title: Association of mustard oil as cooking media with carcinoma of the gallbladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carcinoma of the gallbladder (CaGB) is a common health problem in Northern India. Exact causative factors are still obscure. Dietary habits are also known to be a major factor in the gallbladder carcinogenesis. Mustard oil is mostly used as cooking media, which is adulterated by sanguinarine, diethylnitrosamine and repeated frying. We tried to find out the association of mustard oil as cooking media with CaGB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients each of CaGB (group I) and cholelithiasis (group II) were included in the study. Sanguinarine and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were extracted from the tissue and blood samples from both groups. Mean and standard error of mean of the concentration of the sanguinarine and DEN were calculated. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to test the level of significance between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean concentration of tissue sanguinarine in both groups (I and II) was 195.18 ng/mg and 24.05 ng/mg, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). The estimated concentration of blood sanguinarine was 230.96 ng/mL and 14.0 ng/mL in group I and II, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). The concentration of DEN in the tissue sample was 38.08 ng/mg in CaGB and 2.51 ng/mg in cholelithiasis patient, and these values were statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). Similarly, blood DEN concentration was 119.05 ng/mL and 4.22 ng/mL in group I and II, respectively, and the difference was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an increase in concentration of sanguinarine and diethylnitrosamine in CaGB blood and tissue in comparison to the cholelithiasis group suggesting an association with carcinoma of the gallbladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
authors.forename: Ruhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Somprakas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Pradeep Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Vijay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000032:analysis*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003296:Cooking; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D007546:Isoquinolines; D010938:Plant Oils; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; C005705:sanguinarine; C027793:mustard oil