title: Intrinsic epileptogenicity of cortical tubers revealed by intracranial EEG monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify intracranial EEG patterns characteristic of epileptogenic tubers and to understand the contribution of perituberal cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three intracranial EEG monitoring studies were reviewed from 17 children aged 1.3-7.7 years with tuberous sclerosis complex and intractable multifocal epilepsy, 14 with a history of epileptic spasms. Interictal epileptiform discharges and ictal rhythms for 60 electroclinically distinct seizures (EDS) were analyzed in relation to 162 sampled tubers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Localized, tuber-related, ictal rhythms were seen in 49/60 EDS, most commonly as low-voltage fast activity recruiting to rhythmic spiking, then diffuse slowing or bursts of ripple range activity. Ictal onset in localized EDS involved only tubers in 57% and tubers with perituberal cortex in 31%. Ictal fast ripples (FR) noted at seizure onset in 15/38 localized EDS were confined to tubers in 73% and involved tuber with perituberal cortex in 27%. Intraictal activation occurred during seizure propagation in 19 localized EDS, being to tubers in 63% and to tubers with perituberal cortex in 37%; 63% of activated tubers generated independent EDS. Trains of periodic sharp waves on an attenuated background were seen interictally at 36/162 tubers, with 67% of those tubers generating EDS (p = 0.0001). Interictal FR, when present, involved tubers more commonly than perituberal cortex but were not associated with EDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates interictal and ictal intracranial EEG findings characteristic of epileptogenic tubers, suggests that tubers play a greater role in seizure genesis than perituberal cortex, and suggests tuberectomy may be a sufficient surgical approach in a number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Wirginia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maixner
authors.forename: Graeme D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: A Simon
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Harvey
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*