title: The unfolding treatment landscape for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a fatal disease in virtually all patients. Docetaxel chemotherapy became the standard front-line agent based on the results of the TAX327 trial in 2004, with a survival advantage of 3 months achieved over mitoxantrone. Over the past few years, an improved understanding of the molecular biology of castration-resistance has resulted in expansion of the treatment armamentarium for advanced prostate cancer with the emergence of novel androgen receptor-directed therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapies, as well as immunotherapies. Four different agents have very recently gained approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of CRPC and this review will summarize the development, mechanism of action, and safety and efficacy of these agents as demonstrated in preclinical as well as clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building-I, Room 1M45, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keizman
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Denmeade
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Antonarakis