title: Metabolic evaluation of first-time and recurrent stone formers.
abstract: Evaluation of stone formers should include careful attention to medications, past medical history, social history, family history, dietary evaluation, occupation, and laboratory evaluation. Laboratory evaluation requires at least serum chemistries and urinalysis. Twenty-four-hour urine collections are most appropriate for patients with recurrent stones or complex medical histories. However, these collections may be appropriate for some first-time stone formers, including those with comorbidities or large stones. Although twin studies demonstrate that heritability accounts for at least 50% of the kidney stone phenotype, the responsible genes are not clearly identified, and so genetic testing is rarely indicated.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. David.Goldfarb@va.gov
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: Omotayo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arowojolu
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000378:metabolism*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid; D002118:Calcium