title: Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder as risk factors for postpartum depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a possible association between postpartum depression and premenstrual symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  During one year, May 2006 to June 2007, all delivering women in the hospital were asked to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participating women answered three questionnaires, at five days, six weeks and six months postpartum, containing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and questions assessing previous premenstrual symptoms, medical history and life style.
  
  
  METHODS
  The woman's self-reported depressive case/control status, women with 12 or more points on the EPDS being considered as cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 2318 participating women, 7.1% had a history of premenstrual syndrome and 2.9% a history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Previous premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder was associated with self-reported postpartum depression at five days, six weeks and six months postpartum. After stratification for parity, the associations remained significant solely among multiparas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be an association between a history of premenstrual symptoms and development of self-reported postpartum depression. Parity was identified as effect modifier. This finding is clinically important for health care professionals working in maternity care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. sara.sylven@kbh.uu.se
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sylvén
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekselius
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sundström-Poromaa
authors.forename: Alkistis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skalkidou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D010298:Parity; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors