title: Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring.
abstract: The race for the next generation of painless and reliable glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus is on. As technology advances, both diagnostic techniques and equipment improve. This review describes the main technologies currently being explored for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The principle of each technology is mentioned; its advantages and limitations are then discussed. The general description and the corresponding results for each device are illustrated, as well as the current status of the device and the manufacturer; internet references for the devices are listed where appropriate. Ten technologies and eleven potential devices are included in this review. Near infrared spectroscopy has become a promising technology, among others, for blood glucose monitoring. Although some reviews have been published already, the rapid development of technologies and information makes constant updating mandatory. While advances have been made, the reliability and the calibration of noninvasive instruments could still be improved, and more studies carried out under different physiological conditions of metabolism, bodily fluid circulation, and blood components are needed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Digital Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Chi-Fuk
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Kup-Sze
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Thomas Ks
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Joanne Wy
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung