title: Factors affecting oral malodor in periodontitis and gingivitis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between oral health status, the presence of N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide-positive bacteria, and oral malodor in periodontal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 137 periodontitis and 80 gingivitis patients were included in the study. Oral malodor was measured by an organoleptic test and the OralChroma. An oral examination was conducted, including the assessment of decayed teeth, periodontal status, and tongue coating. The presence of N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide-positive bacteria in the subgingiva, tongue coating, and saliva was evaluated by the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the periodontitis group, oral malodor was significantly correlated with decayed teeth, periodontal parameters, and tongue coating. Among the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide test parameters, the highest correlation of oral malodor was found with N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide subgingiva, followed by N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide tongue coating and N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide saliva. In the gingivitis group, oral malodor was significantly correlated with the plaque index, bleeding on probing, and tongue coating. Among the N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide test parameters, the highest correlation of oral malodor was found with N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide tongue coating, followed by N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide saliva and N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide subgingiva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental plaque, bleeding on probing, tongue coating, and N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide-positive bacteria contribute to oral malodor, but with different degrees in periodontitis and gingivitis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. pavthuy@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Thuy A V
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D006209:Halitosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D009281:Naphthalenes; C072587:2-naphthylamide