title: Higher heart rate increases risk of diabetes among men: The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A very limited number of prospective studies have reported conflicting data on the relation between heart rate and diabetes risk. Our aim therefore was to determine in a large, national, population-based cohort if heart rate predicts the development of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle study followed up 6537 people over 5 years. Baseline measurements included questionnaires, anthropometrics and blood and urine collection. Heart rate was recorded in beats per min (Dinamap). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and follow-up, and diabetes was defined using World Health Organization criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5817 participants were eligible for analysis, 221 of whom developed diabetes. Compared with participants with a heart rate < 60 b min(-1), those with a heart rate ≥ 80 b min(-1) were more likely to develop diabetes (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.07-3.35) over 5 years, independent of traditional risk factors. This relationship was highly significant, particularly in non-obese men (odds ratio 5.61, 95% CI 1.75-17.98), but not in their obese counterparts or in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting heart rate is associated with an increased risk of diabetes over a 5-year period, particularly among non-obese men. This suggests that sympathetic overactivity may be a contributing factor to the development of diabetes, and that resting heart rate may be useful in predicting risk of Type 2 diabetes in non-obese men.
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Grantham
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Magliano
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tanamas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schlaich
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology