title: Association of parent ratings of executive function with global- and setting-specific behavioral impairment after adolescent traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of primary caregiver-rated behavioral and metacognitive aspects of executive function (EF) with impaired functioning after adolescent traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary caregivers and children (N=132) aged 12 to 17 years who sustained a moderate or severe TBI within the past 1 to 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary caregiver ratings of EF, tests of memory and processing speed (PS), and a structured parent interview to assess clinical impairments in behavioral functioning were used. Logistic regression was used to examine the relation of ratings of EF with clinical ratings of impairment in global adolescent functioning and in functioning in the home, school, and community settings after controlling for sex, race, socioeconomic status, injury severity, and performance on the tests of memory and PS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregiver ratings of poor EF were associated with impairment in both global behavioral functioning (odds ratio [OR]=4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-14.52; P<.01) and community functioning (OR=13.28; 95% CI, 1.94-90.87; P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregiver ratings of deficits in EF were associated with impaired behavioral functioning after adolescent TBI and were independent of performance on tests of memory and processing speed. Understanding the relation of EF with clinical impairments as manifested in different settings will help hone assessment batteries and focus treatments where they are needed most.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. brad.kurowski@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Brad G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kurowski
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stancin
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassedy
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010290:Parents; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors