title: Evaluating sleep in bipolar disorder: comparison between actigraphy, polysomnography, and sleep diary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder is an illness characterized by sleep and circadian disturbance, and monitoring sleep in this population may signal an impending mood change. Actigraphy is an important clinical and research tool for examining sleep, but has not yet been systematically compared to polysomnography or sleep diary in bipolar disorder. The present study compares actigraphy, polysomnography, and sleep diary estimates of five standard sleep parameters in individuals with bipolar disorder and matched controls across two nights of assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven individuals who met diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder type I or II and were currently between mood episodes, along with 27 matched controls with no history of psychopathology or sleep disturbance, underwent two nights of research laboratory monitoring. Sleep was estimated via polysomnography, actigraphy, and sleep diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 108 nights available for comparison, sleep parameter estimates from actigraphy and polysomnography were highly correlated and did not differ between the two groups or across the two nights for sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, total sleep time, or sleep efficiency percentage. The medium wake threshold algorithm in the actigraphy software was the most concordant with polysomnography and diaries across the five sleep parameters. Concordance between actigraphy, polysomnography, and sleep diary was largely independent of insomnia presence and medication use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actigraphy is a valid tool for estimating sleep length and fragmentation in bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Allison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Harvey
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult