title: Native amorphous nanoheterogeneity in gallium germanosilicates as a tool for driving Ga2O3 nanocrystal formation in glass for optical devices.
abstract: Nanoparticles in amorphous oxides are a powerful tool for embedding a wide range of functions in optical glasses, which are still the best solutions in several applications in the ever growing field of photonics. However, the control of the nanoparticle size inside the host material is often a challenging task, even more challenging when detrimental effects on light transmittance have to be avoided. Here we show how the process of phase separation and subsequent nanocrystallization of a Ga-oxide phase can be controlled in germanosilicates - prototypal systems in optical telecommunications - starting from a Ga-modified glass composition designed to favour uniform liquid-liquid phase separation in the melt. Small angle neutron scattering data demonstrate that nanosized structuring occurs in the amorphous as-quenched glass and gives rise to initially smaller nanoparticles, by heating, as in a secondary phase separation. By further heating, the nanophase evolves with an increase of nanoparticle gyration radius, from a few nm to a saturation value of about 10 nm, through an initial growing process followed by an Ostwald ripening mechanism. Nanoparticles finally crystallize, as indicated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, as γ-Ga(2)O(3)- a metastable gallium oxide polymorph. Infrared reflectance and photoluminescence, together with the optical absorption of Ni ions used as a probe, give an indication of the underlying interrelated processes of the structural change in the glass and in the segregated phase. As a result, our data give for the first time a rationale for designing Ga-modified germanosilicates at the nanoscale, with the perspective of a detailed nanostructuring control.
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory of Glass-based Functional Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square 9, 125190 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Sigaev
authors.forename: Nikita V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Golubev
authors.forename: Elena S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ignat'eva
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Champagnon
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vouagner
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nardou
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paleari
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005857:Germanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D007909:Lenses; D008422:Materials Testing; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D017640:Silicates; D005857:Germanium; C038863:gallium oxide; D005708:Gallium