title: Antitumor effects of synthetic 6,7-annulated-4-substituted indole compounds in L1210 leukemic cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because annulated indoles have almost no representation in the PubChem or MLSMR databases, an unprecedented class of an indole-based library was constructed, using the indole aryne methodology, and screened for antitumor activity. Sixty-six novel 6,7-annulated-4-substituted indole compounds were synthesized, using a strategic combination of 6,7-indolyne cycloaddition and cross-coupling reactions under both Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig conditions, and tested for their effectiveness against murine L1210 tumor cell proliferation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various markers of tumor cell metabolism, DNA degradation, mitotic disruption, cytokinesis and apoptosis were assayed in vitro to evaluate drug cytotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most compounds inhibited the metabolic activity of leukemic cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but only 9 of them were sufficiently potent to inhibit L1210 tumor cell proliferation by 50% in the low-μM range after 2 (IC(50): 4.5-20.4 μM) and 4 days (0.5-4.0 μM) in culture. However, the antiproliferative compounds that were the most effective at day 4 were not necessarily the most potent at day 2, suggesting different speeds of action. A 3-h treatment with antiproliferative annulated indole was sufficient to inhibit, in a concentration-dependent manner, the rate of DNA synthesis measured in L1210 cells over a 0.5-h period of pulse-labeling with (3)H-thymidine. Four of the antiproliferative compounds had weak DNA-binding activities but one compound reduced the fluorescence of the ethidium bromide-DNA complex by up to 53%, suggesting that some annulated indoles might directly interact with double-stranded DNA to disrupt its integrity and prevent the dye from intercalating into DNA base pairs. However, all 9 antiproliferative compounds induced DNA cleavage at 24 h in L1210 cells, containing (3)H-thymidine-prelabeled DNA, suggesting that these antitumor annulated indoles might trigger an apoptotic pathway of DNA fragmentation. Indeed the antiproliferative annulated indoles caused a time-dependent increase of caspase-3 activity with a peak at 6 h. Interestingly, the compounds with the most potent antiproliferative IC(50) values at day 2 were consistently the most effective at inhibiting DNA synthesis at 3 h and inducing DNA fragmentation at 24 h. After 24-48 h, antiproliferative concentrations of annulated indoles increased the mitotic index of L1210 cells and stimulated the formation of many bi-nucleated cells, multi-nucleated cells, apoptotic cells and micronuclei, suggesting that these antitumor compounds might enhance mitotic abnormality, induce chromosomal damage or missegregation, and block cytokinesis to induce apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although annulated indoles may have interesting bioactivity, novel derivatives with different substitutions must be synthesized to elucidate structure-activity relationships, identify more potent antitumor lead compounds, and investigate their molecular targets and mechanisms of action.
authors.affiliation: Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA. jpperch@ksu.edu
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Perchellet
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Elisabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Perchellet
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neuenswander
authors.forename: Gerald H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lushington
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chandrasoma
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Buszek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007211:Indoles