title: Clinical features, surgical treatment and long-term outcome in adult patients with Moyamoya disease in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moyamoya disease (MMD) develops mostly in Asian countries including Japan, Korea, mainland China and Taiwan. However, there are few detailed demographic and clinical data about Chinese patients with MMD. Currently, the most effective treatment in adult patients with MMD is unknown. There have only been a few small case series reporting on encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) in an adult population. Here we describe the clinical features, surgical treatment and long-term outcome of adults with MMD treated at a single institution in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our cohort included 470 adult patients with MMD. The demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained by retrospective chart review and long-term outcome was evaluated using the stroke status. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to determine the neurological functional outcome. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine risk factors for postoperative morbidity and functional outcome. The risk of subsequent stroke was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression was used to determine risk factors for postoperative or subsequent strokes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age for the onset of symptoms was 36.8 (range, 18-59) years. The ratio of female to male patients was 1:1 (231/239). Familial occurrence of MMD was 2.3%. The most common initial symptom was a cerebral ischemic event. The incidence of postoperative ischemic events or hemorrhage was 5.9% (9.8% of patients). Older age at symptom onset, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) involvement and the presence of transient ischemic attack (TIA) were identified as predictors of adverse postoperative events. The Kaplan-Meier estimate stroke risk was 10.1% in the first 2 years, and the 5-year Kaplan-Meier risk of stroke was 13% after surgery for all patients treated with surgical revascularization. Older age at symptom onset, PCA involvement and the presence of TIA were identified as predictors of postoperative or subsequent strokes. Overall, 73.2% of patients had an independent life with no significant disability, with the strongest predictor being the preoperative mRS score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical characteristics of adult MMD in China are different from those in other Asian countries. EDAS in adult patients with MMD carries a low risk, is effective at preventing future ischemic events and improves quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, 307 Hospital, PLA Center for Cerebral Vascular Disease, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: De-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei-Zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wei-Jian
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zheng-Shan
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult