title: Optimization of supercritical CO(2) extraction of fish oil from viscera of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
abstract: Fish oil was extracted from the viscera of African Catfish using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)). A Central Composite Design of Response Surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SC-CO(2) extraction parameters. The oil yield (Y) as response variable was executed against the four independent variables, namely pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. The oil yield varied with the linear, quadratic and interaction of pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. Optimum points were observed within the variables of temperature from 35 °C to 80 °C, pressure from 10 MPa to 40 MPa, flow rate from 1 mL/min to 3 mL/min and soaking time from 1 h to 4 h. However, the extraction parameters were found to be optimized at temperature 57.5 °C, pressure 40 MPa, flow rate 2.0 mL/min and soaking time 2.5 h. At this optimized condition, the highest oil yields were found to be 67.0% (g oil/100 g sample on dry basis) in the viscera of catfish which was reasonable to the yields of 78.0% extracted using the Soxhlet method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University, Kuantan Campus, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Zaidul Islam
authors.initials: MZI
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Food Safety Research (CEFSR), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.|Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jinap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selamat
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Food Safety Research (CEFSR), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abu Sayem Md Ahsan
authors.initials: ASMA
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sahena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferdosh
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Jahurul Haque
authors.initials: MJH
authors.lastname: Akanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University, Kuantan Campus, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Juliana Mohamed
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jaffri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002397:Catfishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: catfish fish oil; response surface methodology; supercritical fluid extraction; viscera