title: A noninvasive method to determine the fate of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles following intravenous injection using scanning SQUID biosusceptometry.
abstract: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of Fe(3)O(4) have been widely applied in many medical fields, but few studies have clearly shown the outcome of particles following intravenous injection. We performed a magnetic examination using scanning SQUID biosusceptometry (SSB). Based on the results of SSB analysis and those of established in vitro nonmagnetic bioassays, this study proposes a model of MNP metabolism consisting of an acute metabolic phase with an 8 h duration that is followed by a chronic metabolic phase that continues for 28 d following MNP injection. The major features included the delivery of the MNPs to the heart and other organs, the biodegradation of the MNPs in organs rich with macrophages, the excretion of iron metabolites in the urine, and the recovery of the iron load from the liver and the spleen. Increases in serum iron levels following MNP injection were accompanied by increases in the level of transferrin in the serum and the number of circulating red blood cells. Correlations between the in vivo and in vitro test results indicate the feasibility of using SSB examination for the measurement of MNP concentrations, implying future clinical applications of SSB for monitoring the hematological effects of MNP injection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electro-optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Kung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Jen-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chieh
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chih-Kang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Yuh-Lien
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shieh Yueh
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Herng-Er
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Horng
authors.forename: Hong-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chau-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D060306:Magnetometry / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide