title: Predictors of high-energy foods and beverages: a longitudinal study among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents tend to have poor dietary intakes, some manage to eat healthily. Understanding how some disadvantaged adolescents restrict high-energy foods and beverages may inform initiatives promoting healthier diets among this population. The present investigation aimed to: (i) identify disadvantaged adolescents' high-energy food and beverage intakes; and (ii) explore cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between intrapersonal, social and environmental factors and disadvantaged adolescents' high-energy food intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal online surveys were completed at baseline (2004-2005) and follow-up (2006-2007), each comprising a thirty-eight-item FFQ and questions examining intrapersonal, social and environmental factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven secondary schools in metropolitan and non-metropolitan Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 1938 adolescents aged 12-15 years participating at both time points, 529 disadvantaged adolescents (whose mothers had low education levels) were included in the present investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline and follow-up, respectively 32% and 39% of adolescents consumed high-energy foods less frequently (≤2 high-energy food meals/week); 61% and 65% consumed high-energy beverages less frequently (≤1 time/d). More girls than boys had less frequent high-energy food intakes, and baseline consumption frequency predicted consumption frequency at follow-up. Adolescents with less frequent consumption of high-energy foods and beverages seldom ate fast food for main meals, reported reduced availability of high-energy foods at home and were frequently served vegetables at dinner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrition promotion initiatives could help improve disadvantaged adolescents' eating behaviours by promoting adolescents and their families to replace high-energy meals with nutritious home-prepared meals and decrease home availability of high-energy foods in place of more nutritious foods.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Lena D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001315:Australia; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058870:Food, Organic; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D035862:Vulnerable Populations