title: Independent activation of hepatitis B virus biosynthesis by retinoids, peroxisome proliferators, and bile acids.
abstract: In the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, retinoic acid, clofibric acid, and bile acid treatment can only modestly increase hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis. Utilizing the human embryonic kidney cell line 293T, it was possible to demonstrate that the retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) plus its ligand can support viral biosynthesis independently of additional nuclear receptors. In addition, RXRα/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and RXRα/farnesoid X receptor α (FXRα) heterodimeric nuclear receptors can also mediate ligand-dependent HBV transcription and replication when activated by clofibric acid and bile acid, respectively, independently of a requirement for the ligand-dependent activation of RXRα. These observations indicate that there are at least three possible modes of ligand-mediated activation of HBV transcription and replication existing within hepatocytes, suggesting that multiple independent mechanisms control viral production in the livers of infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oropeza
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLachlan
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D020025:Peroxisome Proliferators / Q000378:metabolism*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D020025:Peroxisome Proliferators; D012176:Retinoids