title: Toxicodynamics of rigid polystyrene microparticles on pulmonary gas exchange in mice: implications for microemboli-based drug delivery systems.
abstract: The toxicodynamic relationship between the number and size of pulmonary microemboli resulting from uniformly sized, rigid polystyrene microparticles (MPs) administered intravenously and their potential effects on pulmonary gas exchange were investigated. CD-1 male mice (6-8 weeks) were intravenously administered 10, 25 and 45 μm diameter MPs. Oxygen hemoglobin saturation in the blood (SpO(2)) was measured non-invasively using a pulse oximeter while varying inhaled oxygen concentration (F(I)O(2)). The resulting data were fit to a physiologically based non-linear mathematical model that estimates 2 parameters: ventilation-perfusion ratio (V(A)/Q) and shunt (percentage of deoxygenated blood returning to systemic circulation). The number of MPs administered prior to a statistically significant reduction in normalized V(A)/Q was dependent on particle size. MP doses that resulted in a significant reduction in normalized V(A)/Q one day post-treatment were 4000, 40,000 and 550,000 MPs/g for 45, 25 and 10 μm MPs, respectively. The model estimated V(A)/Q and shunt returned to baseline levels 7 days post-treatment. Measuring SpO(2) alone was not sufficient to observe changes in gas exchange; however, when combined with model-derived V(A)/Q and shunt early reversible toxicity from pulmonary microemboli was detected suggesting that the model and physical measurements are both required for assessing toxicity. Moreover, it appears that the MP load required to alter gas exchange in a mouse prior to lethality is significantly higher than the anticipated required MP dose for effective drug delivery. Overall, the current results indicate that the microemboli-based approach for targeted pulmonary drug delivery is potentially safe and should be further explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kutscher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Laskin
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sinko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000378:metabolism*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D010100:Oxygen