title: Temperature-dependent behaviours are genetically variable in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae.
abstract: Temperature-dependent behaviours in Caenorhabditis elegans, such as thermotaxis and isothermal tracking, are complex behavioural responses that integrate sensation, foraging and learning, and have driven investigations to discover many essential genetic and neural pathways. The ease of manipulation of the Caenorhabditis model system also has encouraged its application to comparative analyses of phenotypic evolution, particularly contrasts of the classic model C. elegans with C. briggsae. And yet few studies have investigated natural genetic variation in behaviour in any nematode. Here we measure thermotaxis and isothermal tracking behaviour in genetically distinct strains of C. briggsae, further motivated by the latitudinal differentiation in C. briggsae that is associated with temperature-dependent fitness differences in this species. We demonstrate that C. briggsae performs thermotaxis and isothermal tracking largely similar to that of C. elegans, with a tendency to prefer its rearing temperature. Comparisons of these behaviours among strains reveal substantial heritable natural variation within each species that corresponds to three general patterns of behavioural response. However, intraspecific genetic differences in thermal behaviour often exceed interspecific differences. These patterns of temperature-dependent behaviour motivate further development of C. briggsae as a model system for dissecting the genetic underpinnings of complex behavioural traits.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON,  Canada, M5S 3B2.
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.forename: Matthew Bueno
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: de Mesquita
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Asher D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cutter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002107:Caenorhabditis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature