title: α-Enolase, a multifunctional protein: its role on pathophysiological situations.
abstract: α-Enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is considered a multifunctional protein. α-enolase is expressed on the surface of several cell types, where it acts as a plasminogen receptor, concentrating proteolytic plasmin activity on the cell surface. In addition to glycolytic enzyme and plasminogen receptor functions, α-Enolase appears to have other cellular functions and subcellular localizations that are distinct from its well-established function in glycolysis. Furthermore, differential expression of α-enolase has been related to several pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. We have identified α-enolase as a plasminogen receptor in several cell types. In particular, we have analyzed its role in myogenesis, as an example of extracellular remodelling process. We have shown that α-enolase is expressed on the cell surface of differentiating myocytes, and that inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding block myogenic fusion in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. α-Enolase could be considered as a marker of pathological stress in a high number of diseases, performing several of its multiple functions, mainly as plasminogen receptor. This paper is focused on the multiple roles of the α-enolase/plasminogen axis, related to several pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Biological Clues of the Invasive and Metastatic Phenotype Research Group, (IDIBELL) Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Angels
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díaz-Ramos
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roig-Borrellas
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Melero
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Alemany
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004194:Disease; D006801:Humans; D024510:Muscle Development; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D010958:Plasminogen; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase