title: Influence on spectral energy distribution of emotional expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the influence of emotional expression in spectral energy distribution in professional theater actors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design is a quasi-experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven actors, native Spanish speakers, were included. All subjects had at least 3 years of professional experience as a theater actor and no history of vocal pathology for the last 5 years. Participants were recorded during a read-aloud task of a 230-word passage, expressing six different emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, tenderness, and eroticism) and without emotion (neutral state). Acoustical analysis with long-term average spectrum included three variables: the energy level difference between the F(1) and fundamental frequency (F(0)) regions, ratio between 1-5kHz and 5-8kHz, and alpha ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the different emotions differ significantly from the neutral state for alpha ratio and 1-5/5-8kHz ratio. Only significant differences between "joy," "anger," and "eroticism" were found for L1-L0 ratio. Statistically significant differences between genders for the three acoustical variables were also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of emotion impacts the spectral energy distribution. On the one hand emotional states characterized by a breathy voice quality such as tenderness, sadness, and eroticism present a low harmonic energy above 1kHz, high glottal noise energy, and more energy on F(0) than overtones. On the other hand, emotional states such as joy, anger, and fear are characterized by high harmonic energy greater than 1kHz (less steep spectral slope declination), low glottal noise energy, and more energy on the F(1) than F(0) region.
authors.affiliation: School of Communication Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. guzmanvoz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayerhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013016:Sound; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014833:Voice Quality