title: Antiphotoaging effect of chitooligosaccharides on human dermal fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, the effect of 3-5 kDa chitooligosaccharide (COS) on homeostasis between the expression of collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen synthesis was investigated using ultraviolet (UV)-A irradiated dermal fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  UV protection imparted by 3-5 kDa COS was measured by examining the UV absorption spectrum. Collagenase MMP secretion was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of collagenases and collagen synthetic markers were determined by employing the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-5 kDa COS not only absorbed UV-A and UV-B light but also inhibited collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13) and gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) MMP expression. The suppression of MMP expression was found to be due to an increase in expression of the tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. Treatment with 3-5 kDa COS enhanced collagen synthetic markers such as procollagen, type I, III, and IV collagens in UV-A-irradiated dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effects of 3-5 kDa COS on collagen degradation and collagen synthesis in UV-A irradiated dermal fibroblasts were regulated via the inhibition of activating protein-1 (AP-1) signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that 3-5 kDa COS can be used to develop as topical applications for antiphotoaging cosmeceuticals as it enhances collagen synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byul-Nim
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Chang-Suk
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Sung-Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Byoung-Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Se-Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017364:Collagenases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020405:Dermis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D003094:Collagen; D017364:Collagenases