title: Nitric oxide signaling differentially affects habitat choice by two larval morphs of the sea slug Alderia willowi: mechanistic insight into evolutionary transitions in dispersal strategies.
abstract: In many marine animals, adult habitat is selected by lecithotrophic (non-feeding) larvae with a limited lifespan. In generalist species, larvae may increasingly accept sub-optimal habitat over time as energy stores are depleted ('desperate larva' hypothesis). If the fitness cost of suboptimal habitat is too high, larvae of specialists may prolong the searching phase until they encounter a high-quality patch or die ('death before dishonor' hypothesis). In generalists, starvation is hypothesized to lead to a decline in inhibitory nitric oxide (NO) signaling, thereby triggering metamorphosis. Here, we document alternative functions for identified signaling pathways in larvae having 'desperate' versus 'death before dishonor' strategies in lecithotrophic clutches of a habitat specialist, the sea slug Alderia willowi. In an unusual dimorphism, each clutch of A. willowi hatches both non-selective larvae that settle soon after hatching and siblings that delay settlement in the absence of cues from the alga Vaucheria, the sole adult food. Pharmacological manipulation of NO signaling induced metamorphosis in non-selective but not selective stages. However, decreased NO signaling in selective larvae lowered the threshold for response to habitat cues, mimicking the effect of declining energy levels. Manipulation of cGMP or dopamine production induced metamorphosis in selective and non-selective larvae alike, highlighting a distinct role for the NO pathway in the two larval morphs. We propose a model in which NO production (1) links nitrogen metabolism with sensory receptor signaling, and (2) shifts from a regulatory role in 'desperate larva' strategies to a modulatory role in 'death before dishonor' strategies. This study provides new mechanistic insight into how the function of conserved signaling pathways may change in response to selection on larval habitat choice behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8201, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Phuong
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Krug
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D063147:Animal Distribution / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002140:California; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000502:physiology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology; D016014:Linear Models; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D058009:Stramenopiles / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D007093:Imidazoles; C079391:2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012701:Serotonin; D007980:Levodopa; D001120:Arginine; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D004298:Dopamine