title: Tumor-targeting multifunctional micelles for imaging and chemotherapy of advanced bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to determine if the treatment outcomes of bladder cancer could be improved by targeting micelles that are decorated with bladder cancer-specific ligands on the surface and loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Targeting efficacy and specificity was determined with cell lines. An in vivo targeting and anti-tumor efficacy study was conducted in mice carrying patient-derived xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting micelles were more efficient than nontargeting micelles in delivering the drug load into bladder cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo (p < 0.05). The micelle formulation of paclitaxel was less toxic than free paclitaxel in Cremophor(®) (Sigma, MO, USA) and allowed administration of three-times the maximum tolerated dose without increasing the toxicity. Targeting micelles were more effective than the nontargeting micelles in controlling cancer growth (p = 0.0002) and prolonging overall survival (p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting micelles loaded with paclitaxel offer strong potential for clinical applications in treating bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yuan-Pei
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongyong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Juntao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Tingjuan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ralph de Vere
authors.initials: Rde V
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Kit S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Chong-Xian
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D051379:Mice; D008823:Micelles; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D017239:Paclitaxel