title: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanolic extract of Bougainvillea xbuttiana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bougainvillea xbuttiana is widely distributed in Mexico and it is used as an analgesic in folk medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study the in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the Bougainvillea xbuttiana ethanolic extract have been studied in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phytochemical analysis was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated through writhing and formalin test in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined with the carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema model. IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels were determined by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay, whereas TNF and nitrite levels were detected by standard assay with L929 cells and colorimetric Griess reactive, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the ethanolic extract of the Bougainvillea xbuttiana has significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, by inhibition of nociception induced by acetic acid and paw oedema. This extract also induced a decrease in TNF levels and an increase of IL-6, IFN-γ and NO levels that we observed up to 2h. The highest levels of IL-10 were observed up to 4h. The ratios of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines in sera from mice injected with the ethanolic extract, may be manifesting an anti-inflammatory status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides convincing evidences that Bougainvillea xbuttiana extract possesses significant anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM) Calle Iztaccihuatl Esq. Leñeros, Col. Volcanes, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP. 62350, Mexico.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alvarez Perez Gil
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbosa Navarro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patipo Vera
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Petricevich
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers; D005557:Formaldehyde; D051379:Mice; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D039281:Nyctaginaceae; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D009573:Nitrites; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000431:Ethanol; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid