Conditioned suppression/avoidance as a procedure for testing hearing in birds: the domestic pigeon (Columba livia).
Although the domestic pigeon is commonly used in learning experiments, it is a notoriously difficult subject in auditory psychophysical experiments, even those in which it need only respond when it detects a sound. This is because pigeons tend to respond in the absence of sound-that is, they have a high false-positive rate-which makes it difficult to determine a pigeon's audiogram. However, false positives are easily controlled in the method of conditioned suppression/avoidance, in which a pigeon is trained to peck a key to obtain food and to stop pecking whenever it detects a sound that signals impending electric shock. Here, we describe how to determine psychophysical thresholds in pigeons using a method of conditioned suppression in which avoidable shock is delivered through a bead chain wrapped around the base of a pigeon's wings. The resulting audiogram spans the range from 2 to 8000 Hz; it falls approximately in the middle of the distribution of previous pigeon audiograms and supports the finding of Kreithen and Quine (Journal of Comparative Physiology 129:1-4, 1979) that pigeons hear infrasound.
Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA. Henry.Heffner@utoledo.edu
Henry E
HE
Heffner
Gimseong
G
Koay
Evan M
EM
Hill
Rickye S
RS
Heffner
D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods*; D013016:Sound