title: Tissue damage in kidney, adrenal glands and diaphragm following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: This study was designed to investigate whether exposure to short-term extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) produces histologic changes or induces apoptosis in the kidney, adrenal glands or diaphragm muscle in rats. The effect of shock waves on the kidney of male Wistar rats (n = 12) was investigated in an experimental setting using a special ESWL device. Animals were killed at 72 h after the last ESWL, and the tissues were stained with an in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein. Microscopic examination was performed by fluorescent microscopy. Apoptotic cell deaths in the renal tissue were not observed in the control group under fluorescent microscopy. In the ESWL group, local apoptotic changes were observed in the kidney in the area where the shock wave was focused. The apoptotic cell deaths observed in the adrenal gland of the control group were similar to those observed in the ESWL groups, and apoptosis was occasionally observed around the capsular structure. Apoptotic cell deaths in the diaphragm muscle were infrequently observed in the control group. Apoptosis in the ESWL group was limited to the mesothelial cells. This study demonstrated that serious kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles damage occurred following ESWL, which necessitated the removal of the organ in the rat model. It is recognized that the ESWL complications related to the kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles are rare and may be managed conservatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gecit
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey skavak@yyu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Servet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kavak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Kaval
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Necip
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pirincci
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Günes
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mikail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ceylan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaba
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanık
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
keywords: ESWL; adrenal gland; apoptosis; diaphragm muscles; kidney