title: The relationship between high-frequency pure-tone hearing loss, hearing in noise test (HINT) thresholds, and the articulation index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Speech recognition in noise testing has been conducted at least since the 1940s (Dickson et al, 1946). The ability to recognize speech in noise is a distinct function of the auditory system (Plomp, 1978). According to Kochkin (2002), difficulty recognizing speech in noise is the primary complaint of hearing aid users. However, speech recognition in noise testing has not found widespread use in the field of audiology (Mueller, 2003; Strom, 2003; Tannenbaum and Rosenfeld, 1996). The audiogram has been used as the "gold standard" for hearing ability. However, the audiogram is a poor indicator of speech recognition in noise ability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the relationship between pure-tone thresholds, the articulation index, and the ability to recognize speech in quiet and in noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pure-tone thresholds were measured for audiometric frequencies 250-6000 Hz. Pure-tone threshold groups were created. These included a normal threshold group and slight, mild, severe, and profound high-frequency pure-tone threshold groups. Speech recognition thresholds in quiet and in noise were obtained using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) (Nilsson et al, 1994; Vermiglio, 2008). The articulation index was determined by using Pavlovic's method with pure-tone thresholds (Pavlovic, 1989, 1991).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-eight participants were tested. All participants were native speakers of American English. Sixty-three of the original participants were removed in order to create groups of participants with normal low-frequency pure-tone thresholds and relatively symmetrical high-frequency pure-tone threshold groups. The final set of 215 participants had a mean age of 33 yr with a range of 17-59 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pure-tone threshold data were collected using the Hughson-Weslake procedure. Speech recognition data were collected using a Windows-based HINT software system. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive, correlational, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MANCOVA analysis (where the effect of age was statistically removed) indicated that there were no significant differences in HINT performances between groups of participants with normal audiograms and those groups with slight, mild, moderate, or severe high-frequency hearing losses. With all of the data combined across groups, correlational analyses revealed significant correlations between pure-tone averages and speech recognition in quiet performance. Nonsignificant or significant but weak correlations were found between pure-tone averages and HINT thresholds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to recognize speech in steady-state noise cannot be predicted from the audiogram. A new classification scheme of hearing impairment based on the audiogram and the speech reception in noise thresholds, as measured with the HINT, may be useful for the characterization of the hearing ability in the global sense. This classification scheme is consistent with Plomp's two aspects of hearing ability (Plomp, 1978).
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders and Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA. andrew.vermiglio@csun.edu
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vermiglio
authors.forename: Sigfrid D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Soli
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Freed
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010898:Pitch Perception; D012016:Reference Values; D013067:Speech Perception; D013069:Speech Reception Threshold Test / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult