Oral sapacitabine for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in elderly patients: a randomised phase 2 study.
BACKGROUND
Available treatments for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have limited durable activity and unsatisfactory safety profiles in most elderly patients. We assessed the efficacy and toxicity of sapacitabine, a novel oral cytosine nucleoside analogue, in elderly patients with AML.


METHODS
In this randomised, phase 2 study, we recruited patients with AML who were either treatment naive or at first relapse and who were aged 70 years or older from 12 centres in the USA. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence to randomly allocate eligible patients to receive one of three schedules of oral sapacitabine (1:1:1; stratified by a history of AML treatment): 200 mg twice a day for 7 days (group A); 300 mg twice a day for 7 days (group B); and 400 mg twice a day for 3 days each week for 2 weeks (group C). All schedules were given in 28 day cycles. To confirm the safety and tolerability of dosing schedules, after 20 patients had been treated in a group we enrolled an expanded cohort of 20-25 patients to that group if at least four patients had achieved complete remission or complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery, and if the 30 day death rate was 20% or less. Our primary endpoint was 1-year overall survival, analysed by intention-to-treat (ie, patients who have received at least one dose of sapacitabine) in those patients who had been randomly allocated to treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00590187.


RESULTS
Between Dec 27, 2007, and April 21, 2009, we enrolled 105 patients: 86 patients were previously untreated and 19 were at first relapse. Of the 60 patients randomly allocated to treatment, 1-year overall survival was 35% (95% CI 16-59) in group A, 10% (2-33) in group B, and 30% (13-54) in group C. 14 (13%) of 105 patients died within 30 days and 27 (26%) died within 60 days. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were anaemia (eight of 40 patients in group A, 12 of 20 patients in group B, and 15 of 45 patients in group C), neutropenia (14 in group A, 10 in group B, 11 in group C), thrombocytopenia (24 in group A, 12 in group B, and 22 in group C), febrile neutropenia (16 in group A, nine in group B, and 22 in group C), and pneumonia (seven in group A, five in group B, and 10 in group C). The most common grade 5 events were pneumonia (two in group A, one in group B, and three in group C) and sepsis (six in group A, three in group B, and one in group C). Seven deaths were thought to be probably or possibly related to sapacitabine treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Sapacitabine seems active and tolerable in elderly patients with AML. The 400 mg dose schedule had the best efficacy profile. Future investigations should aim to combine sapacitabine with other low-intensity therapies in elderly patients with AML.


BACKGROUND
Cyclacel Limited.
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. hkantarj@mdanderson.org
Hagop
H
Kantarjian
Stefan
S
Faderl
Guillermo
G
Garcia-Manero
Selina
S
Luger
Parameswaran
P
Venugopal
Lori
L
Maness
Meir
M
Wetzler
Steven
S
Coutre
Wendy
W
Stock
David
D
Claxton
Stuart L
SL
Goldberg
Martha
M
Arellano
Stephen A
SA
Strickland
Karen
K
Seiter
Gary
G
Schiller
Elias
E
Jabbour
Judy
J
Chiao
William
W
Plunkett
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D001087:Arabinonucleosides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology
D001087:Arabinonucleosides; D003596:Cytosine; C117959:sapacitabine