title: A novel surface electrocardiogram-based marker of ventricular arrhythmia risk in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Better sudden cardiac death risk markers are needed in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Increased heterogeneity of electrical restitution is an important mechanism underlying the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Our aim was to develop and test a novel quantitative surface electrocardiogram-based measure of VA risk in patients with ICM: the Regional Restitution Instability Index (R2I2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  R2I2, the mean of the standard deviation of residuals from the mean gradient for each ECG lead at a range of diastolic intervals, was measured retrospectively from high-resolution 12-lead ECGs recorded during an electrophysiology study. Patient groups were as follows: Study group, 26 patients with ICM being assessed for implantable defibrillator; Control group, 29 patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing electrophysiology study; and Replication group, 40 further patients with ICM. R2I2 was significantly higher in the Study patients than in Controls (mean ± standard error of the mean: 1.09±0.06 versus 0.63±0.04, P<0.001). Over a median follow-up period of 23 months, 6 of 26 Study group patients had VA or death. R2I2 predicted VA or death independently of demographic factors, electrophysiology study result, left ventricular ejection fraction, or QRS duration (Cox model, P=0.029). R2I2 correlated with peri-infarct zone as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (r=0.51, P=0.024). The findings were replicated in the Replication group: R2I2 was significantly higher in 11 of 40 Replication patients experiencing VA (1.18±0.10 versus 0.92±0.05, P=0.019). In combined analysis of ICM cohorts, R2I2 ≥1.03 identified subjects with significantly higher risk of VA or death (43%) compared with R2I2 <1.03 (11%) (P=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, we have developed a novel VA risk marker, R2I2, and have shown that it correlated with a structural measure of arrhythmic risk and predicted risk of VA or death in patients with ICM. R2I2 may improve risk stratification and merits further evaluation. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001552 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001552.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester,  Leicester, UK (W.B.N., P.D.B., N.J.S., G.A.N.) ; National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital,  Leicester, UK (W.B.N., G.P.M., N.J.S., G.A.N.).
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Gerry P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Alastair J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sandilands
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Fernando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schlindwein
authors.forename: Nilesh J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Samani
authors.forename: G André
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ng
keywords: electrical restitution; electrocardiography; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; risk factors; sudden, death