title: Effect of age on the clinical presentation of incident symptomatic urolithiasis in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We characterized variation in the clinical presentation between older and younger first time symptomatic stone formers in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents with their first diagnostic code for urolithiasis between 1984 and 2003. Chart validated symptomatic stone formers had a confirmed stone by imaging or stone passage. Clinical presentation characteristics were compared between age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 3,473 charts reviewed there were 1,590 validated incident symptomatic stone formers (mean age 43 years, range 18 to 96). Older individuals were more likely to present with atypical or no pain, fever, diarrhea, pyuria, urinary tract infections and bacteremia (p <0.001). Stone size and location did not differ by patient age. Calcium phosphate stone disease was associated with younger age, while uric acid stone and atypical stone composition was associated with older age (p <0.001). Older individuals were less likely to pass the stone spontaneously and were more likely to require surgical intervention (p <0.001). Surgical intervention was required in 516 (32.5%) individuals. Younger individuals were more likely to undergo ureteroscopy while older individuals were more likely to undergo shock wave lithotripsy, temporizing stent placement and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of stone disease in older individuals can be challenging due to atypical pain or absence of pain, as well as the presence of other comorbid conditions such as urinary tract infections and diarrhea. A higher index of suspicion for urolithiasis may be needed in the elderly for a more timely diagnosis and intervention to prevent morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Krambeck.amy@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Krambeck
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lieske
authors.forename: Xujian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bergstralh
authors.forename: L Joseph
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Melton
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rule
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult