title: Alcohol facilitates HCV RNA replication via up-regulation of miR-122 expression and inhibition of cyclin G1 in human hepatoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies demonstrate synergistic liver damage by alcohol and hepatitis C virus (HCV); however, the mechanisms by which alcohol promotes HCV infection remain obscure. The liver-specific microRNA-122 (miR-122) regulates HCV replication and expression of host genes, including Cyclin G1. Here, we hypothesized that alcohol regulates miR-122 expression and thereby modulates HCV RNA replication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The J6/JFH/Huh-7.5 model of HCV infection was used in this study. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and confocal microscopy were used for experimental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that acute alcohol exposure (25 mM) significantly increased intracellular HCV RNA as well as miR-122 levels in Huh-7.5 and Huh-7.5/CYP2E1 expressing cells in the presence and absence of J6/JFH-HCV infection. Expression of the miR-122 target, Cyclin G1, was inhibited by alcohol both in J6/JFH-infected and uninfected Huh-7.5 cells. The use of a miR-122 inhibitor increased Cyclin G1 expression and prevented the alcohol-induced increase in HCV RNA and protein levels, suggesting a mechanistic role for alcohol-induced miR122 in HCV replication. We discovered that siRNA-mediated silencing of Cyclin G1 significantly increased intracellular HCV RNA levels compared with controls, suggesting a mechanistic role for Cyclin G1 in HCV replication. Alcohol-induced increase in miR-122 was associated with increased nuclear translocation and DNA binding of the nuclear regulatory factor-κB and could be prevented by NF-κB inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel data indicate a miR-122-mediated mechanism for alcohol increasing HCV RNA replication. We show for the first time that Cyclin G1, a miR-122 target gene, has regulatory effects on HCV replication and that alcohol increases HCV replication by regulating miR-122 and Cyclin G1.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Terence N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Bukong
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodys
authors.forename: Gyongyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szabo
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D056766:Cyclin G1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C534702:CCNG1 protein, human; D056766:Cyclin G1; C531907:MIRN122 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000431:Ethanol