title: Do outcomes of acupuncture for back pain differ according to varying sociocultural contexts? The view from China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What are the outcomes of acupuncture for back pain? According to well-regarded trials, acupuncture is little better for back pain than biomedicine, and active acupuncture is no better than sham acupuncture. These trials occurred in the West. Patients are inside the clinic a miniscule amount of time in relation to the time they are outside the clinic and enmeshed in the wider sociocultural context. Nevertheless, trials have largely overlooked potential effects of sociocultural context. The main objective of this article is to draw attention to designated features of sociocultural context that, as compared with outcomes obtained in the West, may enhance outcomes of acupuncture for back pain in China. Additional objectives of the article are to reconceptualize "sociocultural context" so that it is measurable, and to measure pre-existing acquaintance with acupuncture and other forms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) within the sociocultural context of China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Back pain patients (N=86) were recruited from the Acupuncture Clinic and Pain Clinic of West China Hospital (Chengdu, Sichuan Province). Patients completed questionnaires on their use of TCM before they came to the Acupuncture Clinic and their families' use of TCM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients had used TCM, and those who did so likely used it repeatedly, which indicated substantial acquaintance with TCM beliefs in the cultural context. Patients whose families used TCM were also likely to use it themselves, which indicated that TCM use was anchored in the social context of the family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although multiple studies substantiate biologic mechanisms of acupuncture, there is not necessarily a fixed relationship between those mechanisms and people's experience of them. Rather, sociocultural context may interact with biologic mechanisms and mediate this experience. The theory proposed here explains why outcomes of acupuncture for back pain will potentially be more pronounced in the sociocultural context of China than in the West.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Ernest.Volinn@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Volinn
authors.forename: Bangxiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Yunxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002681:China; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D018710:Pain Clinics; D012931:Social Environment; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome