title: Recent advances in the molecular imaging of programmed cell death: Part II--non-probe-based MRI, ultrasound, and optical clinical imaging techniques.
abstract: There is much that can be done to detect apoptosis and other forms of cell death with existing clinical modalities including ultrasound, MRI, and optical imaging without the need for current or new intravenous contrast agents. We will discuss how these widely available imaging technologies can readily be applied to the imaging of apoptosis in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The limiting factor of course is the lack of knowledge of the optimal times after the start of treatment for the most accurate assessment of apoptosis and necrosis with each modality and specific technique. It is hoped that imaging studies that systematically look at treatment response can soon be performed to address these issues.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, California 94304,USA. blankenb@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Blankenberg
authors.forename: H William
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*