title: ALK2 and BMPR2 knockdown and endothelin-1 production by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are heritable and related to gene mutations in bone morphogenic receptor-2 (BMPR2). These patients consequently may have a signaling imbalance within the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor superfamily. The causes of increased endothelin-1 (ET-1), which contributes to PAH, are unknown, and we therefore studied the contribution of various BMPs and their receptors on ET-1 production in vitro, after knockdown of BMPR2 in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-LBl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Receptor knockdown in HMVEC-LBl was performed using siRNA to BMPR2, and activin like-kinases 1 and 2 (ALK1, ALK2). ET-1 and TGFβ levels in the medium were measured by ELISA. In some experiments, cells were exposed to TGFβ or BMP7 or FK506 (tacrolimus). Using Western blotting, levels of BMPR2, endothelin ET(B) receptor, phosphorylated SMAD 2 (pSMAD 2), phosphorylated SMAD 1,5 (pSMAD 1,5), ALK1, ALK2, ALK5, TGFβ receptor 2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and ID1 were measured. BMPR2 knockdown significantly increased ET-1 levels. It did not affect ET(B) receptor or TGFβ levels. TGFβ increased ET-1 levels, with or without BMPR2 knockdown. BMPR2 knockdown did not affect TGFβ (pSMAD 2 and PAI-1) signaling. BMP7 increased ET-1 levels after BMPR2 knockdown but this was prevented by ALK2 knockdown as was the increase in ID1 caused by BMPR2 knockdown. FK506, which interacts with ALK2, increased ET-1 levels and ID1 levels, and this was blocked by ALK2 knockdown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALK2 may be an important receptor in ET-1 production during BMPR2 knockdown.
authors.affiliation: Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Star
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovinazzo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langleben
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000235:genetics*; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008833:Microcirculation; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C425423:ACVR1 protein, human; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; C498218:BMPR2 protein, human; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II