Lead exposure among the general population of Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
This study was carried out to establish baseline data on lead exposure in a sample of the general population from Duhok governorate, Iraq in 2011. A cross-sectional study was made of blood lead levels of 820 individuals and of dust and of air lead levels in urban, suburban and rural residential areas. Mean blood lead (BPb) value in the overall sample was 7.3 (SD 2.8) microg/dL, range 1.6-17.0 microg/dL; significant differences were found with respect to age, area of residence, altitude and distance from a gasoline generator. The prevalence of toxic levels of lead (BPb >10 microg/dL) was 22.8% overall and 2.4% in children. People living in suburban areas (39.7%) and < 50 m from a gasoline generator (93.1%) were exposed to high environmental lead levels. A linear relationship was found between BPb and air lead levels (r = 0.8). While lead exposure does not constitute a great health problem for adults in our community, 2.4% of the children had toxic lead levels and measures to reduce exposure to environmental heavy metals should be considered.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.
A H
AH
Al-Dosky
D J
DJ
Al-Timimi
S A
SA
Al-Dabbag
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000531:Altitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007493:Iraq / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D005742:Gasoline; D007854:Lead