title: 7-O-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose ameliorates renal damage triggered by reactive oxygen species-sensitive pathway of inflammation and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to verify the preventive effects of 7-O-galloyl-d-sedoheptulose (GS), a phenolic compound isolated from Corni Fructus, underlying diabetic renal damage in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  GS was orally administered to db/db mice at doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for six weeks, and its effects were compared with those of the vehicle in db/db and m/m mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the serum and kidney, biochemical factors and expression of protein related to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, apoptosis and inflammation were examined. GS treatment attenuated serum and renal oxidative stress through reduction of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and increase in the ratio of glutathione and its oxidised form. Importantly, GS reduced renal protein expression of Nox-4 and p22(phox) (one of the subunits of NADPH oxidase), pro-apoptotic factors (such as Bax and cytochrome c) and nuclear factor-kappa B-targeting pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These renoprotective effects of GS were achieved through attenuation of diabetes-induced oxidative stress and its sensitive protein expression associated with inflammation and apoptosis in db/db mice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Chan Hum
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeong Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokozawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029768:Cornus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006539:Heptoses / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C540464:7-O-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D006539:Heptoses; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C422943:Nox4 protein, mouse; D005978:Glutathione