title: Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus coat protein upregulates sulfur metabolism genes for enhanced pathogen defense.
abstract: In both Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV)-infected and HCRSV coat protein (CP) agroinfiltrated plant leaves, we showed that sulfur metabolism pathway related genes-namely, sulfite oxidase (SO), sulfite reductase, and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase-were upregulated. It led us to examine a plausible relationship between sulfur-enhanced resistance (SED) and HCRSV infection. We broadened an established method to include different concentrations of sulfur (0S, 1S, 2S, and 3S) to correlate them to symptom development of HCRSV-infected plants. We treated plants with glutathione and its inhibitor to verify the SED effect. Disease resistance was induced through elevated glutathione contents during HCRSV infection. The upregulation of SO was related to suppression of symptom development induced by sulfur treatment. In this study, we established that HCRSV-CP interacts with SO which, in turn, triggers SED and leads to enhanced plant resistance. Thus, we have discovered a new function of SO in the SED pathway. This is the first report to demonstrate that the interaction of a viral protein and host protein trigger SED in plants. It will be interesting if such interaction applies generally to other host-pathogen interactions that will lead to enhanced pathogen defense.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Florence Kai Lin
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sek-Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019184:Carmovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000378:metabolism; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D036226:Seedlings / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D050876:Sulfite Oxidase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D003553:Cystine; D013455:Sulfur; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors; D050876:Sulfite Oxidase; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C019617:adenylylsulfate kinase; D005978:Glutathione