title: Cost-effectiveness of adding vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine to cervical cancer screening in Hungary.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cervical cancer screening program implemented in Hungary to date has not been successful. Along with screening, vaccination is an effective intervention to prevent cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of adding vaccination with the human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine to the current cervical cancer screening program in Hungary.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a cohort simulation state-transition Markov model to model the life course of 12-year-old girls. Eighty percent participation in the HPV vaccination program at 12 years of age was assumed. Transitional probabilities were estimated using data from the literature. Local data were used regarding screening participation rates, and the costs were estimated in US $. We applied the purchasing power parity exchange rate of 129 HUF/$ to the cost data. Only direct health care costs were considered. We used a 3.7% discount rate for both the cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The time horizon was 88 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inclusion of HPV vaccination at age 12 in the cervical cancer prevention program was predicted to be cost-effective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of adding HPV vaccination to the current national cancer screening program was estimated to be 27 588 $/QALY. The results were sensitive to the price of the vaccine, the discount rate, the screening participation rate and whether herd immunity was taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our modeling analysis showed that the vaccination of 12-year-old adolescent girls against cervical cancer with the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine would be a cost-effective strategy to prevent cervical cancer in Hungary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy & Health Economics, Institute of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Hungary. vokoz@t-online.hu
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vokó
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nagyjánosi
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kaló
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000191:economics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000276:immunology; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000191:economics*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines