title: An evaluation of 'Ribolola': a household tuberculosis contact tracing programme in North West Province, South Africa.
abstract: METHODS
  Rural/peri-urban community, South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the yield of tuberculosis (TB) cases, TB preventive therapy (TBPT) initiation and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses from household TB contact tracing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective programme analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Households of index TB cases were visited and their contacts screened for TB and HIV. TB suspects provided sputum or were referred for assessment. Contacts aged <5 years were referred for assessment for TBPT initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 732 index TB cases (67.1% HIV-positive). Among  3627 household contacts, 3573 (98.5%) had known outcomes, of which 183 (5.0%) were already on appropriate treatment. Among 3390 remaining contacts, 361 (10.6%) were aged <5 years, of whom 34 (9.4%) started anti-tuberculosis treatment and 286 (79.2%) started TBPT. Among 3029 contacts aged  ≥5 years, 93 (3.1%) started anti-tuberculosis treatment: 19 (20.4%) were smear-positive and 71 (76.3%) were culture-positive. Among contacts aged ≥14 years, 794/2133 (37.2%) underwent HIV testing, of whom 208/794 (26.2%) tested positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household active case finding  in this high TB and HIV prevalence setting obtained high yields of TB, particularly in those aged <5 years, and facilitated assessment for TBPT. There was a good yield of new HIV diagnoses, and a gain in efficiency due to integration within one programme.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. dilraj.thind@gmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thind
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tongman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Churchyard
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016358:Contact Tracing / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents