title: Buckle up: non-seat belt use and antisocial behavior in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare persons who report that they never wear a seat belt while driving or as a passenger with those who do in a nationally representative sample in the United States. Our guiding hypothesis is that failure to wear a seat belt is part of an antisocial behavior spectrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using public-use data from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study employed binary logistic regression with adjustments for complex survey sampling to assess relationships between never wearing a seat belt and sociodemographic variables, antisocial behaviors, substance abuse and co-occurring problems, and criminal justice system contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals who do not wear seat belts are younger, more likely to be male, less likely to be African American or Hispanic, have incomes of less than $75,000, and be a high school or college graduate. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, race, income, education, and population density, individuals reporting that they never wear a seat belt while driving or as a passenger are more likely to report using alcohol and drugs (adjusted odds, 1.61-2.56), committing antisocial behaviors including felony offenses (adjusted odds, 2.13-3.57), and possess a dual diagnosis (adjusted odds, 1.62-1.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that non-seat belt use is convergent with a spectrum of serious antisocial behavior and comorbid psychological distress. Importantly, results suggest that standard seat belt use policies and campaigns may not be effective for non-seat belt using individuals and a targeted approach may be needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work and Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, MO 63103, USA. mvaughn9@slu.edu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Salas-Wright
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Piquero
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult