title: Successful treatment of lone persistent atrial fibrillation by means of a hybrid thoracoscopic-transcatheter approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ablation strategies for the treatment of lone persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) have rapidly evolved during the past decade both with electrophysiological (EP) and surgical approaches. We investigated the safety and efficacy of a novel staged hybrid approach combining surgical thoracoscopic and EP ablation in patients with lone persistent AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four consecutive patients with either persistent (three patients, 12.5%) or long-standing persistent (21 patients, 87.5%) isolated AF were prospectively enrolled: the mean age was 63.2 ± 9.3 years, the mean left atrial dimension was 50.5 ± 8 mm, and the mean AF duration was 82.7 months (range, 7-240 months). The surgical procedure consisted of a monolateral, right-sided, thoracoscopic closed-chest approach to perform a "box" lesion set with a temperature-controlled, internally cooled, radiofrequency monopolar device with suction adherence (Cobra Adhere XL; Estech, San Ramon, CA USA). A continuous monitoring rhythm device (Reveal XT; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN USA) was implanted at the time of surgery in all patients for continuous long-term monitoring of the heart rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful completion of the procedure was achieved in all cases, with a mean ablation time of 29 ± 9 minutes and an overall procedural time of 84 ± 16 minutes. After surgical ablation, the exit block was documented in all cases, whereas the entrance block was achieved in 87.5% (21 of 24 patients). No intensive care unit stay was required, and no complications occurred postoperatively; hospital mortality was 0%. At a mean interval of 33 ± 2 days after surgery, an EP study was performed: bidirectional block was confirmed in 79.1% (19 of 24 patients), whereas gaps at the level of the box lesion were observed in 20.8% of the patients (5 of 24 patients). Additional transcatheter endocardial right- and left-sided lesions were performed in 62.5% of cases (15 of 24 patients). At a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 1-55 months), 87.5% of the patients (21 of 24 patients) are in sinus rhythm, and the incidence of left atrial flutter was 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of thoracoscopic box lesion and transcatheter ablation in a staged hybrid approach proved to be safe, providing excellent mid-term clinical outcomes in patients with long-standing, isolated, persistent AF. Moreover, the implantable loop recorders documented such incremental benefits in sinus rhythm restoration for up to 28 months.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Brescia Medical School, Brescia, Italy. munerett@med.unibs.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muneretto
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisleri
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bontempi
authors.forename: Faisal H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Cheema
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curnis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome