title: Critically examining diversity in end-of-life family caregiving: implications for equitable caregiver support and Canada's Compassionate Care Benefit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family (i.e., unpaid) caregiving has long been thought of as a 'woman's issue', which ultimately results not only in gendered, but also financial and health inequities. Because of this, gender-based analyses have been prioritized in caregiving research. However, trends in current feminist scholarship demonstrate that gender intersects with other axes of difference, such as culture, socio-economic status, and geography to create diverse experiences. In this analysis we examine how formal front-line palliative care providers understand the role of such diversities in shaping Canadian family caregivers' experiences of end-of-life care. In doing so we consider the implications of these findings for a social benefit program aimed at supporting family caregivers, namely the Compassionate Care Benefit (CCB).
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis contributes to a utilization-focused evaluation of Canada's CCB, a social program that provides job security and limited income assistance to Canadian family caregivers who take a temporary leave from employment to provide care for a dying family member at end-of-life. Fifty semi-structured phone interviews with front-line palliative care providers from across Canada were conducted and thematic diversity analysis of the transcripts ensued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings reveal that experiences of caregiving are not homogenous and access to services and supports are not universal across Canada. Five axes of difference were commonly raised by front-line palliative care providers when discussing important differences in family caregivers' experiences: culture, gender, geography, lifecourse stage, and material resources. Our findings reveal inequities with regard to accessing needed caregiver services and resources, including the CCB, based on these axes of difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We contend that without considering diversity, patterns in vulnerability and inequity are overlooked, and thus continually reinforced in health policy. Based on our findings, we demonstrate that re-framing categorizations of caregivers can expose specific vulnerabilities and inequities while identifying implications for the CCB program as it is currently administered. From a policy perspective, this analysis demonstrates why diversity needs to be acknowledged in policy circles, including in relation to the CCB, and seeks to counteract single dimensional approaches for understanding caregiver needs at end-of-life. Such findings illustrate how diversity analysis can dramatically enhance evaluative health policy research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. mgiesbre@sfu.ca
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Valorie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hankivsky
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration