title: Recommendations for the return of research results to study participants and guardians: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Children's Oncology Group (COG) strongly supports the widely recognized principle that research participants should be offered a summary of study results. The mechanism by which to do so in a cooperative research group setting has not been previously described.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of a review of the available empirical and theoretic literature and on iterative, multidisciplinary discussion, a COG Return of Results Task Force (RRTF) offered detailed recommendations for the return of results to research study participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RRTF established guidelines for the notification of research participants and/or their parents/guardians about the availability of research results, a mechanism for and timing of sharing results via registration on the COG public Web site, the scope of the research to be shared, the target audience, and a process for creating and vetting lay summaries of study results. The RRTF recognized the challenges in adequately conveying complex scientific results to audiences with varying levels of health literacy and recommended that particularly sensitive or complex results be returned using direct personal contact. The RRTF also recommended evaluation of the cost, effectiveness, and impact of sharing results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These recommendations provide a framework for the offering and returning of results to participants. They can be used by individual investigators, multi-investigator research collaboratives, and large cooperative groups.
authors.affiliation: Izaak Walton Killam and Steven Joffe Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Conrad V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruccione
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Jay B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hooke
authors.forename: Rebecca D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pentz
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Justin N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reaman
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D030881:Disclosure / Q000941:ethics*; D004991:Ethics, Institutional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016134:Organizational Policy; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D058028:Research Report; D035842:Research Subjects; D012109:Research Support as Topic