title: Estimating variation within the genes and inferring the phylogeny of 186 sequenced diverse Escherichia coli genomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Escherichia coli exists in commensal and pathogenic forms. By measuring the variation of individual genes across more than a hundred sequenced genomes, gene variation can be studied in detail, including the number of mutations found for any given gene. This knowledge will be useful for creating better phylogenies, for determination of molecular clocks and for improved typing techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find 3,051 gene clusters/families present in at least 95% of the genomes and 1,702 gene clusters present in 100% of the genomes. The former 'soft core' of about 3,000 gene families is perhaps more biologically relevant, especially considering that many of these genome sequences are draft quality. The E. coli pan-genome for this set of isolates contains 16,373 gene clusters.A core-gene tree, based on alignment and a pan-genome tree based on gene presence/absence, maps the relatedness of the 186 sequenced E. coli genomes. The core-gene tree displays high confidence and divides the E. coli strains into the observed MLST type clades and also separates defined phylotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of comparing a large and diverse E. coli dataset support the theory that reliable and good resolution phylogenies can be inferred from the core-genome. The results further suggest that the resolution at the isolate level may, subsequently be improved by targeting more variable genes. The use of whole genome sequencing will make it possible to eliminate, or at least reduce, the need for several typing steps used in traditional epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: DTU Food, The Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark. rkmo@food.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Rolf S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaas
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ussery
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Aarestrup
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001483:Base Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D005810:Multigene Family; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012760:Shigella / Q000235:genetics