title: Diversity based on race, ethnicity, and sex, of the US radiation oncology physician workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the current diversity of the US radiation oncology (RO) physician workforce by race, ethnicity, and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publicly available American Medical Association, American Association of Medical Colleges, and US census registries were used to assess differences by race, ethnicity, and sex for 2010 among RO practicing physicians, academic faculty, residents, and residency applicants. RO resident diversity was compared to medical school graduates and medical oncology (MO) fellows. Significant differences in diversity of RO residents by race, ethnicity, and sex were evaluated between 2003 and 2010 academic years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females and traditionally underrepresented minorities in medicine (URM), blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islanders are underrepresented as RO residents (33.3% and 6.9%, respectively), faculty (23.8%, 8.1%), and practicing physicians (25.5%, 7.2%) levels compared with the US population (50.8%, 30.0%; P<.01). Although females and URMs remain underrepresented at the resident trainee level compared with their proportions as medical school graduates (48.3%, 15.6%) and MO fellows (45.0%, 10.8%; P<.01), females are significantly increased in proportion as RO residents compared with RO practicing physicians (P<.01), whereas representation of individual URM groups as RO residents is no different than current practicing physicians. There is no trend toward increased diversification for female or URM trainees over 8 years, suggesting underrepresentation is not diminishing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Females and URM are underrepresented in the RO physician workforce. Given existing cancer disparities, further research and efforts are needed to ensure that the field is equipped to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Curtiland
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deville
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce