title: Risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and resulting challenges for effective disease surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to identify risk factors for active porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection at farm level and to assess the probability of an infected farm being detected through passive disease surveillance in England. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study on 147 farrow-to-finish farms conducted from April 2008-April 2009. The risk factors for active PRRSV infection were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The surveillance system was evaluated using a stochastic scenario tree model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence of PRRSV circulation was confirmed on 35.1% (95%CI: 26.8-43.4) of farms in the cross sectional study, with a higher proportion of infected farms in areas with high pig density (more than 15000 pigs within 10 km radius from the farm). Farms were more likely to have active PRRSV infection if they used the live virus vaccine-Porcilis PRRS (OR=7.5, 95%CI: 2.5-22.8), were located in high pig density areas (OR=2.9, 95%CI: 1.0-8.3) or had dead pigs collected (OR=5.6, 95%CI: 1.7-18.3). Farms that weaned pigs at 28 days of age or later had lower odds of being PRRSV positive compared to those weaning at 21-27 days (OR=0.2, 95%CI: 0.1-0.7). The probability of detecting an infected farm through passive surveillance for disease was low (mode=0.074, 5th and 95th percentiles: 0.067; 0.083 respectively). In particular farms which used live virus vaccine had lower probabilities for detection compared to those which did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors identified highlight the importance of biosecurity measures for the incursion of PRRSV infection. The results further indicate that a combined approach of surveillance for infection and disease diagnosis is needed to assist effective control and/or elimination of PRRSV from the pig population.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK. mvelasova@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasova
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alarcon
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wieland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine