title: Identification and validation of urinary metabolite biomarkers for major depressive disorder.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a widespread and debilitating mental disorder. However, there are no biomarkers available to aid in the diagnosis of this disorder. In this study, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic approach was employed to profile urine samples from 82 first-episode drug-naïve depressed subjects and 82 healthy controls (the training set) in order to identify urinary metabolite biomarkers for MDD. Then, 44 unselected depressed subjects and 52 healthy controls (the test set) were used to independently validate the diagnostic generalizability of these biomarkers. A panel of five urinary metabolite biomarkers-malonate, formate, N-methylnicotinamide, m-hydroxyphenylacetate, and alanine-was identified. This panel was capable of distinguishing depressed subjects from healthy controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.81 in the training set. Moreover, this panel could classify blinded samples from the test set with an AUC of 0.89. These findings demonstrate that this urinary metabolite biomarker panel can aid in the future development of a urine-based diagnostic test for MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China 400016.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huaqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Dezhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jiaju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Melgiri
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000409:Alanine / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005561:Formates / Q000652:urine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008314:Malonates / Q000652:urine; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010648:Phenylacetates
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005561:Formates; D008314:Malonates; D010648:Phenylacetates; C030544:formic acid; D009536:Niacinamide; C030290:malonic acid; C008069:3-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid; D000409:Alanine; C008472:N-methylnicotinamide; D006719:Homovanillic Acid