title: Clustering and classification of regional peak plantar pressures of diabetic feet.
abstract: High plantar pressures have been associated with foot ulceration in people with diabetes, who can experience loss of protective sensation due to peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, characterization of elevated plantar pressure distributions can provide a means of identifying diabetic patients at potential risk of foot ulceration. Plantar pressure distribution classification can also be used to determine suitable preventive interventions, such as the provision of an appropriately designed insole. In the past, emphasis has primarily been placed on the identification of individual focal areas of elevated pressure. The goal of this study was to utilize k-means clustering analysis to identify typical regional peak plantar pressure distributions in a group of 819 diabetic feet. The number of clusters was varied from 2 to 10 to examine the effect on the differentiation and classification of regional peak plantar pressure distributions. As the number of groups increased, so too did the specificity of their pressure distributions: starting with overall low or overall high peak pressure groups and extending to clusters exhibiting several focal peak pressures in different regions of the foot. However, as the number of clusters increased, the ability to accurately classify a given regional peak plantar pressure distribution decreased. The balance between these opposing constraints can be adjusted when assessing patients with feet that are potentially "at risk" or while prescribing footwear to reduce high regional pressures. This analysis provides an understanding of the variability of the regional peak plantar pressure distributions seen within the diabetic population and serves as a guide for the preemptive assessment and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bennetts
authors.forename: Tammy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Owings
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdemir
authors.forename: Georgeanne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botek
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes