title: Persistence, reticence and the management of multiple time memories by forager honey bees.
abstract: Honey bee foragers form time memories that enable them to match their foraging activity to the time of day when a particular food source is most productive. Persistent foragers show food-anticipatory activity by making reconnaissance flights to the previously productive food source and may continue to inspect it for several days. In contrast, reticent foragers do not investigate the source but wait for confirmation from returning persistent foragers. To determine how persistent and reticent foragers might contribute to the colony's ability to rapidly reallocate foragers among sources, we trained foragers to collect sucrose from a feeder at a restricted time of day for several days and then observed their behavior for three consecutive days during which the feeder was empty. In two separate trials, video monitoring of the hive entrance during unrewarded test days in parallel with observing reconnaissance visits to the feeder revealed a high level of activity, in both persistent and reticent foragers, thought to be directed at other food sources. This 'extracurricular' activity showed a high degree of temporal overlap with reconnaissance visits to the feeder. In some cases, inspection flights to the unrewarded feeder were made within the same trip to an extracurricular source, indicating that honey bees have the ability to manage at least two different time memories despite coincidence with respect to time of day. The results have major implications for understanding flower fidelity throughout the day, flower constancy within individual foraging excursions, and the sophisticated cognitive management of spatiotemporal memories in honey bees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Byron N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Van Nest
authors.forename: Caddy N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Darrell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013714:Tennessee; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording