Ratiometric activatable cell-penetrating peptides provide rapid in vivo readout of thrombin activation.
In real time: thrombin activation in vivo can be imaged in real time with ratiometric activatable cell penetrating peptides (RACPPs). RACPPs are designed to combine 1) dual-emission ratioing, 2) far red to infrared wavelengths for in vivo mammalian imaging, and 3) cleavage-dependent spatial localization. The most advanced RACPP uses norleucine (Nle)-TPRSFL as a linker that increases sensitivity to thrombin by about 90-fold.
Department of Pharmacology, UCSD School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
Michael
M
Whitney
Elamprakash N
EN
Savariar
Beth
B
Friedman
Rachel A
RA
Levin
Jessica L
JL
Crisp
Heather L
HL
Glasgow
Roy
R
Lefkowitz
Stephen R
SR
Adams
Paul
P
Steinbach
Nadia
N
Nashi
Quyen T
QT
Nguyen
Roger Y
RY
Tsien
D000818:Animals; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005453:Fluorescence; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*
D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D013917:Thrombin