title: Irrational choice under uncertainty correlates with lower striatal D(2/3) receptor binding in rats.
abstract: Individual differences in dopamine (DA) signaling, including low striatal D(2/3) receptors, may increase vulnerability to substance abuse, although whether this phenotype confers susceptibility to nonchemical addictions is unclear. The degree to which people use "irrational" cognitive heuristics when choosing under uncertainty can determine whether they find gambling addictive. Given that dopaminergic projections to the striatum signal reward expectancy and modulate decision-making, individual differences in DA signaling could influence the extent of such biases. To test this hypothesis, we used a novel task to model biased, risk-averse decision-making in rats. Animals chose between a "safe" lever, which guaranteed delivery of the wager, or an "uncertain" lever, which delivered either double the wager or nothing with 50:50 odds. The bet size varied from one to three sugar pellets. Although the amount at stake did not alter the options' utility, a subgroup of "wager-sensitive" rats increased their preference for the safe lever as the bet size increased, akin to risk aversion. In contrast, wager-insensitive rats slightly preferred the uncertain option consistently. Amphetamine increased choice of the uncertain option in wager-sensitive, but not in wager-insensitive rats, whereas a D(2/3) receptor antagonist decreased uncertain lever choice in wager-insensitive rats alone. Micro-PET and autoradiography using [(11)C]raclopride confirmed a strong correlation between high wager sensitivity and low striatal D(2/3) receptor density. These data suggest that the propensity for biased decision-making under uncertainty is influenced by striatal D(2/3) receptor expression, and provide novel support for the hypothesis that susceptibility to chemical and behavioral addictions may share a common neurobiological basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cocker
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dinelle
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kornelson
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sossi
authors.forename: Catharine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Winstanley
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C534628:SCH 23390; D012457:Salicylamides; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D000661:Amphetamine; C045989:eticlopride