title: Cochlear implantation in unique pediatric populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the last decade, the selection criteria for cochlear implantation have expanded to include children with special auditory, otologic, and medical problems. Included within this expanded group of candidates are those children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, cochleovestibular malformations, cochlear nerve deficiency, associated syndromes, as well as multiple medical and developmental disorders. Definitive indications for cochlear implantation in these unique pediatric populations are in evolution. This review will provide an overview of managing and habilitating hearing loss within these populations with specific focus on cochlear implantation as a treatment option.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cochlear implants have been successfully implanted in children within unique populations with variable results. Evaluation for cochlear implant candidacy includes the core components of a full medical, audiologic, and speech and language evaluations. When considering candidacy in these children, additional aspects to consider include disorder-specific surgical considerations and child/caregiver counseling regarding reasonable postimplantation outcome expectations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cochlear implants are accepted as the standard of care for improving hearing and speech development in children with severe-to-profound hearing loss. However, children with sensorineural hearing loss who meet established audiologic criteria for cochlear implantation may have unique audiologic, medical, and anatomic characteristics that necessitate special consideration regarding cochlear implantation candidacy and outcome. Individualized preoperative candidacy and counseling, surgical evaluation, and reasonable postoperative outcome expectations should be taken into account in the management of these children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7070, USA.
authors.forename: Anna X
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: Grace G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Carlton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zdanski
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D058747:CHARGE Syndrome / Q000601:surgery; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000601:surgery; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D006313:Hearing Loss, Central / Q000628:therapy; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D052245:Usher Syndromes / Q000601:surgery; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D000160:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis