title: Neurocognitive and neurobehavioral disabilities in Epilepsy with Electrical Status Epilepticus in slow sleep (ESES) and related syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess the cognitive and behavioral problems of patients with Epilepsy with Electrical Status Epilepticus in slow sleep (ESES) and related syndromes and to review their EEG (electroencephalography) findings and treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients with ESES were evaluated and treated in 2010. Nine children had continuous spike and wave during slow-wave sleep (CSWS)/ESES syndrome, 3 had Atypical BECTS (benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes), 1 had Opercular syndrome, and 1 had Landau-Kleffner syndrome. The duration of ESES ranged from 6 to 52 months. Eleven (91%) children had behavioral issues, most prominent being hyperactivity. Seven of the 13 children (53%) showed evidence of borderline to moderate cognitive impairment. A total of 28 EEG findings of ESES were analyzed for SWI (spike-wave index). Antiepileptic drugs received by the patients included valproate, clobazam, levetiracetam, and others. Eleven patients had been treated with oral steroids and it was found to be efficacious in seven (63%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disabilities caused by ESES affect multiple domains. Patients with an SWI>50% should be followed up frequently with neuropsychological assessments. Steroids appear to be effective, although there is a need to standardize the dose and duration of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology, P D Hinduja Hospital, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim (west), Mumbai 400016, Maharashtra, India. drsarbaniraha@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Sarbani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raha
authors.forename: Urvashi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Vrajesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Udani
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants