title: Enhanced gene detection assays for fumarate-adding enzymes allow uncovering of anaerobic hydrocarbon degraders in terrestrial and marine systems.
abstract: The detection of anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader populations via catabolic gene markers is important for the understanding of processes at contaminated sites. Fumarate-adding enzymes (FAEs; i.e., benzylsuccinate and alkylsuccinate synthases) have already been established as specific functional marker genes for anaerobic hydrocarbon degraders. Several recent studies based on pure cultures and laboratory enrichments have shown the existence of new and deeply branching FAE gene lineages, such as clostridial benzylsuccinate synthases and homologues, as well as naphthylmethylsuccinate synthases. However, established FAE gene detection assays were not designed to target these novel lineages, and consequently, their detectability in different environments remains obscure. Here, we present a new suite of parallel primer sets for detecting the comprehensive range of FAE markers known to date, including clostridial benzylsuccinate, naphthylmethylsuccinate, and alkylsuccinate synthases. It was not possible to develop one single assay spanning the complete diversity of FAE genes alone. The enhanced assays were tested with a range of hydrocarbon-degrading pure cultures, enrichments, and environmental samples of marine and terrestrial origin. They revealed the presence of several, partially unexpected FAE gene lineages not detected in these environments before: distinct deltaproteobacterial and also clostridial bssA homologues as well as environmental nmsA homologues. These findings were backed up by dual-digest terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism diagnostics to identify FAE gene populations independently of sequencing. This allows rapid insights into intrinsic degrader populations and degradation potentials established in aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon-impacted environmental systems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: von Netzer
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pilloni
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knittel
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gründger
authors.forename: Tillmann
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lueders
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D001711:Biotransformation; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005650:Fumarates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004798:Enzymes; D005650:Fumarates; D006838:Hydrocarbons