title: Urea is not a universal cryoprotectant among hibernating anurans: evidence from the freeze-tolerant boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata).
abstract: Freeze-tolerant organisms accumulate a diversity of low molecular weight compounds to combat negative effects of ice formation. Previous studies of anuran freeze tolerance have implicated urea as a cryoprotectant in the wood frog (Lithobates sylvatica). However, a cryoprotective role for urea has been identified only for wood frogs, though urea accumulation is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for coping with osmotic stress in amphibians. To identify whether multiple solutes are involved in freezing tolerance in the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), we examined seasonal and freezing-induced variation in several potential cryoprotectants. We further tested for a cryoprotective role for urea by comparing survival and recovery from freezing in control and urea-loaded chorus frogs. Tissue levels of glucose, urea, and glycerol did not vary significantly among seasons for heart, liver, or leg muscle. Furthermore, no changes in urea or glycerol levels were detected with exposure to freezing temperatures in these tissues. Urea-loading increased tissue urea concentrations, but failed to enhance freezing survival or facilitate recovery from freezing in chorus frogs in this study, suggesting little role for urea as a natural cryoprotectant in this species. These data suggest that urea may not universally serve as a primary cryoprotectant among freeze-tolerant, terrestrially hibernating anurans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. shiggin8@utk.edu
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D006605:Hibernation / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014508:Urea; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol