title: A parenteral nutrition use survey with gap analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a high-alert medication for which safe practice guidelines are available. Recent adverse events associated with PN have been widely reported. A survey of current practices was indicated as new guidelines are being considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based survey consisting of 70 items was made available for the month of August 2011. Respondents provided answers to questions that addressed all aspects of the PN use process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 895 respondents to the survey, including dietitians, nurses, pharmacists, and physicians. They predominantly represented hospital settings (89%), with 44% from academic institutions. Most organizations use a once-daily PN admixture with 21% outsourcing preparation. Electronic PN order entry is available in one-third of organizations, and the use of standardized order sets prevails. Unfortunately, electronic interfaces between computer systems remain infrequent, meaning that at least one transcription step is required by most in the PN use process. There are a wide variety of methods for ordering PN components, many of which are inconsistent with safe practices. Most organizations dedicate a pharmacist to review the PN orders, many of which require clarifications. Documentation at each step of the PN use process with oversight to identify deviations from best practice recommendations is infrequent. A significant proportion (44%) does not track PN-related medication errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey data are a valuable snapshot of current practices with PN. Poor compliance with some of the safe practice guidelines continues. This will help guide new safety initiatives for the PN use process.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, and Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. boullata@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Joseph I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Boullata
authors.forename: Peggi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guenter
authors.forename: Jay M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mirtallo
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006282:Health Personnel; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D055656:Prescriptions