title: The role of fungi in diseases of the nose and sinuses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human exposure to fungal elements is inevitable, with normal respiration routinely depositing fungal hyphae within the nose and paranasal sinuses. Fungal species can cause sinonasal disease, with clinical outcomes ranging from mild symptoms to intracranial invasion  and death. There has been much debate regarding the precise role fungal species play in sinonasal disease and optimal treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of fungal diseases of the nose and sinuses was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presentation,  diagnosis, and current management strategies of each recognized form of fungal rhinosinusitis was reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each form of fungal rhinosinusitis has a characteristic presentation and clinical course, with the immune status of the host playing a critical pathophysiological  role. Accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies are necessary to achieve optimal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. solerz@musc.edu
authors.forename: Zachary M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009181:Mycoses / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013440:Sulfides; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D011804:Quinolines; D013256:Steroids; D013440:Sulfides; C093875:montelukast