title: Preliminary evaluation of the toxic effects of the antifouling biocide Sea-Nine 211™ in the soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) based on PAM fluorometry and biomarkers.
abstract: Sea-Nine 211™ is a new biocide specifically formulated for antifouling paints and being considered to have a low environmental impact. Even with a short environmental half-life, this compound can cause toxic effects on marine organisms. This study used PAM fluorometry and biomarkers of oxidative stress (GST, CAT and LPO) to monitor potential toxic effects of Sea-Nine 211™ on fragments of the soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum. After exposure to concentrations of 1-100 μg l(-1) for 72 h, CAT activity was inhibited under the two highest concentrations, being in accordance with the activity of GST. LPO activity (as TBARS) and photosynthetic efficiency of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae were not significantly affected. These results show that PAM fluorometry alone cannot detect the full effects of Sea-Nine 211™ on Sarcophyton cf. glaucum and should be used together with other biomarkers. This holobiont driven approach to evaluate chemical toxicity in photosynthetic corals is therefore recommended for biocides which are not photosystem II inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ascidian Biology, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cima
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Nuno G C
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Rui J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serôdio
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005470:Fluorometry; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004202:Disinfectants; D013844:Thiazoles; C080469:Kathon 930