title: Defects in ultrasonic vocalization of cadherin-6 knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although some molecules have been identified as responsible for human language disorders, there is still little information about what molecular mechanisms establish the faculty of human language. Since mice, like songbirds, produce complex ultrasonic vocalizations for intraspecific communication in several social contexts, they can be good mammalian models for studying the molecular basis of human language. Having found that cadherins are involved in the vocal development of the Bengalese finch, a songbird, we expected cadherins to also be involved in mouse vocalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To examine whether similar molecular mechanisms underlie the vocalizations of songbirds and mammals, we categorized behavioral deficits including vocalization in cadherin-6 knockout mice. Comparing the ultrasonic vocalizations of cadherin-6 knockout mice with those of wild-type controls, we found that the peak frequency and variations of syllables were differed between the mutant and wild-type mice in both pup-isolation and adult-courtship contexts. Vocalizations during male-male aggression behavior, in contrast, did not differ between mutant and wild-type mice. Open-field tests revealed differences in locomotors activity in both heterozygote and homozygote animals and no difference in anxiety behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that cadherin-6 plays essential roles in locomotor activity and ultrasonic vocalization. These findings also support the idea that different species share some of the molecular mechanisms underlying vocal behavior.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okanoya
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015820:Cadherins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D003380:Courtship; D005260:Female; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; C087310:K cadherin