title: Differences and commonalities in difficulties faced by clinical nursing educators and faculty in Japan: a qualitative cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To clarify the current state of communication between clinical nursing educators and nursing faculty members and the perceived difficulties encountered while teaching nursing students in clinical training in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data via focus group interviews with 14 clinical nursing educators, two nursing technical college teachers, and five university nursing faculty members. Interview transcripts were coded to express interview content as conclusions for each unit of meaning. Similar compiled content was categorized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Difficulties in providing clinical training mentioned by both clinical educators and faculty members were classified into four categories: "difficulties with directly exchanging opinions," "mismatch between school-required teaching content and clinical teaching content," "difficulties with handling students who demonstrate a low level of readiness for training," and "human and time limitations in teaching." In some categories, the opinions of educators matched those of the faculty members, whereas in others, the problems differed according to position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Japanese culture and working conditions may affect communication between clinical educators and faculty members; however, a direct "opinion exchange" between them is crucial for improving the clinical teaching environment in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, International University of Health and Welfare, 1-2-25, Shiroyama, Odawara, Kanagawa, 2508588, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taniyama
authors.affiliation: The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, 880 Kita-Kobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 3210293, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi