title: Antimalarial interaction of quinine and quinidine with clarithromycin.
abstract: Quinine (QN) and quinidine (QND) have been commonly used as effective and affordable antimalarials for over many years. Quinine primarily is used for severe malaria treatment. However, plasmodia resistance to these drugs and poor patient compliance limits their administration to the patients. The declining sensitivity of the parasite to the drugs can thus be dealt with by combining with a suitable partner drug. In the present study QN/QND was assessed in combination with clarithromycin (CLTR), an antibiotic of the macrolide family. In vitro interactions of these drugs with CLTR against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) have shown a synergistic response with mean sum fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs) of ≤1 (0.85 ± 0.11 for QN + CLTR and 0.64 ± 0.09 for QND + CLTR) for all the tested combination ratios. Analysis of this combination of QN/QND with CLTR in mouse model against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis multi-drug resistant (P. yoelii nigeriensis MDR) showed that a dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 4 days of QN or QND produces 100% curative effect with 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days and 150 mg/kg/day for 7 days CLTR respectively, while the same dose of individual drugs could produce only up to a maximum 20% cure. It is postulated that CLTR, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, might have caused reduced CYP3A4 activity leading to increased plasma level of the QN/QND to produce enhanced antimalarial activity. Further, parasite apicoplast disruption by CLTR synergies the antimalarial action of QN and QND.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Swaroop Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Hemlata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Sarika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Waseem Ahmad
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000187:drug effects*; D011802:Quinidine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011803:Quinine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D011803:Quinine; D017291:Clarithromycin; D011802:Quinidine