title: Over 150 potentially low-value health care practices: an Australian study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and apply a novel method for scanning a range of sources to identify existing health care services (excluding pharmaceuticals) that have questionable benefit, and produce a list of services that warrant further investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiplatform approach to identifying services listed on the Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS; fee-for-service) that comprised: (i) a broad search of peer-reviewed literature on the PubMed search platform; (ii) a targeted analysis of databases such as the Cochrane Library and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) "do not do" recommendations; and (iii) opportunistic sampling, drawing on our previous and ongoing work in this area, and including nominations from clinical and non-clinical stakeholder groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-pharmaceutical, MBS-listed health care services that were flagged as potentially unsafe, ineffective or otherwise inappropriately applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5209 articles were screened for eligibility, resulting in 156 potentially ineffective and/or unsafe services being identified for consideration. The list includes examples where practice optimisation (ie, assessing relative value of a service against comparators) might be required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The list of health care services produced provides a launchpad for expert clinical detailing. Exploring the dimensions of how, and under what circumstances, the appropriateness of certain services has fallen into question, will allow prioritisation within health technology reassessment initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. elshaug@hcp.med.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Elshaug
authors.forename: Amber M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mundy
authors.forename: Cameron D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Willis
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D006296:Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits; D009313:National Health Programs; D061214:Patient Safety; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures