title: First detection and seasonal variation of lipophilic toxins okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and yessotoxin in Korean gastropods.
abstract: Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2, and yessotoxin (YTX) are classes of lipophilic toxins found in marine animals. OA and DTX1 accumulation causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, a worldwide public health problem. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning has not previously  been reported in gastropods, which are widely consumed in Korea. Seasonal variation in marine lipophilic toxins in gastropods was investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty specimens of Neptunea cumingii, 65 specimens of Rapana venosa, and  95 specimens of Batillus cornutus were collected at the Tongyeong fish market on the southern coast of Korea between May 2009 and December 2010. OA, DTX1, and YTX were detected in meat and digestive glands in all gastropod species studied. Pectenotoxin-2 was not found in any sample  tested. Lipophilic toxins were detected in the digestive glands of gastropods; no lipophilic toxin was detected in the salivary glands of the carnivorous gastropods, N. cumingii and R. venosa. The highest concentrations of OA (21.5 ng/g) and DTX1 (8.4 ng/g) were detected in the  digestive glands of R. venosa, and the maximum concentration of YTX (13.7 ng/g) was found in the digestive glands of N. cumingii. The maximum toxicities in gastropod tissues were lower than the European standard for acceptable levels. The concentrations of lipophilic toxins in  carnivorous gastropods showed a high degree of seasonal variation; lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods were found predominantly in spring and summer. This is the first report of the occurrence of lipophilic toxins in Korean gastropods.
authors.affiliation: National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Gijang-gun, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ka Jeong
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Ki Cheol
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hongsik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Doo Seog
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jee Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Ji Hoe
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D059022:Food Safety; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D035964:Oxocins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012621:Seasons; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D035964:Oxocins; D011714:Pyrans; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1; C066632:yessotoxin