title: Particulate air pollution and its impact on health in Vilnius and Kaunas.
abstract: Particulate matter in outdoor air has a significant impact on health. Small particles, composed of a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, are inhaled deep into the respiratory tract. The mechanisms and outcomes are manifold, resulting mainly in cardiopulmonary diseases. The current study aimed to quantify the health effects of particulate pollutants in Vilnius and Kaunas.
  
  
  METHODS
  For risk estimation, the methodology of health impact assessment was employed. The exposure was defined as annual PM(2.5) levels for long-term exposure effects and daily PM(10) averages for short-term exposure effects. The baseline mortality/morbidity data were retrieved from health registers and exposure-response relationships from previous epidemiological studies. For health impact calculations, the WHO-developed tool AirQ was also applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual average concentration of PM(2.5) was 11 µg/m(3) in Vilnius and 17.5 µg/m(3) in Kaunas. The exposure above the natural background corresponded annually to 263 (95% CI, 68-464) and 338 (95% CI, 86-605) premature deaths in Vilnius and Kaunas. This resulted in 3438 (95% CI, 905-5952) and 3693 (95% CI, 983-6322) years of life lost and in an average decrease in life expectancy of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.11-0.74) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.18-1.19) years, respectively. In addition, 143 (95% CI, 86-200) and 129 (95% CI, 78-179) respiratory and 297 (95% CI, 188-377) and 267 (95% CI, 169-338) cardiovascular hospitalizations per year could be expected in Vilnius and Kaunas, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial exposure to particulate matter in the main Lithuanian cities, which causes considerable adverse health effects. Traffic and domestic heating are considered locally the most important contributing factors to the degradation of air quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Hans.Orru@ut.ee
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orru
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laukaitienė
authors.forename: Ingrida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zurlytė
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D006262:Health; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D061213:Mortality, Premature / Q000639:trends*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter