title: Tetracycline-ferrite nanocomposites formed via high-energy ball milling and the influence of milling conditions.
abstract: High-energy ball milling was used to mediate the formation of nanocomposites containing tetracycline and magnetic nanoparticles. Tetracycline-HCl was ball milled for 1, 3, 5, 15, and 30 h under argon or air atmosphere with preformed Mg 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe2O4 nanoferrites prepared by glycolthermal method. The structural, thermal, and magnetic properties of these novel materials and the effect of milling atmosphere on composition, crystallinity and cation distribution were then characterized by ICP-OES, DSC/TGA, XRPD, ATR-IR, UV-Vis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Tetracycline underwent rapid and consecutive metal coordination events in the milling process to yield complexes characterized by bathochromic shifts in its electronic spectra and suppression of electronic absorbance at 365 nm. Changes in stretching vibrations due to the A-ring carbonyl (1616 cm(-1)), amide II nitrogen (1602 cm(-1)), and CO bond (1039 cm(-1)) indicate Mg-type interactions imposed on the metals. Exothermic oxidation of the drug at 235°C disappeared after 5h milling with the nanoferrites, and the composites formed remained thermostable up to 500°C. Tetracycline-nanoferrites (Tet-NF) are magnetic-ordered materials with a well-defined spinel-type structure. Analysis of the Mössbauer data suggests that the milling time and atmosphere have significant influence on cation distributions in Tet-NF composites.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Michael Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Branham
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Electronic address: moyo@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hafiz M I
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abdallah
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masina
mesh_terms: D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000379:methods; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008670:Metals; C001215:ferrite; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: Antibiotic; Magnetic materials; Metal complexation; Nanoparticles; Tetracycline