title: Anti-inflammatory effects of egg white combined with chalcanthite in             lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia through the inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK             and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
abstract: Egg white-chalcanthite (EWCC) is a mixture of egg white and chalcanthite             prepared by roasting chalcanthite (which is a natural mineral mainly composed             of CuSO4•5H2O) to the point of dehydration, pulverizing the dehydrated chalcanthite             and then mixing the pulverized chalcanthite to react with egg white to trigger             a reaction. When egg white-chalcanthite is prepared in this manner, the toxicity             of chalcanthite is neutralized by the egg white, so that the toxicity is reduced             or removed and the pharmaceutical properties are increased. However, the cellular             and molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological activity of EWCC remain             poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of EWCC             on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory mediators             in BV2 microglia. Our data indicated that the EWCC treatment significantly inhibited             the excessive production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in LPS-stimulated             BV2 microglia in a concentration-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity.             It also attenuated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2             and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α.             Moreover, EWCC exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by the suppression of nuclear             factor‑κB (NF-κB) activation by blocking IκB-α degradation, downregulation of             extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated             protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. Our results             indicate that the inhibitory effects of EWCC on LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator             production in BV2 microglia are associated with the suppression of the NF-κB,             MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These findings suggest that EWCC may offer             a substantial therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases             that are accompanied by microglial activation.
authors.affiliation: Insan Bamboo Salt Inc. and Insan Korean Medical Cancer Clinic,                     Hamyang 676-805, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hye Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hwa-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004529:Egg White / Q000737:chemistry*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019327:Copper Sulfate