title: Parallel divergent adaptation along replicated altitudinal gradients in Alpine trout.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The European trout (Salmo trutta species complex) occurs across a very wide altitudinal range from lowland rivers to alpine streams. Historically, the major European river systems contained different, evolutionarily distinct trout lineages, and some of this genetic diversity has persisted in spite of extensive human-mediated translocations. We used AFLP-based genome scans to investigate the extent of potentially adaptive divergence among major drainages and along altitudinal gradients replicated in several rivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of loci showing evidence of divergent selection was larger between drainages than along altitudinal transects within drainages. This suggests divergent selection is stronger between drainages, or adaptive divergence is constrained by gene flow among populations within drainages, although the latter could not be confirmed at a more local scale. Still, altitudinal divergence occurred and, at approximately 2% of the markers, parallel changes of the AFLP band frequencies with altitude were observed suggesting that altitude may well be an important source of divergent selection within rivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that adaptive genetic divergence is common both between major European river systems and along altitudinal gradients within drainages. Alpine trout appear to be a promising model system to investigate the relative roles of divergent selection and gene flow in promoting or preventing adaptation to climate gradients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland. irene.keller@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bezault
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Seehausen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000531:Altitude; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D005060:Europe; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D045483:Rivers; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014337:Trout / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*