title: Dynamic real-time magnetic resonance imaging for the analysis of voice physiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For a number of years, it has been possible to use dynamic real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse the dynamic processes which occur in the human body. In the fields of laryngology and phoniatrics, such dynamic processes are found not only in swallowing, but also in voice and speech production. This article aims to present an overview of how the use of MRI might add to our current understanding of the dynamic processes involved in voice production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is shown that up to now the analysis of vocal fold oscillations has been limited by MRI's relatively low sampling rate of up to 50 Hz. Nevertheless, more detailed analysis does seem possible with regard to the modulation of the power source and vocal tract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic real-time MRI offers a great opportunity for the analysis of voice production in all stages of the voice production system.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Musicians' Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. matthias.echternach@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echternach
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D063346:Singing / Q000502:physiology; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*