title: Serum soluble CD163 levels in patients with influenza-associated encephalopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IE) is a serious complication during influenza viral infection. Common clinical symptoms of IE include seizures and progressive coma with high-grade fever. We previously reported that hypercytokinemia and monocyte/macrophage activation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IE. CD163 is a scavenger receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes and is expressed by monocytes/macrophages. Proteolytic cleavage of monocyte-bound CD163 by matrix metalloproteinases releases soluble CD163 (sCD163). However, there have been no reports regarding serum sCD163 levels in IE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum levels of sCD163 as a marker of monocyte/macrophage activation in IE patients with poor outcomes, those without neurological sequelae, influenza patients without IE, and control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum sCD163 levels were significantly higher in IE patients with poor outcomes than in those without neurological sequelae. In particular, sCD163 levels in cases of death were significantly higher than those in other cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that monocyte/macrophage activation is related to the pathogenesis of severe IE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. shunji@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsushige
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajimoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Momonaka
authors.forename: Chiemi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Saya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface