title: Out with the garbage: the parasitic strategy of the mantisfly Plega hagenella mass-infesting colonies of the eusocial bee Melipona subnitida in northeastern Brazil.
abstract: Between April and June of 2012 mantisflies (Plega hagenella) were found to be extensively parasitizing the nests of two groups of managed colonzies of eusocial stingless bees (Melipona subnitida) in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. The mantisfly larvae developed inside closed brood cells of the bee comb, where each mantispid larva fed on the bee larva or pupa present in a single brood cell. Mature mantispid larvae pupated inside silken cocoons spun in place within their hosts' brood cells then emerged as pharate adults inside the bee colony. Pharate adults were never attacked and killed by host colony workers. Instead, colony workers picked up the pharates and removed them from the nest unharmed, treating them similar to the way that the general refuse is removed from the nest. Adult mantispids subsequently eclosed from their pupal exuviae outside the nest. Manipulative experiments showed that post-eclosion adult mantispids placed back within active bee colonies were quickly attacked and killed. These observations demonstrate that pharate and post-eclosion adults of P. hagenella are perceived differently by colony workers and that delayed adult eclosion is an important functional element in the parasitic life strategy of P. hagenella, allowing adults to escape without injury from the bee colonies they parasitize.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil. camilamaia@usp.br
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maia-Silva
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hrncir
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koedam
authors.forename: Renato Jose Pires
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Vera Lucia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Imperatriz-Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology*; D001938:Brazil; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology