title: A straightforward wet-chemistry method for the determination of solid and gaseous mercury fractions in Backlight Cold Cathode Fluorescence Lamps.
abstract: Backlight Cold Cathode Fluorescence Lamps (B-CCFLs) are already applied in many electronic consumer products such as LCD screens, flat screen TVs, and laptop monitors. In consequence, an increase of such products entering the waste streams can be expected in the near future. As a result of the mercury (Hg) employed in such lamps, the development of recycling techniques to create a best practical environmental option for appropriate end-of-life strategies are necessary. For this purpose the knowledge about speciation in terms of solid and gaseous state of Hg in such lamps is inevitable. However, analytical techniques to discriminate solid and gaseous Hg require a special setup, not available in most routine laboratories. Thus a straightforward and cost efficient analytical technique is of need. In this work we describe sample preparation procedures and analysis techniques, which only require equipment already available in most routine laboratories. The volatile fraction is extracted with a KMnO(4) solution utilizing a novel approach, taking the advantage that the B-CCFL glass tubes have a negative pressure. Thus the extraction solution is directly sucked into the tube where the volatile Hg-fraction is immediately extracted. Subsequently, the solid fraction is dissolved via microwave assisted pressure acid digestion after cryo-milling. Analysis for both fractions took place employing a cold vapor atomic absorption system. To prove the new method is fit for purpose, spiking experiments and analysis of reference materials (when available) was performed with recoveries being between 90% and 110%. First results obtained for a stack of lamps from an used LCD-TV display reveal that solid Hg fractions in all lamps show a variation of 20% between samples whereas the gaseous Hg content can vary up to 600%.
authors.affiliation: EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figi
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagendorfer