title: Job strain as a risk factor for leisure-time physical inactivity: an individual-participant meta-analysis of up to 170,000 men and women: the IPD-Work Consortium.
abstract: Unfavorable work characteristics, such as low job control and too high or too low job demands, have been suggested to increase the likelihood of physical inactivity during leisure time, but this has not been verified in large-scale studies. The authors combined individual-level data from 14 European cohort studies (baseline years from 1985-1988 to 2006-2008) to examine the association between unfavorable work characteristics and leisure-time physical inactivity in a total of 170,162 employees (50% women; mean age, 43.5 years). Of these employees, 56,735 were reexamined after 2-9 years. In cross-sectional analyses, the odds for physical inactivity were 26% higher (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 1.38) for employees with high-strain jobs (low control/high demands) and 21% higher (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.31) for those with passive jobs (low control/low demands) compared with employees in low-strain jobs (high control/low demands). In prospective analyses restricted to physically active participants, the odds of becoming physically inactive during follow-up were 21% and 20% higher for those with high-strain (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.32) and passive (odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 1.30) jobs at baseline. These data suggest that unfavorable work characteristics may have a spillover effect on leisure-time physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. eleonor.fransson@ki.se
authors.forename: Eleonor I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Katriina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: Solja T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westerholm
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Töres
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Theorell
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh-Manoux
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabia
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rugulies
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Magnusson Hanson
authors.forename: Ida E H
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lunau
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leineweber
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouvonen
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knutsson
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kittel
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.forename: Irene L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Houtman
authors.forename: Wendela E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hooftman
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Goedele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Geuskens
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Bacquer
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clays
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casini
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borritz
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonenfant
authors.forename: Jakob B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bjorner
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: G David
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Batty
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017132:Workplace