title: Remediation of residents in difficulty:  a retrospective 10-year review of the experience of a postgraduate board of examiners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, through a 10-year review, (1) the prevalence of residents in difficulty, (2) characteristics of these residents, (3) areas of residents' weakness, and (4) outcomes of residents who undergo remediation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of resident records for the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine's (UT-FOM) Board of Examiners for Postgraduate Programs (BOE-PG) was done from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2009 using predetermined data elements entered into a standardized form and analyzed for trends and significance. Outcomes for residents in difficulty were tracked through university registration systems and licensure databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 10 years, 103 UT-FOM residents were referred to the BOE-PG, representing 3% of all residents enrolled. The annual prevalence of residents referred to the BOE-PG ranged from 0.2% to 1.5%. The CanMEDS framework was used to classify areas of residents' weaknesses and organize remediation plans. All 100 residents studied had either medical expertise (85%) or professionalism (15%) weaknesses or both. Residents had difficulties with an average of 2.6 CanMEDS Roles, with highest frequencies of Medical Expert (85%) Professional (51%), Communicator (49%), Manager (43%), and Collaborator (20%). Often, there were multiple remediation periods, with an average of six months' duration. Usually, remediation was successful; 78% completed residency education, 17% were unsuccessful, and 5% remained in training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residents in difficulty have multiple areas of weakness. The CanMEDS framework is an effective approach to classifying problems and designing remediation plans. Successful completion of residency education after remediation is the most common outcome.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zbieranowski
authors.forename: Susan Glover
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Sarita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Salvatore M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Spadafora
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008007:Licensure, Medical; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D012073:Remedial Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies