title: Investigation of follicular and non-follicular pathways for polyarginine and oleic acid-modified nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the percutaneous permeation pathways of cell penetrating peptide modified lipid nanoparticles and oleic acid modified polymeric nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confocal microscopy was performed on skin cultures (EpiDermFT™) for modified and un-modified nanoparticles. Differential stripping was performed following in vitro skin permeation of Ibuprofen (Ibu) encapsulated nanoparticles to estimate Ibu levels in different skin layers and receiver compartment. The hair follicles (HF) were blocked and in vitro skin permeation of nanoparticles was then compared with unblocked HF. The surface modified nanoparticles were investigated for response on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface modified nanoparticles showed a significant higher (p < 0.05) in fluorescence in EpiDermFT™ cultures compared to controls. The HF play less than 5% role in total nanoparticle permeation into the skin. The Ibu levels were significantly high (p < 0.05) for surface modified nanoparticles compared to controls. The Ibu levels in skin and receiver compartment were not significantly different when HF were open or closed. Modified nanoparticles showed significant improvement in treatment of ACD compared to solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies demonstrate that increased skin permeation of surface modified nanoparticles is not only dependent on a follicular pathway but also occur through non-follicular pathway(s).
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 S MLK Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Pinaki R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 S MLK Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Punit P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, MA 01721, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 S MLK Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
authors.forename: Mandip
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000188:drug therapy; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000378:metabolism*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010455:Peptides; C015462:polyarginine; D019301:Oleic Acid; D007052:Ibuprofen