title: Review of sample preparation techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues in soil.
abstract: This paper reviews the sample preparation techniques used for the analysis of pesticides in soil. The present status and recent advances made during the last 5 years in these methods are discussed. The analysis of pesticide residues in soil requires the extraction of analytes from this matrix, followed by a cleanup procedure, when necessary, prior to their instrumental determination. The optimization of sample preparation is a very important part of the method development that can reduce the analysis time, the amount of solvent, and the size of samples. This review considers all aspects of sample preparation, including extraction and cleanup. Classical extraction techniques, such as shaking, Soxhlet, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and modern techniques like pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase microextraction and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) are reviewed. The different cleanup strategies applied for the purification of soil extracts are also discussed. In addition, the application of these techniques to environmental studies is considered.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Ctra de la Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. tadeo@inia.es
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tadeo
authors.forename: Rosa Ana
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albero
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: García-Valcárcel
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Brunete
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants