title: Screen for agents that induce autolysis in Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections underscores the need to discover new antibiotics and to use them with maximum effectiveness. In response to these needs, we describe a screening protocol for the discovery of autolysis-inducing agents that uses two Bacillus subtilis reporter strains, SH-536 and BAU-102. To screen chemical libraries, autolysis-inducing agents were first identified with a BAU-102-based screen and then subdivided with SH-536 into two major groups: those that induce autolysis by their direct action on the cell membrane and those that induce autolysis secondary to inhibition of cell wall synthesis. SH-536 distinguishes between the two groups of autolysis-inducing agents by synthesizing and then releasing β-galactosidase (β-Gal) in late stationary phase at a time that cells have nearly stopped growing and are therefore tolerant of cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Four hits, named compound 2, compound 3, compound 5, and compound 24, obtained previously as inducers of autolysis by screening a 10,080-compound discovery library with BAU-102, were probed with SH-536 and found to release β-Gal, indicating that their mode of action was to permeabilize the B. subtilis cell membrane. The four primary hits inhibited growth in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus anthracis, with MICs in the 12.5- to 25-μg/ml (20 to 60 μM) range. The four primary hits were further used to probe B. subtilis, and their action was partially characterized with respect to the dependence of induced autolysis on specific autolysins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. weisblum@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lacriola
authors.forename: Shaun P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weisblum
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001433:Bacteriolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055808:Drug Discovery; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009238:N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase / Q000378:metabolism; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D009238:N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase