Translation and focus group testing of the WHOQOL spirituality, religiousness, and personal beliefs module in Norway.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to describe the Norwegian translation of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs module.


METHODS
This is an exploratory study using convenience sampling.


METHODS
Translation has followed the World Health Organization's standardized protocol. Six focus groups were recruited from six geographical regions in southeastern Norway: three groups of health professionals (n = 18) and three groups of patients (n = 15).


RESULTS
All facets and items were found to be culturally relevant. The facet awe underwent three literary changes, spiritual strength two, and meaning, inner peace, and faith underwent one change each. The facets spiritual connection, wholeness, and integration and hope and optimism did not undergo any changes. The facets spiritual connection, meaning in life, experiences of awe, and wholeness and integration displayed the strongest discriminatory power. Internal consistency reliability of the overall module tested with Cronbach's alpha was high (α = .93).


CONCLUSIONS
Translating questionnaires and adapting them in comprehensible forms, while maintaining the meaning of the original items, is a challenge in holistic nursing. Even though certain difficulties in comprehension were revealed, the results of this study indicate that all facets and items on the Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs module were equally important.
Diakonova University College, Oslo, Norway. kristina.b.torskenes@diakonova.no
Kristina
K
Berg Torskenæs
Mary H
MH
Kalfoss
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D018939:Holistic Nursing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires