title: 'Le Rouge et le Noir': a decline in flavone formation correlates with the rare color of black dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) flowers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 20,000 cultivars of garden dahlia (Dahlia variabilis hort.) are available showing flower colour from white, yellow and orange to every imaginable hue of red and purple tones. Thereof, only a handful of cultivars are so-called black dahlias showing distinct black-red tints. Flower colour in dahlia is a result of the accumulation of red anthocyanins, yellow anthochlors (6'-deoxychalcones and 4-deoxyaurones) and colourless flavones and flavonols, which act as copigments. White and yellow coloration occurs only if the pathway leading to anthocyanins is incomplete. Not in all cultivars the same step of the anthocyanin pathway is affected, but the lack of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity is frequently observed and this seems to be based on the suppression of the transcription factor DvIVS. The hitherto unknown molecular background for black colour in dahlia is here presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black cultivars accumulate high amounts of anthocyanins, but show drastically reduced flavone contents. High activities were observed for all enzymes from the anthocyanin pathway whereas FNS II activity could not be detected or only to a low extent in 13 of 14 cultivars. cDNA clones and genomic clones of FNS II were isolated. Independently from the colour type, heterologous expression of the cDNA clones resulted in functionally active enzymes. FNS II possesses one intron of varying length. Quantitative Real-time PCR showed that FNS II expression in black cultivars is low compared to other cultivars. No differences between black and red cultivars were observed in the expression of transcription factors IVS and possible regulatory genes WDR1, WDR2, MYB1, MYB2, 3RMYB and DEL or the structural genes of the flavonoid pathway. Despite the suppression of FHT expression, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT, synonym F3H) enzyme activity was clearly present in the yellow and white cultivars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased accumulation of anthocyanins establishes the black flowering phenotypes. In the majority of black cultivars this is due to decreased flavone accumulation and thus a lack of competition for flavanones as the common precursors of flavone formation and the anthocyanin pathway. The low FNS II activity is reflected by decreased FNS II expression.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thill
authors.forename: Silvija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miosic
authors.forename: Romel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlangen
authors.forename: Gerlinde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muster
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stich
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Halbwirth
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D031944:Dahlia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D047309:Flavones / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D035264:Flowers / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D047309:Flavones; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C114032:cytochrome P-450 CYP93B1 (Glycyrrhiza echinata)