title: A Bosphorus submarine passage and the reinvention of neurosurgery.
abstract: One of the major themes characterizing the emergence of modern neurosurgery has been the concept of technology transfer and the application of a broad spectrum of revolutionary elements of technology from both physical and biological science. These transference applications are now apparent in modern neurosurgery as it is practiced on all continents of the globe. More than 3 decades ago, these ideas that now have come to fruition were in states of formulation. This article describes and further documents one such fertile cauldron of ideas and practical realities--the United States Navy Nuclear Submarine Service and its role and affect on the life and professional career of an academic neurosurgeon who was active in areas of progress as modernity was established for the early 21st century.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. apuzzo@usc.edu
authors.forename: Michael L J
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Apuzzo
authors.forename: Veronica M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pagán
authors.forename: Rodrick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faccio
authors.forename: Charles Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000266:history*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D009683:Nuclear Medicine / Q000266:history; D009686:Nuclear Physics / Q000266:history; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010820:Physicians / Q000266:history; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000266:history*; D013366:Submarine Medicine / Q000266:history*; D018581:Technology Transfer; D014421:Turkey; D014481:United States; D047789:World War II