title: Whole spine CT for evaluation of scoliosis in children: feasibility of sub-milliSievert scanning protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimization of CT radiation dose is important for children due to their higher risk of radiation-induced adverse effects. Anatomical structures with high inherent contrast, such as bones can be imaged at very low radiation doses by optimizing scan parameters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess feasibility of sub-milliSievert whole spine CT scanning protocol for evaluation of scoliosis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  With approval of the ethical board, we performed whole spine CT for evaluation of scoliosis in 22 children (age range, 3-18 years; mean age, 13 years; 13 girls, 9 boys) on a 128-slice dual source multidetector-row CT scanner. Lowest possible quality reference mAs value (image quality factor for xy-z automatic exposure control or xyz-AEC, CARE Dose 4D) was selected on a per patient basis. Remaining parameters were held constant at 3.0:1 pitch, 128 × 0.6 mm detector collimation, 115.2 mm table feed per gantry rotation, 100 kVp, and 1 and 3 mm reconstructed sections. Average mAs, projected estimated dose savings with AEC, computed tomography dose index volume (CTDI vol), and dose length product (DLP) were recorded. Artifacts were graded on a four-point scale (1, no artifacts; 4, severe artifacts). Ability to identify vertebral and pedicular contours, and measure pedicular width and degree of vertebral rotation was graded on a three-point scale (1, unacceptable; 3, excellent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CT examinations were deemed as reliable for identifying vertebral and pedicular contours as well as for measuring pedicular width (5.9 ± 1.6 mm) and degree of vertebral rotation (28.7 ± 23.4°). Mean objective image noise and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were 57.5 ± 21.5 and 4.7 ± 2.3, respectively. With a mean quality reference mAs of 13, the scanner employed an average actual effective mAs of 10 ± 3.8 (range, 6-18 mAs) with an estimated radiation dose saving of 43.5 ± 16.3% with xyz-AEC compared with fixed mAs. The mean CTDI, DLP, and estimated effective doses were 0.4 ± 0.1 mGy (0.2-0.7 mGy), 21 ± 10 mGy.cm (8-41 mGy.cm), and 0.3 ± 0.1 mSv (0.12-0.64 mSv), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation dose for whole spine CT for evaluation of scoliosis in children can be minimized to less than one-third of a milliSievert while maintaining diagnostic image quality.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linkoping University, Linkoping University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mannudeep K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quick
authors.forename: Sarabjeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandborg
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*