title: Melt sonocrystallized piroxicam for oral delivery: particle characterization, solid state analysis, and pharmacokinetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the effect of particle engineering technique on powder properties and pharmacokinetics of piroxicam (PXM).
  
  
  METHODS
  PXM was subjected to melt sonocrystallization to obtain product designated as MSCPXM and characterized for various pharmacotechnical parameters, performance characteristics and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micromeritic and rheological properties were found to be superior to the original form (OFPXM). On melt sonocrystallization, solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate were enhanced by 76.45% and 33.33%, respectively. Solid state evaluation by DSC and XRPD ruled out possibilities of polymorph formation but confirmed decreased crystallinity index. SEM analysis revealed uniformly shaped smaller drug particles of MSCPXM as compared to PXM. The thermodynamic stability of MSCPXM was monitored by XRPD and the sample was stable even after 3 months of storage at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH. The MSCPXM was formulated as immediate release tablets (F1 - F4) and evaluated with reference tablets of OFPXM (F0). F2 was identified as best formulation with suitable tablet characteristics and in-vitro drug release profile. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of F2 in rats supported the in-vitro data with 2.08-fold increase in bioavailability achieved at 4.8 ± 1.7 h with MSCPXM as compared to OFPXM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusively, melt sonocrystallization offered an efficient, solvent-free technique that can be exploited for particle designing of drugs with favorable pharmaceutical properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, PO Chattikara, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prem Shankar
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kamla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pathak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003460:Crystallization; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013607:Tablets; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013607:Tablets; D010894:Piroxicam