title: Effect of essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on gingival fibroblast survival and migration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical plaque control is the most commonly recommended means of oral hygiene after periodontal surgery. Commercially available mouthwashes contain a variety of active ingredients that have bactericidal properties but may potentially be toxic to the host cells. The goal of this in vitro study is to investigate the effect of commercially available mouthwashes on the survival and migratory capacity of human fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts were treated with commercially available mouthwashes that contained either chlorhexidine (CHX) or essential oils (EO) as the active ingredient. Each mouthwash was tested over a range of concentrations for its ability to affect fibroblast survival and migration, as well as long-term effects on cell viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Undiluted mouthwashes induced near-complete cell death 24 hours after only a 60-second treatment. Dilutions of 15% to 20% for both CHX and EO mouthwashes resulted in 50% cell death. When diluted to 10% to 15%, EO did not reduce cell migration, whereas similar dilutions of CHX resulted in reduced cell migration. Concentrations of 10% of both EO and CHX mouthwashes retained most of their antibacterial capacity. Treatment with EO did not result in gingival fibroblast death, whereas 5% CHX resulted in near-complete gingival fibroblast death 7 days after exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this in vitro study indicate that diluted EO displayed no detectable detrimental effects on human gingival and PDL fibroblasts, whereas diluted CHX reduced both cell migration and long-term survival. Both solutions retained their antimicrobial activity in lower concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsourounakis
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Palaiologou-Gallis
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoute
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maney
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lallier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D012459:Salicylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D012459:Salicylates; D013729:Terpenes; C057473:Listerine; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine