title: 2009 Pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 in Morocco, 2009-2010: epidemiology, transmissibility, and factors associated with fatal cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following the emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) in the United States and Mexico in April 2009, A(H1N1)pdm09 spread rapidly all over the world. There is a dearth of information about the epidemiology of A(H1N1)pdm09 in Africa, including Morocco. We describe the epidemiologic characteristics of the A(H1N1)pdm09 epidemic in Morocco during 2009-2010, including transmissibility and risk factors associated with fatal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We implemented influenza surveillance for patients presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) at 136 private and public clinics for patients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) at 16 regional public hospitals from June 2009 through February 2010. Respiratory samples and structured questionnaires were collected from all enrolled patients, and samples were tested by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for influenza viruses. We estimated the risk factors associated with fatal disease as well as the basic reproduction number (R(0)) and the serial interval of the pandemic virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From June 2009 through February 2010, we obtained 3937 specimens, of which 1452 tested positive for influenza virus. Of these, 1398 (96%) were A(H1N1)pdm09. Forty percent of specimens from ILI cases (1056 of 2646) and 27% from SARI cases (342 of 1291) were positive for A(H1N1)pdm09. Sixty-four deaths occurred among laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 SARI cases. Among these cases, those who had hypertension (age-adjusted odd ratio [aOR], 28.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-398.7), had neurological disorders (aOR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.5-36.4), or were obese (aOR, 7.1; 95% CI, 1.6-31.1), as well as women of gestational age who were pregnant (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6), were at increased risk of death. Across the country, elevated numbers of locally acquired infections were detected 4 months after the detection of the first laboratory-confirmed case and coincided with the expected influenza season (October-January) in Morocco. We obtained an R(0) estimate of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.32-1.56) and a mean serial interval (±SD) of 2.3 ± 1.4 days (95% CI, 1.6-3.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Widespread but delayed community transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 occurred in Morocco in 2009, and A(H1N1)pdm09 became the dominant influenza virus subtype during the 2009-2010 influenza season. The transmissibility characteristics were similar to those observed in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Référence de la Grippe, Institut National d'Hygiène, Ministère de la Santé, Rabat, Morocco. amal.barakat@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihazmad
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: El Falaki
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tempia
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cherkaoui
authors.forename: Rajae
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El Aouad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D012634:Bodily Secretions / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000821:virology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D055815:Young Adult