title: The role of endosomal toll-like receptors in bacterial recognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections caused by extracellular Gram positive bacteria are still a major health problems. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune responses to these organisms is key to develop pharmacological agents, including vaccines, to control these infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of nucleic acid-sensing, intracellular Toll-like receptors in innate immune recognition and in host defenses against extracellular bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 have a major role in inducing host-protective type I interferon responses in conventional dendritic cells in response to streptococci and other extracellular gram positive bacteria. Moreover an as yet unidentified MyD88-dependent receptor is likely responsible for proinflammatory cytokine induction in response to these pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Elie Metchnikoff Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. cbiondo@unime.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biondo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beninati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iaria
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cascio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D011992:Endosomes / Q000276:immunology; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors