title: Sources of patient uncertainty when reviewing medical disclosure and consent documentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite evidence that medical disclosure and consent forms are ineffective at communicating the risks and hazards of treatment and diagnostic procedures, little is known about exactly why they are difficult for patients to understand. The objective of this research was to examine what features of the forms increase people's uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with 254 individuals. After reading a sample consent form, participants described what they found confusing in the document. With uncertainty management as a theoretical framework, interview responses were analyzed for prominent themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct sources of uncertainty emerged from participants' responses: (a) language, (b) risks and hazards, (c) the nature of the procedure, and (d) document composition and format.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate the value of simplifying medico-legal jargon, signposting definitions of terms, removing language that addresses multiple readers simultaneously, reorganizing bulleted lists of risks, and adding section breaks or negative space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings offer suggestions for providing more straightforward details about risks and hazards to patients, not necessarily through greater amounts of information but rather through more clear and sufficient material and better formatting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. edk@austin.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donovan-Kicken
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mackert
authors.forename: Trey D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Guinn
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tollison
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Breckinridge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D035501:Uncertainty; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult