title: Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statins are commonly prescribed for management of dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Increased fitness is also associated with low mortality and is recommended as an essential part of promoting health. However, little information exists about the combined effects of fitness and statin treatment on all-cause mortality. We assessed the combined effects of statin treatment and fitness on all-cause mortality risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, we included dyslipidaemic veterans from Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Palo Alto, CA, and Washington DC, USA, who had had an exercise tolerance test between 1986, and 2011. We assigned participants to one of four fitness categories based on peak metabolic equivalents (MET) achieved during exercise test and eight categories based on fitness status and statin treatment. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality adjusted for age, body-mass index, ethnic origin, sex, history of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular drugs, and cardiovascular risk factors. We assessed mortality from Veteran's Affairs' records on Dec 31, 2011. We compared groups with Cox proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We assessed 10,043 participants (mean age 58·8 years, SD 10·9 years). During a median follow-up of 10·0 years (IQR 6·0-14·2), 2318 patients died, with an average yearly mortality rate of 22 deaths per 1000 person-years. Mortality risk was 18·5% (935/5046) in people taking statins versus 27·7% (1386/4997) in those not taking statins (p<0·0001). In patients who took statins, mortality risk decreased as fitness increased; for highly fit individuals (>9 MET; n=694), the hazard ratio (HR) was 0·30 (95% CI 0·21-0·41; p<0·0001) compared with least fit (≤5 METs) patients (HR 1; n=1060). For those not treated with statins, the HR for least fit participants (n=1024) was 1·35 (95% CI 1·17-1·54; p<0·0001) and progressively decreased to 0·53 (95% CI 0·44-0·65; p<0·0001) for those in the highest fitness category (n=1498).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statin treatment and increased fitness are independently associated with low mortality among dyslipidaemic individuals. The combination of statin treatment and increased fitness resulted in substantially lower mortality risk than either alone, reinforcing the importance of physical activity for individuals with dyslipidaemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC 20422, USA. peter.kokkinos@va.gov
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kokkinos
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faselis
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Demosthenes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doumas
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids