title: Lessons learned in shaping vaccine markets in low-income countries: a review of the vaccine market segment supported by the GAVI Alliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) anticipated that growing demand for new vaccines could sufficiently impact the vaccines market to allow low-income countries (LICs) to self-finance new vaccines. But the time required to lower vaccine prices was underestimated and the amount that prices would decline overestimated. To better understand how prices in the LIC vaccine market can be impacted, the vaccine market was retrospectively examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  GAVI archives and the published literature on the vaccine markets in LICs were reviewed for the purpose of identifying GAVI's early assumptions for the evolution of vaccine prices, and contrasting these retrospectively with actual outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prices in Phases I and II of GAVI-supported vaccines failed to decline to a desirable level within a projected 5-year timeframe. GAVI-eligible countries were unable to sustain newly introduced vaccines without prolonged donor support. Two key lessons can be applied to future vaccine market-shaping strategies: (1) accurate demand forecasting together with committed donor funding can increase supply to the LIC vaccines market, but even greater strides can be made to increase the certainty of purchase; and (2) the expected time to lower prices took much longer than 5 years; market competition is inherently linked to the development time for new vaccines--a minimum of 5-10 or more years. Other factors that can lower vaccine prices include: large-scale production or alternate financing mechanisms that can hasten vaccine price maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impacts of competition on vaccine prices in the LIC new-vaccines market occurred after almost 10 years. The time for research and development, acquisition of technological know-how and to scale production must be accounted for to more accurately predict significant declines on vaccine prices. Alternate financing mechanisms and the use of purchase agreements should also be considered for lowering prices when planning new vaccine introductions.
authors.affiliation: President S Gilchrist Consulting Services Inc, 8 Covebank Crescent, Brampton, Ontario, Canada L6P 2X5. shawngilchrist@sympatico.ca.
authors.forename: Shawn A N
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: Angeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanni
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D003906:Developing Countries; D004465:Economic Competition; D007391:International Cooperation; D014612:Vaccines / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines