title: Filtration effectiveness of HVAC systems at near-roadway schools.
abstract: Concern for the exposure of children attending schools located near busy roadways to toxic, traffic-related air pollutants has raised questions regarding the environmental benefits of advanced heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) filtration systems for near-road pollution. Levels of black carbon and gaseous pollutants were measured at three indoor classroom sites and at seven outdoor monitoring sites at Las Vegas schools. Initial HVAC filtration systems effected a 31-66% reduction in black carbon particle concentrations inside three schools compared with ambient air concentrations. After improved filtration systems were installed, black carbon particle concentrations were reduced by 74-97% inside three classrooms relative to ambient air concentrations. Average black carbon particle concentrations inside the schools with improved filtration systems were lower than typical ambient Las Vegas concentrations by 49-96%. Gaseous pollutants were higher indoors than outdoors. The higher indoor concentrations most likely originated at least partially from indoor sources, which were not targeted as part of this intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent literature has demonstrated adverse health effects in subjects exposed to ambient air near major roadways. Current smart growth planning and infill development often require that buildings such as schools are built near major roadways. Improving the filtration systems of a school's HVAC system was shown to decrease children's exposure to near-roadway diesel particulate matter. However, reducing exposure to the gas-phase air toxics, which primarily originated from indoor sources, may require multiple filter passes on recirculated air.
authors.affiliation: Sonoma Technology, Inc. (STI), Petaluma, CA 94954, USA. mmccarthy@sonomatech.com
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D061808:Air Filters; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis; D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D009505:Nevada; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002070:Butadienes; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014050:Toluene; D002244:Carbon; D001554:Benzene; C031763:1,3-butadiene