title: Direct optical imaging of graphene in vitro by nonlinear femtosecond laser spectral reshaping.
abstract: Nonlinear optical microscopy, based on femtosecond laser spectral reshaping, characterized and imaged graphene samples made from different methods, both on slides and in a biological environment. This technique clearly discriminates between graphene flakes with different numbers of layers and reveals the distinct nonlinear optical properties of reduced graphene oxide as compared to mechanically exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. The nonlinearity makes it applicable to scattering samples (such as tissue) as opposed to previous methods, such as transmission. This was demonstrated by high-resolution imaging of breast cancer cells incubated with graphene flakes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Baolei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yingwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Congwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: April S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Hsiangkuo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Tuan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vo-Dinh
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Warren S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Warren
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D005898:Glass; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite