title: Clinical identification of bacteria in human chronic wound infections: culturing vs. 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic wounds affect millions of people and cost billions of dollars in the United States each year. These wounds harbor polymicrobial biofilm communities, which can be difficult to elucidate using culturing methods. Clinical molecular microbiological methods are increasingly being employed to investigate the microbiota of chronic infections, including wounds, as part of standard patient care. However, molecular testing is more sensitive than culturing, which results in markedly different results being reported to clinicians. This study compares the results of aerobic culturing and molecular testing (culture-free 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing), and it examines the relative abundance score that is generated by the molecular test and the usefulness of the relative abundance score in predicting the likelihood that the same organism would be detected by culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel samples from 51 chronic wounds were studied using aerobic culturing and 16S DNA sequencing for the identification of bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-five (145) unique genera were identified using molecular methods, and 68 of these genera were aerotolerant. Fourteen (14) unique genera were identified using aerobic culture methods. One-third (31/92) of the cultures were determined to be < 1% of the relative abundance of the wound microbiota using molecular testing. At the genus level, molecular testing identified 85% (78/92) of the bacteria that were identified by culture. Conversely, culturing detected 15.7% (78/497) of the aerotolerant bacteria and detected 54.9% of the collective aerotolerant relative abundance of the samples. Aerotolerant bacterial genera (and individual species including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis) with higher relative abundance scores were more likely to be detected by culture as demonstrated with regression modeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discordance between molecular and culture testing is often observed. However, culture-free 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and its relative abundance score can provide clinicians with insight into which bacteria are most abundant in a sample and which are most likely to be detected by culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Rhoads
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Randall D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wolcott
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S