title: Aflatoxin Detoxification in Rice using Citric Acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aflatoxins cause health hazards to human and animals and has also economical problems. Therefore, the detoxification effect of citric acid was investigated in rice as the main food of Iranian people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially 275 samples of rice were examined for aflatoxins by HPLC. The aflatoxins contaminated samples were later treated by aqueous citric acid and detoxification of aflatoxins were quantified using HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 275 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin B(2) were detected in 211(76.72% of total) samples. Aflatoxin B(1) was detected in 203(73.82% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 2.3±10.21ppb. Aflatoxin B(2) together with aflatoxin B(1) were detected in only 8(2.91% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 1.38±2.7ppb of aflatoxin B(2) and 2.99±1.56 of aflatoxin B(1) respectively. Aflatoxin B(1) level in 5 samples (1.82%) was above the maximum tolerated level of aflatoxin B(1) in Iran (5ppb). However considering the Iranian maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (30ppb), only 3(1.09%) samples were above the 30ppb and also in regard to the European maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (4ppb), only 9(3.27%) samples were considered as higher than 4ppb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HPLC assay showed that although aflatoxins with a concentration of <30 and <4 ppb in the rice samples were completely degraded, but 97.22% degradation occurred in rice contaminated with ≥30 and ≥4ppb when treated with 1N citric acid. These results revealed the efficacy of 1N citric acid in reducing aflatoxins levels in rice.
authors.affiliation: Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safara
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaini
authors.forename: Sj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.forename: Ar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shojai-Aliabadi
keywords: Aflatoxin B1; Aflatoxin B2; Aflatoxins; Citric Acid; Detoxification; Iran