title: Delayed emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A (H1N1) and pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Myanmar.
abstract: The prevalence and timing of emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses in Myanmar in 2008 and 2009 are described in this report. In 2008, the oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 virus was detected at a lower rate (6%) and emerged at least 2 months later when compared with neighboring countries. Similarly, the prevalence of pandemic H1N1 virus was low (3%) and the timing of emergence was late (August 2009) in Myanmar. Interestingly, we detected three isolates that were resistant to both amantadine and oseltamivir. Limited movement of people into the country is attributed to the delayed emergence of drug-resistant seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1) viruses.
authors.affiliation: Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. clyde@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Clyde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dapat
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yadanar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kyaw
authors.forename: Yi Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Myint
authors.forename: Htun Naing
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Oo
authors.forename: Khin Yi
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Oo
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Isolde C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Dapat
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058873:Pandemics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D053139:Oseltamivir; D000547:Amantadine
keywords: Amantadine; H1N1 subtype; antiviral drug resistance; oseltamivir; pandemic influenza; seasonal influenza