title: Combining autofluorescence and narrow band imaging with image analysis in the evaluation of preneoplastic lesions in the bronchus and larynx.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autofluorescence (AF) techniques improve the diagnostic yield of white light inspection for preneoplastic lesions in the bronchus and head and neck region. Although highly sensitive, AF has poor specificity, particularly in situations where there have been earlier biopsies or treatments such as radiotherapy. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a newer imaging technique that enhances the early abnormal angiogenesis seen in preneoplastic lesions. NBI has higher specificity when compared with AF. We aimed to combine these imaging modalities, using AF as an effective screening tool and NBI to confirm AF findings. We also used computer-assisted image analysis techniques to give objective confirmation to our visual inspection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients were selected for image analysis of their NBI images using the L*a*b* color scale in manually drawn regions of interest of biopsy-confirmed areas. Each case compared pathology with a different benign condition: normal tissue, postbiopsy effect, and postradiation therapy change. Patients had white light followed by AF inspection. Abnormal areas of AF were cross-examined with NBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NBI clearly showed dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. It also confirmed abnormal fluorescence because of earlier biopsies and radiation therapy. Analysis of the L*a*b* color space scale in each case showed segmentation between pathology and the benign tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be additive and discriminatory benefits of NBI after AF inspection. Further study with computer-assisted color segmentation techniques and image analysis is required before optical diagnosis can become a reality in bronchoscopic techniques in the future.
authors.affiliation: *The Department of Thoracic Medicine §The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital ‡The Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Herston †The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Phan Tien
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salvado
authors.forename: Ian Brent
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Camile S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fielding