title: MCMC-ODPR: primer design optimization using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Next generation sequencing technologies often require numerous primer designs that require good target coverage that can be financially costly. We aimed to develop a system that would implement primer reuse to design degenerate primers that could be designed around SNPs, thus find the fewest necessary primers and the lowest cost whilst maintaining an acceptable coverage and provide a cost effective solution. We have implemented Metropolis-Hastings Markov Chain Monte Carlo for optimizing primer reuse. We call it the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Optimized Degenerate Primer Reuse (MCMC-ODPR) algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After repeating the program 1020 times to assess the variance, an average of 17.14% fewer primers were found to be necessary using MCMC-ODPR for an equivalent coverage without implementing primer reuse. The algorithm was able to reuse primers up to five times. We compared MCMC-ODPR with single sequence primer design programs Primer3 and Primer-BLAST and achieved a lower primer cost per amplicon base covered of 0.21 and 0.19 and 0.18 primer nucleotides on three separate gene sequences, respectively. With multiple sequences, MCMC-ODPR achieved a lower cost per base covered of 0.19 than programs BatchPrimer3 and PAMPS, which achieved 0.25 and 0.64 primer nucleotides, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCMC-ODPR is a useful tool for designing primers at various melting temperatures at good target coverage. By combining degeneracy with optimal primer reuse the user may increase coverage of sequences amplified by the designed primers at significantly lower costs. Our analyses showed that overall MCMC-ODPR outperformed the other primer-design programs in our study in terms of cost per covered base.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Allaby
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012984:Software; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers