title: Abnormal anatomical connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in conduct disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research suggested that structural and functional abnormalities within the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex contribute to the pathophysiology of Conduct Disorder (CD). Here, we investigated whether the integrity of the white-matter pathways connecting these regions is abnormal and thus may represent a putative neurobiological marker for CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was used to investigate white-matter microstructural integrity in male adolescents with childhood-onset CD, compared with healthy controls matched in age, sex, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Two approaches were employed to analyze DTI data: voxel-based morphometry of fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of white-matter integrity, and virtual dissection of white-matter pathways using tractography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with CD displayed higher FA within the right external capsule relative to controls (T = 6.08, P<0.05, Family-Wise Error, whole-brain correction). Tractography analyses showed that FA values within the uncinate fascicle (connecting the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex) were abnormally increased in individuals with CD relative to controls. This was in contrast with the inferior frontal-occipital fascicle, which showed no significant group differences in FA. The finding of increased FA in the uncinate fascicle remained significant when factoring out the contribution of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. There were no group differences in the number of streamlines in either of these anatomical tracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that CD is associated with white-matter microstructural abnormalities in the anatomical tract that connects the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, the uncinate fascicle. These results implicate abnormal maturation of white-matter pathways which are fundamental in the regulation of emotional behavior in CD.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità di Ricerca Neuroimmagini, Catanzaro, Italy. luca.passamonti@cnr.it
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Passamonti
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fornito
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nimmo-Smith
authors.forename: Cindy C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Calder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D016880:Anisotropy; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male