title: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cardioprotective effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in open cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cardioprotective efficacy of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) in cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify randomized controlled trials involving RIPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials of RIPC in open cardiac surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis was performed with the primary outcome the standardized mean difference between intervention and control groups in 12 hour postoperative troponin concentration. Heterogeneity was examined by fixed effects meta-regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies with a total of 693 participants were included in the meta-analysis. RIPC reduced troponin levels 12 hours after surgery compared with control. The fixed and random effects differences were 0.35 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.51) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.18-0.88) respectively. However, important heterogeneity was present. Fixed effects meta-regression partially accounted for heterogeneity based on whether studies had full blinding, comprising blinding of patients, surgeons, anaesthetists and investigators. Studies with incomplete or no blinding demonstrated a larger estimate of effect, 0.74 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.00) compared to those with full blinding, 0.13 (95% CI - 0.07 to 0.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our analysis suggests RIPC may result in cardiac protection during cardiac surgery, the effect was most marked in studies without full blinding, with a smaller and statistically non-significant effect in fully blinded studies. We propose that further double blind randomized controlled trials investigating the cardioprotective effects of RIPC in cardiac surgery are required to resolve the current clinical uncertainty.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. Janine.Pilcher@mrinz.ac.nz
authors.forename: Janine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pilcher
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weatherall
authors.forename: Ishtiaq
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bonser
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000379:methods; D014336:Troponin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014336:Troponin