title: Screening of agro-industrial wastes for citric acid bioproduction by Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001 through solid state fermentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The citric acid (CA) industry is currently struggling to develop a sustainable and economical process owing to high substrate and energy costs. Increasing interest in the replacement of costly synthetic substrates by renewable waste biomass has fostered research on agro-industrial wastes and screening of raw materials for economical CA production. The food-processing industry generates substantial quantities of waste biomass that could be used as a valuable low-cost fermentation substrate. The present study evaluated the potential of different agro-industrial wastes, namely apple pomace (AP), brewer's spent grain, citrus waste and sphagnum peat moss, as substrates for solid state CA production using Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the four substrates, AP resulted in highest CA production of 61.06 ± 1.9 g kg(-1) dry substrate (DS) after a 72 h incubation period. Based on the screening studies, AP was selected for optimisation studies through response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum CA production of 312.32 g kg(-1) DS was achieved at 75% (v/w) moisture and 3% (v/w) methanol after a 144 h incubation period. The validation of RSM-optimised parameters in plastic trays resulted in maximum CA production of 364.4 ± 4.50 g kg(-1) DS after a 120 h incubation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated the potential of AP as a cheap substrate for higher CA production. This study contributes to knowledge about the future application of carbon rich agro-industrial wastes for their value addition to CA. It also offers economic and environmental benefits over traditional ways used to dispose off agro-industrial wastes.
authors.affiliation: INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490 Rue de Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada.
authors.forename: Gurpreet S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: Satinder K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: Surinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Mausam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002957:Citrus; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000378:metabolism*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005285:Fermentation; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D005638:Fruit; D007220:Industrial Waste; D027845:Malus; D044003:Sphagnopsida
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D019343:Citric Acid