Blood lead levels and enzymatic biomarkers of environmental lead exposure in children in Cordoba, Argentina, after the ban of leaded gasoline.
Lead (Pb) is a developmental neurotoxicant found in industrial activities, many of them already prohibited worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate current blood Pb (PbB) levels in children in Cordoba, Argentina, and to compare these with similar studies performed before Pb was banned in gasoline in 1996. We also sought to identify mechanistically relevant biomarkers by measuring δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. We finally aimed to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics are associated with Pb toxicity. Blood samples collected from 161 healthy children between September 2009 and February 2010 revealed mean PbB levels of 2.58 ± 0.30 µg/dl. Enzymatic δ-ALAD, CAT, and SOD activities showed no significant variations when plotted against PbB levels. Finally, children living in the suburbs have higher PbB levels than their city counterparts, while low socioeconomic status increased δ-ALAD inhibition compared with that of middle-income children. Overall, these results evidenced a substantial reduction in exposure to Pb in this pediatric population over a decade after Pb was restricted in gasoline and reveal the importance of pursuing novel biomarkers of toxicity along with the sociodemographic profile to complement Pb diagnosis.
Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
S A
SA
Martínez
L
L
Simonella
C
C
Hansen
S
S
Rivolta
L M
LM
Cancela
M B
MB
Virgolini
D000293:Adolescent; D001118:Argentina; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D012923:Social Class; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D005742:Gasoline; D007854:Lead; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase