title: Self-reported depression and physical activity in adults with mobility impairments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test hypothesized associations between depression and physical activity among adults with multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), muscular dystrophy (MD), and postpolio syndrome (PPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey responses collected from individuals in the Washington state area (participants with SCI) and across the United States (participants with MS, MD, and PPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of participants were surveyed (N=1676; MD, n=321; PPS, n=388; MS, n=556; SCI, n=411).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) assessing depressive symptoms and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) assessing physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age was 56 years, 64% were women, 92% were white, 86% had a high school degree or higher, and 56% walked with an assistive device or had limited self-mobility. The IPAQ and GLTEQ explained a small but statistically significant and unique amount of the variance in PHQ-9 scores in all diagnostic groups, with no significant differences in the relation by condition, age, or mobility status (IPAQ R(2)=.004; GLTEQ R(2)=.02; both P<.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both physical activity measures demonstrated a small but statistically significant association with depression in all 4 diagnostic groups. Research is needed to determine longitudinal relations and whether physical activity interventions could promote improved mood in adults with physical disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. rosenberg.d@ghc.org
authors.forename: Dori E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Artherholt
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016262:Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult