title: Cardiovascular reactivity and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular reactivity has been examined as a risk marker or factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension or cardiovascular disease, but few have examined the relationship with the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress is associated with individual cardiometabolic risk factors and their co-occurrence. A significant positive relationship was hypothesized for both individual and clustered risk factors in their cross-sectional associations with reactivity to multiple stressors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 144, 15-17-year-old adolescents (74 % boys) largely from ethnic minority groups (54 % Hispanic White, 26 % Black) were identified at annual blood pressure (BP) screening (39 % with elevated BP) at high schools in Miami, Florida, USA. Participants completed the evaluated speaking, mirror star tracing, and cold pressor tasks, as well as cardiometabolic risk factor blood sampling. Participants were classified into metabolic syndrome criterion groups (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 criteria) based on American Heart Association adult criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analyses with individual metabolic syndrome variables demonstrated that diastolic (D)BP reactivity during the mirror star tracing task accounted for 1.3 %, 3.8 %, and 5.1 % of the respective variances in casual systolic BP, waist circumference, and triglycerides (ps < 0.05). In multinomial logistic regression models, increased DBP reactivity during mirror star tracing and cold pressor tasks, and decreased HR reactivity during the cold pressor, were associated with greater likelihood of risk factor co-occurrence (ranging from 8.3 % to 15.8 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that autonomic reactivity to the mirror star tracing and cold pressor tasks, but not the evaluated speaking task, is associated with risk factor co-occurrence, and reactivity may be a clinical prognosticator of cardiometabolic disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, 33146, Coral Gables, FL, USA, amanda.countryman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Countryman
authors.forename: Patrice G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Saab
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McCalla
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Llabre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL