title: Mandatory quality reports in Germany from the hospitals' point of view: a cross-sectional observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Public reporting of hospital quality is to enable providers, patients and the public to make comparisons regarding the quality of care and thus contribute to informed decisions. It stimulates quality improvement activities in hospitals and thus positively impacts treatment results. Hospitals often use publicly reported data for further internal or external purposes.As of 2005, German hospitals are obliged to publish structured quality reports (QR) every two years. This gives them the opportunity to demonstrate their performance by number, type and quality in a transparent way. However, it constitutes a major burden to hospitals to generate and publish data required, and it is yet unknown if hospitals feel adequately represented and at the same time consider the effort appropriate.This study assesses hospital leaders' judgement about the capability of QR to put legally defined aims effectively and efficiently into practice. It also explores the additional purposes hospitals use their QR for.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional observational study, a representative random sample out of 2,064 German hospitals (N=748) was invited to assess QR via questionnaire; 333 hospitals participated. We recorded the suitability of QR for representing number, type and quality of services, the adequacy of cost and benefits (6-level Likert scales) and additional purposes QR are used for (free text question). For representation purposes, the net sample was weighted for hospital size and hospital ownership (direct standardization). Data was analyzed descriptively and using inferential statistics (chi-2 test) or for the purpose of generating hypotheses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  German hospitals rated the QR as suitable to represent the number of services but less so for the type and quality of services. The cost-benefit ratio was seen as inadequate. There were no significant differences between hospitals of different size or ownership.Public hospitals additionally used their reports for mostly internal purposes (e.g. comparison with competitors, quality management) whereas private ones used them externally (e.g. communication, marketing) (p=0.024, chi-2 test, hypotheses-generating level).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  German hospitals consider the mandatory QR as only partially capable to put the legally defined aims effectively and efficiently into practice. In order for public reporting to achieve its potentially positive effects, the QR must be more closely aligned to the needs of hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Systems Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str, 50, Witten, 58448, Germany. silke.auras@uni-wh.de
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auras
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Cruppé
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geraedts
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005858:Germany; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires