title: Advances in NORM management in Norway and the application of ICRP's 2007 recommendations.
abstract: In Norway, the largest reported quantities of radioactive discharges and radioactive waste containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) come from the oil and gas sector, and smaller quantities of other NORM waste are also produced by industrial or mining processes. The Gulen final repository for radioactive waste from the oil and gas industry from the Norwegian continental shelf was opened in 2008 and has a capacity of 6000 tonnes. As of 1 January 2011, a new regulation was enforced whereby radioactive waste and radioactive pollution was integrated in the Pollution Control Act from 1981. This means that radioactive waste and radioactive pollution are now regulated under the same legal framework as all other pollutants and hazardous wastes. The regulation establishes two sets of criteria defining radioactive waste: a lower value for when waste is considered to be radioactive waste, and a higher value, in most cases, for when this waste must be disposed of in a final waste repository. For example, waste containing ≥ 1 Bq/g of Ra-226 is defined as radioactive waste, while radioactive waste containing ≥ 10 Bq/g of Ra-226 must be disposed of in a final repository. Radioactive waste between 1 and 10B q/g can be handled and disposed of by waste companies who have a licence for handling hazardous waste according to the Pollution Control Act. Alternatively, they will need a separate licence for handling radioactive waste from the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The goal of the new regulation is that all radioactive waste should be handled and stored in a safe manner, and discharges should be controlled through a licensing regime in order to avoid/not pose unnecessary risk to humans or the environment. This paper will elaborate on the new regulation of radioactive waste and the principles of NORM management in Norway in view of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's 2007 Recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O. Box 55, No-1332 Osteras, Norway. astrid.liland@nrpa.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amundsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Natvig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lystad
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Frogg
mesh_terms: D002617:Chemical Industry; D058735:Environmental Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D033161:Government Regulation; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D009664:Norway; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D011850:Radioactive Waste