title: Indirubin-3'-(2,3 dihydroxypropyl)-oximether (E804) is a potent modulator of LPS-stimulated macrophage functions.
abstract: Indirubin is a deep-red bis-indole isomer of indigo blue, both of which are biologically active ingredients in Danggui Longhui Wan, an ancient Chinese herbal tea mixture used to treat neoplasia and chronic inflammation and to enhance detoxification of xenobiotics. Multiple indirubin derivatives have been synthesized and shown to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen-synthase kinase (GSK-3β) with varying degrees of potency. Several indirubins are also aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, with AhR-associated activities covering a wide range of potencies, depending on molecular structure. This study examined the effects of indirubin-3'-(2,3 dihydroxypropyl)-oximether (E804), a novel indirubin with potent STAT3 inhibitory properties, on basal and LPS-inducible activities in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Using a focused commercial qRT-PCR array platform (SuperArray®), the effects of E804 on expression of a suite of genes associated with stress and toxicity were determined. Most genes up-regulated by LPS treatment were suppressed by E804; including LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptors, apoptosis control genes, and oxidative stress response genes. Using qRT-PCR as a follow up to the commercial arrays, E804 treatment suppressed LPS-induced COX-2, iNOS, IL-6 and IL-10 gene expression, though the effects on iNOS and COX-2 protein expression were less dramatic. E804 also inhibited LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-10. Functional endpoints, including iNOS and lysozyme enzymatic activity, phagocytosis of fluorescent latex beads, and intracellular killing of bacteria, were also examined, and in each experimental condition E804 suppressed activities. Collectively, these results indicate that E804 is a potent modulator of pro-inflammatory profiles in LPS-treated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Babcock
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D010091:Oximes; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; C509867:Indirubin E804; D007211:Indoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010091:Oximes