title: Follow-up procedures for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an update.
abstract: Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. Approximately 75-85% of patients present with a disease that is confined to the mucosa (stage Ta, carcinoma in situ) or submucosa (stage T1). The stratification of patients to low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups represents the cornerstone for the indication of adjuvant and follow-up treatment. Owing to the high recurrence rate of bladder tumors, a surveillance protocol is recommended to all patients. Currently, the combination of cystoscopy, imaging and urinary cytology represent the follow-up. A systematic review of the recent English literature on follow-up procedures of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is performed. The authors review the existing follow-up procedures, with a focus on novel molecular-targeted approaches. At the present time, the additional use and utility of urine-based molecular markers in the follow-up of patients remains unclear and we have to rely on cystoscopic evaluation adapted to risk group classification.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anastasiadis
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: Mieke Tj
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bus
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alivizatos
authors.forename: Jean Jmch
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Reijke
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D019468:Disease Management; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor