title: Presumed non-accidental injury with retinal haemorrhages--findings from a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and demographic features of patients with retinal haemorrhages from presumed non-accidental injury (NAI) at a tertiary referral centre in Leeds over a 2-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with retinal haemorrhages from presumed NAI between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2008 were retrospectively identified from the hospital RetCam® (Clarity Medical System, Pleasanton, CA, USA) database. Case-notes, fundus photographs and radiological studies were retrieved for all patients and examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period, 14 infants had retinal haemorrhages secondary to presumed NAI. All were male with a mean age of 18 ± 15 weeks (range 2-47) and came from areas with a mean Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD 2007) rank of 34 ± 27% (range 0.97-68). Seizure/collapse was the reason for presentation in 71% (10/14). Retinal haemorrhages were bilateral in 64% (9/14) and unilateral in 36% (5/14). They were single-layered in 71% (10/14) and multi-layered in 29% (4/14). Subdural haemorrhages were found in 93% (13/14) and were symmetrical in 77% (10/13). Skeletal survey was positive in 28% (4/14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of presumed NAI, there is a strong association between presence of retinal haemorrhages and the likelihood of underlying subdural haemorrhage. In this region, male infants under 12 months, from deprived areas, appear to constitute a vulnerable group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK. zia.carrim@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Zia I
authors.initials: ZI
authors.lastname: Carrim
authors.forename: Esmaeil M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Arbabi
authors.forename: Vernon W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology