title: Adverse effects of low occupational cadmium exposure on renal and oxidative stress biomarkers in solderers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest adverse health effects after low exposure to cadmium (Cd). Brazing with Cd-containing solder exposes workers to Cd. The purpose of this study was to assess: (1) indicators of Cd exposure in blood (Cd-B)/ urine (Cd-U); (2) the association between Cd-B, Cd-U and renal and oxidative stress biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study Cd-B, Cd-U, renal (ie, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase/urinary intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)/microalbumin/beta-2-microglobulin/retinol binding protein and oxidative stress markers (ie, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites/glutathione peroxidase/superoxide dismutase (SOD)/ advanced oxidation protein products/8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosin/8-isoprostanes) were determined in 36 solderers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for age and pack-years of smoking show that IAP is statistically significantly associated with Cd-B (B=0.24; SE=0.11) and Cd-U (B=0.15; SE=0.07). Also SOD is statistically significantly associated with Cd-B (B=62.96; SE=29.62). The association between SOD and Cd-U is of borderline statistical significance (B=37.69; SE=19.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there is still some debate as whether the Cd-induced tubular effects are reversible or not, IAP and SOD appear as sensitive and potentially useful early biomarkers for the health surveillance of workers exposed to low levels of Cd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. ramona.hambach@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hambach
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lison
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weyler
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: Antoon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Schryver
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manuel-Y-Keenoy
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Van Soom
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caeyers
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Sprundel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking; D014896:Welding
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium