title: Monocyte-derived cells of the brain and malignant gliomas: the double face of Janus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocyte-derived cells of the brain (MDCB) are a diverse group of functional immune cells that are also highly abundant in gliomas. There is growing evidence that MDCB play essential roles in the pathogenesis of gliomas. The aim of this review was to collate and systematize contemporary knowledge about these cells as they relate to glioma progression and antiglioblastoma therapeutic modalities with a view toward improved effectiveness of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed relevant studies to construct a summary of different MDCB subpopulations in steady state and in malignant gliomas and discuss their role in the development of malignant gliomas and potential future therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current studies suggest that MDCB subsets display different phenotypes and differentiation potentials depending on their milieu in the brain and exposure to tumoral influences. MDCB possess specific and unique functions, including those that are protumoral and those that are antitumoral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elucidating the role of mononuclear-derived cells associated with gliomas is crucial in designing novel immunotherapy strategies. Much progress is needed to characterize markers to identify cell subsets and their specific regulatory roles. Investigation of MDCB can be clinically relevant. Specific MDCB populations potentially can be used for glioma therapy as a target or as cell vehicles that might deliver cytotoxic substances or processes to the glioma microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Sergiy V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kushchayev
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Surgery, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Yevgeniya S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kushchayeva
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.affiliation: Neuro-oncology Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Adrienne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Scheck
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Badie
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Electronic address: neuropub@chw.edu.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Preul
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000473:pathology; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D042787:Receptor, TIE-2