title: Co-prescription of medication for bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based study with focus on gender differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown a correlation between bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus. It is unclear if this correlation is a part of common pathophysiological pathways, or if medication for bipolar disorder has negative effects on blood sugar regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Norwegian prescription database was analyzed. Prescriptions for lithium, lamotrigine, carbamazepine and valproate were used as proxies for bipolar disorder. Prescriptions for insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents were used as proxies for diabetes mellitus. We explored the association between medication for bipolar disorder and diabetes medication by logistic regression
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a strong association between concomitant use of medication to treat diabetes mellitus and mood stabilizers for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Females had a 30% higher risk compared to men of being treated for both disorders. Persons using oral anti-diabetic agents had higher odds of receiving valproate than either lithium or lamotrigine. Use of insulin as monotherapy seemed to have lower odds than oral anti-diabetic agents of co-prescription of mood stabilizers, compared to the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a strong association between the use of mood stabilizers and anti-diabetic agents. The association was stronger among women than men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Sandviken Hospital, Sandviksleitet 1, N-5035 Bergen, Norway. gjertrudsvendal@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Gjertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Svendal
authors.forename: Ole Bernt
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Fasmer
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents