title: Non-stimulation needle with external indwelling cannula for brachial plexus block and pain management in 62 patients undergoing upper-limb surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula for upper-limb surgery and acute postoperative pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  62 patients undergoing either scheduled or emergency upper-limb surgery received brachial plexus block of modified interscalene or axillary brachial and then postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with local analgesics using a specially designed non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula. The outcome measurements included anesthetic effect, acute or chronic complications, postoperative analgesic effect and patient's satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of anesthesia was 96.8%. The single attempt placement with the external indwelling cannula was achieved in 85.2% of patients with axillary brachial plexus block and 78.8% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. The incidence of severe intoxication was 3.7% with axillary brachial plexus block and 3.0% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. No hematoma at the injection site, Horner's syndrome, hoarseness or dyspnea was observed. Postoperative analgesic effect was achieved in 100% and activities were slightly lowered in 91.7%. The incidence of nausea and vomit was 8.3%; patient's satisfaction was 9.1 on a 10-point scale system. Infection, nerve injury and respiratory depression were absent during the catheter indwelling. The indwelling time of external indwelling cannula was 30.5 h on average. There was no nerve injury related complication after withdrawing the external indwelling catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brachial plexus block using a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula has favorable intra-operative anesthetic benefit and provides an excellent postoperative analgesic outcome. The low incidence of complications and favorable patient's satisfaction suggest that non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula is a useful and safe anesthetic tool in brachial nerve block and acute postoperative pain management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China. yubin@tongji.edu.cn
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peili
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shuqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Qiying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000187:drug effects*; D057785:Catheters; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local
keywords: brachial plexus block; indwelling cannula; non-stimulation needle; postoperative pain management