title: A new quantitative approach to measure perceived work-related stress in Italian employees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We propose a method for a reliable quantitative measure of subjectively perceived occupational stress applicable in any company to enhance occupational safety and psychosocial health, to enable precise prevention policies and intervention and to improve work quality and efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A suitable questionnaire was telephonically administered to a stratified sample of the whole Italian population of employees. Combined multivariate statistical methods, including principal component, cluster and discriminant analyses, were used to identify risk factors and to design a causal model for understanding work-related stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model explained the causal links of stress through employee perception of imbalance between job demands and resources for responding appropriately, by supplying a reliable U-shaped nonlinear stress index, expressed in terms of values of human systolic arterial pressure. Low, intermediate and high values indicated demotivation (or inefficiency), well-being and distress, respectively. Costs for stress-dependent productivity shortcomings were estimated to about 3.7% of national income from employment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method identified useful structured information able to supply a simple and precise interpretation of employees' well-being and stress risk. Results could be compared with estimated national benchmarks to enable targeted intervention strategies to protect the health and safety of workers, and to reduce unproductive costs for firms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy. cevenini@unisi.it
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cevenini
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fratini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gambassi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D010465:Perception; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology