title: Thyroid disease in chronic hepatitis C infection treated with combination interferon-α and ribavirin: management strategies and future perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major epidemics afflicting young people in both developed and developing countries. The most common endocrine disorder associated with this infection, especially in conjunction with interferon-α (IFN-α)-based therapy, is thyroid disease (TD). This review examines the development of TD before, during, and after the completion of treatment with combination IFN-α and ribavirin (RBV) for chronic HCV infection. We also summarize the current understanding of the natural history of the condition and propose management and follow-up guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched up to June 30, 2011 for English-language publications that contained the search terms "hepatitis C virus," "chronic hepatitis C," "HCV," "thyroid disease," "thyroiditis," "autoimmunity," "interferon-alpha," and "ribavirin." Additional publications were identified from the reference lists of identified papers. The included studies were original research publications and included combination IFN-α and RBV use in patients that developed TD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of TD before combination IFN-α and RBV therapy ranges from 4.6 to 21.3%; during therapy, 1.1 to 21.3%; and after therapy, 6.7 to 21.3%. The most common TD is thyroiditis. Thyroid function testing (TFT) frequency and diagnostic criteria for various thyroid conditions are not standardized, and many of the existing studies are retrospective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing this therapy should be assessed with a standardized protocol to appropriately detect and manage developed TD. Based on the currently available literature, we recommend that patients receiving combination interferon-α and RBV therapy undergo monthly thyrotropin (TSH) level testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hunter Area Pathology Service, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. huy.tran@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Huy A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Tracey L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ianna
authors.forename: Aidan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: Glenn E M
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013966:Thyroiditis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012254:Ribavirin