title: Role of vernalization and of duplicated FLOWERING LOCUS C in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata.
abstract: FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the main genes influencing the vernalization requirement and natural flowering time variation in the annual Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we studied the effects of vernalization on flowering and its genetic basis in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata. Two tandemly duplicated FLC genes (FLC1 and FLC2) were compared with respect to expression and DNA sequence. The effect of vernalization on flowering and on the expression of FLC1 was studied in three European populations. The genetic basis of the FLC1 expression difference between two of the populations was further studied by expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping and sequence analysis. FLC1 was shown to have a likely role in the vernalization requirement for flowering in A. lyrata. Vernalization decreased its expression and the northern study populations showed higher FLC1 expression than the southern one. eQTL mapping between two of the populations revealed one eQTL affecting FLC1 expression in the genomic region containing the FLC genes. Most FLC1 sequence differences between the study populations were found in the promoter region and in the first intron. Variation in the FLC1 sequence may cause differences in FLC1 expression between late- and early-flowering A. lyrata populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niittyvuopio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toivainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.|INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, F-84143, Montfavet, France.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quilot-Turion
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752, 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752, 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lagercrantz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Helmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuittinen
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007438:Introns; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant; C418902:At5g10140 protein, Arabidopsis; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins