Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces oxidative stress and inhibits growth of mouse ovarian antral follicles.
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the active metabolite of the most commonly used plasticizer, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and is considered to be a reproductive toxicant. However, little is known about the effects of MEHP on ovarian antral follicles. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that MEHP inhibits follicle growth via oxidative stress pathways. The data indicate that MEHP increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibits follicle growth in antral follicles, whereas N-acetylcysteine (NAC; an antioxidant) restores ROS levels to control levels and rescues follicles from MEHP-induced inhibition of follicle growth. To further analyze the mechanism by which MEHP induces oxidative stress and inhibits follicle growth, the expression and activities of various key antioxidant enzymes (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase [SOD1], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], and catalase [CAT]) and the expression of key cell-cycle regulators (Ccnd2, Ccne1, and Cdk4) and apoptotic regulators (Bcl-2 and Bax) were compared in control and MEHP-treated follicles. The data indicate that MEHP inhibits the expression and activities of SOD1 and GPX; does not inhibit Cat expression; inhibits the expression of Ccnd2, Ccne1, Cdk4, and Bcl-2; but increases the expression of Bax compared to controls. Furthermore, NAC blocks these toxic effects of MEHP. Collectively, these data suggest that MEHP induces oxidative stress by disrupting the activities of antioxidant enzymes. This may lead to decreased expression of cell-cycle regulators and antiapoptotic regulators and increased expression of proapoptotic factors, which then may lead to inhibition of follicle growth.
Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA.
Wei
W
Wang
Zelieann R
ZR
Craig
Mallikarjuna S
MS
Basavarajappa
Katlyn S
KS
Hafner
Jodi A
JA
Flaws
D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010968:Plasticizers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C016599:mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; D000111:Acetylcysteine