title: A New Method for Evaluating the Diffusion of Ca(2+) and OH(-) Ions through Coronal Dentin into the Pulp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ca(OH)(2)-containing/forming materials are conventionally used for indirect pulp-capping and are theoretically able to release Ca(2+) and OH(-) ions for hydrolytic dissociation. However, no evidence exists for ion diffusion through the remaining coronal dentin. The aim of this study was to design an innovative experimental set-up to test the ability of Ca(OH)(2)-containing and Ca(OH)(2)-forming pulp-capping materials to generate pulpward Ca(2) and OH(-) ion fluxes through coronal dentin after indirect pulp-capping in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized class 1 cavities were prepared in erupted sound human molars. Pulp tissue was excised. A coronal Remaining Dentin Thickness (RTD) (1±0.2 mm thick) was prepared within an occlusal-to-pulp cavity system (coronal RD system). The whole system/sample was treated with 17% EDTA to remove the smear layer and the external surface was covered by nail varnish. Indirect pulp-capping was performed on coronal RDT using a conventional pulp-capping material covered by a glass ionomer cement, a composite and nail varnish. Chemically different Ca(OH)(2) materials were used to test the reliability of the set-up. The leached Ca(2+) and OH(-) ions were measured using ion-selective electrodes after soaking for 3 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days in deionized water (10 mL, 37°C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium ions were detected and a rise in pH was observed in the treated water after a few hours for all tested materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental set-up proved to be an easy and effective method for testing the different Ca(OH)(2)-containing and Ca(OH)(2)-forming materials ability to induce a pulpward flux of calcium and hydroxyl ions through coronal remaining dentin after indirect pulp-capping. The new system will allow the screening of current pulp-capping materials.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
keywords: Calcium; Calcium Hydroxide; Dental Materials; Dental Pulp Exposure; Dentin; Diffusion; Dycal; Endodontics; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; ProRoot; Pulp Cap; Pulpdent Paste