title: Human reference values for acute airway effects of five common ozone-initiated terpene reaction products in indoor air.
abstract: Ozone-initiated monoterpene reaction products have been hypothesized to cause eye and airway complaints in office environments and some have been proposed to cause skin irritation and sensitization. The respiratory effects of 60 min exposures to five common oxidation products from abundant terpenoids (e.g. limonene), used as solvent and fragrance in common household products or present in skin lipids (e.g. squalene), were studied in a head out mouse bioassay. This allowed determination of acute upper airway (sensory) irritation, airflow limitation in the conducting airways, and pulmonary irritation in the alveolar region. Derived human reference values (RFs) for sensory irritation were 1.3, 0.16 and 0.3 ppm, respectively, for 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene ( 0.2 ppm) [corrected], 3-isopropenyl-6-oxo-heptanal (IPOH), and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one (6-MHO). Derived RFs for airflow limitation were 0.8, 0.45, 0.03, and 0.5 ppm, respectively, for dihydrocarvone (DHC), 0.2 ppm [corrected], 4-oxo-pentanal (0.3 ppm) [corrected], and 6-MHO. Pulmonary irritation was unobserved as a critical effect. The RFs indicate that the oxidation products would not contribute substantially to sensory irritation in eyes and upper airways in office environments. Reported concentrations in offices of 6-MHO and 0.3 ppm [corrected]would not result in airflow limitation. However, based upon the RFs for IPOH and 0.3 ppm [corrected], precautionary actions should be considered that disfavor their formation in excess.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. pwo@nrcwe.dk
authors.forename: Peder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolkoff
authors.forename: Søren T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Vivi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kofoed-Sørensen
authors.forename: Per A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: Gunnar D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012016:Reference Values; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013729:Terpenes; D010126:Ozone