title: Validation and reproducibility of an FFQ for use among adults in Botswana.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a 122-item interviewer administered quantitative FFQ developed to determine food and nutrient intakes of adults in Botswana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing nutrient and food group intakes against four non-consecutive 24 h recalls administered over 12 months. The FFQ was repeated after 1 year to assess reproducibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kanye, Botswana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine adults aged 18–75 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spearman correlation coefficients for the validity of energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 0.42 (carbohydrate) to 0.49 (protein) for macronutrients and from 0.23 (Fe) to 0.44 (PUFA) for micronutrients. Exact agreement of quartile distribution for nutrients between the FFQ and recalls ranged from 27% to 72%. Weighted kappa values were lowest for retinol (0.13), Fe (0.22) and b-carotene (0.25) and ranged from 0.33 (SFA) to 0.59 (folate) for other nutrients (energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, Ca and vitamin E). Spearman correlation coefficients between the recalls and FFQ for food groups ranged from 0.18 (dark green leafy and yellow vegetables) to 0.58 (poultry). Reproducibility correlation coefficients (energy-adjusted) varied between 0.39 for retinol and 0.66 for vitamin E, with most values falling between 0.50 and 0.60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FFQ had good relative validity for estimating habitual food group and nutrient intakes, but was poor for some micronutrients (Fe, retinol and b-carotene) and foods (fruits and dark green leafy vegetables).
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Boitumelo S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Motswagole
authors.forename: Lemogang D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kwape
authors.forename: Rosemary I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kobue-Lekalake
authors.forename: Tidimalo B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rakgantswana
authors.forename: Tiyapo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mongwaketse
authors.forename: Motlalepula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mokotedi
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackson-Malete
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001902:Botswana; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients