title: Intra-aortic counterpulsation for hemodynamic support in patients with acute ischemic versus non-ischemic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-aortic counterpulsation (IABP) is frequently applied to provide hemodynamic support in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) of ischemic and non-ischemic cause. However, clinical data comparing outcomes are lacking for both indications. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate outcome and safety of IABP support in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic CS and to identify predictors of early mortality in this severely ill patient population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the period between 1998 to 2010, data from 489 consecutive patients (age, 67.2 ± 12.2 years; 65.9% male) who had received IABP support for CS at the University Heart Center Jena were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was overall mortality at 7 and 30 days. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of vascular and neurologic complications as well as long-term survival. Follow-up data on current health status of the patients were acquired either from health insurance records or based on patient and physician interviews. After data compilation, patients were assigned to one of the following subgroups: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; n = 368; 75.3%), non-STEMI (n = 75; 15.3%) and congestive heart failure (CHF; n = 46; 9.4%). Of the 489 patients enrolled, 422 (86.4%) were successfully weaned from IABP support. However, a significantly lower proportion of patients were weaned successfully in the STEMI group (n = 310; 84.1%) compared to the other two groups (non-STEMI: n = 70, 92.4%; CHF: n = 45, 97.8%; P=.041). Overall mortality at 30 days was 36.4% (n = 178) and was not significantly different between the subgroups. Significant predictors of 30-day mortality included age >70 years (odds ratio [OR], 16.81; confidence interval [CI], 1.241-227.54), ejection fraction <40% (OR, 36.33; CI, 2.93-451.05) and mechanical ventilation (OR, 12.42; CI, 1.21-127.17). Long-term follow-up was 803 ± 1061 days (range, 0-1380 days), with a long-term survival rate of 38.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IABP represents a safe technology for hemodynamic support and is associated with low complication rates. Parameters relating to early mortality include age >70 years, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and left ventricular function <40%, which represent an additional risk of death. However, the etiology of CS had no effect on mortality in this analysis. This observation should encourage physicians to apply IABP for hemodynamic support in patients with nonischemic left ventricular failure.
authors.affiliation: University Heart Center Jena, Department of Cardiology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena, Germany. philipp.lauten@me.com
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lauten
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rademacher
authors.forename: Bjoern
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.forename: Hans R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Figulla
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauten
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome