title: The 'Hygiene hypothesis' and the sharp gradient in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases between Russian Karelia and Finland.
abstract: Autoimmune and allergic diseases have become a major health problem in the Western world during past decades. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that decreased microbial exposure in childhood leads to increasing prevalence of these diseases. This review summarizes epidemiological evidence and current immunological knowledge concerning the hygiene hypothesis. Recent results from Russian Karelia and Finland imply that environmental factors have greatly contributed to the increasing prevalence of immune-mediated disorders. Infections, or lack of them, may indeed be strongly involved in the development of both autoimmune and allergic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. anita.kondrashova@uta.fi
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondrashova
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seiskari
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D061148:Hygiene Hypothesis; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D015994:Incidence; D054892:Metagenome / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines