title: Metabolomics reveals the metabolic shifts following an intervention with rye bread in postmenopausal women--a randomized control trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that whole grain (WG) cereals can protect against the development of chronic diseases, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Among WG products, WG rye is considered even more potent because of its unique discrepancy in postprandial insulin and glucose responses known as the rye factor. In this study, an NMR-based metabolomics approach was applied to study the metabolic effects of WG rye as a tool to determine the beneficial effects of WG rye on human health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three postmenopausal Finnish women with elevated serum total cholesterol (5.0-8.5 mmol/L) and BMI of 20-33 kg/m² consumed a minimum of 20% of their daily energy intake as high fiber WG rye bread (RB) or refined wheat bread (WB) in a randomized, controlled, crossover design with two 8-wk intervention periods separated by an 8-wk washout period. At the end of each intervention period, fasting serum was collected for NMR-based metabolomics and the analysis of cholesterol fractions. Multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis was used for paired comparisons of multivariate data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolomics analysis of serum showed lower leucine and isoleucine and higher betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine levels after RB than WB intake. To further investigate the metabolic effects of RB, the serum cholesterol fractions were measured. Total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher after RB intake than after WB (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed favorable shifts in branched amino acid and single carbon metabolism and an unfavorable shift in serum cholesterol levels after RB intake in postmenopausal women, which should be considered for evaluating health beneficial effects of rye products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, Uppsala, SE 75007, Sweden. Ali.Moazzami@lmv.slu.se
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moazzami
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bondia-Pons
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanhineva
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Juntunen
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Antl
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
mesh_terms: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood; D001622:Betaine / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D017698:Postmenopause; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012306:Risk; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D012434:Secale / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D001622:Betaine; C025138:dimethylglycine; D012521:Sarcosine