title: Effects of dietary inorganic nitrate on static and dynamic breath-holding in humans.
abstract: Inorganic nitrate has been shown to reduce oxygen cost during exercise. Since the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is facilitated during hypoxia, we investigated the effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen consumption and cardiovascular responses during apnea. These variables were measured in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover protocols at rest and ergometer exercise in competitive breath-hold divers. Subjects held their breath for predetermined times along with maximum effort apneas after two separate 3-day periods with supplementation of potassium nitrate/placebo. In contrast to our hypothesis, nitrate supplementation led to lower arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2), 77 ± 3%) compared to placebo (80 ± 2%) during static apnea, along with lower end-tidal fraction of oxygen (FETO(2)) after 4 min of apnea (nitrate 6.9 ± 0.4% vs. placebo 7.6 ± 0.4%). Maximum apnea duration was shorter after nitrate (329 ± 13 s) compared to placebo (344 ± 13 s). During cycle ergometry nitrate had no effect on SaO(2), FETO(2) or maximum apnea duration. The negative effects of inorganic nitrate during static apnea may be explained by an attenuated diving response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. tomas.schiffer@ki.se
authors.forename: Tomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Schiffer
authors.forename: Filip J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Jon O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weitzberg
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindholm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D062485:Breath Holding; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016552:Ergometry; D005105:Expiratory Reserve Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012119:Respiration; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D006152:Cyclic GMP