title: Grape seed extract reduces the severity of selected disease markers in the proximal colon of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grape seed extract (GSE) constitutes a rich source of procyanidins. GSE has been demonstrated to exert encouraging anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties in experimental settings, although its effects on inflammation of the colon remain undefined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of GSE in a rat model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) for ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged daily (days 0-10) with GSE (400 mg/kg). Ulcerative colitis was induced by substituting DSS (2 % w/v) for drinking water from days 5-10. A sucrose breath test was performed on day 11 to determine small bowel function and intestinal tissues were collected for histological analyses. Statistical analysis was by one-way or repeated-measures ANOVA and p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to DSS-treated controls, GSE significantly decreased ileal villus height (14 %; p < 0.01) and mucosal thickness (13 %; p < 0.01) towards the values of normal controls. GSE reduced qualitative histological severity score (p < 0.05) in the proximal colon, although no significant effect was evident in the distal colon. However, GSE failed to prevent DSS-induced damage to the crypts of both colonic regions. Administration of GSE did not negatively impact metabolic parameters, nor did it induce any deleterious gastrointestinal side effects in healthy animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSE decreased the severity of selected markers of DSS-induced colitis in the distal ileum and proximal colon, suggesting the potential as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Future studies of GSE should investigate alternative delivery methods and treatment regimens, further seeking to identify the individual bioactive factors.
authors.affiliation: Wine Science and Business Group School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Ker Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Cheah
authors.forename: Susan E P
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Thomas M V
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Acott
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abimosleh
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lymn
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Howarth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001944:Breath Tests; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013393:Sucrase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D013393:Sucrase