title: Clinical significance and developmental changes of auditory-language-related gamma activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the clinical impact and developmental changes of auditory-language-related augmentation of gamma activity at 50-120 Hz recorded on electrocorticography (ECoG).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 77 epileptic patients ranging 4-56 years in age. We determined the effects of seizure-onset zone, electrode location, and patient-age upon gamma-augmentation elicited by an auditory-naming task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gamma-augmentation was less frequently elicited within seizure-onset sites compared to other sites. Regardless of age, gamma-augmentation most often involved the 80-100 Hz frequency band. Gamma-augmentation initially involved bilateral superior-temporal regions, followed by left-side dominant involvement in the middle-temporal, medial-temporal, inferior-frontal, dorsolateral-premotor, and medial-frontal regions and concluded with bilateral inferior-Rolandic involvement. Compared to younger patients, those older than 10 years had a larger proportion of left dorsolateral-premotor and right inferior-frontal sites showing gamma-augmentation. The incidence of a post-operative language deficit requiring speech therapy was predicted by the number of resected sites with gamma-augmentation in the superior-temporal, inferior-frontal, dorsolateral-premotor, and inferior-Rolandic regions of the left hemisphere assumed to contain essential language function (r(2) = 0.59; p = 0.001; odds ratio = 6.04 [95% confidence-interval: 2.26-16.15]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Auditory-language-related gamma-augmentation can provide additional information useful to localize the primary language areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results derived from a large sample of patients support the utility of auditory-language-related gamma-augmentation in presurgical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Erik C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rothermel
authors.forename: Alanna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fuerst
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.forename: Aashit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Maysaa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basha
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Eishi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult