title: Soups increase satiety through delayed gastric emptying yet increased glycaemic response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated the satiating properties of soups compared with solids; however, the mechanisms controlling soup-induced satiety are unknown. This study aimed to understand the physiological mechanisms causing soup to be more satiating.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 volunteers were tested on three occasions after a solid meal, chunky soup or smooth soup test meal for gastric emptying (GE) using the sodium [1-¹³C] acetate breath test, satiety using visual analog scales (VAS) and glycaemic response (GR) using finger prick blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in GE half-time (P=0.022) and GE ascension time (P=0.018), with the longest GE times for the smooth soup and the shortest for the solid meal. The GR area under the curve was significantly different between meals (P=0.040). The smooth soup had the greatest GR (87.0 ± 49.5 mmol/l/min), followed by the chunky soup (65.4 ± 48.0 mmol/l/min), with the solid meal having the lowest GR (61.6 ± 36.8 mmol/l/min). Volunteers were fuller after the smooth soup compared with solid meal (P=0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The smooth soup induced greater fullness compared with the solid meal because of a combination of delayed GE leading to feelings of gastric distension and rapid accessibility of nutrients causing a greater glycaemic response.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK. mclegg@brookes.ac.uk
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ranawana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafat
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001944:Breath Tests; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009753:Nutritive Value; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response; D014783:Viscosity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes