title: Unlike bone, cartilage regeneration remains elusive.
abstract: Articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to successfully be regenerated, but this proved incorrect. In contrast, bone (but also vasculature and cardiac tissues) has seen numerous successful reparative approaches, despite consisting of multiple cell and tissue types and, thus, possessing more complex design requirements. Here, we use bone-regeneration successes to highlight cartilage-regeneration challenges: such as selecting appropriate cell sources and scaffolds, creating biomechanically suitable tissues, and integrating to native tissue. We also discuss technologies that can address the hurdles of engineering a tissue possessing mechanical properties that are unmatched in human-made materials and functioning in environments unfavorable to neotissue growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Huey
authors.forename: Jerry C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Kyriacos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds