title: Effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharide on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and the signal transduction mechanisms involved.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the effect of heparin-derived oligosaccharide (HDO) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and the signal transduction mechanisms involved were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTT assays were used to measure VSMC proliferation, flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle distribution, RT-PCR for detection of gene transcript levels, and cell-based ELISA, Western blotting and immunocytochemical methods to detect the expression of PKC-α, ERK 1/2, p-ERK 1/2, Akt, p-Akt, p-PDK1 and p-GSK-3β.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HDO at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μmol·L(-1) dose-dependently inhibited VEGF-induced VSMC proliferation with inhibition indices of 6.8 %, 13.1 % and 28.9 %, respectively. Similar concentrations of HDO dose-dependently decreased the percentage of VEGF-induced cells in S phase to 3.6 %, 3.4 %, and 5.4 %, while increasing that of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase to 80 %, 82 % and 83.6 %. HDO at 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) inhibited VEGF-induced PKC-α mRNA expression, with inhibition indices of 9.2 %, 16.1 % and 54.0 %. HDO at 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) inhibited VEGF-induced proto-oncogene mRNA expression, with inhibition indices of 5.2 % and 6.6 % for c-jun, 8.8 % and 11.6 % for c-myc, and 6.5 % and 11.9 % for c-fos, respectively. Additionally, treatment with 0.01, 0.1 or 1 μmol·L(-1) HDO, inhibited VEGF-induced expression of some proliferation related proteins with inhibition indices of 33.2 %, 56.3 % and 77.0 % for PKC-α, 33.7 %, 38.7 % and 53.2 % for p-Akt, 3.5 %, 24.2 % and 49.3 % for p-ERK 1/2, 39.2 %, 71.8 % and 80.7 % for p-PDK 1 and 41.4 %, 89.4 % and 92.4 % for p-GSK-3β, respectively. The results showed that HDO inhibited PKC-α, c-jun, c-fos and c-myc mRNA transcription, and also down-regulated phosphorylation levels of ERK 1/2 and Akt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that HDO inhibits transcription of proliferation-related proto-oncogenes and arrests G1/S transition through inhibition of the PKC, MAPK and Akt/PI3K pathways in association with inhibition of VSMC proliferation. This altered molecular signature may explain one mechanism of HDO-mediated inhibition of VSMC proliferation.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.forename: Tongfei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guanglin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shuying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D012313:RNA; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012313:RNA