title: Markers of microbial translocation and risk of AIDS-related lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depletion of gut-associated lymphocytes by HIV infection facilitates microbial translocation, which may contribute to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk via chronic immune activation and B-cell hyperstimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We therefore examined associations of four microbial translocation markers with subsequent NHL risk in a case-control study nested within four prospective cohort studies of HIV-infected individuals. Prediagnostic blood specimens for 56 NHL cases and 190 controls matched for age, sex, race, specimen type, cohort, and CD4 T-cell count were tested for the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), antiendotoxin core antibody (EndoCab), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and soluble CD14 (sCD14).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of sCD14 were associated with significantly increased NHL risk [odds ratio (OR) 2.72 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.29-5.76)]. In subgroup analyses, elevated LPS levels were also associated with significantly increased NHL risk [OR 3.24 (95% CI 1.10-9.53)]. EndoCab and LBP levels were not associated with NHL risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of sCD14 and LPS with NHL risk supports an etiologic role for gut microbial translocation in lymphomagenesis among HIV-infected individuals. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these observations.
authors.affiliation: Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA. morgan.marks@nih.gov
authors.forename: Morgan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rager
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D016483:Lymphoma, AIDS-Related / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers