title: Just-in-time cost-effective off-the-shelf remote telementoring of paramedical personnel in bedside lung sonography-a technical case study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Remote telementored ultrasound (RTMUS) is a new discipline that allows a remote expert to guide variably experienced clinical responders through focused ultrasound examinations. We used the examination of the pleural spaces after tube thoracostomy (TT) removal by a nurse with no prior ultrasound experience as an illustrative but highly accurate example of the technique using a simple cost-effective system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The image outputs of a handheld ultrasound machine and a head-mounted Web camera were input into a customized graphical user interface and streamed over a freely available voice over Internet protocol system that allowed two-way audio and visual communication between the novice examiner and the remote expert. The bedside nurse was then guided to examine the anterior chest of a patient who had recently had bilateral TTs removed. The team sought to determine the presence or absence of any recurrent pneumothoraces using the standard criteria for the ultrasound diagnosis of post-removal pneumothorax (PTXs). An upright chest radiograph (CXR) was obtained immediately after the RTMUS examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RTMUS system enabled the novice user to learn how to hold the ultrasound probe, where to place it on the chest, and thereafter to diagnose a subtle unilateral PTX characterized as "tiny" on the subsequent formal CXR report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As ultrasound has almost limitless clinical utility, using simple but advanced informatics and communication technologies has potential to improve worldwide healthcare delivery. RTMUS could be used both to enhance the information content as well as to digitally document important physiologic findings in any clinical encounter wherever a portable ultrasound and Internet connectivity are available.
authors.affiliation: Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biegler
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: McBeth
authors.forename: Martha C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tevez-Molina
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: Innes
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015505:Chest Tubes; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000175:diagnosis; D013686:Telemetry / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013907:Thoracostomy; D014463:Ultrasonography