title: Lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium and divalproex: lessons learned from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A substantial portion of the morbidity associated with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD) stems from refractory depression. This study assessed the antidepressant effects of lamotrigine as compared with placebo when used as add-on therapy for rapid-cycling bipolar depression non-responsive to the combination of lithium plus divalproex.
  
  
  METHODS
  During Phase 1 of this trial, hypomanic, manic, mixed, and/or depressed outpatients (n = 133) aged 18-65 years with DSM-IV RCBD type I or II were initially treated with the open combination of lithium and divalproex for up to 16 weeks. During Phase 2, subjects who did not meet the criteria for stabilization (n = 49) (i.e., remained in or cycled into the depressed phase) were randomly assigned to double-blind, adjunctive lamotrigine (n = 23) or adjunctive placebo (n = 26). The primary endpoint was the mean change in depression symptom severity from the beginning of Phase 2 to the end of Phase 2 (week 12) on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance with last observation carried forward and a mixed-models analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During Phase 1, a high rate of study discontinuations occurred due to intolerable side effects (13/133; 10%) and study non-adherence (22/133; 17%). Only 14% (19/133) stabilized on the open combination of lithium and divalproex. Among the 49 (37%) patients randomized to the double-blind adjunctive treatment phase, mean ± standard error change from baseline on the MADRS total score was -8.5 ± 1.7 points for lamotrigine and -9.1 ± 1.5 points for placebo (p = not significant; mixed-models analysis). No significant differences were observed in the rates of response, remission, or bimodal response between lamotrigine and placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The poor tolerability, lack of efficacy, and high rate of early discontinuation with the combination of lithium and divalproex suggests this regimen was ineffective for the majority of patients with RCBD. Among patients who did not stabilize on lithium and divalproex, the addition of lamotrigine was no more effective than placebo in reducing depression severity. The findings suggest an opportunity for several design modifications to enhance signal detection in future trials of RCBD. The main limitation is the small number of subjects randomized to double-blind treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. kemp.david@gmail.com
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obral
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ganocy
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014227:Triazines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014227:Triazines; D014635:Valproic Acid; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D000077213:Lamotrigine