title: Role of endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) in defending against plaque formation induced by oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to examine the relationship between endogenous secretory receptors for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with/without advanced macro-angiopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one T2DM were assessed for glycemic control, lipid profile, AGEs, carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), esRAGE and vitamin E levels, and underwent echo-color-Doppler of the abdominal aorta and aorto-iliac tree, carotid and lower limb arteries to check for evidence of plaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGEs and CML levels were significantly higher in T2DM with plaques than in those without (P = 0.0156 and P = 0.007, respectively) despite a comparable metabolic control and history of disease. EsRAGE and vitamin E levels were lower in T2DM with than in those without plaques (P < 0.0001), while no differences were observed as regards sRAGE levels. Considering all T2DM, univariate regression analysis showed a positive correlation between esRAGE and vitamin E (r = 0.456, P < 0.001), and a negative correlation between esRAGE and AGEs (r = -0.284, P < 0.05). After dividing patients by the presence/absence of plaques, esRAGE only correlated directly with vitamin E (r = 0.563, P < 0.01) and CML (r = 0.479, P < 0.05) in patients without plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to establish a relationship between esRAGE and oxidative stress and/or antioxidant power, suggesting that esRAGE upregulation might be part of the cell's antioxidative defenses against plaque forming as a result of oxidative stress in the T2DM phenotype (cases with a more efficient esRAGE production being better protected).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Via dei Colli 4, 35143 Padova, Italy. francesco.piarulli@unipd.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piarulli
authors.forename: Annunziata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapolla
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Susana
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sechi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nollino
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cosma
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000209:etiology*; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic