title: Increased occurrence of disorders of sex development, prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction in children with proximal hypospadias associated with undescended testes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proximal hypospadias represents 20% of hypospadias cases, which are considered to have a higher incidence of associated urological, nonurological, developmental and sexual development disorders, and chromosomal anomalies. We compared associated anomalies in boys with proximal hypospadias and undescended testis with those in boys with proximal hypospadias and descended testes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 69 boys who underwent 2-stage hypospadias repair for proximal hypospadias at a single institution during the 11-year period of 2001 to 2011. Collected data included demographics, birth history, associated urological and extra-urological anomalies, karyotype analysis and gonad palpability. Patients were divided into group 1-those with proximal hypospadias and undescended testis, and group 2-those with proximal hypospadias and descended testes. Statistical analysis was performed using the 2-tailed Fisher exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 patients (25%) in group 1 with a median age of 2.2 years and 52 in group 2 (75%) with a median age of 2 years. Children in group 1 had a higher incidence of XY nondysgenetic testicular sexual development disorder (8 vs 11, p = 0.06), premature birth (9 vs 10, p = 0.01) and intrauterine growth restriction (8 each) than children in group 2 (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction are significantly associated with proximal hypospadias and undescended testis. Also, due to the 28% incidence of an underlying sexual development disorder, male infants with proximal hypospadias should undergo multidisciplinary evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Prabhu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sekaran
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flett
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cascio
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies