title: Mini-implants in the palatal slope--a retrospective analysis of implant survival and tissue reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To identify insertion procedure and force application related complications in Jet Screw (JS) type mini-implants when inserted in the palatal slope.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Orthodontics, the University Hospital Münster. Forty-one consecutively started patients treated using mini-implants in the palatal slope. In this retrospective study, 66 JS were evaluated. Patient records were used to obtain data on the mode of utilization and complications. Standardized photographs overlayed with a virtual grid served to test the hypothesis that deviations from the recommended insertion site or the type of mechanics applied might be related to complications regarding bleeding, gingival overgrowth or implant failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two implants (3%) were lost, and two implants (3%), both loaded with a laterally directed force, exhibited loosening while still serving for anchorage. Complications that required treatment did not occur, the most severe problem observed being gingival proliferation which was attributable neither to patients' age nor to applied mechanics or deviations from the ideal implant position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The JS mini-implant is reliable for sagittal and vertical movements or anchorage purposes. Laterally directed forces might be unfavorable. The selection of implant length as well as the insertion procedure should account for the possibility of gingival overgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ziebura
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flieger
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiechmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D053441:Suture Anchors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult