title: Pathway to cryogen free production of hyperpolarized Krypton-83 and Xenon-129.
abstract: Hyperpolarized (hp) (129)Xe and hp (83)Kr for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are typically obtained through spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) in gas mixtures with dilute concentrations of the respective noble gas. The usage of dilute noble gases mixtures requires cryogenic gas separation after SEOP, a step that makes clinical and preclinical applications of hp (129)Xe MRI cumbersome. For hp (83)Kr MRI, cryogenic concentration is not practical due to depolarization that is caused by quadrupolar relaxation in the condensed phase. In this work, the concept of stopped flow SEOP with concentrated noble gas mixtures at low pressures was explored using a laser with 23.3 W of output power and 0.25 nm linewidth. For (129)Xe SEOP without cryogenic separation, the highest obtained MR signal intensity from the hp xenon-nitrogen gas mixture was equivalent to that arising from 15.5±1.9% spin polarized (129)Xe in pure xenon gas. The production rate of the hp gas mixture, measured at 298 K, was 1.8 cm(3)/min. For hp (83)Kr, the equivalent of 4.4±0.5% spin polarization in pure krypton at a production rate of 2 cm(3)/min was produced. The general dependency of spin polarization upon gas pressure obtained in stopped flow SEOP is reported for various noble gas concentrations. Aspects of SEOP specific to the two noble gas isotopes are discussed and compared with current theoretical opinions. A non-linear pressure broadening of the Rb D(1) transition was observed and taken into account for the qualitative description of the SEOP process.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, School of Clinical Sciences, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Six
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hughes-Riley
authors.forename: Karl F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Stupic
authors.forename: Galina E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Pavlovskaya
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meersmann
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes; D007726:Krypton / Q000737:chemistry*; D007834:Lasers; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005741:Noble Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D005741:Noble Gases; D014979:Xenon Isotopes; D007726:Krypton