title: Ex situ treatment of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in groundwater using a fluidized bed reactor.
abstract: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a suspected human carcinogen that has traditionally been treated in water using ultraviolet irradiation (UV). The objective of this research was to examine the application of a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR) as an alternative technology for treating NDMA to part-per-trillion (ng/L) concentrations in groundwater. Previous studies have shown that the bacterium Rhodococcus ruber ENV425 is capable of cometabolizing NDMA during growth on propane as a primary substrate in batch culture (Fournier et al., 2009) and in a bench-scale membrane bioreactor (Hatzinger et al., 2011) to low ng/L concentrations. R. ruber ENV425 was inoculated into the FBR during this study. With a hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 20 min, the FBR was found to be an effective means to treat 10-20 μg/L of NDMA to effluent concentrations less than 100 ng/L. When the HRT was increased to 30 min and oxygen and propane addition rates were optimized, the FBR system demonstrated treatment of the NDMA to effluent concentrations of less than 10 ng/L. Short-term shutdowns and the presence of trichloroethene (TCE) at 6 μg/L as a co-contaminant had minimal effect on the treatment of NDMA in the FBR. The data suggest that the FBR technology can be a viable alternative to UV for removing NDMA from groundwater.
authors.affiliation: Envirogen Technologies, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Todd S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Condee
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hatzinger
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007700:Kinetics; D055994:Limnology / Q000379:methods; D009516:New Mexico; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011407:Propane / Q000378:metabolism; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013026:Space Flight; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D060766:Drinking Water; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine; D010100:Oxygen; D011407:Propane