title: Food polyamine and cardiovascular disease--an epidemiological study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of dietary polyamines toward preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Age-standardized mortality rates as well as other relevant information regarding individuals with CVD were gathered from the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund in 48 different European and other Western countries. Food supply data were collected from the database of the United Nations, and the amount of dietary polyamines was estimated by using polyamine concentrations in foods from published sources. The association between CVD mortality and the amount of polyamines was investigated by performing a series of multiple linear regression analyses. Analyses using factors known to modulate the risk of CVD including: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (standardized regression coefficient (r) = -0.786, p &lt; 0.001) and the amount of fruits, vegetable, nuts, and beans (r = -0.183, p = 0.001) but not including polyamines, showed negative associations with CVD, while smoking rate (r = 0.139, p = 0.041) and whole milk amount (r = 0.131, p = 0.028) showed positive associations with CVD. When the amount of polyamines was added to the analyses as a covariate, GDP (r = -0.864, p &lt; 0.001) and polyamines (r = -0.355, p = 0.007) showed negative associations with CVD, while smoking rate (r = 0.183, p = 0.006) and whole milk (r = 0.113, p = 0.041) showed positive associations with CVD. The inverse association between dietary polyamines and CVD mortality revealed by the present study merits further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan. soda@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kuniyasu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Fumihiro
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiba
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005638:Fruit; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011073:Polyamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013095:Spermidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013096:Spermine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D011073:Polyamines; D013096:Spermine; D013095:Spermidine