title: Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and bioequivalence of the tablet and syrup formulations of lacosamide in plasma, saliva, and urine: saliva as a surrogate of pharmacokinetics in the central compartment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test for bioequivalence of 200 mg lacosamide oral tablet and syrup formulations. Additional objectives were to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of lacosamide in saliva and plasma, and to evaluate its tolerability.
  
  
  METHODS
  This open-label, randomized, two-way crossover trial was conducted in 16 healthy Caucasian male participants in Germany. The bioequivalence of 200 mg lacosamide tablet and syrup was evaluated using plasma to determine maximum measured concentration (C(max)) and area under the curve from zero to the last time point (AUC)(0-tz). Plasma and saliva samples for evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of lacosamide and the major metabolite O-desmethyl lacosamide (SPM 12809) were taken over 15 time points (0.5-72 h) and used to statistically compare bioavailability of the two. Urine samples were collected predose and over five time points (0-48 h) to evaluate the cumulative amount of unchanged drug and metabolite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lacosamide median time to reach C(max) (t(max)) was 1 h for tablet and 0.5 h for syrup in plasma and saliva. Mean terminal half life (t(½)) for tablet and syrup was 12.5 and 12.4 h in plasma, and 13.1 and 13.3 h in saliva, respectively. Tablet and syrup mean plasma AUC(0-tz) was 84.5 and 83.3 μg/mL*h, respectively. Mean AUC(0-tz) in saliva was 93.2 μg/mL*h for tablet and syrup. Mean C(max) for tablet was 5.26 μg/mL in plasma and 5.63 μg/mL in saliva. Syrup mean C(max) was 5.14 and 8.32 μg/mL in plasma and saliva, respectively. Within 2 h of syrup administration, elevated lacosamide concentration in saliva compared to plasma was observed. The ratio of lacosamide syrup to tablet was 0.98 for C(max) and 0.99 for AUC(0-tz) in plasma, and 1.00 for AUC((0-tz)) in saliva; the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for these parameters were within the range of 0.80-1.25, which meets accepted bioequivalence criteria. The syrup-to-tablet ratio for C(max) in saliva was 1.48, and the 90% CIs exceeded the accepted upper boundary for bioequivalence (1.32-1.66). Both formulations were well tolerated. Metabolite concentration versus time profiles for saliva were similar to plasma following tablet and syrup administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tablet and syrup formulations of lacosamide 200 mg were bioequivalent and well tolerated. Saliva samples were demonstrated to be a suitable surrogate to evaluate lacosamide tablet pharmacokinetics in the central compartment. Due to residual syrup in the buccal cavity, limitations exist when using saliva to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of lacosamide syrup <2 h after administration.
authors.affiliation: UCB Pharma, Monheim, Germany. willi.cawello@ucb.com
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cawello
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bökens
authors.forename: Brunhild
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.forename: Jens-Otto
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Andreas
authors.forename: Atef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halabi
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D000078334:Lacosamide; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013607:Tablets; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D013607:Tablets; D000078334:Lacosamide