High prevalence and associated risk factors for impaired renal function and urinary abnormalities in a rural adult population from southern China.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased and will continue to rise worldwide. However, data regarding the prevalence of CKD in a rural area of China are limited. We therefore investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors of impaired renal function and urinary abnormalities in an adult rural population in southern China.


METHODS
Between December 2006 and January 2007, residents older than 20 years from four villages in Zhuhai city were randomly selected using a stratified, multistage sampling technique. All participants were interviewed and tested for hematuria, albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The associations between age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperuricemia, education level and indicators of renal damage were examined.


RESULTS
Overall, 1,214 subjects were enrolled in this study. After adjustment for age and gender, the prevalence of albuminuria was 7.1% (95% CI: 4.5, 8.1), reduced eGFR was 2.6% (95% CI: 1.7%, 3.3%), and hematuria was 4.6% (95% CI: 3.3%, 6.0%). Approximately 13.6% (95% CI: 12.0%, 15.1%) of the patients had at least one indicator of renal damage, but only 8.3% were previously aware. Age, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia, use of nephrotoxic medications, coronary heart disease and history of CKD were independently associated with impaired renal function and urinary abnormalities. Additionally, age, diabetes, and hypertension were independently associated with albuminuria. Age, hypertension, hyperuricemia, central obesity, and coronary heart disease were independently associated with reduced renal function.


CONCLUSIONS
The high prevalence and low awareness of impaired renal function and urinary abnormalities in this population illustrates the urgent need to implement a CKD prevention program in the rural areas of southern China.
Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health of China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
Qinghua
Q
Liu
Zhibin
Z
Li
Hui
H
Wang
Xiaochao
X
Chen
Xiuqing
X
Dong
Haiping
H
Mao
Jiaqing
J
Tan
Ning
N
Luo
Richard J
RJ
Johnson
Weiqing
W
Chen
Xueqing
X
Yu
Wei
W
Chen
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data