title: Increased phylogenetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 isolates in England and Wales since 2001.
abstract: Currently, there are two recognised genotypes of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), type 1 and type 2. These genotypes are divided into subtypes based on phylogenetic analysis, namely a-p for BVDV-1 and a-c for BVDV-2. Within this study, the genetic heterogeneity of BVDV-1 in England and Wales was investigated and compared to the situation in 1996/1997. Viral RNA was extracted from 316 blood samples collected between 2004 and 2009 that were previously identified as BVDV-1 positive. A region of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) was amplified by RT-PCR and the PCR products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5'UTR demonstrated the existence of five subtypes of BVDV-1 circulating in England and Wales, namely BVDV-1a (244 samples), BVDV-1b (50), BVDV-1e (3), BVDV-1f (1) and BVDV-1i (18). Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence for the N(pro) region of the viral genome supported the classification obtained with the 5'UTR. Given the fact that only three subtypes were detected in 1999 this report supports the notion that the restocking of cattle from continental Europe, after the mass culling during the Foot-and-Mouth outbreak in 2001 and slaughter of cattle due to bovine tuberculosis infection, has increased the genetic diversity of BVDV-1 subtypes in England and Wales in the past 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom. Electronic address: rebecca.strong@ahvla.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Penrith, Cumbria CA11 9RR, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Errington
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ross-Smith
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wakeley
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinbach
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D002417:Cattle; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D012367:RNA, Viral