title: The association of n-3 fatty acids with serum High Density Cholesterol (HDL) is modulated by sex but not by Inuit ancestry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between dietary n-3 fatty acids and serum lipids in a population with a high intake of marine food. Specifically to test interaction with sex and ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained from 2280 Inuit who participated in a countrywide health survey in Greenland in 2005-2009. n-3 intake was estimated from an FFQ and analyses of Red Blood Cell (RBC) membranes. Serum total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride were analysed. Obesity was measured. Information on ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity was obtained from an interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, obesity, ethnicity, alcohol, and smoking serum HDL, LDL and triglyceride were associated with n-3 intake estimated as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in RBC membranes. For HDL the interaction between EPA and sex was significant (p < 0.001). No significant interactions were observed for EPA and ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive association of EPA with serum HDL and LDL and a negative association with triglyceride was observed among both men and women. For HDL, the association was stronger for men. The association of EPA with serum HDL was similar among Inuit with full Inuit ancestry and those with part Inuit ancestry. Diet and overweight are both realistic candidates for a population based intervention against dyslipidemia. Further studies of ethnic differences in the effect of n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Research in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. pb@niph.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006116:Greenland; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3