title: SOD1 in cerebral spinal fluid as a pharmacodynamic marker for antisense oligonucleotide therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapies designed to decrease the level of SOD1 are currently in a clinical trial for patients with superoxide dismutase (SOD1)-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the SOD1 protein in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) may be a pharmacodynamic marker for antisense oligonucleotide therapy and a disease marker for ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antisense oligonucleotides targeting human SOD1 were administered to rats expressing SOD1G93A. The human SOD1 protein levels were measured in the rats' brain and CSF samples. In human CSF samples, the following proteins were measured: SOD1, tau, phosphorylated tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three participants with ALS, 88 healthy controls, and 89 controls with a neurological disease (55 with dementia of the Alzheimer type, 19 with multiple sclerosis, and 15 with peripheral neuropathy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antisense oligonucleotide-treated SOD1G93A rats had decreased human SOD1 messenger RNA levels (mean [SD] decrease of 69% [4%]) and decreased protein levels (mean [SD] decrease of 48% [14%]) in the brain. The rats' CSF samples showed a similar decrease in hSOD1 levels (mean [SD] decrease of 42% [14%]). In human CSF samples, the SOD1 levels varied a mean (SD) 7.1% (5.7%) after additional measurements, separated by months, were performed. The CSF SOD1 levels were higher in the participants with ALS (mean [SE] level, 172 [8] ng/mL; P<.05) and the controls with a neurological disease (mean [SE] level, 172 [6] ng/mL; P<.05) than in the healthy controls (mean [SE] level, 134 [4] ng/mL). Elevated CSF SOD1 levels did not correlate with disease characteristics in participants with ALS or controls with dementia of the Alzheimer type, but they did correlate with tau, phosphorylated tau, VILIP-1 and YKL-40 levels in controls with dementia of the Alzheimer type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOD1 in CSF may be an excellent pharmacodynamic marker for SOD1-lowering therapies because antisense oligonucleotide therapy lowers protein levels in the rat brain and rat CSF samples and because SOD1 levels in CSF samples from humans are stable over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: Dushyanth
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lacomis
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaffa
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holtzman
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wancewicz
authors.forename: C Frank
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bowser
authors.forename: Merit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cudkowicz
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000201:enzymology / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; C109415:SOD1 G93A protein; C000606292:Sod1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1