title: Interaction of digitalis-like compounds with p-glycoprotein.
abstract: Digitalis-like compounds (DLCs), or cardiac glycosides, are produced and sequestered by certain plants and animals as a protective mechanism against herbivores or predators. Currently, the DLCs digoxin and digitoxin are used in the treatment of cardiac congestion and some types of cardiac arrhythmia, despite a very narrow therapeutic index. P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) is the only known ATP-dependent efflux transporter that handles digoxin as a substrate. Ten alanine mutants of human P-gp drug-binding amino acids-Leu(65), Ile(306), Phe(336), Ile(340), Phe(343), Phe(728), Phe(942), Thr(945), Leu(975), and Val(982)-were generated and expressed in HEK293 cells with a mammalian baculovirus system. The uptake of [(3)H]-N-methyl-quinidine (NMQ), the P-gp substrate in vesicular transport assays, was determined. The mutations I306A, F343A, F728A, T945A, and L975A abolished NMQ transport activity of P-gp. For the other mutants, the apparent affinities for six DLCs (cymarin, digitoxin, digoxin, peruvoside, proscillaridin A, and strophanthidol) were determined. The affinities of digoxin, proscillaridin A, peruvoside, and cymarin for mutants F336A and I340A were decreased two- to fourfold compared with wild type, whereas that of digitoxin and strophanthidol did not change. In addition, the presence of a hydroxyl group at position 12β seems to reduce the apparent affinity when the side chain of Phe(336) and Phe(942) is absent. Our results showed that a δ-lactone ring and a sugar moiety at 3β of the steroid body are favorable for DLC binding to P-gp. Moreover, DLC inhibition is increased by hydroxyl groups at positions 5β and 19, whereas inhibition is decreased by those at positions 1β, 11α, 12β, and 16β. The understanding of the P-gp-DLC interaction improves our insight into DLCs toxicity and might enhance the replacement of digoxin with other DLCs that have less adverse drug effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 149, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101,  6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elnaz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gozalpour
authors.forename: Hanneke G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Wittgen
authors.forename: Jeroen J M W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greupink
authors.forename: Frans G M
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: Jan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Koenderink
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004070:Digitalis / Q000378:metabolism*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002301:Cardiac Glycosides