title: Association of nutrition in early life with body fat and serum leptin at adult age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is overwhelming evidence that experiences during early life could have long-term health consequences. However, the role of early nutrition in programming obesity and leptin resistance is still poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed at determining whether nutritional intakes in early life are associated with body composition and hormonal status at 20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy infants participating in the two-decade-long prospective ELANCE (Etude Longitudinale Alimentation Nutrition Croissance des Enfants) study were examined at 10 months and 2 years. At 20 years, weight, height, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and serum leptin concentration were recorded in 73 subjects still participating in the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted linear regression models, an increase by 100 kcal in energy intake at 2 years was associated with higher subscapular skinfold thickness (β=6.4% SF, 95% confidence interval 2.53-10.30, P=0.002) and higher FFM (0.50 kg, 0.06-0.95, P=0.03) at 20 years. An increase by 1% energy from fat at 2 years was associated with lower subscapular skinfold thickness (-2.3% SF, -4.41 to -0.18, P=0.03), lower FM (-0.31 kg, -0.60 to -0.01, P=0.04) and lower serum leptin concentration (-0.21 μg l(-1), -0.39 to -0.03, P=0.02) at 20 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-fat intake in early life was negatively associated with body fat (particularly at the trunk site) and serum leptin concentration at 20 years, suggesting that early low-fat intake could increase the susceptibility to develop overweight and leptin resistance at later ages. These findings substantiate current recommendations against restricting fat intake in early life and open new directions for investigating the origin of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit, INSERM U557, INRA U1125, CNAM, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France. mf.cachera@uren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rolland-Cachera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maillot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deheeger
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Souberbielle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Péneau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin