title: Models of care in nursing: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review investigated the effect of the various models of nursing care delivery using the diverse levels of nurses on patient and nursing outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All published studies that investigated patient and nursing outcomes were considered. Studies were included if the nursing delivery models only included nurses with varying skill levels. A literature search was performed using the following databases: Medline (1985-2011), CINAHL (1985-2011), EMBASE (1985 to current) and the Cochrane Controlled Studies Register (Issue 3, 2011 of Cochrane Library). In addition, the reference lists of relevant studies and conference proceedings were also scrutinised. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of the studies for inclusion in the review, the methodological quality and extracted details of eligible studies. Data were analysed using the RevMan software (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies were included in this review. The results reveal that implementation of the team nursing model of care resulted in significantly decreased incidence of medication errors and adverse intravenous outcomes, as well as lower pain scores among patients; however, there was no effect of this model of care on the incidence of falls. Wards that used a hybrid model demonstrated significant improvement in quality of patient care, but no difference in incidence of pressure areas or infection rates. There were no significant differences in nursing outcomes relating to role clarity, job satisfaction and nurse absenteeism rates between any of the models of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the available evidence, a predominance of team nursing within the comparisons is suggestive of its popularity. Patient outcomes, nurse satisfaction, absenteeism and role clarity/confusion did not differ across model comparisons. Little benefit was found within primary nursing comparisons and the cost effectiveness of team nursing over other models remains debatable. Nonetheless, team nursing does present a better model for inexperienced staff to develop, a key aspect in units where skill mix or experience is diverse.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. ritin.fernandez@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Ritin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Duong Thuy
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000458:organization & administration*