title: Smoking is associated with abdominal obesity, not overall obesity, in men with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal obesity increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and there is a possibility that smoking effects obesity. However, previous studies concerning the effects of smoking on obesity are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine whether smoking is positively related to abdominal obesity in men with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects consisted of 2197 type 2 diabetic patients who visited Huh's Diabetes Center from 2003 to 2009. Indices of abdominal obesity were defined as visceral fat thickness (VFT) measured by ultrasonography and waist circumference (WC). Overall obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in WC and VFT by smoking status were identified. However, there was no statistical difference in BMI according to smoking status. Means of WC and VFT were not significantly higher in heavy smokers and lower in mild smokers. Compared to nonsmokers, the BMI confounder adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for VFT in ex-smokers and current-smokers were 1.70 (1.21 to 2.39) and 1.86 (1.27 to 2.73), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking status was positively associated with abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Heejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimm
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sun Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: Kap Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055105:Waist Circumference
keywords: Abdominal obesity; Body mass index; Intra-abdominal fat; Smoking; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Waist circumference