title: Urinary iodine is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major health problem worldwide and its prevalence in Saudi Arabia has reached 31.6%. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of thyroid disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the urinary excretion of iodine in type 2 DM (T2DM) patients, and to assess the clinical implication of iodine status on T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 266 adult Saudis aged 18-55 years (109 T2DM patients and 157 healthy controls) were randomly selected from the Riyadh Cohort Study. Subjects were assessed for anthropometry, morning blood chemistries including fasting glucose, and lipid profile; serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, insulin, aPAI, hsCRP, Ang II, TNF-α, TSH, T3, T4, urine creatinine, urine iodine were measured using specific assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of urine iodine was significantly lower in T2DM than in healthy control subjects (84.6±2.3 vs. 119.4±3.4, p<0.001), which remained significant after creatinine correction and controlling for age (p=0.01). Furthermore, urinary iodine is negatively correlated with waist, hips, SAD, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR triglyceride, resistin, angiotensin II (Ang II), and CRP, while it was positively associated with TSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreased levels of iodine concentration in T2DM patients and its likely deleterious effects on metabolic functions calls for a systematic approach to thyroid disease screening in diabetic patients. Routine annual urinary iodine determination is recommended and should target T2DM patients at risk of thyroid dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Al-Attas
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alkharfy
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alokail
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Al-Johani
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Abd-Alrahman
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yakout
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Draz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabico
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D007455:Iodine