title: A novel model of combined neuropathic and inflammatory pain displaying long-lasting allodynia and spontaneous pain-like behaviour.
abstract: Many clinical cases of chronic pain exhibit both neuropathic and inflammatory components. In contrast, most animal models of chronic pain focus on one type of injury alone. Here we present a novel combined model of both neuropathic and inflammatory pain and characterise its distinctive properties. This combined model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) and intraplantar Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) injection results in enhanced mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, a static weight bearing deficit, and notably pronounced spontaneous foot lifting (SFL) behaviour (which under our conditions was not seen in either individual model and may reflect ongoing/spontaneous pain). Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) expression of Activating Transcription Factor-3 (ATF-3), a marker of axonal injury, was no greater in the combined model than CCI alone. Initial pharmacological characterisation of the new model showed that the SFL was reversed by gabapentin or diclofenac, typical analgesics for neuropathic or inflammatory pain respectively, but not by mexiletine, a Na(+) channel blocker effective in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Static weight bearing deficit was moderately reduced by gabapentin, whereas only diclofenac reversed mechanical allodynia. This novel animal model of chronic pain may prove a useful test-bed for further analysing the pharmacological susceptibility of complicated clinical pain states.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroregeneration, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Allchorne
authors.forename: Hayley L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fleetwood-Walker
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000633:toxicity; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000293:injuries
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C497108:Atf3 protein, rat; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant