title: Skipping breakfast: morningness-eveningness preference is differentially related to state and trait food cravings.
abstract: Eveningness preference is associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. We measured state and trait food cravings in chronotypes in the morning and in the evening. Less Evening (E)- than Morning (M)-types reported to have had breakfast. Accordingly, hours that had elapsed since the last meal were higher in E- than M-types in the morning, but did not differ between groups in the evening. E-types reported higher anticipation of positive reinforcement that may result from eating than M-types in the morning, but both had the same hunger levels. On a trait level, M-types reported more feelings of guilt for giving into cravings compared to E-types. Results suggest that E-types skip breakfast more often than M-types, but this eating pattern does not inevitably lead to more food cravings in the evening or more pronounced habitual cravings. Furthermore, E-types did not experience more hunger in the morning although they had not been eating for a longer time period. Results support findings about a different lifestyle in E-types compared to M-types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. adrian.meule@uniwuerzburg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meule
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roeser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Randler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kübler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D062408:Breakfast / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires