title: Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract from Remirea maritima (Cyperaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remirea maritima Aubl., popularly known as "capim-da-praia", is popularly employed in the treatment of diarrhea, kidney disease, fever, and for analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes through the preparation of teas. Few studies have focused on the chemical composition and its biological properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work evaluated the antinocipetive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract from Remirea maritima Aubl. as well as the isolation and identification of the chemical compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compounds were isolated from aqueous extract of Remirea maritima through preparative HPLC and the structures were identified by means of NMR and MS analysis. The tests for antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, along with motor coordination test (Rota rod), were performed over the aqueous extract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phytochemical investigation of aqueous extract of Remirea maritima resulted in the isolation of three flavone glycosides. The structures of these compounds were determined by means of MS and 1D and 2D NMR data as vitexin-2″-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, isovitexin-2″-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. Acute pretreatment with aqueous extract (100, 200 or 400mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant decrease (p<0.001) in the number of abdominal writhes. In the formalin test, higher doses significantly inhibited the late (inflammatory pain) phase of formalin-induced licking (p<0.05 or 0.001). In the hot plate test, there was no significant difference in nociceptive behavior, discarding the possible central effect of the aqueous extract. In the rota rod test, it was verified that the aqueous extract in all concentration evaluated does not alter the motor coordination of mice, such antinociceptive results were unlikely to be caused by motor abnormality. In the peritonitis test, induced by carrageenan, the treatment with aqueous extract produced a significant reduction in leukocyte migration in all concentration evaluated. Additionally, a significant reduction of lipoperoxidation (TBARS test) and in nitric oxide formation (.NO Scavenging assay) was observed in antioxidant activity assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biological and phytochemical investigations of the aqueous extract of Remirea maritima resulted in the identification of three flavone glycosides that have been described here for the first time in Remirea and effective analgesic activity in various pain models, probably mediated via the inhibition of peripheral mediators which could be related to its strong antioxidant effect observed in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão-SE, Brasil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: J S S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Quintans
authors.forename: A P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gelain
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Venceslau
authors.forename: J P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Quintans
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bonjardim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barison
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: A D C
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: P C L
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: V R S
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: A A S
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araújo
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D047309:Flavones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D047309:Flavones; D006027:Glycosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan