title: Guidelines for newborn screening of primary immunodeficiency diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Technical possibilities to screen for inborn errors of immune function at the neonatal stage have been rapidly progressing, whereas the guidelines that apply for the evaluation of benefits and concerns on expanding screening panels have not been broadly discussed for primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). This review reflects on the assessment of severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID), primary agammaglobulinaemias (such as X-linked agammaglobulinaemia) and inherited haemophagocytic syndromes (such as familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) to be included in newborn screening (NBS) programmes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening programmes in several federal states in the United States have been supplemented with the T-cell receptor excision circle assay during the past few years to identify children with SCID. The reported experience indicates that an efficient and validated screening approach for SCID is feasible on a population-based scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the light of recent advances, severe PID ought to be discussed for their rapid implementation in national NBS programmes based upon clinical, social and economical criteria as consolidated in the extended 22-item Wilson-Jungner framework. Although SCID currently most favourably fulfils these screening guidelines, other strong candidates can be identified among primary immunodeficiency disorders. Future efforts of healthcare professionals and policy makers are essential to improve the concept of neonatal screening for PID.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Stockholm, Sweden. stephan.borte@ki.se
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borte
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Döbeln
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hammarström
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D006801:Humans; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016511:Severe Combined Immunodeficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics