title: Quillaja saponaria extract as mucosal adjuvant with chitosan functionalized gold nanoparticles for mucosal vaccine delivery: stability and immunoefficiency studies.
abstract: Carrier mediated delivery of vaccines along with adjuvants can possibly address the issue related to oral vaccines like inadequate immune potentiation. In this study, chitosan functionalized gold nanoparticles (CsAuNPs) were used as a carrier for the model antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) along with immunostimulant Quillaja saponaria extract (QS). Physicochemical properties (size, zeta potential, pH value) of formulation were investigated as stability indicating parameters. The synthesized CsAuNPs were spherical in shape, around 40 nm in size, positively charged (around +35 mV) and had TT and QS payload of 65% and 0.01%, respectively. Formulation parameters did not alter the secondary structure of TT, as determined by FTIR, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. Antigen specificity, determined by an ELISA, was also not compromised. The CsAuNPs conferred protection to TT against gastric hydrolysis as studied in vitro. TT-QS-CsAuNPs induced up to 28-fold immune responses compared to control formulations (TT, TT-QS) after oral administration of formulations in BALB/c mice. The immune responses were quantified by measuring the TT-specific IgG and IgA titers using ELISA. Findings herein demonstrate that co-delivery of TT and QS with functionalized CsAuNPs promotes better systemic and local immune responses and hence can be considered as a sound approach for oral vaccine delivery.
authors.affiliation: Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Erandwane, Pune 411038, India.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barhate
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gairola
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pokharkar
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D031990:Quillaja / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014612:Vaccines; D006046:Gold; D048271:Chitosan