title: Prenatal family adversity and maternal mental health and vulnerability to peer victimisation at school.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal stress has been shown to predict persistent behavioural abnormalities in offspring. Unknown is whether prenatal stress makes children more vulnerable to peer victimisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective community-based study. Family adversity, maternal anxiety and depression were assessed at repeated intervals in pregnancy and the postnatal period. Parenting, partner conflict and temperament were measured at preschool age. Peer victimisation was assessed using multiple informants (child, parent, teacher) at primary school age (between ages 7 and 10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal severe family adversity and maternal mental health directly increased the risk of victimisation at school even when controlled for postnatal family adversity and maternal mental health, parenting, partner conflict and temperament. Effects were found to be independent of sources of information of peer victimisation. Partner conflict and maladaptive parenting also independently increased the risk of peer victimisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiences in pregnancy may affect the developing foetus and increase vulnerability to be victimised by peers. Conflict between parents and their parenting further increase the risk of being victimised by peers at school.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Suzet Tanya
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lereya
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom