title: Gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal function, gastric emptying, and the relationship to dysphagia before and after antireflux surgery in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess gastroesophageal reflux (GER), esophageal motility, and gastric emptying in children before and after laparoscopic fundoplication and to identify functional measures associated with postoperative dysphagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined impedance-manometry, 24-hour pH-impedance, and gastric-emptying breath tests were performed before and after laparoscopic anterior partial fundoplication. Impedance-manometry studies were analyzed with the use of conventional analysis methods and a novel automated impedance manometry (AIM) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with therapy resistent GER disease (n = 25) were assessed before fundoplication, of whom 10 (median age 6.4 years; range, 1.1-17.1 years; 7 male; 4 with neurologic impairment) underwent fundoplication. GER episodes reduced from 97 (69-172) to 66 (18-87)/24 hours (P = .012). Peristaltic contractions were unaltered. Complete lower esophageal sphincter relaxations decreased after fundoplication (92% [76%-100%] vs 65% [29%-91%], P = .038). Four (40%) patients developed postoperative dysphagia, which was transient in 2. In those patients, preoperative gastric emptying was delayed compared with patients without postoperative dysphagia, 96 minutes (71-104 minutes) versus 48 minutes (26-68 minutes), P = .032, and AIM analysis derived dysphagia risk index was greater (56 [15-105] vs 2 [2-6] P = .016). Two patients underwent a repeat fundoplication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fundoplication in children reduced GER without altering esophageal motility. Four patients who developed dysphagia demonstrated slower gastric emptying and greater dysplasia risk index preoperatively. AIM analysis may allow detection of subtle esophageal abnormalities potentially leading to postoperative dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.m.loots@amc.nl
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loots
authors.forename: Maud Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: van Herwaarden
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: VanderZee
authors.forename: Michiel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.forename: Taher I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Omari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods*; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D016896:Treatment Outcome