title: Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences.
abstract: The male bias in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) has led to females with ASC being under-researched. This lack of attention to females could hide variability due to sex that may explain some of the heterogeneity within ASC. In this study we investigate four key cognitive domains (mentalizing and emotion perception, executive function, perceptual attention to detail, and motor function) in ASC, to test for similarities and differences between males and females with and without ASC (n = 128 adults; n = 32 per group). In the mentalizing and facial emotion perception domain, males and females with ASC showed similar deficits compared to neurotypical controls. However, in attention to detail and dexterity involving executive function, although males with ASC showed poorer performance relative to neurotypical males, females with ASC performed comparably to neurotypical females. We conclude that performance in the social-cognitive domain is equally impaired in male and female adults with ASC. However, in specific non-social cognitive domains, performance within ASC depends on sex. This suggests that in specific domains, cognitive profiles in ASC are modulated by sex.
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. mcl45@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Meng-Chuan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Amber N V
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ruigrok
authors.forename: Bhismadev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wheelwright
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Auyeung
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron-Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D056348:Emotional Intelligence / Q000235:genetics; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D056345:Theory of Mind