title: Methadone for chronic non-cancer pain in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methadone belongs to a class of analgesics known as opioids, that are considered the cornerstone of therapy for moderate-to-severe pain due to life-threatening illnesses; however, their use in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is controversial. Methadone has many characteristics that differentiate it from other opioids, which suggests that it may have a different efficacy and safety profile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the analgesic effectiveness and safety of methadone in the treatment of CNCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of methadone use in chronic pain by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library 2011, issue 11, MEDLINE (1950 to November 2011), and EMBASE (1980 to November 2011), together with reference lists of retrieved papers and reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included RCTs with pain assessment as either the primary or secondary outcome. Quasi-randomized studies, cohorts and case-control trials were also considered for inclusion because we suspected that the beneficial and harmful effects of methadone in CNCP may not be adequately addressed in RCTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted efficacy and adverse event data and assessed risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included two RCTs and one non-randomized study, involving a total of 181 participants. Both RCTs were cross-over studies, one involving 19 participants with diverse neuropathic pain syndromes, the other involving 76 participants with postherpetic neuralgia. Study phases were 20 days and approximately eight weeks, respectively. The non-randomized study retrospectively evaluated 86 outpatients over an average of 8.8 ± 6.3 months.One RCT reported average pain intensity and pain relief, and found statistically significant improvements versus placebo for both outcomes, with 10 mg and 20 mg daily doses of methadone. The second RCT reported differences in pain reduction between methadone and morphine and found morphine to be statistically superior. The non-randomized study found that in patients initially prescribed methadone it was effective in fewer participants than in those initially prescribed other long-acting opioids (28% versus 42%, 33% and 50% for morphine, oxycodone and transdermal fentanyl, respectively).One RCT compared incidences for several individual adverse events, but found a difference between methadone and placebo for only one event, dizziness (P = 0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three studies provide very limited evidence of the efficacy of methadone for CNCP, and there were too few data for pooled analysis of efficacy or harm, or to have confidence in the results of the individual studies. No conclusions can be made regarding differences in efficacy or safety between methadone and placebo, other opioids, or other treatments.
authors.affiliation: Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haroutiunian
authors.forename: Ewan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: McNicol
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051474:Neuralgia, Postherpetic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone