title: A preliminary experimental investigation of peer influence on risk-taking among adolescent smokers and non-smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological evidence suggests that peer influence plays a significant role in a variety of adolescent risk-taking behaviors, including tobacco use. We attempted to establish this relationship in a controlled laboratory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modified the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) task to include a peer component to investigate whether peer influences alter risk-taking behaviors. Thirty-nine adolescents (22 smokers, 17 non-smokers) completed one experimental session during which the standard and peer BART were presented in counterbalanced order, with the dependent measures being adjusted mean number of pumps and explosions. We also examined the relationship of changes in the BART (standard-peer) to personality measures of impulsivity (BIS-11) and resistance to peer influence (RPI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant interaction of BART type and smoking status was present (p=.05); specifically smokers had a greater increase in the number of explosions by 2.27 (SD=3.12) compared to an increase of .29 (SD=2.87) by non-smokers. BIS-11 scores were related to peer-influenced BART changes: those who were more impulsive experienced greater changes in risk-taking, but no similar relationships were observed for the RPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that peer influences enhance risk-taking among adolescents, and that smokers may be more susceptible to these influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavalca
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liss
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Ty S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Schepis
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lejuez
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan-Sarin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine