title: Corticosteroids and open-angle glaucoma in the elderly: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is largely unknown if corticosteroid-induced open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is an entity that is limited to a few susceptible individuals or whether it contributes significantly to the overall population burden of OAG.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between corticosteroid use and the incidence of OAG in the general elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective population-based cohort study was conducted in a general community setting. 3,939 participants of the Rotterdam Study aged 55 years and older for whom data from ophthalmic examinations at baseline and follow-up were available and who did not have glaucoma at baseline were included (baseline examination from 1991 to 1993; follow-up examinations from 1997 to 1999 and from 2002 to 2006). Ophthalmic examinations, including measurement of the intraocular pressure, assessment of the optic nerve head and perimetry, were performed at baseline and follow-up. The use of corticosteroids was monitored continuously during follow-up. Corticosteroids were stratified into five groups: ophthalmic steroids, inhaled steroids, nasal steroids, oral steroids and steroid ointments. Associations between the use of corticosteroids and incident OAG were assessed using logistic regression models. The study outcome measures were the odds ratios (ORs) of associations between the use of corticosteroids and incident OAG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, 108 participants (2.8%) developed OAG. The median number of steroid prescriptions during follow-up was 2 for ophthalmic, 7 for inhaled, 2 for nasal and 2 for oral steroids, and 3 for steroid ointments. The OR of the use of ophthalmic steroids was 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66, 1.65; p = 0.86], inhaled steroids 0.79 (95% CI 0.42, 1.48; p = 0.46), nasal steroids 1.26 (95% CI 0.74, 2.13; p = 0.40), oral steroids 1.03 (95% CI 0.65, 1.64; p = 0.89) and steroid ointments 0.70 (95% CI 0.47, 1.05; p = 0.086). These analyses were adjusted for age, sex, high myopia and family history of glaucoma. The small median numbers of prescriptions made it difficult to evaluate dose-response relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the classes of steroids were associated with the incidence of OAG in this elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Rogier P H M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Müskens
authors.forename: Wishal D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ramdas
authors.forename: Roger C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wolfs
authors.forename: Paulus T V M
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: De Jong
authors.forename: Johannes R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vingerling
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Bruno H C
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: Nomdo M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Jansonius
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones