title: Meta-analysis: the association between HIV infection and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been an AIDS-defining condition. Individual studies that highlight the association between HIV and extrapulmonary TB are available. Our objectives were to synthesis evidence on the association between extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV and to explore the effective preventive measures of these two diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a meta-analysis of observational studies reporting effect estimates on how HIV is associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We searched for the eligible studies in the electronic databases using search terms related to HIV and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Where possible, we estimated the summary odds ratios using random effects meta-analysis. We stratified analysis by the type of study design. We assessed heterogeneity of effect estimates within each group of studies was assessed using I (2) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies (7 case control studies and 12 cohort studies) were identified for the present study. The pooled analysis shows a significant association between HIV and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (summary odds ratio: 1.3; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.6; I (2): 0 %). In a subgroup analysis with two studies, a significant association was found between CD4+ count less than 100 and the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (summary OR: 1.31; 95 % CI 1.02-1.68; I (2): 0 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show evidence on the association between extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV, based on case control studies. Further studies to understand the mechanisms of interaction of the two pathogens are recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University (IMU), 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. cho3699@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.forename: Joon Wah
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Mala
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maung
authors.forename: Shew Fung
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Ani Izzuani Binti Mohd
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kassim
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006678:HIV / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000502:physiology; D012985:Software Design; D014385:Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014401:Tuberculosis, Urogenital / Q000453:epidemiology*