title: A sensitive ferricyanide-mediated biochemical oxygen demand assay for analysis of wastewater treatment plant influents and treated effluents.
abstract: Representative and fast monitoring of wastewater influent and effluent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an elusive goal for the wastewater industry and regulatory bodies alike. The present study describes a suitable assay, which incorporates activated sludge as the biocatalyst and ferricyanide as the terminal electron acceptor for respiration. A number of different sludges and sludge treatments were investigated, primarily to improve the sensitivity of the assay. A limit of detection (LOD) (2.1 mg BOD₅ L⁻¹) very similar to that of the standard 5-day BOD₅ method was achieved in 4 h using raw influent sludge that had been cultured overnight as the biocatalyst. Reducing the microbial concentration was the most effective means to improve sensitivity and reduce the contribution of the sludge's endogenous respiration to total ferricyanide-mediated (FM) respiration. A strong and highly significant relationship was found (n = 33; R = 0.96; p < 0.001; slope = 0.94) between BOD₅ and FM-BOD equivalent values for a diverse range of samples including wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and treated effluent, as well as several grey water samples. The activated sludge FM-BOD assay presented here is an exceptional surrogate method to the standard BOD₅ assay, providing representative, same-day BOD analysis of WWTP samples with a comparable detection limit, a 4-fold greater analytical range and much faster analysis time. The industry appeal of such an assay is tremendous given that ~90% of all BOD₅ analysis is dedicated to measurement of WWTP samples, for which this assay is specifically designed.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Qld 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Catterall
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Teasdale
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D002947:Cities; D004566:Electrodes; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009111:Local Government; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011793:Queensland; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D018508:Water Purification; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D005292:Ferricyanides; D005295:Ferrocyanides; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010100:Oxygen; D062611:Solid Waste; D062065:Wastewater; C020354:hexacyanoferrate II; C028033:potassium ferricyanide