title: Variations in hypertension-related outcomes among Blacks, Whites and Hispanics in two large urban areas and in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan to that of the general United States population (aged > or = 25 years) for the period 2001-2003. We examined whether and how much 1) urban populations have less favorable hypertension-related outcomes and 2) the rates of racial/ethnic minorities lag behind those of Whites in order to determine if the national data understate the magnitude of hypertension-related outcomes and racial/ethnic disparities in two large cities in the Midwestern region of the United States and perhaps others.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unstandardized and standardized hypertension-related outcome rates were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypertension-related outcomes among Chicago and Detroit residents lag behind the United States by 8%-14% and 10%-18% points, respectively. Additionally, this study highlights the complexity of the racial/ethnic differences in hypertension-related outcomes, where within each population, Blacks were more likely to have hypertension and to be aware of their hypertension status than Whites, and no less likely to be treated. Conversely, Hispanics were less likely to have hypertension and also less likely to be aware of their status when they do have hypertension when compared to Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At a time when efficacious treatment for hypertension has been available for more than 50 years, continued racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is among public health's greatest challenges. To achieve the proposed national hypertension-related goals, future policies must consider the social context of hypertension within central cities of urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. hhunte@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Haslyn E R
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hunte
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mentz
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morenoff
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: White-Perkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*