title: Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is evolving as a treatment modality in neurosurgery. Until now, the trigeminal nerve was believed to be beyond the treatment envelope of existing high-frequency transcranial MRgFUS systems. In this study, the authors explore the feasibility of targeting the trigeminal nerve in a cadaveric model with temperature assessments using computer simulations and an in vitro skull phantom model fitted with thermocouples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six trigeminal nerves from 4 unpreserved cadavers were targeted in the first experiment. Preprocedural CT scanning of the head was performed to allow for a skull correction algorithm. Three-Tesla, volumetric, FIESTA MRI sequences were performed to delineate the trigeminal nerve and any vascular structures of the cisternal segment. The cadaver was positioned in a focused ultrasound transducer (650-kHz system, ExAblate Neuro, InSightec) so that the focus of the transducer was centered at the proximal trigeminal nerve, allowing for targeting of the root entry zone (REZ) and the cisternal segment. Real-time, 2D thermometry was performed during the 10- to 30-second sonication procedures. Post hoc MR thermometry was performed on a computer workstation at the conclusion of the procedure to analyze temperature effects at neuroanatomical areas of interest. Finally, the region of the trigeminal nerve was targeted in a gel phantom encased within a human cranium, and temperature changes in regions of interest in the skull base were measured using thermocouples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trigeminal nerves were clearly identified in all cadavers for accurate targeting. Sequential sonications of 25-1500 W for 10-30 seconds were successfully performed along the length of the trigeminal nerve starting at the REZ. Real-time MR thermometry confirmed the temperature increase as a narrow focus of heating by a mean of 10°C. Postprocedural thermometry calculations and thermocouple experiments in a phantom skull were performed and confirmed minimal heating of adjacent structures including the skull base, cranial nerves, and cerebral vessels. For targeting, inclusion of no-pass regions through the petrous bone decreased collateral heating in the internal acoustic canal from 16.7°C without blocking to 5.7°C with blocking. Temperature at the REZ target decreased by 3.7°C with blocking. Similarly, for midcisternal targeting, collateral heating at the internal acoustic canal was improved from a 16.3°C increase to a 4.9°C increase. Blocking decreased the target temperature increase by 4.4°C for the same power settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates focal heating of up to 18°C in a cadaveric trigeminal nerve at the REZ and along the cisternal segment with transcranial MRgFUS. Significant heating of the skull base and surrounding neural structures did not occur with implementation of no-pass regions. However, in vivo studies are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of this potentially new, noninvasive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. stephen.monteith@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Monteith
authors.forename: Ricky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medel
authors.forename: Neal F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kassell
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wintermark
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eames
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zadicario
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grinfeld
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: W Jeff
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013821:Thermometers; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000601:surgery*; D059708:Ultrasonic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*