title: The activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to salt stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings raised from seed treated with chitosan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salt tolerance is a complex trait which involves the coordinated action of many genes that perform a variety of functions, such as ion sequestration, metabolic adjustment, osmotic adjustment and antioxidative defence. In this article, the growth and the generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under normal (ECiw [Electrical conductivity of irrigation water] = 0.5 dS m(-1)) and salt stress conditions (ECiw = 3.4, 6.1, 8.6 and 10.8 dS m(-1) ) in relation to the priming of seeds of the two important oil yielding crops, i.e. safflower and sunflower, with different concentrations of chitosan [0% (control), 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%] is discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induced salinity stress significantly decreased germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight of root and shoot, and protein content. Proline content, malondialdehyde content (MDA), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activity increased at 10.8 dS m(-1). Under control conditions there were no significant differences in germination percentage among different concentrations of chitosan, whereas CAT and POX activity were increased by low concentrations of chitosan. With increasing salt stress, low concentrations of chitosan increased germination percentage but decreased MDA and proline contents and CAT and POX activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generation of ROS seems to be unavoidable under normal conditions and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plants varies in terms of ROS generation under salt stress. However, the data indicate that plants subjected to salt stress-induced oxidative stress and the low concentrations of chitosan exhibited positive effects on salt stress alleviation through the reduction of enzyme activity in both crops.
authors.affiliation: Biosaline Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. jabeennusrat@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Rafiq
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D031178:Carthamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D006368:Helianthus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D054712:Salinity; D055049:Salt Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D048271:Chitosan; D011392:Proline; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase