title: Frequency of periodontal pathogens in equivalent peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypotheses that there is: (1) higher bacterial frequency in peri-implantitis/periodontitis, followed by mucositis/gingivitis and peri-implant/periodontal health; (2) similar bacterial frequency between comparable peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was evaluated in peri-implant (n=53) and periodontal (n=53) health; mucositis (n=50), gingivitis (n=50), peri-implantitis (n=50) and periodontitis (n=50).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of peri-implant bacterial frequency was not as expected (peri-implantitis>mucositis>health). Except for P. intermedia (p>0.05), bacterial frequency was higher in peri-implantitis than health (p<0.05). The frequency of P.gingivalis and red complex species were higher in peri-implantitis than mucositis (p<0.05). In periodontal samples, T. forsythia and T. denticola showed the expected pattern of frequency (periodontitis>gingivitis>health). The frequencies of C. rectus and T. forsythia were higher in healthy teeth/gingivitis than healthy implants/mucositis, respectively (p<0.05). The frequency of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were similar between periodontitis and peri-implantitis (p>0.05) while all other species occurrences were higher in periodontitis than peri-implantitis (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial frequency increased from peri-implant/periodontal health to peri-implantitis/periodontitis but not from mucositis/gingivitis to peri-implantitis/periodontitis. There was a trend towards higher bacterial frequency in teeth than implants.
authors.affiliation: Nucleus of Periodontal Research, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Rua Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira, 110 Taubaté, 12020-3300 SP, Brazil. cavalcacortelli@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Sheila Cavalca
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: José Roberto
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: Rogério Lima
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Romeiro
authors.forename: Fernando Oliveira
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Davi Romeiro
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Orzechowski
authors.forename: Vera Cavalcanti
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Poliana Mendes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D058491:Bacterial Load; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001442:Bacteroides Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D044883:Campylobacter rectus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014211:Treponemal Infections / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants