title: Impact of exacerbations on health care cost and resource utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with chronic bronchitis from a predominantly Medicare population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lead to significant increases in resource utilization and cost to the health care system. COPD patients with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations pose an additional burden to the system. This study examined health care utilization and cost among these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this retrospective analysis, data were extracted from a large national health plan with a predominantly Medicare population. This study involved patients who were aged 40-89 years, had been enrolled continuously for 24 months or more, had at least two separate insurance claims for COPD with chronic bronchitis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 491.xx), and had pharmacy claims for COPD maintenance medications between January 1, 2007, and March 31, 2009. Two years of data were examined for each patient; the index date was defined as the first occurrence of COPD. Baseline characteristics were obtained from the first year of data, with health outcomes tracked in the second year. Severe exacerbation was defined by COPD-related hospitalization or death; moderate exacerbation was defined by oral or parenteral corticosteroid use. Adjusted numbers of exacerbations and COPD-related costs per patient were estimated controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final study sample involved 8554 patients; mean age was 70.1±8.6 years and 49.8% of the overall population had exacerbation, 13.9% had a severe exacerbation only, 29.1% had a moderate exacerbation only, and 6.8% had both a severe and moderate exacerbation. COPD-related mean annual costs were $4069 (all figures given in US dollars) for the overall population and $6381 for patients with two or more exacerbations. All-cause health care costs were $18,976 for the overall population and $23,901 for patients with history of two or more exacerbations. Severity of exacerbations, presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and long-term oxygen use were associated with higher adjusted costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that despite treatment with maintenance medications, COPD patients continue to have exacerbations resulting in higher costs. New medications and disease management interventions are warranted to reduce the severity and frequency of exacerbations and the related cost impact of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Competitive Health Analytics, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. mpasquale@humana.com
authors.forename: Margaret K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pasquale
authors.forename: Shawn X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hartnett
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stemkowski
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D003363:Cost Control; D018450:Disease Progression; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones