title: Preventive effects of trehalose on osteoclast differentiation in rat periodontitis model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trehalose, which is a disaccharide formed by a 1,1 linkage of two glucose molecules, was suggested to have a suppressive effect on bone resorption. In this study, we examined the effects of topical application of trehalose on osteoclast differentiation in a rat periodontitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into four groups. One group received no treatment. In the other groups, experimental periodontitis was induced by ligature placement. These rats with experimental periodontitis received topical application of pure water (vehicle group), 30 mg/ml trehalose solution (30 mg/ml trehalose group) or 60 mg/ml trehalose solution (60 mg/ml trehalose group) to the gingival sulcus respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vehicle group showed higher numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-positive cells and osteoclasts compared with the no treatment group respectively. Trehalose-applied groups exhibited lower numbers of these cells compared with the vehicle group. Gene expressions of tumour necrosis factor-α, RANKL and toll-like receptor 4 were suppressed by trehalose. In addition, protein expressions of RANKL inducing pathway were less activated by trehalose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical application of trehalose could suppress osteoclast differentiation by inactivation of RANKL inducing pathway in the rat periodontitis model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomofuji
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ekuni
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasuyama
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015870:Gene Expression; D008297:Male; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014199:Trehalose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053245:RANK Ligand; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014199:Trehalose; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases