title: A novel four-dimensional radiotherapy planning strategy from a tumor-tracking beam's eye view.
abstract: To investigate the feasibility of four-dimensional radiotherapy (4DRT) planning from a tumor-tracking beam's eye view (ttBEV) with reliable gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation, realistic normal tissue representation, high planning accuracy and low clinical workload, we propose and validate a novel 4D conformal planning strategy based on a synthesized 3.5D computed tomographic (3.5DCT) image with a motion-compensated tumor. To recreate patient anatomy from a ttBEV in the moving tumor coordinate system for 4DRT planning (or 4D planning), the centers of delineated GTVs in all phase CT images of 4DCT were aligned, and then the aligned CTs were averaged to produce a new 3.5DCT image. This GTV-motion-compensated CT contains a motionless target (with motion artifacts minimized) and motion-blurred normal tissues (with a realistic temporal density average). Semi-automatic threshold-based segmentation of the tumor, lung and body was applied, while manual delineation was used for other organs at risk (OARs). To validate this 3.5DCT-based 4D planning strategy, five patients with peripheral lung lesions of small size (<5 cm(3)) and large motion range (1.2-3.5 cm) were retrospectively studied for stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning tools. The 3.5DCT-based 4D plan (3.5DCT plan) with 9-10 conformal beams was compared with the 4DCT-based 4D plan (4DCT plan). The 4DCT plan was derived from multiple 3D plans based on all phase CT images, each of which used the same conformal beam configuration but with an isocenter shift to aim at the moving tumor and a minor beam aperture and weighting adjustment to maintain plan conformality. The dose-volume histogram (DVH) of the 4DCT plan was created with two methods: one is an integrated DVH (iDVH(4D)), which is defined as the temporal average of all 3D-phase-plan DVHs, and the other (DVH(4D)) is based on the dose distribution in a reference phase CT image by dose warping from all phase plans using the displacement vector field (DVF) from a free-form deformable image registration (DIR). The DVH(3.5D) (for the 3.5DCT plan) was compared with both iDVH(4D) and DVH(4D). To quantify the DVH difference between the 3.5DCT plan and the 4DCT plan, two methods were used: relative difference (%) of the areas underneath the DVH curves and the volumes receiving more than 20% (V20) and 50% (V50) of prescribed dose of these 4D plans. The volume of the delineated GTV from different phase CTs varied dramatically from 24% to 112% among the five patients, whereas the GTV from 3.5DCT deviated from the averaged GTV in 4DCT by only -6%±6%. For planning tumor volume (PTV) coverage, the difference between the DVH(3.5D) and iDVH(4D) was negligible (<1% area), whereas the DVH(3.5D) and DVH(4D) were quite different, due to DIR uncertainty (∼2 mm), which propagates to PTV dose coverage with a pronounced uncertainty for small tumors (0.3-4.0 cm(3)) in stereotactic plans with sharp dose falloff around PTV. For OARs, such as the lung, heart, cord and esophagus, the three DVH curves (DVH(3.5D), DVH(4D) and iDVH(4D)) were found to be almost identical for the same patients, especially in high-dose regions. For the tumor-containing lung, the relative difference of the areas underneath the DVH curves was found to be small (5.3% area on average), of which 65% resulted from the low-dose region (D < 20%). The averaged V20 difference between the two 4D plans was 1.2% ± 0.8%. For the mean lung dose (MLD), the 3.5DCT plan differed from the 4DCT plan by -1.1%±1.3%. GTV-motion-compensated CT (3.5DCT) produces an accurate and reliable GTV delineation, which is close to the mean GTV from 4DCT. The 3.5DCT plan is equivalent to the 4DCT plan with <1% dose difference to the PTV and negligible dose difference in OARs. The 3.5DCT approach simplifies 4D planning and provides accurate dose calculation without a substantial increase of clinical workload for motion-tracking delivery to treat small peripheral lung tumors with large motion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. lig2@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Huchen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimner
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D047368:Tumor Burden