title: Antiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: in vitro studies with traditionally used plants with antiadhesive activity against uropathognic Escherichia coli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Investigation of medicinal plant extracts traditionally used against uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) and identification of antiadhesive effects under in vitro conditions against binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) on bladder cell surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search on traditionally used medicinal plants for UTI was performed by online data bases and standard herbal monographs. For further identification shortlisting was done by intensive evaluation of results by plausibility and phytochemical aspects. Plant material with documented antibacterial effects was not considered for further investigations. Direct cytotoxicity of EtOH-water (1:1; v/v) extracts of the shortlisted plants was investigated against UPEC strain 2980 and bladder cell line T24. Inhibition of UPEC adhesion to T24 cells was monitored either after pretreatment of bacteria or eukaryotic cells by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature search on traditionally used medicinal plants for UTI resulted in 275 plant species, from which 20 were shortlisted by a validated selection process for experimental testing. While direct cytotoxicity of the extracts (1-2000 μg/mL) against UPEC and T24 cells was excluded significant antiadhesive effects were monitored for five plant extracts. Two of them, prepared from the rhizome of Agropyron repens L. and the stigmata of Zea mays L. decreased bacterial adhesion (IC(25) 630 μg/mL, IC(50) 1040 μg/mL, resp.) by interacting with bacterial outer membrane proteins, which was shown by pretreatment of UPEC. Preparations of three plant extracts from the leaves of Betula spp. (according to European pharmacopoeia 7.0), Orthosiphon stamineus BENTH. and Urtica spp. showed antiadhesive effects by interacting with T24 cells (IC(50) 415, 1330 μg/mL, resp. IC(25) 580 μg/mL). Combination of two extracts, one interacting with the bacterial surface (Zea mays L., Agropyron repens L.) and one with the eukaryotic target (Orthosiphon stamineus BENTH.) revealed synergistic effects, as shown by strongly decreased IC(50) values (131 μg/mL, 511 μg/mL, resp.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different plant extracts, traditionally used for UTI, exhibit antiadhesive effects against UPEC under in vitro conditions. Molecular targets can be different, either on the bacterial or on the host cell surface. Combination of these medicinal plants with different targets, as observed often in phytotherapy, results in synergistic effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Nasli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rafsanjany
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lechtenberg
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petereit
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hensel
mesh_terms: D031702:Agropyron; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D056689:Uropathogenic Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts