title: Vitamin D in the maternal-fetal-neonatal interface: clinical implications and requirements for supplementation.
abstract: Identification of the current evidence regarding the pathophysiological and clinical facets of vitamin D in the maternal-fetal-neonatal interface is of value because of the significance of the vitamin D endocrine system in human health and high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in mothers and their infants. Although many questions have still not been answered by the existing literature, we found evidence that: (i) during pregnancy vitamin D participates in fetal skeletal mineralization and growth, (ii) neonatal vitamin D levels are dependent on the maternal vitamin D status at delivery, (iii) a vitamin D sufficient status at birth may decrease the risk for the development of asthma and type 1 diabetes mellitus in later life, (iv) recommendations for maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels ≥32 ng/mL to avoid secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults have not been applied to mothers and their infants, (v) American Academy of Pediatrics recommended supplementation of 400 IU of vitamin D per day is sufficient only for infants who are born with normal vitamin D levels and (vii) supplementation of lactating mothers with high doses of vitamin D (4000 IU/d) allows the achievement of optimal 25(OH)D concentrations (>32 ng/mL) in the maternal and infant serum without any risk of hypervitaminosis D in the mother. We believe that inconsistency in the recognition of sufficient levels of vitamin D in mothers and their infants affects the identification of adequate doses for vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and infancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrova
mesh_terms: D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000378:metabolism*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D