title: Appropriate follow up to detect potential adverse events after initiation of select contraceptive methods: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After a woman initiates certain methods of contraception [e.g., hormonal methods, intrauterine devices (IUDs)], she is generally asked to return at some interval for a follow-up visit; however, is it unclear whether follow up is needed, what an appropriate follow-up schedule is and what should be done at follow-up visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted four separate searches in the PubMed database for all peer-reviewed articles in any language published from database inception through April 2012 that examined the following health outcomes for combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs), IUDs or medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA): (a) incidence of hypertension among women who began using a CHC compared to women not using a CHC; (b) incidence of migraine among women who began using a CHC compared to women not using a CHC; (c) incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women who began using an IUD compared to women who started another form or used no method of contraception or examined incidence of PID at two or more time periods after IUD insertion and (d) whether initial weight gain predicts future weight gain among women who began using DMPA. The quality of each study was assessed using the United States Preventive Services Task Force grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 studies met our inclusion criteria: 5 examined hypertension and combined oral contraceptive (COC) use, 7 examined PID and IUD use and 3 examined weight gain after DMPA initiation. No studies that examined migraine after CHC initiation met our inclusion criteria. Few women developed hypertension after initiating COCs, and studies examining increases in blood pressure after COC initiation found mixed results (Level I, fair to II-2, fair). Among women who had a copper IUD inserted, there was little difference in incidence of PID, or IUD removal for PID, compared with women who initiated DMPA, a hormone-releasing IUD, or COCs (Level I, good to Level II-2, fair). Studies that examined when women were diagnosed with PID after IUD insertion found mixed results. The study with the largest sample size found a much greater incidence of PID in the first 20 days after insertion, with very low rates of PID up to 8 years postinsertion (Level I, good to Level II-3, poor). Studies that examined weight gain after DMPA initiation found that weight gain >5% of baseline weight at 6 months was associated with greater mean change in weight and greater mean change in body mass index at follow-up times ranging from 12 to 36 months (Level II-2, fair to Level II-3, fair).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence on select adverse events associated with initiation of contraceptive use is limited but does not suggest increased risk of hypertension among COC users or increased risk of PID among IUD users. DMPA users who gain >5% of baseline body weight may be at increased risk of future weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. inu8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Maria W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Steenland
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zapata
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brahmi
authors.forename: Polly A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Marchbanks
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009819:Office Visits; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined