title: Cytoplasmic mislocalization of overexpressed FOXF1 is associated with the malignancy and metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas.
abstract: Our previous studies have revealed that the human FOXF1 gene, encoding a transcription factor member of the forkhead box (FOX) family, functions as a tumor suppressor and its expression is frequently silenced in breast cancer via DNA hypermethylation. Moreover, we recently reported that FOXF1 expression is preferentially silenced in colorectal cancer cell lines with inactive p53 and knockdown of FOXF1 caused genomic instability in FOXF1-expressing colorectal cancer cells with a defect in the p53-p21(WAF1) checkpoint, suggesting that FOXF1 plays a key role in colorectal tumorigenesis. Given that the in vivo role of FOXF1 in colorectal cancer remains unknown, the study here was aimed at delineating the clinical relevance of FOXF1 in colorectal adenocarcinomas. To characterize FOXF1 protein expression in colorectal cancer, designed tissue microarrays, comprising 50 cases of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma paired with matched adjacent normal tissue, were utilized in the immunohistochemistry (IHC) study. The IHC results showed that for adjacent normal colorectal tissue, the FOXF1 protein was only detected in stroma, not in epithelium, with either cytoplasmic staining (70% of total cases) or a mix of cytoplasmic and nuclear staining (6%). In contrast, for colorectal adenocarcinomas, FOXF1 staining was predominately identified in the cytoplasm of tumor epithelial cells (40% of total cases) and tumor-associated stromal cells of some cases (10%) also exhibited FOXF1 positivity in their cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic FOXF1 protein expression in tumor epithelial cells positively correlated with the histologic grade, depth of invasion, stage and lymphatic metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas (p<0.05). Moreover, in silico meta-analysis of Oncomine's cancer microarray database indicates that FOXF1 mRNA is overexpressed in a significant subset of colorectal adenocarcinoma tumors compared with normal colorectal tissue and other types of cancers. Our findings for the first time have revealed that the FOXF1 protein is overexpressed as well as mislocalized in cancerous epithelial cells and underexpressed/lost in tumor-associated stromal fibroblasts of colorectal adenocarcinomas, and suggest that FOXF1 is a potential prognostic marker due to its association with the malignancy and metastasis of colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. LOP@mailbox.sc.edu
authors.forename: Pang-Kuo
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ji Shin
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hexin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reisman
authors.forename: Franklin G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Saraswati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukumar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C098521:FOXF1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53