title: Nitric oxide donors for cardiovascular implant applications.
abstract: In an era of increased cardiovascular disease burden in the ageing population, there is great demand for devices that come in to contact with the blood such as heart valves, stents, and bypass grafts that offer life saving treatments. Nitric oxide (NO) elution from healthy endothelial tissue that lines the vessels maintains haemostasis throughout the vasculature. Surgical devices that release NO are desirable treatment options and N-diazeniumdiolates and S-nitrosothiols are recognized as preferred donor molecules. There is a keen interest to investigate newer methods by which NO donors can be retained within biomaterials so that their release and kinetic profiles can be optimized. A range of polymeric scaffolds incorporating microparticles and nanomaterials are presenting solutions to current challenges, and have been investigated in a range of clinical applications. This review outlines the application of NO donors for cardiovascular therapy using biomaterials that release NO locally to prevent thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH) and enhance endothelialization in the fabrication of next generation cardiovascular device technology.
authors.affiliation: UCL Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Noora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naghavi
authors.forename: Achala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Mel
authors.forename: Omid Sadeghi
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Alavijeh
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seifalian
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020100:Hydrogels; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011108:Polymers; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012834:Silver; D010984:Platinum; D006046:Gold; D012822:Silicon Dioxide