title: Software for automated classification of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy videos of colorectal polyps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To support probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) diagnosis by designing software for the automated classification of colonic polyps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous fluorescein pCLE imaging of colorectal lesions was performed on patients undergoing screening and surveillance colonoscopies, followed by polypectomies. All resected specimens were reviewed by a reference gastrointestinal pathologist blinded to pCLE information. Histopathology was used as the criterion standard for the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. The pCLE video sequences, recorded for each polyp, were analyzed off-line by 2 expert endoscopists who were blinded to the endoscopic characteristics and histopathology. These pCLE videos, along with their histopathology diagnosis, were used to train the automated classification software which is a content-based image retrieval technique followed by k-nearest neighbor classification. The performance of the off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by the 2 expert endoscopists was compared with that of automated pCLE software classification. All evaluations were performed using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation to avoid bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colorectal lesions (135) were imaged in 71 patients. Based on histopathology, 93 of these 135 lesions were neoplastic and 42 were non-neoplastic. The study found no statistical significance for the difference between the performance of automated pCLE software classification (accuracy 89.6%, sensitivity 92.5%, specificity 83.3%, using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation) and the performance of the off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by the 2 expert endoscopists (accuracy 89.6%, sensitivity 91.4%, specificity 85.7%). There was very low power (< 6%) to detect the observed differences. The 95% confidence intervals for equivalence testing were: -0.073 to 0.073 for accuracy, -0.068 to 0.089 for sensitivity and -0.18 to 0.13 for specificity. The classification software proposed in this study is not a "black box" but an informative tool based on the query by example model that produces, as intermediate results, visually similar annotated videos that are directly interpretable by the endoscopist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed software for automated classification of pCLE videos of colonic polyps achieves high performance, comparable to that of off-line diagnosis of pCLE videos established by expert endoscopists.
authors.affiliation: Image Computing Group, Mauna Kea Technologies, 9 rue d’Enghien, Paris, France. barbara.andre@maunakeatech.com
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vercauteren
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Buchner
authors.forename: Murli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ayache
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D012984:Software
keywords: Colorectal neoplasia; Computer-aided diagnosis; Content-based image retrieval; Nearest neighbor classification software; Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy