title: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores and clinical and sociodemographic correlates in Schizophrenia: multiple logistic regression analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated what clinical and sociodemographic factors affected Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) factor scores of patients with schizophrenia to evaluate parameters or items of the WCST.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with schizophrenia from three hospitals participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from July 2009 to August 2011. 131 Japanese patients with schizophrenia (84 men and 47 women, 43.5±13.8 years (mean±SD)) entered and completed the study. Participants were recruited in the study if they (1) met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia; (2) were physically healthy and (3) had no mood disorders, substance abuse, neurodevelopmental disorders, epilepsy or mental retardation. We examined their basic clinical and sociodemographic factors (sex, age, education years, age of onset, duration of illness, chlorpromazine equivalent doses and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients carried out the WCST Keio version. Five indicators were calculated, including categories achieved (CA), perseverative errors in Milner (PEM) and Nelson (PEN), total errors (TE) and difficulties of maintaining set (DMS). From the principal component analysis, we identified two factors (1 and 2). We assessed the relationship between these factor scores and clinical and sociodemographic factors, using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor 1 was mainly composed of CA, PEM, PEN and TE. Factor 2 was mainly composed of DMS. The factor 1 score was affected by age, education years and the PANSS negative scale score. The factor 2 score was affected by duration of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, education years, PANSS negative scale score and duration of illness affected WCST factor scores in patients with schizophrenia. Using WCST factor scores may reduce the possibility of type I errors due to multiple comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi-ken, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banno
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aleksic
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohmura
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iidaka
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki