title: Implicit racial bias as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and hypertension: a study of Midlife African American men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empirical findings on racial discrimination and hypertension risk have been inconsistent. Some studies have found no association between self-reported experiences of discrimination and cardiovascular health outcomes, whereas others have found moderated or curvilinear relationships. The current cross-sectional study examined whether the association between racial discrimination and hypertension is moderated by implicit racial bias among African American midlife men.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the data on 91 African American men between 30 and 50 years of age. Primary variables were self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and unconscious racial bias as measured by the Black-White Implicit Association Test. Modified Poisson regression models were specified, examining hypertension, defined as a mean resting systolic level of at least 140 mm Hg or diastolic level of at least 90 mm Hg, or self-reported history of cardiovascular medication use with a physician diagnosis of hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No main effects for discrimination or implicit racial bias were found, but the interaction of the two variables was significantly related to hypertension (χ(2)(1) = 4.89, p < .05). Among participants with an implicit antiblack bias, more frequent reports of discrimination were associated with a higher probability of hypertension, whereas among those with an implicit problack bias, it was associated with lower risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of experiencing racial discrimination and holding an antiblack bias may have particularly detrimental consequences on hypertension among African American midlife men, whereas holding an implicit problack bias may buffer the effects of racial discrimination. Efforts to address both internalized racial bias and racial discrimination may lower cardiovascular risk in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA. david.chae@emory.edu
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Amani M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nuru-Jeter
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D001364:Awareness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D063505:Racism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology