title: Impact of cardiac devices on the quality of life in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac rhythm devices are increasingly used in the pediatric population, although their impact on quality of life (QOL) is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare (QOL) scores among pediatric device patients, healthy controls, and congenital heart disease (CHD) patients and determine the key drivers of QOL in pediatric device patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multicenter, cross-sectional study at 8 pediatric centers of subjects aged 8 to 18 years with either a pacemaker or defibrillator was carried out. Patient-parent pairs completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory. QOL outcomes in device patients were compared with healthy controls and patients with various forms of CHD. Structural equation modeling was used to test for differences in Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory scores among (1) device type, (2) presence of CHD, and (3) hypothesized key drivers of QOL. One hundred seventy-three patient-parent pairs (40 defibrillators/133 pacemakers) were included. Compared with healthy controls, patients with devices and their parents reported significantly lower Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scoring. Similarly, compared with patients with mild forms of CHD, parents and patients with devices reported significantly lower Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory scores and were similar to patients with more severe CHD. Key drivers of patient QOL were presence of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and CHD. For patients, self-perception was a key driver of lower QOL, whereas for parents behavioral issues were associated with lower QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient QOL is significantly affected by the presence of cardiac rhythm devices. Whether these effects can be mitigated through the use of psychotherapy needs to be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45208, USA. Richard.czosek@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Czosek
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassedy
authors.forename: Douglas Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: Ronn E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tanel
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Imundo
authors.forename: Anoop K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mitchell I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Christina Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fawley
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept