title: Antagonism of orexin receptors in the posterior hypothalamus reduces hypoglossal and cardiorespiratory excitation from the perifornical hypothalamus.
abstract: The perifornical (PF) region of the posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness and facilitates motor activity. In anesthetized rats, local disinhibition of PF neurons by GABA(A) receptor antagonists activates orexin (OX) neurons and elicits a systemic response, including increases of hypoglossal nerve activity (XIIa), respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. The increase of XIIa is mediated to hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons by pathways that do not require noradrenergic or serotonergic projections. We hypothesized that the pathway might include OX-dependent activation locally within the PF region or direct projections of OX neurons to the XII nucleus. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were urethane anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated. Gabazine (GABA(A) receptor antagonist, 0.18 mM, 20 nl) was injected into the PF region, and ~2 h later, a second gabazine injection was performed preceded by injection of a dual OX1/2 receptor antagonist (almorexant; 90 mM) either into the XII nucleus (40-60 nl at 2-3 rostrocaudal levels; n = 6 rats), or into the PF region (40-60 nl; n = 6 rats). XIIa, respiratory rate, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure were analyzed for 70 min after each gabazine injection. The excitatory effects of PF gabazine on XIIa, respiratory, and heart rates were significantly reduced by up to 44-82% when gabazine injections were preceded by PF almorexant injections, but not when almorexant was injected into the XII nucleus. These data suggest that a significant portion of XII motoneuronal and cardiorespiratory activation evoked by disinhibition of PF neurons is mediated by local OX-dependent mechanisms within the posterior hypothalamus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6046, USA. georg.stettner@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Georg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007034:Hypothalamus, Posterior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D011724:Pyridazines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C049853:gabazine; D009638:Norepinephrine