title: Anopheles salivary gland proteomes from major malaria vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibody responses against Anopheles salivary proteins can indicate individual exposure to bites of malaria vectors. The extent to which these salivary proteins are species-specific is not entirely resolved. Thus, a better knowledge of the diversity among salivary protein repertoires from various malaria vector species is necessary to select relevant genus-, subgenus- and/or species-specific salivary antigens. Such antigens could be used for quantitative (mosquito density) and qualitative (mosquito species) immunological evaluation of malaria vectors/host contact. In this study, salivary gland protein repertoires (sialomes) from several Anopheles species were compared using in silico analysis and proteomics. The antigenic diversity of salivary gland proteins among different Anopheles species was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In silico analysis of secreted salivary gland protein sequences retrieved from an NCBInr database of six Anopheles species belonging to the Cellia subgenus (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. funestus) and Nyssorhynchus subgenus (An. albimanus and An. darlingi) displayed a higher degree of similarity compared to salivary proteins from closely related Anopheles species. Additionally, computational hierarchical clustering allowed identification of genus-, subgenus- and species-specific salivary proteins. Proteomic and immunoblot analyses performed on salivary gland extracts from four Anopheles species (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. albimanus) indicated that heterogeneity of the salivary proteome and antigenic proteins was lower among closely related anopheline species and increased with phylogenetic distance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the diversity of the salivary protein repertoire among species from the Anopheles genus at the protein level. This work demonstrates that a molecular diversity is exhibited among salivary proteins from closely related species despite their common pharmacological activities. The involvement of these proteins as antigenic candidates for genus-, subgenus- or species-specific immunological evaluation of individual exposure to Anopheles bites is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236, URMITE - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), BP 60109, Marseille Cedex 07, 13 262, France.
authors.forename: Albin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fusaï
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briolant
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buffet
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villard
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baudelet
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pophillat
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granjeaud
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogier
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almeras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010802:Phylogeny; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics*; D040901:Proteomics; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome