title: Testicular torsion in the inguinal canal in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the management and outcomes of pediatric patients presenting with torsion of an undescended testis in the inguinal canal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case records of 84 children operated on for testicular torsion were retrospectively reviewed. The medical records included initial medical history, physical examination, operative findings, and the results of follow-up. The diagnosis of torsion of undescended testis was made clinically and confirmed by a Doppler ultrasound and inguinal canal exploration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight children were operated following torsion of undescended testis. In four cases the testicle was preserved and orchidopexy was performed, while in four cases orchidectomy was performed due to testicular gangrene. Mean duration of symptoms, at time of surgery, in the orchidopexy group was 6 h and in the orchidectomy group was 50 h. At follow-up atrophy of the testis was found in only one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Torsion of an undescended testis is a relatively rare phenomenon that should be suspected, diagnosed and treated without delay. This study highlights the importance of examination of external genital organs. With improved recognition of this entity and earlier referrals of patients with undescended testes by primary care physicians, its occurrence might eventually be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Split University Hospital Centre and Split University School of Medicine, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia. Electronic address: zenon@vip.hr.
authors.forename: Zenon
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pogorelić
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mrklić
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jurić
authors.forename: Mihovil
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biočić
authors.forename: Dubravko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furlan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009919:Orchiectomy; D056126:Orchiopexy; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
keywords: Children; Cryptorchidism; Inguinal canal; Spermatic cord torsion; Testicular torsion; Undescended testis