title: [Food sources and average intake of calcium in a representative sample of Spanish schoolchildren].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is controversy about the adequacy of calcium intake to that recommended in Spanish schoolchildren. Some studies indicate that the intake is inadequate in a variable percentage of children, while others insist on the danger of an excessive intake in a huge percentage of this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess calcium intake and food sources of this nutrient in a representative sample of Spanish children and to judge the adequacy of its contribution to the coverage of recommended intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  903 schoolchildren (7 to 11 years) from 10 Spanish provinces (Tarragona, Caceres, Burgos, Guadalajara, Valencia, Salamanca, Cordoba, Vizcaya, Lugo and Madrid) were studied. They constituted a representative sample of the Spanish schoolchildren population. The energy and nutrient intake was determined using a "Food record questionnaire" for 3 days, including a Sunday. Calcium intake was compared with the recommended intakes (RI) for the mineral. Weight and height were recorded and body mass index (BMI) calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the studied group (55.3% girls and 44.7% of children), 30.7% had an excess body weight (23.3% overweight and 7.4% obesity). Calcium intake was 859.9 ± 249.2 mg / day (79.5% of the recommendations). 76.7% of children had intakes below 100% of those recommended and 40.1% below of 67% of RI. The ratios calcium/phosphorus (0.74 ± 0.21) and calcium/protein (10.1 ± 2.8) and the index of nutritional quality for calcium (0.78 ± 0.29) were lower than recommended in 91.6%, 99.8% and 81.1% of children, respectively. Dietary calcium came from dairy products (64.7%), dietetic products and infant formulae (7.6%), cereals (7.3%), vegetables (3.5%), fruits (3.4%), pre-cooked meals (3.3%), meats (2.8%), fishes (2.8%) and pulses (2.2%), with no differences by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium intake was lower than recommended in 76.7% of the children and 40.1% had insufficient intake (< 67% of RI). Having in mind that the main calcium source was dairy products (64.7%), increase consumption of this food group is recommended, especially in the 37.1% of children who did not reach the 2 recommended servings per day.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España. rortega@farm.ucm.es
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: López-Sobaler
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Jiménez Ortega
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Navia Lombán
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Roso Calvo de Mora
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: López Plaza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D010758:Phosphorus