title: Orbital cavernous haemangiomas: immunohistochemical study of proliferative capacity, vascular differentiation and hormonal receptor status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunohistochemical characterisation of orbital cavernous haemangiomas (CHs) with respect to proliferative capacity, hormone receptor status and vascular differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven cases of orbital CHs were reviewed. Immunohistochemical stains for Mib-1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER & PR), CD31, D2-40, and VEGF were investigated in 11 specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical staining revealed positivity for PCNA in ten of the 11 cases (91%). Bcl-2 was positive in 8 cases (73%). VEGF and PR were each weakly positive in 3 cases. All cases were negative for Mib-1, ER and D2-40. The staining was localized around the endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to characterise in detail the immunohistochemical features of orbital CHs. The proliferative markers PCNA and Mib-1 show discordant expression in these lesions and the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 in the absence of Mib-1 is indicative of low proliferative potential. Small subsets of these tumors express PR and VEGF, which may partly explain the proliferative capacity of some orbital CHs.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia. aanchal09@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aanchal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Venkatesh C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
mesh_terms: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C500987:monoclonal antibody D2-40