title: Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess in a laboratory experimental model the efficacy of a novel root canal irrigant, QMiX, against Enterococcus faecalis and mixed plaque bacteria in planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, its ability to remove smear layer was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enterococcus faecalis and mixed plaque bacteria were exposed to QMiX, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), MTAD and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 5 s, 30 s and 3 min. Following exposure, samples were taken, serially diluted and grown aerobically and anaerobically on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates or on blood agar plates for 24 and 72 h, respectively, to measure killing of bacteria. E. faecalis and plaque biofilms were grown for 3 weeks on collagen-coated hydroxyapatite or dentine discs and exposed for 1 and 3 min to QMiX, 2% CHX, MTAD, 1% and 2% NaOCl. The amount of killed bacteria in biofilms was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using viability staining. Dentine blocks were exposed to QMiX and 17% EDTA for 5 min. The effectiveness of smear layer removal by the solution was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and comparison of two proportions were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QMiX and 1% NaOCl killed all planktonic E. faecalis and plaque bacteria in 5 s, while 2% CHX and MTAD were unable to kill all plaque bacteria in 30 s, and some E. faecalis cells survived even 3 min of exposure. QMiX and 2% NaOCl killed up to 12 times more biofilm bacteria than 1% NaOCl (P < 0.01), 2% CHX (P < 0.05; P < 0.001) and MTAD (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). QMiX removed smear layer equally well as EDTA (P = 0.18 × 10(-5)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QMiX and NaOCl were superior to CHX and MTAD under laboratory conditions in killing E. faecalis and plaque bacteria in planktonic and biofilm culture. Ability to remove smear layer by QMiX was comparable to EDTA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stojicic
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001645:Biguanides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010933:Plankton / Q000187:drug effects*; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001645:Biguanides; D004338:Drug Combinations; C475043:MTAD (intracanal irrigant); D011108:Polymers; D011136:Polysorbates; C557698:QMix root canal irrigant; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D019343:Citric Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D004318:Doxycycline; D002710:Chlorhexidine