title: Findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study: cognitive impulsivity and intelligence as predictors of the age-crime curve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article first summarizes key research findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study from 1987 to the present, and focuses on delinquency in 1,517 young men who have been followed up from late childhood into their 20s. Second, the article addresses how indicators of self-control prospectively predict later offending, and whether the prediction shows individual difference in the age-crime curve, particularly the up-slope, peak, and down-slope of that curve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal analyses were conducted on a sample of boys in the middle sample of the Pittsburgh Youth Study (n = 422), whose cognitive impulsivity and intelligence were assessed at about age 12 years. Criminal records on the sample were until age 28.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that cognitive impulsivity and intelligence, measured between ages 12 and 13 by means of psychometric tests, predicted the age-crime curve. The age-arrest curve was substantially higher in boys with high cognitive impulsivity and in boys with low IQ. However, there was a significant interaction between cognitive impulsivity and intelligence. For boys with high IQ, cognitive impulsivity was associated with a greater escalation in the prevalence of offending during early adolescence, followed by a more rapid decline in offending as boys entered early adulthood with a slight subsequent increase in criminal offending then occurring late 20. In contrast, there was no evidence that cognitive impulsivity independently influenced criminal offending at any developmental period for boys with low IQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are discussed in terms of interventions to reduce individuals' delinquency from childhood through early adulthood and lower the age-crime curve for populations. However, the association was complex because it was moderated by both age and intelligence.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. loeberr@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loeber
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Menting
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lynam
authors.forename: Terri E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stouthamer-Loeber
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Farrington
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pardini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055815:Young Adult