title: Anti-inflammatory action of Tamarind seeds reduces hyperglycemic excursion by repressing pancreatic β-cell damage and normalizing SREBP-1c concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tamarindus indica L. (Leguminosae) is widely used as a traditional medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India, in addition to its anti-inflammatory activity. The present study has been designed to understand the correlation involved between antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory action of aqueous seed extract of T. indica (TSE) in diabetic rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In view of the fact that fatty acid synthesis and insulin release from islets of pancreas are regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1c) and cytosolic calcium, respectively, the objectives of present study were to determine the influence of TSE on SREBP-1c mRNA and to investigate the intracellular islets calcium [Ca²⁺](I) involvement and β-cell mass preservation in insulin secretagogue action of TSE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of 4 weeks oral treatment (120 and 240 mg/kg) of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standardized TSE was studied in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and a spectrofluorometer were used for mRNA concentration and islets [Ca²⁺](I) determination, respectively. The TUNEL assay was followed to study the pancreatic apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSE (120 and 240 mg/kg) showed positive correlation with [Ca²⁺](I) and insulin release. The anti-inflammatory action of TSE was significant on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in addition to a favorable effect on β-cell neogenesis and improved mRNA concentration of SREBP-1c.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that anti-inflammatory action of Tamarind seeds on β-cell cells of islets and cytokines contribute toward its antidiabetic activity by way of complex mechanisms of [Ca²⁺](I) handling and through SREBP-1c gene in liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. sush.sole@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sushant S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sole
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Atul S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Akarte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007194:India; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029861:Tamarindus / Q000737:chemistry*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide