title: The metabolic advantage of choline lactate in growth media: an experimental analysis with Staphylococcus lentus.
abstract: The metabolic effectiveness of choline lactate in the growth media was investigated relative to conventional carbon source for growing Staphylococcus lentus, a bacterial strain commonly used in bioremediation of industrial effluents and xenobiotic detoxification. Bacterial growth thermodynamics was determined by biocalorimetry. (13)C NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses traced the consumption of choline lactate at specific time intervals of bacterial growth. Under aerobic conditions, it is apparent that S. lentus initially metabolized lactate for its energy needs, while the choline cation of the ionic salt seemed to provide its C and N for biosynthetic intermediates for cell structure/function, in the growing bacterial colony. Urea accumulation after 40 h of bacterial growth was recorded. Possible metabolic trajectory of choline lactate consumed during S. lentus growth is suggested here. The theoretical estimation of heats of reaction for the proposed metabolic pathway (455 kJ/mol) was comparable with the experimentally obtained reaction enthalpy (435 kJ/mol), which further validated the proposed metabolic pathway. The biomass and energy profile of bacteria growth in choline media was found to be more favorable than in glucose media. The ionic liquid, choline lactate, offers a metabolically and energetically efficient carbon (and nitrogen) source for growing S. lentus.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.
authors.forename: Sudharshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekar
authors.forename: Surianarayanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.forename: Perinkulam Ravi
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.forename: Bhuvanesh Kumar
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: B V N Phani
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Asit Baran
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000378:metabolism*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002794:Choline