title: Social characteristics of psychological distress in disadvantaged areas of Berlin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Living in disadvantaged urban areas is associated with poor mental health. The purpose of this study was to assess which social characteristics were associated with psychological distress within a disadvantaged, multi-ethnic neighbourhood of Berlin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in an area of Berlin with the highest rates of unemployment and highest density of migrants. A total of 143 participants aged 18-57 years were included from a random sample. The social characteristics educational level, employment status, marital status, living alone, per-capita income and background of migration were collected. Psychological distress was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28; scores ≥ 5 indicated psychological distress corresponding to psychiatric caseness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychological distress was found in 40.6% (n = 58) of the sample. Psychological distress was associated with younger age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.98, p = .004), female gender (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.55-7.92, p = .003) and living alone (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.58-9.52, p = .003), but not with background of migration, low educational level or with unemployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young age and female gender may predispose for psychological distress in disadvantaged areas. Living alone could be a social indicator of poor mental health within disadvantaged urban areas. The directionality of the association is unclear.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  of migration, low income and educational level do not seem to be associated with poor mental health within those areas.
authors.affiliation: 1Unit for Social & Community Psychiatry, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kliewe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yayla
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ignatyev
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schouler-Ocak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ströhle
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aichberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001604:Berlin; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: GHQ-28; Mental health; disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods; social indicators