title: Vital signs: racial disparities in breast cancer severity--United States, 2005-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer death rates have been declining among U.S. women since 1990 because of early detection and advances in treatment; however, all racial groups have not benefited equally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and mortality rates for 2005-2009 for women in the United States and for each state were calculated using United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) data. Black to white mortality ratios and mortality to incidence ratios by race were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite having lower incidence rates, black women had a 41% higher breast cancer death rate. More black women were diagnosed at regional or distant cancer stage compared with white women (45% versus 35%). For every 100 breast cancers diagnosed, black women had nine more deaths than white women (27 deaths per 100 breast cancers diagnosed among black women compared with 18 per 100 among white women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite significant progress in breast cancer detection and treatment, black women experience higher death rates even though they have a lower incidence of breast cancer compared to white women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival for U.S. women with breast cancer. However, black women experience inequities in breast cancer screening, follow-up, and treatment after diagnosis, leading to greater mortality. At the individual level, the maximal effectiveness of screening for breast cancer can only be achieved when all women have timely follow-up to breast cancer exams and state-of-the-art treatment. At the health system level, optimal health-care delivery may be strengthened through performance-based reimbursement, expanded use of information technology, and quality assurance reporting-protocols. Proven effective interventions such as patient navigation could be expanded for use in other settings.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American