title: Effects of acute nicotine on somatosensory change-related cortical responses.
abstract: Nicotine is known to have enhancing effects on some aspects of attention and cognition. As for the pre-attentive processes of detecting sensory changes, nicotine has significant effects on the auditory and visual systems implying that its pre-attentive effect is common among sensory modalities. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether acute nicotine administration has enhancing effects in the somatosensory system. Change-related cortical activity in response to an abrupt increase in stimulus intensity was recorded using magnetoencephalography. The test stimulus consisted of standard electrical pulses at 100 Hz for 500 ms applied to the dorsum of the left hand followed by 0.7-mA stronger pulses for 300 ms. Nicotine was administered in a gum (4 mg of nicotine). Eleven healthy nonsmokers were tested with a double-blind and placebo-controlled design. Effects of nicotine on the cortical response in the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices were investigated. Results showed that nicotine failed to affect the S1 response while it significantly increased the amplitude of S2 activity in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulation, and shortened the peak latency of S2 activity in both hemispheres. Since cortical responses in the present study represent a pre-attentive automatic process to encode new somatosensory events, the results suggest that nicotine can exert beneficial cognitive effects without a direct impact on attention and that the effect of nicotine on the automatic change-detecting system is common across sensory modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. kodaira@nips.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodaira
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wasaka
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakigi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine