title: Association of food form with self-reported 24-h energy intake and meal patterns in US adults: NHANES 2003-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory studies suggest that food form (beverages compared with solid foods) evokes behavioral and physiologic responses that modify short-term appetite and food intake. Beverage energy may be less satiating and poorly compensated, which leads to higher energy intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between 24-h energy consumed in beverages and a variety of meal and dietary attributes to quantify the contribution of beverage consumption to the energy content of diets in free-living individuals consuming their self-selected diets.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used dietary recall data for adults (n = 13,704) in NHANES 2003-2008 to examine the multiple covariate-adjusted associations between 24-h energy from beverages and nonbeverages and associations between beverage intake, eating behaviors, and the energy density of beverage and nonbeverage foods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the highest tertile of 24-h beverage energy intake, beverages provided >30% of energy. Total 24-h energy and nonbeverage energy consumption and energy density (kcal/g) of both beverage and nonbeverage foods increased with increasing energy from beverages (P < 0.0001). With increasing 24-h beverage energy consumption, the reported frequency of all, snack, and beverage-only ingestive episodes and length of the ingestive period increased, whereas the percentage of energy from main meals decreased (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher 24-h beverage energy intake was related to higher energy intake from nonbeverage foods, quality of food selections, and distribution of 24-h energy into main meal and snack episodes. Moderation of beverage-only ingestive episodes and curtailing the length of the ingestion period may hold potential to lower uncompensated beverage energy consumption in the US population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA. ashima.kant@qc.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Ashima K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mattes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D057566:Self Report; D062410:Snacks; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult