title: Forefoot angle determines duration and amplitude of pronation during walking.
abstract: The biomechanical mechanisms that link foot structure to injuries of the musculoskeletal system during gait are not well understood. This study had two parts. The purpose of part one was to determine the relation between clinical rearfoot and forefoot angles and foot angles as they make contact with the ground. The purpose of part two was to determine the effects of large vs. moderate values of both forefoot and rearfoot inversion angles at foot contact on foot kinematics. Clinical foot angle, the relationship between the foot and an axis extrinsically defined relative to the ground, was calculated from digital photographs taken in a prone position. During three speeds of over-ground walking, we measured frontal plane rearfoot and forefoot angle relative to the ground at foot contact, and the following stance phase kinematic measures: amplitude of rearfoot and forefoot eversion, duration of rearfoot and forefoot eversion, and duration between heel-off and onset of rearfoot and forefoot inversion. We found that the clinical forefoot angle predicted the forefoot angle at foot contact. Individuals with a large inversion forefoot angle at contact also had greater amplitude of forefoot eversion and everted longer during stance. We discuss the possible mechanisms for the increased risk of injury to the hip reported for individuals that have a large clinical forefoot angle in non-weight bearing. Equally important is the finding that rearfoot angle at contact did not predict the motions of the rearfoot or forefoot during stance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, MA 02215, United States. gmm9@bu.edu
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Monaghan
authors.forename: Cara L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Wen-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011403:Pronation / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult