title: Diabetes self-management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess diabetes self-management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control in a cohort of youth with type 1 diabetes in mainland China. Predictors of self-management and depressive symptoms were also explored.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that adaptation to childhood chronic illness is important in determining outcomes. Few studies have been reported on the behavioural, psychosocial and physiological adaptation processes and outcomes in Chinese youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study as part of a multi-site longitudinal descriptive study. Data for this report were collected at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 136 eligible youth was recruited during follow-up visits in hospitals in 14 major cities of Hunan Province (located in central southern mainland China) from July 2009-October 2010. Data were collected on socio-demographic background, clinical characteristics, diabetes self-management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes self-management was lower in Chinese youth compared with a US cohort and was associated with insulin treatment regimen, treatment location, depressive symptoms and gender. A total of 17·6% of youth reported high depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms were correlated with family annual revenue, school attendance, peer relationship and parent-child relationship. The mean score of global satisfaction with quality of life was 17·14 ± 3·58. The mean HbA1c was 9·68%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living with type 1 diabetes poses considerable challenges, and Chinese youth report lower self-management than US youth and high depressive symptoms. Metabolic control and quality of life were sub-optimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More clinic visits, treatment for high depressive symptoms and an intensive insulin regimen may improve diabetes self-management for youth with type 1 diabetes in China. Culturally appropriate interventions aimed at helping them adapt to living with the disease and improving outcomes are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grey
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhi-Guang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guo-Ping
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin