title: Disposable screen-printed sensors for the electrochemical detection of TNT and DNT.
abstract: Due to the heightened level of national security currently prevalent due to the possibility of terrorist incidents, highly portable, miniaturised and sensitive monitoring devices for trace levels of injurious materials, such as explosives are now of the upmost importance. One method that offers a possible route for the development of a detection system for such species is via an electrochemical regime, coupled to the use of disposable sensor technology. Within this study, the use of carbon screen-printed sensors for the detection and analysis of the classical explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the related dinitrotoluene (DNT) is described, with the eventual objective to develop an inexpensive, accurate and sensitive detection system for trace quantities of explosives in field settings. Commercially available screen-printed carbon sensors have been used as the base platform for this investigation and the electrochemistry of both TNT and DNT studied at these surfaces. Two reductive peaks and one oxidative peak were observed for both analytes. The best linear fits and sensitivities were obtained using the reductive peak at -0.72 V vs. Ag/AgCl. A linear range from 1 to 200 μM could be obtained for TNT and DNT in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer with limits of detection as low as 0.4 μM (TNT) and 0.7 μM (DNT). A second system which utilised the addition of the enzyme, nitroreductase, and the coenzyme, NADPH, into the solution matrix prior to electrochemical interrogations with screen-printed carbon electrodes was found to increase the resulting signal magnitude at the oxidation peak at +0.3 V, improving the performance of the sensor at these values.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Health, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: J Sarah
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caygill
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Collyer
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Séamus P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Higson
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002138:Calibration; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D009601:Nitroreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D011327:Printing; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D009601:Nitroreductases; C023514:2,6-dinitrotoluene; D010100:Oxygen