title: An analysis of the content and clinical implications of online advertisements for female genital cosmetic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women who are contemplating any form of female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) are likely to seek information from provider websites. The aim of this study is to examine the breadth, depth and quality of clinical information communicated to women on 10 popular sites and to discuss the implications of the results.
  
  
  METHODS
  The content of online advertisement from 10 private providers that offer FGCS procedures was examined according to 16 information categories relating to indications for surgery, types of procedure, risks and benefits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGCS procedures were presented on all of the provider websites as an effective treatment for genital appearance concerns. No explanation for presenting clinical complaints was found. There was scanty reference to appearance diversity. Only minimal scientific information on outcomes or risks could be identified. There was no mention of potential alternative ways for managing appearance concerns or body dissatisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quality and quantity of clinical information in FGCS provider sites is poor, with erroneous information in some instances. Impeccable professionalism and ethical integrity is crucial for this controversial practice. Clear and detailed guidelines on how to raise the standard of information to women on all aspects of FGCS are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute of Women's Health, University College Hospital, London,  UK.
authors.forename: Lih-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taghinejadi
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Creighton