title: Trait mindfulness helps shield decision-making from translating into health-risk behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cognitive tendency toward mindfulness may influence the enactment of health and risk behaviors by its bringing increased attention to and awareness of decision-making processes underlying behavior. The present study examined the moderating effect of trait mindfulness on associations between intentions to smoke (ITS)/smoking refusal self-efficacy (SRSE) and smoking frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reports from Chinese adolescents (N = 5,287; mean age = 16.2 years, standard deviation = .7; 48.8% female) were collected in 24 schools. Smoking frequency was regressed on latent factor interactions Mindful Attention Awareness Scale*ITS and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale*SRSE, adjusting for school clustering effects and covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both interaction terms were significant in cross-sectional analyses and showed that high ITS predicted higher smoking frequency among those low, relative to high, in trait mindfulness, whereas low SRSE predicted higher smoking frequency among those low, relative to high, in trait mindfulness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest trait mindfulness possibly shields against decision-making processes that place adolescents at risk for smoking.
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA dblack@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D055815:Young Adult