title: ³¹P-magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of in vivo metabolism.
abstract: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a broad range of noninvasive analytical methods for investigating metabolism in vivo. Of these, the magnetization-transfer (MT) techniques permit the estimation of the unidirectional fluxes associated with metabolic exchange reactions. Phosphorus (³¹P) MT measurements can be used to examine the bioenergetic reactions of the creatine-kinase system and the ATP synthesis/hydrolysis cycle. Observations from our group and others suggest that the inorganic phosphate (P(i)) → ATP flux in skeletal muscle may be modulated by certain conditions, including aging, insulin resistance, and diabetes, and may reflect inherent alterations in mitochondrial metabolism. However, such effects on the P(i) → ATP flux are not universally observed under conditions in which mitochondrial function, assessed by other techniques, is impaired, and recent articles have raised concerns about the absolute magnitude of the measured reaction rates. As the application of ³¹P-MT techniques becomes more widespread, this article reviews the methodology and outlines our experience with its implementation in a variety of models in vivo. Also discussed are potential limitations of the technique, complementary methods for assessing oxidative metabolism, and whether the P(i) → ATP flux is a viable biomarker of metabolic function in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. douglas.befroy@yale.edu
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Befroy
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Kitt Falk
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Gerald I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Shulman
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D003401:Creatine