title: Follicular lymphomas in children and young adults: a comparison of the pediatric variant with usual follicular lymphoma.
abstract: Follicular lymphoma (FL), a common lymphoma in adults, occurs rarely in pediatric and young adult patients. Most pediatric cases have been described as grade 3, but the criteria to distinguish the pediatric variant of FL (PFL) from usual FL (UFL) seen in adults are not well defined. We undertook a study of FL in patients under the age of 30. We identified 63 cases, which were analyzed by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction analysis of IGH@ and IGK@ clonality. These data were correlated with clinical findings including stage, treatment, and outcome. Among the 63 cases, 34 cases were classified as PFL: 22 presenting in lymph nodes, 8 in the Waldeyer ring, and 4 in the testis. Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement was detected in 97% of PFL cases, but fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed an absence of the BCL2/IGH@ translocation in all cases tested. Twenty-nine cases were classified as UFL, 28 of which presented in lymph nodes. The nodal PFLs were observed exclusively in male patients in both children and young adults with a median age of 15 years. They showed marked head/neck predilection, blastoid cytologic features with a high proliferation rate, lack of BCL2 protein and t(14;18), low clinical stage at presentation, and good prognosis. PFLs involving the Waldeyer ring were distinguished by MUM1 expression, 50% (3/6) of which carried IRF4 breaks. BCL2 expression was common (63%) in the absence of BCL2/IGH@ translocation. UFLs were more common in female patients, exclusively in young adults (median age, 24 y), with no cases reported in patients under the age of 18. Twenty-five of 29 cases were of grade 1-2, and 4 cases were classified as grade 3A. They exhibited a higher clinical stage at presentation. Eighty-three percent expressed BCL2. Our results indicate that histologic and immunophenotypic criteria can reliably separate PFL and UFL and that UFL is exceptionally rare in the pediatric age group. PFL associated with particular anatomic sites have distinctive features and should be evaluated separately in future clinical and biological studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Qingyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salaverria
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pittaluga
authors.forename: Armin G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jegalian
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raffeld
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008224:Lymphoma, Follicular / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis