The impact of temperature on the metabolome and endocrine metabolic signals in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
The aim was to elucidate the effects of elevated temperature on growth performance, growth- and appetite-regulating hormones and metabolism in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Post-smolts in seawater (average mass 175g) that had been reared at 12°C were kept at three temperatures (8, 12 and 18°C) and sampled after one and three months. After three months, the fish kept in 18°C had decreased growth rate and condition factor, and elevated plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and leptin, compared with fish kept at the lower temperatures. Food conversion efficiency was also decreased at 18°C, while at the same time protein uptake was improved and thus was not a limiting mechanism for growth. Redistribution of energy stores in fish at the highest temperature is evident as a preference of maintaining length growth during times of limited energy availability. NMR-based metabolomics analyses of plasma revealed that several metabolites involved in energy metabolism were negatively affected by temperature in the upper temperature range of Atlantic salmon. Specifically, the high temperature induced a decline of several amino acids (glutamine, tyrosine and phenylalanine) and a shift in lipid metabolism. It appears likely that the decreased food intake at the highest temperature is linked to an anorexigenic function of leptin, but also that the decreased food intake, feed conversion efficiency and condition factor can be linked to changes in GH endocrinology.
Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, University of Gothenburg, S-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Andreas
A
Kullgren
Fredrik
F
Jutfelt
Ramon
R
Fontanillas
Kristina
K
Sundell
Linda
L
Samuelsson
Kerstin
K
Wiklander
Peter
P
Kling
Wolfgang
W
Koppe
D G Joakim
DG
Larsson
Björn Thrandur
BT
Björnsson
Elisabeth
E
Jönsson
D000064:Acclimatization; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
D000596:Amino Acids; D020738:Leptin; D013006:Growth Hormone