title: Materials for diabetes therapeutics.
abstract: This review is focused on the materials and methods used to fabricate closed-loop systems for type 1 diabetes therapy. Herein, we give a brief overview of current methods used for patient care and discuss two types of possible treatments and the materials used for these therapies-(i) artificial pancreases, comprised of insulin producing cells embedded in a polymeric biomaterial, and (ii) totally synthetic pancreases formulated by integrating continuous glucose monitors with controlled insulin release through degradable polymers and glucose-responsive polymer systems. Both the artificial and the completely synthetic pancreas have two major design requirements: the device must be both biocompatible and be permeable to small molecules and proteins, such as insulin. Several polymers and fabrication methods of artificial pancreases are discussed: microencapsulation, conformal coatings, and planar sheets. We also review the two components of a completely synthetic pancreas. Several types of glucose sensing systems (including materials used for electrochemical, optical, and chemical sensing platforms) are discussed, in addition to various polymer-based release systems (including ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, and phenylboronic acid containing hydrogels).
authors.affiliation: The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Kaitlin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bratlie
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Invernale
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019397:Pancreas, Artificial
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin