title: A chitosan based, laser activated thin film surgical adhesive, 'SurgiLux': preparation and demonstration.
abstract: Sutures are a 4,000 year old technology that remain the 'gold-standard' for wound closure by virtue of their repair strength (~100 KPa). However, sutures can act as a nidus for infection and in many procedures are unable to effect wound repair or interfere with functional tissue regeneration.(1) Surgical glues and adhesives, such as those based on fibrin and cyanoacrylates, have been developed as alternatives to sutures for the repair of such wounds. However, current commercial adhesives also have significant disadvantages, ranging from viral and prion transfer and a lack of repair strength as with the fibrin glues, to tissue toxicity and a lack of biocompatibility for the cyanoacrylate based adhesives. Furthermore, currently available surgical adhesives tend to be gel-based and can have extended curing times which limit their application.(2) Similarly, the use of UV lasers to facilitate cross-linking mechanisms in protein-based or albumin 'solders' can lead to DNA damage while laser tissue welding (LTW) predisposes thermal damage to tissues.(3) Despite their disadvantages, adhesives and LTW have captured approximately 30% of the wound closure market reported to be in excess of US $5 billion per annum, a significant testament to the need for sutureless technology.(4) In the pursuit of sutureless technology we have utilized chitosan as a biomaterial for the development of a flexible, thin film, laser-activated surgical adhesive termed 'SurgiLux'. This novel bioadhesive uses a unique combination of biomaterials and photonics that are FDA approved and successfully used in a variety of biomedical applications and products. SurgiLux overcomes all the disadvantages associated with sutures and current surgical adhesives (see Table 1). In this presentation we report the relatively simple protocol for the fabrication of SurgiLux and demonstrate its laser activation and tissue weld strength. SurgiLux films adhere to collagenous tissue without chemical modification such as cross-linking and through irradiation using a comparatively low-powered (120 mW) infrared laser instead of UV light. Chitosan films have a natural but weak adhesive attraction to collagen (~3 KPa), laser activation of the chitosan based SurgiLux films emphasizes the strength of this adhesion through polymer chain interactions as a consequence of transient thermal expansion.(5) Without this 'activation' process, SurgiLux films are readily removed.(6-9) SurgiLux has been tested both in vitro and in vivo on a variety of tissues including nerve, intestine, dura mater and cornea. In all cases it demonstrated good biocompatibility and negligible thermal damage as a consequence of irradiation.(6-10).
authors.affiliation: Bio/Polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales. J.Foster@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: L John R
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karsten
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D048271:Chitosan