title: Cyromazine resistance detected in Australian sheep blowfly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cause of cyromazine failure to protect lambs from flystrike.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lucilia cuprina larvae from a Nimmitabel (New South Wales) population associated with failure of a cyromazine spray-on to protect lambs from flystrike were compared with larvae from a susceptible field strain and a reference susceptible laboratory strain in laboratory bioassays. Batches of neonate blowfly larvae were transferred onto homogenised bovine liver containing varying concentrations of cyromazine or dicyclanil and the numbers of larvae pupating and completing development were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the ability of larvae to complete development on liver homogenate containing 1 mg/kg cyromazine, the phenotypic frequency of resistance in the Nimmitabel population was estimated to be approximately 4%. Compared with a susceptible field strain, the Nimmitabel population was 3-fold more resistant to cyromazine and twice as resistant to dicyclanil at the LC95 level (lethal concentration killing 95% of larvae). In the laboratory, the Nimmitabel strain responded to sequential exposure of larvae to food containing cyromazine by becoming more resistant. Resistance to cyromazine was incompletely dominant, giving resistant larvae a survival advantage over susceptible types over a relatively narrow range of cyromazine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyromazine resistance was detected in a field population of L. cuprina. Low-level cross-resistance to dicyclanil was also confirmed. Until more is known about the resistance, the prudent recommendation to control flystrike by this blowfly population is topical treatment with ivermectin.
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales, 2570, Australia. garry.levot@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Levot
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva; D009198:Myiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014227:Triazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014227:Triazines; C028704:cyromazine