title: Ultrasound-guided excision combined with intraoperative assessment of gross macroscopic margins decreases the rate of reoperations for non-palpable invasive breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standard technique for intraoperative tumour localization of clinically occult tumours is wire-guided localization (WGL). This, however, this has several disadvantages. The aim of the present work is to report our single-centre experience with intraoperative ultrasound-guided (IOUS) excision, performed by surgeons, combined with intraoperative assessment of macroscopic pathologic and ultrasound margins in non-palpable invasive cancers indicated for conservative breast therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred and twenty-five non-palpable invasive breast cancers were subjected to excision with IOUS. The lesion was located in the operating room with a high-frequency ultrasound probe (8-12 MHz), which was then used to guide surgical removal. The specimen margins were estimated by ultrasonography and macroscopic pathologic examination. The sensitivity of IOUS and effectiveness in the characterization of the specimen margins were evaluated, assessing the need for reoperation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathologic tumour size was 12.0 ± 6.7 mm and 13 lesions (6.4 %) were <5 mm. The sensitivity of IOUS localization was 99.6% (224/225 cases). Only one cancer of less than 5 mm was not localized. The average weight of the specimens was 26.1 g. A second operation was required to remove margins in the 4% of cases (9/225). In 5 cases remains of in situ or invasive carcinoma were found. In two cases, conservative surgery was converted to mastectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IOUS excision combined with the intraoperative assessment of the macroscopic margins of non-palpable breast cancers is a safe, useful, and efficient technique. We obtained an excellent characterization of tumour margins with moderate removal of breast tissue and consequently a lower number of reoperations were required and good cosmetic results were obtained. We believe that use of this technique in conservative breast cancer surgery should be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Breast Surgery Unit, Salamanca University Hospital, Paseo S.Vicente 82, 37002 Salamanca, Spain. mramos@usal.es
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: González-Orús
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary