title: Hyaluronan in cytosol--microinjection-based probing of its existence and suggested functions.
abstract: Hyaluronan (HA) is a large glycosaminoglycan produced by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), enzymes normally active at plasma membrane. While HA is delivered into the extracellular space, intracellular HA is also seen, mostly in vesicular structures, but there are also reports on its presence in the cytosol and specific locations and functions there. We probed the possibility of HA localization and functions in cytosol by microinjecting fluorescent HA binding complex (fHABC), HA fragments and hyaluronidase (HYAL) into cytosol. Microinjection of fHABC did not reveal HA-specific intracellular binding sites. Likewise, specific cytosolic binding sites for HA were not detected, as microinjected fluorescent HA composed of 4-8 monosaccharide units (HA4-HA8) were evenly distributed throughout the cells, including the nucleus, but excluded from membrane-bound organelles. The largest HA tested (∼HA120 or ∼25 kDa) did not enter the nucleus, and HA10-HA28 were progressively excluded from parts of nuclei resembling nucleoli. In contrast, HA oligosaccharides endocytosed from medium remained in vesicular compartments. The activity of HA synthesis was estimated by measuring the HA coat on green fluorescent protein (GFP)-HAS3-transfected MCF-7 cells. Microinjection of HA4 reduced coat size at 4 h, but increased at 24 h after injection, while larger HA-oligosaccharides and HYAL had no influence. As a positive control, microinjection of glucose increased coat size. In summary, no evidence for the presence or function of HA in cytosol was obtained. Also, the synthesis of HA and the active site of HAS were not accessible to competition, binding and degradation by cytosolic effectors, while synthesis responded to increased substrate supply.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. hanna.siiskonen@uef.fi
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siiskonen
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rilla
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kärnä
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bart
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.forename: Raija H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tammi
authors.forename: Markku I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tammi
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004705:Endocytosis; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008845:Microinjections; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases