Are ASD and ADHD a Continuum? A Comparison of Pathophysiological Similarities Between the Disorders.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to review and compare the similarities between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD with regard to symptomatology, neurological deficits, metabolic and endocrine-related conditions, and brain pathology.


METHODS
A comprehensive review of the relevant research literature was carried out.


RESULTS
A number of important similarities between ASD and ADHD were identified, including recent increases in prevalence, male-biased incidence, shared involvement of sensory processing, motor and impulse control, abnormal patterns of neural connectivity, and sleep disturbances. Studies suggest involvement of androgen metabolism, impaired methylation, and heavy metal toxicity as possible contributing factors for both disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
ASD and ADHD share a number of features and pathophysiological conditions, which suggests that the two disorders may be a continuum and have a common origin.
Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA jkern@dfwair.net.
Janet K
JK
Kern
Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
David A
DA
Geier
CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Lisa K
LK
Sykes
ASD Centers, LLC, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Mark R
MR
Geier
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Richard C
RC
Deth
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders