title: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in pancreatic juice: pathobiologic implications in diagnosing benign and malignant disease of the pancreas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic diseases pose significant diagnostic challenge as signs and symptoms often overlap. We investigated the potential of pancreatic juice neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) to aid in the diagnosis of patients with symptoms suggestive of pancreatic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 chronic pancreatitis (CP), pancreatic cancer (PC), and nonpancreatic nonhealthy (patients with symptoms mimicking pancreatic disease but found to be free of any pancreatic disease) patients underwent endoscopic pancreatic juice collection after secretin stimulation. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and MIC-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas CA19-9 was measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, MIC-1, and CA19-9 were significantly elevated in the pancreatic juice of patients with CP and patients with PC as compared with nonpancreatic nonhealthy controls (P ≤ 0.034). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin seemed most promising in differentiating diseased versus nondiseased pancreata (areas under the curve, 0.88-0.91), whereas MIC-1 was found to be higher in patients with PC than in patients with CP (P = 0.043). Interestingly, MIC-1 levels in diabetic patients with PC were higher than in nondiabetic patients with PC (P = 0.030) and diabetic patients with CP (P = 0.087). Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 showed the least ability to distinguish patient groups (areas under the curve, 0.61-0.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic juice neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin shows potential utility in establishing pancreatic etiology in the context of nonspecific symptoms, whereas MIC-1 may aid in differentiating PC from CP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Sukhwinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Baine
authors.forename: Sushovan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mallya
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Maneesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Shailender
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sasson
authors.forename: Verna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raimondo
authors.forename: Surinder K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Batra
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010189:Pancreatic Juice / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins