title: Paricalcitol reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with selective vitamin D receptor activators such as paricalcitol have been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in patients on hemodialysis, in addition to their action on mineral metabolism and independently of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the additional antioxidant capacity of paricalcitol in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 19 patients with renal disease on hemodialysis, of whom peripheral blood was obtained for analysis at baseline and three months after starting intravenous paricalcitol treatment. The following oxidizing and inflammatory markers were quantified: malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrites and carbonyl groups, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Of the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory markers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline levels of oxidation markers MDA, nitric oxide and protein carbonyl groups significantly decreased after three months on paricalcitol treatment, while levels of GSH, thioredoxin, catalase and SOD activity significantly increased. After paricalcitol treatment, levels of the inflammatory markers CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 were significantly reduced in serum and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In renal patients undergoing hemodialysis, paricalcitol treatment significantly reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, two well known factors leading to cardiovascular damage.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Service, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Burgos, C/ Fuenteovejuna 138, Burgos, 09006, Spain. mjizquierdo3@hotmail.com
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavia
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñiz
authors.forename: Angel L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Francisco
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abaigar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004872:Ergocalciferols; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C084656:paricalcitol