title: Conjugates of superoxide dismutase 1 with amphiphilic poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers for enhanced brain delivery: synthesis, characterization and evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) efficiently catalyzes dismutation of superoxide, but its poor delivery to the target sites in the body, such as brain, hinders its use as a therapeutic agent for superoxide-associated disorders. Here to enhance the delivery of SOD1 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and in neurons the enzyme was conjugated with poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) block copolymers, P(MeOx-b-BuOx) or P(EtOx-b-BuOx), composed of (1) hydrophilic 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOx) or 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) and (2) hydrophobic 2-butyl-2-oxazoline (BuOx) repeating units. The conjugates contained from 2 to 3 POx chains joining the protein amino groups via cleavable -(ss)- or noncleavable -(cc)- linkers at the BuOx block terminus. They retained 30% to 50% of initial SOD1 activity, were conformationally and thermally stable, and assembled in 8 or 20 nm aggregates in aqueous solution. They had little if any toxicity to CATH.a neurons and displayed enhanced uptake in these neurons as compared to native or PEGylated SOD1. Of the two conjugates, SOD1-(cc)-P(MeOx-b-BuOx) and SOD1-(cc)-P(EtOx-b-BuOx), compared, the latter was entering cells 4 to 7 times faster and at 6 h colocalized predominantly with endoplasmic reticulum (41 ± 3%) and mitochondria (21 ± 2%). Colocalization with endocytosis markers and pathway inhibition assays suggested that it was internalized through lipid raft/caveolae, also employed by the P(EtOx-b-BuOx) copolymer. The SOD activity in cell lysates and ability to attenuate angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced superoxide in live cells were increased for this conjugate compared to SOD1 and PEG-SOD1. Studies in mice showed that SOD1-POx had ca. 1.75 times longer half-life in blood than native SOD1 (28.4 vs 15.9 min) and after iv administration penetrated the BBB significantly faster than albumin to accumulate in brain parenchyma. The conjugate maintained high stability both in serum and in brain (77% vs 84% at 1 h postinjection). Its amount taken up by the brain reached a maximum value of 0.08% ID/g (percent of the injected dose taken up per gram of brain) 4 h postinjection. The entry of SOD1-(cc)-P(EtOx-b-BuOx) to the brain was mediated by a nonsaturable mechanism. Altogether, SOD1-POx conjugates are promising candidates as macromolecular antioxidant therapies for superoxide-associated diseases such as Ang II-induced neurocardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luxenhofer
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kabanov
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004705:Endocytosis; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D010080:Oxazoles; D011108:Polymers; C577913:poly(2-oxazoline); D013481:Superoxides; D000804:Angiotensin II; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C000606291:Sod1 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1