title: Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with depression.
abstract: Studies have shown an association between depression and both antioxidant levels and oxidant stress, but generally have not included intakes of antioxidants and antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. This study examined the cross-sectional associations between clinically diagnosed depression and intakes of antioxidants, fruits, and vegetables in a cohort of older adults. Antioxidant, fruit, and vegetable intakes were assessed in 278 elderly participants (144 with depression, 134 without depression) using a Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire that was administered between 1999 and 2007. All participants were aged 60 years or older. Vitamin C, lutein, and beta cryptoxanthin intakes were significantly lower among individuals with depression than in comparison participants (P<0.05). In addition, fruit and vegetable consumption, a primary determinant of antioxidant intake, was lower in individuals with depression. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, education, vascular comorbidity score, body mass index, total dietary fat, and alcohol; vitamin C, beta cryptoxanthin, fruits, and vegetables remained significant. Antioxidants from dietary supplements were not associated with depression. Antioxidant, fruit, and vegetable intakes were lower in individuals with late-life depression than in comparison participants. These associations may partially explain the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease among older individuals with depression. In addition, these findings point to the importance of antioxidant food sources rather than dietary supplements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Steffens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants