title: Impact of smoking on mortality and life expectancy in Japanese smokers: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of smoking on overall mortality and life expectancy in a large Japanese population, including some who smoked throughout adult life.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Life Span Study, a population-based prospective study, initiated in 1950.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking status for 27,311 men and 40,662 women was obtained during 1963-92. Mortality from one year after first ascertainment of smoking status until 1 January 2008 has been analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality from all causes in current, former, and never smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers born in later decades tended to smoke more cigarettes per day than those born earlier, and to have started smoking at a younger age. Among those born during 1920-45 (median 1933) and who started smoking before age 20 years, men smoked on average 23 cigarettes/day, while women smoked 17 cigarettes/day, and, for those who continued smoking, overall mortality was more than doubled in both sexes (rate ratios versus never smokers: men 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.97 to 2.48), women 2.61 (1.98 to 3.44)) and life expectancy was reduced by almost a decade (8 years for men, 10 years for women). Those who stopped smoking before age 35 avoided almost all of the excess risk among continuing smokers, while those who stopped smoking before age 45 avoided most of it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower smoking related hazards reported previously in Japan may have been due to earlier birth cohorts starting to smoke when older and smoking fewer cigarettes per day. In Japan, as elsewhere, those who start smoking in early adult life and continue smoking lose on average about a decade of life. Much of the risk can, however, be avoided by giving up smoking before age 35, and preferably well before age 35.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGale
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Darby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult