title: Characterization of novel nitrite-based nitric oxide generating delivery systems for topical dermal application.
abstract: Topical application of nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to exert beneficial effects in the therapy of chronic wounds, impaired microcirculation, and skin infections. Nitrite acidified by ascorbic acid has been widely used in many studies as NO-donor system, unfortunately with inflammatory and toxic effects on the treated skin due to unregulated excessive NO generation, low pH and possible toxic side products. Here we describe an essentially modified nitrite based NO generating system that avoid the mentioned unwanted side effects on human skin by using a pH-stable acetate/acetic acid buffer with a skin neutral pH of 5.5 and sodium ascorbate. In order to overcome the shortcoming of lower NO yields due to the higher pH-value and low nitrite concentrations, we have determined additionally the influence of copper ions. To investigate the influence of different NO release and penetration kinetics on NO-induced toxicity, we have developed a fibroblast assay using cell culture plates with gas permeable bottoms. The results show clearly that the donor system can achieve a sustained NO generation without generating high peaks. Furthermore, the presence of Cu(2+) ions enhances manifold NO generation of pH/ascorbate-induced nitrite decomposition, a mechanism comprising the reduction of Cu(2+) ions to Cu(1+) by ascorbate. Finally, we have found that apart from the NO dose the NO release kinetics had a significant influence of cell toxicity. Thus, application of comparable NO amounts within a time interval of 600s led to the development of variable cell toxicities, which predominantly depended on the NO concentration values generated in the first 200s. In summary, we here describe a novel nitrite-based NO-donor system that can provide well defined NO concentrations at skin neutral pH-values for side effect poor topical dermal application, i.e. in the therapy of chronic wounds and impaired microcirculation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. coplaender@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opländer
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baschin
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grieb
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Windolf
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
authors.forename: Christoph V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Suschek
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003300:Copper; D001205:Ascorbic Acid