title: Correlates of efavirenz exposure in Chilean patients affected with human immunodeficiency virus reveals a novel association with a polymorphism in the constitutive androstane receptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of demographics and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6, 2A6, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7, and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) genes on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in a Chilean cohort affected with human immunodeficiency virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Timed plasma samples obtained throughout the dosing interval were analyzed for efavirenz concentrations with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. DNA from whole-blood samples was used for genetic analysis. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney statistical test; furthermore, a Pearson or Spearman correlation was used. A multivariate analysis was then conducted using multiple linear regression by best subset analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 219 patients were included, 208 patients had measurable efavirenz levels and available genetic samples. The overall median (interquartile range) of efavirenz concentration was 2.6 (2.1-3.7) mcg/mL. In multivariate regression analysis, CYP2B6 516G>T (P < 0.0001) and CAR rs2307424 C>T (P = 0.002) were significantly related to efavirenz plasma concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel association between CAR rs2307424 and efavirenz plasma concentrations now requires validation in other cohorts.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Chile and Fundación Arriarán, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Claudia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siccardi
authors.forename: Ammara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaikan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Guijun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Charles J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: la Porte
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002677:Chile; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D005260:Female; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; C491474:UGT2B7 protein, human; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C098320:efavirenz