title: Initial stage of fetal development of the pharyngotympanic tube cartilage with special reference to muscle attachments to the tube.
abstract: Fetal development of the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (PTT) is characterized by its late start. We examined semiserial histological sections of 20 human fetuses at 14-18 weeks of gestation. As controls, we also observed sections of 5 large fetuses at around 30 weeks. At and around 14 weeks, the tubal cartilage first appeared in the posterior side of the pharyngeal opening of the PTT. The levator veli palatini muscle used a mucosal fold containing the initial cartilage for its downward path to the palate. Moreover, the cartilage is a limited hard attachment for the muscle. Therefore, the PTT and its cartilage seemed to play a critical role in early development of levator veli muscle. In contrast, the cartilage developed so that it extended laterally, along a fascia-like structure that connected with the tensor tympani muscle. This muscle appeared to exert mechanical stress on the initial cartilage. The internal carotid artery was exposed to a loose tissue facing the tubal cartilage. In large fetuses, this loose tissue was occupied by an inferior extension of the temporal bone to cover the artery. This later-developing anterior wall of the carotid canal provided the final bony origin of the levator veli palatini muscle. The tubal cartilage seemed to determine the anterior and inferior margins of the canal. Consequently, the tubal cartilage development seemed to be accelerated by a surrounding muscle, and conversely, the cartilage was likely to determine the other muscular and bony structures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Sendai Municipal Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katori
authors.forename: Jose Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Vázquez
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verdugo-López
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Tetsuaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
keywords: Human fetuses; Internal carotid artery; Levator veli palatini muscle; Pharyngotympanic tube cartilage; Tensor tympani muscle