title: Calcium and phosphate impact cardiovascular risk.
abstract: Non-traditional risk factors substantially contribute to cardiovascular (CV) disease. A deranged calcium-phosphate metabolism-first identified as a major non-traditional CV risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease-may be implicated in development and progression of CV disease even among individuals with intact renal function. This review thus summarizes epidemiological and experimental data on the role of calcium, phosphate, and its major regulating hormones-parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23-in CV medicine.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg D-66421, Germany. gunnar.heine@uks.eu
authors.forename: Gunnar H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nangaku
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fliser
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000502:physiology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium