title: NNAL exposure by race and menthol cigarette use among U.S. smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have recently suggested that nicotine and carcinogen exposure as measured by biomarkers such as cotinine and NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) does not vary with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among Black smokers. Researchers have also suggested that nicotine exposure does not differ between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. In this study, we examine NNAL exposure for U.S. smokers by race, CPD, and menthol cigarette use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed urinary NNAL concentrations for more than 1500 everyday smokers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-2010. For purposes of comparison, we also analyzed serum cotinine concentrations for these smokers. We used linear regression analysis to estimate mean biomarker concentrations by CPD and race/ethnicity group and to examine the association between biomarker concentrations and menthol cigarette use by race/ethnicity group, controlling for other demographic and smoking characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomarker concentrations increased with CPD for White, Black, and Hispanic smokers although NNAL concentrations leveled off for Black smokers at lower CPD levels compared with other smokers. Mean NNAL concentrations were lower among menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall (β = -0.165, p = .032) and White smokers (β = -0.207, p = .048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find evidence in national health survey data that nicotine and carcinogen exposure generally increases with CPD across race/ethnicity groups although the pattern of NNAL exposure differs by race/ethnicity group at high CPD levels. We also find evidence of differences in NNAL exposure for menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall and White smokers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. brian.rostron@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rostron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; D008610:Menthol; D009538:Nicotine; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine