title: Cytotoxicity of herbal extracts used for treatment of prostatic disease             on head and neck carcinoma cell lines and non-malignant primary mucosal cells.
abstract: Previously, a growth inhibiting effect of PC-Spes on head and neck carcinoma             cell lines had been demonstrated. In order to determine the toxic impact of particular             herbs in the mixture, we exposed the head and neck cancer cell lines FADU, HLaC79             and its Paclitaxel-resistant subline HLaC79-Clone1 as well as primary mucosal             keratinocytes to increasing concentrations of the herbal mixture Prostaprotect,             which has a similar formulation as PC-Spes, as well as its single herbal components             Dendranthema morifolium, Ganoderma lucidium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Isatis indigotica,             Panax pseudo-ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens, Scutellaria baicalensis and Pygeum africanum.             Growth inhibition was measured using the MTT assay. Expression of P-glycoprotein             (P-GP), multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP-1), multidrug resistance protein-2             (MRP-2), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and androgen receptor (AR) were             examined by western blot analysis. Pygeum africanum extract clearly turned out             as the main cytotoxic component of the Prostaprotect prescription mixture, and             initated apoptosis in sensitive cell lines. All other extracts had only minor             toxic effects. Western blot analysis revealed increased expression of P-GP in             HLaC79-Clone1 cells, while HLaC79 and FADU cells were negative. All three cell             lines were negative for MRP-1 and BCRP but positive for MRP-2. HLaC79 and its             descendant HLaC79-Clone1 both expressed AR, as verified by western blotting and             immunofluorescence staining. Primary mucosal keratinocytes were negative for all             multidrug resistance markers as well as for AR. Growth inhibition rates of the             single herbal extracts were compared with previously published results in prostate             carcinoma cell lines. The relationship between expression levels of AR and multidrug             resistance markers in relation to the measured toxicity of herbal extracts in             our head and neck cancer cell system is critically discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany. marianne.schmidt@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polednik
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roller
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagen
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000378:metabolism; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D031202:Chrysanthemum; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006035:Glycyrrhiza; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D031219:Isatis; D037602:Isodon; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068218:Prunus africana; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D020940:Reishi; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa; D031364:Scutellaria baicalensis; D000097202:ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D000097202:ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4; C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; C114209:herbal preparation PC-SPES