title: Magnetic Cellular Switches.
abstract: This paper focuses on the development of magnetic cellular switches to enable magnetic control of intracellular functions in living mammalian cells, including receptor signal transduction and gene transcription. Our approach takes advantage of the mechanosensitivity of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induction and downstream transcription controlled by the cAMP regulatory element (CRE) to engineer gene constructs that optically report gene expression in living cells. We activate transcription of these gene reporters by applying magnetic (mechanical) stress to magnetic microbeads bound to cell surface integrin receptors. In these gene reporter constructs, CRE motifs drive the expression of fluorescent proteins or enzymes that produce fluorescent products, such as DsRed and β-lactamase (BLA), respectively. We demonstrate that a chemical inducer of cAMP (forskolin) increases expression of CRE-DsRed in living cells. More importantly, a threefold increase in CRE-BLA expression is induced by application of mechanical stress to magnetic microbeads (4.5 µm) bound to cell surface integrin receptors. Induction of cAMP could be detected within 5 min using a protein fragment complementation assay involving interactions between the KID and KIX domains of the CRE binding protein linked to complementary halves of the BLA enzyme. These studies confirm that application of magnetic stress to integrins induces gene transcription by activating the cAMP-dependent transcription factor CREB. Ongoing studies focus on optimizing sensitivity and reducing signal-to-noise by establishing stable cell lines that express these gene reporters. These studies collectively demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetic technologies to control function in living mammalian cells and, hence, support the possibility of developing magnetically-actuated cellular components for use in future micro- and nanotechnologies.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
authors.forename: Darryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Overby
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Alenghat
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montoya-Zavala
authors.forename: Hucheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bei
authors.forename: Philmo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karavitis
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ingber