title: How can investigation of network function inform rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in long-term cognitive impairments. This is often due to the disruption of brain networks that support cognition. Major advances have recently been made in our understanding of these networks. Here we review work that investigates the effect of TBI on brain networks, and discuss the potential importance of these findings for rehabilitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large-scale brain networks, which we refer to as intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), have been identified. Traumatic axonal injury disrupts their white-matter connections, and altered brain activity within the networks is frequently observed after TBI. These changes relate to the pattern of cognitive impairment, and are useful for predicting clinical outcome. The effect of drugs such as methylphenidate, which can be used to augment rehabilitation, are beginning to be studied in the context of their effect on network function after TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of brain network function after TBI provides insights into the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction and the mechanisms involved in recovery. These advances should provide the basis for a more detailed understanding of rehabilitation, and ultimately guide the development of targeted individualized therapy after TBI.
authors.affiliation: The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D006801:Humans; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology