title: Hospitalization of rural and urban infants during the first year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine hospitalizations and length of stay (LOS) for infants aged <1 year in rural and urban counties, hypothesizing that infants living in rural counties experience significantly different hospital use compared with urban infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birth certificates for infants born in California hospitals between 1993 and 2005 and surviving to discharge were linked to hospital discharge records and death certificates during the first year of life, resulting in a study population of >6.4 million. Hospitalizations, cumulative LOS, readmission rates, and mortality were compared by using univariate and multivariable analysis for infants living in small rural, large rural, small urban, and large urban counties. Odds of hospitalization and cumulative LOS were also examined for common infant diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants living in increasingly rural counties experienced decreasing rates of hospitalization and decreasing number of hospitalized days during the first year of life. Infants living in small rural counties experienced 370 hospital days per 1000 infants compared with 474 hospital days per 1000 infants living in large urban counties. In multivariable analysis, infants in large urban counties experienced increased odds of hospitalization (odds ratio: 1.20 [95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.36]) and increased hospitalized days (incidence risk ratio: 1.17 [95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.29]) compared with infants in small rural counties. For most common diagnoses, urban residence was associated with either increased odds of hospitalization or increased cumulative LOS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants living in rural California counties experienced decreased hospital utilization, including decreased hospitalization and decreased LOS, compared with infants living in urban counties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital ofPhiladelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. kristin.ray@chp.edu
authors.forename: Kristin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lorch
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007567:Jaundice, Neonatal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011707:Pyloric Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data