title: FENO measurement and sputum analysis for diagnosing asthma in clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement in pneumologists routine diagnostic work-up; and to determine the impact of the inflammatory pattern on diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective diagnostic study in 393 patients attending a private practice of pneumologists with complaints suspicious of obstructive airway disease (OAD). Index test was FENO measurement. Reference standard was the Tiffeneau ratio (FEV(1)/VC) or airway resistance as assessed by whole body plethysmography, with additional bronchoprovocation or bronchodilator testing. Morning sputum was analysed with smear slides which were prepared and stained by Giemsa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  154 patients were diagnosed as having asthma (145 diagnoses based on bronchial provocation, 9 based on bronchodilator results), 5 had COPD. For the whole group, asthma could be ruled in at FENO > 71 ppb (PPV 80%; 95% CI 63-90%) and ruled out at FENO ≤ 9 ppb (NPV 82%; 95% CI 67-91%) (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.656; 95% CI 0.600-0.712; p < 0.001). 128 patients delivered sputum. FENO was 44.3 ppb (sd 48.9) in patients with predominant eosinophilic inflammation, 18.5 ppb with neutrophilic inflammation, and 23.1 ppb in others (p = 0.003). Diagnostic accuracy of FENO increased when patients with neutrophilic inflammation were omitted from analysis (AUC = 0.745; 95% CI 0.651-0.838; p < 0.001). Then asthma could be ruled in at FENO > 31 ppb (PPV 82%; 95% CI 63-92%) and ruled out at FENO ≤ 12 ppb (NPV 81%; 95% CI 62-91%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FENO measurement can be useful as an additional diagnostic tool in pneumologists' practice. The diagnostic value of FENO could be improved when inflammatory patterns are taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Practice, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Orleansstrasse 47, 81667 München, Germany. antonius.schneider@tum.de
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarzbach
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faderl
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welker
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karsch-Völk
authors.forename: Rudolf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jörres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000379:methods; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010993:Plethysmography, Whole Body / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide