title: Early prognostic markers for fatal fulminant hepatic failure cases with viral hepatitis: proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fulminant hepatic failure is associated with liver metabolic derangements which could have fatal consequences. The aim of the present study is to identify serum markers for early prediction of the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of serum of fulminant hepatic failure patients due to viral hepatitis with grade II/III of encephalopathy (twenty-four: ten prospective and fourteen retrospective) and twenty-five controls were undertaken. Of the twenty-four patients, fifteen survived with medical management alone while nine had fatal outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated significantly elevated indices of amino acids (alanine, lysine, glutamine, histidine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and 1,2-propanediol) in fatal cases compared to survivors and controls. Principal component analysis showed clear separation of fatal and surviving cases. Liver function parameters were significantly deranged in patients but they failed to provide early significant differences between surviving and fatal cases. Compared to model for end-stage liver disease scores, principal component analysis appear to be better as an early prognostic indicator. Biochemical mapping of pathways suggested interruptions in amino acid metabolism and urea cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of serum have the potential of rapidly identifying patients with irreversible fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation as life saving option.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India. balalakshmi@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bala
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehrotra
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohindra
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Chunni Lal
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Khetrapal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D008111:Liver Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers