title: Clostridium difficile infection in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the rate of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and hospital-associated outcomes in a national cohort of hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and assess the impact of long-term dialysis on outcome in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2009 were obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, which includes information on patient demographics, diagnoses, procedures, and discharge types. Data collected and analyzed for this study included age, sex, race, admission type (urgent or emergent combined vs elective), any colectomy diagnosis, length of stay, type of discharge, and mortality. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were utilized to identify CKD patients and CDI events. Weighted analysis was performed using JMP version 9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 162 million adults were hospitalized during 2005-2009, and 8.03 million (5%) had CKD (median age, 71 years). The CDI rate in CKD patients was 1.49% (0.119 million) compared with 0.70% (1.14 million) in patients without CKD (P<.001). Patients with CKD who were undergoing long-term dialysis were more than 2 times as likely to develop CDI than non-CKD patients and 1.33 times more likely than CKD patients not undergoing dialysis (all P<.001). In a weighted multivariate analysis adjusting for sex and comorbidities, patients with CKD and CDI had longer hospitalization, higher colectomy rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14-2.47), dismissal to a health care facility (aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 2.19-2.25), and increased in-hospital mortality (aOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.52-1.59; all P<.001) as compared with CKD patients without CDI. Patients with CKD who were undergoing long-term dialysis did not have worse outcomes as compared with CKD patients who were not undergoing long-term dialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that patients with CKD have a higher risk of CDI and increased hospital-associated morbidity and mortality. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to identify effective CDI prevention in CKD patients, who appear to have an increased risk of CDI acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Mira T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Keddis
authors.forename: Sahil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noheria
authors.forename: Larry M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Baddour
authors.forename: Darrell S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pardi
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology