title: Effect of gender on maximal breath-hold time.
abstract: This study examined the effect of gender on breath-hold time (BHT). Sixteen healthy subjects, eight males (M) and eight females (F), aged 18-30 years, without breath-hold (BH) experience, performed: (a) a pulmonary function test, (b) an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion and (c) a BH protocol, which included eight repeated maximal efforts separated by 2-min intervals on two occasions: without (BHFOI) and with face immersion (BHFI) in cool water (14.8 ± 0.07 °C). Cardiovascular, ventilatory and hematological responses were studied before, during and after BH efforts. Maximal BHT was similar between genders (M: 103.90 ± 25.68 s; F: 104.97 ± 32.71 s, p > 0.05) and unaffected by face immersion (BHFOI: 105.13 ± 28.68 s; BHFI: 103.74 ± 31.19 s, p > 0.05). The aerobic capacity, lung volumes and hematological indexes were higher in males compared to females. BHT was predicted (r (2) = 0.98, p = 0.005) by aerobic capacity, total lung volume, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration only in males. It was concluded that despite gender differences in physiological and anthropometrical traits, BH ability was not different between males and females, both not experienced in apneas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, Athens 17237, Greece. echerouv@phed.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Evgenia D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Cherouveim
authors.forename: Petros G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Botonis
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Koskolou
authors.forename: Nickos D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Geladas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D062485:Breath Holding; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors