title: An assessment of gene-by-environment interactions in developmental dyslexia-related phenotypes.
abstract: While the genetic and environmental contributions to developmental dyslexia (DD) have been studied extensively, the effects of identified genetic risk susceptibility and of specified environmental hazardous factors have usually been investigated separately. We assessed potential gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions on DD-related reading, spelling and memory phenotypes. The presence of GxE effects were investigated for the DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319 and ROBO1 genes, and for seven specified environmental moderators in 165 nuclear families in which at least one member had DD, by implementing a general test for GxE interaction in sib-pair-based association analysis of quantitative traits. Our results support a diathesis-stress model for both reading and memory composites: GxE effects were found between some specified environmental moderators (i.e. maternal smoke during pregnancy, birth weight and socio-economic status) and the DYX1C1-1259C/G marker. We have provided initial evidence that the joint analysis of identified genetic risk susceptibility and measured putative risk factors can be exploited in the study of the etiology of DD and reading-related neuropsychological phenotypes, and may assist in identifying/preventing the occurrence of DD.
authors.affiliation: The Academic Centre for the study of Behavioural Plasticity, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mascheretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bureau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quadrelli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Croteau
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cellino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maziade
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C478878:DNAAF4 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution