title: Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence.
abstract: In vivo real-time epifluorescence imaging of mouse hind limb vasculatures in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II) is performed using single-walled carbon nanotubes as fluorophores. Both high spatial (∼30 μm) and temporal (<200 ms per frame) resolution for small-vessel imaging are achieved at 1-3 mm deep in the hind limb owing to the beneficial NIR-II optical window that affords deep anatomical penetration and low scattering. This spatial resolution is unattainable by traditional NIR imaging (NIR-I) or microscopic computed tomography, and the temporal resolution far exceeds scanning microscopic imaging techniques. Arterial and venous vessels are unambiguously differentiated using a dynamic contrast-enhanced NIR-II imaging technique on the basis of their distinct hemodynamics. Further, the deep tissue penetration and high spatial and temporal resolution of NIR-II imaging allow for precise quantifications of blood velocity in both normal and ischemic femoral arteries, which are beyond the capabilities of ultrasonography at lower blood velocities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Guosong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jerry C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Raaz
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ngan F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D007259:Infrared Rays; D051379:Mice; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon