title: Neurolinguistic programming: a systematic review of the effects on health outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in health care has captured the interest of doctors, healthcare professionals, and managers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of NLP on health-related outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of experimental studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following data sources were searched: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, CENTRAL, NLP specialist databases, reference lists, review articles, and NLP professional associations, training providers, and research groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Searches revealed 1459 titles from which 10 experimental studies were included. Five studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and five were pre-post studies. Targeted health conditions were anxiety disorders, weight maintenance, morning sickness, substance misuse, and claustrophobia during MRI scanning. NLP interventions were mainly delivered across 4-20 sessions although three were single session. Eighteen outcomes were reported and the RCT sample sizes ranged from 22 to 106. Four RCTs reported no significant between group differences with the fifth finding in favour of the NLP arm (F = 8.114, P<0.001). Three RCTs and five pre-post studies reported within group improvements. Risk of bias across all studies was high or uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence that NLP interventions improve health-related outcomes. This conclusion reflects the limited quantity and quality of NLP research, rather than robust evidence of no effect. There is currently insufficient evidence to support the allocation of NHS resources to NLP activities outside of research purposes.
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK. jackie.sturt@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sturt
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bridle
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048968:Morning Sickness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D020557:Neurolinguistic Programming; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*