Toxicity assessment on three direct dyes (D-BLL, D-GLN, D-3RNL) using oxidative stress bioassay and quantum parameter calculation.
Textile dyes and dye industrial effluents are widely known for esthetic and toxicity problems. The toxicity of three direct dyes, Direct Blending Rebine (D-BLL), Direct Blending Scarlet (D-GLN), and Direct Blending Yellow (D-3RNL), were examined by the antioxidase and lipid peroxide index. Fish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 100mg/L test compounds or injected with 200μg/kg corresponding dyes, and then samples of liver were collected at different times (0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17 and 22d ) for analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). There is an obvious difference between two poisoning conditions and results indicated injection pattern have a more sensitive response. Besides, SOD, CAT and MDA levels displayed different variation trend following the prolonged duration, implying that dye metabolism generated less toxic or more active substance. The comparison among their intensity of enzyme inhibition showed that the toxicity order is D-BLL>D-GLN>D-3RNL. Additionally, three direct dye molecules were optimized based on the quantum mechanical charge density of a solute molecule interacting with a continuum description of the solvent (SMD) of Self-consistent Reaction Field Theory (SCRF) on B3LYP/LAN2BM level and the stable configurations were obtained. Wiberg bond orders were analyzed and atom in molecule (AIM) 2000 program was employed to estimate the interaction between atoms. The possible degradation pathways and toxicities were speculated based on the computations. The calculation is consistent with the experimental results and analysis.
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
Ying
Y
Li
Jia-Qi
JQ
Shi
Rui-Juan
RJ
Qu
Ming-Bao
MB
Feng
Fu
F
Liu
Meng
M
Wang
Zun-Yao
ZY
Wang
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006054:Goldfish / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D004396:Coloring Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase