title: Correlation of rutin accumulation with 3-O-glucosyl transferase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities during the ripening of tomato fruit.
abstract: In tomato, the predominant flavonoid is quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin). In this study, we aim to investigate the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the quercetin-3-O-glucosyl transferase (3-GT) reactions in the formation of rutin during tomato fruit ripening. Tomatoes of the Moneymaker variety at different development stages (green, breaker, turning, pink, red, and deep red) were divided into flesh and peel fractions. In each sample, both the content of rutin and the enzymatic activities for PAL and 3-GT were recorded. The highest activities of PAL were recorded in the peel of turning fruit (3,000 μkat/mg fresh weight). In fruit flesh, maximal activity was observed in red fruit (917.3 μkat/mg). For both tissues, PAL activity strongly decreased at the final (deep red) fruit stage. The activity of 3-GT in peel peaked in the turning fruit stage (50.7 pkat/mg), while in flesh maximal activity (33.4 pkat/mg) was observed in green fruit, which rapidly declined at the turning stage. Higher levels of rutin were detected in the tomato peel compared to the flesh part with the highest level being found at the green stage. The relation of PAL and 3-GT activities to rutin content is also evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey. capanogl@itu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capanoglu
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beekwilder
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matros
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyacioglu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mock
mesh_terms: D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012431:Rutin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012431:Rutin; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase