title: Multispectral visualization of surgical safety-margins using fluorescent marker seeds.
abstract: Optical guidance provided by luminescent marker seeds may be suitable for intraoperative determination of appropriate resection margins. In phantom studies we compared the tissue penetration of several organic dyes and inorganic particles (quantum dots; QDs) after incorporation in experimental marker seeds. The tissue penetration of (near infra-) red organic dyes was much better than the penetration of dyes and QDs with an emission in the visible range. By combining 3 dyes in a single marker seed we were able to distinguish four depth ranges. The difference in tissue penetration between the dyes and QDS enabled depth estimation via a 'traffic light' approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Section, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick Tk
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Chantal Ac
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buckle
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: Fijs Wb
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
keywords: Surgical guidance; fluorescence; marker seeds; phantom studies; tissue penetration