title: Can melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine specimens predict the total previous 24-hour melamine excretion level in school children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether melamine concentrations in 1-spot overnight urine sample can represent the previous 8- and 24-h total urinary melamine excretions in school children. The relationship between urinary melamine levels and several clinical biomarkers of early renal injury such as microalbumin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  School children, aged 6-10 y, and their parents who were healthy and lived closely to Kaohsiung Medical University-affiliated hospitals were recruited. All study children had the first 1-spot overnight urine sample collected on the Sunday morning (the first day) immediately when they woke up, and then all the subsequent urine samples continued to be collected until the first 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the next day (Monday, the second day). Two first 1-spot overnight urine samples from their parents on the same Sunday and Monday mornings were also collected. This protocol was completed in the July and August of 2011. All urine samples were measured for melamine, biomarkers of early renal injury, and creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7 girls and 16 boys in this study. Except for one missing urine sample from 1-spot overnight urine sample on the morning of the second day, melamine levels in the rest of urine samples among the study children were all detectable. The median melamine levels of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the first and second day mornings were 0.93 and 1.73 μg/mmol of creatinine respectively. We found that melamine concentrations of 1-spot overnight urine samples on the second day morning were highly correlated with the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine (r=0.936, p<0.001, n=21 and r=0.616, p<0.001, n=21 respectively). Good correlation of 1-spot overnight urine sample on the first and second day mornings was also found (r=0.619, p=0.003, n=21). In contrast, there were no significant correlations of 24-h total urinary melamine and 24-h total urinary microalbumin and NAG excretions (r=-0.221, p=0.319, n=22 and r=0.084, p=0.710, n=22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melamine levels in 1-spot overnight urine sample can predict the previous 8- and 24-h total melamine excretions in urine. Since melamine exposure levels in these school children were relatively low, its association with clinical biomarkers of early renal injury was not found. A future study is necessary to increase the sample size and to find the more sensitive preclinical biomarkers of renal injury to link with low melamine exposure in children in the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Meng-Tian
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ching-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chun-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Chia-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chia-Chu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tusty-Jiuan
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Jentaie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiea
authors.forename: Bai-Hsiun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Tsang
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010507:Periodicity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine