title: Evaluation of the control ability of five essential oils against Aspergillus section Nigri growth and ochratoxin A accumulation in peanut meal extract agar conditioned at different water activities levels.
abstract: Essential oils (EOs) from boldo [Pëumus boldus Mol.], poleo [Lippia turbinata var. integrifolia (Griseb.)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum L.], anise [Pimpinella anisum] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris]) obtained by hydrodistillation were evaluated for their effectiveness against the growth of Aspergillus niger aggregate and A. carbonarius and accumulation of ochratoxin A (OTA). The evaluation was performed by compound dissolution at the doses of 0, 500, 1500 and 2500μL/L in peanut meal extract agar (PMEA) and exposure to volatiles of boldo, poleo (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000μL/L) and clove oils (0, 1000, 3000 and 5000μL/L), taking into account the levels of the water activity of the medium (a(W) 0.98, 0.95, 0.93). Statistical analyses on growth of Aspergillus strains indicated that the major effect was produced by oil concentrations followed by substrate a(W), and that reductions in antifungal efficiency of the oils tested were observed in vapor exposure assay. At all a(W) levels, complete fungal growth inhibition was achieved with boldo EO at doses of 1500 and 2000μL/L by contact and volatile assays, respectively. Contact exposure by poleo and clove EOs showed total fungal inhibition at the middle level tested of 1500μL/L, regardless of a(W), while their antifungal effects in headspace volatile assay were closely dependent on medium a(W). The fumigant activity of poleo (2000μL/L) and clove oils (3000μL/L) inhibited growth rate by 66.0% and 80.6% at a(W) 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. OTA accumulation was closely dependent on a(W) conditions. The antiochratoxigenic property of the volatile fractions of boldo, poleo and clove EOs (1000μL/L) was more significant at low a(W) levels, inhibition percentages were estimated at 14.7, 41.7 and 78.5% at a(W) 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. Our results suggest that boldo, poleo and clove oils affect the OTA biosynthesis pathway of both Aspergillus species. This finding leaves open the possibility of their use by vapor exposure as effective non-toxic biopreservatives against OTA contamination in stored peanuts.
authors.affiliation: Members of the Research Career, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina. apassone@exa.unrc.edu.ar
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Passone
authors.forename: Natalia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etcheverry
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031611:Peumus / Q000737:chemistry; D028042:Pimpinella / Q000737:chemistry; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D045783:Clove Oil; D009793:Ochratoxins; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D014867:Water; C025589:ochratoxin A; D000362:Agar