title: Intramucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma: primum non nocere.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intramucosal esophageal cancer treatment is evolving. Less-invasive therapies have emerged, necessitating review of safety, effectiveness, and determinants of long-term outcome after esophagectomy to clarify the role of this traditional, maximally invasive, and potentially harmful therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1983 to January 2011, 164 patients underwent esophagectomy alone for intramucosal adenocarcinoma. Cancers were subdivided by depth of invasion: lamina propria 50 (30%) and muscularis mucosa 114 (70%; inner 42 [26%], middle 16 [10%], and outer 56 [34%]). We assessed complications and esophagectomy-related mortality (safety) and cancer recurrence (effectiveness), and identified determinants of long-term outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barrett esophagus (P = .005), larger cancers (P < .001), worse histologic grade (P < .001), lymphovascular invasion (P < .001), and overstaging (P = .02) were associated with deeper cancers. One patient had regional lymph node metastases (0.6%). Seventy-five patients (46%) had complications. Seven of 9 deaths within 6 months were esophagectomy related, 6 from respiratory failure. Seven patients had recurrence, all within 4 years. Five-, 10-, and 15-year survivals were 82%, 69%, and 60%, respectively, which were similar to those of a matched general population. Determinants of late mortality were older age (P = .004), poorer lung function (P < .0001), longer cancer (P = .04), postoperative pneumonia (P = .06), cancer recurrence (P < .0001), and second cancers (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival after esophagectomy for intramucosal adenocarcinoma is excellent, determined more by patient than cancer characteristics. Patient selection and respiratory function are crucial to minimize harm. Considering the outcome of emerging therapies, esophagectomy should be reserved for patients with a long intramucosal adenocarcinoma or those in whom endoscopic therapies fail or are inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Goldblum
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: Sudish C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000150:complications; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome