title: Parallel transmit beamforming using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing applied to harmonic imaging--a feasibility study.
abstract: Real-time 2-D or 3-D ultrasound imaging systems are currently used for medical diagnosis. To achieve the required data acquisition rate, these systems rely on parallel beamforming, i.e., a single wide-angled beam is used for transmission and several narrow parallel beams are used for reception. When applied to harmonic imaging, the demand for high-amplitude pressure wave fields, necessary to generate the harmonic components, conflicts with the use of a wide-angled beam in transmission because this results in a large spatial decay of the acoustic pressure. To enhance the amplitude of the harmonics, it is preferable to do the reverse: transmit several narrow parallel beams and use a wide-angled beam in reception. Here, this concept is investigated to determine whether it can be used for harmonic imaging. The method proposed in this paper relies on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is used to create distinctive parallel beams in transmission. To test the proposed method, a numerical study has been performed, in which the transmit, receive, and combined beam profiles generated by a linear array have been simulated for the second-harmonic component. Compared with standard parallel beamforming, application of the proposed technique results in a gain of 12 dB for the main beam and in a reduction of the side lobes. Experimental verification in water has also been performed. Measurements obtained with a single-element emitting transducer and a hydrophone receiver confirm the possibility of exciting a practical ultrasound transducer with multiple Gaussian modulated pulses, each having a different center frequency, and the capability to generate distinguishable second-harmonic components.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Acoustical Wavefield Imaging, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. L.Demi@TUDelft.nl
authors.forename: Libertario
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Demi
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Koen W A
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011312:Pressure; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water