title: Unique functions of CHK1 and WEE1 underlie synergistic anti-tumor activity upon pharmacologic inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhibition of kinases involved in the DNA damage response sensitizes cells to genotoxic agents by abrogating checkpoint-induced cell cycle arrest. CHK1 and WEE1 act in a pathway upstream of CDK1 to inhibit cell cycle progression in response to damaged DNA. Therapeutic targeting of either CHK1 or WEE1, in combination with chemotherapy, is under clinical evaluation. These studies examine the overlap and potential for synergy when CHK1 and WEE1 are inhibited in cancer cell models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small molecules MK-8776 and MK-1775 were used to selectively and potently inhibit CHK1 and WEE1, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the combination of MK-8776 and MK-1775 induces up to 50-fold more DNA damage than either MK-8776 or MK-1775 alone at a fixed concentration. This requires aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase activity but does not appear to be dependent on p53 status alone. Furthermore, DNA damage takes place primarily in S-phase cells, implying disrupted DNA replication. When dosed together, the combination of MK-8776 and MK-1775 induced more intense and more durable DNA damage as well as anti-tumor efficacy than either MK-8776 or MK-1775 dosed alone. DNA damage induced by the combination was detected in up to 40% of cells in a treated xenograft tumor model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the roles of WEE1 and CHK1 in maintaining genomic integrity. Importantly, the strong synergy observed upon inhibition of both kinases suggests unique yet complimentary anti-tumor effects of WEE1 and CHK1 inhibition. This demonstration of DNA double strand breaks in the absence of a DNA damaging chemotherapeutic provides preclinical rationale for combining WEE1 and CHK1 inhibitors as a cancer treatment regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. stuart_shumway@merck.com.
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Guertin
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurd
authors.forename: Xianlu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Nathan R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Miselis
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benita
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bloecher
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toniatti
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shumway