title: Measures of dyssynchrony in the left ventricle of healthy children and young patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doppler tissue imaging may help identify children with dyssynchrony who could benefit from resynchronization therapy. However, few studies have quantified dyssynchrony measures in children; no study has investigated the relationship among age, heart rate, and dyssynchrony measures in children; and no study has quantified cross-correlation delay in children. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that measures of left ventricular dyssynchrony would correlate with age, primarily because of the correlation between heart rate and age, and that children with cardiomyopathy would have left ventricular dyssynchrony.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy children and 11 children with dilated cardiomyopathy were prospectively enrolled. Seven dyssynchrony measures were quantified: septal-to-lateral delay, peak velocity difference, the standard deviations of times to peak in 12 segments in systole and diastole, and cross-correlation delay in systole, diastole, and the whole cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seven dyssynchrony measures were either not correlated with age or only weakly correlated with age after correcting for heart rate using Bazett's formula. Septal-to-lateral delay, peak velocity difference, and the standard deviation of times to peak in 12 segments in systole showed dyssynchrony in 57% to 85% of normal controls, compared with 20% for cross-correlation delay in the whole cycle and 3% for the standard deviation of times to peak in 12 segments in diastole. Cross-correlation delay in systole, cross-correlation delay in diastole, cross-correlation delay in the whole cycle, and the standard deviation of times to peak in 12 segments in diastole were elevated in children with dilated cardiomyopathy compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiographic dyssynchrony measures should be corrected for heart rate using Bazett's formula in children. Time-to-peak Doppler tissue imaging dyssynchrony measures classify many healthy children as having abnormalities with the timing of left ventricular contraction, which suggests that the methodology is not accurate in children. In preliminary studies, cross-correlation dyssynchrony measures show elevated systolic and diastolic measures of dyssynchrony in children with dilated cardiomyopathy compared with controls, which deserves further investigation to help identify children who may benefit from resynchronization therapy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kristopher M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cumbermack
authors.forename: Carey K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lamphier
authors.forename: Christina R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fyfe
authors.forename: Brandon K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Fornwalt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*