title: Assessment of practice patterns of perioperative management of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in interventional pain management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of antithrombotic therapy is well known for its primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by decreasing the incidence of acute cerebral, cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and other thrombotic events. The overwhelming data show that the risk of thrombotic events is significantly higher than that of bleeding during surgery after antiplatelet drug discontinuation. It has been assumed that discontinuing antiplatelet therapy prior to performing interventional pain management techniques is a common practice, even though doing so may potentially increase the risk of acute cerebral and cardiovascular events. There are no data available concerning these events, specifically in relation to the occurrence of thromboembolic events, even though some data are available concerning bleeding complications. Even then, interventionalists seem to routinely discontinue all antithrombotic therapy prior to all interventional pain management techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the perioperative antiplatelet and anticoagulant practice patterns of US interventional pain management physicians as well as adverse events in patients on antithrombotic therapy who undergo interventional pain management techniques when that therapy is continued or stopped.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online survey of interventional pain management physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional pain management practices in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online survey was commissioned among 2,300 members of the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians. The survey was designed to assess practice patterns and complications encountered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,300 members surveyed, 325 responded. These results showed that all physicians discontinued warfarin therapy; whereas, 97% discontinued clopidogrel; 96% ticlopidine; 95% Aggrastat (tirofiban); 93% cilostazol, 85% dipyridamole, 60% aspirin 350 mg; 39% aspirin 81 mg; and 39% other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prior to performing interventional pain management techniques. The majority of physicians accepted an international normalized ratio of 1.5 or less as a safe level. An assessment of serious complications showed thromboembolic events were 3 times more frequent than bleeding complications: 162 thromboembolic events and 55 serious bleeding complications from epidural hematomas. Thromboembolic complications were severe and higher when antiplatelet therapy was discontinued. Bleeding complications from epidural hematomas were similar whether antiplatelet therapy was continued or discontinued (26 versus 29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was limited by its being an online survey of the membership of one organization in one country and that there was a 14% response rate. Underreporting in surveys is common. Further, the incidence of thromboembolic events or epidural hematomas may be misrepresented as a percentage since these drugs were continued in a very small percentage of patients. Consequently, the incidences described in this manuscript may not show appropriate percentages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results illustrate an overwhelming pattern of discontinuing antiplatelet and warfarin therapy as well as aspirin and other NSAIDs prior to performing interventional pain management techniques. However, thromboembolism complications may be 3 times more prevalent than epidural hematomas (162 versus 55 events). It is concluded that clinicians must balance the risks of thromboembolism and bleeding in each patient prior to the routine discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, KY, USA. drlm@thepainmd.com
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Ramsin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Benyamin
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Swicegood
authors.forename: Frank J E
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Falco
authors.forename: Sukdeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Vidyasagar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pampati
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellows
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors