title: Methane production by treating vinasses from hydrous ethanol using a modified UASB reactor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A modified laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was used to obtain methane by treating hydrous ethanol vinasse. Vinasses or stillage are waste materials with high organic loads, and a complex composition resulting from the process of alcohol distillation. They must initially be treated with anaerobic processes due to their high organic loads. Vinasses can be considered multipurpose waste for energy recovery and once treated they can be used in agriculture without the risk of polluting soil, underground water or crops. In this sense, treatment of vinasse combines the elimination of organic waste with the formation of methane. Biogas is considered as a promising renewable energy source. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum organic loading rate for operating a modified UASB reactor to treat vinasse generated in the production of hydrous ethanol from sugar cane molasses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was 69% at an optimum organic loading rate (OLR) of 17.05 kg COD/m3-day, achieving a methane yield of 0.263 m3/kg CODadded and a biogas methane content of 84%. During this stage, effluent characterization presented lower values than the vinasse, except for potassium, sulfide and ammonia nitrogen. On the other hand, primers used to amplify the 16S-rDNA genes for the domains Archaea and Bacteria showed the presence of microorganisms which favor methane production at the optimum organic loading rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified UASB reactor proposed in this study provided a successful treatment of the vinasse obtained from hydrous ethanol production.Methanogen groups (Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales) detected by PCR during operational optimum OLR of the modified UASB reactor, favored methane production.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A,C (CICY), Calle 43 No, 130 Col, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C,P, 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. lag@cicy.mx.
authors.forename: Elda I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: España-Gamboa
authors.forename: Javier O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Mijangos-Cortés
authors.forename: Galdy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hernández-Zárate
authors.forename: Jorge A Domínguez
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Liliana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Alzate-Gaviria