title: Costs of cloud computing for a biometry department. A case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Cloud" computing providers, such as the Amazon Web Services (AWS), offer stable and scalable computational resources based on hardware virtualization, with short, usually hourly, billing periods. The idea of pay-as-you-use seems appealing for biometry research units which have only limited access to university or corporate data center resources or grids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This case study compares the costs of an existing heterogeneous on-site hardware pool in a Medical Biometry and Statistics department to a comparable AWS offer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The "total cost of ownership", including all direct costs, is determined for the on-site hardware, and hourly prices are derived, based on actual system utilization during the year 2011. Indirect costs, which are difficult to quantify are not included in this comparison, but nevertheless some rough guidance from our experience is given. To indicate the scale of costs for a methodological research project, a simulation study of a permutation-based statistical approach is performed using AWS and on-site hardware.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presented case, with a system utilization of 25-30 percent and 3-5-year amortization, on-site hardware can result in smaller costs, compared to hourly rental in the cloud dependent on the instance chosen. Renting cloud instances with sufficient main memory is a deciding factor in this comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs for on-site hardware may vary, depending on the specific infrastructure at a research unit, but have only moderate impact on the overall comparison and subsequent decision for obtaining affordable scientific computing resources. Overall utilization has a much stronger impact as it determines the actual computing hours needed per year. Taking this into ac count, cloud computing might still be a viable option for projects with limited maturity, or as a supplement for short peaks in demand.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. jo@imbi.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knaus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hieke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
mesh_terms: D001699:Biometry; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000191:economics*; D003195:Computer Communication Networks / Q000191:economics; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003201:Computers / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003628:Database Management Systems / Q000191:economics*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000191:economics*; D020407:Internet; D008490:Medical Informatics / Q000191:economics*; D008492:Medical Informatics Computing / Q000191:economics*; D009323:Natural Language Processing