title: Endobronchial administration of tranexamic Acid for controlling pulmonary bleeding: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tranexamic acid (TA) is a synthetic antifibrinolytic substance used for short-term control of bleeding. However, control of pulmonary bleeding with endobronchial administration of TA in more than 2 cases has not been attempted earlier.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the feasibility of endobronchial administration of TA for controlling pulmonary bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 2-year prospective observational trial of endobronchial TA in consecutive patients presenting with hemoptysis to our bronchoscopy unit. Patients were initially treated according to the recommendations of the Spanish National Guidelines using ice-cold saline and adrenaline. Endobronchial administration of TA was attempted in patients with uncontrolled hemoptysis before proceeding with further interventions (balloon occlusion or embolization).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients (37 male; mean age: 64±13 y) were treated with endobronchial TA. The causes of bleeding were divided into iatrogenic (n=28) and noniatrogenic (n=20). Among patients with noniatrogenic bleeding, malignancies (11 patients) and bronchiectasis (10 patients) were the most frequent causes of hemoptysis. In this patient group, endobronchial TA successfully controlled the bleeding in 11 subjects (39.2%). Nonresponders to endobronchial TA suffered more frequently from bronchiectasis (58.3% vs. 18.8%, P=0.039) and less frequently from malignancies (16.7% vs. 56.3%, P=0.040) as compared with responders. All patients with iatrogenic bleeding were treated successfully with endobronchial TA. No subject in either of the patient groups suffered from thrombotic events or other adverse events related to endobronchial TA administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with acute pulmonary bleeding may benefit from endobronchial instillation of TA. Further double-blinded controlled studies are necessary to confirm our results.
authors.affiliation: Medical-Surgical Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Márquez-Martín
authors.forename: Demetrio González
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martín-Juan
authors.forename: Auxiliadora Romero
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Flacón
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lopez-Campos
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Panadero