title: Trends in Traumatic Brain Injury in the U.S. and the public health response: 1995-2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a public health problem in the United States. In 2009, approximately 2.4 million [corrected] patients with a TBI listed as primary or secondary diagnosis were hospitalized and discharged alive (N=300,667) or were treated and released from emergency departments (EDs; N=2,077,350), outpatient departments (ODs; N=83,857), and office-based physicians (OB-P; N=1,079,338). In addition, 52,695 died with one or more TBI-related diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Federal TBI-related laws that have guided CDC since 1996 were reviewed. Trends in TBI were obtained by analyzing data from nationally representative surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDC has developed and is implementing a strategy to reduce the burden of TBI in the United States. Currently, 20 states have TBI surveillance and prevention systems. From 1995-2009, the TBI rates per 100,000 population increased in EDs (434.1 vs. 686.0) and OB-Ps (234.6 vs. 352.3); and decreased in ODs (42.6 vs. 28.1) and in TBI-related deaths (19.9 vs. 16.6). TBI Hospitalizations decreased from 95.5 in 1995 to 77.9 in 2000 and increased to 95.7 in 2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of TBI have increased since 1995 for ED and PO visits. To reduce of the burden and mitigate the impact of TBI in the United States, an improved state- and territory-specific TBI surveillance system that accurately measures burden and includes information on the acute and long-term outcomes of TBI is needed.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Injury Response. vgc1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Coronado
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.forename: Jeneita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lionbarger
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Nayla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Likang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007878:Legislation as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology