title: Open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial of massage for treatment of depression in HIV-infected subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objectives were to determine whether massage therapy reduces symptoms of depression in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized non-blinded into one of three parallel groups to receive Swedish massage or to one of two control groups, touch or no intervention for eight weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, which provided primary clinical care in an institutional setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study inclusion required being at least 16 years of age, HIV-seropositive, with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Subjects had to be on a stable neuropsychiatric, analgesic, and antiretroviral regimen for >30 days with no plans to modify therapy for the duration of the study. Approximately 40% of the subjects were currently taking antidepressants. All subjects were medically stable. Fifty-four (54) subjects were randomized, 50 completed at least 1 week (intent-to-treat; ITT), and 37 completed the study (completers).
  
  
  METHODS
  Swedish massage and touch subjects visited the massage therapist for 1 hour twice per week. The touch group had a massage therapist place both hands on the subject with slight pressure, but no massage, in a uniform distribution in the same pattern used for the massage subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score, with the secondary outcome measure being the Beck Depression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both the ITT and completers analyses, massage significantly reduced the severity of depression beginning at week 4 (p ≤ 0.04) and continuing at weeks 6 (p ≤ 0.03) and 8 (p ≤ 0.005) compared to no intervention and/or touch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that massage therapy can reduce symptoms of depression in subjects with HIV disease. The durability of the response, optimal "dose" of massage, and mechanisms by which massage exerts its antidepressant effects remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. rpoland@mmc.edu
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poland
authors.forename: Lev
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gertsik
authors.forename: Joya T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Favreau
authors.forename: Shawnee I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mirocha
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Daar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019124:Therapeutic Touch
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents