title: Abuse and other correlates of common mental disorders in youth: a cross-sectional study in Goa, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of known correlates of common mental disorders (CMDs) among the youth age group in India. This analysis aims to determine risk factors associated with a probable diagnosis of CMD in a youth sample in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a secondary analysis of data collected via a door-to-door (community) survey of 3,662 youth (aged 16-24 years) in selected urban and rural areas in Goa. The urban and rural areas were selected based on their engagement with a Goan-based mental health charity organisation, Sangath. Point prevalence of CMD was estimated using the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Multivariate logistic regression analyses determined factors associated with CMD and associations were stratified by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 3,649 (1,796 urban; 1,853 rural) youth were assessed for probable diagnosis of CMD. There was an almost equal ratio of males (49 %) to females (51 %) in the sample. During the time of the survey, 91 % of the sample was residing with parents, with 83 % being between the ages of 22 and 24 years living with parents. A small proportion of the sample never attended school (1.1 %) with the rest either educated, employed or unemployed. The point prevalence of probable CMD in the sample was 7.87 %; 95 % CI 7.01-8.80 %. Those living in urban areas had a higher prevalence of CMD (9.12 %; 95 % CI 7.90-10.52 %) compared to those living in rural areas (6.60 %; 95 % CI 5.50-7.82 %). After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, independent risk factors for CMD were being older, i.e., between 22- and 24-years old, (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.10-2.24; p = 0.015), residing in urban areas (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.12-2.04; p = 0.007), physical abuse (beaten in the last 3 months) by parents, teachers or others (OR 3.10; 95 % CI 2.11-4.51; p < 0.001), sexual harassment (OR 2.01; 95 % CI 1.30-3.20; p = 0.003) and sexual abuse (OR 2.54; 95 % CI 1.94-3.33; p < 0.001). Being able to talk about personal problems (OR 0.52; 95 % CI 0.34-0.80; p = 0.003) was a protective factor. After stratifying by gender, sexual harassment, physical and sexual abuse were associated with a likely CMD diagnosis in females and males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sexual and recent physical abuses were independent risk factors for CMD in both genders. In addition, being older and being able to discuss problems were associated with CMD diagnosis in females but not in males.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult