title: Women and hysteria in the history of mental health.
abstract: Hysteria is undoubtedly the first mental disorder attributable to women, accurately described in the second millennium BC, and until Freud considered an exclusively female disease. Over 4000 years of history, this disease was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological. It was cured with herbs, sex or sexual abstinence, punished and purified with fire for its association with sorcery and finally, clinically studied as a disease and treated with innovative therapies. However, even at the end of 19(th) century, scientific innovation had still not reached some places, where the only known therapies were those proposed by Galen. During the 20(th) century several studies postulated the decline of hysteria amongst occidental patients (both women and men) and the escalating of this disorder in non-Western countries. The concept of hysterical neurosis is deleted with the 1980 DSM-III. The evolution of these diseases seems to be a factor linked with social "westernization", and examining under what conditions the symptoms first became common in different societies became a priority for recent studies over risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Storia, Beni Culturali e Territorio, Università di Cagliari, Italia.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tasca
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapetti
authors.forename: Mauro Giovanni
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carta
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fadda
keywords: History; Hysteria; Mental Health; Psychiatry; West; Woman.