title: Fat emulsions as diffusive reference standards for tissue simulating phantoms?
abstract: Intralipid 20% was recently suggested as a diffusive reference standard for tissue simulating phantoms. In this work, we extend previously obtained results to other fat emulsions, specifically Intralipid 10%, Intralipid 30%, Lipovenoes 10%, Lipovenoes 10% PhosphoLipid Reduced, Lipovenoes 20%, Lipofundin S 10%, and Lipofundin S 20%. Of particular importance for practical applications, our measurements carried out at a wavelength of 751 nm show the following features. First, these products show high stability and small batch-to-batch variations in their diffusive optical properties, similar to Intralipid 20%. Second, the absorption coefficient of Intralipid, Lipovenoes, and Lipofundin S are very similar and their measured values are within the experimental errors; moreover the reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid 20%, Lipovenoes 20%, and Lipofundin S 20% are similar and their measured values are within 5%. Third, the reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid 10% and Intralipid 30% can be scaled from that of Intralipid 20% with an error of 9% and 2%, respectively. A similar scaling property is valid for Lipovenoes and Lipofundin S. We have verified that this scaling property depends on the composition of the fat emulsions: If the ingredients exactly scale with the concentration then the reduced scattering coefficient almost exactly scale as well.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Ninni
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bérubé-Lauzière
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mercatelli
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martelli
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010316:Particle Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous