title: Local social environmental factors are associated with household food insecurity in a longitudinal study of children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food insecurity is a significant public health problem in North America and elsewhere. The prevalence of food insecurity varies by country of residence; within countries, it is strongly associated with household socioeconomic status, but the local environment may also play an important role. In this study, we analyzed secondary data from a population-based survey conducted in Québec, Canada, to determine if five local environmental factors: material and social deprivation, social cohesion, disorder, and living location were associated with changes in household food insecurity over a period of 6 years, while adjusting for household socioeconomic status (SES) and other factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, following same-aged children from 4-10 y of age, were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, to determine the longitudinal association between these environmental factors and food insecurity over a period of 6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2120 children originally included in the cohort, 1746 (82%) were included in the present analysis. The prevalence of food insecurity was 9.2% when children were 4 y of age (95% CI: 7.8 - 10.6%) but no significant changes were observed over time. On average over the 6 year period, three environmental factors were positively related to food insecurity: high social deprivation (OR 1.62, 95%CI: 1.16 - 2.26), low social cohesion (OR 1.45 95%CI: 1.10 - 1.92), and high disorder (OR 1.76, 95%CI: 1.37 - 2.27), while living location and material deprivation were not related to food insecurity. These associations were independent of household SES and other social variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the potential role of the local social environment in preventing and ameliorating food insecurity at the household level. Stakeholders providing food security interventions at the community level should consider interactions with local social characteristics and perhaps changing the social environment itself. Further intervention research also examining interactions with household-level factors could lead to the development of interventions that increase both household and community-level food security.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (ON), Canada. carter.megan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Megan Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taljaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011792:Quebec; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors