title: Influence of sex and immunocastration on feed intake behavior, skatole and indole concentrations in adipose tissue of pigs.
abstract: Feed intake behavior was studied between 9 weeks of age and slaughter in a total of 36 gilts, 32 immunocastrates, 33 surgically castrated barrows and 33 boars from 36 litters. Consequences for the concentration of substances contributing to off odor of pork (skatole, indole) were evaluated. Animals were kept in groups of 12 pigs of the same sex and treatment and fed ad libitum (13.4 MJ ME, 17% CP, 1.1% lysine). Individual feed intake behavior was recorded continuously by an electronic feeder. Immunocastration was carried out with two injections of Improvac with at least 4 weeks between both injections (1st: 12 to 17 weeks of age, 2nd: 19 to 21 weeks of age). Feed intake/day increased from an average of 0.91 ± 0.02 kg/day up to 3.15 ± 0.04 kg/day before slaughter. This increase was associated with a 50% reduction in the number of meals/day (from 15.8 ± 0.44 to 7.2 ± 0.29 meals/day). The larger meal sizes resulted from an increase in both, the duration of feed intake/meal and the feed intake rate (g/min). In addition, sex and treatment differences were observed: Feed intake in boars was lower than in all other groups due to a reduction in the number of meals/day and in the time spent feeding/day. In females, time spent feeding/day was quite similar to boars, but resulted from a higher number of meals of shorter duration. Barrows had a significantly higher feed intake because of a higher number of meals/day resulting in more time spent feeding/day. The feed intake rate was similar in boars, gilts and barrows and showed an increasing trend during the study, starting from about 15 g/min up to four times the amount. Immunocastration affected feed intake behavior severely, especially the meal size increased dramatically because of higher feed intake rate, which exceeded that of all other groups by 25% at the end of the study. The number of meals/day was not influenced by immunocastration and was almost identical to that of boars. Highest skatole concentrations were measured in fat of boars, whereas indole concentrations were higher in immunocastrates than in all other groups. In gilts and barrows, skatole concentrations were related to growth rate. Additionally, the feeding rate was an important factor explaining the variability in skatole/indole concentrations in adipose tissue. The physiological mechanisms however need further clarification.
authors.affiliation: Fachgebiet Verhaltensphysiologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. weiler@uni-hohenheim.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Götz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000736:Androstenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000276:immunology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012862:Skatole / Q000378:metabolism*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000736:Androstenes; D007211:Indoles; D014612:Vaccines; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; C030374:indole; D012862:Skatole