title: A longitudinal analysis of Hispanic youth acculturation and cigarette smoking: the roles of gender, culture, family, and discrimination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk for smoking initiation increases as Hispanic youth acculturate to U.S. society, and this association seems to be stronger for Hispanic girls than boys. To better understand the influence of culture, family, and everyday discrimination on cigarette smoking, we tested a process-oriented model of acculturation and cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from Project RED (Reteniendo y Entendiendo Diversidad para Salud), which included 1,436 Hispanic students (54% girls) from Southern California. We used data from 9th to 11th grade (85% were 14 years old, and 86% were U.S. born) to test the influence of acculturation-related experiences on smoking over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multigroup structural equation analysis suggested that acculturation was associated with increased familismo and lower traditional gender roles, and enculturation was linked more with familismo and respeto. Familismo, respeto, and traditional gender roles were linked with lower family conflict and increased family cohesion, and these links were stronger for girls. Familismo and respeto were further associated with lower discrimination. Conversely, fatalismo was linked with worse family functioning (especially for boys) and increased discrimination in both the groups. Discrimination was the only predictor of smoking for boys and girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all, the results of the current study indicate that reducing discrimination and helping youth cope with discrimination may prevent or reduce smoking in Hispanic boys and girls. This may be achieved by promoting familismo and respeto and by discouraging fatalistic beliefs.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology & Women's Studies, University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. elmalb@umich.edu
authors.forename: Elma I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Lorenzo-Blanco
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Anamara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritt-Olson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baezconde-Garbanati
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D063505:Racism; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062789:Tobacco Products