title: The stiff total knee arthroplasty: causes and cures.
abstract: Seven stiff total knee arthroplasties are presented   to illustrate the roles of: 1) manipulation under general anesthesia;   2) multiple concurrent diagnoses in addition to stiffness; 3) extra-articular   pathology; 4) pain as part of the stiffness triad (pain and limits   to flexion or extension); 5) component internal rotation; 6) multifactorial   etiology; and 7) surgical exposure in this challenging clinical   problem.
authors.affiliation: Whangarei Hospital , Northland District Health Board, 118 Crane Rd. RD 1, Kamo, 0185, New Zealand. kellyvince@mac.com
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Vince
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000601:surgery; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012086:Reoperation