title: The role of the host defense system in the development of cerebral vasospasm: analogies between atherosclerosis and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: Similar to atherosclerosis, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, a major growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells, is produced in arterial walls to repair arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). On review of a series of research articles that focus on defensive host responses to SAH, PDGF-BB is identified as a spasmogen, based on the following findings: (1) foreign substances injected into the subarachnoid space cause persistent constriction of cerebral arteries with a time course and histological features almost identical to those seen after SAH; (2) persistent constriction induced by SAH or a foreign substance is dependent on the complement system; (3) the complement system, which stimulates platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells to secrete PDGF-BB, is activated in both the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma immediately after SAH; (4) PDGF-BB levels in the CSF are significantly elevated in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia; (5) the immunodensity of PDGF-BB in the arterial walls correlates well with the severity of cerebral vasospasm; (6) intracisternal injection of PDGF-BB induces persistent constriction of cerebral arteries in a dose-dependent manner; (7) prolonged contact with blood clots promotes the contractile response of cerebral arteries to PDGF-BB, and (8) administration of an antagonist of PDGF-BB function suppresses the development of cerebral vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan. hyanamot@res.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Hiroji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yanamoto
authors.forename: Hiroharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajo
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor