title: Reasons for uncontrolled seizures in children: the impact of pseudointractability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the various possible reasons for uncontrolled seizures in patients under 18 years of age to determine the impact of pseudointractability. We also investigated the various forms of pseudointractability in children with uncontrolled seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional retrospective chart review study, all patients under 18 years of age with their first seizure occurring at least 6 months prior to the referral date, taking at least one antiepileptic drug (AED), and having at least one seizure in the past 3 months were studied. The presumed reason for uncontrolled seizures was arbitrarily considered to be one of these five categories: poor adherence; wrong medication; wrong dose of the correct medication; diagnosis other than epilepsy; and finally, medically refractory epilepsy. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests to determine potentially significant differences, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 198 patients were referred to us due to uncontrolled seizures. Ninety patients (45%) were taking one AED, 55 (28%) were taking two AEDs, and 53 (27%) patients were taking more than two AEDs at the time of referral. Four percent of these patients did not have epilepsy. Forty-seven percent of the children with uncontrolled seizures had medically refractory epilepsy; 37% were taking the wrong AEDs; 10% were taking suboptimal doses of AEDs; and 2% had poor drug adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncontrolled seizures in children are a commonly encountered problem, particularly at epilepsy clinics. One should consider all possible reasons for these uncontrolled seizures, including non-epileptic seizures, pseudointractability, and medically refractory epilepsy. The mainstay for making a correct diagnosis is a detailed clinical history.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. aliasadipooya@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Asadi-Pooya
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants