title: Are all interventions created equal? A multi-threat approach to tailoring stereotype threat interventions.
abstract: To date, stereotype threat interventions have been considered interchangeable. Across 4 experiments, the present research demonstrates that stereotype threat interventions need to be tailored to the specific form of experienced stereotype threat to be effective. The Multi-Threat Framework (Shapiro & Neuberg, 2007) distinguishes between group-as-target stereotype threats-concerns that a stereotype-relevant performance will reflect poorly on the abilities of one's group-and self-as-target stereotype threats-concerns that a stereotype-relevant performance will reflect poorly on one's own abilities. The present experiments explored Black college students' performance on diagnostic intelligence tests (Experiments 1 and 3) and women's interest (Experiment 2) and performance (Experiment 4) in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Across the 4 experiments, participants were randomly assigned to experience either a group-as-target or self-as-target stereotype threat. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that role model interventions were successful at protecting only against group-as-target stereotype threats, and Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that self-affirmation interventions were successful at protecting only against self-as-target stereotype threats. The present research provides an experimental test of the Multi-Threat Framework across different negatively stereotyped groups (Black students, female students), different negatively stereotyped domains (general intelligence, STEM), and different outcomes (test performance, career interest). This research suggests that interventions should address the range of possible stereotype threats to effectively protect individuals against these threats. Through an appreciation of the distinct forms of stereotype threats and the ways in which interventions work to reduce them, this research aims to facilitate a more complete understanding of stereotype threat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA. jshapiro@psych.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Jenessa R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hambarchyan
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004738:Engineering; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D012586:Science; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D013240:Stereotyping; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013672:Technology; D014930:Women; D001741:Black or African American