title: Compartmentalization and antiviral effect of efavirenz metabolites in blood plasma, seminal plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
abstract: Efavirenz (EFV) is one of the most commonly prescribed antiretrovirals for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. EFV is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 to a number of oxygenated products; however, the pharmacologic activity and distribution of these metabolites in anatomic compartments have yet to be explored. The systemic distribution of EFV oxidative metabolites was examined in blood plasma, seminal plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid from subjects on an EFV-based regimen. The 8-hydroxy EFV metabolite was detected in blood plasma, seminal plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid, with median concentrations of 314.5 ng/ml, 358.5 ng/ml, and 3.37 ng/ml, respectively. In contrast, 7-hydroxy and 8,14-hydroxy EFV were only detected in blood plasma and seminal plasma with median concentrations of 8.84 ng/ml and 10.23 ng/ml, and 5.63 ng/ml and 5.43 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, protein-free concentrations of metabolites were only detectable in seminal plasma, where a novel dihdyroxylated metabolite of EFV was also detected. This accumulation of protein-free EFV metabolites was demonstrated to be the result of differential protein binding in seminal plasma compared with that of blood plasma. In addition, the oxidative metabolites of EFV did not present with any significant pharmacologic activity toward HIV-1 as measured using an HIV green fluorescent protein single-round infectivity assay. This study is the first to report the physiologic distribution of metabolites of an antiretroviral into biologic compartments that the virus is known to distribute and to examine their anti-HIV activity. These data suggest that the male genital tract may be a novel compartment that should be considered in the evaluation of drug metabolite exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: VanAusdall
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: Namandjé N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Bumpus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; C098320:efavirenz