Prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in South Africa.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens, as well as their association with clinical features, in men with genital ulcer disease (GUD) enrolled in a clinical trial.


METHODS
Clinical data were collected by questionnaire. Ulcer swabs were tested for herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1/2), Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3. First-pass urine was tested for urethral pathogens, namely Neisseria gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Pathogens were detected by real-time molecular assays. Blood was tested for HIV, HSV-2, and syphilis-associated antibodies. Pathogens and clinical associations were investigated using the χ test.


RESULTS
A total of 615 men with GUD were recruited. Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, 4.2%; HSV-2, 98.2%) and bacterial pathogens were detected in 451 (73.6%) and 48 (7.8%) of genital ulcers, respectively. Human immunodeficiency virus, HSV-2, and treponemal antibodies were detected in 387 (62.9%), 434 (70.6%), and 141 (23.0%) men, respectively, whereas 54 men (8.8%) were rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) seropositive. A total of 223 urethral infections were diagnosed in 188 men (30.6%), including 69 (11.2%) M. genitalium, 64 (10.4%) T. vaginalis, 60 (9.8%) C. trachomatis, and 30 (4.9%) N. gonorrhoeae infections. Dysuria was reported by 170 men (27.6%), and 69 men (11.5%) had urethral discharge on examination. Urethral pathogens were detected in 102/409 (24.9%) men without these clinical features.


CONCLUSIONS
Herpes accounted for most GUD cases and urethral pathogen coinfections were common. Erythromycin, dispensed to treat infrequent chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum cases, provided additional treatment of some asymptomatic urethral pathogens. Additional antibiotics would be required to treat asymptomatic trichomoniasis and gonorrhea.
Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa. davidl@nicd.ac.za
David A
DA
Lewis
Etienne
E
Müller
Lisa
L
Steele
Maya
M
Sternberg
Frans
F
Radebe
Michael
M
Lyall
Ronald C
RC
Ballard
Gabriela
G
Paz-Bailey
D000212:Acyclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D002601:Chancre / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006191:Haemophilus ducreyi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013587:Syphilis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014456:Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology
D000212:Acyclovir