title: Immunotoxic effects of oil sands-derived naphthenic acids to rainbow trout.
abstract: Naphthenic acids are the major organic constituents in waters impacted by oil sands. To investigate their immunotoxicity, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with naphthenic acids extracted from aged oil sands tailings water. In two experiments, rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg of naphthenic acids, and sampled after 5 or 21 d. Half of the fish from the 21 d exposure were co-exposed to inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida (A.s.) to induce an immune response. A positive control experiment was conducted using an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of benzo[a]pyrene, a known immune suppressing compound. T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and myeloid cells were counted in blood and lymphatic tissue using flow cytometry. In the 5d exposure, there was a reduction in blood leucocytes and spleen thrombocytes at the 100 mg/kg dose. However, at 21 d, leucocyte populations showed no effects of exposure with the exception that spleen thrombocyte populations increase at the 100 mg/kg dose. In the 21 d exposure, B- and T-lymphocytes in blood showed a significant Dose × A.s. interaction, indicating stimulated blood cell proliferation due to naphthenic acids alone as well as due to A.s. Naphthenic acid injections did not result in elevated bile fluorescent metabolites or elevated hepatic EROD activity. In contrast to naphthenic acids exposures, as similar dose of benzo[a]pyrene caused a significant decrease in B- and T-lymphocyte absolute counts in blood and relative B-lymphocyte counts in spleen. Results suggest that the naphthenic acids may act via a generally toxic mechanism rather than by specific toxic effects on immune cells.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada.
authors.forename: Gillian Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Natacha S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Köllner
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Phalen
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida; D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C046170:naphthenic acid