title: Microporation and 'iron'tophoresis for treating iron deficiency anemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iontophoretic mediated transdermal delivery of ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) in combination with microneedle pretreatment was investigated as a potential treatment for iron deficiency anemia (IDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro transdermal delivery studies were performed using hairless rat skin and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in hairless anemic rat model. The hematological and biochemical parameters like hemoglobin, hematocrit and % serum transferrin were monitored in rats at healthy, anemic condition and post treatment. Micropores created by the microneedles were visualized in histological skin sections after staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. The recovery of micropores was investigated in vivo by measuring Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at different time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The passive, microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery did not lead to significant improvement in hematological and biochemical parameters in anemic rats, when used individually. When iontophoresis (0.15 mA/cm(2) for 4 hours) was combined with microneedle pretreatment (for 2 min), therapeutically adequate amount of FPP was delivered and there was significant recovery of rats from IDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microneedle and iontophoresis mediated delivery of iron via transdermal route could be developed as a potential treatment for IDA. The transdermal controlled delivery of iron could become a potential, safe and effective alternative to parenteral iron therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, 113 Faser Hall, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Modepalli
authors.forename: Seongbong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Repka
authors.forename: S Narasimha
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D051381:Rats; D054772:Rats, Hairless
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D007501:Iron; C049051:ferric pyrophosphate