title: Gamma-H2AX foci in cells exposed to a mixed beam of X-rays and alpha particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the cellular effects of exposure to mixed beams of high and low linear energy transfer radiation. So far, the effects of combined exposures have mainly been assessed with clonogenic survival or cytogenetic methods, and the results are contradictory. The gamma-H2AX assay has up to now not been applied in this context, and it is a promising tool for investigating the early cellular response to mixed beam irradiation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the dose response and repair kinetics of gamma-H2AX ionizing radiation-induced foci in VH10 human fibroblasts exposed to mixed beams of 241Am alpha particles and X-rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VH10 human fibroblasts were irradiated with each radiation type individually or both in combination at 37°C. Foci were scored for repair kinetics 0.5, 1, 3 and 24 h after irradiation (one dose per irradiation type), and for dose response at the 1 h time point. The dose response effect of mixed beam was additive, and the relative biological effectiveness for alpha particles (as compared to X-rays) was of 0.76 ± 0.52 for the total number of foci, and 2.54 ± 1.11 for large foci. The repair kinetics for total number of foci in cells exposed to mixed beam irradiation was intermediate to that of cells exposed to alpha particles and X-rays. However, for mixed beam-irradiated cells the frequency and area of large foci were initially lower than predicted and increased during the first 3 hours of repair (while the predicted number and area did not).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repair kinetics of large foci after mixed beam exposure was significantly different from predicted based on the effect of the single dose components. The formation of large foci was delayed and they did not reach their maximum area until 1 h after irradiation. We hypothesize that the presence of low X-ray-induced damage engages the DNA repair machinery leading to a delayed DNA damage response to the more complex DNA damage induced by alpha particles.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden. elina.staaf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Staaf
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brehwens
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haghdoost
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czub
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wojcik