title: Resilience of norovirus GII.4 to freezing and thawing: implications for virus infectivity.
abstract: Genogroup II.4 norovirus (NoV) remains the predominant NoV strain in food- and water-borne outbreaks. Capsid integrity as well as viral RNA persistence were determined for GII.4 NoV by real-time RT-PCR after 1-14 freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles (-80 °C/+22 °C) or after -80 °C storage for up to 120 days. In both cases, capsid integrity and viral RNA titers remained stable. RNase was exogenously added after 1-14 F/T cycles, but did not alter the amount of genomic NoV RNA detected, indicating that capsids remained intact. Presumptive NoV infectivity was evaluated in functional studies by a porcine gastric mucin binding assay. Viruses frozen and thawed up to 14× bound similarly to porcine mucin, suggesting no reduction in virus infectivity. Overall, this study shows that a) NoV particles retain their integrity for at least 14 F/T cycles, b) long-term (120 day) frozen storage does not decrease NoV RNA titers, and c) capsid binding to receptor-like glycoprotein moieties remains unaltered after 14 F/T cycles. This work indicates that freezing and thawing of foods or beverages would not be a practical processing intervention to reduce NoV contamination. Likewise, repeated freezing and thawing, as might be encountered during winter months, is not expected to inactivate NoV in the environment. Results do show that laboratory samples destined for molecular biological analyses or for use as positive controls may be repeatedly frozen and thawed without any anticipated reduction in NoV RNA titers. This study documents the cryostability of NoV capsids and RNA to freezing and thawing and to the possible retention of virus infectivity.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Delaware State University, James W.W. Baker Center, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Gloria K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hovan
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kingsley
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D002213:Capsid / Q000187:drug effects; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D005615:Freezing; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000494:pharmacology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012260:Ribonucleases