title: Depressive symptoms in late life and cerebrovascular disease: the importance of intelligence and lesion location.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of white matter lesions on depressive symptoms in healthy ageing populations remains unclear. In this study, we examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected cerebrovascular disease in a normal population living independently in the community, and measured the influence of location of brain abnormalities, fluid intelligence, living alone, and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort: 497 community dwelling individuals all born in 1936, who took part in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947, were followed up in 2000 and at biannual intervals in a longitudinal study of health and cognitive aging. Two hundred forty-four volunteered for brain MRI in 2004-2006. Suitable data were available in 219/244, of whom 115 were men. Brain hyperintensities in lobar white matter, basal ganglia , periventricular, and infratentorial regions were measured using Scheltens' scale. Depressed mood was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on three biannual intervals. Relationships between Scheltens' scores, HADS-D scores, fluid intelligence, living alone, and sex were assessed using general linear modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main predictor of depressive symptom scores was poorer fluid intelligence (partial η(2)  =0.023-0.028, P < .05). Ischemic change in the brainstem (partial η(2)  = 0.026, P ≤.05) and basal ganglia (partial η(2)  =0.018, P ≤ .05) also predicted HADS-D scores. There was no relationship with sex or living alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperintensities in the brainstem and basal ganglia are associated with depressive symptoms. Higher fluid intelligence is associated with lower depressive symptoms in this normal, ageing population.
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. a.d.murray@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Roger T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Staff
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salarirad
authors.forename: Louise H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Whalley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies