title: A guide to writing a scientific paper: a focus on high school through graduate level student research.
abstract: This article presents a detailed guide for high school through graduate level instructors that leads students to write effective and well-organized scientific papers. Interesting research emerges from the ability to ask questions, define problems, design experiments, analyze and interpret data, and make critical connections. This process is incomplete, unless new results are communicated to others because science fundamentally requires peer review and criticism to validate or discard proposed new knowledge. Thus, a concise and clearly written research paper is a critical step in the scientific process and is important for young researchers as they are mastering how to express scientific concepts and understanding. Moreover, learning to write a research paper provides a tool to improve science literacy as indicated in the National Research Council's National Science Education Standards (1996), and A Framework for K-12 Science Education (2011), the underlying foundation for the Next Generation Science Standards currently being developed. Background information explains the importance of peer review and communicating results, along with details of each critical component, the Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Specific steps essential to helping students write clear and coherent research papers that follow a logical format, use effective communication, and develop scientific inquiry are described.
authors.affiliation: NIEHS Children's Environmental Health Sciences Core Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA. hesselba@uwm.edu
authors.forename: Renee A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hesselbach
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Petering
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomasiewicz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003479:Curriculum; D004500:Education, Graduate; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D010380:Peer Review; D012574:Schools; D012586:Science / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D013663:Teaching; D014495:Universities; D014956:Writing