title: Field evaluation of Icon®Life, a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) against Anopheles culicifacies and transmission of malaria in District Gautam Budh Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, Icon®Life net, a long-lasting polyethylene net, 100 denier and bursting strength of minimum 280 kpa incorporated with deltamethrin @ 65 mg/m2 was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the density of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies and impact on malaria prevalence in a malaria endemic area of District Gautam Budh Nagar, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wash resistance of Icon®Life LLIN was determined up to 20 serial washings using An. culicifacies in cone bioassays under field conditions. Efficacy of Icon®Life LLIN was determined in the field in three sets of villages in District Gautam Budh Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), India, selected randomly for the intervention with Icon®Life LLIN, untreated nets and a control without any intervention for the period of August 2008-July 2009. Entomological and malariometric indices in all the three villages were compared during pre- and post-intervention periods for one year against An. culicifacies. A survey was also conducted in the village provided with Icon®Life LLIN to assessing the perception of community regarding acceptance of these nets by the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cone bioassays on Icon®Life LLIN with An. culicifacies, >95% knockdown within 1 h and 100% mortality after 24 h exposure were reported even after 20× serial washings under field conditions. Results of the field study revealed reduced entry rate, resting density and parity rate of An. culicifacies in the village with Icon®Life LLIN when compared to no net and untreated net villages. Number of malaria cases reported were less in the Icon®Life LLIN used villages when compared to other two villages. The community compliance and acceptance was high and no adverse health events were reported by the households using these nets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Icon®Life LLIN is an effective intervention for the control of An. culicifacies transmitted malaria in India. Long-term studies are indicated for the duration of effectiveness and to ascertain the epidemiological impact of the use of Icon®Life nets.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India. pk_mittal52@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Ripu Daman
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Neera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Razdan
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D008294:Malathion