title: Amino acids as promoieties in prodrug design and development.
abstract: Prodrugs are biologically inactive agents that upon biotransformation in vivo result in active drug molecules. Since prodrugs might alter the tissue distribution, efficacy and the toxicity of the parent drug, prodrug design should be considered at the early stages of preclinical development. In this regard, natural and synthetic amino acids offer wide structural diversity and physicochemical properties. This review covers the use of amino acid prodrugs to improve poor solubility, poor permeability, sustained release, intravenous delivery, drug targeting, and metabolic stability of the parent drug. In addition, practical considerations and challenges associated with the development of amino acid prodrugs are also covered.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, USA. Electronic address: Balvinder.vig@bms.com.
authors.forename: Balvinder S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Vig
authors.forename: Kristiina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rautio
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011355:Prodrugs
keywords: Challenges; Drug delivery; Formulation; Hydrolysis; Permeability; Solubility; Stability; Targeting; Transporters