SMARTer discontinuation trial designs for developing an adaptive treatment strategy.
OBJECTIVE
Developing evidenced-based practices for the management of childhood psychiatric disorders requires research studies that address how to treat children during both the acute phase of the disorder and beyond. Given the selection of a medication for acute treatment, discontinuation trials are used to evaluate the effects of treatment duration (e.g., time on medication) and/or maintenance strategies following successful acute-phase treatment. Recently, sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMART) have been proposed for use in informing sequences of critical clinical decisions such as those mentioned. The objective of this article is to illustrate how a SMART study is related to the standard discontinuation trial design, while addressing additional clinically important questions with similar trial resources.


METHODS
The recently completed Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS), a randomized trial that examined the relative efficacy of three acute-phase treatments for pediatric anxiety disorders, along with a next logical step, a standard discontinuation trial design, is used to clarify the ideas. This example is used to compare the discontinuation trial design relative to the SMART design.


RESULTS
We find that the standard discontinuation trial can be modified slightly using a SMART design to yield high-quality data that can be used to address a wider variety of questions in addition to the impact of treatment duration. We discuss how this innovative trial design is ultimately more efficient and less costly than the standard discontinuation trial, and may result in more representative comparisons between treatments.


CONCLUSIONS
Mental health researchers who are interested in addressing questions concerning the effects of continued treatment (for different durations) following successful acute-phase treatment should consider SMART designs in place of discontinuation trial designs in their research. SMART designs can be used to address these and other questions concerning individualized sequences of treatment, such as the choice of a rescue treatment in case of postacute phase relapse.
1 Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research,  University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Daniel
D
Almirall
Scott N
SN
Compton
Moira A
MA
Rynn
John T
JT
Walkup
Susan A
SA
Murphy
D000208:Acute Disease; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011897:Random Allocation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents