Illicit drug use among pregnant women enrolled in treatment for cigarette smoking cessation.
BACKGROUND
Smoking during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States. In population studies and nationwide surveys, pregnant smokers report more illicit drug use than pregnant nonsmokers. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of illicit drug use among pregnant women enrolled in clinical trials for smoking cessation.


METHODS
Urine specimens from 115 pregnant women were tested for illicit drug use during a study intake visit (~10th week of pregnancy) and during the final antepartum (FAP) smoking-status assessment (~28th week of pregnancy). Participants smoked about 18 cigarettes/day prepregnancy, were generally young (<25 years), Caucasian, with a high school education and without private insurance.


RESULTS
About 34% of specimens from the intake visit and 25% of those from the FAP assessment tested positive for an illicit drug. The most common drug detected was marijuana (90% of positive specimens), followed by opioids (18%), cocaine (5%), benzodiazepines (3%), and methadone (3%). None tested positive for amphetamines. The majority of women (53%) who tested positive for an illicit substance at intake also tested positive at the FAP assessment.


CONCLUSIONS
Approximately a quarter to a third of pregnant women enrolled in these smoking-cessation trials were determined to be using illicit drugs, with marijuana use being the most prevalent. Those providing smoking-cessation services to pregnant women may want to be prepared to assist with obtaining services for other drug use as well.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. dgaalema@uvm.edu
Diann E
DE
Gaalema
Stephen T
ST
Higgins
Christopher S
CS
Pepin
Sarah H
SH
Heil
Ira M
IM
Bernstein
D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000652:urine; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine; D002188:Cannabis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D008691:Methadone / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone