title: Higher temperature variability increases the impact of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and shifts interspecific interactions in tadpole mesocosms.
abstract: The emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to the decline and extinction of numerous amphibian species. Multiple studies have observed links between climatic factors and amphibian declines apparently caused by Bd. Using outdoor experimental mesocosms, we tested the response of red-legged frog (Rana aurora) tadpoles to increased variation in temperature, a component of climate linked to amphibian declines, and Bd exposure. We included tadpoles of a sympatric competitor species, Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), in a fully factorial design to test the effects of Bd and temperature on interspecific interactions. We found that higher variation in temperature had numerous effects in mesocosms, including interacting with Bd presence to decrease the condition of R. aurora, shifting the relative performance of competing P. regilla and R. aurora, and accelerating the development of P. regilla relative to R. aurora. Our results demonstrate that increased variation in temperature can affect amphibians in multiple ways that will be contingent on ecological context, including the presence of Bd and competing species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Victoria PO Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada.
authors.forename: Phineas T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Jean Ml
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Govindarajulu
authors.forename: Bradley R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Anholt
keywords: Chytridiomycosis; climate change; competition; mesocosm; tadpole; temperature