title: [Distribution of chromium in whole blood and urine among general population in China between year 2009 and 2010].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the chromium (Cr) levels in blood and urine among general population in China between 2009 and 2010, and thereby to analyze its prevalent features.
  
  
  METHODS
  From year 2009 to 2010, a total of 11 983 subjects of general population aged between 6 and 60 year-old were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland, by cluster random sampling method. The information about their living environment and health status were collected by questionnaire, and 11 983 blood samples and 11 853 urine samples were also collected. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to test the Cr level both in blood and urine; and the Cr distribution in blood and urine among groups of population in different ages, genders and districts, were then analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of Cr concentration in blood was 1.19 µg/L, with median at 1.74 µg /L and 95% percentile at 5.59 µg/L. The Cr concentration in blood among males and females were separately 1.18 µg/L and 1.20 µg/L(P > 0.05); while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 1.00, 1.22, 1.01, 1.40, 1.27 and 1.30 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively; and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 1.00, 1.70 and 1.98 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively. Among general population, the GM of Cr concentration in urine was 0.53 µg/L, with median was lower than 0.42 µg/L and 95% percentile at 3.53 µg/L. The Cr concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.52 µg/L and 0.53 µg/L (P > 0.05);while its GM in the groups of population aged 6 - 12, 12 - 16, 16 - 20, 20 - 30, 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years old were 0.56, 0.60, 0.52, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.46 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively;and the figures in populations from eastern, central and western China were 0.58, < 0.42 and 0.60 µg/L (P < 0.01), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study reported the Cr levels in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby provided basic data evidence for the following Cr biological monitoring studies in near future.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Chun-guang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ya-juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Ai-hua
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bang-hua
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Han-lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: De-ye
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bao-li
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Shan-zhuo
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Xian-long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chun-xiang
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chang-cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hong-rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Shan-fa
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiao-xi
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Long-lian
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu-xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Hui-fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002857:Chromium / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium