title: Effects of high-intensity training on lipid metabolism in Thoroughbreds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Thoroughbreds.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 Thoroughbreds (3 to 4 years old; 6 males and 6 females).
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses performed HIT for 18 weeks. They ran at 90% or 110% of maximal oxygen consumption ((V)O(2max)) for 3 minutes (5 d/wk) and were subjected to incremental exercise testing (IET) before and after training. Blood samples were collected during IET, and muscle samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle immediately after IET. Phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase, and β-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activities were measured to determine glycolytic and oxidative capacities. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) protein contents were detected via western blotting. Metabolome analysis was performed via capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to measure substrate concentrations related to carbohydrate metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak speed during IET and (V)O(2max) increased after HIT. Activities of citrate synthase and β-HAD increased after HIT, whereas phosphofructokinase activity remained unchanged. The PGC-1α and FAT/CD36 protein contents increased after HIT, but plasma lactate concentration and the respiratory exchange ratio decreased after HIT. The plasma free fatty acid concentration increased after HIT, whereas the glucose concentration was not altered. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate concentrations decreased after HIT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIT caused an increase in oxidative capacity in equine muscle, which suggested that there was a decreased reliance on carbohydrate utilization and a concomitant shift toward fatty acid utilization during intensive exercise.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiraga
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takemasa
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hatta
mesh_terms: D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D047495:PPAR gamma; D015094:3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase