title: Cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in children: correlations between near-infrared spectroscopy, temperature, lactate, pump flow, and blood pressure.
abstract: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive modality to monitor regional brain oxygenation (rSO(2) ). In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between cerebral rSO(2)  and lactate, pump flow, hematocrit, pCO(2) , and mean blood pressure (MBP) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Between March and September 2011, 50 pediatric patients who underwent congenital heart surgery were enrolled into the study. Ages ranged from 6 days to 168 months (median 14 months). A NIRS sensor (Somanetics 5100B, Troy, MI, USA) was placed on the right forehead of patients. CPB period was divided into five stages: 1-at the beginning of CBP, 2-cooling at 32°C, 3-at final hypothermic temperature, 4-rewarming at 32°C, 5-before weaning from CPB. Data collection included measurements of each parameter at five stages of CPB. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis within groups and Spearman's correlation to test association between parameters. Lactate levels increased significantly from stage 1 to stage 5 during CPB (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between cerebral rSO(2)  and MBPs, pump flows, hematocrit, or pCO(2)  during CPB. Cerebral rSO(2)  levels showed changes between the stages; there was a significant increase during cooling period, compared to stage 1 (P < 0.05). Significant changes during cooling stage did not happen for other parameters. At stage 3, there was a negative correlation between lactate level and MBP. At stage 4, there was no significant change in cerebral rSO(2)  levels despite decreased MBP. At the warming stage, low MBPs, but normal rSO(2)  values, are observed despite increased pump flows. Increased rSO(2)  levels despite insignificant changes at other parameters during the cooling stage of CPB may show that optimal pump flow with adequate intravascular volume may provide effective cerebral perfusion even without changes in MBP. Considering normal rSO(2)  values during CPB in this study, it may be speculated that brain protection can be assessed by using NIRS and applying a standard bypass protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Division, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. sehaydin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sertac
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haydin
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Onan
authors.forename: Ismihan Selen
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Onan
authors.forename: Erkut
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Muzeyyen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyigun
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeniterzi
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bakir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates