title: Biodegradation of Green HE4B: Co-substrate effect, biotransformation enzymes and metabolite toxicity analysis.
abstract: A high exhaust reactive dye, Green HE4B (GHE4B) was 98% degraded in nutrient medium by Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM 2112 (pd2112) within 72 h at static condition. Decolorization time in synthetic 10 g/l molasses. Addition of 5 g/l peptone to NaCl medium had reduced decolorization time from 108 to 72 h. Beef extract do not contribute more to the inducing effect of peptone, however it is a good co-substrate in sucrose or urea containing NaCl medium. Intracellular lignin peroxidase (Lip), laccase and tyrosinase activities were induced by 150, 355 and 212%, respectively till maximum dye removal took place. Aminopyrine N-demethylase (AND) and dichlorophenol indophenol reductase (DCIP-reductase) activities in pd2112 were induced by 130 and 20%, respectively at 72 h of incubation during GHE4B decolorization. By high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, 4-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid and 4-amino, 6-hydroxynaphthalene 2-sulfonic acids were identified as metabolites formed during 24-72 h incubation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis supports the formation of these aromatic amines. pd2112, aerobically degraded GHE4B metabolites (formed at static condition) showing stationary phase of 6 days. There was no germination inhibition of Sorghum bicolor and Triticum aestivum by GHE4B metabolites at 3,000 ppm concentration however untreated dye showed germination inhibition at the same concentration. GHE4B metabolites did not show any microbial toxicity at 10,000 ppm concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 India  ; National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kalme
authors.forename: S U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Parshetti
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Govindwar
keywords: Biodegradation; Co-substrate; Green HE4B; Reactive dye; Toxicity