title: Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biosolid amended soil, influent, effluent, receiving water, and sediment of wastewater treatment plants in Canada.
abstract: A comprehensive surveillance program was conducted to determine the occurrence of three cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in environmental compartments impacted by wastewater effluent discharges. Eleven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), representative of those found in Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec, Canada, were investigated to determine levels of cVMS in their influents and effluents. In addition, receiving water and sediment impacted by WWTP effluents, and biosolid-amended soil from agricultural fields were also analyzed for a preliminary evaluation of the environmental exposure of cVMS in media impacted by wastewater effluent and solids. A newly-developed large volume injection (septumless head adapter and cooled injection system) gas chromatography - mass spectrometry method was used to avoid contamination originating from instrumental analysis. Concentrations of D4, D5, and D6 in influents to the 11 WWTPs were in the range 0.282-6.69μgL(-1), 7.75-135μgL(-1), and 1.53-26.9μgL(-1), respectively. In general, wastewater treatment showed cVMS removal rates of greater than 92%, regardless of treatment type. The D4, D5, and D6 concentration ranges in effluent were <0.009-0.045μgL(-1), <0.027-1.56μgL(-1), and <0.022-0.093μgL(-1), respectively. The concentrations in receiving water influenced by effluent, were lower compared to those in effluent in most cases, with the ranges <0.009-0.023μgL(-1), <0.027-1.48μgL(-1), and <0.022-0.151μgL(-1) for D4, D5, and D6, respectively. Sediment concentrations ranged from <0.003-0.049μgg(-1)dw, 0.011-5.84μgg(-1)dw, and 0.004-0.371μgg(-1)dw for D4, D5, and D6, respectively. The concentrations in biosolid-amended soil, having values of <0.008-0.017μgg(-1)dw, <0.007-0.221μgg(-1)dw, and <0.009-0.711μgg(-1)dw for D4, D5, and D6, respectively, were lower than those in sediment impacted by wastewater effluent in most cases. In comparison with the no-observed-effected concentrations (NOEC) and IC50 (concentration that causes 50% inhibition of the response) values, the potential risks to aquatic, sediment-dwelling, and terrestrial organisms from these reported concentrations are low.
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: De-Gao
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Zackery
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Grazina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacepavicius
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Shirley Anne
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinsman
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaee
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D011792:Quebec; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012833:Siloxanes; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C114768:decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; C024064:octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane; C542115:dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane