title: Characterization of nanochannel delivery membrane systems for the sustained release of resveratrol and atorvastatin: new perspectives on promoting heart health.
abstract: Novel drug delivery systems capable of continuous sustained release of therapeutics have been studied extensively for use in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. The use of these systems holds promise as a means to achieve higher patient compliance while improving therapeutic index and reducing systemic toxicity. In this work, an implantable nanochannel drug delivery system (nDS) is characterized and evaluated for the long-term sustained release of atorvastatin (ATS) and trans-resveratrol (t-RES), compounds with a proven role in managing atherogenic dyslipidemia and promoting cardioprotection. The primary mediators of drug release in the nDS are nanofluidic membranes with hundreds of thousands of nanochannels (up to 100,000/mm(2)) that attain zero-order release kinetics by exploiting nanoconfinement and molecule-to-surface interactions that dominate diffusive transport at the nanoscale. These membranes were characterized using gas flow analysis, acetone diffusion, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The surface properties of the dielectric materials lining the nanochannels, SiO(2) and low-stress silicon nitride, were further investigated using surface charge analysis. Continuous, sustained in vitro release for both ATS and t-RES was established for durations exceeding 1 month. Finally, the influence of the membranes on cell viability was assessed using human microvascular endothelial cells. Morphology changes and adhesion to the surface were analyzed using SEM, while an MTT proliferation assay was used to determine the cell viability. The nanochannel delivery approach, here demonstrated in vitro, not only possesses all requirements for large-scale high-yield industrial fabrication, but also presents the key components for a rapid clinical translation as an implantable delivery system for the sustained administration of cardioprotectants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sih
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filippini
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filipini
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrati
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghuwansi
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zabre
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicolov
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palapattu
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grattoni
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D004343:Drug Implants; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011758:Pyrroles; D013267:Stilbenes; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D000077185:Resveratrol