title: Feasibility of creating a novel animal heart model to test transcatheter techniques for a cavocaval connection that mimics a Fontan completion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to create a novel animal model to foster the future development of interventional techniques for a cavocaval connection that mimics a Fontan completion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten sheep were studied. All had the superior vena cava-right atrium junction closed using a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. A valveless Gore-Tex conduit connecting the terminal portion of the superior vena cava to the right atrium was used to bypass the polytetrafluoroethylene occlusion and to allow normal venous drainage through the right atrium. Radio-opaque nitinol rings were placed around the inferior vena cava near its entry in the right atrium to allow better fluoroscopic visualization and to enhance stent stability during transcatheter cavocaval connection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first 3 animals died during the learning curve as a result of technical issues. The subsequent 7 surviving sheep showed good flow dynamics on cardiac catheterization. Transcatheter cavocaval connection was performed successfully performed in 6 sheep at 0 to 9 months after the initial surgery. Sacrifice was done electively in all animals at 1 to 9 months per protocol. One animal was euthanized early because of an untreatable infection. One sheep was observed as a control without a transcatheter cavocaval connection and was sacrificed at 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel, chronic ovine model to foster development of transcatheter techniques for cavocaval connection to mimic a Fontan completion was created. The successful model is easily reproducible after a short learning curve and shows good survival.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes - M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Cardiology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerelli
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Steenberghe
authors.forename: Mehul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Aerschot
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boudjemline
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D059032:Learning Curve; D023421:Models, Animal; D011859:Radiography; D012756:Sheep; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 20; IVC; PA; PTFE; RA; SVC; inferior vena cava; polytetrafluoroethylene; pulmonary artery; right atrium; superior vena cava