title: The dominant microbial community associated with fermentation of Obushera (sorghum and millet beverages) determined by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.
abstract: Obushera includes four fermented cereal beverages from Uganda namely: Obutoko, Enturire, Ekitiribita and Obuteire, whose microbial diversity has not hitherto been fully investigated. Knowledge of the microbial diversity and dynamics in these products is crucial for understanding their safety and development of appropriate starter cultures for controlled industrial processing. Culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques including denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and mixed DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified ribosomal RNA genes were used to study the bacteria and yeast diversity of Obushera. The pH dropped from 6.0-4.6 to 3.5-4.0 within 1-2 days for Obutoko, Enturire and Obuteire whereas that of Ekitiribita decreased to 4.4 after 4 days. Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased from 5.0 to 11.0 log cfug(-1) and yeasts increased from 3.4 to 7.1 log cfug(-1) while coliform counts decreased from 2.0 to <1 log cfug(-1) during four days of fermentation. LAB and yeast isolates were identified by rRNA gene sequence analysis. LAB isolates included: Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus (Lb.) plantarum, Lb. fermentum, Lb. delbrueckii, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc lactis, Streptococcus (S.) infantarius subsp. infantarius, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weisella (W.) confusa. DGGE indicated predominance of S. gallolyticus, S. infantarius subsp. infantarius, Lb. fermentum, Lb. delbrueckii, W. confusa, Lb. reuteri, Fructobacillus spp., L. lactis and L. lactis. Yeast isolates included Clavispora lusitaniae, Cyberlindnera fabianii, Issatchenkia orientalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DGGE indicated predominance of S. cerevisiae in Obutoko, Enturire and Obuteire and also detected Pichia spp. and I. orientalis in Obutoko. Obushera produced in the laboratory was initially dominated by Enterobacteriaceae and later by Lactococcus spp. Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus spp. were also detected in Ekitiribita. Development of starters for Obushera may require combinations of LAB and S. cerevisiae for Obutoko, Enturire and Obuteire and LAB for Ekitiribita.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) P.O.Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Mukisa
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Porcellato
authors.forename: Yusuf B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Byaruhanga
authors.forename: Charles M B K
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Muyanja
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rudi
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langsrud
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Narvhus
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052197:Limosilactobacillus fermentum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007934:Leuconostoc / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008897:Panicum / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D010376:Pediococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D014454:Uganda; D015003:Yeasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification