title: Role of NGOs and CBOs in Waste Management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developing cities like Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh, have now begun to confess the environmental and public health risks associated with uncontrolled dumping of solid wastes mainly due to the active participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) in municipal solid waste (MSW) management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted to observe the present scenarios of secondary disposal site (SDS), ultimate disposal site (UDS), composting plants, medical wastes management and NGOs and CBOs MSW management activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 NGOs and CBOs are involved in MSW management in 31 wards of Khulna City Corporation. About 9 to 12% of total generated wastes are collected by door-to-door collection system provided by mainly NGOs and CBOs using 71 non-motorized rickshaw vans. A major portion of collected wastes is disposed to the nearest SDS by these organizations and then transferred to UDS or to private low-lying lands from there by the city authority. A small portion of organic wastes is going to the composting plants of NGOs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The participation of NGOs and CBOs has improved the overall MSW management system, especially waste collection process from sources and able to motivate the residents to store the waste properly and to keep clean the premises.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Green Engineering & Sustainable Technology Lab, Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alamgir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imteaz
authors.forename: Nn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nik Daud
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Islam
keywords: CBO; Composting; Municipal solid waste (MSW); NGO; Waste management