title: Long-term high density lipoprotein infusion ameliorates metabolic phenotypes of diabetic db/db mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower quantity and quality of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are important characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acute HDL infusion results in a greater fall of plasma glucose in diabetes patients. Here, we aim to investigate the influence of long-term HDL infusion on metabolic phenotypes of diabetic db/db mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  High density lipoprotein was introduced to db/db mice twice a week for 4 weeks. The phenotypes of the mice were monitored by analyzing metabolic parameters. Glycogen analysis was performed with amyloglucosidase. The corresponding signaling molecules were detected by western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term introduction of HDL decreased plasma glucose levels of db/db mice. Glycogen deposition was enhanced in gastrocnemius muscle, paralleling the elevated glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, increased Akt-Ser473 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylations were detected in the muscle. Moreover, HDL reduced blood glucose and free fatty acids and improved pancreatic islet structure and function with increased C-peptide. Furthermore, decreased interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, resistin, and malondialdehyde, as well as enhanced leptin levels were detected in HDL-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present study suggest that long-term HDL infusion has positive therapeutic effects on the metabolic disturbances of db/db diabetic mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Qichun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Lai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yunxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shengnan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D006003:Glycogen