title: Antithrombotic activities of aqueous extract from Gardenia jasminoides and its main constituent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae) is a shrub tree species distributed all over the world. Now its pharmacological activities such as anti-atherosclerosis have been extensively studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To offer pharmacological proof for its further clinical application in cardiovascular diseases, the antithrombotic activities of the aqueous extract of G. jasminoides (GJ-ext) were studied in mouse and rat models.
  
  
  METHODS
  GJ-ext was administrated orally to detect the effects on the models of carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis and arteriovenous shunt thrombosis. The effects of GJ-ext and geniposide (p.o.) on antiplatelet aggregation were examined. Geniposide and genipin were studied on venous thrombosis by oral administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GJ-ext (67, 133 and 266 mg/kg) and aspirin (50 mg/kg), respectively, decreased the length of tail thrombus with average thrombus inhibition rate of 21.9, 55.7, 65.8 and 57.6% at 48 h and 19.0, 54.5, 69.3 and 56.9% at 72 h after carrageenan injection and, meanwhile, improved thrombosis induced by arteriovenous shunt (silk thread) with 36.3, 45.5, 86.4 and 63.7% inhibition rate of thrombus respectively, and the ED(50) of GJ-ext was 160.8 mg/kg. Furthermore, GJ-ext (67 mg/kg) and geniposide (20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin/collagen with 45.1%/19.3% and 52.8%/26.2% aggregation rate. Geniposide (10-40 mg/kg) and genipin (5-20 mg/kg) inhibited venous thrombosis induced by tight ligation of the inferior vena cava, their ED(50) values were 18.4 and 8.6 mg/kg, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that GJ-ext and geniposide demonstrated remarkable antithrombotic activities and supported their therapeutic uses for thrombotic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Advanced Technology of Materials (Chinese Education Ministry), Southwest Jiaotong University, Cheng du, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Hai-yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shao-feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit; D032062:Gardenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D039823:Iridoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D039823:Iridoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; C007835:geniposide; D002351:Carrageenan; C007834:genipin; D001241:Aspirin