title: 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate inflammatory effects in human gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) treated with a relatively low 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) concentration by studying reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured HGFs were exposed to 3 mmol L⁻¹ HEMA for 0, 24 or 96 h. ROS production was investigated by flow cytometry; TNF-α and COX-2 gene expression was determined by RT-PCR, and prostaglandin E2 production was detected by an enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24- or 96-h HEMA incubation, ROS levels were approximately eightfold and elevenfold higher than controls, whilst COX-2 gene expression was approximately twofold or fourfold higher than controls, respectively. Twenty-four-hour exposure enhanced TNF-α mRNA levels by approximately 66%, whilst after 96-h incubation, TNF-α gene expression was fivefold higher than controls. Ninety-six-hour HEMA treatment increased PGE₂ concentration in the culture medium by around 17% compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate treatment (3 mmol L⁻¹) induced an inflammatory response in HGFs modulated by ROS production, as well as by the increase in TNF-α and COX-2 gene expression and by PGE₂ release.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Nisio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cataldi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: di Giacomo
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008689:Methacrylates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone; D000111:Acetylcysteine