title: Decreased pulmonary c-Cbl expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in the nitrofen-induced rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high morbidity of newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is attributed to pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), which is characterized by a failure of alveolar development. The nitrofen-induced CDH model has been widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of PH in CDH. It has previously been shown that the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway, which is essential for a proper lung development, is disrupted during late gestation of nitrofen-induced CDH. Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) proteins are known regulators of signal transduction through FGFRs, indicating their important role during alveolarization in developing lungs. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Cbl proteins has a pivotal role for their physiological function and activity during fetal lung development. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that pulmonary c-Cbl expression and tyrosine phosphorylation status are decreased in the nitrofen-induced CDH model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed-pregnant rats received either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on gestation day 9 (D9). Fetuses were harvested on D18 and D21, and lungs were divided into two groups: control and hypoplastic lungs with CDH (CDH(+)) (n = 10 at each time-point, respectively). Pulmonary gene expression levels of c-Cbl were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting combined with densitometry analysis was used for semi-quantification of protein levels of pulmonary c-Cbl and tyrosine phosphorylation status. Confocal-immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate c-Cbl protein expression and distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative mRNA expression levels of pulmonary c-Cbl were significantly decreased in CDH(+) on D18 and D21 compared to controls. Western blotting showed markedly decreased protein levels of pulmonary c-Cbl and tyrosine phosphorylation status in CDH(+) on D18 and D21. Confocal-immunofluorescence analysis confirmed decreased c-Cbl expression in CDH(+) on D18 and D21 mainly in the distal alveolar epithelium compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased pulmonary c-Cbl gene and protein expression accompanied by a decreased tyrosine phosphorylation status during the late stages of fetal lung development may result in reduced c-Cbl activity, and thus interfere with the FGFR-mediated alveolarization in the nitrofen-induced CDH model.
authors.affiliation: National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friedmacher
authors.forename: Jan-Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gosemann
authors.forename: Hiromizu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Nicolae
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Corcionivoschi
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010766:Phosphorylation; D050721:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D014443:Tyrosine; D050721:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl; C007350:nitrofen