title: Relationship between Food-frequency and Glycated Hemoglobin in Korean Diabetics: Using Data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to evaluate the association between food intake frequencies and long-term blood glucose control using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Korean diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used data collected from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Patients with diabetes were defined as people who responded "yes" to the question "Are you currently suffering from diabetes?" or in whom serum fasting glucose was 126 mg/dL or more. Using the food frequency questionnaire and HbA1c in surveys, we examined the association between the annual food-frequencies of each food group and long-term blood glucose control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for other covariates, HbA1c decreased significantly as the frequency of the intake of fish increased in each population (P = 0.001 for all, P = 0.043 for men, P = 0.001 for women). The intake of mackerel played an especially important role in the control of diabetes. Among women, HbA1c decreased as the frequency of intake of legumes increased (P = 0.029) and increased as the frequency of intake of staple carbohydrates increased (P = 0.015). On the other hand, any intake of other food groups showed no significant relationship with HbA1c.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent intake of fish in all populations and legumes in woman were associated with good glycemic control in diabetics. Frequent intake of carbohydrates was associated with elevated HbA1c in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Lack
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eui-Hyun
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hyang-Mee
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hwan-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Hoon-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Fishes; Food-frequency; HbA1c; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Type 2 Diabetes