title: Volatiles profiling in medicinal licorice roots using steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to chemometrics.
abstract: Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is a plant of considerable commercial importance in traditional medicine and for the flavor and sweets industry. Although Glycyrrhiza species are very competitive targets for phytochemical studies, very little is known about the volatiles composition within that genus, although such knowledge can be suspected to be relevant for understanding the olfactory and taste properties. To provide insight into Glycyrrhiza species aroma composition and for its use in food and pharmaceutical industry, volatile constituents from G. glabra, G. inflata, and G. echinata roots were profiled using steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction. Two phenols, thymol and carvacrol, were found exclusively in essential oil and headspace samples of G. glabra, and with highest amounts for samples that originated from Egypt. In G. echinata oil, (2E, 4E)-decadienal (21%) and β-caryophyllene oxide (24%) were found as main constituents, whereas 1α, 10α-epoxyamorpha-4-ene (13%) and β-dihydroionone (8%) predominated G. inflata. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses clearly separated G. echinata and G. inflata from G. glabra; with phenolics and aliphatic aldehydes contributing mostly for species segregation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has large economic, nutritional, and medicinal values. The data presented in this article help in licorice quality control analysis to identify G. glabra from its closely allied species. The presence of thymol and carvacrol exclusively in G. glabra suggests that these volatiles could serve as chemotaxonomic markers and also might be considered as potentially relevant for taste.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. mfarag73@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: Ludger A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wessjohann
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D000081007:Cymenes; D057168:Distillation / Q000379:methods*; D004534:Egypt; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013227:Steam; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013227:Steam; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C057349:2,4-decadienal; C073316:carvacrol; C024714:caryophyllene