title: Observational study of the association of first insulin type in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes with macrovascular and microvascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the risk of vascular disease, HbA1c and weight change, between first prescribed insulins in people with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  People included in THIN United Kingdom primary care record database who began insulin (2000-2007) after poor control on oral glucose-lowering agents (OGLD) were grouped by the number of OGLDs in their treatment regimen immediately before starting insulin (n = 3,485). Within OGLD group, Cox regression compared macrovascular (all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome and stroke) and microvascular disease (peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy) between insulin type (basal, pre-mix or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn, NPH) while ANCOVAs compared haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) and weight change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up was 3.6 years. Rates of incident macrovascular events were similar when basal insulin was compared to pre-mix or NPH, adjusted hazard ratio versus basal: pre-mix 1.08 (95% CI 0.73, 1.59); NPH 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) after two OGLDs, and pre-mix 0.97 (0.46, 2.02); NPH 0.77 (0.32, 1.86) after three OGLDs. An increased risk of microvascular disease in NPH versus basal after 3 OGLDs, adjusted hazard ratio 1.87 (1.04, 3.36), was not seen after two agents or in comparisons of basal and pre-mix. At one year, after two OGLDs, weight increase was less with basal compared with pre-mix. After three OGLDs, mean HbA(1c) had reduced less in basal versus pre-mix or NPH at 6-8 and at 9-11 months, and versus pre-mix at 12-14 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no difference in the risk of macrovascular events between first insulins in the medium term when started during poor glycaemia control. The increased risk of microvascular events with NPH warrants further study. In certain groups, first use of basal insulin was associated with less gain in weight and decrease in HbA(1c) compared to other insulins.
authors.affiliation: Grimsdyke House, London, United Kingdom. gillian_hall@gchall.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: Gillian C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Home
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001835:Body Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061385:Insulins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D061385:Insulins; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human