title: Solar inactivation of four Salmonella serovars in fresh and marine waters.
abstract: Sunlight-mediated disinfection of water is of interest to both the drinking and recreational water quality community of researchers due to its potential to reduce microbial contamination and waterborne illness. Photo-inactivation of enteric bacteria has primarily been investigated using Escherichia coli and laboratory strains of model bacteria. The present study sought to document the photo-inactivation of environmental isolates of Salmonella in filter-sterilized natural seawater and freshwater and to test the hypothesis that diverse Salmonella serovars decay at similar rates both within and between water matrices. The inactivation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium LT2, Typhimurium ST19, Heidelberg, and Mbandaka was examined in sunlit and dark microcosms. First order decay was observed in sunlit microcosms; the time until 90% inactivation was of the order of 10 min. A significant shoulder, of the order of 1 hr in length, was observed in the freshwater microcosms during which concentrations were stable. Serovar Mdandaka decayed more slowly than other serovars in both seawater and freshwater. The serovars were extremely stable in the dark microcosms showing little to no decay over 53 days. The results document intra-species variation in photo-inactivation, likely owing to differences in intracellular concentrations of photo-sensitizing molecules or molecules that quench reactive species.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Water Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA. aboehm@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Alexandria B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Cherrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soetjipto
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003624:Darkness; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D050296:Microbial Viability; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013472:Sunlight; D013997:Time Factors