title: Chondrocytes extract from patients with osteoarthritis induces chondrogenesis in infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infrapatellar fat pad of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) contains multipotent and highly clonogenic adipose-derived stem cells that can be isolated by low invasive methods. Moreover, nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular extracts have been showed to be effective in induction of cell differentiation and reprogramming. The aim of this study was to induce chondrogenic differentiation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from infrapatellar fat pad (IFPSCs) of patients with OA using cellular extracts-based transdifferentiation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  IFPSCs and chondrocytes were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry. IFPSCs were permeabilized with Streptolysin O and then exposed to a cell extract obtained from chondrocytes. Then, IFPSCs were cultured for 2 weeks and chondrogenesis was evaluated by morphologic and ultrastructural observations, immunologic detection, gene expression analysis and growth on 3-D poly (dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After isolation, both chondrocytes and IFPSCs displayed similar expression of MSCs surface makers. Collagen II was highly expressed in chondrocytes and showed a basal expression in IFPSCs. Cells exposed to chondrocyte extracts acquired a characteristic morphological and ultrastructural chondrocyte phenotype that was confirmed by the increased proteoglycan formation and enhanced collagen II immunostaining. Moreover, chondrocyte extracts induced an increase in mRNA expression of chondrogenic genes such as Sox9, L-Sox5, Sox6 and Col2a1. Interestingly, chondrocytes, IFPSCs and transdifferentiated IFPSCs were able to grow, expand and produce extracellular matrix (ECM) on 3D PLGA scaffolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate for the first time that extracts obtained from chondrocytes of osteoarthritic knees promote chondrogenic differentiation of autologous IFPSCs. Moreover, combination of transdifferentiated IFPSCs with biodegradable PLGA 3D scaffolds can serve as an efficient system for the maintenance and maturation of cartilage tissue. These findings suggest its usefulness to repair articular surface in OA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén E-23071, Spain. elruiz@ujaen.es
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Ruiz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cobo-Molinos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arrebola
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hernández-Lamas
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Delgado-Martínez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montañez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marchal
mesh_terms: D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism*; D010329:Patella / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D024043:Collagen Type II; D011509:Proteoglycans