title: Molecular epidemiology of β-thalassemia in Pakistan: Far reaching implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  β -Thalassaemia, an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy, is one of the commonest genetically transmitted disorders throughout the world. Collective measures including carrier identification, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are required for preventing β-thalassemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To achieve this objective, Identification of the spectrum of genetic mutations, especially for various ethnic backgrounds in Pakistan. Therefore, we designed a cross sectional prospective study to identify the frequency of various gene mutations in different ethnic groups of Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 5-year period, DNA from 648 blood samples {including specimens of chorionic villus sampling (CVS)} were analyzed for the twelve most common β-thalassemia mutations found in the Pakistani population by a Multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Each sample was analyzed for the mutation as well as the normal gene, appropriate with negative and positive controls, and reagent blanks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 648 samples mutations were identified in 640 (98.75%) samples by multiplex ARMS. 8 common β-thalassemia mutations were identified in 8 different ethnic groups accounting for 93.9% of the β-thalasemia alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the outcome of this study a cost effective proposal is formulated for detection of β-thalassemia mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology & Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Blood Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saqib H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Tahir S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shamsi
authors.forename: Mushtaq
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Tasneem
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Farzana
authors.forename: Muneera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohray
authors.forename: Kousar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perveen
authors.forename: Sajida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erum
authors.forename: Iqra
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Muhammad Nadeem
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Faizan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raza