title: Increasing the number of masticatory cycles is associated with reduced appetite and altered postprandial plasma concentrations of gut hormones, insulin and glucose.
abstract: To determine the influence of masticatory efficiency on postprandial satiety and glycaemic response, twenty-one healthy males were recruited for this randomised cross-over trial. The participants consumed a fixed amount of pizza provided in equal-sized portions by chewing each portion either fifteen or forty times before swallowing. Subjective appetite was measured by appetite questionnaires at regular intervals for 3 h after the meal and plasma samples were collected for the measurement of selected satiety-related hormones, glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations. An ad libitum meal was provided shortly after the last blood sample was drawn and the amount eaten recorded. Compared with fifteen chews, chewing forty times per portion resulted in lower hunger (P= 0·009), preoccupation with food (P= 0·005) and desire to eat (P= 0·002). Meanwhile, plasma concentrations of glucose (P= 0·024), insulin (P< 0·001) and GIP (P< 0·001) were higher following the forty-chews meal. Chewing forty times before swallowing also resulted in a higher plasma cholecystokinin concentration (P= 0·045) and a trend towards a lower ghrelin concentration (P= 0·051). However, food intake at the subsequent test meal did not differ (P= 0·851). The results suggest that a higher number of masticatory cycles before swallowing may provide beneficial effects on satiety and facilitate glucose absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Walter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hollis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating; D004526:Efficiency; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D012528:Satiety Response; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D002766:Cholecystokinin