title: Retrospective serological survey of influenza viruses in backyard pigs from Mexico City.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we analyzed the presence of antibodies to four different influenza viruses (pH1N1, hH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2) in the sera of 2094 backyard pigs from Mexico City. The sera were obtained between 2000 and 2009.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the 2000-2009 period to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against pH1N1, hH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2 viruses in sera obtained from backyard pigs in Mexico City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibody detection was conducted with hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) using four influenza viruses. We used linear regression to analyze the tendency of antibody serum titers throughout the aforementioned span.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that the antibody titers for the pH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2 viruses tended to diminish over the study period, whereas the antibodies to hH1N1 remained at low prevalence for the duration of the years analyzed in this study. A non-significant correlation (P > 0.05) between antibody titers for pH1N1 and swH1N1 viruses was observed (0.04). It contrasts with the significance of the correlation (0.43) observed between the swH1N1 and swH3N2 viruses (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed no cross-antigenicity in the antibody response against the same subtype. Antibodies against pH1N1 virus were observed throughout the 10-year study span, implying that annual strains shared some common features with the pH1N1 virus since 2000, which would then be capable of supporting the ongoing presence of these antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Distrito Federal, México.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Montañez
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carrera-Aguirre
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castillo-Juárez
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivera-Benitez
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosas-Estrada
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pulido-Camarillo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mercado-García
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carreón-Nápoles
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haro-Tirado
authors.forename: Dora P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rosete
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Manjarrez
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Betancourt
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral