title: Percutaneous renal cryoablation after partial nephrectomy: technical feasibility, complications and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of locally recurrent or de novo tumors in the ipsilateral kidney after partial nephrectomy represents a management dilemma. Percutaneous renal cryoablation offers a minimally invasive treatment option in such cases. We review our single institution experience with percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors after partial nephrectomy for technical feasibility, complications and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2003 and January 2012, 48 patients underwent percutaneous cryoablation for the treatment of 68 ipsilateral renal tumors after previous partial nephrectomy. Oncologic outcomes, complications (Clavien-Dindo classification system) and renal function were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median maximal diameter of the treated renal tumors was 2.5 cm (range 1.2 to 5.4). All cryoablation procedures were considered technically successful. Of the 54 biopsy proven or suspected renal cell carcinomas with 3 or more months of computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging followup after cryoablation (median 19, range 3 to 61), 5 cases (9.3%) had local tumor recurrence. Major (grade 3 or greater) complications developed after 3 (5.7%) cryoablation procedures and there were no perioperative deaths. Median change in patient estimated glomerular filtration rate after renal cryoablation was -1.5 ml per minute. No patients required dialysis in the perioperative period, while 2 with stage 4 chronic kidney disease at the time of ablation became dialysis dependent at 5 and 23 months after treatment, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous renal cryoablation after ipsilateral partial nephrectomy is technically feasible, has a low rate of major complications, provides relative preservation of renal function and demonstrates acceptable short-term oncologic outcomes in this challenging population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hegg
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Schmit
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boorjian
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: A Nicholas
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Weisbrod
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Callstrom
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Atwell
authors.forename: R Houston
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome