title: Beneficial effects of short-term combination exercise training on diverse cognitive functions in healthy older people: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of previous studies have shown that exercise training can improve cognitive functions in healthy older people. Some studies have demonstrated that long-term combination exercise training can facilitate memory function improvement better than either aerobic or strength exercise training alone. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether short-term combination exercise training can improve diverse cognitive functions in healthy older people or not. We investigate the effects of four weeks of short-term combination exercise training on various cognitive functions (executive functions, episodic memory, short-term memory, working memory, attention, reading ability, and processing speed) of healthy older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blinded intervention with two parallel groups (combination exercise training; waiting list control) is used. Testers are blind to the study hypothesis and the participants' group membership. Through an advertisement in a local newspaper, 64 healthy older adults are recruited and then assigned randomly to a combination exercise training group or a waiting list control group. Participants in the combination exercise training group must participate in the short-term combination exercise training (aerobic and strength exercise training) three days per week during the four weeks (12 workouts in total). The waiting list group does not participate in the combination exercise training. The primary outcome measure is the Stroop test score: a measure of executive function. Secondary outcome measures are assessments including the Verbal Fluency Task, Logical Memory, First and Second Names, Digit Span Forward, Digit span backward, Japanese Reading Test, Digit Cancellation Task, Digit Symbol Coding, and Symbol Search. We assess these outcome measures before and after the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report is the first of a study that investigates the beneficial effects of short-term combination exercise training on diverse cognitive functions of older people. Our study is expected to provide sufficient evidence of short-term combination exercise's effectiveness.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This trial was registered in The University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (Number UMIN000007828).
authors.affiliation: Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. rnouchi@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nouchi
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nouchi
authors.forename: Ryuta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011932:Reading; D012107:Research Design; D055070:Resistance Training; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome