title: Antidiabetic components of Cassia alata leaves: identification through α-glucosidase inhibition studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cassia alata Linn. [syn. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.] (Caesalpiniaceae) is used for treating various disease conditions including diabetes but its mechanism(s) of action and active principles remain to be elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The antidiabetic principles were identified using an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methanol extract of leaves of C. alata, which showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀, 63.75 ± 12.81 µg/ml), was fractionated. Active fractions were taken for further analysis by a variety of techniques including HPLC and Combiflash chromatography. The identity of the isolated compounds was established by spectroscopic analysis while their potential antidiabetic activity was assessed by in vitro enzyme inhibition studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the crude extract was far better than the standard clinically used drug, acarbose (IC₅₀, 107.31 ± 12.31 µg/ml). A subsequent fractionation of the crude extract was made using solvents of ascending polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water). The ethyl acetate (IC₅₀, 2.95 ± 0.47 µg/ml) and n-butanol (IC₅₀, 25.80 ± 2.01 µg/ml) fractions which contained predominantly kaempferol (56.7 ± 7.7 µM) and kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside (50.0 ± 8.5 µM), respectively, displayed the highest carbohydrate enzyme inhibitory effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One of the possible antidiabetic mechanisms of action of C. alata is by inhibiting carbohydrate digestion. This is the first report on α-glucosidase activity of kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the activity profile of the crude extract and isolated bioactive compounds, further in vivo and clinical studies on C. alata extracts and compounds are well merited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, C.M.S. College, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: George Kadakasseril
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Lekshmi Vijaya
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Habtemariam
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007194:India; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D029846:Senna Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D044949:Kaempferols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D012997:Solvents; C442435:kaempferol 3-gentiobioside; C006552:kaempferol