title: Morphological and microsatellite DNA diversity of Nigerian indigenous sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sheep is important in the socio-economic lives of people around the world. It is estimated that more than half of our once common livestock breeds are now endangered. Since genetic characterization of Nigerian sheep is still lacking, we analyzed ten morphological traits on 402 animals and 15 microsatellite DNA markers in 384 animals of the 4 Nigerian sheep breeds to better understand genetic diversity for breeding management and germplasm conservation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological traits of Uda and Balami were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Yankasa, which were both higher than West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed tail length, rump height, chest girth, ear length and chest depth as the most discriminating variables for classification. Mahalanobis distances show the least differentiation between Uda and Balami and the largest between WAD and Balami sheep. While 93.3% of WAD sheep were correctly assigned to their source genetic group, 63.9% of Yankasa, 61.2% of Balami and 45.2% of Uda were classified correctly by nearest neighbour discriminant analysis. The overall high Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of all microsatellite markers ranged from 0.751 to 0.927 supporting their use in genetic characterization. Expected heterozygosity was high for all loci (0.783 to 0.93). Mean heterozygote deficiency across all populations (0.171 to 0.534) possibly indicate significant inbreeding (P < 0.05). Mean values for FST, FIT and FIS statistics across all loci were 0.088, 0.394 and 0.336 respectively. Yankasa and Balami are the most closely related breeds (DA = 0.184) while WAD and Balami are the farthest apart breeds (DA = 0.665), which is coincident with distance based on morphological analysis and population structure assessed by STRUCTURE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that within-breed genetic variation in Nigerian sheep is higher than between-breeds and may be a valuable tool for genetic improvement and conservation. The higher genetic variability in Yankasa suggests the presence of unique ancestral alleles reflecting the presence of certain functional genes which may result in better adaptability in more agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. These genetic characteristics are potentially useful in planning improvement and conservation strategies in Nigerian indigenous sheep.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. igi2@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Brilliant O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Agaviezor
authors.forename: Sunday O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Mufliat A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adefenwa
authors.forename: Abdulmojeed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yakubu
authors.forename: Olufunmilayo A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adebambo
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ozoje
authors.forename: Christian On
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Ikeobi
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wheto
authors.forename: Oyeyemi O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ajayi
authors.forename: Samuel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Amusan
authors.forename: Oludotun J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Ekundayo
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sanni
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okpeku
authors.forename: Gbolabo O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Onasanya
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Donato
authors.forename: Babatunde M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ilori
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kizilkaya
authors.forename: Ikhide G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Imumorin