title: The impact of German-speaking academicians on higher education in Turkey.
abstract: The transition from the medieval universities to the secular, second generation universities in Turkey occurred in the period from 1773 to 1945. The Ottoman Empire's efforts to establish a higher education system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries only aimed at modernization of the armed forces, and the civil effects on the general society were only secondary. After the Turkish Republic was founded in 1923, complete modernization of all institutions of society, including political, social, educational, economic, and law reforms, were initiated by the President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. His establishment of the modern Istanbul University in Turkey was an experiment unforeseen in the history of education. Step by step, he created a new language, a new alphabet, achieved unified and secular education under government supervision, formed primary and secondary education to support higher education, took expert opinion on forming the new university, and finally established the modern university. German-speaking academicians have played a very important role during the creation of the modern secular university in Turkey. This is a short analysis of this period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Koray
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Özduman
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Güdük
authors.forename: Ilhan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elmacı
authors.forename: M Necmettin
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pamir
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D005858:Germany; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007802:Language; D057214:Ottoman Empire; D011057:Politics; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000266:history*; D012586:Science / Q000266:history*; D035621:Secularism / Q000266:history; D012922:Social Change / Q000266:history*; D014421:Turkey; D014495:Universities / Q000266:history*