Understanding hypnosis metacognitively: rTMS applied to left DLPFC increases hypnotic suggestibility.
BACKGROUND
According to the cold control theory of hypnosis (Dienes and Perner, 2007), hypnotic response occurs because of inaccurate higher order thoughts of intending. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a region likely involved in constructing accurate higher order thoughts. Thus, disrupting DLPFC with low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) should make it harder to be aware of intending to perform an action. That is, it should be easier to respond to a hypnotic suggestion.


METHODS
Twenty-four medium hypnotisable subjects received low frequency rTMS to the left DLPFC and to a control site, the vertex, in counterbalanced order. The hypnotist was blind to which site had been stimulated. Subjects rated how strongly they expected to respond to each suggestion, and gave ratings on a 0-5 scale of the extent to which they experienced the response, for four suggestions (magnetic hands, arm levitation, rigid arm and taste hallucination). The experimenter also rated behavioural response.


RESULTS
Low frequency rTMS to the DLPFC rather than vertex increased the degree of combined behavioural and subjective response. Further, subjects did not differ in their expectancy that they would respond in the two conditions, so the rTMS had an effect on hypnotic response above and beyond expectancies.


CONCLUSIONS
The results support theories, including cold control theory, postulating a component of hypofrontality in hypnotic response.
Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. dienes@sussex.ac.uk
Zoltan
Z
Dienes
Sam
S
Hutton
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013404:Suggestion; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult