title: Inflammatory cascades driven by tumor necrosis factor-alpha play a major role in the progression of acute liver failure and its neurological complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute liver failure (ALF) due to ischemic or toxic liver injury is a clinical condition that results from massive loss of hepatocytes and may lead to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a serious neuropsychiatric complication. Although increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in liver, plasma and brain has been observed, conflicting results exist concerning its roles in drug-induced liver injury and on the progression of HE. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic value of etanercept, a TNF-α neutralizing molecule, on the progression of liver injury and HE in mice with ALF resulting from azoxymethane (AOM) hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were administered saline or etanercept (10 mg/kg; i.p.) 30 minutes prior to, or up to 6 h after AOM. Etanercept-treated ALF mice were sacrificed in parallel with vehicle-treated comatose ALF mice and controls. AOM induced severe hepatic necrosis, leading to HE, and etanercept administered prior or up to 3 h after AOM significantly delayed the onset of coma stages of HE. Etanercept pretreatment attenuated AOM-induced liver injury, as assessed by histological examination, plasma ammonia and transaminase levels, and by hepatic glutathione content. Peripheral inflammation was significantly reduced by etanercept as shown by decreased plasma IL-6 (4.1-fold; p<0.001) and CD40L levels (3.7-fold; p<0.001) compared to saline-treated ALF mice. Etanercept also decreased IL-6 levels in brain (1.2-fold; p<0.05), attenuated microglial activation (assessed by OX-42 immunoreactivity), and increased brain glutathione concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that systemic sequestration of TNF-α attenuates both peripheral and cerebral inflammation leading to delayed progression of liver disease and HE in mice with ALF due to toxic liver injury. These results suggest that etanercept may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the management of ALF patients awaiting liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital Saint-Luc, CRCHUM, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chastre
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bélanger
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beauchesne
authors.forename: Bich N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Roger F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Butterworth
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000009:adverse effects; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D000068800:Etanercept; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D000641:Ammonia; D001397:Azoxymethane; D000068800:Etanercept