title: Immunogenicity of monococcum wheat in celiac patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research is intense to find wheat of low or null toxicity for patients with celiac disease (CD). Among candidates, there are diploid wheat species.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the immunological properties of 2 lines of diploid monococcum wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), Monlis and ID331, with those of common wheat (Triticum aestivum).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interferon-γ production and the proliferation of intestinal gliadin-specific T cell lines and clones were measured as evidence of T cell activation by peptic and tryptic (PT) digests of gliadins from 2 monococcum lines. Furthermore, organ cultures of jejunal biopsies from 28 CD patients were set up to assess the effects of PT gliadin on innate and adaptive immune response by using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monlis and ID331 induced interferon-γ production and proliferation in celiac mucosal T cells. In organ cultures, Monlis PT digest induced a significant increase of IL-15 epithelial expression and crypt enterocyte proliferation, whereas ID331 had no effect. Both monococcum lines caused intraepithelial T cell infiltration and lamina propria T cell activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the monococcum lines Monlis and ID331 activate the CD T cell response and suggest that these lines are toxic for celiac patients. However, ID331 is likely to be less effective in inducing CD because of its inability to activate the innate immune pathways.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, Immunobiology, National Council Research, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianfrani
authors.forename: Mariatonia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maglio
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rotondi Aufiero
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camarca
authors.forename: Immacolata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vocca
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iaquinto
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giardullo
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pogna
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncone
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzarella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052179:Antigens, Plant / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002999:Clone Cells; D004171:Diploidy; D005433:Flour / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005903:Gliadin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008875:Middle Aged; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014908:Triticum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052179:Antigens, Plant; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D005903:Gliadin