title: Accidental digitoxin intoxication: an interplay between laboratory and clinical medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two Italian adults arrived at the Emergency Department referring diarrhea, nausea and vomiting for 4 days; weakness, fatigue and visual hallucinations were also complained of. Patients reported the ingestion of some leaves of a plant, which they supposed to be "donkey ears", a week before. Physical examination showed hypotension and bradycardia and ECG examination disclosed sinus rhythm and repolarization abnormalities (scooping of the ST-T complex) in both patients and a 2:1 AV block in the man.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digoxin concentration was evaluated twice for each patient (at the admission and after 4 hours) by the automated immunoassay system ADVIA Centaur. Digitoxin concentration was evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite clinical picture was suggestive of digitalis intoxication, digoxin levels were undetectable. Due to the more severe clinical picture, the male patient was treated with anti-digoxin antibodies (Digifab) achieving a good clinical improvement and remission of the AV block within two hours. Initial diagnosis was confirmed by LC-MS/MS showing high digitoxin concentrations, but digoxin was undetectable. Patients remained stable and 48 hours later were discharged from the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas digoxin determination frequently relies on monoclonal antibodies which do not cross-react to digitoxin, polyclonal antibodies constituting Digifab recognize a large spectrum of cardiac glycosides, including digitoxin. This report emphasizes the primary role of the clinical approach to patients in the emergency setting and how an active communication and a continuous sharing of professional experiences between Laboratory and Clinicians ensure an early and correct diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Medicina e Chirurgia d'Accettazione e d'Urgenza, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina d'Emergenza-Urgenza, Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zanotti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidali
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagnati
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellomo
authors.forename: Gian Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Avanzi
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015510:Clinical Medicine; D004074:Digitoxin / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004074:Digitoxin