title: Effect of trotting speed and circle radius on movement symmetry in horses during lunging on a soft surface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether body lean angle could be predicted from circle radius and speed in horses during lunging and whether an increase in that angle would decrease the degree of movement symmetry (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  11 medium- to high-level dressage horses in competition training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body lean angle, head MS, and trunk MS were quantified during trotting while horses were instrumented with a 5-sensor global positioning system-enhanced inertial sensor system and lunged on a soft surface. Speed and circle radius were varied and used to calculate predicted body lean angle. Agreement between observed and predicted values was assessed, and the association between lean angle and MS was determined via least squares linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  162 trials totaling 3,368 strides (mean, 21 strides/trial) representing trotting speeds of 1.5 to 4.7 m/s and circle radii of 1.8 to 11.2 m were conducted in both lunging directions. Differences between observed and predicted lean angles were small (mean ± SD difference, -1.2 ± 2.4°) but significantly greater for circling to the right versus left. Movement symmetry values had a larger spread for the head than for the pelvis, and values of all but 1 MS variable changed with body lean angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body lean angle agreed well with predictions from gravitational and centripetal forces, but differences observed between lunging directions emphasize the need to investigate other factors that might influence this variable. For a fair comparison of MS between directions, body lean angle needs to be controlled for or corrected with the regression equations. Whether the regression equations need to be adapted for lame horses requires additional investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, England. tpfau@rvc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: Narelle C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: LeeAnn J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Lucy E A
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Hilary M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Clayton
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology*