title: Counteraction of reactive oxygen species and determination of antibacterial efficacy of proanthocyanidin and lycopene when mixed with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine mixture: An in vitro comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the neutralizing effect of proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract) and lycopene (tomato extract) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the mixture when used as an intracanal medicament. The study also evaluated the effect of proanthocyanidin and lycopene on the antibacterial efficacy of a mixture of chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] against Enterococcus feacalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four sample groups were prepared as follows. Group I: 2% CHX gluconate (control group) and group II: a mixture of 125 mg of Ca(OH)(2) with 2% CHX gluconate solution. Group III was a mixture of 125 mg of Ca(OH)(2) with 1 mL of 2% CHX gluconate solution and 1 mL of 5% proanthocyanidin solution and group IV, a mixture of 125 mg of Ca(OH)(2) with 1 mL of 2% CHX gluconate solution and 1 mL of 5% lycopene solution. The groups were analyzed for ROS formation using the mass spectrometer (JEOL GC MATE II) immediately after preparation. The antibacterial property was evaluated by using agar diffusion method and the results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peak value of 196.96 denotes ROS formation. Group II shows a higher peak value than other groups. Group IV shows a drastic reduction in the peak value. Group IV shows a drastic reduction in ROS formation when compared with group II, group III, and the control group. Antibacterial efficacy was higher in group IV, followed by group III, group II, and group I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lycopene and proanthocyanidin reduce the ROS significantly by virtue of their antioxidant property. Lycopene shows more antioxidant property when compared with proanthocyanidin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ta
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mageshwaran
authors.forename: Av Rajesh
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ebenezar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madhanamadhubala
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kavitha
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahalaxmi
keywords: Lycopene; antibacterial efficacy; proanthocyanidin; reactive oxygen species