title: Temperature, nitrogen dioxide, circulating respiratory viruses and acute upper respiratory infections among children in Taipei, Taiwan: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether outpatient visits of acute upper respiratory infections for children aged less than 15 years are associated with temperature, air pollutants and circulating respiratory viruses in Taipei, Taiwan, from 2003 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient records for acute upper respiratory infections (ICD9 CM codes: 460, 462, 463,464, 465.9 and 487) in a randomly selected sample (n=39,766 children in 2005) was used to estimate the cumulative relative risks (RR) associated with average temperature lasting for 8 days (lag 0-7 days), air pollutants (NO2, O3 and PM(2.5)) lasting for 6 days (lag 0-5 days), and virus-specific positive isolation rate lasting for 11 days (lag 0-10 days) using distributed lag non-linear models after controlling for relative humidity, wind speed, day of week, holiday effects and long-term trend.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average temperature of 33 °C was associated with the lowest risk for outpatient visits of acute upper respiratory infections. Relative to 33 °C, cumulative 8-day RR was highest at 15 °C of ambient average temperature [RR=1.94; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78, 2.11]. With the first quartile as reference, cumulative 6-day RRs were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.29) for NO2, 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06) for O3, and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.03) for PM(2.5) at the 95th percentile. Per-standard deviation (SD) increase of virus-specific isolation rate for influenza type A (SD=13.2%), type B (SD=8.76%), and adenoviruses (SD=5.25%) revealed statistical significance for overall 11-day RRs of 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.03), 1.05 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.06) and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.05), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current study suggested a positive association between outpatient visits for acute upper respiratory infections and ambient environment factors, including average temperature, air pollutants, and circulating respiratory viruses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Kai
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chin-Kuo
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shuenn-Chin
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Pei-Shih
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chitsan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013696:Temperature; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide