title: Use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine rates of psychotropic medication use and identify associated child and family characteristics among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in an autism registry maintained by the Autism Treatment Network (ATN).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample, derived from the ATN registry, consists of 2853 children aged 2 to 17 years with diagnoses of ASD supported by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with available data on medication use. As part of initial enrollment in the registry, parents completed questionnaires on current psychotropic medication use, psychiatric and medical conditions, and demographics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2853 children, 763 (27%) were taking ≥ 1 psychotropic medication; 15% were prescribed 1 medication, 7.4% received 2 medications, and 4.5% received ≥ 3. Among children aged 3 to 5 years, 11% were taking ≥ 1 psychotropic medication; among 6- to 11-year-old children, 46%; and 66% of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were taking at ≥ 1 psychotropic medication. A parent report of comorbid diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, or anxiety was associated with a high rate of use, with 80% receiving ≥ 1 psychotropic medication. Only 15% of children with no comorbid psychiatric disorder were taking psychotropic medication. Psychotropic medication use was also related to sleep and gastrointestinal problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prescription of psychotropic medications in this registry sample is highly related to comorbid psychiatric disorder. Other factors associated with use include medical comorbidities, race, ethnicity, and older age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Timken G-350, Columbus, Ohio 43205-2696, USA. daniel.coury@nationwidechildrens.org
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Coury
authors.forename: Evdokia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anagnostou
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manning-Courtney
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs