title: The overall impairment of core executive function components in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unclear how executive function (EF) is affected in the stage of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Previous studies using different methods to assess EF in patients with aMCI have reached inconsistent conclusions. The aim of the study was to explore the characteristics of EF impairments in patients with aMCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated three core components of EF (i.e., working memory, response inhibition and task switching) based on the theoretical model of EF proposed by Miyake et al. (2000) in 34 aMCI patients and 36 healthy elderly controls using computerized tasks programmed with E-prime (the 2-back task and the keep track task for working memory, the stop-signal task and the Stroop task for response inhibition and the more-odd shifting task for task switching). The overall EF and the three individual EF components were compared between groups. For EF components that were impaired, the extent of impairment was compared using a paired analysis. The aMCI group was further divided into EF-intact and EF-deficit groups according to their performances on the EF tests in clinical neuropsychological assessments. We tested for group differences among the normal controls and the EF-intact and EF-deficit aMCI groups and paid special attention to the comparisons between the EF-intact aMCI group and the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, overall EF was significantly impaired in patients with aMCI (Wilks' λ=0.572,P<0.001). Four tasks (the 2-back task, the keep track task, the stop-signal task and the more-odd shifting task) that tapped the three core components of EF displayed group differences that favored the normal controls. The results of the Stroop task revealed no differences in performance between the two groups. The EF-intact aMCI patients also exhibited significantly impaired capabilities in the four tasks compared to the normal controls. There were no significant differences in the extent of impairment between the four affected tasks in the aMCI group, suggesting that the three core EF components were impaired to the same extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the overall EF and all of the core EF components in the Miyake model of EF (working memory, response inhibition and task switching) were significantly impaired in aMCI patients, regardless of whether they had shown obvious clinical executive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Dongming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Hongzan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yongchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000647:Amnesia / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests