title: Tracheostomy in childhood:  new causes for an old strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A review of the available literature has shown that the indications, epidemiology, and complications for tracheostomies are changing, and that no definite guidelines have been established. In the 1970s, the most common indication for tracheostomies in children was acute inflammatory airway obstruction. Modern neonatal intensive care units (ICU) have turned long-term intubation into an alternative to a tracheostomy. Currently, long-term intubation has become the most important indication for tracheostomies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present our series involving tracheostomies performed in paediatric patients between 2004 and 2008 at our hospital. Sixteen patients underwent tracheostomies for respiratory failure and upper airway obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total complications rate was 37.5%. In children < 1 year of age, the complications rate was 25%, while in children > 1 year of age, the complications rate was 12.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term intubation and its sequelae have now become one of the most important indications for tracheostomies in the paediatric age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cocuzza
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonfiglio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020878:Device Removal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data