title: Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction and its management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal counselling in case of fetal obstructive uropathies still represents a clinical dilemma, despite ultrasound detection of lower urinary tract obstruction has greatly advanced during recent years as well as fetal intervention techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the relevant literature on the topic was performed, with a special focus on the role of antenatal ultrasound, in utero treatment and prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinico-diagnostic flow chart was developed, with the specific aim of aiding health care givers in the clinical management and the parental decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gustalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia Via Donatori Sangue, 2, 42016, Guastalla (RE), Italy. tonni.gabriele@ausl.re.it
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vito
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grisolia
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Felice
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D046128:Fetal Therapies / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy