title: Ectopic bone formation in and soft-tissue response to P(CL/DLLA)/bioactive glass composite scaffolds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize biological response to subcutaneously implanted macroporous poly(ε-caprolactone/D,L-lactide)-based scaffolds, and to evaluate the effect of bioactive glass (BAG) filler and osteogenic cells to the tissue response and ectopic bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first part of this study, six different scaffold types were screened in a rat subcutaneous implantation model. The polymer scaffolds with 70/30 caprolactone/lactide ratio and corresponding composites with < 45 μm BAG filler size were chosen for the further ectopic bone formation assay. The scaffolds were loaded with differentiating bone marrow stromal cells and implanted subcutaneously in syngeneic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With plain scaffolds, only mild foreign body reaction with no signs of gross inflammation was observed after 4 weeks of implantation. Furthermore, the scaffolds were fully invaded by well-vascularized soft connective tissue. Overall, all the tested scaffold types showed an appropriate host response. With cell-seeded scaffolds, several loci of immature mineralizing tissue and small amounts of mature bone were observed after 4 weeks. The incidence of mature bone formation was two and four in polymer scaffolds and composites, respectively (n = 8). After twelve weeks, mature bone was observed in only one polymer scaffold but in seven composites (n = 8). Excluding bone formation, the host response was considered similar to that with cell-free scaffolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plain scaffolds supported the ingrowth of well-vascularized fibroconnective tissue. Furthermore, cell seeded composites with BAG filler showed enhanced ectopic bone formation in comparison with corresponding neat polymer scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Center, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Meretoja
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tirri
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: Jukka V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.forename: Timo O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Närhi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001706:Biopsy; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D001842:Bone and Bones; D002828:Choristoma / Q000473:pathology*; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000473:pathology*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D011091:Polyesters; C505727:poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-lactide)
keywords: bioactive glass; bone tissue engineering; composite; copolymer; scaffold