title: Impact of tobacco control policy on quitting and nicotine dependence among women in five European countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe differences in and factors associated with former smoking and nicotine dependence among women in Ireland, Sweden, France, Italy and the Czech Republic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, random digit dial telephone survey of 5000 women, aged 18 years and older, conducted in 2008. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents from Ireland and Sweden had statistically significantly higher odds of having quit smoking within the 5 years before survey administration compared with respondents from the Czech Republic. Current smokers from Ireland, Sweden, France and Italy are more nicotine dependent than those from the Czech Republic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respondents from countries with stronger tobacco control policies were more likely to have quit smoking compared with those living in the Czech Republic. However, respondents in countries with some of the strongest policies (Ireland, Sweden, France and Italy) had higher odds of smoking within 30 min of waking, an established indicator of nicotine dependence. More research in this area is warranted, but this study suggests that now that the Czech Republic is beginning to implement strong tobacco control policy, they will probably achieve a rapid decline in population-level smoking. Ireland, Sweden, France, Italy and other countries with established, strong tobacco control policies would do well to consider what additional programmes they can put in place to help their highly nicotine-dependent population of smokers successfully quit.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Policy Research, RTI International, , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gritz
authors.forename: Haijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kralikova
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Vallone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011634:Public Health; D011640:Public Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014930:Women; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine