title: Social relationships and subsequent health-related behaviours: linkages between adolescent peer status and levels of adult smoking in a Stockholm cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peer status reflects the extent to which an individual is accepted by the group. Some studies have reported that low peer status in adolescence is associated with a higher risk of smoking, while others found the reverse. No studies have investigated peer status influences on adult smoking. The aim of the study was therefore to examine the relationship between adolescents' peer status and the intensity of smoking in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subsample (n = 2329) of the cohort with information about adult smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer status was assessed sociometrically at age 13 and information on smoking was gathered through a questionnaire at age 32. Relative risks (RR) for self-reported level of smoking were calculated using multinomial logistic regression. Several family-related and individual variables were included as control variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower peer status in adolescence was associated with smoking of any intensity in adulthood. For example, the risk of heavy smoking was more than threefold (RR = 3.67) among individuals in the lowest status positions. The association with occasional smoking was abolished by controlling for factors related to adolescents' attitude to school and cognitive ability. For regular and heavy smoking the relationship was attenuated by controlling for these factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low peer status in adolescence appears to be a risk factor for smoking in adulthood. Part of this association may be explained by adolescents' feelings towards school and cognitive ability. However, being unpopular in adolescence remains a strong risk factor for regular and heavy smoking in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. yba@chess.su.se
authors.forename: Ylva B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Almquist
authors.forename: Viveca
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ostberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012923:Social Class; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology