title: Early pubertal development and insulin sensitivity among school-aged girls: mediation via adiposity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the known association between early pubertal breast maturation and insulin sensitivity (SI) is mediated by adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study examining the roles of environment, diet, and obesity on puberty.
  
  
  METHODS
  379 girls with a mean age, 7.03 years; 62% were white and 29% black.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubertal development was assessed via physical examination and adiposity by body mass index Z score (BMI Z) and waist-to-height ratio. Fasting blood samples were obtained for insulin and glucose concentrations. SI was calculated with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Analysis of variance and Sobel's test was used to assess mediation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five girls were pubertal (Tanner 2 breast). Breast maturation was inversely associated with SI (P = .005) and positively associated with BMI Z (P < .001) and waist-to-height ratio (P < .001). The effect of breast maturation on SI was no longer significant (P = .41) after adjusting for the effect of BMI Z, which remained significant (P < .001). Similar results were obtained when waist-to-height ratio replaced BMI Z in the models. Mediation analyses demonstrated that 75% of the association between breast maturation and SI is mediated by adiposity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In girls, decreased SI during early puberty is largely mediated by total and visceral adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Adolescent Medicine and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Jennifer.hillman@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pinney
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Biro
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011629:Puberty, Precocious / Q000503:physiopathology*