title: Reduced predation risk for melanistic pygmy grasshoppers in post-fire environments.
abstract: The existence of melanistic (black) color forms in many species represents interesting model systems that have played important roles for our understanding of selective processes, evolution of adaptations, and the maintenance of variation. A recent study reported on rapid evolutionary shifts in frequencies of the melanistic forms in replicated populations of Tetrix subulata pygmy grasshoppers; the incidence of the melanistic form was higher in recently burned areas with backgrounds blackened by fire than in nonburned areas, and it declined over time in postfire environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the frequency shifts of the black color variant were driven, at least in part, by changes in the selective regime imposed by visual predators. To study detectability of the melanistic form, we presented human "predators" with images of black grasshoppers and samples of the natural habitat on computer screens. We demonstrate that the protective value of black coloration differs between burnt and nonburnt environments and gradually increases in habitats that have been more blackened by fire. These findings support the notion that a black color pattern provides improved protection from visually oriented predators against blackened backgrounds and implicate camouflage and predation as important drivers of fire melanism in pygmy grasshoppers.
authors.affiliation: Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Einat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karpestam
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merilaita
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forsman
keywords: Adaptation; camouflage; crypsis; evolution; fire melanism; masquerade; predation