title: Salivary biomarkers of oral health: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Saliva is a useful diagnostic fluid for oral-related diseases. Monitoring salivary biomarkers for oral and systemic diseases could become an important complement to clinical examinations in epidemiological surveys. Recent findings indicate that it is possible to detect biomarkers for oral diseases within saliva samples. The aim of this study was to investigate if known salivary biomarkers could be used for epidemiological studies for detection of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly selected sample of adults (20-89 years) living in Southern Sweden were invited to participate. Four hundred and fifty-one individuals were examined clinically using standard examination procedures. Stimulated saliva samples were collected and analysed for concentrations of IL-1β, -6, -8, lysozyme, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 using ELISA, immunofluorometric assay or Luminex assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with severe periodontitis presented with elevated salivary concentrations of IL-1β (p < 0.001) and MMP-8 (p < 0.001). In addition, the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio was significantly higher in the severe periodontitis group (p < 0.001). Smokers compared with non-smokers showed slightly lower concentrations of IL-8 (p < 0.05) and MMP-8 (p = 0.052).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation shows that IL-1β, MMP-8 and the ratio of MMP-8/TIMP-1 could be used as markers of periodontal disease in larger patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nilminie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rathnayake
authors.forename: Sigvard
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akerman
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klinge
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundegren
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tryselius
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8