title: Non-respiratory indications for polysomnography and related procedures in children: an evidence-based review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This evidence-based review provides a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature regarding the utility of polysomnography for the evaluation of non-respiratory sleep disorders in children including hypersomnias, parasomnias, sleep-related movement disorders, and sleep in other special populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A task force of pediatric sleep medicine experts performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of polysomnography for non-respiratory sleep disorders in children. They identified and graded 76 papers as evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main results include (1) polysomnography combined with the multiple sleep latency test is useful for evaluating disorders of excessive somnolence to objectively quantify sleepiness. The results have to be interpreted with consideration of the pubertal stage and regularity of the sleep patterns of the child; (2) polysomnography is indicated in children with parasomnias or sleep related movement disorders who have a high likelihood of having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); (3) polysomnography is not routinely indicated in children with enuresis unless there is a high likelihood of OSA; (4) polysomnography can be helpful in evaluating children with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and when periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is suspected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, in children with non-respiratory sleep disorders, polysomnography should be a part of a comprehensive sleep evaluation in selected circumstances to determine the nature of the events in more detail or when the suspicion of OSA is relatively high.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotagal
authors.forename: Cynthia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Madeleine M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grigg-Damberger
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Manisha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Witmans
authors.forename: Valerie G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Hoban
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Clinical utility; indications; non-respiratory disorders; pediatric; polysomnography