title: Evaluation of a simple blood culture amplification and antigen detection method for diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi bacteremia.
abstract: In most areas where typhoid is endemic, laboratory diagnosis is not possible due to the lack of appropriate facilities. We investigated whether the combination of blood culture amplification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with an S. Typhi antigen rapid diagnostic test (RDT) could be an accurate and inexpensive tool for the accelerated diagnosis of patients with acute typhoid in Laos. For a panel of 23 Gram-negative reference pathogens, the Standard Diagnostics (catalog no. 15FK20; Kyonggi-do, South Korea) RDT gave positive results for S. Typhi NCTC 8385, S. Typhi NCTC 786 (Vi negative), Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (ATCC 13076), and Salmonella enterica serovar Ndolo NCTC 8700 (all group D). In a prospective study of 6,456 blood culture bottles from 3,028 patients over 15 months, 392 blood culture bottles (6.1%) from 221 (7.3%) patients had Gram-negative rods (GNRs) seen in the blood culture fluid. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, and positive predictive value were 96.7%, 99.5%, 97.9%, and 87.9%, respectively, for patients with proven S. Typhi bacteremia and 91.2%, 98.4%, 98.9%, and 93.9% for patients with group D Salmonella. The median (range) number of days between diagnosis by RDT and reference assays was 1 (-1 to +2) day for those with confirmed S. Typhi. The use of antigen-based pathogen detection in blood culture fluid may be a useful, relatively rapid, inexpensive, and accurate technique for the identification of important causes of bacteremia in the tropics.
authors.affiliation: Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castonguay-Vanier
authors.forename: Viengmon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davong
authors.forename: Latsanyphone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bouthasavong
authors.forename: Davanh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sengdetka
authors.forename: Manivone
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simmalavong
authors.forename: Amphayvanh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seupsavith
authors.forename: David A B
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dance
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Tu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le Thi Phuong
authors.forename: Manivanh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vongsouvath
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007723:Korea; D007812:Laos; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial