title: Retrospective multicenter survey on food-related symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy in NICU neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the causes of gastrointestinal symptoms in neonates. A relationship between non-immunoglobulin (Ig) E mediated allergic reactions and CMA in early infancy has been proposed, but the clinical features and pathogenesis have not been established. The objective of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics of the neonates found in the earlier study to have food-related symptoms that suggested CMA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A second questionnaire was sent to 53 NICUs, as a follow-up to the earlier study, to collect information on the background, onset age, clinical features, and results of clinical examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median birth weight was 2614g and the median gestational age was 36.9 weeks. Symptoms developed within 6 days after birth in 40% of cases. Gastrointestinal symptoms were seen in 90% of cases and were mainly vomiting, bloody stool and abdominal distention. A specific IgE test, a lymphocyte stimulation test, and a fecal eosinophil test were conducted in 88%, 23% and 55% of cases, respectively, and the positive rates were 30%, 84%, and 75%, respectively. An oral food challenge (OFC) test was performed in 26% for confirmation of the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that the clinical manifestations of food-related symptoms suggestive of CMA in neonates were distinctly different from those of common immediate type food allergy and were largely affected by underlying factors such as prematurity and gastroenterological surgery. Further OFC-based prospective accumulation of cases of CMA in neonates will be particularly important to reveal the full clinical features of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. miyazawa.t@med.showa−u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tokuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itabashi
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires