title: Resting behaviour of Anopheles stephensi type form to assess its amenability to control malaria through indoor residual spray.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, an attempt was made to find reasons of ineffectiveness of indoor residual spray to interrupt malaria transmission by investigating the behaviour of two variants of Anopheles stepnesi, viz. type form and mysorensis in rural areas of Rajasthan, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both low malarious (DDT spray from 1958 to 1976) and high malarious (DDT spray from 1958 to April 2006) villages were selected for the study in Arid zone district Jodhpur, Rajasthan during March-April 2006. Resting behaviour of the species during all its movement rhythms covering 24 h period related to: (i) swarming/ mating; (ii) pre- and post-biting rest; (iii) after feed resting between hoping movements; (iv) night and day time resting and; (v) diel activity movements in response to temperature changes, were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that household objects like cupboards, furnitures, hanging clothes, goods stacked on loft, stored clothes, cobwebs and floor were the dominant resting sites both in sprayed and unsprayed villages. About 95 and 97% of An. stephensi preferred to rest on household objects of unsprayed and sprayed villages respectively. There was no significant difference in resting behaviour of the species in both groups of villages (p >0.05). The pre-biting resting time was recorded as 5 to 15 min whereas post-biting resting time lasted for 15 to 25 min. After biting outdoor (in courtyard--open to sky) species starts entering the rooms at around 2330 hrs. It was observed that during III quarter (0100 to 0400 hrs) maximum species entered into the room were 56% in unsprayed and 62% in sprayed villages. Statistically there was no significant difference in the entry of mosquitoes (p >0.05) in both the groups of villages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before DDT era, An. stephensi was found resting at all heights of the walls inside the human dwellings. Present study revealed that An. stephensi is trying to avoid sprayable surfaces and tend to rest on unsprayable surfaces during all its movement rhythms starting from swarming, pre-/post-biting and during hopping movements in the courtyard and thereafter household objects inside the room as final day time resting. It was concluded that changed behaviour of resting of An. stephensi on unsprayable objects in sprayed rooms largely accounted for failure of malaria control. Control of An. stephensi, thus requires an integrated vector control strategy based upon interesectoral, environmental, larviciding with chemical/biolarvicide and use of larvivorous fish wherever feasible. Such a control strategy offers cost-effective and sustainable option than indoor residual spray.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India. b_n_nagpal@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003634:DDT / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006798:Housing; D007194:India; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003634:DDT