title: Comparison of the effects of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and tramadol infiltration on wound healing in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of saline solution, bupivacaine, lidocaine and tramadol infiltration on wound healing in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Wistar Albino rats were randomly separated into four groups, receiving 3 mL saline solution in control group (Group C, n=8), 3 mL of 2% lidocaine in lidocaine group (Group L, n=8), 3 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine in bupivacaine group (Group B, n=8), and 3 mL of 5% tramadol in tramadol group (Group T, n=8). Breaking-strength measurements, collagen bundle counting, and histopathologic evaluation were evaluated in the tissue samples taken from the rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the control group with the groups where bupivacaine and lidocaine were used for wound infiltration, collagen production was lower, breaking-strength measurements showed reduced resistance while significantly high edema, vascularity, inflammation scores were found (p<0.0125). Between the control and the tramadol group there were no significant differences in collagen production, breaking-strength measurements, and edema, vascularity, inflammation scores (p>0.0125).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, we found bupivacaine and lidocaine reduced the collagen production, wound breaking strength, and caused significantly high scores for edema, vascularity, and inflammation when compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the control and the tramadol group. Results of this experimental preliminary study on rats support the idea that tramadol can be used for wound infiltration anesthesia without adverse effect on the surgical healing process. These results need to be verified in humans.
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation (Formerly Bulent Ecevit University, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation), İzmir, Turkey. vhanci@gmail.com
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hancı
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakimoğlu
authors.forename: Haktan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Özaçmak
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bektaş
authors.forename: Hale Sayan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Özaçmak
authors.forename: Sükrü Oğuz
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Özdamar
authors.forename: Serhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yurtlu
authors.forename: Işıl Özkoçak
authors.initials: IÖ
authors.lastname: Turan
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014147:Tramadol; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine