title: Age-related differences in abdominal fat distribution in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sex and the menopausal transition on age-related differences in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) among patients with cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 997 women and 3,409 men with cardiovascular disease was performed. VAT and SAT were measured by ultrasonography. Differences in abdominal fat per decade in premenopausal and postmenopausal women were analyzed with linear regression and compared with men younger and older than the mean menopause age of women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAT increased gradually across advancing age groups. For postmenopausal women, the 10-year differences in VAT were smaller than those for premenopausal women (0.24 cm [β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.43] vs 0.71 cm [β = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.12]). There were no differences in SAT (β = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.37 to 0.13) in premenopausal women, and SAT decreased across the age groups of postmenopausal women (-0.36 cm per decade [β = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.26]). Postmenopausal women showed 10-year differences in VAT that were larger than those for men 48 years or older (0.24 cm per decade [β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.43] vs -0.01 cm per decade [β = -0.01; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.10]). In addition, 10-year differences in SAT were larger in postmenopausal women than in men 48 years or older (-0.36 cm [β = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.26] vs -0.22 cm [β = -0.22; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.18]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause is not associated with accelerated fat gain in women with cardiovascular disease. Compared with similar-aged men, postmenopausal women show a steeper increase in VAT and a steeper decrease in SAT. These ongoing changes might add to an unfavorable metabolic profile associated with an increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Leeuw
authors.forename: Annemarie M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wassink
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: Hendrika E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Westerveld
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio