title: Cystectomy and urinary diversion in the treatment of bladder cancer without artificial respiration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and performance of radical cystectomy with urinary diversion using exclusively regional anesthesia (i.e. combined spinal thoracic epidural anesthesia, CSTEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011 radical cystectomy with extended pelvic and iliac lymphadenectomy was performed on 14 patients using urinary diversion without applying general anesthesia. Under maintained spontaneous breathing, the patients were awake and responsive during the entire procedure. Postoperatively, pain management took three days with the remaining epidural catheter before oral analgesics were administered. Mobilization and diet restoration were carried out according to the fast-track concept. Outcome measurements included operative time, blood loss, beginning of oral nutrition, beginning of mobilization, postoperative pain levels using numerical and visual analog scales (NAS/VAS), length of hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All surgical procedures were performed without any complications. The absence of general anesthesia did not result in any relevant disadvantages. The postoperative progress was normal in all patients. Particularly, cardiopulmonary complications and enteroparesis did not occur. The provided palliative care proved sufficient (NAS max. 3-4). Discharge followed 10 to 22 days after surgery. At the time of discharge, the patients described the procedure to be relatively positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that CSTEA is an effective technique for radical cystectomy, whereby spontaneous breathing and reduced interference with the cardiopulmonary system potentially lower the perioperative risks especially for high-risk patients. We recommend practice of CSTEA for radical cystectomy to further evaluate and monitor the safety, efficacy, outcomes, and complications of CSTEA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, HELIOS Klinikum GmbH Berlin, Berlin, Germany. ffreksa@gmx.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedrich-Freksa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nitzke
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Popken
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*