title: Nitric oxide synthase (eNOS4a/b) gene polymorphism is associated with tumor recurrence and progression in superficial bladder cancer cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between the distribution of the eNOS4a/b polymorphism and the clinical features of superficial bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 201 healthy controls with a mean ± SD age of 62.35 ± 7.96 years and 123 patients with a mean age of 64.03 ± 11.00 years diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed superficial bladder cancer. The eNOS4a/b polymorphism genotype (aa, bb or ab) was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Blood glutathione and plasma malondialdehyde levels were measured by spectrophotometry as an indicator of oxidative stress. We estimated total plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites using a colorimetric assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in age or body mass index between patients and controls. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolite levels were statistically significantly increased (p = 0.000 and 0.024, respectively) and glutathione levels were decreased (p = 0.000) in patients with superficial bladder cancer. The bb genotype of the eNOS4a/b polymorphism is the most frequent one in the Turkish population and the aa genotype was significantly more common in patients with superficial bladder cancer (p = 0.000). Also, the aa plus ab genotype was significantly more common in patients with high grade tumors (p = 0.013) and in those with more progression to muscle invasive disease (p = 0.000). This genotype was also a significant independent risk factor for recurrence after adjusting for smoking status, stage, grade and the presence of carcinoma in situ on logistic regression analyses (OR 3.095, 95% CI 1.21-7.86, p = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study suggests that a genotype containing the a allele of the eNOS4a/b polymorphism may be a risk factor for bladder cancer. Additionally, patients harboring the aa plus ab genotype are more likely to experience tumor recurrence and progression.
authors.affiliation: Urology Clinic, Istanbul Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. amasyali@istanbul.edu.tr
authors.forename: Akin Soner
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Amasyali
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kucukgergin
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Oner
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sanli
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seckin
authors.forename: Ismet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III