title: Preventing preterm births: analysis of trends and potential reductions with interventions in 39 countries with very high human development index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Every year, 1·1 million babies die from prematurity, and many survivors are disabled. Worldwide, 15 million babies are born preterm (<37 weeks' gestation), with two decades of increasing rates in almost all countries with reliable data. The understanding of drivers and potential benefit of preventive interventions for preterm births is poor. We examined trends and estimate the potential reduction in preterm births for countries with very high human development index (VHHDI) if present evidence-based interventions were widely implemented. This analysis is to inform a rate reduction target for Born Too Soon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Countries were assessed for inclusion based on availability and quality of preterm prevalence data (2000-10), and trend analyses with projections undertaken. We analysed drivers of rate increases in the USA, 1989-2004. For 39 countries with VHHDI with more than 10,000 births, we did country-by-country analyses based on target population, incremental coverage increase, and intervention efficacy. We estimated cost savings on the basis of reported costs for preterm care in the USA adjusted using World Bank purchasing power parity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2010, even if all countries with VHHDI achieved annual preterm birth rate reductions of the best performers for 1990-2010 (Estonia and Croatia), 2000-10 (Sweden and Netherlands), or 2005-10 (Lithuania, Estonia), rates would experience a relative reduction of less than 5% by 2015 on average across the 39 countries. Our analysis of preterm birth rise 1989-2004 in USA suggests half the change is unexplained, but important drivers include non-medically indicated labour induction and caesarean delivery and assisted reproductive technologies. For all 39 countries with VHHDI, five interventions modelling at high coverage predicted a 5% relative reduction of preterm birth rate from 9·59% to 9·07% of livebirths: smoking cessation (0·01 rate reduction), decreasing multiple embryo transfers during assisted reproductive technologies (0·06), cervical cerclage (0·15), progesterone supplementation (0·01), and reduction of non-medically indicated labour induction or caesarean delivery (0·29). These findings translate to roughly 58,000 preterm births averted and total annual economic cost savings of about US$3 billion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend a conservative target of a relative reduction in preterm birth rates of 5% by 2015. Our findings highlight the urgent need for research into underlying mechanisms of preterm births, and development of innovative interventions. Furthermore, the highest preterm birth rates occur in low-income settings where the causes of prematurity might differ and have simpler solutions such as birth spacing and treatment of infections in pregnancy than in high-income countries. Urgent focus on these settings is also crucial to reduce preterm births worldwide.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  March of Dimes, USA, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and National Institutes of Health, USA.
authors.affiliation: Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blencowe
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Howson
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cairns-Smith
authors.forename: Eve M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lackritz
authors.forename: Shoo K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Serazin
authors.forename: Salimah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walani
authors.forename: Joe Leigh
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Joy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lawn
mesh_terms: D023802:Cerclage, Cervical; D002585:Cesarean Section; D017046:Cost Savings; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone