title: The life cycle of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks under laboratory conditions.
abstract: The developmental stages in the life cycle of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis were investigated under laboratory conditions. The larval, nymphal and adult ticks were fed on sheep at 25-27 °C, 50 % relative humidity (RH) and exposed to daylight. All free-living stages were maintained in an incubator (28 °C with 90 % RH and a 12-h photoperiod). The whole life cycle of H. qinghaiensis was completed in an average of 176 days (range 118-247 days). The average developmental periods were 34.44 days for egg incubation; 5.83, 4.20 and 33.70 days for larval pre-feeding, feeding and pre-molting; and 3.88, 5.30 and 46.50 days for nymphal pre-feeding, feeding and pre-molting. The average times for pre-feeding, feeding, pre-oviposition and oviposition of female adult ticks were 2.60, 11.40, 8.50, and 19.35 days, respectively. The results confirmed the positive correlation between the weight of the engorged female and the egg mass laid (r = 0.557, P < 0.05). The reproductive efficiency index and reproductive fitness index in females were 5.49 and 4.98, respectively. Engorged nymphs moulting to females (4.53 ± 0.16 mg) were significantly heavier (P < 0.001) than those moulting to males (3.45 ± 0.19 mg). The overall sex ratio of the adult ticks was 1:1.1 (M:F).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Lab of Grazing Animal Diseases MOA, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
authors.forename: Miling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Guiquan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Aihong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Huitian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.forename: Qiaoyun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Youquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qingli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Jifei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jianxun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition