title: Assessment of the reliability and repeatability of landmarks using 3-D cephalometric software.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and repeatability of identification landmarks using 3-D cephalometric software. Ten orthognathic patients were selected for this study and underwent the following protocol: 1. radiographic evaluation (CBCT technique); 2. stone casts; 3. photos; and 4. 3-D cephalometric evaluation. Twenty-one hard tissue landmarks and 14 cephalometric measurements were taken three times (T1, T2, and T3) on each patient, with an interval of one week by two experts in orthodontics (A, B). Standard deviation and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated to evaluate intra- and inter-observer repeatability. The results showed a strong correlation for both intra- and inter-observer Pearson's correlation coefficient (>0.7). The current preliminary study showed that the reliability and repeatability of the identification landmarks were very high if the 3-D cephalometric landmarks are defined correctly in the three planes of the space. Further evaluation is necessary to better define the 3-D cephalometric system.
authors.affiliation: University of Turin - Dental School, Dept. of Orthodontics and Gnathology, Via Nizza 230 10126 Torino, Italy. gianluigi_frongia@msn.com
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frongia
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Piancino
authors.forename: Andrea Adriano
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crincoli
authors.forename: Cesare Lorenzo
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Debernardi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bracco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003765:Models, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012984:Software / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology