title: A new thrombosis model of the superior sagittal sinus involving cortical veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with cerebral sinus and cortical venous thrombosis develop venous infarcts in approximately 50% of cases, resulting in serious clinical symptoms. An animal model is needed to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and consequences surrounding cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, particularly for severe ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to develop a new superior sagittal sinus thrombosis model involving cortical veins. The superior sagittal sinus was exposed and ligated. A microcatheter was inserted into the sinus, then both common carotid arteries were temporary occluded to reduce cerebral blood flow, and thrombin was injected into the sinus. Twenty-four hours later, after evaluating neurological function and obtaining a magnetic resonance imaging, animals were sacrificed and data pertaining to brain water content, infarct volume, and tissue histology was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and brain infarction were detected in all rats (100%). Hemorrhagic infarction, when present, and brain edema were observed in the brain parenchyma of the parietal lobe. The rate of hemorrhage was 59%, which is similar to that seen clinically in patients with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Brain edema, as measured by brain water content percentage, was significantly increased in thrombosed animals compared with sham-operated animals (80.8% ± 0.55% vs. 78.8% ± 0.14%, P < 0.05). Infarct volumes were 53.02 ± 7.91 mm(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that our modified model of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, involving cortical veins, is suitable for the study of its underlying mechanisms, as well as therapeutic approaches directed at the disease.
authors.affiliation: Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xianwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tailing
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Vance
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fredrickson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Chaitanya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sikhram
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Yuchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: jixm@ccmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xunming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D057785:Catheters; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020225:Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium