title: Community faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in French children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing incidence of community acquired infection due to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) -Producing Enterobacteriaceae represent a great concern because there are few therapeutic alternatives. The fecal flora of children in the community can represent a reservoir for ESBLs genes which are located on highly transmissible plasmids and the spread of these genes among bacterial pathogens is concerning. Because intestinal carriage is a key factor in the epidemiology of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the study of the prevalence of these resistant bacteria and risk factors in young children is of particular interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of community-acquired faecal carriage of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children aged from 6 to 24 months, by means of rectal swabbing in community pediatric practices. Child's lifestyle and risk factors for carriage of resistant bacteria were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 411 children enrolled, 4.6% carried ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. CTX-M-1, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 were the predominant ESBLs. The 18 E. coli isolates were genetically heterogeneous. Recent third-generation oral-cephalosporin exposure was associated with a higher risk of ESBL carriage (AOR=3.52, 95% CI[1.06-11.66], p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The carriage rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriacae in young children in the French community setting is noteworthy, underlining the importance of this population as a reservoir. Exposure to third-generation oral cephalosporins was associated with a significant risk of ESBL carriage in our study. Because of the significant public health implications including the treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections, the spread of organisms producing ESBLs in the community merits close monitoring with enhanced efforts for surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli et Shigelles, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-Debré (AP-HP), Université Denis Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Paris, F-75505, France.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Birgy
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bidet
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Courroux
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benani
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thollot
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bingen
mesh_terms: D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases