title: N-acethyl-cysteine reduces the occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with renal dysfunction: a single-center randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) has paralleled the increased number of diagnostic interventions requiring radiographic contrast media (CM). Several strategies aimed at preventing renal injury following iodine have been carried out over the last several years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different strategies aimed at preventing CIAKI in patients with renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >1.25 mg/dl or estimated creatinine clearance <45 ml/min) receiving low osmolar CM for diagnostic-therapeutic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Candidates received 154 mmol NaHCO3 solution (B0) at a rate of 3 ml/kg/h from at least 2 h before the procedure and at 1 ml/kg/h during and for the next 6-12 h; the same schedule plus N-acethyl-cysteine (NAC) 600 mg twice daily the day before and the day of the procedure (BN) or NAC as above plus 154 mmol NaCl solution at a rate of 3 ml/kg/h from at least 2 h before the procedure and at 1 ml/kg/h during and for the next 6-12 h (SN). Serum creatinine (SCr) was measured at baseline and on days 2 or occasionally 3 after CM. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of CIAKI, defined as a ≥25% increase in SCr within 2-3 days of CM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three groups were similar with regard to age, gender distribution, weight, baseline serum levels of creatinine, sodium, potassium, urate and estimated creatinine clearance. A larger proportion of individuals received ACEIs/ARAs in the BN group (p < 0.05), but in the SN group, more patients declared a past history of acute myocardial infarction or had high blood pressure, and few displayed mild-moderate left ventricular dysfunction (p < 0.05). CIAKI occurred in 24/123 (19.5%) assessable patients (15/42 in the B0 group, 3/43 in the BN group and 6/38 in the SN group; p < 0.01). Thus, 15/42 patients who did not receive NAC developed CIAKI in contrast to 9/81 who did (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the use of NAC was the unique factor associated with a statistically significant influence for the occurrence of CIAKI (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.72; p = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study show that: (1) the occurrence of CIAKI after low-osmolar CM administration is similar to that reported worldwide. (2) NAC-based renoprotective measures are superior for the prevention of CIAKI in patients with previous renal dysfunction. (3) They also demonstrate that bicarbonate expansion alone has limited value in preventing CIAKI. For those individuals at risk, combination prophylaxis including volume expansion plus NAC should be recommended to reduce the chance of overt kidney injury following CM administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Hospital Juan A Fernández, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 5259 Floor 3, Apt A, C1425BTG, Buenos Aires, Argentina. rheguilen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ricardo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Heguilén
authors.forename: Amador A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Liste
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Payaslian
authors.forename: Martin Gabriel
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ortemberg
authors.forename: Lautaro Martin
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Albarracín
authors.forename: Amelia Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D003404:Creatinine; C054871:ioversol; D000111:Acetylcysteine