title: Review: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune responses: a focus on bisphenol-A and its potential mechanisms.
abstract: Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become of concern for a variety f health issues. Due to their effects on the endocrine system they have been thoroughly examined with regards to sexual dysfunction, malformation, and cancers of reproductive origin. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a widely studied EDC and has been characterized regarding its estrogenic effects on a variety of cell types. BPA also alters immune responses. In this review, we examine some of the documented effects of EDCs, with a focus on BPA that pertain to modulation of the immune system and various immune cell populations. We highlight the multiple actions of BPA on altering T cell subsets, B cell functions, and dendritic cell and macrophage biology. Finally, we consider that these immunological activities of BPA may be mediated through estrogen receptor signaling, arylhydrocarbon receptor, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of nuclear receptors.
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Luanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: V Wee
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Yong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D010636:Phenols; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds