title: Development of novel cationic chitosan-and anionic alginate-coated poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for controlled release and light protection of resveratrol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resveratrol, like other natural polyphenols, is an extremely photosensitive compound with low chemical stability, which limits the therapeutic application of its beneficial effects. The development of innovative formulation strategies, able to overcome physicochemical and pharmacokinetic limitations of this compound, may be achieved via suitable carriers able to associate controlled release and protection. In this context, nanotechnology is proving to be a powerful strategy. In this study, we developed novel cationic chitosan (CS)- and anionic alginate (Alg)-coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the bioactive polyphenolic trans-(E)-resveratrol (RSV) for biomedical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPs were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method and characterized in terms of morphology, size and zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, Raman spectroscopy, swelling properties, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro release studies. The protective effect of the nanosystems under the light-stressed RSV and long-term stability were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NPs turned out to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 135 to about 580 nm, depending on the composition and the amount of polyelectrolytes, while the encapsulation efficiencies increased from 8% of uncoated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) to 23% and 32% of Alg- and CS-coated PLGA NPs, respectively. All nanocarriers are characterized by a biphasic release pattern, and more effective controlled release rates are obtained for NPs formulated with higher polyelectrolyte concentrations. Stability studies revealed that encapsulation provides significant protection against light-exposure degradation, by reducing the trans-cis photoisomerization reaction. Moreover, the nanosystems are able to prevent the degradation of trans isoform and the leakage of RSV from the carrier for a period of 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that the newly developed CS- and Alg-coated PLGA NPs are suitable to be used for the delivery of bioactive RSV. The encapsulation of RSV into optimized polymeric NPs provides improved drug loading, effective controlled release, and protection against light-exposure degradation, thus opening new perspectives for the delivery of bioactive related phytochemicals to be used for (nano)chemoprevention/chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Vanna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roggio
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siliani
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccinini
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marceddu
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sechi
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D008027:Light; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010316:Particle Size; D011098:Polyglactin 910 / Q000737:chemistry*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D053769:Nanocapsules; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D013267:Stilbenes; D011098:Polyglactin 910; D048271:Chitosan; D000077185:Resveratrol
keywords: PLGA; alginate; chitosan; nanochemoprevention; nanoparticles; resveratrol