title: Influence of gender on ischemic times and outcomes after ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
abstract: Previous studies investigating the influence of gender on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction have reported conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of gender on ischemic times and outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in modern practice. The present multicenter registry included consecutive patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention at 3 hospitals. Adjusted mortality rates were calculated using Cox proportional-hazards analyses. In total, 3,483 patients were included, of whom 868 were women (25%). Women were older, had a higher risk factor burden, and more frequently had histories of malignancy. Men more often had cardiac histories and peripheral vascular disease. Ischemic times were longer in women (median 192 minutes [interquartile range 141 to 286] vs 175 minutes [interquartile range 128 to 279] in men, p = 0.002). However, multivariate linear regression showed that this was due to age and co-morbidity. All-cause mortality was higher at 7 days (6.0% in women vs 3.0% in men, p <0.001) and at 1 year (9.9% in women vs 6.6% in men, p = 0.001). After adjustment, female gender predicted 7 day all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.46) and cardiac mortality (hazard ratio 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 2.42) but not 1-year mortality. Moreover, gender was an independent effect modifier for cardiogenic shock, leading to substantially worse outcomes in women. In conclusion, ischemic times remain longer in women because of age and co-morbidity. Female gender independently predicted early all-cause and cardiac mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and a strong interaction between gender and cardiogenic shock was observed.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Velders
authors.forename: Helèn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: Adrianus J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Boven
authors.forename: Bas L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Anton A C M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Heestermans
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cannegieter
authors.forename: Victor A W M
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Umans
authors.forename: J Wouter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
authors.forename: Sjoerd H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hofma
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome