title: Validation of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale in the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) is an eight-item instrument to assess how patients perceive their dental and facial esthetics. In this cross-sectional study we investigated dimensionality, reliability, and validity of OES scores in the adult general population in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a random sample of the adult Swedish population (response rate: 39%, N=1159 subjects, 58% female, mean age (standard deviation): 49.2 (17.4) years), dimensionality of OES was investigated using factor analytic methods to determine how many scores are needed to characterize the construct. Reliability of scores was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Score validity was determined by correlating the OES summary score with a global indicator of orofacial esthetics (OE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses provided support that a single score can sufficiently characterize OE. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 indicated excellent reliability. A validity coefficient of r=0.89 (95% confidence interval: 0.87-0.90) indicated that OES summary scores correlated highly with a global OE assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OES is a promising instrument to measure the construct OE. Factor analyses supported that this construct can be assessed with one score, offering a feasible and acceptable standardized assessment of OE. The present study extends the OES use to the general population, an important target population for assessment of orofacial esthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. johnx055@umn.edu
authors.forename: Mike T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Krister
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilner
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: List
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D004955:Esthetics, Dental / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden