title: Stability of pharmaceuticals and other polar organic compounds stored on polar organic chemical integrative samplers and solid-phase extraction cartridges.
abstract: The stability of 24 chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and some agrochemicals on extraction media was evaluated by preloading them onto Oasis hydrophilic lipophilic balanced solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) followed by storage at -20°C over time. After 20 months, the average loss was 11% on POCIS, with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and gemfibrozil showing a statistically significant decline compared with initial concentrations. Losses on SPE cartridges were below 19%, with an average loss of 9%. In addition to laboratory spiked samples, multiple POCIS deployed in wastewater-impacted surface waters and SPE extracts of these waters were stored in their original coextracted matrix for nearly two years with minimal observed losses. Errors from typical sampling, handling, and concentration estimates from POCIS sampling rates were typically ± 15 to 30% relative standard deviation, so observed storage losses are minimal for most POCIS applications. While losses during storage on SPE cartridges for 20 months were small but statistically significant for many compounds, addition of labeled internal standards prior to freezing should correct for such losses. Thus, storage of processed water samples for analysis of polar organic pollutants is viable for archival purposes or studies for which samples cannot be analyzed in the short term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Jules C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Challis
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical