title: Diffuse cerebral language representation in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder affecting multiple organs, including the brain, and very often associated with epileptic activity. Language acquisition and development seems to be altered in a significant proportion of patients with TSC. In the present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate spatiotemporal cerebral language processing in subjects with TSC and epilepsy during a reading semantic decision task, compared to healthy control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with TSC and 31 healthy subjects performed a lexico-semantic decision task during MEG recording. Minimum-norm estimates (MNE) were computed allowing identification of cerebral generators of language evoked fields (EF) in each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Source analysis of the language EF demonstrated early bilateral medial occipital activation (125ms) followed by a fusiform gyrus activation around 135ms. At 270ms post stimuli presentation, a strong cerebral activation was recorded in the left basal temporal language area. Finally, cerebral activations were measured in Wernicke's area followed by Broca's area. The healthy control group showed larger and earlier language activations in Broca and Wernicke's areas compared to TSC patients. Moreover, cerebral activation from Broca's area was greater than activation from Wernicke's area in both groups, but this difference between anterior and posterior regions was smaller in the TSC group. Finally, the activation latency difference between Broca and Wernicke's areas was greater in healthy controls than in TSC patients, which shows that activations in these areas are more serial in control subjects compared to TSC patients in whom activations occur more simultaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to investigate cerebral language pattern in patients with TSC. Compared to healthy controls, atypical neuromagnetic language responses may reflect cerebral reorganization in these patients in response to early epileptogenic activity or presence at birth of multiple brain lesions.
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. anneg@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hesheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stufflebeam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011932:Reading; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult