title: Characterization of the aqueous extract of the root of Aristolochia indica: evaluation of its traditional use as an antidote for snake bites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aqueous extract of the roots of Aristolochia indica is used as a decoction for the ailment of a number of diseases including snake bite treatment. Though the alcoholic extract of the different parts of the plant are well studied, information on the aqueous extract is limited. We have estimated aristolochic acid, different enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and anti-snake venom potency of its root extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse phase-HPLC was used to quantify aristolochic acid. Zymography, DQ-gelatin assay and atomic force microscopy were done to demonstrate gelatinase and collagenase activities of the extract. SDS-PAGE followed by MS/MS analysis revealed the identity of major protein components. Toxicity of the extract was estimated on animal model. Interaction of the extract with Russell's viper venom components was followed by Rayleigh scattering and enzyme assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aristolochic acid content of the root extract is 3.08 ± 1.88 × 10(-3)mg/ml. The extract possesses strong gelatinolytic, collagenase, peroxidase and nuclease activities together with l-amino acid oxidase and protease inhibitory potencies. Partial proteomic studies indicated presence of starch branching enzymes as major protein constituent of the extract. The extract did not show any acute and sub-chronic toxicity in animals at lower doses, but high dose causes liver and kidney damage. The extract elongated duration of survival of animals after application of Russell's viper venom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the low aristolochic acid content of the extract, its consumption for a short time at moderate dose does not appear to cause serious toxicity. Strong inhibition of l-amino acid oxidase may give partial relief from snake bite after topical application of the extract.
authors.affiliation: Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
authors.forename: Payel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D030022:Aristolochia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017840:Daboia; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D014757:Viper Venoms; D014867:Water; C000228:aristolochic acid I