title: Safe-water shortages, gender perspectives, and related challenges in developing countries: the case of Uganda.
abstract: The need for water continues to become more acute with the changing requirements of an expanding world population. Using a logistical analysis of data from 301 respondents from households that harvest rainwater in Uganda, the relationship between dependent variables, such as water management performed as female-dominated practices, and independent variables, such as years of water harvesting, family size, tank operation and maintenance, and the presence of local associations, was investigated. The number of years of water harvesting, family size, tank operation and maintenance, and presence of local associations were statistically significantly related to adequate efficient water management. The number of years of water harvesting was linked to women's participation in household chores more than to the participation of men, the way of livelihoods lived for many years. Large families were concurrent with a reduction in water shortages, partially because of the availability of active labour. The findings also reveal important information regarding water-related operations and maintenance at the household level and the presence of local associations that could contribute some of the information necessary to minimise water-related health risks. Overall, this investigation revealed important observations about the water management carried out by women with respect to underlying safe-water shortages, gender perspectives, and related challenges in Uganda that can be of great importance to developing countries.
authors.affiliation: United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, UNU-IIGH Building, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. david.baguma@unu.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baguma
authors.forename: Jamal H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Syed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aljunid
authors.forename: Willibald
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Loiskandl
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003906:Developing Countries; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D008297:Male; D011891:Rain; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014454:Uganda; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards