title: Effects of intravitreal insulin and insulin signaling cascade inhibitors on emmetropization in the chick.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravitreal insulin has been shown to be a powerful stimulator of myopia in chickens, in particular if the retinal image is degraded or defocused. In most tissues, the insulin receptor activates two main signaling pathways: a) the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinasem kinase [MEK] and extracellular regulated kinase [ERK]) and b) the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In the current study, insulin was injected, and these pathways were separately inhibited to determine which is activated when the retinal image is defocused by spectacle lenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chicks were treated with either +7 D, -7 D, or no lenses. They were intravitreally injected with insulin, the MEK inhibitor U0126, the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, or a combination of insulin and one of the inhibitors. Refractions and ocular dimension were measured at the beginning and after four days of treatment. The retinal proteins of the chicks were measured with western blots after 2 h and four days of treatment. Incubation occurred with anti-Akt1, anti-Erk1/2, anti-phospho-Akt(Thr308), and anti-phospho-Erk1/2((Thr202/Tyr204)) antibodies, and the ratio between the relative intensity of the phospho-form and the total-form was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chicks wearing positive lenses and injected with saline and with PI3K inhibitor compensated for the imposed defocus and became hyperopic. Insulin injections and insulin plus PI3K inhibitor injections prevented lens-induced hyperopia, whereas the MEK inhibitor alone and insulin plus MEK inhibitor had no effect. Obviously, the MEK inhibitor suppressed the effect of insulin on eye growth in the plus lens-treated animals. Chicks treated with negative lenses and injected with insulin, or with insulin plus MEK inhibitor, overcompensated for the imposed defocus. This effect of insulin was not detected in eyes injected with PI3K inhibitor plus insulin, suggesting that the PI3K inhibitor suppressed the effects of insulin in minus lens-treated animals. Insulin increased the ratio of phospho-Akt/total-Akt in animals with normal visual exposure but even more so in chicks wearing plus or minus lenses. The increase was blocked by simultaneous PI3K inhibitor injections in control eyes but not in lens-treated eyes. Insulin also increased the ratio of phospho-ERK/total-ERK in animals with normal visual exposure and in animals wearing positive lenses, compared to U0126- and Ly294002-injected eyes. In contrast, no significant activation of the MEK/ERK pathway was observed in the negative lens-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal insulin promoted axial eye growth and stimulated both signaling pathways. The PI3K/Akt pathway was activated in control and plus and minus lens-treated eyes, but the MEK/ERK pathway was activated only with positive lenses or no lenses. With negative lenses, insulin did not stimulate the MEK/ERK signaling cascade. Independent of the pathway stimulated after insulin binding, the effect on insulin was always the same: an increase in eye growth.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra Marcha
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Penha
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
authors.forename: Marita P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Feldkaemper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009216:Myopia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009025:Morpholines; D009570:Nitriles; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C113580:U 0126; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one