title: Aging and facial changes--documenting clinical signs, part 1: clinical changes of the aging face.
abstract: The process of aging induces the transformation of the face with changes that are usually classified as either chronological or photo induced and that affect the shape, the texture, and the color of the face. Facial shape is mainly transformed by the evolution of bones and soft tissues (muscles, fat, and skin) in addition to noticeable effects of gravity. Skin texture is mainly determined by wrinkles, which arise from atrophy of the skin layers, elastosis, and facial expressions. Skin color is related to the distribution of skin chromophores and the structure of the dermis, which affects light scattering. All facial changes are dependant on sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle. They affect self-perception and social interactions and can sometimes be slowed down or reversed using appropriate clinical procedures (e.g., dermatological, surgical, and cosmetic interventions).
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, Issy les Moulineaux, France. ankengne@its.jnj.com
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nkengne
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertin
mesh_terms: D019588:Aging, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology