title: Analysis of gonial angle in relation to age, gender, and dentition status by radiological and anthropometric methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With development and function, the mandibular angle has shown changes in size and shape. A variation in mandibular angle with age, gender, and even the dental status has been observed, which is supported by radiographic and anthropometric studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study were to evaluate relationship between complete loss of teeth and changes in the gonial angle; the study further intends to evaluate any variation in gonial angle with age and gender. The study intends to assess the reliability and accuracy of age and gender determination using gonial angle as a parameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 185 subjects (91 males; 89 females) were included in the study and were divided into five groups on the basis of the chronological age. Physico-forensic anthropometry and lateral cephalometric methods were used to record the gonial angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study shows a definite decrease in the gonial angle with advancing age, but the intergroup analysis does not follow a significant pattern. The study showed no correlation of gonial angle with gender. However, the study observed a 6° increase in gonial angle for edentulous subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gonial angle has been used as an adjuvant forensic parameter, but its reliability is questionable, as the mandible does not follow one characteristic pattern. Gonial angle does show changes with dentition status, which may be attributed to physiologic function of the mandible. However, when evidence is scanty, it can be used to direct the investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K. D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ram Ballabh
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Juhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Nirmala N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rao
keywords: Dentulous state; edentulous state; gonial angle