title: Targeted nanotheranostics for personalized cancer therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of nanomedicine, during the last 10 years have given rise to novel delivery systems among which multifunctional platforms called nanotheranostics that are designed to simultaneously diagnose and cure cancer. These systems can be built using the large panel of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. The recent advances of imaging modalities even enable targeted nanotheranostics to probe molecular structures on specific cells opening the doors to personalized cancer therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review presents the different requirements nanotheranostics should fulfill to achieve an optimized anticancer therapy. It focuses on two imaging modalities: MRI and ultrasonography used to visualize drug delivery, release, and efficacy. The advantages and limitations of these two methods are considered. The review will enable the readers to virtually tune a nanotheranostic system according to the nature of the targeting tissue and the availability of imaging modality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite great perspectives, described for nanotheranostic systems in personalized cancer therapy, the imaging techniques still face technological issues, such as high sensitivity and good spatial and temporal resolutions. Active targeting should consider better specificity and low immunogenicity of the ligand selected, to be more efficient.
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Diou
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsapis
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fattal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D050997:Nanomedicine; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D057285:Precision Medicine