title: Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the family questionnaire in a Brazilian sample of relatives of schizophrenia outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the internal reliability and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Family Questionnaire among families of schizophrenia outpatients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The main studies about the family environment of schizophrenia patients are related to the concept of Expressed Emotion. There is currently no instrument to evaluate this concept in Brazil that is easily applicable and comparable with studies from other countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological and cross-sectional research design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 130 relatives of schizophrenia outpatients was selected. The translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument involved experts in mental health and experts in the German language and included back translation, semantic evaluation of items and pretesting of the instrument with 30 relatives of schizophrenia outpatients. The psychometric properties of the instrument were studied with another 100 relatives, which fulfilled the requirements for the Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed by construct validity (using an analysis of its key components, comparisons between distinct groups-convergent validity with the Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale) and reliability (checking the internal consistency of its items and its test-retest reproducibility).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of main components confirmed dimensionality patterns that were comparable between the original and adapted versions. In two domains of the instrument, critical comments and emotional over-involvement had moderate and significant correlations, respectively, with Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale, appropriate values of Cronbach's alpha and strong and significant correlations, respectively, in test-retest reproducibility. We observed significant differences between distinct groups of parents in the category of emotional over-involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the Portuguese-adapted version of the Family Questionnaire is valid and reliable for the study sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided evidence that the Family Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing expressed emotion. It is easy and practical to use and is acceptable for use in a Brazilian cultural population.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, World Health Organization (WHO), Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. carolzanettieerp@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ana C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
authors.forename: Rosana A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.forename: Miyeko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: João M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Azevedo-Marques
authors.forename: Sueli A F
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Galera
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001938:Brazil; D003469:Culture; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D010045:Outpatients; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia