title: Differential effects of cigarette price changes on adult smoking behaviours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raising cigarette prices through taxation is an important policy approach to reduce smoking. Yet, cigarette price increases may not be equally effective in all subpopulations of smokers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine differing effects of state cigarette price changes with individual changes in smoking among smokers of different intensity levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults originally interviewed in 2001-2002 (Wave 1) and re-interviewed in 2004-2005 (Wave 2): 34 653 were re-interviewed in Wave 2, and 7068 smokers defined at Wave 1 were included in our study. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to assess whether the effects of changes in state cigarette prices on changes in daily smoking behaviour differed by level of daily smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the multivariable model, there was a significant interaction between change in price per pack of cigarettes from Wave 1 to Wave 2 and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p=0.044). The more cigarettes smoked per day at baseline, the more responsive the smokers were to increases in price per pack of cigarettes (ie, number of cigarettes smoked per day was reduced in response to price increases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings that heavier smokers successfully and substantially reduced their cigarette smoking behaviours in response to state cigarette price increases provide fresh insight to the evidence on the effectiveness of higher cigarette prices in reducing smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cavazos-Rehg
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Spitznagel
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grucza
authors.forename: Laura Jean
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bierut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States
keywords: Cessation; Price; Public policy; Taxation