title: Interspecific effects of 4A-DNT (4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) in Japanese quail, Northern bobwhite, and Zebra finch.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the toxicological effects of two munition compounds, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A-DNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), on three different bird species: two common toxicological model species-the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and the Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica), and a representative passerine-the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Bobwhite were exposed to 4A-DNT at 0, 8, 15, 30, 60, or 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) d by oral gavage for seven days; because the high dose of 4A-DNT was lethal to bobwhite, the maximum dose was changed to 100 mg/kg bw d for Japanese quail and finches to ensure tissue could be used for future toxicogenomic work. RDX was similarly administered at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, or 12 mg/kg bw d. Blood was drawn prior to euthanasia for blood cellularity and chemistry analyses. Finches were clearly least affected by 4A-DNT as evidenced by a lack of observable effects. Bobwhite appeared to be the most sensitive species to 4A-DNT as observed through changes in blood cellularity and plasma chemistry effects. Bobwhite appeared to be more sensitive to RDX than Japanese Quail due to increased effects on measures of plasma chemistries. Finches exhibited the greatest sensitivity to RDX through increased mortality and seizure activity. This study suggests that sensitivity among species is chemical-specific and provides data that could be used to refine current avian sensitivity models used in ecological risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: US Army Public Health Command, Toxicology Portfolio, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. michael.james.quinn@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Alicia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shiflett
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gust
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003088:Colinus / Q000097:blood; D003370:Coturnix / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D046369:Finches / Q000097:blood; D011156:Population Density; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D053834:Explosive Agents; D014227:Triazines; C035207:4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene; C009160:cyclonite