title: Systematic review of health-related quality of life models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A systematic literature review was conducted to (a) identify the most frequently used health-related quality of life (HRQOL) models and (b) critique those models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online search engines were queried using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We reviewed titles, abstracts, and then full-text articles for their relevance to this review. Then the most commonly used models were identified, reviewed in tables, and critiqued using published criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,602 titles identified, 100 articles from 21 countries met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently used HRQOL models were: Wilson and Cleary (16%), Ferrans and colleagues (4%), or World Health Organization (WHO) (5%). Ferrans and colleagues' model was a revision of Wilson and Cleary's model and appeared to have the greatest potential to guide future HRQOL research and practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations are for researchers to use one of the three common HRQOL models unless there are compelling and clearly delineated reasons for creating new models. Disease-specific models can be derived from one of the three commonly used HRQOL models. We recommend Ferrans and colleagues' model because they added individual and environmental characteristics to the popular Wilson and Cleary model to better explain HRQOL. Using a common HRQOL model across studies will promote a coherent body of evidence that will more quickly advance the science in the area of HRQOL.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Nursing, 1111 Middle Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. tbakas@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Tamilyn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bakas
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McLennon
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buelow
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Otte
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Marsha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ellett
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011788:Quality of Life