title: DeoxyArbutin and its derivatives inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis without inducing reactive oxygen species or apoptosis.
abstract: Safety is a major concern in developing commercial skin-lightening agents. Here, we report the modulating effects of deoxyArbutin (dA) and its second-generation derivatives - deoxyFuran (dF), 2-fluorodeoxyArbutin (fdA), and thiodeoxyArbutin (tdA) - on tyrosinase, and consequently, on melanization. Results demonstrate that dA and its derivatives inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa oxidase activity of tyrosinase. The inhibition is dose-dependent, thereby inhibiting melanin synthesis in intact melanocytes, when used at concentrations that retain 95% viability of the treated cells in culture. Herein we demonstrate that dA, and its second-generation derivatives dF, fdA, and tdA, exhibit dose-dependent reductions in melanocyte cell number, primarily due to inhibition of proliferation rather than initiation of apoptosis as exemplified by hydroquinone (HQ), ie, cytostatic as opposed to cytotoxic. Human and murine melanocytes with functional mutations in either tyrosinase or tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) are less sensitive to the cytostatic effects of dA and its derivatives. Minimal amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated upon treatment with dA and its derivatives, in contrast to a dramatic amount of ROS induced by HQ. This increase in ROS subsequently induced the expression of the endogenous antioxidant catalase in treated melanocytes. Treatment with exogenous antioxidants provided protection for melanocytes treated with HQ, but not dA and its derivatives, suggesting that HQ exerts more oxidative stress. These studies demonstrate that dA and its derivatives are relatively safe tyrosinase inhibitors for skin lightening or for ameliorating hyperpigmented lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0592, USA.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Kalla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kvalnes
authors.forename: Mitchell A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: deLong
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wickett
authors.forename: Prashiela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manga
authors.forename: Raymond E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Boissy
mesh_terms: D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001104:Arbutin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006873:Hydroquinones; D008543:Melanins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D001104:Arbutin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; C064056:tyrosinase-related protein-1; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C504954:deoxyarbutin; C031927:hydroquinone