title: Is nalidixic acid screening still valid for the detection of reduced susceptibility of fluoroquinolone with Salmonella Typhi?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considering the limitations of screening with nalidixic acid to detect reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.Typhi) strains, we evaluated the use of a 30 µg nalidixic acid disc screening method in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non duplicate nalidixic acid susceptible S. Typhi isolates (246) from 2003-2008 were retrieved from the Salmonella strain bank. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin for all strains were determined by agar dilution and further rechecked by ciprofloxacin E-tests.E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as the control strain. The MIC data for ciprofloxacin were compared with nalidixic acid disk (30 µg) zone diameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeat testing of all S. Typhi isolates with a nalidixic acid (30 µg) disk showed 100% susceptibility with an average zone diameter of 26 mm. Agar dilution testing revealed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with MICs of 0.125 µg/ml for three (1.2%) isolates only. Zone sizes of strains with higher MICs were significantly lower than the strains with lower MICs (20 versus 26 mm) (p value < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of fluoroquinolone MICs on every nalidixic acid susceptible S. Typhi strain is not cost effective in our setting; the proportion of strains with high fluoroquinolone MICs was found to be very low. We recommend periodic fluoroquinolone MIC determination to include all isolates with a nalidixic acid borderline zone (size 20-22 mm).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. seemairfan.akuh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irfan
authors.forename: Kausar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Umair Anwar
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Jilani
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Jaishri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehraj
authors.forename: Tanwir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Afia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010154:Pakistan; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D009268:Nalidixic Acid