Is there an end of the "learning curve" of endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair?
BACKGROUND
An important challenge of totally extraperitoneal (TEP) hernia repair is the learning curve. The European guidelines suggest that the learning curve ranges between 50 and 100 procedures, with the first 30-50 being critical. Others suggest that optimal outcomes are achieved after 200 or more TEP procedures.


METHODS
All TEP repairs performed between 2005 and 2009 were included in this study. The effect of (surgeon) expertise on perioperative complications, conversion to open anterior repair, and operative time was assessed to evaluate the extent of the learning curve of TEP repair.


RESULTS
Intraoperative complications occurred in <1 % of the 3,432 patients and postoperative complications were observed in 243 (7 %) patients. With a median follow-up of 2 years after TEP, 19 patients (0.55 %) had a recurrence. During the study period, at the end of which all four surgeons had treated 900-1,000 patients, intraoperative complications and recurrences did not decline. On the other hand, the median operative time decreased from 30 to 20 min (p < 0.001). The conversion rate (1.6-0.2 %, p = 0.018) and postoperative complication rate (11.6-4.2 %, p < 0.001) also declined. The decline was observed for all four surgeons, irrespective of their initial expertise with TEP. The largest decrease in the conversion rate was seen after at least 250 TEP procedures; the postoperative complication rate and operative time showed a linear and significant decline throughout the study period. A more or less "steady state" was observed after approximately 450 procedures per surgeon.


CONCLUSIONS
Even after more than 400 individually performed TEP procedures, there is progress in reducing the conversion rate, the incidence of short-term postoperative complications, and operative time, indicating a rather long learning curve.
Department of Surgery, Diakonessenhuis, Secretariaat Heelkunde, Professor Lorentzlaan 76, 3707 HL Zeist, The Netherlands. nelleke.schouten@gmail.com
N
N
Schouten
R K J
RK
Simmermacher
T
T
van Dalen
N
N
Smakman
G J
GJ
Clevers
P H P
PH
Davids
E J M M
EJ
Verleisdonk
J P J
JP
Burgmans
D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D061887:Conversion to Open Surgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000592:standards; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome