title: Origin and diet of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers on the mediterranean island of Favignana (Ègadi Islands, Sicily).
abstract: Hunter-gatherers living in Europe during the transition from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene intensified food acquisition by broadening the range of resources exploited to include marine taxa. However, little is known on the nature of this dietary change in the Mediterranean Basin. A key area to investigate this issue is the archipelago of the Ègadi Islands, most of which were connected to Sicily until the early Holocene. The site of Grotta d'Oriente, on the present-day island of Favignana, was occupied by hunter-gatherers when Postglacial environmental changes were taking place (14,000-7,500 cal BP). Here we present the results of AMS radiocarbon dating, palaeogenetic and isotopic analyses undertaken on skeletal remains of the humans buried at Grotta d'Oriente. Analyses of the mitochondrial hypervariable first region of individual Oriente B, which belongs to the HV-1 haplogroup, suggest for the first time on genetic grounds that humans living in Sicily during the early Holocene could have originated from groups that migrated from the Italian Peninsula around the Last Glacial Maximum. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses show that the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Favignana consumed almost exclusively protein from terrestrial game and that there was only a slight increase in marine food consumption from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. This dietary change was similar in scale to that at sites on mainland Sicily and in the rest of the Mediterranean, suggesting that the hunter-gatherers of Grotta d'Oriente did not modify their subsistence strategies specifically to adapt to the progressive isolation of Favignana. The limited development of technologies for intensively exploiting marine resources was probably a consequence both of Mediterranean oligotrophy and of the small effective population size of these increasingly isolated human groups, which made innovation less likely and prevented transmission of fitness-enhancing adaptations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. marcello.mannino@eva.mpg.de
authors.forename: Marcello A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Sahra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talamo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schimmenti
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lalueza-Fox
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petruso
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caramelli
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sineo
mesh_terms: D000885:Anthropology, Physical / Q000266:history; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004032:Diet; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D012802:Sicily
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D003094:Collagen