title: Randomized trial of endoscopic sphincterotomy with balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy alone for removal of bile duct stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited endoscopic sphincterotomy with large balloon dilation (ESBD) is an alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for removing bile duct stones, but it is not clear which procedure is most effective. We compared the 2 techniques in removal of bile duct stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2005 and September 2011, 156 consecutive patients with suspected of having, or known to have, common bile duct stones were randomly assigned to groups that underwent ES or ESBD. Patients in the ESBD group underwent limited sphincterotomy (up to half of the sphincter) followed by balloon dilation to the size of the common bile duct or 15 mm, and patients in the ES group underwent complete sphincterotomy alone. Stones were then removed using standard techniques. The primary outcome was percentage of stones cleared, and secondary outcomes included procedural time, method of stone extraction, number of procedures required for stone clearance, morbidities and mortality within 30 days, and direct cost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between groups in percentage of stones cleared (ES vs ESBD: 88.5% vs 89.0%). More patients in the ES group (46.2%) than the ESBD group (28.8%) required mechanical lithotripsy (P = .028), particularly for stones ≥15 mm (90.9% vs 58.1%; P = .002). Morbidities developed in 10.3% of patients in the ES group and 6.8% of patients in the ESBD group (P = .46). The cost of the hospitalization was also significantly lower in the ESBD group (P = .034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESBD and ES clear bile stones with equal efficacy. However, ESBD reduces the need for mechanical lithotripsy and is less expensive; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00164853.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Electronic address: anthonyteoh@surgery.cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Anthony Yuen Bun
authors.initials: AYB
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Pamela Younge Nethersole East Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Frances Ka Yin
authors.initials: FKY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ya Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Larry Hin
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Philip Wai Yan
authors.initials: PWY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Simon Kin Hung
authors.initials: SKH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Francis Ka Leung
authors.initials: FKL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: James Yun Wong
authors.initials: JYW
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome