title: Honeybees consolidate navigation memory during sleep.
abstract: Sleep is known to support memory consolidation in animals, including humans. Here we ask whether consolidation of novel navigation memory in honeybees depends on sleep. Foragers were exposed to a forced navigation task in which they learned to home more efficiently from an unexpected release site by acquiring navigational memory during the successful homing flight. This task was quantified using harmonic radar tracking and applied to bees that were equipped with a radio frequency identification device (RFID). The RFID was used to record their outbound and inbound flights and continuously monitor their behavior inside the colony, including their rest during the day and sleep at night. Bees marked with the RFID behaved normally inside and outside the hive. Bees slept longer during the night following forced navigation tasks, but foraging flights of different lengths did not lead to different rest times during the day or total sleep time during the night. Sleep deprivation before the forced navigation task did not alter learning and memory acquired during the task. However, sleep deprivation during the night after forced navigation learning reduced the probability of returning successfully to the hive from the same release site. It is concluded that consolidation of novel navigation memory is facilitated by night sleep in bees.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin,  Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beyaert
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Greggers
authors.forename: Randolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D003624:Darkness; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D006702:Homing Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011825:Radar; D057233:Radio Frequency Identification Device; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors