title: Nicotinic α4β2 receptor imaging agents. Part IV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinyl methoxy)-5-(3'-¹⁸F-fluoropropyl)pyridine (¹⁸F-Nifrolene) using PET.
abstract: Imaging agents for nicotinic α4β2 receptors in the brain have been under way for studying various CNS disorders. Previous studies from our laboratories have reported the successful development of agonist, ¹⁸F-nifene. In attempts to develop potential antagonists, ¹⁸F-nifrolidine and ¹⁸F-nifzetidine were previously reported. Further optimization of these fluoropropyl derivatives has now been carried out resulting in 3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolinylmethoxy)-5-(3'-Fluoropropyl)pyridine (nifrolene) as a new high affinity agent for nicotinic α4β2 receptors. Nifrolene in rat brain homogenate assays--labeled with ³H-cytisine--exhibited a binding affinity of 0.36 nM. The fluorine-18 analog, ¹⁸F-nifrolene, was synthesized in approximately 10%-20% yield and specific activity was estimated to be >2000 Ci/mmol. Rat brain slices indicated selective binding to anterior thalamic nuclei, thalamus, subiculum, striata, cortex and other regions consistent with α4β2 receptor distribution. This selective binding was displaced >90% by 300 μM nicotine. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio (>10) was the highest for ¹⁸F-nifrolene with several other regions showing selective binding. In vivo rat PET studies exhibited rapid uptake of ¹⁸F-nifrolene in the brain with specific retention in the thalamus and other brain regions while clearing out from the cerebellum. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio value in the rat was >4. Administration of nicotine caused a rapid decline in the thalamic ¹⁸F-nifrolene suggesting reversible binding to nicotinic receptors. PET imaging studies of ¹⁸F-nifrolene in anesthetized rhesus monkey revealed highest binding in the thalamus followed by regions of the lateral cingulated and temporal cortex. Cerebellum showed the least binding. Thalamus to cerebellum ratio in the monkey brain was >3 at 120 min. These ratios of ¹⁸F-nifrolene are higher than measured for ¹⁸F-nifrolidine and ¹⁸F-nifzetidine. ¹⁸F-Nifrolene thus shows promise as a new PET imaging agent for α4β2 nAChR.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pichika
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kuruvilla
authors.forename: Narmisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Sangamitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Balu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Easwaramoorthy
authors.forename: Tanjore K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Bingzhi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Jogeshwar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011854:Radiochemistry; D051381:Rats; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C581141:3-(2-(3,4-dehydropyrrolinyl)methoxy)-5-(3'-fluoropropyl)pyridine; D011725:Pyridines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C403531:nicotinic receptor alpha4beta2