title: Fetal growth, omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: preventing fetal origins of disease? The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired fetal growth is independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood. Prevention strategies that can be implemented during adulthood have not been identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether habitual omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid intake is associated with the rate of increase of carotid intima-media thickness during adulthood in individuals with impaired fetal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based, prospective cohort study of 1573 adults in Finland. Carotid intima-media thickness was assessed in 2001 (at ages 24-39 y) and in 2007. Participants were categorized as having had impaired fetal growth (term birth with birth weight <10th percentile for sex or preterm birth with birth weight <25th percentile for gestational age and sex; n = 193) or normal fetal growth (all other participants; n = 1380). Omega-3 fatty acid intake was assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire and on the basis of serum fatty acid concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable models, the 6-y progression of carotid intima-media thickness was inversely associated with dietary omega-3 fatty acids in those with impaired fetal growth (P = 0.04). Similarly, serum omega-3 fatty acid concentrations were inversely associated with the 6-y progression of carotid intima-media thickness in those with impaired fetal growth (P = 0.04) but were not noted in those with normal fetal growth (P = 0.94 and P = 0.26, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a slower rate of increase in carotid intima-media thickness in those with impaired fetal growth.
authors.affiliation: Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. michael.skilton@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Skilton
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Würtz
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Korpela
authors.forename: Kyra A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.forename: Antti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kangas
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taittonen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D018450:Disease Progression; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3