title: Evolution of genetic and genomic features unique to the human lineage.
abstract: Given the unprecedented tools that are now available for rapidly comparing genomes, the identification and study of genetic and genomic changes that are unique to our species have accelerated, and we are entering a golden age of human evolutionary genomics. Here we provide an overview of these efforts, highlighting important recent discoveries, examples of the different types of human-specific genomic and genetic changes identified, and salient trends, such as the localization of evolutionary adaptive changes to complex loci that are highly enriched for disease associations. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges, such as the incomplete nature of current genome sequence assemblies and difficulties in linking human-specific genomic changes to human-specific phenotypic traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Human Medical Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado                 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Majesta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Bleness
authors.forename: Veronica B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Searles
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varki
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gagneux
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sikela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002877:Chromosomes, Human / Q000235:genetics; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics / Q000639:trends; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D010641:Phenotype; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity