title: T cell coinhibition and immunotherapy in human breast cancer.
abstract: Costimulation and coinhibition generated by the B7 family and their receptor CD28 family have key roles in regulating T lymphocyte activation and tolerance. These pathways are very attractive therapeutic targets for human cancers including breast cancer. Gene polymorphisms of B7x (B7-H4/B7S1), PD-1 (CD279), and CTLA-4 (CD152) are associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In human breast cancer microenvironment, up-regulation of coinhibitory B7/CD28 members B7x, B7-H3 (CD276), and PD-L1 (B7-H1/CD274) on tumor cells as well as PD-1 and PD-L1 on tumor-infiltrating immune cells are emerging as immune evasion pathways. Chemotherapy can affect the expression of these molecules, and therefore may dampen the immune response against breast cancer. Immunotherapy targeting T cell coinhibition as monotherapy or combined with standard therapies are in early stages of clinical development, but hold great promise for treatment of human breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janakiram
authors.forename: Yael M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Abadi
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sparano
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zang
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts