title: A novel antibacterial modification treatment of titanium capable to improve osseointegration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the different causes of orthopedic and dental implant failure, infection remains the most serious and devastating complication associated with biomaterial devices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop an innovative osteointegrative and antibacterial biomimetic coating on titanium and to perform a chemical-physical and in vitro biological characterization of the coating using the SAOS-2 cell line. We also studied the antibacterial properties of the coating against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electrochemical solution containing silicon, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, and silver nanoparticles was used to obtain the antibacterial by Anodic Spark Deposition (ASD) treatment. Surface morphology was characterized using SEM and laser profilometry. A qualitative analysis of the chemical composition of the coating was assessed by EDS. The adhesion properties of the coating to the titanium bulk were performed with a 3-point bending test. SAOS-2 osteoblastic cell line spreading and morphology and viability were investigated. The bacterial adhesion and the antibacterial properties were investigated after 3 h and 24 h of incubation with Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli bacterial strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed anodization treatment created a chemically and morphologically modified, adherent titanium oxide layer, characterized by a microporous morphology enriched by calcium, silicon, phosphorous, and silver. The preliminary biological characterization showed optimal SAOS-2 cell adhesion and proliferation as well as a strong antibacterial effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, we believe that this novel biomimetic and antibacterial treatment hold promise for enhancing osteointegration while conferring strong antibacterial properties to titanium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Della Valle
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Visai
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santin
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cigada
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Candiani
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pezzoli
authors.forename: Carla Renata
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Arciola
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imbriani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiesa
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D014025:Titanium