title: Anatomical features and clinical relevance of a persistent trigeminal artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is uncommonly identified, knowledge of this structure is essential for clinicians who interpret cranial imaging, perform invasive studies of the cerebral vasculature, and operate this region.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the medical literature using standard search engines was performed to locate articles regarding the PTA, with special attention with anatomical descriptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although anatomical reports of PTA anatomy are very scarce, those were analyzed to describe in detail the current knowledge about its anatomical relationships and variants. Additionally, the embryology, classification, clinical implications, and imaging modalities of this vessel are extensively discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through a comprehensive review of isolated reports of the PTA, the clinician can better understand and treat patients with such an anatomical derailment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario del Caribe, Universidad de Cartagena. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alcalá-Cerra
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
authors.forename: Lucía M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Niño-Hernández
keywords: Carotid-basilar anastomosis; fetal intracranial artery; persistence; trigeminal artery; vascular anatomy