title: A randomized, controlled non-inferiority trial comparing A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine antigen, with and without AS03 adjuvant system, co-administered or sequentially administered with an inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the time of the influenza A(H1N1)pmd09 pandemic it was not known if concurrent or sequential administration of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) with pandemic vaccine was preferred.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunogenicity and safety were assessed in 871 healthy subjects aged 19-40 years who were randomised into six groups to receive co-administration or sequential administration of TIV and two doses of A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine (either unadjuvanted or adjuvanted with AS03, an α-tocopherol and squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Safety and immunogenicity data (by haemagglutination inhibition [HI] assay) after each dose and six months post-Dose 1 are reported here. Co-administration of A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine with TIV reduced the HI immune responses to A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine. However, serologic responses with both co-administration and sequential schedules met the European and US regulatory criteria for pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines up to six months following the first vaccine dose. The AS03-adjuvanted formulation elicited higher immune responses at all time points. Prior administration or co-administration of A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine did not affect immune responses to TIV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-administration of TIV and A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine negatively influenced A(H1N1)pmd09 vaccine immunogenicity but had no effect on TIV responses. The non-adjuvanted and adjuvanted vaccines demonstrated strong immune responses against all vaccine strains for up to six months following the first vaccine dose.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Capital District Health Authority and Dalhousie University, 5850 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada. joanne.langley@dal.ca
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frenette
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004338:Drug Combinations; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011136:Polysorbates; D013185:Squalene; C550253:AS03 adjuvant; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol