title: The influence of sodium- and calcium-regulatory hormone interventions on adipocytokines in obesity and diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone have all been implicated as regulators of adipocytokines and inflammation. We evaluated human interventional study protocols to investigate whether controlled modulations of these calcium- and sodium-regulatory hormones could influence adipocytokines and inflammation in obesity and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-hoc analyses of two separate human protocols (Protocol 1, n=14; Protocol 2, n=24) conducted in a clinical research setting after rigorous control of diet, posture, medications, and diurnal rhythm, were performed. Protocol 1 evaluated obese hypertensives with vitamin D deficiency who received an infusion of angiotensin II (AngII) before and after 1month of vitamin D3 therapy. Protocol 2 evaluated obese subjects with type 2 diabetes who also received AngII. Adipocytokines and inflammatory markers were measured before and after vitamin D3 therapy, and also before and after infusions of AngII.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D3 therapy significantly raised 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, and lowered parathyroid hormone, but had no effect on concentrations of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, IL-6, PAI-1, urinary TGFβ1, or HOMA-IR. AngII infusions, despite significant elevations in blood pressure and serum aldosterone, did not influence adipocytokine concentrations in either protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to prior studies conducted in healthy populations, or those that could not control major regulators of the RAAS or adipocytokines, we observed that robust modulations in calcium- and sodium-regulatory hormones did not influence adipocytokines or inflammation in obesity or diabetes. Adipose-tissue physiology in these conditions may alter the hormonal regulation of inflammatory parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. avaidya1@partners.org
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Annes
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D052243:Resistin / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D000804:Angiotensin II; D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006728:Hormones; D052243:Resistin; D012964:Sodium