title: Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: the CARDIA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although long-chain ω-3 (n-3) PUFAs (LCω3PUFAs) have been linked to the prevention of some inflammatory disorders, little is known about the association between these fatty acids and incidence of asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to prospectively investigate the association between LCω3PUFAs and fish intake and incidence of asthma among American young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-y follow-up longitudinal analysis was conducted in a biracial cohort of 4162 Americans, aged 18-30 y, with a history of asthma at baseline in 1985. Diet was assessed by a validated interviewer-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at the examinations in 1985, 1992, and 2005. Incident self-reported asthma was defined as having a physician diagnosis of asthma and/or the use of asthma medications between 1985 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 20-y follow-up, 446 incident cases of asthma were identified. LCω3PUFA intake was significantly inversely associated with incidence of asthma after adjustment for sociodemographic, major lifestyle, and dietary confounders. The multivariable-adjusted HR for the highest quintile of LCω3PUFA intake as compared with the lowest quintile was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.64; P-trend < 0.01). However, a higher frequency of nonfried fish consumption was not significantly associated with the risk of asthma. DHA showed a greater inverse association than did EPA. The association between LCω3PUFAs and incident asthma was not appreciably modified by sex, race, BMI, smoking status, or atopic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that intakes of LCω3PUFAs are inversely longitudinally associated with the incidence of asthma in American young adults.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3