title: redox Signaling by 8-nitro-cyclic guanosine monophosphate: nitric oxide- and reactive oxygen species-derived electrophilic messenger.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Emerging evidence has revealed that nitric oxide (NO)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-derived electrophiles formed in cells mediate signal transduction for responses to oxidative stress.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The cyclic nucleotide with a nitrated guanine moiety-8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP)-first identified in 2007 as a second messenger for NO and ROS-has certain unique properties that its parental cGMP lacks. For example, it can react with particular protein Cys thiols because of its electrophilicity and can cause unique post-translational modifications of redox-sensor proteins such as Keap1 and H-Ras.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Site-specific S-guanylation of Keap1 at Cys434 induced NO- and ROS-mediated adaptive responses to oxidative stress. H-Ras Cys184 S-guanylation was recently found to be involved in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades as manifested by cellular senescence and heart failure in mouse cardiac hypertrophy models. The latest finding related to the concept of electrophile-based redox signaling is a potent regulatory function of endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide for redox signaling via 8-nitro-cGMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrophile modification of 8-nitro-cGMP, as a second messenger for NO and ROS, by hydrogen sulfide (i.e., electrophile sulfhydration) can most likely effect physiological regulation of cellular redox signaling. Continued investigation of the precise function of cellular hydrogen sulfide that may control electrophile-dependent redox cellular signaling, most typically via 8-nitro-cGMP formation, may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress responses, oxidative stress-related pathology and disease control, and development of therapeutics for various diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan .
authors.forename: Shigemoto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaike
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C525106:8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D006152:Cyclic GMP