title: Anti-Plasmodium falciparum invasion ligand antibodies in a low malaria transmission region, Loreto, Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum is a complex process that involves two families; Erythrocyte Binding-Like (EBL) and the Reticulocyte Binding-Like (PfRh) proteins. Antibodies that inhibit merozoite attachment and invasion are believed to be important in mediating naturally acquired immunity and immunity generated by parasite blood stage vaccine candidates. The hypotheses tested in this study were 1) that antibody responses against specific P. falciparum invasion ligands (EBL and PfRh) differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals living in the low-transmission region of the Peruvian Amazon and 2), such antibody responses might have an association, either direct or indirect, with clinical immunity observed in asymptomatically parasitaemic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  ELISA was used to assess antibody responses (IgG, IgG1 and IgG3) against recombinant P. falciparum invasion ligands of the EBL (EBA-175, EBA-181, EBA-140) and PfRh families (PfRh1, PfRh2a, PfRh2b, PfRh4 and PfRh5) in 45 individuals infected with P. falciparum from Peruvian Amazon. Individuals were classified as having symptomatic malaria (N=37) or asymptomatic infection (N=8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibody responses against both EBL and PfRh family proteins were significantly higher in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic individuals, demonstrating an association with clinical immunity. Significant differences in the total IgG responses were observed with EBA-175, EBA-181, PfRh2b, and MSP119 (as a control). IgG1 responses against EBA-181, PfRh2a and PfRh2b were significantly higher in the asymptomatic individuals. Total IgG antibody responses against PfRh1, PfRh2a, PfRh2b, PfRh5, EBA-175, EBA-181 and MSP119 proteins were negatively correlated with level of parasitaemia. IgG1 responses against EBA-181, PfRh2a and PfRh2b and IgG3 response for PfRh2a were also negatively correlated with parasitaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that falciparum malaria patients who develop clinical immunity (asymptomatic parasitaemia) in a low transmission setting such as the Peruvian Amazon have antibody responses to defined P. falciparum invasion ligand proteins higher than those found in symptomatic (non-immune) patients. While these findings will have to be confirmed by larger studies, these results are consistent with a potential role for one or more of these invasion ligands as a component of an anti-P. falciparum vaccine in low-transmission malaria-endemic regions.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villasis
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez-Perez
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Dionicia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamboa
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neyra
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bendezu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tricoche
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vinetz
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lustigman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008024:Ligands; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018448:Models, Immunological; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D010568:Peru; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008024:Ligands; D015800:Protozoan Proteins