title: Solution NMR studies of cell-penetrating peptides in model membrane systems.
abstract: Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of short, often cationic peptides that have the capability to translocate across cellular membranes, and although the translocation most likely involves several pathways, they interact directly with membranes, as well as with model bilayers. Most CPPs attain a three-dimensional structure when interacting with bilayers, while they are more or less unstructured in aqueous solution. To understand the relationship between structure and the effect that CPPs have on membranes it is of great importance to investigate CPPs at atomic resolution in a suitable membrane model. Moreover, the location in bilayers is likely to be correlated with the translocation mechanism. Solution-state NMR offers a unique possibility to investigate structure, dynamics and location of proteins and peptides in bilayers. This review focuses on solution NMR as a tool for investigating CPP-lipid interactions. Structural propensities and cell-penetrating capabilities can be derived from a combination of CPP solution structures and studies of the effect that the peptides have on bilayers and the localization in a bilayer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. lena.maler@dbb.su.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mäler
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D012996:Solutions
keywords: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1-glycerol; 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)]; 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine; 2-(3-carboxylpropyl)-4,4dimethyl-2-tridecyl-3-oxazolidinyloxy; 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate; AMP; Bicelle; CHAPS; CMC; CPP; DHPC; DMPC; DMPG; DOXYL; DPC; Dynamics; HFP; L-α-1,2-dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine; LMPC; LMPG; Membrane; NMR; NOE; NOESY; PC; PG; POPC; POPG; PRE; SDS; Structure; TFE; antimicrobial peptide; cell-penetrating peptide; critical micelle concentration; dodecylphosphocholine; hexafluoroethanol; lyso-myristoylphosphatidylcholine; lyso-myristoylphosphatidylglycerol; nuclear Overhauser effect; nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance; paramagnetic relaxation enhancement; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylglycerol; sodium dodecyl sulfate; trifluoroethanol