title: Cytokines expression in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implant disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure the levels of GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and saliva from patients with peri-implant disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty two total edentulous patients were divided into two groups: Mucositis (MU) patients with bone loss around the implants until the first thread and pocket depth ≤3 mm, and Peri-implantitis (PI) patients with at least one implant with bone loss around two or more threads and pocket depth ≥4 mm. The clinical parameters evaluated were probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and percentage of plaque. PICF samples were collected from MU sites, and from shallow (SPI) and deep (DPI) sites in PI. Unstimulated whole and parotid duct saliva was collected from all patients. The cytokines were measured by a multiplexed immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PI patients had a higher percentage of plaque compared with MU (P = 0.02). MU sites had lower pocket depth compared to SPI (P = 0.001) and to DPI (P ≤ 0.001). In PICF, the levels of IL-1β were significantly higher in SPI sites compared to MU (P = 0.03). In the saliva from parotid, IL-8 and IL-12 were significantly higher in patients with PI (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of IL-1β in PICF seem to be a characteristic trait of patients with peri-implantitis. The parotid duct saliva showed a significant increase in expression of IL-8, which might be related to a systemic response.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Odontology, Department of Prosthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio José Persegani Olivar
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moraes Junior
authors.forename: Eduardo José Veras
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Daniel de Moraes
authors.initials: Dde M
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: Carlos Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Figueredo
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052016:Mucositis / Q000378:metabolism*; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: IL-1β; cytokine; dental implants; mucositis; peri-implantitis