title: Neuromodulation in psychiatric disorders.
abstract: Psychiatric disorders are worldwide a common cause of severe and long-term disability and socioeconomic burden. The management of patients with psychiatric disorders consists of drug therapy and/or psychotherapy. However, in some patients, these treatment modalities do not produce sufficient therapeutic effects or induce intolerable side effects. For these patients, neuromodulation has been suggested as a potential treatment modality. Neuromodulation includes deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. The rationale for neuromodulation is derived from the research identifying neurobiologically localized substrates for refractory psychiatric symptoms. Here, we review the clinical data on neuromodulation in the major psychiatric disorders. Relevant data from animal models will also be discussed to explain the neurobiological basis of the therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. y.temel@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temel
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hescham
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jahanshahi
authors.forename: Marcus L F
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Sonny K H
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jacobus J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Overbeeke
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ackermans
authors.forename: Mayke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oosterloo
authors.forename: Annelien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duits
authors.forename: Albert F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leentjens
authors.forename: Leewei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents