title: Laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with rigid nephroscope.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apart from the required expertise, a major deterrent to laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) lithotomy (LCDL) remains the relatively prohibitive cost of the flexible choledochoscope, and it also has a shortcoming of not being effective in removal of large impacted CBD stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients presenting with CBD stones were treated, without exclusion, by laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus transdochal LCDL after relevant investigations. LCDL was performed using a rigid nephroscope. The CBD was closed either with running 3-0 polyglactin acid (Vicryl; Ethicon) sutures without a stent or around a T tube in a few patients. Perioperative parameters were recorded in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transdochal LCDL was performed on 172 consecutive patients. Five patients had a prior open cholecystectomy, 26 patients presented with acute cholecystitis, 5 patients presented with mild acute pancreatitis, and 12 patients presented after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Twenty-eight (16.28%) patients had multiple stones, 2 had biliary sludge, and no stone was found in 3 patients. Stone size varied from 4 to 12 mm. The average operative time was 68 minutes (range, 45-127 minutes). Primary repair was performed with 3-0 Vicryl continuous sutures, and the T tube was left in place in 13 (7.56%) patients. Conversion to an open procedure was required in 8 patients (4.65%). Postoperatively, mild acute pancreatitis occurred in 1 patient, and biliary peritonitis occurred in 5 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigid scope transdochal LCDL is feasible, probably easier, better for impacted large CBD stones, and definitely more affordable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MLB Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. sinha_rga@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult