title: Reducing all-cause mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among patients with psychiatric disorders, there are 10 times as many preventable deaths from physical disorders as there are from suicide. We investigated whether compulsory community treatment, such as community treatment orders, could reduce all-cause mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based survival analysis of an inception cohort using record linking. The study period extended from November 1997 to December 2008. The cohort included patients from all community-based and inpatient psychiatric services in Western Australia (state population 1.8 million). We used a 2-stage design of matching and Cox regression to adjust for demographic characteristics, previous use of health services, diagnosis and length of psychiatric history. We collected data on successive cohorts for each year for which community treatment orders were used to measure changes in numbers of patients, their characteristics and outcomes. Our primary outcome was 2-year all-cause mortality. Our secondary outcomes were 1-and 3-year all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 2958 patients with community treatment orders (cases) and 2958 matched controls (i.e., patients with psychiatric disorders who had not received a community treatment order). The average age for cases and controls was 36.7 years, and 63.7% (3771) of participants were men. Schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychoses were the most common diagnoses (73.4%) among participants. A total of 492 patients (8.3%) died during the study. Cox regression showed that, compared with controls, patients with community treatment orders had significantly lower all-cause mortality at 1, 2 and 3 years, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.45-0.86) at 2 years. The greatest effect was on death from physical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular disease or diseases of the central nervous system. This association disappeared when we adjusted for increased outpatient and community contacts with psychiatric services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community treatment orders might reduce mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders. This may be partly explained by increased contact with health services in the community. However, the effects of uncontrolled confounders cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Australia. s.kisely@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kisely
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Louise
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D007297:Inpatients; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D037141:Mandatory Programs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D057216:Propensity Score; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology