title: Influence of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The geometry of the tibial plateau and its influence on the biomechanics of the tibiofemoral joint has gained increased significance. However, no quantitative data are available regarding the inclination of the medial and lateral tibial slope in patients with patellar instability. It was therefore the purpose of this study to evaluate tibial slope characteristics in patients with patellar dislocations and to assess the biomechanical effect of medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry on lateral patellar instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medial and lateral tibial slope was measured on knee magnetic resonance images in 107 patients and in 83 controls. The medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry was assessed as the intra-individual difference between the medial and lateral tibial plateau inclination considering severity of trochlear dysplasia. The effect of tibial slope asymmetry on femoral rotation was calculated by means of radian measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severity of trochlear dysplasia was significantly associated with an asymmetric inclination of the tibial plateau. Whereas the medial tibial slope showed identical values between controls and study patients (n.s.), lateral tibial plateau inclination becomes flatter with increasing severity of trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). Consequently, the intra-individual tibial slope asymmetry increased steadily (p < 0.01) and increased internal femoral rotation in 20° and 90° of knee flexion angles in patients with severe trochlear dysplasia (p < 0.01). In addition, the extreme values of internal femoral rotation were more pronounced in patients with patellar instability, whereas the extreme values of external femoral rotation were more pronounced in control subjects (p = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data of this study indicate an association between tibial plateau configuration and internal femoral rotation in patients with lateral patellar instability and underlying trochlear dysplasia. Thereby, medial-to-lateral tibial slope asymmetry increased internal femoral rotation during knee flexion and therefore might aggravate the effect of femoral antetorsion in patients with patellar instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. peter.balcarek@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balcarek
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terwey
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Tim Alexander
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Walde
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frosch
authors.forename: Jan Philipp
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schüttrumpf
authors.forename: Martin Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wachowski
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dathe
authors.forename: Klaus Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stürmer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult