title: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips-vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic '3-R' situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips being eliminated; replacement by various other pests. This paper reports on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables that are effective, economical, ecologically sound and sustainable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The components include the following: define pest status (economic thresholds); increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competition); integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultraviolet-reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, companion plants and fertility); vertically integrate the programs with other pests; continually communicate latest science-based management tactics with end-users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These programs have been widely implemented in Florida and have significantly improved the management of western flower thrips and thrips-transmitted viruses.
authors.affiliation: Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Isparta, Turkey. ozandemirozer@sdu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ozan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demirozer
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tyler-Julian
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Funderburk
authors.forename: Norm
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leppla
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005431:Florida; D035264:Flowers; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010944:Plants; D061149:Thysanoptera
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; C415329:spinosad