title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress upregulates protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and impairs glucose uptake in cultured myotubes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been recognised as a common pathway in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of insulin signalling and is localised on the ER membrane. The aim of the study was to investigate the cross-talk between ER stress and PTP1B.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob), Ptp1b (also known as Ptpn1) knockout and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a high-fat or normal-chow diet for 20 weeks. ER stress was induced in cultured myotubes by treatment with tunicamycin. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to assess proteins involved in the ER stress response. Myotube glucose uptake was determined by measuring 2-deoxy[(3)H]glucose incorporation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high-fat diet induced ER stress and PTP1B expression in the muscle tissue of mice and these responses were attenuated by treatment with the ER chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Cultured myotubes exhibited increased levels of PTP1B in response to tunicamycin treatment. Silencing of Ptp1b with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or overexpression of Ptp1b with adenovirus construct failed to alter the levels of ER stress. Ptp1b knockout mice did not differ from the wild-type mice in the extent of tunicamycin-induced upregulation of glucose-regulated protein-78. However, tunicamycin-induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-2 were significantly attenuated in the Ptp1b knockout mice. Treatment with TUDCA or silencing of PTP1B reversed tunicamycin-induced blunted myotube glucose uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that PTP1B is activated by ER stress and is required for full-range activation of ER stress pathways in mediating insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panzhinskiy
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; C031655:ursodoxicoltaurine; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D005947:Glucose