title: Fast parameters estimation in medication efficacy assessment model for heart failure treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure (HF) is a common and potentially fatal condition. Cardiovascular research has focused on medical therapy for HF. Theoretical modelling could enable simulation and evaluation of the effectiveness of medications. Furthermore, the models could also help predict patients' cardiac response to the treatment which will be valuable for clinical decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study presents a fast parameters estimation algorithm for constructing a cardiovascular model for medicine evaluation. The outcome of HF treatment is assessed by hemodynamic parameters and a comprehensive index furnished by the model. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were used as a model drug in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our simulation results showed different treatment responses to enalapril and lisinopril, which are both ACEI drugs. A dose-effect was also observed in the model simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results agreed well with the findings from clinical trials and previous literature, suggesting the validity of the model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yinzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Chengyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Guiqiu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shijin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Guolong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Gangmin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ning
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003657:Decision Making; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004656:Enalapril / Q000494:pharmacology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000494:pharmacology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D017706:Lisinopril