Analysis of cadmium, nickel, and lead in commercial moist and dry snuff used in Pakistan.
The extent to which smokeless tobacco endangers human health is an ongoing subject of debate. In this study, concentrations of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), were measured in different snuff products (dry brown and black and moist green and brown), available and consumed in Pakistan. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni were determined in 23 samples of various brands of snuff by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The reliability of methodology was assured by analyzing certified reference material. The resulted data of toxic metals in different snuff products are comparable to the existing information with limited exceptions. It was estimated that 10 g intake of different types of snuff could contribute 14-68, 17-47, and 20-73 % of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for Cd, Ni, and Pb, respectively.
National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. tgkazi@yahoo.com
Tasneem Gul
TG
Kazi
Sadaf Sadia
SS
Arain
Hassan Imran
HI
Afridi
Naeemullah
Kapil Dev
KD
Brahman
Nida Fatima
NF
Kolachi
Moina Akhtar
MA
Mughal
D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D010154:Pakistan; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000032:analysis
D008670:Metals; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D009532:Nickel