title: Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels.
abstract: Bactrian camels serve as an important means of transportation in the cold desert regions of China and Mongolia. Here we present a 2.01 Gb draft genome sequence from both a wild and a domestic bactrian camel. We estimate the camel genome to be 2.38 Gb, containing 20,821 protein-coding genes. Our phylogenomics analysis reveals that camels shared common ancestors with other even-toed ungulates about 55-60 million years ago. Rapidly evolving genes in the camel lineage are significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, and these changes may underlie the insulin resistance typically observed in these animals. We estimate the genome-wide heterozygosity rates in both wild and domestic camels to be 1.0 × 10(-3). However, genomic regions with significantly lower heterozygosity are found in the domestic camel, and olfactory receptors are enriched in these regions. Our comparative genomics analyses may also shed light on the genetic basis of the camel's remarkable salt tolerance and unusual immune system.
authors.lastname: Jirimutu
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guohui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Gangliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yamin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Surong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasi
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jianmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Siriguleng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shengdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mijiddorj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batmunkh
authors.forename: Batsukh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ts
authors.lastname: Narenbatu
authors.lastname: Unierhu
authors.forename: Shirzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bat-Ireedui
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Banzragch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baysgalan
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhiling
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.lastname: Turigenbayila
authors.lastname: Subudenggerile
authors.lastname: Narenmanduhu
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yongcan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yaichil
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ganerdene
authors.lastname: Dabxilt
authors.lastname: Erdemt
authors.lastname: Altansha
authors.lastname: Altansukh
authors.forename: Tuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Minhui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.lastname: Aruuntsever
authors.lastname: Bayart
authors.lastname: Hosblig
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zha-ti
authors.forename: Guangyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Zikui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lele
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Baohong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yunqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.lastname: Temuulen
authors.forename: Aiying
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Junhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.lastname: Wurentaodi
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhengxiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tunteg
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldan
authors.forename: Tuman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bayaer
authors.forename: Yixue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000235:genetics*; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000235:genetics*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002162:Camelus; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System