title: Running loose or getting lost: how HIV-1 counters and capitalizes on APOBEC3-induced mutagenesis through its Vif protein.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) dynamics reflect an intricate balance within the viruses&#8217; host. The virus relies on host replication factors, but must escape or counter its host&#8217;s antiviral restriction factors. The interaction between the HIV-1 protein Vif and many cellular restriction factors from the APOBEC3 protein family is a prominent example of this evolutionary arms race. The viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein largely neutralizes APOBEC3 proteins, which can induce in vivo hypermutations in HIV-1 to the extent of lethal mutagenesis, and ensures the production of viable virus particles. HIV-1 also uses the APOBEC3-Vif interaction to modulate its own mutation rate in harsh or variable environments, and it is a model of adaptation in a coevolutionary setting. Both experimental evidence and the substantiation of the underlying dynamics through coevolutionary models are presented as complementary views of a coevolutionary arms race.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. carsten.muenk@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Münk
authors.forename: Björn-Erik O
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamp
mesh_terms: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D016296:Mutagenesis; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; C502889:APOBEC3 proteins, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase