title: Cross-sectional associations between macronutrient intake and chronic kidney disease in a population at high cardiovascular risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the associations between macronutrient intake and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or microalbuminuria (MiA) in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses conducted in 2123 nondiabetic individuals from the PREDIMED study. Dietary data were collected using a food-frequency questionnaire. Analysis of covariance was used to assess associations between quartiles of nutrient intake and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). The odds ratio (OR) for the presence of CKD or MiA according to quartiles of nutrient intake was assessed by logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in the highest quartile of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake showed lower average eGFR. Individuals in the top quartile of fiber intake had a decreased risk of CKD [OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.95]. Conversely, subjects in the highest quartile of n-6 PUFA intake showed an increased risk of CKD [OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.03-2.01]. No significant associations were found between the intake of other macronutrients and eGFR, urinary ACR or risk of CKD or MiA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high fiber intake was associated with a decreased risk of CKD, while a high n-6 PUFA intake was inversely associated with eGFR and directly associated with an increased risk of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díaz-López
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulló
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basora
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guasch-Ferré
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wärnberg
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arós
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapetra
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pintó
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Covas
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D003404:Creatinine