title: Degradation of metaflumizone in soil: impact of varying moisture, light, temperature, atmospheric CO2 level, soil type and soil sterilization.
abstract: Soil is a major sink for the bulk of globally used pesticides. Hence, fate of pesticides in soil under the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors becomes important for evaluation of stability and safety. This paper presents the impact of varying moisture, light, temperature, atmospheric CO(2) level, soil type and soil sterilization on degradation of metaflumizone, a newly registered insecticide in India. Degradation of metaflumizone in soil followed the first order reaction kinetics and its half life values varied from ~20 to 150 d. Under anaerobic condition, degradation of metaflumizone was faster (t(½) 33.4 d) compared to aerobic condition (t(½) 50.1 d) and dry soil (t(½) 150.4 d). Under different light exposures, degradation was the fastest under UV light (t(½) 27.3 d) followed by Xenon light (t(½) 43 d) and dark condition (t(½) 50.1 d). Degradation rate of metaflumizone increased with temperature and its half life values ranged from 30.1 to 100.3d. Elevated atmospheric CO(2) level increased the degradation in soil (t(½) 20.1-50.1 d). However, overall degradation rate was the fastest at 550 ppm atmospheric CO(2) level, followed by 750 ppm and ambient level (375 ppm). Degradation of metaflumizone was faster in Oxisol (pH 5.2, Total Organic Carbon 1.2%) compared to Inceptisol (pH 8.15, TOC 0.36%). In sterile soil, only 5% dissipation of initial concentration was observed after 90 d of sampling. Under various conditions, 4-cyanobenzoic acid (0.22-1.86 mg kg(-1)) and 4-trifluoromethoxy aniline (0.21-1.23 mg kg(-1)) were detected as major degradation products.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India. niladri_icar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Niladri Sekhar
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Eldho
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varghese
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012664:Semicarbazones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D012664:Semicarbazones; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C528570:metaflumizone