title: Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder that has been associated with criminal behavior in some studies. Pharmacologic treatment is available for ADHD and may reduce the risk of criminality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Swedish national registers, we gathered information on 25,656 patients with a diagnosis of ADHD, their pharmacologic treatment, and subsequent criminal convictions in Sweden from 2006 through 2009. We used stratified Cox regression analyses to compare the rate of criminality while the patients were receiving ADHD medication, as compared with the rate for the same patients while not receiving medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with nonmedication periods, among patients receiving ADHD medication, there was a significant reduction of 32% in the criminality rate for men (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.73) and 41% for women (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.70). The rate reduction remained between 17% and 46% in sensitivity analyses among men, with factors that included different types of drugs (e.g., stimulant vs. nonstimulant) and outcomes (e.g., type of crime).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with ADHD, rates of criminality were lower during periods when they were receiving ADHD medication. These findings raise the possibility that the use of medication reduces the risk of criminality among patients with ADHD. (Funded by the Swedish Research Council and others.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. paul.lichtenstein@ki.se
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halldner
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zetterqvist
authors.forename: Arvid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjölander
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serlachius
authors.forename: Seena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fazel
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants