title: The use of cyclic nitroxide radicals as HNO scavengers.
abstract: Reduction of cyclic stable nitroxides (RNO) by HNO to the respective hydroxylamines (RNO-H) has been demonstrated using EPR spectrometry. HNO shows low reactivity toward piperidine, pyrrolidine and nitronyl nitroxides with rate constants below 1.4 × 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7.0, despite the high driving force for these reactions. The rate constants can be predicted assuming that the reactions take place via a concerted proton-electron transfer pathway and significantly low self-exchange rate constants for HNO/NO and RNO-H/RNO. NO does not react with piperidine and pyrrolidine nitroxides, but does add to HNO forming the highly oxidizing and moderately reducing hyponitrite radicals. In this work, the radicals are produced by pulse radiolysis and the rate constants of their reactions with 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) and 3-carbamoyl-PROXYL have been determined at pH 6.8 to be (2.4 ± 0.2)× 10(6), (9.8 ± 0.2)× 10(5), (5.9 ± 0.5)× 10(5)M(-1)s(-1), respectively. This low reactivity implies that NO competes efficiently with these nitroxides for the hyponitrite radical. The ability of TEMPOL and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (C-PTIO) to oxidize HNO and their different reactivity toward NO are used to quantify HNO formed via acetohydroxamic acid oxidation. The extent of TEMPOL or C-PTIO reduction was similar to the yield of HNO formed upon oxidation by ()OH under anoxia, but not by the metmyoglobin and H(2)O(2) reaction system where both nitroxides catalytically facilitate H(2)O(2) depletion and nitrite accumulation. In this system the conversion of C-PTIO into 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl (C-PTI) is a minor reaction, which does not provide any mechanistic insight.
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Samuni
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Samuni
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000737:chemistry; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008786:Metmyoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011675:Pulse Radiolysis
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D006898:Hydroxylamines; D007093:Imidazoles; D009573:Nitrites; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D016877:Oxidants; D008786:Metmyoglobin; C025117:hyponitrite; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D019811:Hydroxylamine; C006358:acetohydroxamic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C039900:nitroxyl; C505333:TEMPOL-H; C003959:TEMPO