title: Mycotoxins in the environment: I. Production and emission from an agricultural test field.
abstract: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are naturally produced by fungi which infest and contaminate agricultural crops and commodities (e.g., small grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, and organic soil material). Although these compounds have extensively been studied in food and feed, only little is known about their environmental fate. Therefore, we investigated over nearly two years the occurrence of various mycotoxins in a field cropped with winter wheat of the variety Levis, which was artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp., as well as their emission via drainage water. Mycotoxins were regularly quantified in whole wheat plants (0.1-133 mg/kg(dry weight), for deoxynivalenol), and drainage water samples (0.8 ng/L to 1.14 μg/L, for deoxynivalenol). From the mycotoxins quantified in wheat (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenone-X, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, beauvericin, and zearalenone), only the more hydrophilic ones or those prevailing at high concentrations were detected in drainage water. Of the total amounts produced in wheat plants (min: 2.3; max: 292 g/ha/y), 0.5-354 mg/ha/y, i.e. 0.002-0.12%, were emitted via drainage water. Hence, these compounds add to the complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic micropollutants particularly in small rural water bodies, receiving mainly runoff from agricultural areas.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon, Research Station ART, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schenzel
authors.forename: Hans-Rudolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Forrer
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogelgsang
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hungerbühler
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bucheli
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D004323:Drainage, Sanitary; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000502:physiology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009183:Mycotoxins