title: Association of maternal diseases during pregnancy with the risk of single ventricular septal defects in the offspring--a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In general, the analytical epidemiological studies evaluated cases with congenital heart defects (CHDs) together. However, different CHD entities have different etiology, and in the vast majority of patients the underlying causes are unclear. Thus the objective of the study was to evaluate the possible etiological factors in the origin of single ventricular septal defect (VSD) after surgical intervention or lethal outcome, i.e. as homogeneous as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments and pregnancy supplements in early pregnancy were evaluated in the mothers of 1661 cases with isolated/single VSD and their 2534 matched and 38,151 all controls without defect, and 19,833 malformed controls with other isolated non-cardiac defect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a higher risk of VSD in the children of mothers with high fever related influenza during the critical period of VSD and this risk was limited by antifever therapy. In addition paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and epilepsy treated with anticonvulsant drugs associated with higher risk of VSD. Finally, the high doses of folic acid alone in early pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-fever-related maternal diseases may have a role in the origin of VSD which is preventable with antifever drug therapy, and the high doses of folic acid in early pregnancy reduced the risk of VSD.
authors.affiliation: Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry, National Institute for Health Development, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Csáky-Szunyogh
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vereczkey
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kósa
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urbán
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Czeizel
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D013614:Tachycardia, Paroxysmal / Q000150:complications; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid