title: Fathers' mental health as a protective factor in the relationship between maternal and child depressive symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between parental and child depressive symptoms has been found to be stronger for mothers than for fathers. Does this mean that fathers' mental health is less important in the context of child depressive symptoms? The goal of the current study is to test whether the degree of fathers' depressive symptoms moderate the relationship between mothers' and children's depressive symptoms. Our knowledge about such interaction effects between mothers' and fathers' symptoms is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined depressive symptoms in 190 children (age 7-13, 118 boys) referred to child community clinics and their parents. Mothers and fathers reported on their own and their child's depressive symptoms, whereas children only reported on their own symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling revealed significant interaction effects of mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms on mother- and father-reported child depressive symptoms, while no effects were found for child reports. When fathers reported few depressive symptoms for themselves, no relationship between mothers' and children's depressive symptoms was observed. The more depressive symptoms in fathers, the stronger the relationship between mothers' and children's symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fathers' mental health may be a protective factor in the relationship between mothers' and children's depressive symptoms. Thus, researchers and practitioners would benefit from considering not only depressive symptoms in mothers, but also in fathers, when examining and working with child depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP Øst og Sør), Oslo, Norway. martina.gere@r-bup.no
authors.forename: Martina K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gere
authors.forename: Kristine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Marianne A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villabø
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arnberg
authors.forename: Simon-Peter
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Neumer
authors.forename: Svenn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*