title: Intraventricular vancomycin in pediatric patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  TO DETERMINE: 1) the range and magnitude of vancomycin trough cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations following intraventricular (IVT) vancomycin; 2) any correlation between patient demographic and CSF vancomycin concentrations; and 3) eradication and complications rates following IVT vancomycin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of pediatric patients with shunt infection who received IVT vancomycin during a 12 month period were reviewed. Demographic, microbiological data, IVT/intravenous (IV) vancomycin dosing, concomitant antibiotics, CSF and serum vancomycin concentrations, and CSF drainage output were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients ages 4 months to 17 years were hospitalized for shunt infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=12) was the predominant organism. Sixteen patients received 10 mg, and one patient received 5 mg of IVT vancomycin for 3-23 days. All but one received concurrent IV vancomycin. The mean maximum trough CSF vancomycin concentration noted for 16 patients who recieved 10 mg of IVT vancomycin was 18.4±21.8 μg/mL (range: between 0.4 to 187.3 μg/mL). All four adolescents ≥25 kg had CSF vancomycin concentrations ≤5 μg/mL, three of four infants/children between 10.1 and 24.9 kg had trough CSF vancomycin concentrations between 10-20 μg/mL, and five of nine infants <10 kg had CSF concentrations >20 μg/mL. All organisms were successfully eradicated. One patient developed chronic eosinophilia presumed related to elevated CSF vancomycin concentrations (187 μg/mL).  CONCLUSIONS #ENTITYSTARTX02013;: The combination of IVT and IV vancomycin effectively eradicated CSF shunt infections. CSF vancomycin concentrations are highly variable and poorly correlated with age and CSF output. Following a 10 mg IVT vancomycin dose, CSF concentrations appear to be lower in older children and elevated in infants/young children. One infant experienced a complication related to an elevated CSF vancomycin concentration; hence, therapy must be individualized, using CSF trough vancomycin concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Majed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Jeraisy
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einhaus
keywords: intraventricular; shunt infection; vancomycin