title: Transcription activator-like effector nucleases enable efficient plant genome engineering.
abstract: The ability to precisely engineer plant genomes offers much potential for advancing basic and applied plant biology. Here, we describe methods for the targeted modification of plant genomes using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Methods were optimized using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts and TALENs targeting the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene. Optimal TALEN scaffolds were identified using a protoplast-based single-strand annealing assay in which TALEN cleavage creates a functional yellow fluorescent protein gene, enabling quantification of TALEN activity by flow cytometry. Single-strand annealing activity data for TALENs with different scaffolds correlated highly with their activity at endogenous targets, as measured by high-throughput DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products encompassing the TALEN recognition sites. TALENs introduced targeted mutations in ALS in 30% of transformed cells, and the frequencies of targeted gene insertion approximated 14%. These efficiencies made it possible to recover genome modifications without selection or enrichment regimes: 32% of tobacco calli generated from protoplasts transformed with TALEN-encoding constructs had TALEN-induced mutations in ALS, and of 16 calli characterized in detail, all had mutations in one allele each of the duplicate ALS genes (SurA and SurB). In calli derived from cells treated with a TALEN and a 322-bp donor molecule differing by 6 bp from the ALS coding sequence, 4% showed evidence of targeted gene replacement. The optimized reagents implemented in plant protoplasts should be useful for targeted modification of cells from diverse plant species and using a variety of means for reagent delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chendu 610054, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baller
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Colby G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Starker
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogdanove
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Voytas
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism*; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018745:Genome, Plant; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000379:methods; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011523:Protoplasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018744:DNA, Plant; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; D004720:Endonucleases