title: Strabismus in craniosynostosis.
abstract: Strabismus is common in craniosynostosis, with rates from 39% to 90.9% in Crouzon, Apert, Pfeiffer, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes. This article reviews the epidemiology of strabismus in these disorders and discusses competing theories of the mechanism, including absent muscles, excyclorotation of muscles, and instability of muscle pulleys. The authors then review options for surgical treatment of the often complex ocular misalignment in these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA. Jamiebella78@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jamie B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Oren M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Tepper
authors.forename: Norman B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Medow
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D013285:Strabismus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery