title: Effects of radiation and SAR from wireless implanted medical devices on the human body.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect and impact from electromagnetic field radiation and specific absorption rate (SAR) on the human body.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study describes a quasi-experimental research. The implanted antenna embedded to the medical device such as the cardiac pacemaker was designed in the human phantom using finite-difference time-domain method. The skin mimicking gels were developed as the tissue stimulant to realistically represent the human body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dual-band implantable antenna is designed to operate at 400 MHz and 2.4 GHz and is used to determine the level of electromagnetic field radiated and SAR levels from implanted biosensors. The SAR limitations, maximum gain, maximum temperature rise in the body model and the radiation efficiency on each operating frequency are determined to provide the safety level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research results indicate that SAR and safety limitations are body and frequency dependent. High-performance and low-operated power dual-band PIFA antenna for development of the next generation of medical implants operating on the MICS and the ISM bands will facilitate clinically significant improvements in healthcare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. soontornpipit@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pichitpong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soontornpipit
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013686:Telemetry; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*