title: A decade of EEG Theta/Beta Ratio Research in ADHD: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many EEG studies have reported that ADHD is characterized by elevated Theta/Beta ratio (TBR). In this study we conducted a meta-analysis on the TBR in ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  TBR data during Eyes Open from location Cz were analyzed from children/adolescents 6-18 years of age with and without ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies were identified with a total of 1253 children/adolescents with and 517 without ADHD. The grand-mean effect size (ES) for the 6-13 year-olds was 0.75 and for the 6-18 year-olds was 0.62. However the test for heterogeneity remained significant; therefore these ESs are misleading and considered an overestimation. Post-hoc analysis found a decreasing difference in TBR across years, explained by an increasing TBR for the non-ADHD groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive TBR cannot be considered a reliable diagnostic measure of ADHD, however a substantial sub-group of ADHD patients do deviate on this measure and TBR has prognostic value in this sub-group, warranting its use as a prognostic measure rather than a diagnostic measure.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute Brainclinics, Nijmegen, Netherlands. martijn@brainclinics.com
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arns
authors.forename: C Keith
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Conners
authors.forename: Helena C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kraemer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: ADHD; EEG; QEEG; Theta/Beta ratio; beta; neurofeedback; theta