title: What characterizes people who have an unclear classification using a treatment-based classification algorithm for low back pain? A cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A treatment-based classification algorithm for low back pain (LBP) was created to help clinicians select treatments to which people are most likely to respond. To allow the algorithm to classify all people with LBP, additional criteria can help therapists make decisions for people who do not clearly fit into a subgroup (ie, unclear classifications). Recent studies indicated that classifications are unclear for approximately 34% of people with LBP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To guide improvements in the algorithm, it is imperative to determine whether people with unclear classifications are different from those with clear classifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a secondary analysis of data from 3 previous studies investigating the algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from 529 people who had LBP were used (3 discrete cohorts). The primary outcome was type of classification, that is, clear or unclear. Univariate logistic regression was used to determine which participant variables were related to having an unclear classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People with unclear classifications had greater odds of being older (odds ratio [OR]=1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.003-1.033), having a longer duration of LBP (OR=1.001, 95% CI=1.000-1.001), having had a previous episode(s) of LBP (OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.04-2.49), having fewer fear-avoidance beliefs related to both work (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-0.99) and physical activity (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-0.996), and having less LBP-related disability (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-0.99) than people with clear classifications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies from which participant data were drawn had different inclusion criteria and clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with unclear classifications appeared to be less affected by LBP (less disability and fewer fear avoidance beliefs), despite typically having a longer duration of LBP. Future studies should investigate whether modifying the algorithm to exclude such people or provide them with different interventions improves outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001. tasha.stanton@unisa.edu.au
authors.forename: Tasha R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Adri T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Apeldoorn
authors.forename: Benedict M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wand
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement