Micronutrients in chronic heart failure.
Heart failure (HF)-associated mortality remains high, despite guideline-recommended medical therapies. Poor nutritional status and unintentional cachexia have been shown to have a strong association with worse survival in HF patients. Importantly, micronutrient deficiencies are potential contributing factors to the progression of HF. This review aims to summarize contemporary evidence on the role of micronutrients in the pathophysiology and outcome of HF patients. Emphasis will be given to the most well-studied micronutrients, specifically, vitamin D, vitamin B complex, coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine.
Department of Cardiology, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA. Skrim@ochsner.org
Selim R
SR
Krim
Patrick
P
Campbell
Carl J
CJ
Lavie
Hector
H
Ventura
D002331:Carnitine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
D018977:Micronutrients; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014451:Ubiquinone; D014807:Vitamin D; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D002331:Carnitine