title: Derivation of background mortality by smoking and obesity in cancer simulation models.
abstract: Simulation models designed to evaluate cancer prevention strategies make assumptions on background mortality-the competing risk of death from causes other than the cancer being studied. Researchers often use the U.S. life tables and assume homogeneous other-cause mortality rates. However, this can lead to bias because common risk factors such as smoking and obesity also predispose individuals for deaths from other causes such as cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  
  We obtained calendar year-, age-, and sex-specific other-cause mortality rates by removing deaths due to a specific cancer from U.S. all-cause life tables. Prevalence across 12 risk factor groups (3 smoking [never, past, and current smoker] and 4 body mass index [BMI] categories [<25, 25-30, 30-35, 35+ kg/m(2)]) were estimated from national surveys (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys [NHANES] 1971-2004). Using NHANES linked mortality data, we estimated hazard ratios for death by BMI/smoking using a Poisson regression model. Finally, we combined these results to create 12 sets of BMI and smoking-specific other-cause life tables for U.S. adults aged 40 years and older that can be used in simulation models of lung, colorectal, or breast cancer.
  
  
  
  We found substantial differences in background mortality when accounting for BMI and smoking. Ignoring the heterogeneity in background mortality in cancer simulation models can lead to underestimation of competing risk of deaths for higher-risk individuals (e.g., male, 60-year old, white obese smokers) by as high as 45%.
  
  
  
  Not properly accounting for competing risks of death may introduce bias when using simulation modeling to evaluate population health strategies for prevention, screening, or treatment. Further research is warranted on how these biases may affect cancer-screening strategies targeted at high-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA (YCW)
authors.forename: Y Claire
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC, USA (BIG, EJF)
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.affiliation: Departments of Actuarial Science, Risk Management and Insurance and Biostatics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA (MAR)
authors.forename: Marjorie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (KMK)
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA (AGZ)
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zauber
authors.affiliation: IMS, Inc., Washington, DC, USA (LK)
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (CBS)
authors.forename: Clyde B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC, USA (BIG, EJF)
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feuer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology