title: Characteristics of two duck farming systems in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam: stationary flocks and moving flocks, and their potential relevance to the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza.
abstract: Ducks are considered to play a major role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Viet Nam, but detailed information on their management is limited. We distinguished two different systems (1) stationary duck flocks that are not commonly driven to rice fields beyond village boundaries and that are confined overnight on farms and (2) moving duck flocks that are intentionally driven to rice fields beyond village boundaries, that are not returning to home farms for extended periods and that are housed overnight in temporary enclosures in rice paddies. A total of 115 stationary and 22 moving flock farmers were interviewed in 2007 in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Moving duck flocks are larger than stationary flocks, which is indicative of their more commercial production. Moving flock farmers apparently are more aware of HPAI risks than stationary flock farmers, as their flocks are more likely fully vaccinated and have less contact with chickens during scavenging. On the other hand, the spread of HPAI virus between birds might be promoted by moving duck flocks as they repeatedly use transport vehicles and numerous rice paddies for scavenging and are often visited by hatchery owners in the field for purchasing duck eggs. In addition, long distances travelled by moving duck flocks might also result in widespread dissemination of HPAI virus. Further studies are necessary to describe HPAI prevalence and travel patterns of moving duck flocks and to explore the moving duck flock network in detail.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia. j.henning@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Kate A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Ngo Thanh
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Nguyen Truc
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Le Tri
authors.initials: le T
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meers
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004372:Ducks; D005260:Female; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines