Forced sex and HIV risk in violent relationships.
OBJECTIVE
The intersecting epidemics of gender-based violence, specifically forced sex, and HIV continue to affect women worldwide. Both in the United States and worldwide, women of African descent are disproportionately affected.


METHODS
The current literature was reviewed for inclusion based on its relevance to the intersection of forced sex and HIV risk behaviors.


RESULTS
This brief review synthesizes research on the linkages between forced sex and behavioral risk factors for HIV infection. We explore forced sex from the perspective of the perpetrator being a current or former intimate partner, as well as the first sexual intercourse experience occurring through the use of physical force (i.e., forced sexual initiation). The review also emphasizes the importance of expanding current research to understand the physiological mechanisms linking forced sex to HIV risk.


CONCLUSIONS
The factors linking intimate partner forced sex and forced sexual initiation with HIV/AIDS are varied and complex. The review concludes with recommendations for future research in this area and implications this research could have on preventing violence and mitigating the health consequences.
Department of Community and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jcampbe1@jhu.edu
Jacquelyn C
JC
Campbell
Marguerite B
MB
Lucea
Jamila K
JK
Stockman
Jessica E
JE
Draughon
D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012742:Sex Offenses; D047568:Unsafe Sex