title: Trust in smart systems: sharing driving goals and giving information to increase trustworthiness and acceptability of smart systems in cars.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine whether trust in smart systems is generated analogously to trust in humans and whether the automation level of smart systems affects trustworthiness and acceptability of those systems.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trust is an important factor when considering acceptability of automation technology. As shared goals lead to social trust, and intelligent machines tend to be treated like humans, the authors expected that shared driving goals would also lead to increased trustworthiness and acceptability of adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experiment, participants (N = 57) were presented with descriptions of three ACCs with different automation levels that were described as systems that either shared their driving goals or did not. Trustworthiness and acceptability of all the ACCs were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACCs sharing the driving goals of the user were more trustworthy and acceptable than were ACCs not sharing the driving goals of the user. Furthermore, ACCs that took over driving tasks while providing information were more trustworthy and acceptable than were ACCs that took over driving tasks without providing information. Trustworthiness mediated the effects of both driving goals and automation level on acceptability of ACCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As when trusting other humans, trusting smart systems depends on those systems sharing the user's goals. Furthermore, based on their description, smart systems that take over tasks are judged more trustworthy and acceptable when they also provide information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For optimal acceptability of smart systems, goals of the user should be shared by the smart systems, and smart systems should provide information to their user.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human-Technology Interaction, Eindhoven University of Technology, IPO 1.27, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands. f.m.f.verberne@tue.nl
authors.forename: Frank M F
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Verberne
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: Cees J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Midden
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001336:Automobiles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D009426:Netherlands; D011482:Protective Devices; D035502:Trust