title: Psychological symptoms of family members of high-risk intensive care unit patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family members of patients in intensive care are at increased risk for psychological symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression during and 3 months after the intensive care experience in family members of patients at high risk for dying and to determine if differences were related to the patient's final disposition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal descriptive study of 41 family members in 3 tertiary care intensive care units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By repeated-measures analysis of variance, family members' levels of posttraumatic stress disorder were significantly lower (P = .01) at 3 months after (mean score, 1.27; SD, 0.86) than during (mean, 1.61; SD, 0.81) the experience. Mean anxiety and depression scores were significantly lower (P < .001) after (anxiety: 7.35; SD, 3.91; depression: 5.63; SD, 4.58) than during (anxiety: 11.5; SD, 4.88; depression: 9.51; SD, 4.31) the experience. Scores for posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression did not differ significantly between family members of patients who died and family members of patients who survived. Yet, all 13 family members of deceased patients and 42% of the total sample of 41 had traumatic stress scores of 1.5 or greater. Among the total sample, 44% had significant anxiety, and 27% were depressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family members' symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression significantly decreased 3 months after the intensive care experience and did not differ according to the patients' final disposition. However, many family members still had significant risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline anxiety and depression at 3 months.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Merritt University, School of Nursing, Oakland, California 94609, USA. jmcadam@samuelmerritt.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McAdam
authors.forename: Dorrie K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Puntillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063128:Tertiary Health Care; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology