title: Aqueous pathways dominate permeation of solutes across Pisum sativum seed coats and mediate solute transport via diffusion and bulk flow of water.
abstract: The permeability of seed coats to solutes either of biological or anthropogenic origin plays a major role in germination, seedling growth and seed treatment by pesticides. An experimental set-up was designed for investigating the mechanisms of seed coat permeation, which allows steady-state experiments with isolated seed coats of Pisum sativum. Permeances were measured for a set of organic model compounds with different physicochemical properties and sizes. The results show that narrow aqueous pathways dominate the diffusion of solutes across pea seed coats, as indicated by a correlation of permeances with the molecular sizes of the compounds instead of their lipophilicity. Further indicators for an aqueous pathway are small size selectivity and a small effect of temperature on permeation. The application of an osmotic water potential gradient across isolated seed coats leads to an increase in solute transfer, indicating that the aqueous pathways form a water-filled continuum across the seed coat allowing the bulk flow of water. Thus, the uptake of organic solutes across pea testae has two components: (1) by diffusion and (2) by bulk water inflow, which, however, is relevant only during imbibition.
authors.affiliation: Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik ll - Ökophysiologie und Vegetationsökologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burghardt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riederer
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004058:Diffusion; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000378:metabolism; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010316:Particle Size; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D004149:Dioxoles; D008563:Membrane Lipids; C583365:N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D014867:Water; C108339:fludioxonil