title: Cytokines in chronic kidney disease: potential link of MCP-1 and dyslipidemia in glomerular diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have indicated a role for cytokines in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma and urinary levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) in pediatric patients with CKD stages 2-4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytokines were measured in 37 healthy controls and in 42 CKD patients by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Patients were divided into groups according to CKD etiology: glomerular disease (group 1, n = 11) and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (group 2, n = 31). Urinary cytokine measurements were standardized for creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma and urinary levels of MCP-1/CCL2 were significantly higher in both CKD groups compared to the control group. Between the two CKD groups, only urinary MCP-1/CCL2 levels were significantly different, with MCP-1/CCL2 levels higher in group 1 patients. Plasma and urinary levels of IL-8/CXCL8 and TGF-β1 were undetectable in the control group but comparable between the two CKD groups. In group 1 patients, urinary MCP-1/CCL2 levels were negatively correlated to serum albumin levels and positively correlated to the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In group 2 patients, urinary levels of IL-8/CXCL8 were negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate and positively correlated with body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in cytokine profiles may be related to CKD etiology and other disease-associated alterations.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Reniers
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.forename: Cristina Maria Bouissou M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Katia Daniela
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Gustavo Siqueira
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Elmiro
authors.forename: Philipe Melgaço
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Sousa Tavares
authors.forename: Mauro Martins
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Débora Marques
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Simões E Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000652:urine; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine