title: Transversal analysis of public policies on user fees exemptions in six West African countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While more and more West African countries are implementing public user fees exemption policies, there is still little knowledge available on this topic. The long time required for scientific production, combined with the needs of decision-makers, led to the creation in 2010 of a project to support implementers in aggregating knowledge on their experiences. This article presents a transversal analysis of user fees exemption policies implemented in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Togo and Senegal.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multiple case study with several embedded levels of analysis. The cases were public user fees exemption policies selected by the participants because of their instructive value. The data used in the countries were taken from documentary analysis, interviews and questionnaires. The transversal analysis was based on a framework for studying five implementation components and five actors' attitudes usually encountered in these policies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of the implementation components revealed: a majority of State financing; maintenance of centrally organized financing; a multiplicity of reimbursement methods; reimbursement delays and/or stock shortages; almost no implementation guides; a lack of support measures; communication plans that were rarely carried out, funded or renewed; health workers who were given general information but not details; poorly informed populations; almost no evaluation systems; ineffective and poorly funded coordination systems; low levels of community involvement; and incomplete referral-evacuation systems. With regard to actors' attitudes, the analysis revealed: objectives that were appreciated by everyone; dissatisfaction with the implementation; specific tensions between healthcare providers and patients; overall satisfaction among patients, but still some problems; the perception that while the financial barrier has been removed, other barriers persist; occasionally a reorganization of practices, service rationing due to lack of reimbursement, and some overcharging or shifting of resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This transversal analysis confirms the need to assign a great deal of importance to the implementation of user fees exemption policies once these decisions have been taken. It also highlights some practices that suggest avenues of future research.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada. valery.ridde@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Valéry
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ridde
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Queuille
authors.forename: Yamba
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kafando
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001541:Benin; D002050:Burkina Faso; D005251:Fees, Medical; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000458:organization & administration; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008302:Mali; D009548:Niger; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012675:Senegal; D014037:Togo