title: Toward patient-specific simulations of cardiac valves: state-of-the-art and future directions.
abstract: Recent computational methods enabling patient-specific simulations of native and prosthetic heart valves are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on two critical components of such methods: (1) anatomically realistic finite element models for simulating the structural dynamics of heart valves; and (2) fluid structure interaction methods for simulating the performance of heart valves in a patient-specific beating left ventricle. It is shown that the significant progress achieved in both fronts paves the way toward clinically relevant computational models that can simulate the performance of a range of heart valves, native and prosthetic, in a patient-specific left heart environment. The significant algorithmic and model validation challenges that need to be tackled in the future to realize this goal are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Votta
authors.forename: Trung Bao
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevanella
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fusini
authors.forename: Enrico G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Caiani
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Redaelli
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006354:Heart, Artificial; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular