title: Matrix metalloproteinases in a sea urchin ligament with adaptable mechanical properties.
abstract: Mutable collagenous tissues (MCTs) of echinoderms show reversible changes in tensile properties (mutability) that are initiated and modulated by the nervous system via the activities of cells known as juxtaligamental cells. The molecular mechanism underpinning this mechanical adaptability has still to be elucidated. Adaptable connective tissues are also present in mammals, most notably in the uterine cervix, in which changes in stiffness result partly from changes in the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). There have been no attempts to assess the potential involvement of MMPs in the echinoderm mutability phenomenon, apart from studies dealing with a process whose relationship to the latter is uncertain. In this investigation we used the compass depressor ligaments (CDLs) of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The effect of a synthetic MMP inhibitor - galardin - on the biomechanical properties of CDLs in different mechanical states ("standard", "compliant" and "stiff") was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis, and the presence of MMPs in normal and galardin-treated CDLs was determined semi-quantitatively by gelatin zymography. Galardin reversibly increased the stiffness and storage modulus of CDLs in all three states, although its effect was significantly lower in stiff than in standard or compliant CDLs. Gelatin zymography revealed a progressive increase in total gelatinolytic activity between the compliant, standard and stiff states, which was possibly due primarily to higher molecular weight components resulting from the inhibition and degradation of MMPs. Galardin caused no change in the gelatinolytic activity of stiff CDLs, a pronounced and statistically significant reduction in that of standard CDLs, and a pronounced, but not statistically significant, reduction in that of compliant CDLs. Our results provide evidence that MMPs may contribute to the variable tensility of the CDLs, in the light of which we provide an updated hypothesis for the regulatory mechanism controlling MCT mutability.
authors.affiliation: INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. analopes@ineb.up.pt
authors.forename: Ana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbaglio
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Cristina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Iain C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Candia Carnevali
authors.forename: Mário A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D008022:Ligaments / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D014783:Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases