title: Pervasive refusal syndrome among inpatient asylum-seeking children and adolescents: a follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) is a rare but severe condition, characterised by social withdrawal and a pervasive active refusal in terms of eating, mobilisation, speech and personal hygiene. PRS has been proposed as a new diagnostic entity in child and adolescent psychiatry, although the diagnostic criteria are debated. In the past 10 years there has been an increase in PRS symptoms among asylum-seeking children and adolescents in Sweden. Here, we describe five cases of PRS among asylum-seeking children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three females and 2 males, 7-17 years of age with the clinical picture of PRS, treated as inpatients at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Malmö, Sweden, 2002-2010, were analysed on the basis of their medical records. Subjects were diagnosed using previously suggested criteria for PRS. At follow-up, a semi-structured interview focusing on the inpatient stay and current status was performed. The subjects were assessed with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and self-rating questionnaires regarding depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of refusal varied among the five subjects. All subjects originated from former Soviet republics, indicating a possible cultural factor. Mean period of inpatient treatment was 5 months. All subjects received intense nursing and were treated with nasogastric tube feeding. Parents were involved and were given support and instructions. All subjects gradually improved after receiving permanent residency permits. Depression and PTSD were co-morbid states. At follow-up, 1-8 years after discharge, all subjects were recovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a severe condition, our five cases suggest a good prognosis for PRS among asylum-seeking children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Open Care Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Cronqvists gata 124, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. cm_forslund@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carl-Magnus
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.forename: Björn Axel
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D013548:Sweden