title: Delayed flow-mediated vasodilation and carotid atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, we identified temporally distinct postischaemic flow-mediated dilation (FMD) patterns comparing the standard clinical measurement time of 50s postcuff release with measurement at 2 min. The comparison revealed a cohort with the highest FMD at 50s (Early FMD), another cohort with the highest FMD at 2 min (Late FMD) and a third cohort with no FMD (Absent FMD). The aim of this study was to examine whether these temporally distinct FMD patterns associated with different degrees of carotid atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-four free-living white subjects, participating in a cardio-vascular disease prevention campaign, were enrolled. FMD was measured at 50s, 2 min and 3 min after forearm ischaemia. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery was measured, and the artery was evaluated for the presence and number of carotid plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven subjects had Early FMD, 34 had Late FMD and 33 had Absent FMD. The three groups were comparable for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors. The number of plaques in the carotid arteries, and IMT, increased progressively from Early, to Late, and to Absent FMD (P < 0·03), indicating that the FMD pattern is an independent predictive variable for IMT and carotid atherosclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that temporal patterns associated with the degree of atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries. Patients with delayed vasodilation (Late FMD) had a higher degree of atherosclerosis than those with early vasodilation (Early FMD), and subjects with no postischaemic vasodilation (Absent FMD) had the most atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica G. Salvatore, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy. irace@unicz.it
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Irace
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carallo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loprete
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tripolino
authors.forename: Faustina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scavelli
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gnasso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*