title: Challenges in defining 'palliative care' for the purposes of clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Palliative care has become part of mainstream medicine with increasing evidence about the effectiveness of specialist palliative care (SPC) on patient and family outcomes. Comparison of studies testing SPC interventions is challenging as types of interventions and reporting of components of the intervention vary. In consequence, study results are difficult to interpret.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a continuous lack of clarity in palliative care definitions. For clinical trials, multidisciplinary care, supportive care documentation, symptom assessment and symptom management are suggested as key domains. In recent studies testing palliative care as an intervention SPC physicians and palliative care nurses were core members of multiprofessional teams, but integration of other team members varied. Management of symptoms and psychosocial issues were central to SPC with various other areas described. Services were delivered by hospital and community support teams, in palliative care units, outpatient clinics and hospital. Cost information was only provided by a few studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the lack of an agreed definition of palliative care and heterogeneity in reporting of components of an SPC intervention comparison of studies remains challenging. Key aspects of palliative care interventions are incurable disease, multidisciplinary approach, focus on symptom management including standardized assessment, psychosocial and family support, and (advance) care planning. Detailed information about all aspects of the intervention should be provided.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Cicely Saunders Institute, UK. claudia.bausewein@med.unimuenchen.de
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bausewein
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Higginson
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care; D012107:Research Design; D058028:Research Report; D009626:Terminology as Topic