title: Strong stimulation of recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli by combining stimulatory control elements in an expression cassette.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The XylS/Pm expression system has been used to produce recombinant proteins at industrial levels in Escherichia coli. Activation of transcription from the Pm promoter takes place in the presence of benzoic acid or derivatives of it. Previous mutagenesis studies resulted in identification of several variants of the expression control elements xylS (X), Pm (P) and the 5'-untranslated region (U) that individually gave rise to strongly stimulated expression. The goal of this study was to test if combination of such stimulatory mutations in the same expression vectors would lead to further increase of expression levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We combined X, P and U variants that were originally identified due to their ability to strongly stimulate expression of the reporter gene bla (resistance to penicillin). Combination of optimized elements stimulated bla expression up to 75-fold (X, P and U combined) relative to the wild-type system, while accumulated transcript levels increased about 50-fold. This is much more than for the elements individually. We also tested combination of the variant elements on two other and unrelated genes, celB (encoding phosphoglucomutase) and the human growth factor gene gm-csf. Protein production from these genes is much more efficient than from bla in the wild-type system, but expression was still significantly stimulated by the combination of X, P and U variants, although not to the same extent as for bla. We also integrated a single copy of the expression cassette with each gene into the E. coli chromosome and found that the expression level from this single copy was higher for bla than for the wild-type plasmid system, while it was lower for celB and gm-csf.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that combination of stimulatory expression control elements can be used to further increase production of different proteins in E. coli. For one reporter gene (bla) this allowed for more protein production from a single gene copy integrated on the chromosome, compared to the wild-type plasmid system. The approach described here should in principle be applicable for improvement of any expression cassette.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zwick
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lale
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valla
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016296:Mutagenesis; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C078720:XylS protein, Pseudomonas putida; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D010733:Phosphoglucomutase