title: A study on the association of TNF-α(-308), IL-6(-174), IL-10(-1082) and IL-1Ra(VNTR) gene polymorphisms with rheumatic heart disease in Pakistani patients.
abstract: Inflammation is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a disorder of heart valves caused by a combination of immune, genetic and environmental factors. Cytokines are important mediators of inflammatory and immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytokine gene polymorphisms and their potential usefulness as biomarkers in RHD patients from Pakistan. We screened 150 RHD patients and 204 ethnically matched controls for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α(-308)G/A, interleukin (IL)-10(-1082) G/A, interleukin (IL)-6(-174) G/C and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) polymorphism of the IL-1Ra gene using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that TNF-α(-308) A and IL-6(-174) G alleles were associated with susceptibility to RHD (p=0.000; OR=2.81; CI=1.5-5.14 and p=0.025; OR=1.50; CI=1.04-2.16 respectively). The TNF-α(-308) AA and GA genotypes were associated with susceptibility to RHD (p=0.012; OR=9.94; CI; 1.21-217.3 and p=0.046; OR=1.97; CI=0.98-3.97 respectively) while the GG genotype seemed to confer resistance (p=0.003; OR=0.39; CI=0.20-0.76). The GG genotype for IL-6(-174) was significantly associated with predisposition to RHD (p=0.015; OR=2.6; CI=1.17-5.85). The A1 (four repeats) and A2 (two repeats) alleles at the IL-1Ra VNTR polymorphism were associated with resistance and susceptibility to RHD respectively. However, this polymorphism deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both patients and controls in our population. TNF-α(-308) and IL-6(-174) polymorphisms may be useful markers for the identification of individuals susceptible to RHD in Pakistan. These individuals could be provided aggressive prophylactic intervention to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with RHD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: Saeeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.forename: Waqar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohyuddin
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khanum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000235:genetics; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D010154:Pakistan; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10