title: Prescription of testosterone-lowering medications for sex offender treatment in German forensic-psychiatric institutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different clinical guidelines suggest using testosterone-lowering medications (TLM) in sex offender treatment in addition to psychotherapy. Within Germany, there are two officially approved agents. So far, no current data exist about the routine use of TLM in a clinical context.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present observational study evaluates the frequency of the prescription of TLM and other medications in sex offender treatment in German forensic-psychiatric institutions. Experts are asked about the observed effects and side effects of TLM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The heads of all 69 German forensic-psychiatric hospitals and outpatient clinics were asked to fill out a questionnaire assessing offender characteristics and treatment methods in use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main outcome measures were the number of patients being treated with TLM and other pharmacological agents for reducing sexual drive. Further effects and side effects of the agents were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two participating institutions reported on 3,963 patients, 611 of them being sex offenders (15.4%). Most sex offenders had been convicted for child sexual abuse (39.8%) or a sexual assault/rape (37.6%). Almost all sex offenders were treated psychotherapeutically and 37% were receiving an additional pharmacological treatment. Of all the sex offenders, 15.7% were treated with TLM; 10.6% were treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; and 5.1% were treated with cyproterone acetate. Of these, 26.0-75.4% showed improvements in such outcomes as reduction of frequency and/or intensity of sexual thoughts. The remaining 21.3% of sex offenders who received a pharmacological agent were treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (11.5%) or antipsychotic medications (9.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLM are a frequently used addition to psychotherapy in sex offenders. In light of the lack of controlled clinical trials and the many side effects, benefits and risks should always be thoroughly assessed.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Raphaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basdekis-Jozsa
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Briken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004328:Drive; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005858:Germany; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists*; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010262:Paraphilic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011902:Rape / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013739:Testosterone; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate