title: [Fish and seafood as a source of human exposure to methylmercury].
abstract: Fish and seafood are recommended diet constituents providing high quality protein, vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, these foodstuffs can also be the major source ofmethylmercury intake in humans. In general, more than 90% of the mercury in fish is found as methylmercury, but contents of methylmercury can vary considerably between species. Predatory species that are at the top of the food chain and live a long time, may accumulate higher levels of methylmercury. This paper contains information about sources of human exposure to organic compounds of mercury, toxicity, metabolism and transformation of mercury in the environment. Assessment of methylmercury by international risk assessment bodies such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and U.S. National Research Council (NRC) were presented. Climate changes and their influence on the mercury cycle in the environment especially mercury methylation and concentrations of methylmercury in marine species were also presented. Consumer advice prepared by European Commission and Member States as regards consumption of predatory fishes such as swordfish, tuna, shark, marlin and pike, taking into account the most vulnerable groups of population e.g. women planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding women and children were presented. Mercury and methylmercury contamination of fishes and seafood on the basis of the literature references as well as intake of mercury with fish and fish products in Poland and other European country were discussed. The role of selenium as a factor which counteracts methylmercury toxicity and protects against some neurological effects of methylmercury exposure in humans, as well as information on potential etiological factors connected with autism disorder were also described. Attention has also been drawn to increasing number of notifications to Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) concerning the contamination of fish and fish products with total mercury. European and national regulations concerning maximum permissible levels of mercury in food were also presented. Possibility of selection of different fish and seafood species, taking into account low methylmercury contamination and high contents of omega-3 fatty acids e.g. sardine, mackerel, anchovy, salmon, periwinkle, have been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Zywności, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego-Państwowy Zakład Higieny w Warszawie. mmania@pzh.gov.pl
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mania
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojciechowska-Mazurek
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Starska
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebeniak
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Postupolski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000633:toxicity; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D011044:Poland; D011247:Pregnancy; D017747:Seafood / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D008628:Mercury