title: Early detection of Candida albicans biofilms at porous electrodes.
abstract: We describe the development of an electrochemical sensor for early detection of biofilm using Candida albicans. The electrochemical sensor used the ability of biofilms to accept electrons from redox mediators relative to the number of metabolically active cells present. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques were used to monitor the redox reaction of K(3)Fe(CN)(6) at porous reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) (238.7 cm(2)) working electrodes versus Ag/AgCl reference. A shift in the peak potential occurred after 12 h of film growth, which is attributed to the presence of C. albicans. Moreover, the intensity of the ferricyanide reduction peak first increased as C. albicans deposited onto the porous electrodes at various growth times. The peak current subsequently decreased at extended periods of growth of 48 h. The reduction in peak current was attributed to the biofilm reaching its maximum growth thickness, which correlated with the maximum number of metabolically active cells. The observed diffusion coefficients for the bare RVC and biofilm-coated electrodes were 2.2 × 10(-3) and 7.0 × 10(-6) cm(2)/s, respectively. The increase in diffusivity from the bare electrode to the biofilm-coated electrode indicated some enhancement of electron transfer mediated by the biofilm to the porous electrode. Verification of the growth of biofilm was achieved using scanning electron microcopy and laser scanning confocal imaging microscopy. Validation with conventional plating techniques confirmed that the correlation (R(2) = 0.9392) could be achieved between the electrochemical sensors data and colony-forming units.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Sensors and Environmental Systems (CASE), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Congdon
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Feldberg
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben-Yakar
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: Bahgat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sammakia
authors.forename: Omowunmi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sadik
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000502:physiology*; D004566:Electrodes / Q000382:microbiology; D016062:Porosity