title: Levels of evidence in medicine.
abstract: Levels of evidence allow clinicians to appreciate the quality of a particular research paper quickly. The levels are generally set out in a hierarchical order, which is based largely upon the experimental design. While there are ideal designs for studies examining the effects of interventions, risk factors for a clinical condition or diagnostic testing, in most instances researchers have had to make compromises and these subsequently decrease the quality of their work. This paper provides information concerning how those compromises relate to subsequent levels that are given to a piece of research. It also provides an understanding of issues related to evaluating papers, and suggest ways in which the reader might discern how relevant a paper might be to one's clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: Gwyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
keywords: levels of evidence; research design; study quality