title: Reliability and validity of a tool to measure the severity of dysphagia: the Food Intake LEVEL Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysphagia is one of the most prevalent and distressing symptoms among palliative care patients, and a practical assessment tool is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a tool to measure the severity of dysphagia: the Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS), a 10-point observer-rating scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inter- and intrarater reliability was evaluated by three clinicians in 30 patients using weighted kappa statistics. The convergent validity was evaluated by examining correlations of FILS with the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and patient-reported satisfaction levels with oral intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weighted kappa coefficients for interrater reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.90 and those for intrarater reliability ranged from 0.83 to 0.90. The FILS score was highly associated with the FOIS (ρ = 0.96-0.99) and patient-reported satisfaction (ρ = 0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FILS seems to have fair reliability and validity as a practical tool for assessing the severity of dysphagia. Further study on the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the FILS compared with the FOIS is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan. ken2rou@xk9.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fujishima
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hojo
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D064232:Visual Analog Scale