title: Ripple classification helps to localize the seizure-onset zone in neocortical epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fast ripples are reported to be highly localizing to the epileptogenic or seizure-onset zone (SOZ) but may not be readily found in neocortical epilepsy, whereas ripples are insufficiently localizing. Herein we classified interictal neocortical ripples by associated characteristics to identify a subtype that may help to localize the SOZ in neocortical epilepsy. We hypothesize that ripples associated with an interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) are more pathologic, since the IED is not a normal physiologic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 35 patients with epilepsy with neocortical epilepsy who underwent invasive electroencephalography (EEG) evaluation by stereotactic EEG (SEEG) or subdural grid electrodes. Interictal fast ripples and ripples were visually marked during slow-wave sleep lasting 10-30 min. Neocortical ripples were classified as type I when superimposed on epileptiform discharges such as paroxysmal fast, spike, or sharp wave, and as type II when independent of epileptiform discharges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 21 patients with a defined SOZ, neocortical fast ripples were detected in the SOZ of only four patients. Type I ripples were detected in 14 cases almost exclusively in the SOZ or primary propagation area (PP) and marked the SOZ with higher specificity than interictal spikes. In contrast, type II ripples were not correlated with the SOZ. In 14 patients with two or more presumed SOZs or nonlocalizable onset pattern, type I but not type II ripples also occurred in the SOZs. We found the areas with only type II ripples outside of the SOZ (type II-O ripples) in SEEG that localized to the primary motor cortex and primary visual cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neocortical fast ripples and type I ripples are specific markers of the SOZ, whereas type II ripples are not. Type I ripples are found more readily than fast ripples in human neocortical epilepsy. Type II-O ripples may represent spontaneous physiologic ripples in the human neocortex.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Irene Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bulacio
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mosher
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Martinez
authors.forename: Andreas V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Imad M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: Norman K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: So
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019579:Neocortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012640:Seizures / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology