title: Bioevaluation of Anisomeles indica extracts and their inhibitory effects on Helicobacter pylori-mediated inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori is associated with the majority of gastric disorders and the antibiotic resistant rates have increased annually worldwide. Anisomeles indica and its constituent, ovatodiolide (OVT), were shown to have bactericide activity against Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this study was to manufacture extracts containing the effective constituent, OVT, and evaluate their bactericidal function and the inhibition of inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various concentrations of ethanol for extraction of Anisomeles indica were performed and the content of OVT was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anti-bacterial activity of Anisomeles indica ethanol extracts and the constituent OVT were determined. Additional experiments were performed to investigate the Anisomeles indica ethanol extracts and OVT to inhibit the Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation of both gastric epithelial cells and macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst the extracts tested, 50% and 95% ethanol extracts contained large amount of OVT and showed potent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. An in vitro Helicobacter pylori-infection model revealed that 95% ethanol extract attenuated Helicobacter pylori-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion of gastric epithelial cells. In addition, 95% ethanol extract significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals that Anisomeles indica ethanol extracts containing OVT may be a potent and economic therapeutic agent for Helicobacter pylori infection and attenuation of Helicobacter pylori-mediated inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Chyi Yann
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hsiao Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chao Lu
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ming Te
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yu Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.forename: Chia Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004224:Diterpenes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; C432447:ovatodiolide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II