The energy burden and environmental impact of health services.
OBJECTIVE
We reviewed the English-language literature on the energy burden and environmental impact of health services.


METHODS
We searched all years of the PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect databases for publications reporting energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, or the environmental impact of health-related activities. We extracted and tabulated data to enable cross-comparisons among different activities and services; where possible, we calculated per patient or per event emissions.


RESULTS
We identified 38 relevant publications. Per patient or per event, health-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are quite modest; in the aggregate, however, they are considerable. In England and the United States, health-related emissions account for 3% and 8% of total national emissions, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Although reducing health-related energy consumption and emissions alone will not resolve all of the problems of energy scarcity and climate change, it could make a meaningful contribution.
Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia. Lawrence.Brown@my.jcu.edu.au
Lawrence H
LH
Brown
Petra G
PG
Buettner
Deon V
DV
Canyon
D057231:Climate Change / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D017752:Greenhouse Effect / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data