title: 1976 and 2009 H1N1 influenza virus vaccines boost anti-hemagglutinin stalk antibodies in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with pandemic H1N1 influenza A viruses (IAVs) containing hemagglutinin (HA) proteins with globular heads that differ substantially from seasonal strains results in a boost in broadly cross-reactive antibodies that bind to the HA stalk. Boosting these antibodies has become an attractive strategy for creating a universal IAV vaccine. Therefore, it was essential to determine whether vaccines containing H1N1 viruses whose head domains differ substantially compared to seasonal strains could also achieve this boost.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective samples of subjects who had received the A/New Jersey/1976 (NJ/76) vaccine and healthy, age-matched controls were assessed for the presence of anti-HA stalk antibodies before and after receiving the A/California/04/2009 (Cal/09) vaccine between October 2009 and January 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals who received either the NJ/76 vaccine or the Cal/09 vaccine experienced a robust boost in HA stalk-reactive, neutralizing antibodies similar to what has been observed in individuals infected with Cal/09.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that vaccines containing viruses whose HA head domains that differ substantially from seasonal strains are capable of boosting titers of HA stalk antibodies. Furthermore, anti-HA stalk antibodies elicited by vaccination appear to be long-lived and therefore could be targeted for the generation of a universal IAV vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Tshidi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsibane
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krammer
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahmat
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Basler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002460:Cell Line; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D004285:Dogs; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins