title: Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of percardiac device closure of intracardiac defects in patients weighing less than 10 kg.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the technology of transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of percardiac closure in patients with low weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients with intracardiac defects, aged from two months to five years (median, 18.4 months) and weighted from 4 to 10 kg (median, 8.9 kg), underwent attempted percardiac device closure under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine (93%) patients successfully underwent occlusion, whereas three patients (7.1%) were converted to conventional open-heart surgery. There was no mortality. They were followed up from 3 months to 15 months (median, 9.4 months). First degree atrioventricular block was detected in one patient at the time of discharge. The most common electrocardiogram change was bundle-branch block, which developed in three (7.7%) patients during follow-up. New mild mitral valve regurgitation (MR) was detected in three patients after operation and disappeared in one but remained in two others. Pericardial perfusion and recurrent intubation developed in one patient, respectively. The incidence of late complications is 5.1% (2/39) including low cardiac output syndrome and residual shunt in one patient, and moderate pericardial perfusion in one patient, respectively. No complication such as device dislocation, thrombosis, and obstruction of left or right ventricular outflow tract was found during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial success indicates that transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of percardiac device closure will aid in the treatment of intracardiac defects in selected patients weighing less than 10 kg with good early outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China. dr.zhaotl@gmail.com
authors.forename: TianLi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: YiFeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: XinHua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Vinesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naikho
authors.forename: Nei
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome