title: Infliximab treatment of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the outcomes of infliximab treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy (BSRC) refractory to conventional immunomodulatory therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two refractory birdshot retinochoroidopathy patients (44 eyes) who received infliximab between July 2005 and June 2012 were identified by retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received 4 to 5 mg/kg infliximab at 4- to 8-week intervals. Data regarding patient demographics, use of immunosuppressive drugs, biologic agents, and reason for conventional therapy discontinuation were gathered. Disease activity markers, including signs of ocular inflammation, fluorescein angiography evidence of retinal vasculitis or papillitis, indocyanine green angiography evidence of active choroiditis, electroretinography parameters indicative of stable or worsening of retinal functions, and optical coherence tomography findings indicative of static or worsening macular edema were recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abolition of all evidence of active inflammation, visual acuity (VA), presence of cystoid macular edema at 6 months and 1 year, and adverse responses to infliximab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean duration of disease before starting infliximab was 58.6 months. Before infliximab therapy, all patients received and failed conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Ten patients had received another biologic agent. After initiating infliximab, control of inflammation was achieved in 81.8% at 6 months and in 88.9% at the 1-year follow-up. Three patients had active inflammation during therapy. The rate of cystoid macular edema decreased from 22.7% at baseline to 13.9% at 6 months and 6.7% at 1 year after receiving the drug. Initial VA of 20/40 or better was found in 34 eyes (84.1%). At 6 months and 1 year, 91.7% and 94.4% of eyes, respectively, had VA of 20/40 or better. Six patients had adverse events; infliximab therapy was discontinued in these patients because of neuropathy, drug-induced lupus, allergic reaction, or fungal infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that infliximab is effective for controlling inflammation in otherwise treatment-refractory cases of BSRC.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Pichaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Artornsombudh
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ofelya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gevorgyan
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Payal
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sana S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Electronic address: sfoster@mersi.com.
authors.forename: C Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000080365:Birdshot Chorioretinopathy; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D000069285:Infliximab; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004396:Coloring Agents; D000069285:Infliximab; D007208:Indocyanine Green