Energy intake from restaurants: demographics and socioeconomics, 2003-2008.
BACKGROUND
Eating food away from home and restaurant consumption have increased over the past few decades.


OBJECTIVE
To examine recent changes in calories from fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption and to assess characteristics associated with consumption.


METHODS
Analyses of 24-hour dietary recalls from children, adolescents, and adults using nationally representative data from the 2003-2004 through 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, including analysis by gender, ethnicity, income, and location of consumption. Multivariate regression analyses of associations between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and consumption prevalence and average daily caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurants.


RESULTS
In 2007-2008, 33%, 41%, and 36% of children, adolescents, and adults, respectively, consumed foods and/or beverages from fast-food restaurant sources and 12%, 18%, and 27% consumed from full-service restaurants. Their respective mean daily caloric intake from fast food was 191, 404, and 315 kcal, down by 25% (p ≤ 0.05), 3%, and 9% from 2003-2004; and among consumers, intake was 576, 988, and 877 kcal, respectively, down by 12% (p ≤ 0.05), 2%, and 7%. There were no changes in daily calories consumed from full-service restaurants. Consumption prevalence and average daily caloric intake from fast-food (adults only) and full-service restaurants (all age groups) were higher when consumed away from home versus at home. There were some demographic and socioeconomic associations with the likelihood of fast-food consumption, but characteristics generally were not associated with the extent of caloric intake among those who consumed from fast-food or from full-service restaurants.


CONCLUSIONS
In 2007-2008, fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption remained prevalent and a source of substantial energy intake.
Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA. powelll@uic.edu
Lisa M
LM
Powell
Binh T
BT
Nguyen
Euna
E
Han
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult