title: Investigation of hydration processes of the equine hoof via nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the distribution of water in hoof wall specimens of horses via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy and determine changes in water distribution during hydration.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 hoof wall specimens (2 obtained from the dorsum and 1 each obtained from the lateral quarter and lateral heel regions) of the stratum medium of healthy hooves of 1 horse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equine hoof wall specimens were examined via NMR microscopy. Proton density-weighted 3-D images were acquired. Changes during water absorption were assessed on sequential images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inner zone of the stratum medium had higher signals than did the outer zone. Areas of high signal intensity were evident in transverse images; these corresponded to the distribution of horn tubules. During water absorption, the increase in signal intensity started at the bottom of a specimen and extended to the upper region; it maintained the localization pattern observed before hydration. The relationship between the local maximal signals in areas corresponding to the horn tubules and minimal signal intensities in areas corresponding to the intertubular horn was similar and maintained approximately a linear distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the premise that signal intensity reflects water content, hydration in the equine hoof wall during water absorption occurred concurrently in the tubules and intertubular horn, and there was maintenance of the original water gradients. This technique can be applied for the assessment of pathophysiologic changes in the hoof wall on the basis of its hydration properties.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. sugimoto@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Atsutoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuwano
authors.forename: Shuntaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: Eiru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water