health problem in Iran. It has not previously been studied in traditional tile makers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of lead poisoning and its complications in traditional tile workers in Mashhad, Northwest of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  We visited workers in two traditional tile factories and collected data by direct history taking and physical examination. Blood and urine lead concentrations were measured by heated graphite atomization technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 108 men with mean±SD age of 37±7.8 years were studied. The mean±SD length of daily lead exposure was 9.8±6 years. The mean±SD blood lead concentration was 520.5±323.2 μg/L. The main objective clinical findings were the presence of lead line (64.8%), peripheral neuropathy of the upper extremities (37%), depressed deep tendon reflexes in the upper extremities (25.7%), tremor (23.3%), peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities (17%) and abdominal tenderness (15.1%). The subjective findings were mainly attributed to the central nervous system and included loss of memory (57%), moodiness (56.1%), agitation (47.7%), drowsiness (36.4%) and headache (29.9%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the blood lead concentration and glomerular filtration rate. However, there were significant correlations between the blood lead concentration and each of the urine lead concentration (p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), serum triglyceride level (p = 0.043), high density lipoprotein level (p = 0.012), and basophilic stippling (p = 0.048). Blood lead level, however, did not have any significant correlation with the presence of lead line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In traditional tile workers, lead toxicity is not uncommon and the toxic effects of lead were found more often on the teeth (bone), central and peripheral nervous system, hematological and lipid profiles than on the renal function.
authors.affiliation: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. balalimoodm@mums.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balali-Mood
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shademanfar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rastegar Moghadam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namaei Ghassemi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Allah Nemati
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keramati
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neghabian
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balali-Mood
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002516:Ceramics; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D007854:Lead