title: Craniofacial morphology in unilateral hemifacial microsomia.
abstract: Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a complex three-dimensional congenital condition that is characterized by mandibular hypoplasia and unilateral or bilateral microtia; although, other facial structures may be affected. Little is known about craniofacial growth and morphology in patients with HFM; therefore, we examined 75 HFM patients by means of a cephalometric analysis in a longitudinal study on serial lateral cephalograms. We hypothesized that the growth of several facial structures on both sides of HFM patients would be different compared to Dutch controls. We determined patients with HFM had more retruded mandibles and maxillae and a more vertical morphology compared to the reference population. In addition, there was a more retruded and vertical pattern on the affected side compared to the unaffected side and in patients with a severe condition compared to those with a mild condition. 'Mild' HFM patients were more similar to the Dutch reference population than the 'severe' HFM patients. Individual HFM growth curves showed very high inter-variability, further strengthening the need for individualized treatment plans that consider all three dimensions and the severity of the condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.ongkosuwito@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ongkosuwito
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Neck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wattel
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: van Adrichem
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006053:Goldenhar Syndrome / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D010159:Palate / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000473:pathology; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult