title: Perioperative pain control in pediatric patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.
abstract: Management of perioperative pain is critical in the pediatric patient undergoing orthopaedic surgery. A variety of modalities can be used to manage pain and optimize recovery and patient satisfaction, including nonopioid and opioid analgesia; local anesthetic injection; and regional analgesia such as intrathecal morphine, epidural therapy, and peripheral nerve blocks. Acute pain management can be tailored based on the needs of the patient, the surgical site, and the anticipated level of postoperative pain. A preoperative discussion of the plan for perioperative pain control with the patient, his or her parents, and the anesthesiologist can help manage expectations and maximize patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Vanderhave
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Bishr
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haydar
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozlow
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhoopal
authors.forename: Virginia T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Gauger
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009407:Nerve Block; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D059035:Perioperative Period; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen