title: Pharmacist interventions to improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assesses the effect of pharmacist care on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Pharmacist interventions were classified, and a meta-analysis of mean changes of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI was performed using random-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meta-analysis included 15 RCTs (9,111 outpatients) in which interventions were conducted exclusively by pharmacists in 8 studies and in collaboration with physicians, nurses, dietitians, or physical therapists in 7 studies. Pharmacist interventions included medication management, educational interventions, feedback to physicians, measurement of CVD risk factors, or patient-reminder systems. Compared with usual care, pharmacist care was associated with significant reductions for systolic BP (12 studies with 1,894 patients; -6.2 mmHg [95% CI -7.8 to -4.6]); diastolic BP (9 studies with 1,496 patients; -4.5 mmHg [-6.2 to -2.8]); TC (8 studies with 1,280 patients; -15.2 mg/dL [-24.7 to -5.7]); LDL cholesterol (9 studies with 8,084 patients; -11.7 mg/dL [-15.8 to -7.6]); and BMI (5 studies with 751 patients; -0.9 kg/m(2) [-1.7 to -0.1]). Pharmacist care was not associated with a significant change in HDL cholesterol (6 studies with 826 patients; 0.2 mg/dL [-1.9 to 2.4]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis supports pharmacist interventions-alone or in collaboration with other health care professionals-to improve major CVD risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. valerie.santschi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santschi
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiolero
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: April L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burnand
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D010595:Pharmacists; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors