title: Retinal vessel tortuosity measures and their applications.
abstract: Structural retinal vascular characteristics, such as vessel calibers, tortuosity and bifurcation angles are increasingly quantified in an objective manner, slowly replacing subjective qualitative disease classification schemes. This paper provides an overview of the current methodologies and calculations used to compute retinal vessel tortuosity. We set out the different parameter calculations and provide an insight into the clinical applications, while critically reviewing its pitfalls and shortcomings.
authors.affiliation: Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
authors.forename: Angelos A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kalitzeos
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: Rebekka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heitmar
mesh_terms: D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*