title: The effect of sea buckthorn supplement on oral health, inflammation, and DNA damage in hemodialysis patients: a double-blinded, randomized crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic kidney disease is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, malnutrition, poor oral health, and mouth dryness. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of sea buckthorn oil (SBO) extract, which is rich in vitamins, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, on oxidative stress, saliva production, and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled crossover study (2 × 8 weeks, 4-week washout). The study subjects were hemodialysis patients (n = 45) recruited from the Department of Renal Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients received 4 capsules per day, each containing 500 mg of SBO or placebo, for 8 weeks. They were then crossed over to the other treatment after a 4-week washout period. Salivary gland biopsies, saliva, and blood samples were collected before and after each treatment period. Main outcomes were DNA breaks and oxidative DNA lesions in minor accessory salivary glands, salivary flow rates, and inflammation markers in blood (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, antitrypsin, orosomucoid in plasma, leukocytes in blood). Blood markers including creatinine, urea in plasma, and hemoglobin in blood were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no significant changes in DNA breaks, oxidative DNA lesions, salivary flow rates, or inflammation after SBO supplementation. However, plasma levels of phosphate and sodium increased and plasma levels of iron decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, SBO supplementation as performed in this study did not protect against oxidative stress, nor improve oral health or inflammation status in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rodhe
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodhill
authors.forename: Royne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thorman
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hylander
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009961:Orosomucoid; D010710:Phosphates; D010938:Plant Oils; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D007501:Iron