title: Mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoarthritis is associated with down-regulation of superoxide dismutase 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is down- regulated in osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to investigate the functional effects of this down-regulation in the context of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid peroxidation in articular cartilage from OA patients and from lesion-free control subjects with femoral neck fracture was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde levels using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Long-range polymerase chain reaction amplification and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) strand break assay were used to investigate the presence of somatic large-scale mtDNA rearrangements in cartilage. Microscale oxygraphy was used to explore possible changes in mitochondrial respiratory activity between OA and control chondrocytes. RNA interference was used to determine the effects of SOD2 depletion on lipid peroxidation, mtDNA damage, and mitochondrial respiration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OA cartilage had higher levels of lipid peroxidation compared to control cartilage, and lipid peroxidation was similarly elevated in SOD2-depleted chondrocytes. SOD2 depletion led to a significant increase in mtDNA strand breaks in chondrocytes, but there was no notable difference in the level of strand breaks between OA and control chondrocytes. Furthermore, only very low levels of somatic, large-scale mtDNA rearrangements were identified in OA cartilage. OA chondrocytes showed less spare respiratory capacity (SRC) and higher proton leak compared to control chondrocytes. SOD2-depleted chondrocytes also showed less SRC and higher proton leak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to analyze the effects of SOD2 depletion in human articular chondrocytes in terms of changes to oxidation and mitochondrial function. The findings indicate that SOD2 depletion in chondrocytes leads to oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that SOD2 down-regulation is a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of OA.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gavriilidis
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Zglinicki
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000201:enzymology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2