title: Change in tobacco excise policy in Bulgaria: the role of tobacco industry lobbying and smuggling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) tried to penetrate the Bulgarian cigarette market and influence tobacco excise tax policy after the fall of communism and during Bulgaria's accession to the European Union (EU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents supplemented by analysis of press coverage, tobacco industry journals, market reports and key informant interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTCs have been involved in cigarette smuggling to and through Bulgaria since at least 1975 and used smuggling as a market-entry strategy. National tobacco company Bulgartabac appears to have been involved in smuggling its own cigarettes from and reimporting them to Bulgaria. Since Bulgaria's accession to the EU opened the market to the TTCs, TTCs have exaggerated the scale of the illicit trade to successfully convince politicians and public health experts that tax increases lead to cigarette smuggling. Yet, sources point to TTCs' continued complicity in cigarette smuggling to and through Bulgaria between 2000 and 2010. TTCs aimed to influence the Bulgarian tobacco excise tax regime, import duties and pricing mechanism, but appear to have been less successful than in other former communist countries in part due to the co-existence of a state-owned tobacco company. Undisclosed meetings between the tobacco industry and government ministers and officials are ongoing despite Bulgaria being a party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TTCs continued involvement in smuggling suggests that deals in 2004, 2007 and 2010 which the European Commission has reached with TTCs to address cigarette smuggling are inadequate. The TTCs' continued access to policymakers suggests that the FCTC is not being properly implemented.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Skafida
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Policy Studies, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Karin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Boika P D
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Rechel
authors.affiliation: Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK European Centre for Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D002031:Bulgaria; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003415:Crime / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008119:Lobbying; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution
keywords: Illegal tobacco products; Public policy; Taxation; Tobacco industry; Tobacco industry documents