title: Nodal staging score: a tool for survival prediction of node-negative bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recently developed nodal staging score (NSS) might give an estimation of the likelihood of lymph node (LN) metastasis more accurately than simple cutoff of the number of LNs removed. The study aimed to evaluate whether patients with higher NSS will have a better outcome, since the NSS may provide an accurate staging across tumor stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and histopathologic data from 242 patients with LN-negative urothelial bladder cancer (pN0) were analyzed. Probability of missing positive LN of <10% (clinical NSS 90%) was set by examining 6 nodes for clinical Ta-Tis tumors, 9 nodes for cT1 tumors, and 25 nodes for cT2 tumors. Multivariate analysis by Cox's proportional hazards model was used to determine the contribution of NSS to cancer-specific survival rates of patients. Discrimination, calibration, and clinical net benefit of the Cox regression model were evaluated using a time-dependent receiver operating characteristics curve, plotting Kaplan-Meyer curve and decision curve analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Margin status and NSS exhibited independent contributions in the Cox regression model. The predictive accuracy of the Cox regression model was 0.756. The Cox regression model successfully stratified the outcome into three different groups based on score. At 2, 5, and 8 years, the Cox regression model performed well across a wide range of threshold probabilities using decision curve analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the prognostic relevance of the NSS 90% cutoff in patients with LN-negative bladder cancer. The present results should be validated by prospective studies with defined LN dissection area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Hyeon Hoe
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Cheol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Bladder cancer; Lymph node; Outcomes; Radical cystectomy; Urothelial carcinoma