title: Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyunsaturated fatty acids are popular dietary supplements advertised to contribute to weight loss by increasing fat metabolism in liver, but the effects on overall muscle metabolism are less established. We evaluated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or combination omega 3 on metabolic characteristics in muscle cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with either DMSO control, or CLA or combination omega 3 for 24 or 48 hours. RNA was determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was determined using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Omega 3 significantly induced metabolic genes as well as oxidative metabolism (oxygen consumption), glycolytic capacity (extracellular acidification), and metabolic rate compared with control. Both treatments significantly increased mitochondrial content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omega 3 fatty acids appear to enhance glycolytic, oxidative, and total metabolism. Moreover, both omega 3 and CLA treatment significantly increase mitochondrial content compared with control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. vaughanr@unm.edu
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Smith
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bisoffi
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conn
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Trujillo
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C577593:FNDC5 protein, human; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005353:Fibronectins; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA