title: The effect of prefabricated and proprioceptive foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in patients with flexible flatfoot during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that orthoses with different constructions could alter gait parameters in flexible flatfoot. However, there is less evidence about the effect of insoles with proprioceptive mechanism on plantar pressure distribution in flatfoot.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of orthoses with different mechanisms on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with flexible flatfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 12 flatfoot subjects were recruited for this study. In-shoe plantar pressure in walking was measured by Pedar-X system under three conditions including wearing the shoe only, wearing the shoe with a proprioceptive insole, and wearing the shoe with a prefabricated foot insole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the proprioceptive insoles, maximum force was significantly reduced in medial midfoot, and plantar pressure was significantly increased in the second and third rays (0.94 ± 0.77 N/kg, 102.04 ± 28.23 kPa) compared to the shoe only condition (1.12 ± 0.88 N/kg and 109.79 ± 29.75 kPa). For the prefabricated insole, maximum force was significantly higher in midfoot area compared to the other conditions (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Construction of orthoses could have an effect on plantar pressure distribution in flatfeet. It might be considered that insoles with sensory stimulation alters sensory feedback of plantar surface of foot and may lead to change in plantar pressure in the flexible flatfoot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings of this study, using orthoses with different mechanisms such as proprioceptive intervention might be a useful method in orthotic treatment. Assessing plantar pressure can also be an efficient quantitative outcome measure for clinicians in evidence-based foot orthosis prescription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aminian
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Safaeepour
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farhoodi
authors.forename: Abbas Farjad
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pezeshk
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saeedi
authors.forename: Basir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Majddoleslam
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003878:Dermatoglyphics; D004867:Equipment Design; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D061826:Foot Orthoses / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011312:Pressure; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Flatfoot; plantar pressure; proprioceptive insole