title: On-line blood viscosity monitoring in vivo with a central venous catheter, using electrical impedance technique.
abstract: Blood viscosity is an important determinant of microvascular hemodynamics and also reflects systemic inflammation. Viscosity of blood strongly depends on the shear rate and can be characterized by a two parameter power-law model. Other major determinants of blood viscosity are hematocrit, level of inflammatory proteins and temperature. In-vitro studies have shown that these major parameters are related to the electrical impedance of blood. A special central venous catheter was developed to measure electrical impedance of blood in-vivo in the right atrium. Considering that blood viscosity plays an important role in cerebral blood flow, we investigated the feasibility to monitor blood viscosity by electrical bioimpedance in 10 patients during the first 3 days after successful resuscitation from a cardiac arrest. The blood viscosity-shear rate relationship was obtained from arterial blood samples analyzed using a standard viscosity meter. Non-linear regression analysis resulted in the following equation to estimate in-vivo blood viscosity (Viscosity(imp)) from plasma resistance (R(p)), intracellular resistance (R(i)) and blood temperature (T) as obtained from right atrium impedance measurements: Viscosity(imp)=(-15.574+15.576R(p)T)SR ((-.138RpT-.290Ri)). This model explains 89.2% (R(2)=.892) of the blood viscosity-shear rate relationship. The explained variance was similar for the non-linear regression model estimating blood viscosity from its major determinants hematocrit and the level of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (R(2)=.884). Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias between the in-vitro viscosity measurement and the in-vivo impedance model of .04 mPa s at a shear rate of 5.5s(-1) with limits of agreement between -1.69 mPa s and 1.78 mPa s. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the proof of principle to monitor blood viscosity continuously in the human right atrium by a dedicated central venous catheter equipped with an impedance measuring device. No safety problems occurred and there was good agreement with in-vitro measurements of blood viscosity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. G.Pop@cardio.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Gheorghe A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: Laurens L A
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bisschops
authors.forename: Blagoy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iliev
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Struijk
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Cornelia W E
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoedemaekers
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001809:Blood Viscosity / Q000502:physiology*; D062905:Central Venous Catheters; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity