title: Study on small ruminant lungworms and associated risk factors in northeastern Iran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, identify the species involved and assess possible risk factors of lungworm infection in small ruminant slaughtered in abattoir of Mashhad in the northeast of Iran from October 2010-August 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faecal and post mortem examination were conducted on 350 and 2 500 animals, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of lungworm infection was 10.85% and 3.80% in coproscopic and post mortem examination respectively, and this difference was found to be significant. Higher prevalence of lungworm infection was recorded in post mortem examination in sheep (4.1%) than in goats (0.5%) (P< 0.05). The proportion of infection with Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens and mixed infection were 3.7%, 0.1% and 0.2% in sheep while in goats, the infection was reported with Dictyocaulus filaria (0.5%) only. The seasonal dynamics of lungworm infection showed that prevalence was highest in winter (7.8%) with a remarkable decline during the dry time (summer) (0.8%) which the difference was significant (P<0.001). The animals of less than one year old showed greater infection in post mortem examination than older animals significantly (P<0.001). Also, the infection rate between male and female animals showed significant difference (P<0.05) with prevalence rate of 4.6% and 2.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to its impact on production, emphasis should be given for the control and prevention of lungworm infection in this area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. hborji@um.ac.ir
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borji
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azizzadeh
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asadpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004021:Dictyocaulus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004022:Dictyocaulus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008168:Lung / Q000469:parasitology; D008174:Lung Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008681:Metastrongyloidea / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012418:Ruminants; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*