title: Gene-independent heritability of behavioural traits: don't we also need to rethink the "environment"?
abstract: Behavioural phenotypes have been explained by genetic and environmental factors (E) and their interaction. Here we suggest a rethinking of the E factor. Passively incurred environmental influences (E               pass) and actively copied information and behaviour (E               act) may be distinguished at shared and non-shared level. We argue that E               act underlies mutation and selection and is the base of gene-independent heritability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. christian.mueller@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005824:Genetics, Behavioral; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy