title: Photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a 4-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of standard photodynamic therapy with verteporfin at 48 months in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, multicenter, interventional case series analysis in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, treated with standard photodynamic therapy, and with ≥4 years of follow-up. Evaluations were performed every 3 months in the first year, every 6 months in the second year, and thereafter annually. Optical coherence tomography was performed in all visits. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography were performed at baseline and thereafter as necessary. Retinal thickness on optical coherence tomography was measured manually, evaluating central macular thickness and neural retina thickness. Main outcomes included the evolution of best-corrected visual acuity, the resolution of subretinal fluid, documented with optical coherence tomography, the number of treatments, and the evaluation of neural retina thickness during the 48 months of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 46 eyes of 42 patients, 38 men (90.4%) and 4 women (9.5%), with mean age of 49.19 ± 9.9 years (range, 32-70 years), and the minimal follow-up period was 48 months (mean, 56.8 ±10.3 months). Subretinal fluid was observed in all the included eyes at baseline, and 10 eyes (21.7%) had intraretinal diffuse or cystoid fluid. Concerning the mean best-corrected visual acuity, a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.01, Student t-test) was registered from 58.8 ± 18.3 letters at baseline to 66.9 ± 18.6 letters at 48th month. A complete resolution of subretinal fluid was achieved in 93.4%, and resolution of intraretinal fluid occurred in all 10 cases at 48 months. Neural retina thickness remained stable during the 48 months of follow-up (163.8 ± 47 μm at baseline and 163.8 ± 46 μm at 48 months). The mean number of treatments was 1.08 ± 0.3. No systemic or ocular side effects were registered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard photodynamic therapy with verteporfin was effective and safe in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy treatment with a significant improvement in the long term, both anatomic and visual, without inducing additional retinal atrophy or systemic adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Coimbra University Hospital Center, Coimbra, Portugal. rufino.silva@oftalmolgia.co.pt
authors.forename: Rufino M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Moreno
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Ulla
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gregório
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cachulo
authors.forename: Isabel A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cunha-Vaz
authors.forename: Joaquim N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Murta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056833:Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000077362:Verteporfin; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011166:Porphyrins; D000077362:Verteporfin; D007208:Indocyanine Green