title: The effects of C-type natriuretic peptide on craniofacial skeletogenesis.
abstract: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a potent stimulator of long bone and vertebral development via endochondral ossification. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CNP on craniofacial skeletogenesis, which consists of both endochondral and membranous ossification. Morphometric analyses of crania from CNP knockout and transgenic mice revealed that CNP stimulates longitudinal growth along the cranial length, but does not regulate cranial width. CNP markedly increased the length of spheno-occipital synchondrosis in fetal murine organ cultures, and the thickness of cultured murine chondrocytes from the spheno-occipital synchondrosis or nasal septum, resulting in the stimulation of longitudinal cranial growth. Mandibular growth includes endochondral and membranous ossification; although CNP stimulated endochondral bone growth of condylar cartilage in cultured fetal murine mandibles, differences in the lengths of the lower jaw between CNP knockout or transgenic mice and wild-type mice were smaller than those observed for the lengths of the upper jaw. These results indicate that CNP primarily stimulates endochondral ossification in the craniofacial region and is crucial for midfacial skeletogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. yasoda@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yasoda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bessho
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics; D024121:Collagen Type X / Q000032:analysis; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000187:drug effects; D008437:Maxilla / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000187:drug effects; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000187:drug effects; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D012886:Skull / Q000187:drug effects*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000187:drug effects; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000187:drug effects; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D024121:Collagen Type X; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type