title: Central obesity and smoking are key modifiable risk factors for elevated C-reactive protein in Asian individuals who are not eligible for statin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statin therapy reduces coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality in individuals with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol below the threshold at which statin therapy is recommended. We determined the proportion of individuals with elevated CRP in whom statin therapy was not indicated, and examined predictors for elevated CRP in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 3404 participants (Chinese, Malays and Asian-Indians) without a history of hypercholesterolemia living in Singapore (mean age±s.d.: 48.9±11.2 years). Eligibility for statin therapy was determined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII)) guideline. CRP was measured by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. CRP level greater than 2 mg l(-1) was considered as elevated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated CRP was found in 29.3% participants who were not eligible for statin therapy (n=2974). Elevated CRP was more common in females and amongst those of Malay or Asian-Indian ethnicity. Compared with participants with low CRP, those with elevated CRP were shown to have higher levels of obesity, blood pressure, triglyceride and insulin resistance (IR), but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all Ps<0.001). After multivariate analysis, gender (odds ratio (OR) 3.34 for females), ethnicity (Malay OR 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.96; Asian-Indian OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.55-2.50), waist circumference (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.07), smoking (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.08-2.05) and IR (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07-1.22) were significant predictors of CRP (all Ps--values<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine measurement of CRP identifies a substantial number of Asian individuals at risk of CHD in whom statin therapy is not currently indicated, particularly in women and certain ethnic groups (Malays and Asian Indians). Weight loss and smoking cessation are important measures to reduce the proportion of individuals with elevated CRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai