title: Major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery: external validation of risk estimation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A multivariable risk estimation model, in which the primary outcome was major infection, was recently developed and published using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Congenital Heart Surgery Database. We have applied this risk estimation model to our congenital heart surgery program over a 16-year time interval to validate this risk estimation model and verify its specific risk factors for major infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using complete and verified data, we selected patients in whom major procedures had been classified using both Aristotle Basic Score and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) and created a multivariable model in which primary outcome was major infection (septicemia, mediastinitis, or endocarditis). We checked the STS risk estimation model for major infection. We also assessed the significance of the STS risk factors in our program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6,314 patients were analyzed. We identified 197 (3.1%) major infections (septicemia 3%, endocarditis 0.015%, mediastinitis 0.09%). Hospital mortality, ventilation time, and length of stay were greater in patients with major infections. The following preoperative risk factors identified by the STS risk estimation model were significant in multivariate analysis in our patients: young age, high complexity, medium complexity, previous operation, and preoperative ventilation (p<0.0001). Estimated infection risk ranged from 0.32% to 11.58%. The model discrimination was good (c index, 0.808). Risks of infections after most common congenital heart surgery procedures were similar in both studies (rs=0.952, p=0.0003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our external validation study confirmed that the STS model can be used as a preoperative risk stratification tool for major infection risk at the single institutional level.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. ankansy@wp.pl
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kansy
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastuszko
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirkowicz-Małek
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manowska
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jezierska
authors.forename: Przemyesław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maruszewski
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burczyński
authors.forename: Bohdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maruszewski
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology