title: Cross-sectional study on the effects of socioeconomic factors on lead exposure in children by gender in Serpong, Indonesia.
abstract: To elucidate the socioeconomic factors influencing lead exposure in elementary school children by gender, 108 children (56 male, 52 female), aged 6-7 years, were randomly selected from 39 elementary state schools in Serpong, Banten, Indonesia. Their parents were interviewed to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics. Their blood lead (BPb) levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. BPb concentrations were significantly higher in males than in females, i.e., 6.8 ± 2.0 (2.9-12.5) µg/dL and  5.9 ± 1.9 (3.1-11.7) µg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). Lower socioeconomic status and well water use were associated with increased BPb concentrations, especially in females. The proportion of well water use was related to lower socioeconomic status. Lower socioeconomic status linked with well water drinking seemed to be associated with increased lead exposure in children in Serpong. Their exposure levels possibly varied according to gender differences in behavior. An intervention should be instituted among children in Serpong with BPb concentrations of 10 µg/dL or above.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. dewi@juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Dewi U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Iriani
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: Muhammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tadjudin
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007854:Lead