title: A rat model of early sepsis: relationships between gentamicin pharmacokinetics and systemic and renal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide combined with interleukin-2.
abstract: A rat model of early sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2) was developed. The primary aim was to assess the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and sepsis-induced pathophysiological changes. Moreover, the effects on the glomerular filtration rate and tubular function were studied in septic and control rats. First, an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of LPSIL-2 (1 mg/kg-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15 µg/kg IL-2) or saline (controls, C) was administred. The Wistar rats were treated 30 min after LPSIL-2 with gentamicin as a 3 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed 10 min later by an i.v. 170-min infusion (GE, 0.09 mg/kg·min(-1)). The monitoring of vital functions, biochemistry and GE concentrations was performed. Creatinine clearance was 2-3 times lower and fractional urea excretion was 3-4 times less in septic rats as compared to controls(p<0.05), although urine flow was comparable. Capillary leakage caused a 55% elevation in the volume of distribution (V(c)) in the LPSIL+GE group vs. C+GE (p<0.05). The renal CL(ge) was less (2.2±0.59 vs. 3.8±0.53 mL/min·kg(-1), p<0.05), while the total CL(ge) was comparable (5.9±1.5 vs. 6.7±1.1 mL/min·kg(-1); p=0.30). In the LPSIL+GE group relative to C+GE, the half-life (t(1/2)) was 79% higher (p<0.05) and GE concentrations detected at the end of the study in the plasma and kidney were elevated 2.5-fold (p=0.09) and 2.2-fold (p<0.05), respectively. The model reproduced several consequences of early sepsis like in patients such as capillary leak, a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the changes in pharmacokinetics of GE (increased values of V(c) and t(1/2) and a drop in renal CL(ge) proportional to that of CL(cr)). Nonrenal routes which, for the most part, compensate the reduced renal CL(ge) in septic rats deserve further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Sarka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Studena
authors.forename: Jirina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinkova
authors.forename: Dasa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slizova
authors.forename: Otakar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krs
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senkerik
authors.forename: Drahomira
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chládek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides