title: Prevalence of and factors associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japanese subjects without notable chronic diseases, undergoing an annual health checkup.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing dramatically. The aim of the present study is to explore the prevalence of and the factors associated with CKD in subjects without notable chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed the annual health checkup data of 39,211 residents (11,636 males and 27,575 females) aged 40-74 years (58.6 ± 8.6 years) without notable chronic diseases, who underwent a health checkup at the Public Health Centers of Osaka city. CKD was defined as those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or urinary protein of (+) or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of CKD was 20.5%, and increased remarkably with age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male gender (OR: 0.83, p<0.0001), age of 50-59 years (2.92, p<0.0001), age of 60-74 years (4.92, p<0.0001), the presence of diabetes (0.80, p=0.0307), dyslipidemia (1.21, p=0.0138), obesity (1.23, p<0.0001), hyperuricemia (2.63, p<0.0001) and a history of cardiovascular disease (1.26, p=0.0135) were significant factors that were independently associated with CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In urban subjects without notable chronic disease, the prevalence of CKD was 20.5%. Several metabolic abnormalities, i.e., dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia, were significantly associated with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiteru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishimura
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Wakaba
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors