title: The utility of ultrasound imaging in predicting ease of performance of spinal anesthesia in an orthopedic patient population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonography of the spine improves technical performance of spinal anesthesia, but what is unclear is whether it can predict difficulty. We tested the hypothesis that a good ultrasound view at a given intervertebral level is associated with absence of technical difficulty.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed preprocedural ultrasound of the L1-S1 intervertebral spaces in 100 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Visibility of the ligamentum flavum-dura mater and the posterior longitudinal ligament was evaluated using paramedian sagittal oblique and transverse midline (TM) views. Views were classified as good if both of these structures were visible on ultrasound. An operator, blinded to the ultrasound scan, performed surface landmark-guided spinal anesthesia using a midline approach. Absence of technical difficulty was defined as successful dural puncture within 2 skin punctures or 10 needle passes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A good TM view had the best diagnostic accuracy; if this view was obtained, absence of technical difficulty with dural puncture at that level was highly likely (positive predictive value, 85%). Dural puncture could still be feasible despite the absence of a good TM view, as reflected by a negative predictive value of 30%. This was attributed to the limitations of ultrasound imaging in this patient population, as well as the low overall prevalence of difficult dural puncture. Parasagittal oblique views did not have significant diagnostic utility for a midline needle approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound can be useful in predicting the absence of technical difficulty in performing dural puncture and thus in selecting the optimal intervertebral level for spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada. gasgenie@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ki Jinn
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Reva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramlogan
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arzola
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional