Energy content of U.S. fast-food restaurant offerings: 14-year trends.
BACKGROUND
Within the past decade, there has been increasing attention to the role of fast food in the American diet, including a rise in legislative and media-based efforts that address the healthfulness of fast food. However, no studies have been undertaken to evaluate changes in the energy content of fast-food chain restaurant menu items during this period.


OBJECTIVE
To examine changes in the energy content of lunch/dinner menu offerings at eight of the leading fast-food chain restaurants in the U.S. between 1997-1998 and 2009-2010.


METHODS
Menu offerings and nutrient composition information were obtained from archival versions of the University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center Food and Nutrient Database. Nutrient composition information for items was updated biannually. Changes in median energy content of all lunch/dinner menu offerings and specific categories of menu items among all restaurants and for individual restaurants were examined. Data were collected between 1997 and 2010 and analysis was conducted in 2011.


RESULTS
Spanning 1997-1998 and 2009-2010, the number of lunch/dinner menu items offered by the restaurants in the study increased by 53%. Across all menu items, the median energy content remained relatively stable over the study period. Examining specific food categories, the median energy content of desserts and condiments increased, the energy content of side items decreased, and energy content of entrées and drinks remained level.


CONCLUSIONS
Although large increases in the number of menu items were observed, there have been few changes in the energy content of menu offerings at the leading fast-food chain restaurants examined in this study.
Department of Public Health and Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA. katherine.bauer@temple.edu
Katherine W
KW
Bauer
Mary O
MO
Hearst
Alicia A
AA
Earnest
Simone A
SA
French
J Michael
JM
Oakes
Lisa J
LJ
Harnack
D016208:Databases, Factual; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States