title: Root lengths in the permanent teeth of 45,X females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies in permanent and deciduous tooth crowns and permanent tooth roots in individuals with sex chromosome anomalies and in their relatives have given proof that the X chromosome affects enamel formation, root length and crown and root morphology. The present research studies the effects of sex chromosome deficiency on the development of permanent tooth root.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research investigated tooth root lengths in a group of 97 45,X females. As controls there were 32 sisters and 28 mothers of the 45,X females, 45 female and 42 male population controls and 15 45,X/46,XX females from the KVANTTI research project. Tooth root lengths on both sides of the jaws were measured from panoramic radiographs in each acceptable instance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed significantly shorter tooth root lengths in the 45,X females than in the female and male controls in all teeth measured, whereas in the female relatives tooth root lengths were shifted towards the aneuploids in relation to that in the general population. The tooth root lengths in the 45,X females differed more from those found in their sisters than in their mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results with the large pure sample size of the whole dentitions in patients with monosomy X confirm the earlier findings of short tooth roots in 45,X females. The fact that in most instances there were no significant differences in tooth root lengths between 45,X and 45,X/46,XX females comes close to the earlier findings regarding mesio-distal tooth crown sizes.
authors.affiliation: University of Oulu, Institute of Dentistry, Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Raija Helena
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pentinpuro
authors.forename: Raija Eliisa
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lähdesmäki
authors.forename: Lassi Juhani
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Alvesalo
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*