title: Association of CD28 and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms with aggressive periodontitis in Brazilians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Susceptibility to and severity of periodontal disease is influenced by gene polymorphisms related to the immune response. Co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD28 and CTLA-4, are critical in the development of such responses. Our hypothesis is that polymorphisms in genes that code for these molecules may be associated with periodontitis. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between +17 (T/C) CD28 and +49 (A/G) CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and periodontitis in Brazilians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was obtained from oral swabs of 424 individuals categorized into three groups (control group, aggressive, and chronic periodontitis) considering clinical parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. The genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an association between the T(-) genotype of the CD28 polymorphism and aggressive periodontitis (P = 0.04). Moreover, the A(+) genotype for CTLA-4 was associated with greater clinical attachment loss in non-smokers with aggressive periodontitis (P = 0.006, OR = 16.25, CI = 2.25-117.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that T(-) in CD28 + 17 (T/C) and the A(+) in CTLA-4 +49 (A/G) genotypes are associated with susceptibility to aggressive periodontal disease. Thus, our study highlights these polymorphisms as potential genetic susceptibility markers of periodontitis in Brazilians.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: M R M A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: e Silva
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: P E A
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: S A F
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Amormino
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gollob
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Dutra
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D010520:Aggressive Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D001938:Brazil; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003596:Cytosine; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006147:Guanine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking; D013941:Thymine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006147:Guanine; D003596:Cytosine; D004247:DNA; D000225:Adenine; D013941:Thymine