title: Oral manifestations in type-2 diabetes and related complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of the wide spectrum of the oral markers of diabetes is imperative as one frequently encounters individuals with undetected, untreated or poorly controlled diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study the oral manifestations in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to establish an association between oral manifestations and associated microvascular and macrovascular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 cases of DM were selected who had oral complications. The control group comprised 50 age- and sex-matched diabetic patients without any oral complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral manifestations in DM included periodontal disease in 34%, oral candidiasis in 24%, tooth loss in 24%, oral mucosal ulcers in 22%, taste impairment in 20%, xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction in 14%, dental caries in 24%, and burning mouth sensation in 10% cases. Fasting [(FBG) (P = 0.003)] and postprandial blood glucose [(PPBG) (P = 0.0003)] levels were significantly higher among cases. The P values for neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and sepsis were 0.0156, 0.0241, 0.68, 0.4047, 0.0278, and 0.3149, respectively, which were significant for neuropathy, retinopathy, and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several oral complications are seen among diabetics. Association of oral markers in DM and microvascular complications suggests that there is a significant association between the two.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sarita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Vijay Bahadur
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; neuropathy; oral complications; retinopathy