title: Unexplained male infertility: diagnosis and management.
abstract: Unexplained male infertility is a diagnosis reserved for men in whom routine semen analyses results are within normal values and physical as well as endocrine abnormalities were ruled out. In addition to erectile problems and coital factors, immunologic causes and sperm dysfunction may contribute to such condition. New etiologies of unexplained male infertility include low level leukocytospermia and mitochondrial DNA polymerase gene polymorphism. Contemporary andrology may reveal cellular and sub-cellular sperm dysfunctions which may explain subfertility in such cases, thus aiding the clinician to direct the further work-up, diagnosis and counseling of the infertile male. The objective of this article is to highlight the concept of unexplained male infertility and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of this condition in the era of modern andrology and assisted reproductive techniques. Extensive literature review was performed using the search engines: Pubmed, Science-direct, Ovid and Scopus.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Sandro C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nizza
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000379:methods*