title: Effects of non-indigenous oysters on microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning.
abstract: Invasive ecosystem engineers can physically and chemically alter the receiving environment, thereby affecting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, invasive throughout much of the world, can establish dense populations monopolising shorelines and possibly altering ecosystem processes including decomposition and nutrient cycling. The effects of increasing cover of invasive C. gigas on ecosystem processes and associated microbial assemblages in mud-flats were tested experimentally in the field. Pore-water nutrients (NH(4)(+) and total oxidised nitrogen), sediment chlorophyll content, microbial activity, total carbon and nitrogen, and community respiration (CO(2) and CH(4)) were measured to assess changes in ecosystem functioning. Assemblages of bacteria and functionally important microbes, including methanogens, methylotrophs and ammonia-oxidisers were assessed in the oxic and anoxic layers of sediment using terminal restriction length polymorphism of the bacterial 16S rRNA, mxaF, amoA and archaeal mcrA genes respectively. At higher covers (40 and 80%) of oysters there was significantly greater microbial activity, increased chlorophyll content, CO(2) (13 fold greater) and CH(4) (6 fold greater) emission from the sediment compared to mud-flats without C. gigas. At 10% cover, C. gigas increased the concentration of total oxidised nitrogen and altered the assemblage structure of ammonia-oxidisers and methanogens. Concentrations of pore-water NH(4)(+) were increased by C. gigas regardless of cover. Invasive species can alter ecosystem functioning not only directly, but also indirectly, by affecting microbial communities vital for the maintenance of ecosystem processes, but the nature and magnitude of these effects can be non-linear, depending on invader abundance.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. danniellesgreen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dannielle S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boots
authors.forename: Tasman P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D044822:Biodiversity; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D019605:Euryarchaeota / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C045582:ammonia monooxygenase; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane