title: Self-reported oral symptoms and signs in liver transplant recipients and a control population.
abstract: Recipients of liver transplantation (LT) receive lifelong immunosuppression, which causes side effects. We investigated self-reported oral symptoms and associated risk factors with the following hypothesis: symptoms and signs would differ between LT recipients of different etiology groups and also between LT recipients and a control population. Eighty-four LT recipients (64 with chronic liver disease and 20 with acute liver disease) were recruited for clinical oral and salivary examinations (median follow-up = 5.7 years). A structured questionnaire was used to record subjective oral symptoms. Matched controls (n = 252) came from the National Finnish Health 2000 survey. The prevalence of symptoms was compared between the groups, and the risk factors for oral symptoms were analyzed. Xerostomia was prevalent in 48.4% of the chronic LT recipients and in 42.1% of the acute LT recipients. This subjective feeling of dry mouth was only partly linked to objectively measured hyposalivation. The chronic transplant recipients had significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than the acute transplant recipients (0.34 ± 0.31 versus 0.61 ± 0.49 mL/minute, P = 0.005). Among the chronic transplant recipients, hyposalivation with unstimulated salivary flow was associated with fewer teeth (17.7 ± 8.2 versus 21.9 ± 8.4, P = 0.047) and more dentures (33.3% versus 12.2%, P = not significant). The chronic patients reported significantly more dysphagia than their controls (23.4% versus 11.5%, P = 0.02). Increases in the number of medications increased the symptoms in all groups. In conclusion, dysphagia was significantly more prevalent among the chronic LT recipients versus the controls. The number of medications was a risk factor for dry mouth-related symptoms for both the LT recipients and the controls. The chronic transplant recipients presented with lower salivary flow rates than the acute transplant recipients. Hyposalivation correlated with generally worse oral health among the chronic transplant recipients. These differences between the chronic and acute LT recipients may have been due to differences in their medical conditions due to the different etiologies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. jaana.s.helenius@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helenius-Hietala
authors.forename: Hellevi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grönroos
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isoniemi
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004408:Dysgeusia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009909:Oral Health; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012472:Salivation; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents