title: Intravenous release of NO from lipidic microbubbles accelerates deep vein thrombosis resolution in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The experiment was designed to analyze whether and how nitric oxide (NO) microbubbles facilitates deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resolution in a rat model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DVT was induced by ligation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and left common iliac vein (LCIV) in a rat model. The rats were sacrificed at day 2 and day 8 after ligation. NO was wrapped in lipidic microbubbles which were injected (1.6ml/kg) via tail vein twice a day. Thrombi isolated from IVC were measured by weight (g) and weight length ratio (g/cm).The histological analysis of LCIV indicated that platelets and inflammatory cells aggregation were reduced. The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was quantified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and western blot. The coagulation functions including prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) were tested as well.Vein walls from IVC were processed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for several endothelial genes including matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), thrombomodulin (TM), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The thrombus weight and the expression of VCAM-1 significantly decreased after NO microbubbles treatment. The expression of these endothelial genes were significantly up-regulated by NO micribubbles. There was no statistical difference among the groups in terms of PT, APTT, and TT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO microbubbles significantly facilitate DVT resolution in a rat model. The antithrombotic properties of NO microbubbles may be associated with reduced platelets and inflammatory cells aggregation, enhanced collagen turnover and stimulus to an anticoagulant condition of endothelium.
authors.affiliation: The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dongquan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Dongyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004337:Drug Carriers; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000601:surgery; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008026:Ligation; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045423:Microbubbles; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013918:Thrombin Time; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005340:Fibrinogen; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522363:Mmp2 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat