title: Serial CSF sampling over a period of 30 h via an indwelling spinal catheter in healthy volunteers: headache, back pain, tolerability and measured acetylcholine profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Timed interval cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling by indwelling catheterization can be a valuable corroborative tool for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of drugs. CSF sampling in studies on drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease have been conducted in evaluations of the biomarkers acetylcholine (ACh), tau proteins, amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid fragments. The primary aim of this study was to study the feasibility and the burden on the healthy volunteers of serial CSF sampling within the contract research organization environment in order to establish a standardized research tool for future drug development studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a validation study in healthy subjects: eight healthy male subjects aged 55-75 years were enrolled. After eligibility had been confirmed, the subjects were admitted to the clinical pharmacology unit 2 days before starting the CSF sampling procedure. Hydration by drip infusion of 2 L saline was performed for 24 h before starting the CSF sampling procedure, and for antithrombotic purposes, Fraxiparine (nadroparine calcium) was given 12 and 36 h after intradural catheterization. CSF catheterization was performed by board-certified anesthesiologists with experience in inserting indwelling intrathecal catheters. Subjects only required to remain in a horizontal position for the first 24 h after removal of the catheter. CSF and blood samples were collected by interval sampling over a 30-h period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was completed by seven of the eight subjects. Six subjects who completed the study reported adverse effects (AEs) which were all mild and from which they recovered during their stay in the clinic. A total of 25 AEs were reported of which 13 were considered to be procedure-related. The procedure was well tolerated by all participating subjects, and the VAS scale scores for headache and back pain were low. CSF samples were analyzed for ACh. All values were above the lowest limit of quantification. On average, the ACh concentration started at a low level but rose between 1 and 2 h after insertion of the catheter and then remained high during the whole sampling period up to 30 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serial sampling of CSF in seven healthy volunteers up to 30 h occurred without serious complications and was well tolerated. The CSF collected was of good quality and facilitated the assessment of an Alzheimer's disease-sensitive biomarker. We conclude that this validation study can form the basis for future patient studies aimed at elucidating disease mechanisms and the pharmacodynamics of drugs in the developmental stage.
authors.affiliation: QPS Netherlands BV, Groningen, The Netherlands. izaak.den.daas@qps.com
authors.forename: Izaak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: den Daas
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wemer
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abou Farha
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tamminga
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spanjersberg
authors.forename: Michel M R F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Struys
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Absalom
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006261:Headache; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000109:Acetylcholine