title: Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four European species of birds of prey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine normal values for Schirmer tear test I and intraocular pressure in four European species of birds of prey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty birds from each of the following species: Eurasian Tawny owl (Strix aluco), Little owl (Athene noctua), Common buzzard (Buteo buteo), and European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both eyes of all birds (80 eyes) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a Schirmer tear test type I (STT-I) performed with commercially available strips and the assessment of the intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry, employing the Tonopen-XL(®) device. The animals, which had been taken to a rescue center, were examined for ocular lesions prior to their eventual release into the wild. STT-I readings and IOP values were expressed as means ± standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schirmer tear test type I readings were as follows: Eurasian Tawny owls: 3.12 ± 1.92 mm/min; Little owls: 3.5 ± 1.96 mm/min; Common buzzards: 12.47 ± 2.66 mm/min; European kestrels: 6.20 ± 3.67 mm/min. IOP values were as follows: Eurasian Tawny owls: 11.21 ± 3.12 mmHg; Little owls: 9.83 ± 3.41 mmHg; Common buzzards: 17.2 ± 3.53 mmHg; European kestrels: 8.53 ± 1.59 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study give representative values for STT-I and IOP in four of the most common species of birds of prey in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. gbarsott@vet.unipi.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barsotti
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Johanna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Spratte
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ceccherelli
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breghi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D020305:Strigiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*