title: Patient-specific modeling of facial soft tissue based on radial basis functions transformations of a standard three-dimensional finite element model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important purpose of orthodontic treatment is to gain the harmonic soft tissue profile. This article describes a novel way to build patient-specific models of facial soft tissues by transforming a standard finite element (FE) model into one that has two stages: a first transformation and a second transformation, so as to evaluate the facial soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment for individual patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radial basis functions (RBFs) interpolation method was used to transform the standard FE model into a patient-specific one based on landmark points. A combined strategy for selecting landmark points was developed in this study: manually for the first transformation and automatically for the second transformation. Four typical patients were chosen to validate the effectiveness of this transformation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed good similarity between the transformed FE models and the computed tomography (CT) models. The absolute values of average deviations were in the range of 0.375 - 0.700 mm at the lip-mouth region after the first transformation, and they decreased to a range of 0.116 - 0.286 mm after the second transformation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modeling results show that the second transformation resulted in enhanced accuracy compared to the first transformation. Because of these results, a third transformation is usually not necessary.
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hang-di
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tian-min
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qi-guo
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Rong
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005145:Face; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical