title: Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) is a vestibular reflex recorded from the inferior oblique (IO) muscles, which increases in amplitude during eye elevation. We investigated whether this effect of gaze elevation could be explained by movement of the IO closer to the recording electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared oVEMPs recorded with different gaze elevations to those recorded with constant gaze position but electrodes placed at increasing distance from the eyes. oVEMPs were recorded in ten healthy subjects using bursts of skull vibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  oVEMP amplitude decreased more with decreasing gaze elevation (9 μV from 24° up to neutral) than with increasing electrode distance (2.7 μV from baseline to 6.4 mm; P<0.005). The oVEMP recorded with gaze 24° down had delayed latency (by 4.5 ms).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of gaze elevation on the oVEMP cannot be explained by changes in position of the muscle alone and is likely mainly due to increased tonic contraction of the IO muscle in up-gaze. The oVEMP recorded in down-gaze (when the IO is inactivated, but the IR activated) likely originates in the adjacent IR muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that oVEMP amplitudes in extraocular muscles scale in response to changing tonic muscle activity.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. sally@srosengren.org
authors.forename: Sally M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Colebatch
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Straumann
authors.forename: Konrad P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012886:Skull / Q000502:physiology; D058585:Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration