title: The use of susceptibility-weighted imaging as an indicator of retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage and venous congestion with dural arteriovenous fistula: diagnosis and follow-up after treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage (RLVD) in dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) is associated with intracerebral hemorrhage and nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits or death. Angiographic evidence of RLVD is a definite indication for treatment, but less invasive methods of identifying RLVD are required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SWI) in detecting RLVD in DAVFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively identified 17 DAVF patients who had angiographic evidence of RLVD and received treatment. Conventional angiography and SWI were assessed at pretreatment and posttreatment time points. The presence of RLVD on SWI was defined as cortical venous hyperintensity, and the presence of venous congestion on SWI venograms was defined as increased caliber of cortical or medullary veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortical venous hyperintensity was identified in pretreatment SWI of 15 patients. Cortical venous hyperintensity was absent in early posttreatment SWI, consistent with the absence of RLVD in posttreatment angiography, in all but one of these patients. In 2 patients, cortical venous hyperintensity was identified during follow-up, indicating the recurrence of RLVD. Cortical venous hyperintensity was not identified in the pretreatment SWI of 2 patients despite angiographic evidence of RLVD. Venous congestion was identified in pretreatment SWI venograms of 11 patients and had an appearance similar to that identified from angiography. Venous congestive signs improved over the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of SWI hyperintensity within the venous structure could be a useful indicator of RLVD in DAVF patients. Thus, SWI offers a noninvasive alternative to angiography for the identification of RLVD in pretreated and posttreated DAVF patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan. nakagawa@nmu-gw.naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taoka
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kichikawa
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hironaka
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: Young-Su
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakase
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008578:Meninges / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies