title: Cervical spinal cord contusion in professional athletes: a case series with implications for return to play.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This report provides long-term follow-up on athletes who have sustained a cervical spinal cord contusion. Their magnetic resonance (MR) image is correlated with clinical signs and symptoms. Mechanism of injury and a hypothesis of etiology are reported.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current return-to-play criteria for athletes who sustain a cervical cord contusion are based on expert opinion only. Decision making for this clinical situation in athletes carries significant clinical, legal, and economic ramifications. The natural history, clinical correlation, and effect of surgery for athletic cervical cord contusions have not been established. The mechanism of injury for this entity has historically emphasized axial loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case histories, physical examination, and MR images were reviewed for 4 professional athletes. All athletes had documented cervical cord contusions. None of the athletes had an acute disc herniation, fracture, instability, or focal cord compression. All athletes were contacted by telephone to assess symptoms at a minimum follow-up of 2 years after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 4 athletes had congenital stenosis, defined as lack of CSF signal around the cord on an MR image. All underwent anterior fusions at the level of their contusion. In follow-up, 2 athletes developed new contusions: one more than 5 years later, adjacent to a fusion; and 1, 2 years later, not adjacent to his previous fusion. No athlete developed permanent neurological sequelae. The presence of a contusion did not correlate with athletes' signs and symptoms. The mechanism of injury was hyperextension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is hypothesized that the horizontal facet orientation of the C3-C4 level, congenital stenosis, and relative hypermobility in extension are the contributing factors in the cause of this clinical entity. An anterior fusion at the C3-C4 level seems to be the most reliable method of preventing or delaying the return of symptoms. Return-to-play guidelines should emphasize the athletes' history of symptoms in context with their MR image because there is poor correlation between the finding of a contusion and the clinical presentation. Recurrence of symptoms is common and the long-term consequences of repeated episodes remain unknown.
authors.affiliation: OrthoCarolina, PA Spine Center, Charlotte, NC 28207, USA. Craig.Brigham@orthocarolina.com
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Brigham
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001490:Basketball / Q000293:injuries*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000150:complications; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome