Ethical issues in health research with novel online sources.
Health-related research is increasingly drawing on novel sources of online data, such as crowdsourced information about disease outbreaks, consumer-supplied information provided to health or wellness Web sites, Internet search queries about personal health, and social network postings that identify health behaviors.  We offer examples of online sources and their uses, identify ethical and policy issues they generate, and formulate key questions for future discussion and investigation.  Further work in this area will require cross-disciplinary collaboration to develop ethics and policy guidance for the ethical use of these novel data sources in health-related research.
Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. vayena@ethik.uzh.ch
Effy
E
Vayena
Anna
A
Mastroianni
Jeffrey
J
Kahn
D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D063005:Health Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D009862:Online Systems / Q000941:ethics*; D011640:Public Policy