title: Elemental concentrations of ambient particles and cause specific mortality in Santiago, Chile: a time series study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health effects of particulate air pollution are widely recognized and there is some evidence that the magnitude of these effects vary by particle component. We studied the effects of ambient fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, PM(2.5)) and their components on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, where particulate pollution is a major public health concern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air pollution was collected in a residential area in the center of Santiago. Daily mortality counts were obtained from the National Institute of Statistic. The associations between PM(2.5) and cause-specific mortality were studied by time series analysis controlling for time trends, day of the week, temperature and relative humidity. We then included an interaction term between PM(2.5) and the monthly averages of the mean ratios of individual elements to PM2.5 mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant effects of PM(2.5) on all the causes analyzed, with a 1.33% increase (95% CI: 0.87-1.78) in cardiovascular mortality per 10 μg/m(3) increase in the two days average of PM(2.5). We found that zinc was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. Particles with high content of chromium, copper and sulfur showed stronger associations with respiratory and COPD mortality, while high zinc and sodium content of PM(2.5) amplified the association with cerebrovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that PM(2.5) with high zinc, chromium, copper, sodium, and sulfur content have stronger associations with mortality than PM(2.5) mass alone in Santiago, Chile. The sources of particles containing these elements need to be determined to better control their emissions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 14, Avenue Edouard, Belin, Toulouse 31400, France. ana.valdes@sernageomin.cl
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanobetti
authors.forename: Jaana I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cifuentes
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morata
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002677:Chile; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013455:Sulfur