title: Spongiosa primary development: a biochemical hypothesis by Turing patterns formations.
abstract: We propose a biochemical model describing the formation of primary spongiosa architecture through a bioregulatory model by metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is assumed that MMP13 regulates cartilage degradation and the VEGF allows vascularization and advances in the ossification front through the presence of osteoblasts. The coupling of this set of molecules is represented by reaction-diffusion equations with parameters in the Turing space, creating a stable spatiotemporal pattern that leads to the formation of the trabeculae present in the spongy tissue. Experimental evidence has shown that the MMP13 regulates VEGF formation, and it is assumed that VEGF negatively regulates MMP13 formation. Thus, the patterns obtained by ossification may represent the primary spongiosa formation during endochondral ossification. Moreover, for the numerical solution, we used the finite element method with the Newton-Raphson method to approximate partial differential nonlinear equations. Ossification patterns obtained may represent the primary spongiosa formation during endochondral ossification.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Estudios y Aplicaciones de Ingeniería Mecánica (GEAMEC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia. oscarlopez@usantotomas.edu.co
authors.forename: Oscar Rodrigo
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: López-Vaca
authors.forename: Diego Alexander
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Garzón-Alvarado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001671:Biochemistry / Q000379:methods; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods; D001846:Bone Development; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D004058:Diffusion; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13