title: Evaluation of anesthetic, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tramadol-ketamine drug combinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare anesthetic, analgesic, and cardiorespiratory effects in dogs after IM administration of dexmedetomidine (7.5 μg/kg)-butorphanol (0.15 mg/kg)-tiletamine-zolazepam (3.0 mg/kg; DBTZ) or dexmedetomidine (15.0 μg/kg)-tramadol (3.0 mg/kg)-ketamine (3.0 mg/kg; DTrK) combinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each dog received DBTZ and DTrK in a randomized, crossover-design study with a 5-day interval between treatments. Cardiorespiratory variables and duration and quality of sedation-anesthesia (assessed via auditory stimulation and sedation-anesthesia scoring) and analgesia (assessed via algometry and electrical nerve stimulation) were evaluated at predetermined intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DBTZ or DTrK induced general anesthesia sufficient for endotracheal intubation ≤ 7 minutes after injection. Anesthetic quality and time from drug administration to standing recovery (131.5 vs 109.5 minutes after injection of DBTZ and DTrK, respectively) were similar between treatments. Duration of analgesia was significantly longer with DBTZ treatment, compared with DTrK treatment. Analgesic effects were significantly greater with DBTZ treatment than with DTrK treatment at several time points. Transient hypertension (mean arterial blood pressure > 135 mm Hg), bradycardia (heart rate < 60 beats/min), and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation < 90% via pulse oximetry) were detected during both treatments. Tidal volume decreased significantly from baseline with both treatments and was significantly lower after DBTZ administration, compared with DTrK, at several time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBTZ or DTrK rapidly induced short-term anesthesia and analgesia in healthy dogs. Further research is needed to assess efficacy of these drug combinations for surgical anesthesia. Supplemental 100% oxygen should be provided when DBTZ or DTrK are used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krimins
authors.forename: Jeff C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Ann B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Payton
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; D004338:Drug Combinations