title: Tin oxide nanowires suppress herpes simplex virus-1 entry and cell-to-cell membrane fusion.
abstract: The advent of nanotechnology has ushered in the use of modified nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents against diseases such as herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1) (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), monkeypox virus, and hepatitis B virus. Here we describe the application of tin oxide (SnO(2)) nanowires as an effective treatment against HSV-1 infection. SnO(2) nanowires work as a carrier of negatively charged structures that compete with HSV-1 attachment to cell bound heparan sulfate (HS), therefore inhibiting entry and subsequent cell-to-cell spread. This promising new approach can be developed into a novel form of broad-spectrum antiviral therapy especially since HS has been shown to serve as a cellular co-receptor for a number of other viruses as well, including the respiratory syncytial virus, adeno-associated virus type 2, and human papilloma virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trigilio
authors.forename: Thessicar E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paulowicz
authors.forename: Yogendra K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adelung
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects*; D053770:Nanowires / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D017971:Tin Compounds; C045358:stannic oxide