title: [Influence of rosiglitazone and all-trans-retinoic acid on angiogenesis and growth of myeloma xenograft in nude mice].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effect of rosiglitazone (RGZ) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the growth of myeloma xenograft in nude mice and to explore the influence of RGZ and ATRA on VEGF expression and angiogenesis in the tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  VEGF gene expression in myeloma cell line U266 cells was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR after incubation with RGZ, ATRA, or RGZ + ATRA for 24 h. Myeloma xenograft was established by subcutaneous injection of 10(7) U266 cells in the scapula area of 4-week old nude mice. 7 days later, the nude mice were administered with RGZ, ATRA or RGZ + ATRA, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection once every day for 21 days. The control mice were given equal volume of normal saline instead of the drug. On the 21(st) day of treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the tumors were taken off, and the tumor volume and weight were measured. The tumors were examined by histopathology with HE staining, and microvessel density (MVD), CD34 and VEGF expression in the tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF mRNA was highly expressed in U266 cells and was decreased in a dose-dependent manner after incubation with RGZ. The VEGF mRNA level was further more decreased after RGZ + ATRA treatment. Xenografts of U266 cells were developed in all nude mice. The volume and weight of xenografts in the RGZ group were (785 ± 262) mm(3) and (1748 ± 365) mg, respectively, significantly lower than those of the control group (both P < 0.01). More significant inhibition was in the RGZ + ATRA group, (154 ± 89) mm(3) and (626 ± 102) mg, respectively, both were P < 0.05 vs. the RGZ group. RGZ inhibited the angiogenesis in U266 xenografts and immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor MVD and VEGF expression were significantly decreased by RGZ treatment, and further more inhibited in the RGZ + ATRA group. VEGF protein was expressed in all xenografts in the nude mice. Its immunohistochemical staining intensity was 2.20 ± 0.40 in the control group, significantly higher than that of 1.48 ± 0.37 in the RGZ group (P < 0.01), and that of RGZ + ATRA group was 0.58 ± 0.26, further significantly lower than that of the RGZ group (P < 0.01). CD34 was expressed in all xenografts, most highly in the control group and lowest in the RGZ + ATRA group. The microvessel density (MVD) was highest in the control group (56.4 ± 15.2), significantly lower in the RGZ group (44.6 ± 11.2) (P < 0.05), and lowest in the RGZ + ATRA group (21.5 ± 8.6, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth of myeloma cells can also be inhibited by RGZ and ATRA in nude mice in vivo. In addition to differentiation and apoptosis induction, RGZ can inhibit the formation of myeloma xenograft probably also through the downregulation of VEGF expression and subsequent angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hai-wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bing-zong
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jin-xiang
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yin-yin
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Howard C H
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Anska Y H
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D014212:Tretinoin