title: Long-term consequences for offspring of paternal diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have reported an increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. However, few have focused how diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome together in parents can influence on obesity and metabolic disturbances in offspring.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To know the risk obesity and metabolic disturbance in children, adolescents, and young adults whose parents have diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative survey was made in healthy children of parents with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome compared with offspring of healthy parents. We performed anthropometry and evaluated blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides levels in plasma. We registered parent antecedents to diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome and investigated the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic disturbances in offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 259 subjects of 7 to 20 years of age. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 27% and 37%, respectively. The highest proportion of BMI >95th of the entire group was found in offspring with both diabetic parents. Glucose and total cholesterol levels were lower in the group with healthy parents compared with the group with diabetic mother and metabolic syndrome but with healthy father. HDL cholesterol was higher in the group with both healthy parents than in the group with diabetic mother and metabolic syndrome but healthy father.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The offspring of parents with diabetes plus metabolic syndrome showed higher proportion of variables related to metabolic syndrome compared with healthy parents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Guanajuato University, León, Mexico. blinares70@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Benigno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linares Segovia
authors.forename: Maximiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez Tinoco
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izquierdo Arrizon
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guízar Mendoza
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amador Licona
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol