title: Associations between a parental history of premature cardiovascular disease and coronary artery calcium and carotid intima-media thickness: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear if associations between a parental history of premature CVD (pCVD) and subclinical atherosclerosis are attenuated by adjustment for long-term risk factor levels through middle adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective community-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  CARDIA participants who attended the year-20 exam (n = 2283, mean age 45 years) were grouped by pCVD status: maternal only, paternal only, any parental, and no parental history (referent). We used separate logistic regression models, adjusted for average risk factor levels over a 20-year follow up to assess associations of parental pCVD and subclinical atherosclerosis in offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White participants with any parental history of pCVD had a higher odds of coronary artery calcium (CAC) >0 than participants with no parental history (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01-2.37). This was largely driven by the association of a paternal history of pCVD with CAC >0 (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.42-3.23), which was minimally attenuated by multivariable adjustment (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.31-3.32). Similarly, adjusted associations between parental pCVD and intima-media thickness (IMT) >90% were observed in white participants with a paternal history of pCVD (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.10-3.39) and any parental history pCVD (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02-2.74). No significant associations between a parental history of pCVD and the odds of subclinical atherosclerosis were observed in black participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental pCVD is independently associated with early development of subclinical atherosclerosis; these associations may be race-specific for participants in their fifth decade of life.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Jones
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People