title: A functional relationship between trigeminal astroglial activation and NR1 expression in a rat model of temporomandibular joint inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis that glial activation would regulate the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NR1) in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammation of TMJ was produced in rats by injecting 50 μL complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into unilateral TMJ space. Sham control rats received incomplete Freund's adjuvant injection. Mechanical nociception in the affected and non-affected TMJ site was tested by using a digital algometer. Fractalkine, fluorocitrate, and/or MK801 were intracisternally administrated to examine the relationship between astroglial activation and NR1 upregulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA TMJ injection resulted in persistent ipsilateral mechanical hyperalgesia 1, 3, and 5 days after CFA injection. The inflammation also induced significant upregulation of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) beginning on day 1 and of NR1 beginning on day 3 within the ipsilateral Sp5C. Intracisternal administration of fluorocitrate for 5 days blocked the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as well as the upregulation of GFAP and NR1 in the Sp5C. Conversely, intracisternal injection of fractalkine for 5 days exacerbated the expression of NR1 in Sp5C and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by TMJ inflammation. Moreover, once daily intracisternal fractalkine administration for 5 days in naïve rats induced the upregulation of NR1 and mechanical hyperalgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that astroglial activation contributes to the mechanism of TMJ pain through the regulation of NR1 expression in Sp5C.
authors.affiliation: MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Shuxing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yonghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yinghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Grewo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Shuzhuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014275:Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C516305:CX3CR1 protein, rat; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant