Microsatellite length variation in candidate genes correlates with habitat in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata.
The genetic basis and evolutionary implications of local adaptation in high gene flow marine organisms are still poorly understood. In several Mediterranean fish species, alternative migration patterns exist between individuals entering coastal lagoons that offer favourable conditions for growth and those staying in the sea where environmental conditions are less subject to rapid and stressful change. Whether these coexisting strategies are phenotypically plastic or include a role for local adaptation through differential survival needs to be determined. Here, we explore the genetic basis of alternate habitat use in western Mediterranean populations of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Samples from lagoonal and open-sea habitats were typed for three candidate gene microsatellite loci, seven anonymous microsatellites and 44 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to test for genotype-environment associations. While anonymous markers globally indicated high levels of gene flow across geographic locations and habitats, non-neutral differentiation patterns correlated with habitat type were found at two candidate microsatellite loci located in the promoter region of the growth hormone and prolactin genes. Further analysis of these two genes revealed that a mechanism based on habitat choice alone could not explain the distribution of genotype frequencies at a regional scale, thus implying a role for differential survival between habitats. We also found an association between allele size and habitat type, which, in the light of previous studies, suggests that polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region could influence gene expression by modulating transcription factor binding, thus providing a potential explanatory link between genotype and growth phenotype in nature.
Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier II, SMEL, 2 rue des chantiers, 34200 Sète, France.
Lamya
L
Chaoui
Pierre-Alexandre
PA
Gagnaire
Bruno
B
Guinand
Jean-Pierre
JP
Quignard
Costas
C
Tsigenopoulos
M Hichem
MH
Kara
François
F
Bonhomme
D000483:Alleles; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA