title: Personalized medicine in cardiovascular diseases.
abstract: Personalized medicine is a novel medical model with all decisions and practices being tailored to individual patients in whatever ways possible. In the era of genomics, personalized medicine combines the genetic information for additional benefit in preventive and therapeutic strategies. Personalized medicine may allow the physician to provide a better therapy for patients in terms of efficiency, safety and treatment length to reduce the associated costs. There was a remarkable growth in scientific publication on personalized medicine within the past few years in the cardiovascular field. However, so far, only very few cardiologists in the USA are incorporating personalized medicine into clinical treatment. We review the concepts, strengths, limitations and challenges of personalized medicine with a particular focus on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There are many challenges from both scientific and policy perspectives to personalized medicine, which can overcome them by comprehensive concept and understanding, clinical application, and evidence based practices. Individualized medicine serves a pivotal role in the evolution of national and global healthcare reform, especially, in the CVDs fields. Ultimately, personalized medicine will affect the entire landscape of health care system in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. ; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Moo-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Flammer
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Genomics; Personalized medicine