Preferred mitotic orientation in pattern formation by vascular mesenchymal cells.
Cellular self-organization is essential to physiological tissue and organ development. We previously observed that vascular mesenchymal cells, a multipotent subpopulation of aortic smooth muscle cells, self-organize into macroscopic, periodic patterns in culture. The patterns are produced by cells gathering into raised aggregates in the shape of nodules or ridges. To determine whether these patterns are accounted for by an oriented pattern of cell divisions or postmitotic relocation of cells, we acquired time-lapse, videomicrographic phase-contrast, and fluorescence images during self-organization. Cell division events were analyzed for orientation of daughter cells in mitoses during separation and their angle relative to local cell alignment, and frequency distribution of the mitotic angles was analyzed by both histographic and bin-free statistical methods. Results showed a statistically significant preferential orientation of daughter cells along the axis of local cell alignment as early as day 8, just before aggregate formation. This alignment of mitotic axes was also statistically significant at the time of aggregate development (day 11) and after aggregate formation was complete (day 15). Treatment with the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor, blebbistatin, attenuated alignment of mitotic orientation, whereas Rho kinase inhibition eliminated local cell alignment, suggesting a role for stress fiber orientation in this self-organization. Inhibition of cell division using mitomycin C reduced the macroscopic pattern formation. Time-lapse monitoring of individual cells expressing green fluorescent protein showed postmitotic movement of cells into neighboring aggregates. These findings suggest that polarization of mitoses and postmitotic migration of cells both contribute to self-organization into periodic, macroscopic patterns in vascular stem cells.
Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
Margaret N
MN
Wong
Timothy P
TP
Nguyen
Ting-Hsuan
TH
Chen
Jeffrey J
JJ
Hsu
Xingjuan
X
Zeng
Aman
A
Saw
Eric M
EM
Demer
Xin
X
Zhao
Yin
Y
Tintut
Linda L
LL
Demer
D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D002417:Cattle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D023421:Models, Animal; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; C472645:blebbistatin; D016685:Mitomycin; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases