title: Defining the clinical syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis: a recursive specialist survey process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lumbar spinal stenosis has evolved from an anatomic concept to a poorly defined clinical syndrome. Rules for such a syndrome need to be informed by the experience and beliefs of expert clinicians. The level of certainty is seldom considered in defining criteria for a syndrome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design an innovative online recursive survey technique to seek out information that is valued by specialists and to measure the impact of this evidence on their strength of conviction regarding the diagnosis of spinal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective online survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based project.
  
  
  METHODS
  American physiatrists recruited by online postings and postcards.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recursive process presented a scenario that allowed clinicians to choose 1 of 10 clinical factors and then asked their level of certainty about diagnosis when that factor is true. Subsequent questions build on that assumption by adding other factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Certainty regarding the diagnosis of clinical lumbar spinal stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 97 participants, 80 completed 3 or more iterations. "Leg pain while walking" (66%), "must sit down or bend" (66%), and "flex forward while walking" (49%) were the most commonly selected questions. "Normal foot pulses" (19%), "back pain" (16%), "leg pain" (15%), "relief with rest" (14%), and "sensory deficits" (12%) were of intermediate value, whereas "problems with balance," "have fallen recently," and "the sacroiliac joint is not the main pain generator" were all chosen less than 5% of the time. Statistically significant (P < .05) change in certainty ceased after 6 questions at 86.2% certainty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A recursive approach to diagnostic certainty is valuable. Within 5 questions, clinicians become almost 90% certain that a person has clinical spinal stenosis. This question set provides one pragmatic clinical criterion for the syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sandella
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Haig
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomkins-Lane
authors.forename: Karen S J
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D032921:Consensus; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D010810:Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*