title: Association of primary care characteristics with variations in mortality rates in England: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wide variations in mortality rates persist between different areas in England, despite an overall steady decline. To evaluate a conceptual model that might explain how population and service characteristics influence population mortality variations, an overall null hypothesis was tested: variations in primary healthcare service do not predict variations in mortality at population level, after adjusting for population characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an observational study of all 152 English primary care trusts (geographical groupings of population and primary care services, total population 52 million), routinely available published data from 2008 and 2009 were modelled using negative binomial regression. Counts for all-cause, coronary heart disease, all cancers, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality were analyzed using explanatory variables of relevant population and service-related characteristics, including an age-correction factor. The main predictors of mortality variations were population characteristics, especially age and socio-economic deprivation. For the service characteristics, a 1% increase in the percentage of patients on a primary care hypertension register was associated with decreases in coronary heart disease mortality of 3% (95% CI 1-4%, p = 0.006) and in stroke mortality of 6% (CI 3-9%, p<0.0001); a 1% increase in the percentage of patients recalling being better able to see their preferred doctor was associated with decreases in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality of 0.7% (CI 0.2-2.0%, p = 0.02) and in all cancer mortality of 0.3% (CI 0.1-0.5%, p = 0.009) (continuity of care). The study found no evidence of an association at primary care trust population level between variations in achievement of pay for performance and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some primary healthcare service characteristics were also associated with variations in mortality at population level, supporting the conceptual model. Health care system reforms should strengthen these characteristics by delivering cost-effective evidence-based interventions to whole populations, and fostering sustained patient-provider partnerships.
authors.affiliation: East Leicester Medical Practice, United Kingdom. lsl7@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Louis S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Levene
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bankart
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009026:Mortality; D019370:Observation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors