title: Retinoblastoma external beam photon irradiation with a special 'D'-shaped collimator: a comparison between measurements, Monte Carlo simulation and a treatment planning system calculation.
abstract: Retinoblastoma is the most common eye tumour in childhood. According to the available long-term data, the best outcome regarding tumour control and visual function has been reached by external beam radiotherapy. The benefits of the treatment are, however, jeopardized by a high incidence of radiation-induced secondary malignancies and the fact that irradiated bones grow asymmetrically. In order to better exploit the advantages of external beam radiotherapy, it is necessary to improve current techniques by reducing the irradiated volume and minimizing the dose to the facial bones. To this end, dose measurements and simulated data in a water phantom are essential. A Varian Clinac 2100 C/D operating at 6 MV is used in conjunction with a dedicated collimator for the retinoblastoma treatment. This collimator conforms a 'D'-shaped off-axis field whose irradiated area can be either 5.2 or 3.1 cm(2). Depth dose distributions and lateral profiles were experimentally measured. Experimental results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations' run with the penelope code and with calculations performed with the analytical anisotropic algorithm implemented in the Eclipse treatment planning system using the gamma test. penelope simulations agree reasonably well with the experimental data with discrepancies in the dose profiles less than 3 mm of distance to agreement and 3% of dose. Discrepancies between the results found with the analytical anisotropic algorithm and the experimental data reach 3 mm and 6%. Although the discrepancies between the results obtained with the analytical anisotropic algorithm and the experimental data are notable, it is possible to consider this algorithm for routine treatment planning of retinoblastoma patients, provided the limitations of the algorithm are known and taken into account by the medical physicist and the clinician. Monte Carlo simulation is essential for knowing these limitations. Monte Carlo simulation is required for optimizing the treatment technique and the dedicated collimator.
authors.affiliation: NCTeam, Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen, Germany. lorenzo.brualla@uni-duisburg-essen.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brualla
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mayorga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flühs
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lallena
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempau
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*