title: Retinal prosthesis safety: alterations in microglia morphology due to thermal damage and retinal implant contact.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to develop retinal implants with a large number of electrodes, it is necessary to ensure that they do not cause damage to the neural tissue by the heat that the electrical circuits generate. Knowledge about the threshold of the amount of power that induces damage will assist in developing power budgets for retinal implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heat-induced retinal damage was evaluated by measuring changes in the morphology of the resident immune cells, the microglia, which are the first cells to respond to retinal trauma. Microglial soma and arbor areas were assessed in rat retinal tissues in vitro to determine the effects of increasing temperatures, implant contact, and heating and implant contact combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In response to increasing incubation temperatures (no implant), microglial somas enlarged and arbor areas retracted, indicative of retinal stress. Thermal damage thresholds, defined as a significant change in microglial morphology from that observed at the upper limit of normal body temperature, occurred at a temperature of 38.7 °C. Implant contact, induced when a passive implant was placed on the retina, also caused similar morphological alterations in microglia, indicating retinal damage. Heated-implant contact exacerbated the effects of temperature alone but still resulted in a thermal damage threshold of 38.7 °C, the same as with heating alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our conservative recommendations are that implanted retinal electronics keep power dissipations to less than 19 mW/mm(2) to stay below the microglial thermal damage threshold (2.1 °C) and to comply with international standards for implantable devices (2 °C).
authors.affiliation: NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Opie
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Greferath
authors.forename: Kirstan A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vessey
authors.forename: Anthony N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Burkitt
authors.forename: Hamish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meffin
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Grayden
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006361:Heating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D057488:Visual Prosthesis