title: Assessment of the long-term effect of vaccination on transmission of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle herds hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term effects and risk factors for the efficacy of hyperimmunization protocols against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) during a longitudinal field study of dairy and dairy-beef mixed farms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately 7,700 cows from 72 farms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Farms were assigned to 3 treatment groups (hyperimmunization groups [HIGs] 1 and 2, which were hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E [gE]-deleted marker vaccines, and a nonintervention group [NIG]). Cattle in HIG 1 were initially vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine, whereas cattle in HIG 2 were initially vaccinated with an inactivated-virus vaccine. Cattle in both HIGs received booster inoculations with inactivated-virus vaccines at 6-month intervals. The risk for gE seroconversion was compared among experimental groups via a shared frailty model with a piecewise constant baseline risk to correct for seasonal and secular effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk for gE seroconversion significantly decreased over time for the HIGs, compared with the NIG. Seasonal changes in the risk of gE seroconversion were detected, with a higher risk during winter periods, compared with grazing periods. No significant difference was detected between HIGs 1 and 2. The only significant risk factor was the number of buildings for cattle on a farm; the higher the number of buildings, the lower the risk for gE seroconversion. Prevalence of IBR decreased over time in both HIGs but remained constant or increased in the NIG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperimmunization via repeated administration of attenuated and inactivated-virus gE-deleted marker vaccines as well as inactivated-virus vaccines may provide a method for control of IBR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. Bart.Ampe@ugent.be
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ampe
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Speybroeck
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berkvens
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kerkhofs
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dispas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C046998:bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins