title: Analgesic effects of tramadol in combination with adjuvant drugs: an experimental study in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tramadol is often coadministered subcutaneously with adjuvants to treat pain, nausea/vomiting, dyspnea and delirium in cancer patients. The aim of the study was to investigate analgesia of tramadol coadministered with adjuvants in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats (Wistar race) received a single tramadol dose separately (0.45 mg/kg) or tramadol with haloperidol (0.45 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg), levomepromazine (0.35 mg/kg), metoclopramide (1.0 mg/kg), hyoscine butylbromide (1.7 mg/kg) or ketamine (0.3 mg/kg) as a single subcutaneous injection. Analgesia was measured by a tail flick test after 15, 30, 60 and 90 min of drug administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tramadol analgesia was enhanced with haloperidol (30, 60 and 90 min) and with midazolam (60 and 90 min). Tramadol with levomepromazine (30, 60 and 90 min) and tramadol with metoclopramide (30 and 90 min) attenuated tramadol analgesia. Tramadol with hyoscine butylbromide and tramadol with ketamine did not change tramadol analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant changes in tramadol analgesia after the administration of different adjuvants could be demonstrated in this experimental single-dose study. Future clinical trials have to further explore the benefits of these drug combinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okulicz-Kozaryn
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mikolajczak
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaminska
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000932:Antiemetics; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D014147:Tramadol; D006220:Haloperidol; D008874:Midazolam