title: Analysis and classification of heterogeneous kidney stones using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).
abstract: Kidney stones were analyzed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), utilizing a high resolution multi-channel charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer and a nanosecond-pulse Nd : YAG laser. The kidney stones were also characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD)  and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques for comparative analysis. It was found that the ratio of hydrogen (H) to carbon (C) was an important indicator of organic compounds such as uric acid. Advantages of LIBS, especially with regards to amount of sample required and sample preparation as  well as the ability to carry out elemental analysis and classification of kidney stones simultaneously, over other analytical techniques such as XRD and XRF are discussed. The common minor elements detected in the kidney stones include P, S, Si, Ti, and Zn. Principal component analysis (PCA)  and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of broadband LIBS spectra were employed for classifying different types of kidney stones. The results are beneficial in understanding kidney stone formation processes, which can lead to preventive therapeutic strategies and treatment  methods for urological patients.
authors.affiliation: Laser Technologies Research and Application Center, Koaceli University, Turkey.
authors.forename: Belgin Genc
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Oztoprak
authors.forename: Jhanis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Jong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gulecen
authors.forename: Nazim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gundogdu
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demir
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium