title: The complexities of epidemiology and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.
abstract: Cancer epidemiology and prevention is one of the most well studied fields today. The more we can understand about the incidence and pathogenesis of this disease, the better we will be able to prevent it. Effective prevention strategies can decrease the mortality rate of cancer significantly; this is why it is important to delineate the underlying causes. It has been well recognized that genetic mutations, sporadic or hereditary, may lead to increased chance of tumorigenesis. Detecting genetic mutations can lead to the identification of high-risk individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes, which may assist in devising prevention strategies. Further, environmental factors are known to play important roles in epidemiology and suggest prevention tools that could be implemented to reduce cancer incidence and subsequent cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. Chemoprevention has been tried in colon cancer and is finding new advancements in other carcinomas as well. Out of many environmental cancer preventive agents, the most notable developments are the identification of the role of vitamins E, vitamin D and folic acid. Increased consumption of these vitamins has shown to be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review will highlight important aspects of cancer epidemiology in the most aggressive carcinomas of the gastrointestinal system focusing on colorectal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Additionally, some of the well-known and evolving aspects of epidemiology of colorectal and pancreatic cancer along with current and new prevention strategies will also be reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. fsarkar@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Shadan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Fazlul H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000473:pathology; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D005492:Folic Acid