title: Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of cobalt-, nickel- and copper-based nanoparticles.
abstract: The nanotechnology industry has matured and expanded at a rapid pace in the last decade, leading to the research and development of nanomaterials with enormous potential. The largest source of these nanomaterials is the transitional metals. It has been revealed that numerous properties of these nano-sized elements are not present in their bulk states. The nano size of these particles means they are easily transported into biological systems, thus, raising the question of their effects on the susceptible systems. Although advances have been made and insights have been gained on the effect of transitional metals on susceptible biological systems, there still is much ground to be covered, particularly with respect to our knowledge on the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, this review intends to summarize the current knowledge on the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of cobalt-, nickel- and copper-based nanoparticles indicated inin vitroandin vivomammalian studies. In the present review, we briefly state the sources, use and exposure routes of these nanoparticles and summarize the current literature findings on theirin vivoandin vitrogenotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the increasing evidence of their role in carcinogenicity, we have also included studies that have reported epigenetic factors, such as abnormal apoptosis, enhanced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects involving these nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine of the Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China ;
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Magaye
authors.forename: Jinshun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding