title: Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children's Oncology Group trial A9961.
abstract: The purpose of the trial was to determine the survival and incidence of secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Three hundred seventy-nine eligible patients with nondisseminated medulloblastoma between the ages of 3 and 21 years were treated with 2340 cGy of craniospinal and 5580 cGy of posterior fossa irradiation. Patients were randomized between postradiation cisplatin and vincristine plus either CCNU or cyclophosphamide. Survival, pattern of relapse, and occurrence of secondary tumors were assessed. Five- and 10-year event-free survivals were 81 ± 2% and 75.8 ± 2.3%; overall survivals were 87 ± 1.8% and 81.3 ± 2.1%. Event-free survival was not impacted by chemotherapeutic regimen, sex, race, age at diagnosis, or gender. Seven patients had disease relapse beyond 5 years after diagnosis; relapse was local in 4 patients, local plus supratentorial in 2, and supratentorial alone in 1. Fifteen patients experienced secondary tumors as a first event at a median time of 5.8 years after diagnosis (11 >5 y postdiagnosis). All non-CNS solid secondary tumors (4) occurred in regions that had received radiation. Of the 6 high-grade gliomas, 5 occurred >5 years postdiagnosis. The estimated cumulative 10-year incidence rate of secondary malignancies was 4.2% (1.9%-6.5%). Few patients with medulloblastoma will relapse ≥ 5 years postdiagnosis; relapse will occur predominantly at the primary tumor site. Patients are at risk for development of secondary tumors, many of which are malignant gliomas. This may become an increasing issue as more children survive.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave., NW, 4th Floor, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20010, USA. rpacker@childrensnational.org
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Tianni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vezina
authors.forename: Amar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gajjar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008130:Lomustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D008130:Lomustine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin