title: Performance of dairy cows fed high levels of acetic acid or ethanol.
abstract: Ethanol and acetic acid are common end products from silages. The main objective of this study was to determine whether high concentrations of ethanol or acetic acid in total mixed ration would affect performance in dairy cows. Thirty mid-lactation Holstein cows were grouped in 10 blocks and fed one of the following diets for 7 wk: (1) control (33% Bermuda hay + 67% concentrates), (2) ethanol [control diet + 5% ethanol, dry matter (DM) basis], or (3) acetic acid (control diet + 5% acetic acid, DM basis). Ethanol and acetic acid were diluted in water (1:2) and sprayed onto total mixed rations twice daily before feeding. An equal amount of water was mixed with the control ration. To adapt animals to these treatments, cows were fed only half of the treatment dose during the first week of study. Cows fed ethanol yielded more milk (37.9 kg/d) than those fed the control (35.8 kg/d) or acetic acid (35.3 kg/d) diets, mainly due to the higher DM intake (DMI; 23.7, 22.2, and 21.6 kg/d, respectively). The significant diet × week interaction for DMI, mainly during wk 2 and 3 (when acetic acid reached the full dose), was related to the decrease in DMI observed for the acetic acid treatment. There was a diet × week interaction in excretion of milk energy per DMI during wk 2 and 3, due to cows fed acetic acid sustained milk yield despite lower DMI. Energy efficiency was similar across diets. Blood metabolites (glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, ethanol, and γ-glutamyl transferase activity) and sensory characteristics of milk were not affected by these treatments. Animal performance suggested similar energy value for the diet containing ethanol compared with other diets. Rumen conversion of ethanol to acetate and a concomitant increase in methane production might be a plausible explanation for the deviation of the predicted energy value based on the heat of combustion. Therefore, the loss of volatile compounds during the drying process in the laboratory should be considered when calculating energy content of fermented feedstuffs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. jldaniel@usp.br
authors.forename: J L P
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sá Neto
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cabezas-Garcia
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bispo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zopollatto
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: M H F
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Spoto
authors.forename: F A P
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nussio
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D019342:Acetic Acid