title: Systemic bias in the medical literature on androgen deprivation therapy and its implication to clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  LHRH agonists are used for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to treat prostate cancer, but have many side effects that reduce of the quality of life of prostate cancer patients and their partners. Patients are poorly informed about the side effects of these drugs and how to manage them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that there is bias in the peer-reviewed literature on ADT that correlates with an association between authors and the luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists pharmaceutical industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 155 articles on ADT published in English-language peer-reviewed journals in terms of how comprehensive they were in acknowledging LHRH agonists' side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the literature regarding ADT is substantial, the vast majority of articles failed to acknowledge many of the more stressful side effects of ADT for patients and their partners. Articles most likely to acknowledge the psychosocial impact of ADT were significantly less likely to have had industrial support than those articles that did not mention those side effects. Alternative treatments to the LHRH agonists were rarely mentioned. Authors who indicated some association with a pharmaceutical company tended to minimise the side effects of LHRH agonists and not acknowledge alternatives to the LHRH agonists for ADT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Industrial support is associated with a proliferation of articles published in the peer-reviewed literature directed at practising physicians. Such flooding of the literature may, in part, limit physicians' knowledge of the side effects of these drugs and, in turn, account for the poor knowledge that patients on LHRH agonists have about the drugs they are taking and ways to manage their side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wassersug
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000819:agonists*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017594:Publication Bias
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone