title: Expression of NO synthases and redox enzymes in umbilical arteries from newborns born small, appropriate, and large for gestational age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modified expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and an imbalance between the pro-oxidative and the antioxidative system accompany endothelial dysfunction, the first stage of atherosclerosis. Humans born small (SGA) or large (LGA) for gestational age are at higher risk of developing atherosclerosis later in life than humans born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). We hypothesized that indicators of endothelial dysfunction could be detectable at birth. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the expression patterns of NO synthases (endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS)), pro-oxidative enzymes (components of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, and p47phox), and antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase 1-3 (SOD1-3), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and catalase) in umbilical arteries differ among SGA, LGA, and AGA newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six umbilical cords were obtained from healthy, normal, full-term SGA, AGA, and LGA newborns. The umbilical arteries were dissected and homogenized. mRNA expression was analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR. Western blotting was performed to determine protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA and protein expression of NO synthases, pro-oxidative enzymes, and antioxidative enzymes did not differ in the umbilical arteries from newborns of the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indicators of endothelial dysfunction in terms of differences in enzyme expression in SGA or LGA newborns vs. AGA newborns were not present at birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dellee
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Huige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mildenberger
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001724:Birth Weight; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D004798:Enzymes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005865:Gestational Age; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000032:analysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000201:enzymology*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; C000722067:GPX1 protein, human