title: Evaluating manual inflations and breathing during mask ventilation in preterm infants at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate inflations (initial sustained inflations and consecutive inflations) and breathing during mask ventilation in preterm infants at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resuscitation of infants <32 weeks' gestation receiving mask ventilation at birth were recorded. Recorded waveforms were divided into inflations (sustained and consecutive inflations), breaths in between inflations, breaths coinciding with an inflation, and breaths on continuous positive airway pressure (during evaluation moments in between and after ventilation) and expiratory tidal volume (V(Te)) was compared. Inflations were analyzed for leak, low V(Te) (<2.5 mL/kg), high V(Te) (>15 mL/kg in sustained inflations, >10 mL/kg in consecutive inflations), and airway obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 27 infants, we analyzed 1643 inflations, 110 breaths in between inflations, 133 breaths coinciding with an inflation, and 1676 breaths on continuous positive airway pressure. A large mask leak frequently resulted in low V(Te). Breathing during positive pressure ventilation occurred in 24 of 27 infants (89%). Median (IQR) V(Te) of inflations, breaths in between inflations, and breaths coinciding with an inflation were 0.8 mL/kg (0.0-5.6 mL/kg), 2.8 mL/kg (0.7-4.6 mL/kg), and 3.9 mL/kg (0.0-7.7 mL/kg) during sustained inflations and 3.7 mL/kg (1.4-6.7 mL/kg), 3.3 mL/kg (2.1-6.6 mL/kg), and 4.6 mL/kg (2.1-7.8 mL/kg) during consecutive inflations, respectively. The V(Te) of breaths were significantly lower than the V(Te) of inflations or breaths coinciding with an inflation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We often observed large leak and low V(Te), especially during sustained inflations. Most preterm infants breathe when receiving mask ventilation and this probably contributed to the stabilization of the infants after birth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands. kimschilleman86@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schilleman
authors.forename: Corinne J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van der Pot
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
authors.forename: Frans J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Arjan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: te Pas
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007327:Insufflation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*