title: Constraint-induced movement therapy for the lower extremities in multiple sclerosis: case series with 4-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in a preliminary manner the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CIMT) of persons with impaired lower extremity use from multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trial with periodic follow-up for up to 4 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based rehabilitation research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A referred sample of ambulatory adults with chronic MS (N=4) with at least moderate loss of lower extremity use (average item score ≤6.5/10 on the functional performance measure of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log [LE-MAL]).
  
  
  METHODS
  CIMT was administered for 52.5 hours over 3 consecutive weeks (15 consecutive weekdays) to each patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the LE-MAL score at posttreatment. Secondary outcomes were posttreatment scores on laboratory assessments of maximal lower extremity movement ability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the patients improved substantially at posttreatment on the LE-MAL, with smaller improvements on the laboratory motor measures. Scores on the LE-MAL continued to improve for 6 months afterward. By 1 year, patients remained on average at posttreatment levels. At 4 years, half of the patients remained above pretreatment levels. There were no adverse events, and fatigue ratings were not significantly changed by the end of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial trial of lower extremity CIMT for MS indicates that the treatment can be safely administered, is well tolerated, and produces substantially improved real-world lower extremity use for as long as 4 years afterward. Further trials are needed to determine the consistency of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-7330, USA. vwmark@uab.edu
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: Gitendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uswatte
authors.forename: Khurram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: Camille C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bryson
authors.forename: Staci
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bishop-McKay
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bowman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome