Effects of a flavonoid-rich juice on inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunity in elite swimmers: a metabolomics-based approach.
The effects of a flavonoid-rich fresh fruit and vegetable juice (JUICE) on chronic resting and postexercise inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, and metabolic profiles (metabolomics analysis, gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry platform) in elite sprint and middle-distance swimmers were studied. In a randomized, crossover design with a 3-wk washout period, swimmers (n = 9) completed 10-d training with or without 16 fl oz of JUICE (230 mg flavonoids) ingested pre- and postworkout. Blood samples were taken presupplementation, post-10-d supplementation, and immediately postexercise, with data analyzed using a 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA. Prestudy blood samples were also acquired from nonathletic controls (n = 7, age- and weight-matched) and revealed higher levels of oxidative stress in the swimmers, no differences in inflammation or immune function, and a distinct separation in global metabolic scores (R2Y [cum] = .971). Swim workouts consisted of high-intensity intervals (1:1, 1:2 swim-to-rest ratio) and induced little inflammation, oxidative stress, or immune changes. A distinct separation in global metabolic scores was found pre- to postexercise (R2Y [cum] = .976), with shifts detected in a small number of metabolites related to substrate utilization. No effect of 10-d JUICE was found on chronic resting levels or postexercise inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, and shifts in metabolites. In conclusion, sprint and middle-distance swimmers had a slight chronic elevation in oxidative stress compared with nonathletic controls, experienced a low magnitude of postworkout perturbations in the biomarkers included in this study, and received no apparent benefit other than added nutrient intake from ingesting JUICE pre- and postworkout for 10 days.
Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.
Amy M
AM
Knab
David C
DC
Nieman
Nicholas D
ND
Gillitt
R Andrew
RA
Shanely
Lynn
L
Cialdella-Kam
Dru A
DA
Henson
Wei
W
Sha
D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013550:Swimming; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids