title: The tomato SlSHINE3 transcription factor regulates fruit cuticle formation and epidermal patterning.
abstract: Fleshy tomato fruit typically lacks stomata; therefore, a proper cuticle is particularly vital for fruit development and interaction with the surroundings. Here, we characterized the tomato SlSHINE3 (SlSHN3) transcription factor to extend our limited knowledge regarding the regulation of cuticle formation in fleshy fruits. We created SlSHN3 overexpressing and silenced plants, and used them for detailed analysis of cuticular lipid compositions, phenotypic characterization, and the study on the mode of SlSHN3 action. Heterologous expression of SlSHN3 in Arabidopsis phenocopied overexpression of the Arabidopsis SHNs. Silencing of SlSHN3 results in profound morphological alterations of the fruit epidermis and significant reduction in cuticular lipids. We demonstrated that SlSHN3 activity is mediated by control of genes associated with cutin metabolism and epidermal cell patterning. As with SlSHN3 RNAi lines, mutation in the SlSHN3 target gene, SlCYP86A69, resulted in severe cutin deficiency and altered fruit surface architecture. In vitro activity assays demonstrated that SlCYP86A69 possesses NADPH-dependent ω-hydroxylation activity, particularly of C18:1 fatty acid to the 18-hydroxyoleic acid cutin monomer. This study provided insights into transcriptional mechanisms mediating fleshy fruit cuticle formation and highlighted the link between cutin metabolism and the process of fruit epidermal cell patterning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.|National Center for Molecular Characterization of Genetically Modified Organisms, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jian Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Avital
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adato
authors.affiliation: Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lashbrooke
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Matas
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Sagit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meir
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malitsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isaacson
authors.affiliation: Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, the Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prusky
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leshkowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Granell
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-, Université de Strasbourg, 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widemann
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-, Université de Strasbourg, 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grausem
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-, Université de Strasbourg, 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinot
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Jocelyn K C
authors.initials: JKC
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rogachev
authors.affiliation: UMR 619 Fruit Biology, INRA Bordeaux, 71 Av. Edouard Bourleaux, 33 883, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Asaph
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aharoni
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000502:physiology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D058105:Polymerization; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014885:Waxes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008563:Membrane Lipids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014885:Waxes; C000521:cutin