title: Formation of haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, bromate and iodate during chlorination and ozonation of seawater and saltwater of marine aquaria systems.
abstract: This manuscript addresses identification, analysis, formation and occurrence of key disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during chlorination and/or ozonation of both natural seawater (NSW), and synthetic high- and low-bromide saltwater (HBSW and LBSW, respectively). In this study, several groups of water disinfection byproducts were studied, including haloacetic acids (HAAs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), bromate and iodate. Three different water systems were studied including filtered natural seawater (NSW, ca. 64.9 mg L(-1) Br(-)), a high-bromide (Br(-)) saltwater (HBSW, ca. 24.8 mg L(-1) Br), and low-Br(-) saltwater (LBSW, ca. 4.3 mg L(-1)Br). Because ozone reacts with Cl(-) to form free chlorine in seawater and salt water systems, similar DBP patterns were observed for both chlorine and ozone oxidants. The results revealed that some HAAs and HNMs are formed at greater than 100 μg L(-1) concentrations and are greatly affected by water constituents and formulations when treated with chlorine and ozone. The results showed that in low-Br(-) water salt water, chlorinated HAAs and HNMs predominated, while much greater concentrations of brominated HAAs and HNMs were produced in both natural and synthetic higher Br(-) saltwater. Concentrations of bromate and iodate were strongly impacted by factors other than Br(-) and I(-) concentrations including whether the system was open or closed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA. Electronic address: Honglan@mst.edu.
authors.forename: Honglan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic address: qiangz@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. Electronic address: craig.adams@usu.edu.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001959:Bromates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D054879:Halogenation; D007452:Iodates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008697:Methane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D009595:Nitroparaffins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001959:Bromates; D004202:Disinfectants; D007452:Iodates; D009595:Nitroparaffins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone; D008697:Methane; C008640:nitromethane