title: A comparative study of primary and secondary stereotypies.
abstract: This study compares primary stereotypies (repetitive, self-stimulating, and seemingly nonsensical movements that can occur within typically developing children) and secondary stereotypies (those occurring within autistic or mentally retarded children). Utilizing a retrospective chart review from 1995 to 2010, the current study compares primary and secondary stereotypies by the application of a classification system that organizes the movement by its type (motor only, phonic only, mixed) and complexity. In addition, it investigates other parameters associated with the movements such as duration, frequency, age, functional impairment, and progression. The sample group consisted of 28 primary and 28 secondary cases. Primary stereotypies were predominantly motor, simple, of shorter duration, and of less frequency, whereas secondary stereotypies had more vocalization, complexity, longer durations, and higher frequencies. Moreover, functional impairment due to stereotypies was noted in 3 primary and 7 secondary cases, and worsening of stereotypies was noted in 70% of primary versus 44% of secondary cases.
authors.affiliation: 1Pediatric Neurology Center, Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Prashant V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: primary; secondary; self-stimulating; stereotypy