title: Sedating pediatric dental patients by oral ketamine with alternating bi-lateral stimulation of eye movement desensitization and minimizing adverse reaction of ketamine by acupuncture and Bi-Digital O-Ring Test.
abstract: Ketamine, besides being an anesthetic agent, is also a strong analgesic that can be especially useful for painful procedures. Vivid dreams and nightmare, considered as undesirable side effects of ketamine, are rarely encountered when administrated orally, making it one of the most desirable oral sedative for children because it partially protects the pharyngeal-laryngeal reflex. Besides, if used in recommended dosage, it does not suppress the cardiopulmonary function as most other sedatives do. Ketamine's bronchodilator effect makes it a good sedative for children with asthma, allergies, and hay fever. Alternating bi-lateral stimulation (ABLS) of eye movement desensitization, applying pre-operatively before ketamine was found to reduce the post-operative violent emergence and behavioral problems. Acupressure at P 6 (Neikuan) acupoint helps to decrease nausea and vomiting episodes by ketamine. 36 patients with history of unmanageable behavior were sedated with ketamine 3mg/kg and ABLS. To prevent possible adverse reaction, Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) were used to test all patients. ABLS significantly decreased tearful separation from parent. It took 15 to 20 minutes for ketamine to take effect, peak effect took 20 to 25 minutes. Working time ranged from 20 to 40 minutes. Post-operative recovery was more pleasant when ABLS was combined with ketamine, acupuncture/acupressure not only prevented vomiting and BDORT safeguard the patients from unpredictable untoward side effects but also promoting calmness.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ping-Shi
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Winston I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009057:Stomatognathic Diseases / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine