title: Blood donation practices, motivations and beliefs in Montreal's Black communities: the modern gift under a new light.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Through the conceptual lens of the archaic and modern gift, this study aims to examine perceived limitations and facilitators to increasing blood donations within Black communities in Montreal, Canada. The overall objective is to support blood agencies, such as Héma-Québec, in understanding the challenges and opportunities they face in promoting blood donation among Black communities in pluralistic societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with donors and leaders of ethnocultural groups in Montreal: of these, 6 were Héma-Québec employees; 3 were Caribbean blood drive organizers; 14 were leaders of African, Caribbean or Black multiethnic churches and community groups; and finally, 10 were donors, including 2 African, 4 French-speaking Haitian and 4 English-speaking Caribbean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The existence of multiple Black communities in Montreal reflects the various facilitators and obstacles facing Héma-Québec. Caribbean and African communities have their own experiences with regard to blood donation as well as different relationships with the broader Quebec society, both of which have great impact on how they perceive the cause. Questions of trust, of giving to the family and to the community, as well as perceived social exclusion appear to be fundamental issues for our informants. The current participation of groups interested in bettering the lives of those affected by sickle cell anaemia combined with the fact that leaders felt more comfortable donating to someone close to the community suggests that the promotion of blood donation through this angle would be well received.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trust issues, perceived discrimination and social exclusion have structural and historical roots that can only be partly overcome with long-term efforts to increase awareness, develop collaborative partnerships and increase institutional efforts to adapt to the challenges of blood donation from Black citizens.
authors.affiliation: a Institut national de la recherche scientifique , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.
authors.forename: Nathalie Y L
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valderrama-Benitez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011792:Quebec; D014900:West Indies / Q000208:ethnology