title: Elbow flexion restoration using pedicled latissimus dorsi transfer in seven cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to analyse the results of a series of pedicled latissimus dorsi transfers to restore elbow flexion. Moreover, we describe a new technique of distal fixation of the muscle to the proximal third of the ulnar diaphysis to increase the lever arm and improve strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed seven patients aged from 18 to 49 years. Elbow flexion paralysis was secondary to destruction of the anterior arm compartment in four cases and to brachial plexus palsy in three cases. The humeral insertion of the latissimus dorsi was relocated on the coracoid process in five cases and not relocated in two cases. The patients were assessed using the Medical Research Council grading system, the maximum weight lifted by the wrist and the active elbow range of motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the last follow-up (mean 26.6 months), five patients recovered M4 elbow flexion strength (0.5 to 8kg), one patient recovered M3 strength and the last transfer failed because of triceps brachii co-contractions. The mean active elbow flexion was 91° (range, 45 to 130°). Patients with destruction of the anterior arm compartment and particularly whose forearm was not paralyzed had better strength than patients with a brachial plexus palsy (3.25 versus 1kg). A skin island with the latissimus dorsi muscle flap was particularly useful in case of arm soft tissue defect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A destroyed anterior compartment of the arm is a good indication for latissimus dorsi transfer to restore elbow flexion. The muscle is usually too weak in high brachial plexus palsy. Finally, the latissimus dorsi needs an objective, reproducible and reliable preoperative evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, hôpital Bichat, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. adeline_cambon@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cambon-Binder
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Belkheyar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rantissi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oberlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome