title: Interaction of triphenyltin and an agonist of retinoid X receptor (LGD1069) in embryos of Xenopus tropicalis.
abstract: Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 h to mixtures of triphenyltin and LGD1069 (an agonist of the retinoid X receptor). The index of fin deficiency (IFD) of the embryos increased in the triphenyltin-treated groups, and the index of axis deficiency (IAD) increased in LGD1069-treated groups in a concentration-dependent manner. When embryos were exposed to mixtures of 5μgSn/L triphenyltin and 1-30 μg/L LGD1069, IFD decreased from 2.9 to 0.6 and IAD increased from 0.1 to 2.4 with increasing LGD1069 concentrations. Conversely, when embryos were exposed to mixtures of 15 μg/L LGD1069 and 1-10 μg Sn/L triphenyltin, IFD increased from 0.1 to 3.0 with increasing triphenyltin concentrations. Co-exposure induced some new phenotypes, such as posteriorized anus. These results suggest that LGD1069 suppressed the teratogenicity of triphenyltin and that the retinoid X receptor was involved in triphenyltin-induced teratogenicity. Histological observations indicate that co-exposure inhibited the invagination of the yolk plug.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. hhshi@des.ecnu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Huahong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030665:triphenyltin