title: Contact heat thermal threshold testing in beagle dogs: baseline reproducibility and the effect of acepromazine, levomethadone and fenpipramide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this methodology article a thermal threshold testing device designed to test nociception in cats was assessed in six dogs. The purpose of this study was to investigate baseline reproducibility of thermal thresholds obtained by the contact heat testing device, to assess the influence of acepromazine and levomethadone and fenpipramide in dogs. The relationship between change in nociceptive thermal threshold and the opioid's plasma concentration was determined. Six adult beagle dogs received levomethadone (0.2 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) or saline placebo by intramuscular injection (IM) in a randomized cross-over design. Three baseline nociceptive thermal threshold readings were taken at 15 minutes intervals prior to treatment. Further readings were made at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 420 and 480 minutes after injection. A sedation score was assigned at every reading. Four saline placebo treatments were performed to assess baseline reproducibility. Levomethadone serum concentrations were measured prior and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after drug dosing in a separate occasion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acepromazine did not seem to increase the thermal threshold at any time. After levomethadone there was a significant rise of the thermal threshold between 15 to 120 minutes at serum concentrations between 22.6-46.3 ng/mL. Baseline reproducibility was stable in adult beagle dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thermal threshold testing system is a suitable device for nociceptive threshold testing in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Hoffmann, Kästner and Kramer), Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marina Verena
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Sabine Beate Rita
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kietzmann
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004158:Diphenylacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004158:Diphenylacetic Acids; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D000075:Acepromazine; C003148:fenpipramide; D008691:Methadone