title: Universal newborn hearing screening in Zefat, Israel: the first two years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unidentified hearing loss at birth can adversely affect speech and language development as well as academic achievement and social-emotional development. Historically, moderate-to-severe hearing loss in young children was not detected until well beyond the newborn period. Around 0.5 to 5 in every 1000 neonates and infants have congenital or early childhood onset sensorineural hearing impairment. When identification and intervention occur at no later than 6 months of age, the infants perform much higher on school-related measures. Therefore, early detection is vitally important. Toward the end of 2009, the Israeli ministry of health issued a directive establishing a universal newborn hearing screening program in all hospitals in the country from 01.01.10. The objectives of this study are to evaluate a newly established universal newborn hearing screening program, to assess performance and to compare measurements of performance to performance benchmarks representing a consensus of expert opinion. The benchmarks are the minimal requirements that should be attained by high-quality early hearing detection programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  As specified by the ministry of health, a two-stage screening protocol was implemented using otoacoustic emissions and automated auditory brainstem response. Screening results of all neonates born from the initiation of the program on 15th March 2010 until the end of 2011 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of live births during the study period was 5496. Of these, 5334 (97%) started screening for hearing loss but only 5212 completed the screening process, giving a screening coverage of 94.8%. Of the 5212 neonates completing the screening process, 270 (5.18%) were referred for full diagnostic testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly established universal newborn hearing screening program at the Ziv Medical Center in Zefat closely approaches, but does not yet meet the minimal requirements that should be attained by high-quality early hearing detection programs. Every effort should be made to complete the screening tests before discharge from hospital. Screening staff should actively encourage parents to participate in all stages of early detection.
authors.affiliation: The Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Zefat, Israel. peter.g@ziv.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbey
authors.forename: Carmi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Reem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghanayim
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharabi-Nov
authors.forename: Shlomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bretler
mesh_terms: D003638:Deafness / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation