title: Rubella control in Papua New Guinea: age-specific immunity informs strategies for introduction of rubella vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the age specific immunity profile for rubella from three discrete study populations in Papua New Guinea, and to inform policy regarding the possible introduction of rubella vaccine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In 2005, the Western Pacific Region (WPR), of which Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a member state, declared the goal of regional measles elimination by 2012. Recently, WPR has incorporated an accelerated control goal for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). PNG currently recommends two doses of measles vaccination at 6 and 9 months of age with a monovalent measles vaccine, which does not include rubella vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience samples were collected from 1326 eligible participants in PNG and assessed for rubella immunity using the Dade Behring Enzygnost™ Anti-Rubella-Virus enzyme immunoassay. Nearly 34% were collected during an age stratified prospective survey of febrile patients in Madang Province; approximately 49% were collected from women of childbearing age in East Sepik and Milne Bay Provinces. Remaining specimens were collected from 6 to 7-month-old infants in Port Moresby prior to receiving the first dose of measles vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all samples tested, 65.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 62.6-67.8) had evidence of immunity to rubella infection. Of women more than 15 years of age, 91.6% (95% CI: 89.4-93.5) were immune. The force of infection was highest between 5 and 19 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a population-based sample was not used, our multi-centre study of the population immunity profile suggests that immunity against rubella is extremely high in most women of childbearing age, but women who become pregnant at an early age may be at high risk of rubella infection during pregnancy and potential delivery of an infant with CRS. Routine measles vaccine coverage, a proxy for measles-rubella vaccine coverage, as measured in recently published studies, is well below the WHO target of 80% coverage. Introduction of a child or infant dose of rubella vaccine requires caution and further study.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia. Michaela.riddell@monash.edu
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.forename: C John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hobday
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: Jonah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurubi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kevin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012411:Rubella Vaccine