title: Unaffected control of distractor interference in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of incompatibility slowing in flanker tasks.
abstract: In schizophrenia research executive functions have been frequently reported to be impaired on a global level, largely ignoring the fact that the term executive functions refers to a collection of cognitive functions, which may be affected independently of each other. In the present meta-analysis we were able to show that an aspect of interference control, the ability to resist to distracting information, is not substantially affected in schizophrenia. Summarizing the results of 21 studies using a flanker task, we did not find an increased incompatibility slowing (relative to a compatible flanker condition). The mean effect size, integrating the data of 1029 schizophrenia and 848 controls, was with M(g) = 0.037 (95% confidence interval: -0.05 to 0.13) small and the test power was with 1-β = 0.991 sufficiently high to exclude even small population effects. A similar result was obtained when analyzing the incompatibility slowing relative to a neutral flanker condition (8 studies, M(g) = -0.032, 95% confidence interval: -0.16 to 0.09). In not being substantially affected in schizophrenia, the ability to resist distractor interference could serve as "scaffold function", which used by cognitive remediation programs, would allow to build up general functions, such as vigilance and attention, before the affected executive abilities would be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. rene.westerhausen@psybp.uib.no
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westerhausen
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kompus
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hugdahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology