title: Maternal obesity and vitamin D sufficiency are associated with cord blood vitamin D insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inverse relationship between total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) and increased adiposity has been established in children, adolescents, and adults. However, the relationship between neonatal adiposity and vitamin D status has not been reported. Both maternal obesity and vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy are common and are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between vitamin D levels in mothers and newborns, as influenced by maternal obesity, and evaluate these associations with neonatal adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one maternal-neonatal pairs participated in this cross-sectional study at an academic medical center. Mothers had a prepregnancy body mass index that was normal or obese.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal and cord blood sera were assayed for 25-OH D, and neonatal body composition was measured by air displacement plethysmography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers had similar and sufficient levels of 25-OH D when measured at 36-38 wk gestation, irrespective of body mass index category (normal weight, 46.05, vs. obese, 49.84 ng/ml; P = not significant). However, cord blood 25-OH D was higher in neonates of normal-weight mothers compared to neonates of obese mothers (27.45 vs. 20.81 ng/ml; P = 0.02). The variance in cord blood 25-OH D was explained by four factors: maternal 25-OH D level, the presence of maternal obesity, maternal age, and neonatal adiposity (r(2) = 0.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese women transfer less 25-OH D to offspring than normal-weight women, despite similar serum levels. Cord blood 25-OH D levels directly correlate to neonatal percentage body fat. These novel findings underscore the evolving relationships between maternal obesity, vitamin D nutritional status, and adiposity in the neonatal period that may influence subsequent childhood and adulthood vitamin D-dependent processes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2605, USA. J-Josefson@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Jami L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Josefson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feinglass
authors.forename: Alfred W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.forename: Boyd E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Dinah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zeiss
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Langman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000151:congenital* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D