title: The analysis of volatile organic compounds biomarkers for lung cancer in exhaled breath, tissues and cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) biomarkers in breath provide a novel, noninvasive and quick approach to diagnosis lung cancer. The aim of the proposed study was to investigate the VOCs biomarkers in exhaled breath for lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VOCs in exhaled breath of 88 lung cancer patients, 70 lung benign disease and 85 healthy people were analyzed by Solid Phase Micro Extraction - Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). Three types of lung cancer cells and 18 lung cancer patients' tissues were cultured in vitro. The VOCs in the headspace of these cultivations were analyzed as an evidence of production mechanism of the VOCs in breath. Three lung cancer diagnosis models were constructed respectively in exhaled breath samples using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Leave one out cross validation was employed to evaluate these models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 VOCs, whose areas under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) > 0.60 and p < 0.01, were confirmed as the VOCs biomarkers for lung cancer. Three diagnostic models based on 23 VOCs could easily discriminate lung cancer patients from controls with 96.47% sensitivity and 97.47% specificity. However, the discrimination between early stage and later stage lung cancer was not very obvious.
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Lab, Key Lab for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yishan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yingchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xuanlang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kejing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds