title: World citation and collaboration networks: uncovering the role of geography in science.
abstract: Modern information and communication technologies, especially the Internet, have diminished the role of spatial distances and territorial boundaries on the access and transmissibility of information. This has enabled scientists for closer collaboration and internationalization. Nevertheless, geography remains an important factor affecting the dynamics of science. Here we present a systematic analysis of citation and collaboration networks between cities and countries, by assigning papers to the geographic locations of their authors' affiliations. The citation flows as well as the collaboration strengths between cities decrease with the distance between them and follow gravity laws. In addition, the total research impact of a country grows linearly with the amount of national funding for research & development. However, the average impact reveals a peculiar threshold effect: the scientific output of a country may reach an impact larger than the world average only if the country invests more than about 100,000 USD per researcher annually.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science, PO Box 12200, FI-00076, Finland.
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaski
authors.forename: Santo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fortunato
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005378:Financial Support; D005843:Geography; D007391:International Cooperation; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011642:Publications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012586:Science / Q000706:statistics & numerical data