title: Occurrence of pesticides in transboundary aquifers of North-eastern Greece.
abstract: A five-year groundwater monitoring program undertaken in Evros (north-east Greece), showed a diversification in the levels of pesticide residues detected in adjacent transboundary aquifers. During the first two years 37 wells, including irrigation, drinking water and artesian wells were monitored while the next three years the survey was focused on the 11 most contaminated wells. The presence of pesticide residues was also monitored in the phreatic horizon (shallow groundwater) of four experimental boreholes drilled in the respective margins of four fields. Among the compounds found alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA) and caffeine were constantly detected. Pesticide concentrations were much lower (up to 1.54 μg/L) in the water of the monitored drinking water wells (deep groundwater aquifers) compared to those found in the phreatic horizon (experimental boreholes) of the respective areas (up to 5.20 μg/L). DEA to atrazine concentration ratios (DAR) determined for the phreatic horizon of the three boreholes and respective wells were lower than 1, indicating that preferential flow was the cause of the fast downward movement of atrazine to the phreatic horizon. In contrast the DAR for the fourth borehole and the adjacent well were greater than 1 indicating the absence of preferential flow of atrazine. Catabolic processes of the soil converted atrazine to DEA which is more mobile than atrazine itself through chromatographic (darcian) flow. This differential behavior of pesticides in adjacent aquifers (3 km) was further investigated by determining the apparent age of water in the two wells. The apparent age of the water present in the first aquifer was 21.7 years whereas the apparent age of that in the second aquifer was approximately 1.2 years. The faster replenishing rate of the latter is an indication that this aquifer is very vulnerable to contamination with pollutants present in the infiltrated soil water.
authors.affiliation: Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, 193 Pantazidou, 68200 Orestias, Greece. zvryzas@agro.duth.gr
authors.forename: Zisis
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vryzas
authors.forename: Emmanuel N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: Euphemia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou-Mourkidou
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006115:Greece; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D062070:Hydrology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical