title: Quantitative (90)Y image reconstruction in PET.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is increasingly used to confirm localization of (90)Y microspheres in the treatment of liver cancer. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quantification of (90)Y PET data on a current generation time-of-flight extended axial field-of-view PET∕CT camera.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) body phantom was used to image six spheres of varying diameters containing a high concentration of (90)Y solution in a lower concentration background. Multiple PET studies were acquired of the phantom over a number of days during decay. The effect of reconstruction parameters in OSEM was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Expected values of total phantom activity, hot-sphere, and background concentration were compared to measured values from the reconstructed data as well as misplaced events in a cold insert. The partial volume effect was measured and the effects of time-of-flight during reconstruction on hot contrast recovery and background variability were evaluated according to NEMA-NU2-2007 protocol, and compared to that for (18)F. The method was applied to a patient study following radioembolization to estimate actual implanted radioactivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing the number of OSEM iterations visually deteriorated image data and resulted in a larger overall difference of hot concentration measures when considering both count high and count poor data. The average difference between measured and true total activity and background concentration was found to be +5% and +5%, respectively. Measured hot-sphere concentration was linear across all datasets, and while estimated to be within error of expected values, was consistently underestimated by an average of 23%, 12%, and 8%, when using a CT-derived, 50% threshold-derived, and 70% threshold-derived volume of interest, respectively. Partial volume effects were evident in all but the largest sphere, following an expected relationship between object size and recovery coefficient, inferior to that of (18)F. Time-of-flight improved contrast of hot-spheres but resulted in a deterioration of background variability, following a similar trend to that seen with (18)F. The patient data estimated a total implanted activity of 1643 MBq, compared to the intended dose of 1780 MBq, with a difference most likely due to residual and error in the initial dose calibration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative (90)Y PET with a state-of-the-art PET∕CT scanner with time-of-flight and standard corrections for photon interactions demonstrates consistent and acceptable measures of total activity and radionuclide concentration across a range of realistic count statistics. The method is suitable for measuring the radioactivity delivered at the time of (90)Y therapy with the potential for absorbed dose calculation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willowson
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Forwood
authors.forename: Bjoern W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Jakoby
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dale L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes