title: Palliative surgical treatment of congenital heart defects associated with unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experience with the palliative treatment of congenital heart defects (CHDs) associated with unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery (UAPA) is limited. There is a description of 32 interventions in the available literature. The aim of this retrospective study was to present our experience with palliative interventions in patients with cyanotic CHDs associated with UAPA and to suggest a rational surgical strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients were subjected to palliative interventions. All of them had the following cyanotic CHDs with agenesis of the left pulmonary artery: tetralogy of Fallot (n = 26) or double outlet right ventricle (n = 3). Twenty patients were subjected to a single and 9 to multiple staged palliative operations. Patients were grouped according to the type of initial palliation to assess the clinical and haemodynamic results of each surgical intervention: Group 1: systemic-to-pulmonary shunts (n = 13); Group 2: transluminal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (n = 5); Group 3: palliative reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (n = 11). The median age of patients at the initial palliative intervention was 2.6 years. Twenty-three of 27 discharged patients were followed up for a median period of 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality in our series reached 7% (2 of 29 patients). Both lethal outcomes occurred after palliative reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed as a sole intervention. The assessment of angiographic parameters has shown that palliative reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract provided more significant and uniform enlargement of the pulmonary artery than systemic-to-pulmonary shunts or transluminal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Fifty-nine percent of patients (17 of 29 patients) were subjected to complete repair of CHDs during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palliative surgical treatment of CHDs associated with UAPA can be performed with a relatively low risk. Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt and transluminal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty are methods of choice in patients with non-severe hypoplasia of the single pulmonary artery. The intravascular intervention is indicated more in patients with a prevailing valvular component of the pulmonary stenosis. Palliative reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is a more favourable procedure for patients with a severe hypoplasia of the single pulmonary artery.
authors.affiliation: Bakoulev Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow,  Russia.
authors.forename: Leo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bockeria
authors.forename: Vladimir P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Podzolkov
authors.forename: Osman A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Makhachev
authors.forename: Bagrat G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Alekyan
authors.forename: Titalav Kh
authors.initials: TKh
authors.lastname: Khiriev
authors.forename: Mikhail A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zelenikin
authors.forename: Konstantin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Shatalov
authors.forename: Sergey B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Zaets
mesh_terms: D063126:Balloon Valvuloplasty; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome