title: Implementation of tuberculosis infection control measures at HIV care and treatment sites in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: METHODS
  A total of 663 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment sites in nine tuberculosis (TB) affected African countries, serving over 900,000 persons living with HIV.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the implementation of infection control (IC) measures and whether program and facility characteristics were associated with implementation of these measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted to assess the presence of a TB IC plan, triage practices for TB suspects, location of sputum collection and availability of particulate respirators. The association of facility characteristics with IC measures was examined using bivariate and multivariate methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven per cent (range across countries [RAC] 2-77%) of sites had written TB IC plans; 60% (RAC 5-93%) practiced triage; of those with access to microscopy, 83% (RAC 59-91%) performed sputum collection outdoors and 13% (RAC 0-36%) in ventilated indoor rooms; 16% (RAC 1-87%) had particulate respirators available. Sites providing anti-tuberculosis treatment were more likely to have written IC plans (54% vs. 12%, P < 0.0001) and particulate respirators (18% vs. 8%, P = 0.0126), and to perform TB triage (65% vs. 40%, P = 0.0001) than those without anti-tuberculosis treatment services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To protect HIV-infected patients and health care workers, there is an urgent need to scale up IC practices at HIV care and treatment sites, particularly at sites without anti-tuberculosis treatment services.
authors.affiliation: Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. michael.reid@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: M J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scardigli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casalini
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D060085:Coinfection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019091:Critical Pathways; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006268:Health Facilities; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016272:Occupational Health; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014218:Triage; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D014691:Ventilation; D000078329:Workforce