title: Sedation and physiologic response to manual restraint after intranasal administration of midazolam in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
abstract: Administration of intranasal midazolam (2 mg/kg) was evaluated for sedation and effects on cloacal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate in manually restrained Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Adult parrots (n=9) were administered either midazolam (2 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline solution intranasally before a 15-minute manual restraint in a complete crossover study. Respiratory rate and sedation scores were recorded before and during capture and during and after 15 minutes of manual restraint. Heart rate and cloacal temperature were recorded during manual restraint. After restraint, the parrots received intranasal flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline solution, and the recovery time was recorded. In those birds that received midazolam, sedation was observed within 3 minutes of administration, and vocalization, flight, and defense responses were significantly reduced during capture. During manual restraint, the mean rate of cloacal temperature increase was significantly slower and remained significantly lower in birds that received midazolam compared with controls. Mean respiratory rates were significantly lower for up to 12 minutes in parrots that received midazolam compared with those receiving saline solution. Flumazenil antagonized the effects of midazolam within 10 minutes. No overt clinical adverse effects to intranasal midazolam and flumazenil administration were observed. Further studies on the safety of intranasal midazolam and flumazenil in this species are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mans
authors.forename: David Sanchez-Migallon
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Lesanna L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lahner
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul-Murphy
authors.forename: Kurt K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sladky
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D046708:Amazona; D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D005442:Flumazenil; D008874:Midazolam