title: Lipoic acid prevents liver metabolic changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate whether co-administration of R/S-α-lipoic acid can prevent the development of oxidative stress and metabolic changes induced by a fructose-rich diet (F).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed glycemia in the fasting state and during an oral glucose tolerance test, triglyceridemia and insulinemia in rats fed with standard diet (control) and fructose without or with R/S-α-lipoic acid. Insulin resistance and hepatic insulin sensitivity were also calculated. In liver, we measured reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl groups, antioxidant capacity by ABTS assay, antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase 1 and 2), uncoupling protein 2, PPARδ and PPARγ protein expressions, SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 gene expression, and glucokinase activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R/S-α-lipoic acid co-administration to F-fed rats a) prevented hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, b) improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, c) decreased liver oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes expression, d) decreased uncoupling protein 2 and PPARδ protein expression and increased PPARγ levels, e) restored the basal gene expression of PPARδ, SREBP-1c and the lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and f) decreased the fructose-mediated enhancement of glucokinase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that fructose-induced oxidative stress is an early phenomenon associated with compensatory hepatic metabolic mechanisms, and that treatment with an antioxidant prevented the development of such changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This knowledge would help to better understand the mechanisms involved in liver adaptation to fructose-induced oxidative stress and to develop effective strategies to prevent and treat, at early stages, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schinella
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gagliardino
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D047494:PPAR delta; D047495:PPAR gamma; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D013549:Sweetening Agents; C000604391:Ucp2 protein, rat; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D005632:Fructose; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases