title: Neurostimulation-past, present, and beyond.
abstract: Neurostimulation as a treatment for epilepsy has been around for almost 20 years in the form of vagus nerve stimulation. Newer types of neurostimulation are being developed and stand on the brink of approval for use. The two newest therapies, not yet approved in the United States, are deep brain stimulation and the Responsive Neurostimulator System . In fact, in Europe, approval has already been given for deep brain stimulation and newer forms of vagus nerve stimulation. Efficacy is similar between these therapies, and side effects are moderate, so what will be the future? The challenge will be to learn how to use these therapies correctly and offer the right treatment for the right patient.
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden,  ebm@neuor.gu.se.
authors.forename: Elinor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Menachem