title: Endotoxin levels in homes and classrooms of Dutch school children and respiratory health.
abstract: Several studies describe indoor pollutant exposure in homes and to a lesser extent in schools. Population studies that include both environments are sparse. This study aims to assess endotoxin levels in primary schools and homes of children. Endotoxin was also studied in relation to asthma and sensitisation. 10 schools with (index) and without (reference) dampness were selected, based on reports and inspections. Cases and controls were selected from 169 homes based on the presence or absence of asthma-like symptoms of children. Classroom and bedroom airborne settled dust was sampled using electrostatic dust fall collectors. Average endotoxin levels in schools ranged from 2178 to 6914 endotoxin units (EU)·m(-2) per week compared with 462-1285 EU·m(-2) per week in homes. After mutual adjustment for home and school endotoxin, school endotoxin was positively associated with nonatopic asthma (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.97-1.27), while no associations with endotoxin were found at home. The high endotoxin levels in schools compared with homes indicate that exposure at school can contribute considerably to environmental endotoxin exposure of children and teachers. Our results also suggest that endotoxin in schools may be associated with nonatopic asthmatic symptoms in pupils, although the results require reproduction because of the modest sample size.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.jacobs@uu.nl
authors.forename: José H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Esmeralda J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Krop
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Wind
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spithoven
authors.forename: Dick J J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Heederik
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012137:Respiratory System; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D004731:Endotoxins; D007073:Immunoglobulin E