title: Exercise-induced myofibrillar disruption with sarcolemmal integrity prior to simulated diving has no effect on vascular bubble formation in rats.
abstract: Decompression sickness is initiated by gas bubbles formed during decompression, and it has been generally accepted that exercise before decompression causes increased bubble formation. There are indications that exercise-induced muscle injury seems to be involved. Trauma-induced skeletal muscle injury and vigorous exercise that could theoretically injure muscle tissues before decompression have each been shown to result in profuse bubble formation. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury prior to decompression from diving would cause increase of vascular bubbles and lower survival rates after decompression. In this study, we examined muscle injury caused by eccentric exercise in rats prior to simulated diving and we observed the resulting bubble formation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) ran downhill (-16º) for 100 min on a treadmill followed by 90 min rest before a 50-min simulated saturation dive (709 kPa) in a pressure chamber. Muscle injury was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, and vascular bubbles after diving were detected by ultrasonic imaging. The exercise protocol resulted in increased mRNA expression of markers of muscle injury; αB-crystallin, NF-κB, and TNF-α, and myofibrillar disruption with preserved sarcolemmal integrity. Despite evident myofibrillar disruption after eccentric exercise, no differences in bubble amounts or survival rates were observed in the exercised animals as compared to non-exercised animals after diving, a novel finding that may be applicable to humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. arve.jorgensen@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Arve
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eftedal
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wisløff
authors.forename: Gøran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Marianne B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Havnes
authors.forename: Alf O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Brubakk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain