title: The role of organic and inorganic indoor pollutants in museum environments in the degradation of dammar varnish.
abstract: This paper investigates the effects of inorganic (NO(2) and O(3)) and volatile organic acid (acetic acid) pollutants on the degradation of dammar varnish in museum environments. Model paint varnish samples based on dammar resin were investigated by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Dammar is a natural triterpenoid resin, commonly used as a paint varnish. Samples were subjected to accelerated ageing by different levels of pollutants (NO(2) and O(3) and acetic acid) over a range of relative humidities (RH) and then analysed. The results revealed that as the dose of the pollutant was increased, so did the degree of oxidation and cross-linking of the resin. Most interestingly, it was shown for the first time that exposure to acetic acid vapour resulted in the production of an oxidised and cross-linked resin, comparable to the resin obtained under exposure to NO(2) and O(3). These conclusions were supported by the analyses of model varnishes exposed for about two years in selected museum environments, where the levels of pollutants had been previously measured. Exposures were performed both within and outside the selected microclimate frames for paintings. Results showed that varnishes placed within the microclimate frames were not always better preserved than those exposed outside the frames. For some sites, the results highlighted the protective effects of the frames from outdoor generated pollutants, such as NO(2) and O(3). For other sites, the results showed that the microclimate frames acted as traps for the volatile organic acids emitted by the wooden components of the mc-frames, which damaged the varnish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy. ilariab@dcci.unipi.it
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonaduce
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odlyha
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Girolamo
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lopez-Aparicio
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grøntoft
authors.forename: Maria Perla
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Colombini
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009144:Museums; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis*; D010151:Paintings; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009573:Nitrites; D012116:Resins, Plant; D014315:Triterpenes; D019342:Acetic Acid; D010100:Oxygen