title: Molecular epidemiology of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2: implications for RET screening in the new millenium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty years ago, the groundbreaking discovery that rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations underlie multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) and familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC) ushered in the era of personalized medicine. MEN2-associated signs, taking time to manifest, can be subtle. This study sought to clarify to what extent conventional estimates of 1:200 000-500 000 underestimate the incidence of RET mutations in the population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in this retrospective investigation were 333 RET carriers born between 1951 and 2000 and operated on at the largest German surgical referral center (286 carriers) or elsewhere (47 carriers).
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate the incidence of RET mutations, the number of RET carriers born in Germany in five decades (1951-1960, 1961-1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, and 1991-2000) was divided by the corresponding number of German live births.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Owing to improved diagnosis and capture of FMTC and MEN2 patients, minimum incidence estimates increased over time: overall from 5.0 (1951-1960) to 9.9 (1991-2000) per million live births and year (P=0.008), and by American Thyroid Association/ATA class from 1.7 to 3.7 for ATA class C (P=0.008); from 1.8 to 2.7 for ATA class A (P=0.017); from 1.5 to 2.2 for ATA class B (P=0.20); and from 0 to 1.4 for ATA class D mutations per million live births and year (P=0.008). Based on 1991-2000 incidence estimates the prevalence in Germany is ∼1:80 000 inhabitants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The molecular minimum incidence estimate of ≈1:100 000 was two- to fivefold greater than conventional estimates of 1:200 000-500 000.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany. andreasmachens@aol.com
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machens
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sekulla
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Höppner
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frank-Raue
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raue
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dralle
mesh_terms: D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008017:Life Expectancy; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods; D018813:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D015995:Prevalence; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C099282:RET protein, human