title: Dietary tin intake and association with canned food consumption in Japanese preschool children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary intake of tin has seldom been studied in children although they probably have a high intake. This study was initiated to investigate dietary tin intake (Sn-D) of children in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 24-h food duplicate samples were collected from 296 preschool children in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. Sn in the samples were analyzed by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry, after homogenization and wet digestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sn-D by the children was low, with 4.2 μg/day as a median. The distribution was however wide, from 0.4 μg/day up to >3 μg/day. Canned foods were the major dietary Sn source, whereas rice contributed essentially little. Sn-D among canned food consumers was 30.2 μg/day as a geometric mean (10.6 μg/day as a median), whereas Sn-D among the non-consumers of canned foods was distributed log-normally, with 3.3 μg/day as a geometric mean (2.5 μg/day as a median). Sn levels in urine did not differ between children who consumed canned foods on the day previous to urine collection and those who did not. The Sn-D was far below the provisional tolerable weekly intake (14 mg/kg body weight/week) set by the 2001 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee. Nevertheless, children took more Sn than adults when compared on a body-weight basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canned foods were the major source of dietary Sn intake for preschool children studied. Thus, median Sn-D was higher for the canned food consumers (10.6 μg/day) than for non-consumers of canned foods (2.5 μg/day). Sn-D by canned food-consuming children was, however, substantially lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake. No difference was detected in Sn levels in urine between canned food-consuming and non-consuming children.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Kozue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaginuma-Sakurai
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D014001:Tin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014001:Tin