title: Rank order scaling of pictorial depth.
abstract: We address the topic of "pictorial depth" in cases of pictures that are unlike photographic renderings. The most basic measure of "depth" is no doubt that of depth order. We establish depth order through the pairwise depth-comparison method, involving all pairs from a set of 49 fiducial points. The pictorial space for this study was evoked by a capriccio (imaginary landscape) by Francesco Guardi (1712-1793). In such a drawing pictorial space is suggested by the artist through a small set of conventional depth cues. As a result typical Western observers tend to agree largely in their visual awareness when looking at such art. We rank depths for locations that are not on a single surface and far apart in pictorial space. We find that observers resolve about 40 distinct depth layers and agree largely in this. From a previous experiment we have metrical data for the same observers. The rank correlations between the results are high. Perhaps surprisingly, we find no correlation between the number of distinct depth layers and the total metrical depth range. Thus, the relation between subjective magnitude and discrimination threshold fails to hold for pictorial depth.
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Industrial Design, Landbergstraat 15, NL-2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands; email:  a.j.vandoorn@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Doorn
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koenderink
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagemans
keywords: depth order; pictorial depth; pictorial space; picture perception