title: Characterizing peritoneal dialysis catheter use in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children who undergo cardiac surgery are at high risk for renal insufficiency and abdominal compartment syndrome. Peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC) implantation is used in this population for abdominal decompression and access for dialysis. However, there is no consensus regarding PDC use, and the practice varies widely. This study was undertaken to assess associated factors, outcomes, and variability in the use of PDC in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort was obtained from the Kids' Inpatient Database, years 2006 and 2009. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery were included and the subset that underwent PDC implantation during the same hospitalization was identified. Univariable and multivariable analyses assessed factors associated with PDC and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cohort of 28,259 patients underwent cardiac surgery, of whom 558 (2%) had PDCs placed. In the PDC group, 39.1% (n = 218) had acute renal failure whereas 3.5% or patients (n = 974) in the non-PDC group had acute renal failure. Among patients receiving PDC, mortality was 20.3% (n = 113; vs 3.4% overall mortality, n = 955). Excluding patients with acute renal failure, mortality remained 12% (n = 41) for the PDC group. Factors associated significantly with PDC placement in the overall cohort were younger age, greater surgical complexity, nonelective admission, hospital region, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and acute renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving PDC after cardiac surgery had 20% mortality, which remained 12% after excluding patients with acute renal failure. Given the variability in PDC use and poor outcomes, further research is needed to assess the possible benefit of earlier intervention for peritoneal access in this high-risk cohort.
authors.affiliation: University of Mich Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA.
authors.forename: Arin L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Madenci
authors.forename: Ravi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Stoffan
authors.forename: Sitaram M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Emani
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Weldon
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: 41.1; 41.3; ARF; CPB; ICD-9-CM; International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification; KID; Kids' Inpatient Database; PDC; RACHS-1; Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; acute renal failure; cardiopulmonary bypass; peritoneal dialysis catheter