title: Human tissue-engineered colon forms from postnatal progenitor cells: an in vivo murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Loss of colon reservoir function after colectomy can adversely affect patient outcomes. In previous work, human fetal intestinal cells developed epithelium without mesenchyme following implantation in mice. However, for humans, postnatal tissue would be the preferred donor source. We generated tissue-engineered colon (TEC) from postnatal human organoid units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organoid units were prepared from human colon waste specimens, loaded onto biodegradable scaffolds and implanted into immunocompromised mice. After 4 weeks, human TEC was harvested. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed human origin, identified differentiated epithelial cell types and verified the presence of supporting mesenchyme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human TEC demonstrated a simple columnar epithelium. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated human origin and the three differentiated cell types of mature colon epithelium. Key mesenchymal components (smooth muscle, intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts and ganglion cells) were seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colon can form from human progenitor cells on a scaffold in a mouse host. This proof-of-concept experiment is an important step in transitioning TEC to human therapy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Division of Pediatric Surgery, 4650 Sunset Boulevard Mailstop #35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Barthel
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: Frédéric G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Torashima
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Tracy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Grikscheit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*