title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with empyematous cholecystitis: an outcome analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), the procedure of choice for elective cholelithiasis, is now also used in the management of acute cholecystitis. Empyema of the gallbladder is unexpectedly encountered in a proportion of these patients. This paper describes our experience with LC in the treatment of patients with empyema of the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 1992 to July 2007, 315 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute cholecystitis underwent LC. Operative and histopathology reports were used to identify patients with empyema of the gallbladder, to which retrospective chart reviews were applied. Factors associated with conversion and complications were assessed to determine their predictive power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Being male and having high levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and white blood cells significantly influenced the prediction of empyema. The conversion rate was significantly higher for empyema and acute cholecystitis, but the complication rate did not differ significantly between these conditions. Previous abdominal surgery was an independent risk factor for conversion and complications. Also, temperature >37.5°C, AST >60 IU/l, and ALT >60 IU/l were associated with higher conversion rates. The hospital stay was longer in patients with empyema, while the operation time did not differ between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empyema of the gallbladder can be encountered in patients with presumed acute cholecystitis. Preoperatively differentiating between simple acute cholecystitis and empyema is difficult, if not impossible. The conversion rate is expected to be higher when empyema is approached laparoscopically than for simple acute cholecystitis or symptomatic cholelithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Thrace, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Botaitis
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polychronidis
authors.forename: Grigorios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trypsianis
authors.forename: Sebachedin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perente
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitiakoudis
keywords: Acute cholecystitis; Empyema; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy