title: Metabolic gene remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction in failing right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) is the most frequent cause of death in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although abnormal energy substrate use has been implicated in the development of chronic left heart failure, data describing such metabolic remodeling in RVD remain incomplete. Thus, we sought to characterize metabolic gene expression changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in functional and dysfunctional RV hypertrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two different rat models of RV hypertrophy were studied. The model of RVD (SU5416/hypoxia) exhibited a significantly decreased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and estrogen-related receptor-α. The expression of multiple peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α target genes required for fatty acid oxidation was similarly decreased. Decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression was also associated with a net loss of mitochondrial protein and oxidative capacity. Reduced mitochondrial number was associated with a downregulation of transcription factor A, mitochondrial, and other genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Electron microscopy demonstrated that, in RVD tissue, mitochondria had abnormal shape and size. Lastly, respirometric analysis demonstrated that mitochondria isolated from RVD tissue had a significantly reduced ADP-stimulated (state 3) rate for complex I. Conversely, functional RV hypertrophy in the pulmonary artery banding model showed normal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, whereas the expression of fatty acid oxidation genes was either preserved or unregulated. Moreover, pulmonary artery banding-RV tissue exhibited preserved transcription factor A mitochondrial expression and mitochondrial respiration despite elevated RV pressure-overload.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right ventricular dysfunction, but not functional RV hypertrophy in rats, demonstrates a gene expression profile compatible with a multilevel impairment of fatty acid metabolism and significant mitochondrial dysfunction, partially independent of chronic pressure-overload.
authors.affiliation: Victoria Johnson Center for Lung Obstructive Disease Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez-Arroyo
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczepanek
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Tassell
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: Cristobal G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: dos Remedios
authors.forename: Jennifer I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: Donatas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kraskauskas
authors.forename: Dayanjan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wijesinghe
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chalfant
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bigbee
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbate
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lesnefsky
authors.forename: Harm J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bogaard
authors.forename: Norbert F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Voelkel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D065627:Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D063269:Mitochondrial Turnover / Q000235:genetics*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000235:genetics*