title: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Campomanesia adamantium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Campomanesia species are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-diarrheal and hypocholesterolemic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of ethyl acetate (AE) and aqueous (Aq) extracts from leaves of Campomanesia adamantium and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of AE and its isolated flavonols, myricitrin and myricetin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antinociceptive activity of AE and Aq was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin methods. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of AE and Aq was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. AE, myricitrin and myricetin were evaluated for their abilities to modulate the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-10 in LPS/IFN-γ stimulated J774.A1 macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that orally administrated AE and Aq (125 and 250 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. AE (125 and 250 mg/kg) and Aq (125 mg/kg) reduced the time to licking at the second phase of the formalin method in vivo in mice. AE (250 mg/kg) and Aq (125 mg/kg) also reduced the number of writhes. AE, myricitrin and myricetin inhibited NO (320 μg/mL and 6.25-100 μM, respectively) and TNF-α production by macrophages (320 μg/mL for AE, 100 μM for myricitrin and 25-100 μM for myricetin). AE (160 and 320 μg/mL), myricitrin (50 and 100 μM) and myricetin (25-100 μM) increased IL-10 production by macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts from Campomanesia adamantium showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects supporting the use of the plant in folk medicine. The results suggest that anti-oedematogenic effect promoted by aqueous extract involves several anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action. The antinociceptive effect shown by aqueous extract can be due to the modulation of release of inflammatory mediators involved in nociception. The anti-inflammatory effects of AE and of its isolated flavonols may be attributed to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, TNF-α and NO and to the increased of IL-10 production.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Plantas Medicinais, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leidiane C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabe-Guimarães
authors.forename: Carmen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.forename: Marcela C P
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Raquel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Simone A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.forename: José D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: de Souza Filho
authors.forename: Dênia A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saúde-Guimarães
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D027822:Myrtaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014867:Water; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007650:ethyl acetate; D002351:Carrageenan