title: Validation of cooling effect of insulated containers for the shipment of corneal tissue and recommendations for transport.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cooling effect of generic insulated shipping containers in ambient and high-temperature environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven shipping containers were packed with wet ice according to industry standards. The ice in each container was weighed. Ambient temperatures were recorded by data loggers affixed to the exterior. Internal temperatures were recorded by data loggers packed inside the containers, for as long as the data loggers remained at ≤8°C. The cooling effect, or minutes per gram of ice a data logger maintained a temperature of ≤8°C, was calculated using linear regression; 8 similar containers were subjected to elevated summer temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small, medium, and large containers held mean masses of wet ice of 685, 1929, and 4439 g, respectively. The linear regression equation for grams of ice to duration of time at ≤8°C was y = 0.1994x + 385.13 for small containers, y = 0.1854x + 1273.3 for medium, and y = 0.5892x + 1410.3 for large containers, resulting in a cooling effect of 25.1 hours for small, 58.9 hours for medium, and 85.7 hours for large containers at ambient temperature. The duration of cooling effect in the summer profile group was consistent with that of the ambient temperature group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the container sizes successfully maintained proper cooling when packed with the appropriate grams of wet ice for the needed time interval. This study validates current practice for the shipment of corneal tissue in inexpensive, generic containers that can maintain effective cooling for the duration required for local, national, and international shipment.
authors.affiliation: SightLife, Seattle, WA, USA. tom.miller@sightlife.org
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Requard
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D003315:Cornea; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005125:Eye Banks / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D019064:Product Packaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D007053:Ice