title: Implementation of a standardized process for ordering and dispensing of high-alert emergency medication infusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacies encounter challenges when ensuring safe, timely medication dispensing to patients in the pediatric intensive care unit, when high-alert medications are needed in emergent situations. Removal of these medications from nursing stock presented challenges to providing timely administration to critical patients. The project's purpose was to develop a new method for reducing dispensing time while improving patient safety in pediatric intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  A committee of physicians, nurses, a clinical pharmacist, and pharmacy administration collaborated for process development. The process established a list of compounded, ready-to-use infusions stored in the pharmacy, immediately available for dispensing. The dispensing mechanism includes ordering and dispensing processes using an "Urgent Drip Request" form. Most frequently ordered infusions (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were added to automated dispensing cabinets in critical care units in concentrations that could be safely infused centrally or peripherally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the initial 4 months, 71 "Urgent Drip Request" sheets were processed. Drug utilization evaluation demonstrated a dispensing time of less than 1 minute for drip medications leaving the pharmacy after the form was received. No sheets processed exceeded the institutional 30-minute turnaround time, nor were errors or delays documented. Limited turnaround time data existed preimplementation but was not robust enough for analysis. It was not ethically feasible to perform a head-to-head comparison with the previous method, as it might have resulted in delay of therapy and negative patient outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This program allows high-alert medication infusion availability in an expedited manner, removes potential for compounding errors at the bedside, and assures clean room preparation. This has improved pharmacy efficiency in provision of safe patient care to critically ill pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  ; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polischuk
authors.forename: Carol G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Vetterly
authors.forename: Kelli L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Phuong-Tan
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Ha
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Modery
keywords: emergency medications; high-alert medications; medication safety; patient safety; pediatric