title: Antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite zirconium nitride/silver coatings to combat external bone fixation pin infections.
abstract: During external fixation, temporary implants are used to penetrate the skin, muscle and bone to support severely fractured bones. This creates a biologically critical interface at the site of entry, which potentially allows a risk of infection. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate potential antimicrobial nanocomposites to combat infection. Magnetron sputtering was used to produce zirconium nitride/silver nanocomposite coatings, which were prepared at two different silver concentrations of 15.5 at.% and 29.8 at.%. These coatings were characterized for morphology, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity in comparison to pure zirconium nitride and stainless steel. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were used as in vitro test organisms in a range of antimicrobial assays; retention of the bacteria on the surfaces and their survival using LiveDead™ staining; the use of a metabolic redox dye to indicate a contact kill and zone of inhibition assays to indicate leaching of inhibitory silver ions. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated a significant kill when the bacterial cells came in contact with the coatings containing silver at both 15.5 at.% and 29.8 at.%. No inhibitory leaching from the surfaces occurred. These surfaces demonstrate potential for use as antimicrobial fixation pin coatings.
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wickens
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verran
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D016267:External Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D053761:Nanocomposites; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D013193:Stainless Steel; D012834:Silver; D015040:Zirconium