title: Homogenates of skeletal muscle injected with snake venom inhibit myogenic differentiation in cell culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viperid snakebite envenomings are characterized by muscle necrosis and a deficient regenerative response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homogenates from gastrocnemius muscles of mice injected with the venom of the snake Bothrops asper or with 2 tissue-damaging toxins were added to cultures of C2C12 myogenic cells. Myoblasts proliferation and fusion were assessed. Venom was detected by immunoassay in mouse muscle during the first week after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homogenates from venom-injected muscle induced a drop in the number of proliferating myoblasts and a complete elimination of myotube formation. The inhibitory effect induced by homogenates from venom-injected mice was abrogated by preincubation of the homogenate with antivenom antibodies but not with control antibodies. This finding provides evidence that the effect is due to the action of venom in the tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest that traces of venom in muscle tissue might inhibit myotube formation and preclude a successful regenerative response.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala. psaravia02@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saravia-Otten
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robledo
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.forename: Llira
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rucavado
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lomonte
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Jan-Ingmar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Flock
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gastaldello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D053511:Matrix Metalloproteinase 14