title: Effectiveness of a proactive mail-based alcohol Internet intervention for university students: dismantling the assessment and feedback components in a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  University students in Sweden routinely receive proactive mail-based alcohol Internet interventions sent from student health services. This intervention provides personalized normative feedback on alcohol consumption with suggestions on how to decrease drinking. Earlier feasibility trials by our group and others have examined effectiveness in simple parallel-groups designs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of electronic screening and brief intervention, using a randomized controlled trial design that takes account of baseline assessment reactivity (and other possible effects of the research process) due to the similarity between the intervention and assessment content. The design of the study allowed for exploration of the magnitude of the assessment effects per se.
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial used a dismantling design and randomly assigned 5227 students to 3 groups: (1) routine practice assessment and feedback, (2) assessment-only without feedback, and (3) neither assessment nor feedback. At baseline all participants were blinded to study participation, with no contact being made with group 3. We approached students 2 months later to participate in a cross-sectional alcohol survey. All interventions were fully automated and did not have any human involvement. All data used in the analysis were based on self-assessment using questionnaires. The participants were unaware that they were participating in a trial and thus were also blinded to which group they were randomly assigned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 44.69% (n = 2336) of those targeted for study completed follow-up. Attrition was similar in groups 1 (697/1742, 40.01%) and 2 (737/1742, 42.31% retained) and lower in group 3 (902/1743, 51.75% retained). Intention-to-treat analyses among all participants regardless of their baseline drinking status revealed no differences between groups in all alcohol parameters at the 2-month follow-up. Per-protocol analyses of groups 1 and 2 among those who accepted the email intervention (36.2% of the students who were offered the intervention in group 1 and 37.3% of the students in group2 ) and who were risky drinkers at baseline (60.7% follow-up rate in group 1 and 63.5% in group 2) suggested possible small beneficial effects on weekly consumption attributable to feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach to outcome evaluation is highly conservative, and small benefits may follow the actual uptake of feedback intervention in students who are risky drinkers, the precise target group.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 24735383; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN24735383 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Awq7gjXG).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. preben.bendtsen@liu.se
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bendtsen
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCambridge
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendtsen
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D011177:Postal Service; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult