title: Post-implantation mortality of in vitro produced embryos is associated with DNA methyltransferase 1 dysfunction in sheep placenta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) dysfunction involved in epigenetic deregulation of placentae from embryos obtained by assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNMT1 expression in growing placentae of in vitro produced (IVP) embryos is compromised and associated with pregnancy loss.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DNMT1 maintains the methylation profile of genes during cell division. The methylation status of genes involved in placenta development is altered in embryos obtained in vitro. Disturbances in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during placentogenesis could be involved in the frequent developmental arrest and loss of IVP embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty sheep were naturally mated (Group 1, CTR). IVP blastocysts (2-4 per ewe) were surgically transferred to the remaining 46 recipient sheep 6 days after oestrus (Group 2). Twenty-one recipients from Group 1 and 27 recipients from Group 2 were allowed to deliver in order to compare embryo survival in both groups at term (150 days). From the remaining recipients (n = 38), fetuses and placentae of both groups were recovered by paramedian laparotomy at Days 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28 of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediately after collection, early placental tissues (chorion-allantois) were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and DNMT1 expression and activity was evaluated. mRNA levels (for DNMT1, HDAC2, PCNA, DMAP1, MEST, IGF2, CDKN1C, H19) and the methylation status of H19 were also analyzed. Furthermore, embryo size and survival rate were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study shows that DNMT1 expression was reduced in early placentae from sheep IVP embryos. This reduction was associated with growth arrest and subsequent death of the sheep embryos. Conversely, normal levels of DNMT1 and its cofactors were observed in placentae from IVP embryos that survived this developmental bottleneck. Although DNA methylation machinery was severely compromised in IVP placentae only up to Day 24, the low DNMT1 enzymatic activity that persisted after this stage in IVP placentae was not lethal for the developing embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studied genes represent only a small fraction of genes regulating DNA methylation. Further studies are needed to evaluate changes in the expression and methylation status of other genes that may lead to developmental arrest of IVP embryos. As this is the only study evaluating the functionality of DNMT1 machinery in placentae from ART embryos, studies on other species are needed to confirm if our observation may be applicable to all mammalian embryos produced in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The knowledge about compromised activity of DNMT1 in placentae obtained from IVP embryos should stimulate detailed studies on the metabolic requirements of oocytes and embryos in order to adequately enrich the culture media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy. gptak@unite.it
authors.forename: Grazyna Ewa
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ptak
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fidanza
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zacchini
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czernik
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: Pasqualino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000201:enzymology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases