title: Comparative mapping in intraspecific populations uncovers a high degree of macrosynteny between A- and B-genome diploid species of peanut.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop with an allotetraploid genome (AABB, 2n = 4x = 40). Both the low level of genetic variation within the cultivated gene pool and its polyploid nature limit the utilization of molecular markers to explore genome structure and facilitate genetic improvement. Nevertheless, a wealth of genetic diversity exists in diploid Arachis species (2n = 2x = 20), which represent a valuable gene pool for cultivated peanut improvement. Interspecific populations have been used widely for genetic mapping in diploid species of Arachis. However, an intraspecific mapping strategy was essential to detect chromosomal rearrangements among species that could be obscured by mapping in interspecific populations. To develop intraspecific reference linkage maps and gain insights into karyotypic evolution within the genus, we comparatively mapped the A- and B-genome diploid species using intraspecific F2 populations. Exploring genome organization among diploid peanut species by comparative mapping will enhance our understanding of the cultivated tetraploid peanut genome. Moreover, new sources of molecular markers that are highly transferable between species and developed from expressed genes will be required to construct saturated genetic maps for peanut.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,138 EST-SSR (expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat) markers were developed by mining a tetraploid peanut EST assembly including 101,132 unigenes (37,916 contigs and 63,216 singletons) derived from 70,771 long-read (Sanger) and 270,957 short-read (454) sequences. A set of 97 SSR markers were also developed by mining 9,517 genomic survey sequences of Arachis. An SSR-based intraspecific linkage map was constructed using an F2 population derived from a cross between K 9484 (PI 298639) and GKBSPSc 30081 (PI 468327) in the B-genome species A. batizocoi. A high degree of macrosynteny was observed when comparing the homoeologous linkage groups between A (A. duranensis) and B (A. batizocoi) genomes. Comparison of the A- and B-genome genetic linkage maps also showed a total of five inversions and one major reciprocal translocation between two pairs of chromosomes under our current mapping resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings will contribute to understanding tetraploid peanut genome origin and evolution and eventually promote its genetic improvement. The newly developed EST-SSR markers will enrich current molecular marker resources in peanut.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khanal
authors.forename: Shunxue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: Adam F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Heesacker
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khalilian
authors.forename: Ervin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H Thomas
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Stalker
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ozias-Akins
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Knapp
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D010367:Arachis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004171:Diploidy; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018745:Genome, Plant; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011123:Polyploidy; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers