title: Influence of prophylactic antibiotics on tissue integration versus bacterial colonization on poly(methyl methacrylate).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) remain a major concern in modern health care. BAI is difficult to treat and often results in implant replacement or removal. Pathogens can be introduced on implant surfaces during surgery and compete with host cells attempting to integrate the implant. Here we studied the influence of prophylactically given cephatholin in the competition between highly virulent Staphylococcus aureus and human osteoblast-like cells (U-2 OS, ATCC HTB-94) for a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface in vitro using a peri-operative contamination model.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. aureus was seeded on the acrylic surface in a parallel plate flow chamber prior to adhesion of U-2 OS cells. Next, S. aureus and U-2 OS cells were allowed to grow simultaneously under shear (0.14 1/s) in a modified culture medium containing cephatholin for 8 h, the time period this drug is supposed to be active in situ. Subsequently, the flow was continued with modified culture medium for another 64 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of cephatholin, highly virulent S. aureus caused U-2 OS cell death within 18 h. In contrast, the presence of cephatholin for 8 h resulted in survival of U-2 OS cell up to 72 h during simultaneous growth of U-2 OS cells and bacteria. Not all adhering bacteria were killed however, but they showed a delayed growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are in line with the recalcitrance of biofilms against antibiotic treatment observed clinically, and represent another support for the use of in vitro co-culture models in mimicking the clinical situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guruprakash
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Subbiahdoss
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aleyt
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuijer
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D046508:Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate