title: Prospective study of biomarkers of immune response in lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on biomarkers of tolerance in organ transplantation have been widely performed during the last decade.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess biomarkers in relation to evolution of the immune response among lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter study included 27 lung transplant recipients followed before as well as at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days posttransplantation. Biomarkers of the immune response based on flow cytometry technology were validated in each center. They included intracellular cytokine expression, regulatory T-cell level, as well as lymphocyte surface antigen and CD28 expressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 13 patients who developed acute rejection episodes showed increased numbers of regulatory T cells at 12 months posttransplant. Sixteen patients experiencing infections displayed decreased expression of CD69 on CD8 T cells within the first year of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High Treg levels in the peripheral blood of lung transplant recipients were associated with an increased risk of rejection but not infection. Inversely, we observed low levels of activated CD8 T cells in infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: San Segundo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muro
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miñambres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Hoyos
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000097:blood; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D015415:Biomarkers; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000099192:CD69 Antigens