title: Consumption of breakfast and the type of breakfast consumed are positively associated with nutrient intakes and adequacy of Canadian adults.
abstract: Few studies have assessed the associations between breakfast intake and nutrient adequacy [where inadequacy reflects prevalence of usual intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) and potential excess reflects the prevalence above the tolerable upper intake level (UL)]. This study examined associations among breakfast, nutrient intakes, and nutrient adequacy in Canadian adults. Respondents aged ≥19 y in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 (n = 19,913) were classified as breakfast nonconsumers (11%), ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) breakfast consumers (20%), or other breakfast consumers (69%). Nutrient intakes from food (24-h recall) and the prevalence of usual intakes below the EAR and above the UL from food alone and from food plus supplements were compared by breakfast group. Usual intake distributions were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Breakfast consumers, and to a greater extent RTEC breakfast consumers, had significantly higher intakes of fiber and several vitamins and minerals than breakfast nonconsumers. Compared with nonconsumers, RTEC and other breakfast consumers had significantly lower prevalences below the EARs for vitamin A and magnesium. The prevalences below the EARs of these nutrients and calcium, thiamin, vitamin D, and iron were significantly lower with RTEC breakfasts than with other breakfasts. Similar patterns were observed from food alone compared with food plus supplements. Breakfast consumption did not affect prevalence above the UL based on food sources, although based on food plus supplements, breakfast consumers had slightly higher proportions that were above the UL than nonconsumers for several nutrients. Breakfast, especially an RTEC breakfast, is associated with improved nutrient adequacy and does not meaningfully affect prevalence above the UL.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. susan.barr@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DiFrancesco
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fulgoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D062408:Breakfast; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000009:adverse effects; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000009:adverse effects; D006293:Health Promotion; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D018977:Micronutrients