title: Season linked responses to fine and quasi-ultrafine Milan PM in cultured cells.
abstract: Exposure to urbane airborne particulate matter (PM) is related to the onset and exacerbation of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The fine (PM1), and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.4) Milan particles collected during different seasons have been characterised and the biological effects on human epithelial lung A549, monocytes THP-1 cells and their co-culture, evaluated and compared with the results obtained on the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions. Chemical composition and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of PM0.4 showed that this fraction was very similar to PM1 for biological responses and dimension. All the winter fractions increased within 1h the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while only summer PM2.5 had this effect on A549 cells. The phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX), a marker of double strand DNA breaks (DSBs), was increased by all the winter fractions on A549 and THP-1 cells while summer PM samples did not induced this effect. PM0.4 and PM1 biological effects are partly similar and related to the season of sampling, with effects on ROS and DNA damage induced only by winter PM fractions. The winter PM damaging effect on DNA correlates with the presence of organic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Polaris Research Center, Department of Environmental Science, University Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy. e.longhin1@campus.unimib.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Longhin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pezzolato
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mantecca
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holme
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franzetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camatini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase