title: Individual and institutional determinants of caesarean section in referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali: a cross-sectional epidemiological survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two years after implementing the free-CS policy, we assessed the non-financial factors associated with caesarean section (CS) in women managed by referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional survey nested in a cluster trial (QUARITE trial) in 41 referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali (10/01/2007-10/01/2008). Data were collected regarding women's characteristics and on available institutional resources. Individual and institutional factors independently associated with emergency (before labour), intrapartum and elective CS were determined using a hierarchical logistic mixed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 86 505 women, 14% delivered by intrapartum CS, 3% by emergency CS and 2% by elective CS. For intrapartum, emergency and elective CS, the main maternal risk factors were, respectively: previous CS, referral from another facility and suspected cephalopelvic-disproportion (adjusted Odds Ratios from 2.8 to 8.9); vaginal bleeding near full term, hypertensive disorders, previous CS and premature rupture of membranes (adjusted ORs from 3.9 to 10.2); previous CS (adjusted OR=19.2 [17.2-21.6]). Access to adult and neonatal intensive care, a 24-h/day anaesthetist and number of annual deliveries per hospital were independent factors that affected CS rates according to degree of urgency. The presence of obstetricians and/or medical-anaesthetists was associated with an increased risk of elective CS (adjusted ORs [95%CI] = 4.8 [2.6-8.8] to 9.4 [5.1-17.1]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm the significant effect of well-known maternal risk factors affecting the mode of delivery. Available resources at the institutional level and the degree of urgency of CS should be taken into account in analysing CS rates in this context.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada. valerie.briand@ird.fr
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamowicz
authors.forename: Mamadou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traore
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Watier
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D009774:Obstetrics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078329:Workforce