title: Fat confounds the observed apparent diffusion coefficient in patients with hepatic steatosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Triglyceride signal contained in peaks near the water peak remains unsuppressed by conventional fat suppression techniques used in diffusion-weighted imaging. In this work, we investigated the dependence of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on liver fat content and whether it is confounded by fat signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 patients underwent liver diffusion-weighted imaging (b = 0, 500 s/mm(2)) and single-voxel MR-spectroscopy. Proton density fat-fraction (PDFF; range 0.23-34.5%) was measured from MR-spectroscopy. A theoretical model was developed to account for the effects of fat on observed ADC, and used to correct the ADC. Linear correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between PDFF and ADC before and after correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear correlation analysis showed an inverse dependence between observed ADC and PDFF before correction (r(2) = 0.132; P = 0.017), and no dependence after correction (r(2) = 0.033; P = 0.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed decrease in ADC in patients with fatty liver is, at least in part, artifactual due to residual fat signal near the water peak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansmann
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernando
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Reeder
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D055815:Young Adult