title: Acute kidney injury, sodium disorders, and hypercalcemia in the aging kidney: diagnostic and therapeutic management strategies in emergency medicine.
abstract: This article summarizes the current literature regarding the structural and functional changes of the aging kidney and describes how these changes make the older patient more susceptible to acute kidney injury and fluid and electrolyte disorders. It discusses the clinical manifestations, evaluation, and management of hyponatremia and shows how the management of hypernatremia in geriatric patients involves addressing the underlying cause and safely correcting the hypernatremia. The current literature regarding evaluation and management of hypercalcemia in older patients is summarized. The management of severe hypercalcemia is discussed in detail. The evaluation and management of acute kidney injury is described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: AlZahrani
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinnert
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gernsheimer
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium