title: Force recovery and axonal regeneration of the sternomastoid muscle reinnervated with the end-to-end nerve anastomosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-to-end nerve anastomosis (EEA) is a commonly used nerve repair technique. However, this method generally results in poor functional recovery. This study was designed to determine the correlation of functional recovery to the extent of axonal reinnervation after EEA procedure in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven adult rats were subjected to the immediate reinnervation of an experimentally paralyzed sternomastoid (SM) muscle. The SM nerve was transected and immediately repaired with EEA. The SM muscle at the opposite side, without nerve transection, served as a control. Three months after EEA nerve repair, the muscle force of the SM muscle was measured and the regenerated axons in the muscle were detected using neurofilament immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three months after surgery, the reinnervated SM muscle produced limited anatomical and functional recovery (calculated as the percentage of the control). Specifically, the wet weight of the operated SM muscle (a measure of muscle mass recovery) was 78.0% of the control. The maximal tetanic force (a measure of muscle functional recovery) was 56.7% of the control. The area fraction of the neurofilament stained intramuscular axons (a measure of axonal regeneration and muscle reinnervation) was measured to be only 13.4% of the control. A positive correlation was revealed between the extent of muscle reinnervation and maximal muscle force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EEA reinnervated SM muscle in the rat yielded unsatisfactory muscle force recovery as a result of mild to moderate nerve regeneration. Further work is needed to improve the surgical procedure, enhance axonal regeneration, and/or develop novel treatment strategies for better functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA. ssobotka@humed.com
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobotka
authors.forename: Liancai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley