title: Dosing and monitoring of methadone in pregnancy: literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pharmacokinetics of methadone is altered during pregnancy, but the most appropriate dosing and monitoring regimen has yet to be identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review dosing and monitoring of methadone therapy in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in several databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from inception to May 2012. The search terms were "methadone", "pregnancy", "pharmacokinetic", "clearance", "metabolism", "therapeutic drug monitoring", and "methadone dosing". Additional papers were identified by searching the bibliographies of primary and review articles. All English-language primary articles related to methadone pharmacokinetics in pregnancy were included. Articles not related to maternal outcomes were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search yielded 1 case report and 10 studies discussing use of methadone by pregnant women. Methadone pharmacokinetics in pregnancy has been studied in 3 pharmacokinetic trials, and split dosing of methadone in pregnant women has been described in 1 case report and 3 dosing trials. Only 4 trials evaluated monitoring of methadone concentration in pregnancy. The studies included in this review confirm that methadone pharmacokinetics is altered in pregnancy and is potentially correlated with increases in maternal withdrawal symptoms. Insufficient evidence is available to warrant routine monitoring of serum methadone concentrations in pregnant women with opioid dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few studies of methadone pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring are available for pregnant women with opioid dependence. Although it is known that methadone pharmacokinetics is altered in pregnancy, there is insufficient evidence to guide dosage adjustments and serum concentration monitoring. Until further studies are available, regular follow-up of maternal withdrawal symptoms and empiric dosage adjustments throughout pregnancy are still recommended.
authors.affiliation: , BScPharm, PharmD, ACPR, is a Clinical Practice Leader, Alberta Health Services - Pharmacy Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shiu
authors.forename: Mary H H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ensom
keywords: dosing; methadone; pharmacokinetics; pregnancy