title: Interaction between oxidative stress and smoking is associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and smoking and development of RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted in treatment-naïve early-onset RA patients and healthy controls, matched by age, gender and current smoking habit. Plasma lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), carbonyl protein (CP) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured to estimate oxidative stress. Smoking exposure was quantified in pack-years. The presence of an interaction between oxidative stress and smoking exposure was investigated using three measures of additive interaction: relative excess risk due to the interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to the interaction (AP) and the synergy index (S).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65 RA patients and 65 healthy controls were included. Statistically significant differences were observed in RA-related variables, age, BMI and smoking dose between cases and controls. Plasma LOOH and CP levels were associated with RA risk, which was more prominent for LOOH levels >27.9 µM [odds ratio (OR) 18.8] and CP levels >64.3 µM (OR 24.9). A reverse association was observed between MDA levels and RA risk, OR 6.4 for MDA levels <8.5 µM. Having >20 pack-years increased risk for RA with an OR of 19.7. The interaction between smoking and oxidative stress increased RA risk significantly, and RERI between LOOH, CP or MDA and smoke exposure were 8.2, 5.0 and 51.5, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the interaction between oxidative stress and smoking increases RA risk.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Doctor Fedriani Av SN, 41900 Sevilla, Spain. mvictoria.navarroc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro-Compán
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melguizo-Madrid
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hernández-Cruz
authors.forename: Koldo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Santos-Rey
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leyva-Prado
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Martín
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Navarro-Sarabia
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014527:Uric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde