title: Changes of N/L ratio and cortisol levels associated with experimental training in untrained rhesus macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal training prior to beginning an experiment is an essential procedure and a very important course because it may affect the results of hematologic and hormonal variables and the functions influenced by those factors. Because this training inevitably causes animal stress, we wondered how much time is needed for untrained monkeys to recover from stresses associated with experimental training.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the hematological and stress hormonal (e.g., cortisol) changes on weekly basis before and after experimental monkey chair training in newly acquired rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio significantly increased during the initial phase of the training and then gradually decreased after 3 weeks. Elevated serum cortisol levels in the initial phase also significantly decreased after 3 weeks of chair training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that at least a 3-week period is needed in monkey chair training for recovery from training stress. These results suggest that many researchers using nonhuman primates should provide enough time (>3 weeks) for adaptation to the experimental environment prior to beginning a study.
authors.affiliation: Xenotransplantation Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, and Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea. dalbi77@hanmail.net
authors.forename: Jae-Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jun-Seop
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Ji-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gaeul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chung-Gyu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone