Dietary intake of macronutrients and fiber in Mediterranean patients on chronic hemodialysis.
BACKGROUND
We aimed to measure the dietary intake of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and fiber in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) at 3 centers in 1 metropolitan and 2 urban areas of Italy, and to evaluate whether it met the dietary guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction.


METHODS
Daily dietary intake was assessed through a 3-day diet diary in 128 HD patients at the hemodialysis units of the Catholic University of Rome, Hospital A. Murri of Jesi and Hospital Principe di Piemonte of Senigallia, Italy.


RESULTS
Mean dietary calorie and protein intakes were 22.9 ± 9.1 kcal/kg per day and 0.95 ± 0.76 g protein/kg per day, respectively. Daily carbohydrate and lipid intakes as a percentage of total calorie intake were 51.8% ± 8.9% and 32.1% ± 7.1%. Mean daily dietary cholesterol intake was 206.6 ± 173.6 mg. Mean daily dietary intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were 0.49 ± 0.28 g and 5.1 ± 2.5 g, respectively, while the mean ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 intake was 11.5 ± 4.8. Forty-eighty percent of patients had an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio =10. Mean daily dietary intakes of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 5.5 ± 3.3 g, 28.9 ± 9.1 g and 3.1 ± 1.7 g, respectively. Ninety-six percent of HD patients had an SFA intake <10% of total calories. Most unsaturated fatty acids intakes were under the value of =30%. Mean daily dietary fiber intake was 11.8 ± 6.1 g.


CONCLUSIONS
In HD patients from a Mediterranean country (Italy), daily intakes of calories, proteins and fiber were lower than the recommended values, whereas the intake of lipids was closer to being adequate.
Hemodialysis Service, Department of Surgery, Catholic University, Rome - Italy.
Maurizio
M
Bossola
Alessandra
A
Leo
Antonella
A
Viola
Giusy
G
Carlomagno
Tania
T
Monteburini
Stefano
S
Cenerelli
Stefano
S
Santarelli
Rolando
R
Boggi
Giacinto
G
Miggiano
Carlo
C
Vulpio
Cristina
C
Mele
Luigi
L
Tazza
D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006435:Renal Dialysis
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D010758:Phosphorus; D008274:Magnesium