title: Absorption of triphenylmethane dyes Brilliant Blue and Patent Blue through intact skin, shaven skin and lingual mucosa from daily life products.
abstract: Currently, there is evidence of health risks of triphenylmethane dyes after systemic absorption. This paper investigates the fate of Brilliant Blue (BB) and Patent Blue (PB) after 24-h in vitro diffusion, firstly through intact and secondly through shaven pig-ear skin (stored by freezing) from four leave-on cosmetics under in-use conditions. Both dyes showed no measurable permeation through intact skin but significant permeation was found through shaven skin. From 250 ng/cm(2) of dye in one applied dose there were found 52 ng/cm(2) of BB and 91 ng/cm(2) of PB from ethanol-based after-shave, 39 ng/cm(2) of BB and 86 ng/cm(2) of PB from ethanol-free facial-cleanser, 35 ng/cm(2) of BB and 43 ng/cm(2) of PB from O/W emulsion, and no amount from W/O emulsion, as available to become systemically absorbed. Thirdly, the paper focuses on lingual mucosa after licking lollipops. Ex vivo porcine tongue dorsum was exposed to human saliva with 15,000 ng/cm(2) of dye for 20 min. 24-h diffusion resulted in 34 ng/cm(2) of BB and 86 ng/cm(2) of PB which can be directly absorbed into the blood system. Findings are troubling, particularly with regard to the frequent use of after-shave products by the male population and repeated lollipops licking by children.
authors.affiliation: Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucová
authors.forename: Jarmila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hojerová
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pažoureková
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Klimová
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004058:Diffusion; D004655:Emulsions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006204:Hair Removal; D006801:Humans; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D014059:Tongue / Q000187:drug effects; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003358:Cosmetics; D004655:Emulsions; D009067:Mouthwashes; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds; D000431:Ethanol; C046945:triphenylmethane; C006796:brilliant blue