title: Modulation of self-esteem in self- and other-evaluations primed by subliminal and supraliminal faces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past research examining implicit self-evaluation often manipulated self-processing as task-irrelevant but presented self-related stimuli supraliminally. Even when tested with more indirect methods, such as the masked priming paradigm, participants' responses may still be subject to conscious interference. Our study primed participants with either their own or someone else's face, and adopted a new paradigm to actualize strict face-suppression to examine participants' subliminal self-evaluation. In addition, we investigated how self-esteem modulates one's implicit self-evaluation and validated the role of awareness in creating the discrepancy on past findings between measures of implicit self-evaluation and explicit self-esteem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants' own face or others' faces were subliminally presented with a Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) paradigm in Experiment 1, but supraliminally presented in Experiment 2, followed by a valence judgment task of personality adjectives. Participants also completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in each experiment. Results from Experiment 1 showed a typical bias of self-positivity among participants with higher self-esteem, but only a marginal self-positivity bias and a significant other-positivity bias among those with lower self-esteem. However, self-esteem had no modulating effect in Experiment 2: All participants showed the self-positivity bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide direct evidence that self-evaluation manifests in different ways as a function of awareness between individuals with different self-views: People high and low in self-esteem may demonstrate different automatic reactions in the subliminal evaluations of the self and others; but the involvement of consciousness with supraliminally presented stimuli may reduce this dissociation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012649:Self Concept; D013360:Subliminal Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult