title: The nitrogen source impacts major volatile compounds released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during alcoholic fermentation.
abstract: Sulphur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are generally found in very low concentrations in grape-juice. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of methionine on aroma compounds formation. Nitrogen source effects on growth, fermentative behaviour and aroma compounds formation were evaluated in three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivated in batch under moderate nitrogen concentration, 267mg YAN/L, supplied as di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), a mixture of amino acids with (AA) or without methionine (AA(wMet)), and a mixture of AA plus DAP. Fermentative vigour and final biomass yields were dependent on the nitrogen source, for each of the strains tested, in particular for EC1118. Additionally, despite the strain-dependent behaviour with respect to the basal level of H(2)S produced, the comparison of treatments AA and AA(wMet) showed that presence of methionine suppressed H(2)S production in all strains tested, and altered aroma compound formation, particularly some of those associated with fruity and floral characters which were consistently more produced in AA(wMet). Moreover, DAP supplementation resulted in a remarkable increase in H(2)S formation, but no correlation between sulphide produced and yeast fermentative vigour was observed. Results suggest that the use of different nitrogen sources results in the production of wines with divergent aroma profiles, most notably when EC1118 strain is used. Methionine determination and its management prior to fermentation are crucial for suppressing H(2)S and to endowing beverages with diverse sensory traits.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, (IBB/CGB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Arlete
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendes-Faia
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendes-Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C024788:ammonium phosphate; D008715:Methionine; D009584:Nitrogen; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide