title: Physical activity, change in biomarkers of myocardial stress and injury, and subsequent heart failure risk in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between physical activity and changes in levels of highly sensitive troponin T (cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and the subsequent risk of the development of heart failure (HF) in community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Higher baseline levels of cTnT and NT-proBNP and increases over time correlate with the risk of HF in older adults. Factors modifying these levels have not been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  NT-proBNP and cTnT were measured at baseline and 2 to 3 years later in adults 65 years of age and older free of HF participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Self-reported physical activity and walking pace were combined into a composite score. An increase was prespecified for NT-proBNP as a >25% increment from baseline to ≥190 pg/ml and for cTnT as a >50% increment from baseline in participants with detectable levels (≥3 pg/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,933 participants free of HF had NT-proBNP and cTnT measured at both time points. The probability of an increase in biomarker concentrations between baseline and follow-up visits was inversely related to the physical activity score. Compared with participants with the lowest score, those with the highest score had an odds ratio of 0.50 (95% confidence interval: 0.33 to 0.77) for an increase in NT-proBNP and an odds ratio of 0.30 (95% confidence interval: 0.16 to 0.55) for an increase in cTnT, after adjusting for comorbidities and baseline levels. A higher activity score associated with a lower long-term incidence of HF. Moreover, at each level of activity, an increase in either biomarker still identified those at higher risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that moderate physical activity has protective effects on early heart failure phenotypes, preventing cardiac injury and neurohormonal activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, USA. cdefilip@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: deFilippi
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Lemos
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tkaczuk
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gottdiener
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Seliger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014336:Troponin; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain