title: Prevalence and spread of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolates among nursing home residents in the southern part of The Netherlands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empiric antibiotic treatment should be based on recent surveillance data. Therefore, we conducted a surveillance of (multidrug) resistance of Escherichia coli and antibiotic use among Dutch nursing home (NH) residents. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were used to describe the spread of multidrug-resistant strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five NHs in the southern part of The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 337 NH residents from both somatic and psychogeriatric wards.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence and spread of antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistant E. coli isolates collected from urine samples and antibiotic use among the NH residents were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 208 E. coli isolates were collected from 308 urine samples. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was 23% and resistance to ciprofloxacin was 16%. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 19%, whereas nitrofurantoin resistance was less than 1%. Multidrug resistance was observed in 28 of the 208 isolates (13%). Several isolates showed a similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotype and multilocus sequence typing type. Sequence type (ST) 131 was the most prevalent (48%) and was demonstrated in all NHs and with four different pulsotypes. Consumption of antibiotics for systemic use was 64.4 defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 residents/day. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was most frequently prescribed (20.92 DDD/1000 residents/day), followed by the quinolones (14.8 DDD/1000 residents/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use. In particular, the use of and resistance to fluoroquinolones is concerning. Because of the high prevalence of resistance, many agents are no longer suitable for empiric treatment. E. coli ST131, which has also been demonstrated in this study, poses a potential risk to this vulnerable population. We have clearly demonstrated that the resistance among NH residents is different from elderly living at home and hospitalized patients, and with the emergence of resistant strains, such as ST131, NHs are a potential reservoir for multidrug resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C F M
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: van der Donk
authors.forename: J M G A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: R G P
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hagenouw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meulendijks
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Stobberingh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents