Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted.
The ecology of mosquito vectors and malaria parasites affect the incidence, seasonal transmission and geographical range of malaria. Most malaria models to date assume constant or linear responses of mosquito and parasite life-history traits to temperature, predicting optimal transmission at 31 °C. These models are at odds with field observations of transmission dating back nearly a century. We build a model with more realistic ecological assumptions about the thermal physiology of insects. Our model, which includes empirically derived nonlinear thermal responses, predicts optimal malaria transmission at 25 °C (6 °C lower than previous models). Moreover, the model predicts that transmission decreases dramatically at temperatures > 28 °C, altering predictions about how climate change will affect malaria. A large data set on malaria transmission risk in Africa validates both the 25 °C optimum and the decline above 28 °C. Using these more accurate nonlinear thermal-response models will aid in understanding the effects of current and future temperature regimes on disease transmission.
Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Mordecai@lifesci.ucsb.edu
Erin A
EA
Mordecai
Krijn P
KP
Paaijmans
Leah R
LR
Johnson
Christian
C
Balzer
Tal
T
Ben-Horin
Emily
E
de Moor
Amy
A
McNally
Samraat
S
Pawar
Sadie J
SJ
Ryan
Thomas C
TC
Smith
Kevin D
KD
Lafferty
D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature