title: Effect of a high-density foam seating wedge on back pain intensity when used by 14 to 16-year-old school students: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No previous randomised controlled trials had been undertaken investigating the effect of school seating on back pain in 14 to 16 year olds. This study was designed to test the effect of the use of a high-density foam wedge on normal school seating on the intensity of back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suffolk, a predominantly rural county in eastern England.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-five students with back pain were recruited from 12 schools. Randomisation was stratified by school. The control and intervention groups included 92 and 83 students, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a 1-week baseline observation period, each student in the intervention group was given a wedge to use on their school chairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was pain intensity (numerical rating scale, 0 to 10) recorded in pain diaries over 4 weeks. Random effects models were used to analyse the pain intensity data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven students (46 control group, 51 intervention group) completed the trial. For the intervention group, pain intensity was reduced significantly over the 3 weeks of wedge use. The average reduction in pain intensity was estimated to be 0.709 points (95% confidence interval 0.341 to 1.077), representing a 58% reduction in back pain for those in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of a wedge reduced the intensity of back pain significantly, especially in the evenings. The results suggest that further research into the longer-term effect of seating on pain intensity in adolescents should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Physiotherapy Department, Ystrad Mynach Hospital, Ystrad Mynach, Hengoed, UK. Elizabeth.Candy@wales.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Candy
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farewell
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jerosch-Herold
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shepstone
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001416:Back Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011187:Posture; D012574:Schools; D016896:Treatment Outcome