title: Treatment related problems for outpatients with chronic diseases in Jordan: the value of home medication reviews.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research conducted in Jordan has shown that suboptimal use of medications by outpatients along with the suboptimal role played by community pharmacists is currently a big dilemma highlighting the need for the Home Medication Review (HMR) service in the country.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and types of treatment related problems (TRPs) for outpatients with chronic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient interview was conducted at the patients' community pharmacy initially, then at their home to collect required data.
  
  
  METHODS
  167 patients with chronic conditions (mean age 58.9 ± 13.54, 53 % males) were recruited. Data collected by the graduate pharmacists to conduct a HMR included patient's demographics, income, laboratory data, medical history, medication record, and adherence. A HMR was conducted for each patient by the researchers (experienced clinical pharmacists) to identify the patients' TRPs based on published literature. A focus group interview was conducted to elicit information regarding the feasibility of the HMR process and acceptability of the patient to the service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and nature of identified TRPs, associated diseases and drugs, and patients' acceptability to the HMR service.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of disease conditions per patient was 4.1 ± 1.7, and the mean number of medications taken by each patient was 8.1 ± 2.7. HMR results showed a mean number of TRPs per patient of 7.4 ± 2.8. TRPs prevalence: 34.7 % of patients were found to have unnecessary drug therapy; 68.3 % had untreated conditions, and 74.9 % had ineffective/incomplete drug therapy; 50.3 % had inappropriate dosage regimen; 10.2 % were found to have actual adverse drug effects. A significant correlation between the number of TRPs and the number of disease states the patient had (r = 0.311, p = 0.003; Pearson correlation) and the number of drugs the patient was taking (r = 0.443, p < 0.001) was found. Patients accepted the HMR service well including the home visiting part.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TRPs in Jordanian outpatients with chronic diseases visiting community pharmacies are of concern and this signifies the integral role of pharmacists to identify these TRPs and hence provide the HMR service in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences University, Amman, Jordan. dr_iman@asu.edu.jo
authors.forename: Iman A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Basheti
authors.forename: Eyad A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Qunaibi
authors.forename: Nailya R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Bulatova
authors.forename: Sundos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.forename: Salah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: AbuRuz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role