title: The production effect benefits performance in between-subject designs: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Producing (e.g., saying, mouthing) some items and silently reading others has been shown to result in a reliable advantage favoring retention of the produced compared to non-produced items at test. However, evidence has been mixed as to whether the benefits of production are limited to within- as opposed to between-subject designs. It has even been suggested that the within-subjects nature of the production effect may be one of its defining characteristics. Meta-analytic techniques were applied to evaluate this claim. Findings indicated a moderate effect of production on recognition memory when varied between-subjects (g=0.37). This outcome suggests that the production effect is not defined as an exclusively within-subject occurrence.
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1. jmfawcet@dal.ca
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fawcett
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech