title: [The historical development of immunization in Germany. From compulsory smallpox vaccination to a National Action Plan on Immunization].
abstract: In the German Reich, smallpox vaccinations were organized by the state. A mandatory vaccination throughout the empire was introduced in 1874, which was continued in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) until 1982/1983. From 1935, health departments were responsible for vaccinations. In the GDR, immunization was tightly organized: The state made great efforts to achieve high vaccination rates. Responsibilities were clearly defined at all levels and for all ages. While vaccination was initially mandatory only at the regional level, the legally mandated immunization schedule later contained compulsory vaccinations, e.g., against measles. In the beginning there were mandatory vaccinations in the FRG at the Länder level. Since 1961, the Federal Epidemics Act has impeded obligatory vaccinations. Instead, voluntary vaccinations based on recommendations were stressed. Since the 1980s, vaccinations have been shifted from the public health service sector to office-based physicians. Today, public health authorities offer mainly supplementary vaccinations. In 2007, protective immunizations were introduced as compulsory benefits of the statutory health insurance (SHI). Recently, the German federal states developed a National Vaccination Plan to support immunization strategies.
authors.affiliation: Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Danckelmannstrasse 23, Berlin, Germany. klein.silvia@gmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schöneberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000266:history*; D037141:Mandatory Programs / Q000266:history*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000266:history*; D011634:Public Health / Q000266:history*; D012899:Smallpox / Q000266:history*; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine