title: 13-year long-term associations between changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors and changes in fibrinogen levels: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-sectional and prospective studies have linked cardiovascular events and traditional risk factors (TRFs) with higher plasma fibrinogen levels. In a young cohort, we sought to determine longitudinal associations between changes in/development of TRFs and fibrinogen levels over 13 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 2525 adults from the CARDIA study, aged 25-37 with fibrinogen and TRFs measured at year 7 (study baseline; 1992-1993); and year 20 (follow-up). Multiple linear regressions were used to compare mean changes in fibrinogen to TRFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean fibrinogen increased by 71 mg/dL vs. 70 mg/dL (p = NS) in black vs. white men, and 78 mg/dL vs. 68 mg/dL (p < 0.05) in black vs. white women, respectively over 13 years. After multivariable adjustments, fibrinogen generally rose with increasing BMI (p < 0.001; all sex/race groups), LDL cholesterol, log triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure; and fell with increasing HDL cholesterol and physical activity. 13-year increase in fibrinogen for persons who quit smoking or became non-obese were comparable (p = NS) to that of never-smokers and never-obese persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among young black and white men and women with few baseline cardiovascular risk factors, fibrinogen tracked longitudinally with changes in TRFs over 13 years through middle age. There was a strong inverse longitudinal relationship between modifiable risk factors (weight loss/smoking cessation) and 13-year change in fibrinogen. Our study helps provide some insight into the role of fibrinogen as a disease marker in the associations between fibrinogen and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Wayne State University, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R, 4 Hudson, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. tokwuosa@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Tochi M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Okwuosa
authors.forename: Oana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Cheeling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Nancy Swords
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen