title: Electroencephalographic changes following direct current deep brain stimulation of auditory cortex:  a new model for investigating neuromodulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although deep brain (DBS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are used as investigative tools and therapies for a variety of neurological and psychiatric conditions, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Therefore, there is a need for new animal models of neuromodulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To introduce and validate a direct current DBS (DC-DBS) model that will use the anatomic precision of intracranial electrodes, as used in DBS, to apply direct current, as used in tDCS, over primary auditory cortex (A1) and induce electroencephalographic (EEG) changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four mice were assigned to 1 of 2 stimulation groups or a sham group and were implanted with electrodes in A1. Stimulation groups underwent DC-DBS stimulation for 20 minutes at 20 μA. Auditory EEG was recorded before stimulation and at 1 hour, 1 week, and 2 weeks poststimulation. EEG was analyzed for changes in N1 (N100 in humans, N40 in mice) amplitude and latency as well as delta and theta power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DC-DBS led to significant EEG changes (all P values < .05). Among the stimulated animals, there were durable reductions in delta and theta power. There were no differences within the sham group, and neither N40 latencies nor amplitudes changed across time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show DC-DBS-induced reductions in slow-wave activity consistent with recent tDCS studies. We propose that this model will provide a means to explore basic mechanisms of neuromodulation and could facilitate future application of DC-DBS in humans.
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Joaquin O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: De Rojas
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luminais
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001703:Biophysics; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors