title: Obesity and excess protein and carbohydrate consumption are risk factors for thyroid cancer.
abstract: Conflicting data concerning the association between obesity and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) may be attributed to the lack of records showing dietary intake and inadequate evaluation of nutrient composition. We evaluated 115 DTC patients carefully paired with 103 healthy control individuals by using a structured questionnaire, including a 24-h recordatory during 3 days, to investigate calorie intake and macronutrient (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) composition of the diet. We observed that excess weight (body mass index > 25 kg/m(2)) increased individual susceptibility to DTC [odds ratio (OR) = 3.787; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.115-6.814; P < 0.0001). This augmented risk was evident in women (OR = 1.925; 95% CI = 1.110-3.338; P = 0.0259) but not in men (P = 0.3498). Excess calorie intake was more frequent in patients with DTC than in controls (OR = 5.890; 95% CI = 3.124-11.103; P < 0.0001), and both excess protein (OR = 4.601; 95% CI = 1.634-12.954; P = 0.0039) and carbohydrate (OR = 4.905; 95% CI = 2.593-9.278; P < 0.0001) consumption were associated with an increased risk of DTC, contrarily to lipid/fiber intake and physical activity (P = 0.894 and 0.5932, respectively). In conclusion, our data indicate that overweight and risk of DTC are associated with higher protein and carbohydrate consumption than the rates recommended by the World Health Organization. The nutritional orientation should be part of preventive strategy targets designed to combat the increasing incidence of both obesity and DTC.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marjory Alana
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcello
authors.forename: Aline Castaldi
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geloneze
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Junqueira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vasques
authors.forename: Ligia Vera Montalli
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Assumpção
authors.forename: Laura Sterian
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins