title: Aging effects on detection of spectral changes induced by a break in sound correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that both younger adults and older adults with clinically normal hearing are able to detect a break in correlation (BIC) between interaurally correlated sounds presented over headphones. This ability to detect a BIC improved when the correlated sounds were presented over left and right loudspeakers rather than over left and right headphones, suggesting that additional spectral cues provided by comb filtering (caused by interference between the two channels) facilitate detection of the BIC. However, older adults receive significantly less benefit than younger adults from a switch to loudspeaker presentation. It is hypothesized that this is a result of an age-related reduction in the sensitivity to the monaural spectral cues provided by comb filtering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were conducted in this study. Correlated white noises with a BIC in the temporal middle were presented from two spatially separated loudspeakers (positioned at ±45-degree azimuth) and recorded at the right ear of a Knowles Electronic Manikin for Acoustic Research (KEMAR). In Experiment 1, the waveforms recorded at the KEMAR's right ear were presented to the participant's right ear over a headphone in 14 younger adults and 24 older adults with clinically normal hearing. In Experiment 2, 8 of the 14 younger participants participated. Under the monaurally cueing condition, the waveforms recorded at the KEMAR's right ear were presented to the participant's right ear as Experiment 1. Under the binaurally cueing condition, waveforms delivered from the left loudspeaker and those from the right loudspeaker were recorded at the KEMAR's left and right ear, respectively, thereby eliminating the spectral ripple cue, and were presented to the participant's left and right ears, respectively. For each of the two experiments, the break duration threshold for detecting the BIC was examined when the interloudspeaker interval (delay) (ILI) was 0, 1, 2, or 4 msec (left loudspeaker leading).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, both younger participants and older participants detected the BIC in the waveforms recorded by the right ear of KEMAR, but older participants had higher detection thresholds than younger participants when the ILI was 0, 2, or 4 msec without an effect of SPL shift between 59 and 71 dB. In Experiment 2, each of the eight younger participants was able to detect the occurrence of the BIC in either the monaurally cueing or binaural-cueing condition. In addition, the detection threshold under the monaurally cueing condition was substantially the same as that under the binaurally cueing condition at each of the four ILIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger adults and older adults with clinically normal hearing are able to detect the monaural spectral changes arising from comb filtering when a sudden drop in intersound correlation is introduced. However, younger adults are more sensitive than older adults are, at detecting the BIC. The findings suggest that older adults are less able than younger adults to detect a periodic ripple in the sound spectrum. This age-related ability reduction may contribute to older adults' difficulties in hearing under noisy, reverberant conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Machine Intelligence, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tianshu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Shuyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xihong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*