title: Effects of repeated deep brain stimulation on depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in rats: comparing entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or internal globus pallidus (GPi) has been routinely used for the treatment of some movement disorders. However, DBS may be associated with adverse psychiatric effects, such as depression, anxiety and impulsivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare DBS applied to the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN; the rodent homolog of the GPi) and STN in terms of their effects on depressive- and anxiety-like behavior in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  DBS was applied for 21 days (4 h a day) to either the STN or EPN. Rats then underwent behavioral testing on learned helplessness and elevated plus maze tasks before being sacrificed for brain analyses of zif268, BDNF and trkB mRNA as well as BDNF protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated DBS of the STN, but not of the EPN, led to impaired performance in the learned helplessness task, suggesting that STN-DBS induces or potentiates depressive-like behavior. There was no effect of DBS on elevated plus maze or on open field behavior. Repeated STN-DBS, but not EPN-DBS, led to decreased levels of BDNF and trkB mRNA in hippocampus. Acute stimulation of the STN or EPN resulted in similar changes in zif268 levels in several brain areas, except for the raphe where decreases were seen only after STB-DBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together these results indicate that the effects of STN- and EPN-DBS differ in behavioral and neurochemical respects. Results further suggest that the EPN may be a preferable target for clinical DBS when psychiatric side effects are considered insofar as it may be associated with a lower incidence of depressive-like behavior than the STN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Meaghan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Creed
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamani
authors.forename: José N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nobrega
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D003863:Depression / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020392:Entopeduncular Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D051381:Rats; D020813:Receptor, trkB / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486110:Egr1 protein, rat; D020813:Receptor, trkB
keywords: Anxiety; BDNF; Deep brain stimulation; Depression; High-frequency stimulation; Internal globus pallidus; Learned helplessness; Plus maze; trkB; zif268 mapping