title: Management of acute lateral ankle ligament injury in the athlete.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inversion injuries involve about 25 % of all injuries of the musculoskeletal system and about 50 % of these injuries are sport-related. This article reviews the acute lateral ankle injuries with special emphasis on a rationale for treatment of these injuries in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A narrative review was performed using Pubmed/Medline, Ovid and Embase using key words: ankle ligaments, injury, lateral ligament, ankle sprain and athlete. Articles related to the topic were included and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is estimated that one inversion injury of the ankle occurs for every 10,000 people each day. Ankle sprains constitute 7-10 % of all admissions to hospital emergency departments. Inversion injuries involve about 25 % of all injuries of the musculoskeletal system, and about 50 % of these injuries are sport-related. The lateral ankle ligament complex consists of three ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament, the calcaneofibular ligament and the posterior talofibular ligament. The most common trauma mechanism is supination and adduction (inversion) of the plantar-flexed foot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delayed physical examination provides a more accurate diagnosis. Ultrasound and MRI can be useful in diagnosing associated injury and are routine investigations in professional athletes. Successful treatment of grade II and III acute lateral ankle ligament injuries can be achieved with individualized aggressive, non-operative measures. RICE therapy is the treatment of choice for the first 4-5 days to reduce pain and swelling. Initially, 10-14 days of immobilization in a below the knee cast/brace is beneficial followed by a period in a lace-up brace or functional taping reduces the risk of recurrent injury. Acute repair of the lateral ankle ligaments in grade III injuries in professional athletes may give better results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, P.O. Box 22660, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bekerom@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michel P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van den Bekerom
authors.forename: Gino M M J
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.forename: James D F
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: C Niek
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017844:Lateral Ligament, Ankle / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male