title: Successful tocilizumab treatment in a child with refractory Takayasu arteritis.
abstract: Takayasu arteritis (TA) in the child remains a therapeutic challenge because corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive agents are not always safe or efficacious. The complex formed by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor appears to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of TA. We describe a favorable response to the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab (TCZ) in a child with aggressive and refractory TA including an assessment of the proinflammatory cytokine profile. A 3-year-old girl with TA consisting of thickening of the aortic arch wall, severe obstruction of the supra-aortic branches, and complete occlusion of both common carotid arteries failed to respond to corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor α blockade, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil, and 3 years later, the disease remained active with severe manifestations (brain ischemia). The patient underwent percutaneous angioplasty, although significant restenosis was soon documented. After a severe relapse, the patient started TCZ infusions (8 mg/kg for 2 weeks), and a rapid clinical remission was observed, associated with a drastic reduction of inflammatory markers and IL-6 levels. Corticosteroids were withdrawn, the patient's weight and height improved, and bone mineral density values returned to normal. Two years later, TCZ infusions were extended, with no significant side effects. Cerebral ischemia resolved, and recanalization of the previously occluded supra-aortic branches was performed.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain. beatrizbravo.m@gmail.com
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bravo Mancheño
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perin
authors.forename: María Del Mar Rodrí
authors.initials: Mdel M
authors.lastname: Guez Vázquez Del Rey
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García Sánchez
authors.forename: Pedro Pablo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Alcázar Romero
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D057915:Drug Substitution; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D013349:Subclavian Steal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D013625:Takayasu Arteritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; C502936:tocilizumab; D011241:Prednisone