title: Impaired hypothalamic Fto expression in response to fasting and glucose in obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a strong association between obesity and common variants in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. FTO has been detected in the hypothalamus, but little is known about its regulation in that particular brain structure. The present study addressed the hypothesis that hypothalamic FTO expression is regulated by nutrients, specifically by glucose, and that its regulation by nutrients is impaired in obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of glucose on hypothalamic Fto mRNA levels was examined in fasted mice. Additionally, the effect of glucose on Fto mRNA levels was also investigated ex vivo using mouse hypothalamic explants. Lastly, the effect of i.p. glucose injection on hypothalamic Fto immunoreactivity and food intake was compared between lean wild-type and obese ob/ob mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In wild-type mice, fasting reduced both Fto mRNA levels and the number of Fto-immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus, whereas i.p. glucose treatment reversed this effect of fasting. Furthermore, i.c.v. glucose treatment also increased hypothalamic Fto mRNA levels in fasted mice. Incubation of hypothalamic explants at high glucose concentration increased Fto mRNA levels. In ob/ob mice, both fasting and i.p. glucose treatment failed to alter the number of Fto-immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus. Glucose-induced feeding suppression was abolished in ob/ob mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduction in hypothalamic Fto expression after fasting likely arises at least partly from reduced circulating glucose levels and/or reduced central action of glucose. Obesity is associated with impairments in glucose-mediated regulation of hypothalamic Fto expression and anorexia. Hypothalamic Fto-expressing neurons may have a role in the regulation of metabolism by monitoring metabolic states of the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Poritsanos
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Mobbs
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rüther
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mizuno