title: Changes in carotid intima-media thickness during the cardiac cycle: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of subclinical cardiovascular disease, changes during the cardiac cycle. The magnitude of this effect and its implications have not been well studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Far-wall IMT measurements of the right common carotid artery were measured at end diastole and peak systole in 5633 individuals from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Multivariable regression models were generated with end-diastolic IMT, peak-systolic IMT, and change in IMT during the cardiac cycle as dependent variables and traditional cardiovascular risk factors as independent variables. The average age of our population was 61.9 (45 to 84) years. Average change in carotid IMT during the cardiac cycle was 0.041 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.039 to 0.042 mm), with a mean IMT of 0.68 mm. End-diastolic IMT and peak-systolic IMT were similarly associated with risk factors. In a fully adjusted model, change in carotid IMT during the cardiac cycle was associated with ethnicity and pulse pressure (P=0.001) and not age, sex, or other risk factors. Chinese and Hispanics had less of a change in IMT than did non-Hispanic whites. With peak-systolic IMT reference values used as normative data, 31.3% more individuals were classified as being in the upper quartile of IMT and at high risk for cardiovascular disease than would be expected when IMT is measured at end diastole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurable differences in IMT are seen during the cardiac cycle. This affects the interpretation of IMT measurements used for cardiovascular risk assessment, given published normative data with IMT measured at peak systole.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00063440. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001420 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001420.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine,  Boston, MA (J.F.P., A.H.).
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Quenna
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: N David
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Yanez
keywords: atherosclerosis; blood pressure; carotid arteries; diastole; epidemiology; risk factors; systole; ultrasonics