title: [Ultrasound and color Doppler in nephrology. Acute kidney injury].
abstract: At present, ultrasonography (US) is not able to define the type of renal damage and therefore cannot replace percutaneous renal biopsy in the diagnosis of acute kidney disease. It is, however, the most immediate and safest imaging technique for the evaluation of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in order to exclude urinary tract obstruction or chronic kidney disease and guide clinical decision-making. In prerenal AKI caused by cardiorenal syndrome type 1, US does not show specific signs. However, in these patients, pleuropulmonary US is the first-choice imaging technique to evaluate the congestion of subpleural interlobular septa and to identify and count lung comet tails. In cardiorenal syndrome type 2, US visualizes signs of systemic overload (right pleural effusion, liver stasis, overdistention and rigidity of the inferior vena cava and suprahepatic veins). In acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the most common type of AKI, gray-scale US is nonspecific and shows enlarged kidneys with hypoechoic pyramids due to medullary edema. The resistance index (RI) is a very useful marker to establish the severity of ATN and the required follow-up, and to evaluate functional recovery, since its reduction precedes the normalization of serum creatinine. US is the technique of choice in the diagnosis of obstructive nephropathy, where it is highly sensitive (>95%) but less specific (<70%). The primary objective of this review is to analyze the applications of US in the diagnosis of prerenal, renal and postrenal AKI.
authors.affiliation: Scuola Superiore S. Anna Pisa, Pisa, Italy. mmeola@int.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meola
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petrucci
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; D009398:Nephrology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color