title: Performance of elite seated discus throwers in F30s classes: part I: does whole body positioning matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on the relationship between performance and design of the throwing frame have been limited and therefore require further investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The specific objectives were to provide benchmark information about performance and whole body positioning of male athletes in F30s classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 attempts performed by 12 stationary discus throwers in F33 and F34 classes during seated discus throwing event of 2002 International Paralympic Committee Athletics World Championships were analysed in this study. The whole body positioning included overall throwing posture (i.e. number of points of contact between the thrower and the frame, body position, throwing orientation and throwing side) and lower limb placements (i.e. seating arrangements, points of contact on the both feet, type of attachment of both legs and feet).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three (25%), five (42%), one (8%) and three (25%) athletes used from three to six points of contact, respectively. Seven (58%) and five (42%) athletes threw from a standing or a seated position, respectively. A straddle, a stool or a chair was used by six (50%), four (33%) or two (17%) throwers, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides key information for a better understanding of the interaction between throwing technique of elite seated throwers and their throwing frame. Clinical relevance This study aimed at improving the understanding of the relationship between athletic performance and the design of the throwing frame for seated discus throwers, with a particular emphasis on the description of whole body positioning. This knowledge is particularly important in the current debate around general principles underlying the design of throwing frames and classification of athletes with a disability, including those with lower limb amputation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. laurentfrossard@yahoo.com.au
authors.forename: Laurent A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Frossard
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Riordan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smeathers
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees / Q000145:classification*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D056352:Athletes / Q000145:classification*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D014142:Track and Field / Q000145:classification*
keywords: Biomechanics; athletes with disability; classification; performance; seated throw; throwing posture; throwing technique