title: Preliminary studies developing methods for the control of Chrysomya putoria, the African latrine fly, in pit latrines in The Gambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore ways of controlling Chrysomya putoria, the African latrine fly, in pit latrines. As pit latrines are a major source of these flies, eliminating these important breeding sites is likely to reduce village fly populations, and may reduce the spread of diarrhoeal pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 24 latrines in a Gambian village: six each with (i) pyriproxyfen, an insect juvenile hormone mimic formulated as Sumilarv(®) 0.5 G, a 0.5% pyriproxyfen granule, (ii) expanded polystyrene beads (EPB), (iii) local soap or (iv) no treatment as controls. Flies were collected using exit traps placed over the drop holes, weekly for five weeks. In a separate study, we tested whether latrines also function as efficient flytraps using the faecal odours as attractants. We constructed six pit latrines each with a built-in flytrap and tested their catching efficiency compared to six fish-baited box traps positioned 10 m from the latrine. Focus group discussions conducted afterwards assessed the acceptability of the flytrap latrines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numbers of emerging C. putoria were reduced by 96.0% (95% CIs: 94.5-97.2%) 4-5 weeks after treatment with pyriproxyfen; by 64.2% (95% CIs: 51.8-73.5%) after treatment with local soap; by 41.3% (95% CIs = 24.0-54.7%) after treatment with EPB 3-5 weeks after treatment. Flytraps placed on latrines collected C. putoria and were deemed acceptable to local communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sumilarv 0.5 G shows promise as a chemical control agent, whilst odour-baited latrine traps may prove a useful method of non-chemical fly control. Both methods warrant further development to reduce fly production from pit latrines. A combination of interventions may prove effective for the control of latrine flies and the diseases they transmit.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. S.W.Lindsay@durham.ac.uk
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jawara
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinder
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards; D012915:Soaps / Q000494:pharmacology; D014038:Toilet Facilities
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011725:Pyridines; D012915:Soaps; C055613:pyriproxyfen