title: Heterogeneity of ryanodine receptor dysfunction in a mouse model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) mutations associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) are postulated to cause a distinctive form of Ca(2+) release dysfunction. Considering the spread distribution of CPVT mutations, we hypothesized that dysfunctional heterogeneity also was feasible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which a novel RyR2-V2475F mutation associated with CPVT in humans triggers Ca(2+)-dependent arrhythmias in whole hearts and intact mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant channels harboring CPVT-linked RyR2 mutations were functionally characterized using tritiated ryanodine binding and single-channel recordings. Homologous recombination was used to generate a knock-in mouse bearing the RyR2-V2475F mutation. Ventricular myocytes from mice heterozygous for the mutation (RyR2-V2475F(+/-)) and their wild-type littermates were Ca(2+)-imaged by confocal microscopy under conditions that mimic stress. The propensity of wild-type and RyR2-V2475F(+/-) mice to have development of arrhythmias was tested at the whole heart level and in intact animals. Recombinant RyR2-V2475F channels displayed increased cytosolic Ca(2+) activation, abnormal protein kinase A phosphorylation, and increased activation by luminal Ca(2+). The RyR2-V2475F mutation appears embryonic-lethal in homozygous mice, but heterozygous mice have no alterations at baseline. Spontaneous Ca(2+) release events were more frequent and had shorter latency in isoproterenol-stimulated cardiomyocytes from RyR2-V2475F(+/-) hearts, but their threshold was unchanged with respect to wild-type. Adrenergically triggered tachyarrhythmias were more frequent in RyR2-V2475F(+/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mutation RyR2-V2475F is phenotypically strong among other CPVT mutations and produces heterogeneous mechanisms of RyR2 dysfunction. In living mice, this mutation appears too severe to be harbored in all RyR2 channels but remains undetected under basal conditions if expressed at relatively low levels. β-adrenergic stimulation breaks the delicate Ca(2+) equilibrium of RyR2-V2475F(+/-) hearts and triggers life-threatening arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loaiza
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Benkusky
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noujaim
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalife
authors.forename: Héctor H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Valdivia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000502:physiology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000098850:Polymorphic Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia
chemical_list: D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel