title: Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of curdlan on maturation and function of mouse spleen-derived dendritic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells play important roles in immunity against foreign invaders. Differentiation of these Th subsets is affected by state of maturation and cytokines that are produced by dendritic cells (DCs). Curdlan is a linear (1→3)-β-glucan and has shown activity against tumors and infectious agents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate whether curdlan plays its role through affecting the maturation and cytokine production by DCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  DCs were isolated from the spleen of BALB/c mice by MACS method. After an overnight culture of DCs in the presence of curdlan, the expression levels of CD40, CD86, and MHC-II molecules were determined by flow cytometry. The production of cytokines involved in Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation (IL-12 and IL-6, respectively) was also evaluated by ELISA. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated and untreated cells were considered as positive and negative controls, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study did not show a significant difference in the levels of surface expression of CD40 (p=0.82), CD86 (p=0.79), and MHC class II (p=0.84) molecules upon exposure to curdlan. However, LPS increased the intensity of CD40 expression on dendritic cells (p=0.04). In addition, it was revealed that curdlan-exposed DCs are not able to produce a significant amount of IL-6 and IL-12 cytokines. Conversely, LPS-treated DCs were able to make a significant amount of IL-12 (p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that curdlan has no effect on Th1 or Th17 differentiation while LPS may induce Th1 deviation by induction of CD40 expression and IL-12 production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, e-mail: immunol2@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hashem
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Nasrollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erfani
authors.forename: Eskandar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kamali Sarvestani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056747:Immunomodulation; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047071:beta-Glucans; D018664:Interleukin-12; C038459:curdlan