title: Accuracy of energy intake reporting: comparison of energy intake and resting metabolic rate and their relation to anthropometric and sociodemographic factors among Iranian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assesses the accuracy of energy intake (EI) reporting and its relation to anthropometric characteristics and sociodemographic factors. In addition, we attempt to identify foods for which under- or over-reporting is more prevalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  EI was assessed for 187 women using a semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured with an indirect calorimeter. We calculated the EI/RMR ratio to assess the accuracy of EI reporting. This study defined under-reporters as those with an EI/RMR of ≤ 1.34 and over-reporters as those with an EI/RMR of ≥ 2.4. We measured anthropometric characteristics and collected sociodemographic information. The chi-square test, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among participants, the under-reporting rate was 35.5% and the over-reporting rate was 7.5%. The EI/RMR ratio was significantly higher for younger women compared to older women (P < 0.04). Under-reporters had higher weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and resting metabolism compared to accurate reporters (P < 0.05). Resting metabolism was significantly lower among over-reporters than accurate reporters. After adjusting for energy, the consumption of fish, high-fat dairy products, hydrogenated oil, sweets and coffee was lower, whereas consumption of unsaturated oils, tea, salt and yellow vegetables was higher among under-reporters compared to accurate reporters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under-reporting of EI is more frequent than over-reporting among Iranian women. Among various factors that may affect the accuracy of EI reporting, age and anthropometric characteristics might have a significant effect.
authors.affiliation: Community Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboubeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaneshin
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rashidkhani
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rabiei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002151:Calorimetry; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D016014:Linear Models; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult