title: Arginine-supplemented enteral nutrition in critically ill diabetic and obese rats: a dose-ranging study evaluating nutritional status and macrophage function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Critically ill diabetic and obese patients are at high risk of complications. Arginine availability is lowered in diabetes and in stress situations, yet arginine is necessary for immune response, mainly by its action through nitric oxide (NO). These facts argue for arginine-supplemented diets in critically ill patients. However, studies have raised concerns about possible adverse effects of such diets in intensive-care patients. We therefore analyzed the metabolic and immunologic effects of an arginine-enriched diet in stressed diabetic-obese rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats (fa/fa) were made endotoxemic by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide and then fed 4-d enteral nutrition enriched with arginine (ARG group) or a non-essential amino acid mix (NEAA group). The two groups each were subdivided into three subgroups: the ARG subgroups received 0.5 g (ARG0.5), 2 g (ARG2), and 5 g (ARG5) of arginine per kilogram daily, and the NEAA groups were made isonitrogenous with the corresponding ARG subgroups (NEAA0.5, NEAA2, and NEAA5). Plasma and urinary biomarkers were measured. Cytokine and NO production levels and inducible NO synthase and arginase protein levels were determined from peritoneal macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survival rate was lower in the ARG5 and NEAA5 subgroups than in all the other subgroups. The nitrogen balance was higher in the ARG5 group than in the NEAA5 group. Plasma triacylglycerol levels were lower in the ARG2 group than in the NEAA2 group. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and NO production in the macrophages decreased and arginase-1 was upregulated in the ARG-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model, mortality was increased by the nitrogen burden rather than by arginine per se. Arginine improved nitrogen balance and had an anti-inflammatory action on macrophages by regulating NO production, probably through arginase-1 expression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biological Nutrition, EA 4466, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belabed
authors.forename: Marie-Céline
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neveux
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cynober
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darquy
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016638:Critical Illness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D001120:Arginine