title: Effects of brassinosteroid analogues on total phenols, antioxidant activity, sugars, organic acids and yield of field grown endive (Cichorium endivia L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cichorium endivia L., either cooked or eaten raw in salads, is a favourite cultivated vegetable around the world and the popularity is attributed to its healthy properties, which are mainly due to its high levels of antioxidant compounds and high content of minerals, provitamin A and vitamins. Brassinosteroids are a family of hormones that are found in plants and which serve as potent growth promoters. The effects of two brassinosteroid analogues, DI-31 and DI-100, were evaluated at concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 ppm together with a seaweed extract and amino acid mixture called Tomex Amin to enhance their activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treatments with DI-100 and DI-31 resulted in the highest production increases. The chemical variables related to endive quality, such as moisture, carbon and nitrogen content, sugar and organic acid content were similar in the control and treated endives. Total antioxidant activity and total phenols increased significantly in endive treated with brassinosteroid analogues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that sprayed brassinosteroid analogues mixed with Tomex Amin may play an important role in increasing the yield and the contents of total antioxidant activity and total phenols of field grown endives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (Miguel Hernández University of Elche), Ctra. Beniel Km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serna
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: Yamilet
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: Asunción
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amorós
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018533:Biomass; D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D002241:Carbohydrates; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D012624:Seaweed; D014675:Vegetables / Q000592:standards; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D060406:Brassinosteroids; D002241:Carbohydrates; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D014867:Water