Sleep misperception in healthy adults: implications for insomnia diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE
Time estimation is a complex cognitive task that is especially challenging when the time period includes sleep. To determine the accuracy of sleep duration perception, we investigated 44 healthy subjects participating in multi-day inpatient sleep protocols during which they had extended nighttime and short daytime sleep opportunities but no time cues or knowledge of time of day.


METHODS
The first sleep opportunity was at habitual sleep time and duration. The subsequent 3, 4, or 11 days had 12-h nighttime sleep opportunities and 4-h daytime nap opportunities, potentially creating an experimentally induced "insomnia" with substantial time awake during scheduled sleep.


RESULTS
Subjective sleep duration estimates were accurate for the first (habitual) sleep opportunity. The subjective reports following nighttime 12-h sleep opportunities significantly underestimated objective sleep duration, while those following daytime 4-h sleep opportunities significantly overestimated objective sleep duration. Misperception errors were not explained by poor sleep efficiency, which was lower during 4-h (~39%) than 12-h opportunities (~71%). Subjective sleep estimates after 4-h opportunities correlated with the percentage of REM and N3 sleep. Subjective sleep estimates following 12-h opportunities were, unexpectedly, negatively correlated with NREM stage 2 sleep.


CONCLUSIONS
The estimation of sleep duration in the absence of time cues may depend on length of sleep opportunity and/or time of day. The results have implications for understanding sleep state misperception, which is an important consideration in patients with insomnia.
Sleep Division, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mtbianchi@partners.org
Matt T
MT
Bianchi
Wei
W
Wang
Elizabeth B
EB
Klerman
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012894:Sleep Stages; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception; D055815:Young Adult