title: Longitudinal analysis of serum copper and ceruloplasmin in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported that peripheral levels of copper and ceruloplasmin (CP) can differentiate patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) from non-AD cases. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of serum copper, CP, and non-CP copper levels in a large cohort of AD subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum copper and CP concentrations were measured at baseline and at 18-months in participants from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted using both univariate and multivariate testing adjusting for age, gender, total protein, and ApoE ε4 genotype status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in levels of serum copper or CP between the AD and healthy control groups, however, we identified a near-significant decrease in non-CP copper in the mild cognitive impairment and AD groups at baseline (p = 0.02) that was significant at 18-months (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that there may be decreased non-CP copper levels in mild cognitive impairment and AD, which is consistent with diminished copper-dependent biochemical activities described in AD.
authors.affiliation: The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rembach
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Doecke
authors.forename: Blaine R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: Noel G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Faux
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Volitakis
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Pertile
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rumble
authors.forename: Brett O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Trounson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Villemagne
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.lastname: AIBL research group
authors.forename: Ashley I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: C475519:2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; D003300:Copper; D002570:Ceruloplasmin