title: The effect of emotional distress on persistent pelvic girdle pain after delivery: a longitudinal population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the prognosis for pelvic girdle pain, and to explore the association between presence of emotional distress during pregnancy and pelvic girdle syndrome 6 months after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norway, for the period 1999-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  A follow-up of 41 421 women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort who reported pelvic girdle pain at 30 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained by self-administered questionnaires in weeks 17 and 30 of gestation, and 6 months after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelvic girdle syndrome 6 months after delivery, defined as pain in the anterior pelvis and on both sides in the posterior pelvis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months after delivery, 78.0% of the women had recovered, 18.5% reported persistent pain in one or two pelvic locations, 3.0% reported pelvic girdle syndrome and 0.5% reported severe pelvic girdle syndrome. The recovery rates decreased with increasing levels of pain severity in pregnancy. Being emotionally distressed at two time points during pregnancy was associated with the presence of pelvic girdle syndrome (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9) and severe pelvic girdle syndrome (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.1), after adjustment for pain severity in pregnancy, other medical conditions, body mass index, age at menarche, previous low back pain, and smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this follow-up of women with pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy, the recovery rates after delivery were high. Our findings suggest that the presence of emotional distress during pregnancy is independently associated with the persistence of pelvic girdle pain after delivery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. ElisabethKrefting.Bjelland@fhi.no
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Bjelland
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stuge
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Engdahl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberhard-Gran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D059388:Pelvic Girdle Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult