title: Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals.
abstract: T lymphocytes require signaling by the T cell receptor and by nonclonotypic cosignaling receptors. The costimulatory and inhibitory signals profoundly influence the course of immune responses by amplifying or reducing the transcriptional effects of T cell receptor triggering. The inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA have recently drawn much attention as potential targets for immunotherapies. This review focuses on the progress that has been made with the mentioned receptors in the field of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Virus Inspection Department of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. ylwu@cdc.zj.cn
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D051379:Mice; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C488868:BTLA protein, mouse; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C498919:Cd274 protein, mouse; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C491383:Pdcd1 protein, mouse; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14; D000069594:Abatacept