title: Postprandial glucose, insulin and gastrointestinal hormones in healthy and diabetic subjects fed a fructose-free and resistant starch type IV-enriched enteral formula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reducing the dietary glycaemic response has been proposed as a means of reducing the risk of diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a new diabetes-specific formula (DSF) enriched with resistant starch type IV and fructose-free on postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and gastrointestinal hormones in healthy volunteers and in outpatient type 2 diabetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Twenty-four healthy volunteers were divided into two groups: Group 1 ( n = 10) was provided 50 g of the carbohydrate (CHO) constituent of the new product and 50 g of glucose separated by 1 week; Group 2 ( n = 14) was provided 400 ml of the new DSF (T-Diet Plus(®) Diabet NP) and 400 ml of a control product separated by 1 week. (2) Ten type 2 diabetic patients received 400 ml of the new DSF and two other commercially available DSF (Glucerna(®) SR and Novasource(®) Diabet) on three occasions separated by 1 week. Venous blood samples were drawn at time 0 and at different times until 120 min. Glucose, insulin and gastrointestinal hormones were determined. Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices and glycaemic load were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CHO constituent and the new DSF showed low glycaemic index and glycaemic load. In healthy subjects, insulin and C-peptide release were lower after administration of the CHO constituent as well as after the new DSF (P < 0.001). Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) production were lower after intake of the CHO constituent (P ranging from <0.001 to 0.019) compared with glucose, and GIP was lower after ingestion of the new DSF (P = 0.002) than after the control product. In type 2 diabetic patients, glucose AUC was lower after the administration of the new DSF (P = 0.037) compared with the others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that this new product could be beneficial for diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain. erikagr@ugr.es
authors.forename: Cruz Erika
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: García-Rodríguez
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mesa
authors.forename: Josune
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olza
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buccianti
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moreno-Torres
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez de la Cruz
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D038321:Glycemic Index; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D054439:Ghrelin; C530986:Glucerna; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D005632:Fructose; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D013213:Starch