title: Differential expression of Toll-like receptor pathway genes in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is characterized by the down-regulation of a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathway and such a deficiency within the innate immune system may contribute to the inflammatory process of CRSsNP. In contrast, the inflammatory process found in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by an excessively activated TLR-mediated signaling pathway, which may contribute to the formation of nasal polyps. This study suggests that the pathophysiologic mechanism of CRSsNP and CRSwNP is different.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The nasal mucosa expresses a variety of TLRs that serve in recognizing microorganisms. We investigated the gene expression of a TLR-mediated signaling pathway within two distinctive patient subgroups: CRSwNP and CRSsNP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 78 subjects with CRS and 23 control subjects. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate tissues for the expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, their downstream signaling components, MyD88 and TRIF, and associated cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and IL-4 were significantly increased in CRSwNP patients when compared with either CRSsNP patients or control subjects, whereas TLR4 and TLR7, and downstream MyD88 were significantly decreased in CRSsNP patients versus patients from CRSwNP and control subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Cheng-Shuo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: De-Min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Er-Zhong
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors