title: Positive affect dimensions and their association with inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cardiac patients positive affect has found to be associated with improved clinical outcomes, with reduced inflammation being one of the potential mechanisms responsible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive affect was assessed using The Global Mood Scale (GMS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patient with chronic heart failure (N=210; 67 ± 9 years, 79% men). Markers of inflammation (TNFα, sTNFr1, sTNFr2, IL-6 and CRP) were measured and averaged at three consecutive time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive affect dimensions of the GMS and PANAS were significantly associated with lower averaged levels of sTNFr2, TNFα and IL-6 (p<.1), even after adjustment for clinical and lifestyle confounders. Positive affect of the HADS was significantly associated with lower averaged levels of hsCRP (p<.1), but was no longer significant after correction for lifestyle confounders and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive affect is associated with reduced inflammation in patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Paula M C
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mommersteeg
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nyklíček
authors.forename: Aline J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pelle
authors.forename: Bert L W J J M
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Westerhuis
authors.forename: Balázs M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines