title: Comparing hospital mortality--how to count does matter for patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and hip fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality is a widely used, but often criticised, quality indicator for hospitals. In many countries, mortality is calculated from in-hospital deaths, due to limited access to follow-up data on patients transferred between hospitals and on discharged patients. The objectives were to: i) summarize time, place and cause of death for first time acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and hip fracture, ii) compare case-mix adjusted 30-day mortality measures based on in-hospital deaths and in-and-out-of hospital deaths, with and without patients transferred to other hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Norwegian hospital data within a 5-year period were merged with information from official registers. Mortality based on in-and-out-of-hospital deaths, weighted according to length of stay at each hospital for transferred patients (W30D), was compared to a) mortality based on in-and-out-of-hospital deaths excluding patients treated at two or more hospitals (S30D), and b) mortality based on in-hospital deaths (IH30D). Adjusted mortalities were estimated by logistic regression which, in addition to hospital, included age, sex and stage of disease. The hospitals were assigned outlier status according to the Z-values for hospitals in the models; low mortality: Z-values below the 5-percentile, high mortality: Z-values above the 95-percentile, medium mortality: remaining hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data included 48 048 AMI patients, 47 854 stroke patients and 40 142 hip fracture patients from 55, 59 and 58 hospitals, respectively. The overall relative frequencies of deaths within 30 days were 19.1% (AMI), 17.6% (stroke) and 7.8% (hip fracture). The cause of death diagnoses included the referral diagnosis for 73.8-89.6% of the deaths within 30 days. When comparing S30D versus W30D outlier status changed for 14.6% (AMI), 15.3% (stroke) and 36.2% (hip fracture) of the hospitals. For IH30D compared to W30D outlier status changed for 18.2% (AMI), 25.4% (stroke) and 27.6% (hip fracture) of the hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality measures based on in-hospital deaths alone, or measures excluding admissions for transferred patients, can be misleading as indicators of hospital performance. We propose to attribute the outcome to all hospitals by fraction of time spent in each hospital for patients transferred between hospitals to reduce bias due to double counting or exclusion of hospital stays.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Quality Measurement Unit, PO Box 7004, St,Olavs plass, N-0130, Oslo, Norway. dok@nokc.no
authors.forename: Doris T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helgeland
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clench-Aas
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laake
authors.forename: Marit B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Veierød
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*