title: Ant cuticles: a trap for atmospheric phthalate contaminants.
abstract: Phthalates are universal contaminants. We show that they are trapped by the ant cuticles and maintained permanently at a low level, generally less than 1% of cuticular components. They are found throughout the interior of the insect, predominately in the fat body, which suggests that they are adsorbed by the cuticle. In open plastic boxes free of phthalates the ants became more contaminated with phthalates over a period of time, whereas in closed glass jars they did not. This finding suggests that the main source of pollutants is the atmosphere. Different ant species collected from multiple places showed similar levels of contamination. It appeared that in some pristine places the contamination was lower, but this needs to be confirmed. Ants can be considered as bio-indicators of phthalate pollution.
authors.affiliation: IRBI, Institut de recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France. alain.lenoir@univ-tours.fr
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenoir
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cuvillier-Hot
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devers
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Christidès
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montigny
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005060:Europe; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid