title: Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent fasting (IF; severe restriction 1 d/week) facilitates weight loss and improves coronary heart disease (CHD) risk indicators. The degree to which weight loss can be enhanced if IF is combined with calorie restriction (CR) and liquid meals, remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects of IF plus CR (with or without a liquid diet) on body weight, body composition, and CHD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese women (n = 54) were randomized to either the IFCR-liquid (IFCR-L) or IFCR-food based (IFCR-F) diet. The trial had two phases: 1) 2-week weight maintenance period, and 2) 8-week weight loss period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight decreased more (P = 0.04) in the IFCR-L group (3.9 ± 1.4 kg) versus the IFCR-F group (2.5 ± 0.6 kg). Fat mass decreased similarly (P < 0.0001) in the IFCR-L and IFCR-F groups (2.8 ± 1.2 kg and 1.9 ± 0.7 kg, respectively). Visceral fat was reduced (P < 0.001) by IFCR-L (0.7 ± 0.5 kg) and IFCR-F (0.3 ± 0.5 kg) diets. Reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels were greater (P = 0.04) in the IFCR-L (19 ± 10%; 20 ± 9%, respectively) versus the IFCR-F group (8 ± 3%; 7 ± 4%, respectively). LDL peak particle size increased (P < 0.01), while heart rate, glucose, insulin, and homocysteine decreased (P < 0.05), in the IFCR-L group only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that IF combined with CR and liquid meals is an effective strategy to help obese women lose weight and lower CHD risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 506F, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Monica C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Klempel
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.forename: Surabhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhutani
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trepanowski
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Varady
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss