title: An open prospective study of amikacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients during treatment with continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of the current study were to determine amikacin pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing treatment with continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to determine whether peak and trough concentration data could be used to predict pharmacokinetic parameters. An open prospective study was undertaken, comprising five critically ill patients with sepsis requiring CVVHDF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak and trough plasma concentrations and multiple serum levels in a dosage interval were measured and the latter fitted to both a one- and two-compartment model. Blood and ultrafiltrate samples were collected and assayed for amikacin to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters; total body clearance (TBC), elimination rate constant (k) and volume of distribution (Vd). The concentration of amikacin in ultrafiltrate was used to determine the clearance via CVVHDF. CVVHDF was performed at prescribed dialysate rates of 1-2l h-1 and ultrafiltration rate of 2l h-1. Blood was pumped at 200ml/min using a Gambro blood pump and Hospal AN69HF haemofilter. Amikacin dosing was according to routine clinical practice in the Intensive Care Unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multi serum level study indicated that the one compartment model was adequate to characterize the pharmacokinetics in these patients suggesting that peak and trough plasma level data may be used to estimate individual patient pharmacokinetic parameters and to optimise individual patient dosing during treatment with CVVHDF. CVVHDF resulted in an amikacin k of 0.109+/-0.025 h, t1/2 of 6.74 +/- 1.69h, TBC of 3.39+/-0.817 h-1, and Vd of 31.4 +/- 3.27. The mean clearance due to CVVHDF of 2.86 l h-1 is similar to the creatinine clearance of 2.74 +/-0.4 lh-1. Amikacin was significantly cleared by CVVHDF, and its half life in patients on CVVHDF was approximately 2-3 times that reported in subjects without renal impairment and not undergoing haemodiafiltration for any reason.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CVVHDF contributes significantly to total clearance of amikacin. The use of pharmacokinetic parameter estimates obtained from two steady state serum-drug concentrations (peak and trough) can be used to guide individualised dosing of critically ill patients treated with CVVHDF. This is considered a useful strategy in this patient cohort, particularly in avoiding the risk of underdosing.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Medicine, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
authors.forename: Deirdre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
authors.forename: Eoin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Caitriona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gowing
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Owen I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Corrigan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000583:Amikacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000583:Amikacin