title: Wernicke-Korsakoff-syndrome: under-recognized and under-treated.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a well described syndrome of neurological and cognitive problems that comprises both Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff syndrome (KS). WE is an acute neuropsychiatric disorder caused by thiamine deficiency. KS is a chronic consequence of thiamine deficiency with prominent impairment in memory formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review the literature on the pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment of WKS, focusing on the acute identification and treatment of WE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most cases of WE are missed by clinicians, likely because patients do not present with the classic signs associated with the condition. Attaining high serum levels of thiamine during treatment may be important to restore cognitive function as quickly as possible, though the exact dosing and route needed for effective treatment is unknown. Data indicates that the administration of intravenous (IV) thiamine has little risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to prevent this potentially devastating disease, physicians should have a high index of suspicion for WKS and dose thiamine accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isenberg-Grzeda
authors.forename: Haley E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kutner
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nicolson
mesh_terms: D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020915:Korsakoff Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013832:Thiamine Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D013831:Thiamine