title: Patient time costs associated with sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy for type 1 diabetes: results from the STAR 3 randomized trial.
abstract: Sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAPT) leads to lower glycated hemoglobin levels than multiple daily injections of insulin (MDI) in patients with type 1 diabetes. Patient time and costs associated with SAPT are not known.
  
  
  
  We compared time spent on diabetes-related care, changes in time, and associated patient time costs between patients randomly assigned to SAPT or MDI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS. During a 52-week clinical trial, participants aged 7 to 70 years (n = 483) reported total time per week spent on diabetes-related care.
  
  
  
  Patient time, including comparisons during pump initiation, 52-week patient time costs, and changes in weekly time estimates after pump initiation.
  
  
  
  At baseline, patients in the MDI group reported spending an average of 4.0 hours per week on diabetes-related care. During the pump initiation period (weeks 1-7), SAPT patients spent 1.9 hours more per week than MDI patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.6). After the initiation period (weeks 8-52), SAPT patients spent 1 hour more per week (95% CI, 0.4-1.7) than MDI patients (i.e., 4.4 v. 3.4 hours); patients in both groups spent progressively less time on diabetes-related care by 1.2 minutes per week (95% CI, -1.7 to -0.7). Overall, mean time costs per person were $4600 with the SAPT group and $3523 with the MDI group (difference, $1077; 95% CI, $491-$1638).
  
  
  
  Time spent on specific activities was not collected, and the estimates do not explicitly account for caregiver time associated with diabetes care activities.
  
  
  
  Patients receiving SAPT v. MDI spent approximately 2 hours more per week on diabetes-related care during pump initiation and 1 hour more per week thereafter, resulting in higher patient time costs.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute (SK, KPW, KAS, SDR)
authors.forename: Shital
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamble
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute (SK, KPW, KAS, SDR)|Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (KPW), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Weinfurt
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute (SK, KPW, KAS, SDR)|Departments of Medicine (KAS, SDR), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute (SK, KPW, KAS, SDR)|Departments of Medicine (KAS, SDR), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
authors.forename: Shelby D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps / Q000191:economics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin