title: Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Innovative and effective smoking cessation interventions are required to appeal to those who are not accessing traditional cessation services. Mobile phones are widely used and are now well-integrated into the daily lives of many, particularly young adults. Mobile phones are a potential medium for the delivery of health programmes such as smoking cessation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether mobile phone-based interventions are effective at helping people who smoke, to quit.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the most recent update, we searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in May 2012. We also searched UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio for current projects in the UK and the ClinicalTrials register for on-going or recently completed studies. We searched through the reference lists of identified studies and attempted to contact the authors of ongoing studies, with no restrictions placed on language or publication date.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized or quasi-randomized trials. Participants were smokers of any age who wanted to quit. Studies were those examining any type of mobile phone-based intervention. This included any intervention aimed at mobile phone users, based around delivery via mobile phone, and using any functions or applications that can be used or sent via a mobile phone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on risk of bias and methodological details was extracted using a standardised form. Participants who dropped out of the trials or were lost to follow-up were considered to be smoking. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for each included study. Meta-analysis of the included studies was undertaken using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method. Where meta-analysis was not possible, summary and descriptive statistics are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies with at least six month cessation outcomes were included in this review. Three studies involve a purely text messaging intervention that has been adapted over the course of these three studies for different populations and contexts. One study is a multi-arm study of a text messaging intervention and an internet QuitCoach separately and in combination. The final study involves a video messaging intervention delivered via the mobile phone. When all five studies were pooled, mobile phone interventions were shown to increase the long term quit rates compared with control programmes (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.99, over 9000 participants), using a definition of abstinence of no smoking at six months since quit day but allowing up to three lapses or up to five cigarettes. Statistical heterogeneity was substantial as indicated by the I² statistic (I² = 79%), but as all included studies were similar in design, intervention and primary outcome measure, we have presented the meta-analysis in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current evidence shows a benefit of mobile phone-based smoking cessation interventions on long-term outcomes, though results were heterogenous with findings from three of five included studies crossing the line of no effect. The studies included were predominantly of text messaging interventions. More research is required into other forms of mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation, other contexts such as low income countries, and cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: National Institute forHealth Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand. r.whittaker@nihi.auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McRobbie
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bullen
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D060145:Text Messaging