title: Pre- and postoperative quantitative analysis of contour abnormalities in Graves upper eyelid retraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the most common problems of the surgical management of Graves upper eyelid retraction is the occurrence of eyelid contour abnormalities. In the present study, the postoperative contour of a large sample of eyelids of patients with Graves orbitopathy was measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  The postoperative upper eyelid contour of 62 eyes of 43 patients with Graves orbitopathy was subjectively classified by 3 experienced surgeons in 3 categories: poor, fair, and good. The shape of the eyelid contours in each category was then measured with a recently developed custom-made software by measuring multiple midpupil eyelid distances each 15° along the palpebral fissure. The upper eyelid contour of 60 normal subjects was also quantified as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ratio between the sum of the lateral and medial midpupil eyelid distances (lateral/medial ratio) was 1.10 ± 0.11 standard deviation in controls and 1.15 ± 0.13 standard deviation in patients. Postoperatively, the mean midpupil eyelid distance at 90° was 4.16 ± 1.13 mm standard deviation. The distribution lateral/medial ratios of the eyelids judged as having good contours was similar to the distribution of the controls with a modal value centered on the interval between 1.0 and 1.10. The distribution of lateral/medial ratios of the eyelids judged as having poor contour was bimodal, with eyelids with low and high lateral/medial ratios. Low lateral/medial ratios occurred when there was a lateral overcorrection, giving the eyelid a flat or a medial ptosis appearance. High lateral/medial ratios were due to a central or medial overcorrection or a lateral peak maintenance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative upper eyelid contour abnormalities can be quantified by comparing the sum of multiple midpupil eyelid distances of the lateral and medial sectors of the eyelid. Low and high lateral/medial ratios are anomalous and judged as unpleasant.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de São João, School of Medicine, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara F T
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Gherusa H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Milbratz
authors.forename: Denny M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Devoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guilherme Neto
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mörschbächer
authors.forename: Filipe J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Antonio A V
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D004954:Esthetics; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D057234:Preoperative Period; D055815:Young Adult