title: Effects of work and lifestyle on risk for future disability pension due to low back diagnoses: a 30-year prospective study of Finnish twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate work and lifestyle factors as predictors for disability pension (DP) due to low back diagnoses (LBDs) during a 30-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline survey data were obtained in 1975 for 16,028 working-age twins followed with register data on DP, emigration, old-age pension, and death until end of 2004; analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those at work at baseline, 470 DPs due to LBDs were granted during the follow-up. Monotonous work, lifting and carrying at work or physically heavy work, and unemployment at least once before baseline were significant predictors for DP. A healthy lifestyle was a protective factor for DP. Family background played a role in all these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The factors shared by family members seemed to influence both work and lifestyle factors, which then influenced the incidence of DP due to LBDs.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Annina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ropponen
authors.forename: Karri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silventoinen
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svedberg
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alexanderson
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huunan-Seppälä
authors.forename: Karoliina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment; D016526:Workload