title: The precision, accuracy and validity of detecting posterior ligamentous complex injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a critical appraisal of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnostic assessment and prognostic value of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) remains a controversial topic in the management of patients with thoracolumbar spinal injury. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise the literature and present an overview of the: (1) precision, (2) accuracy, and (3) validity of detecting PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies evaluating the precision, accuracy and/or validity of detecting and managing PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and/or lumbar spine injuries were searched through the Medline database (1966 to September 2011). References were retrieved and evaluated individually and independently by two authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one eligible studies were identified. Few studies reported the use of countermeasures for sampling and measurement bias. In nine agreement studies, the PLC was assessed in various ways, ranging from use of booklets to a complete set of diagnostic imaging. Inter-rater and intra-rater kappa values ranged from 0.188 to 0.915 and 0.455 to 0.840, respectively. In nine accuracy studies, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was most often (n = 6) compared with intra-operative findings. In general, MR imaging tended to demonstrate relatively high negative predictive values and relatively low positive predictive values for PLC injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variety of methods have been applied in the evaluation of precision and accuracy of PLC injury detection, leaving spinal surgeons with a multitude of variable results. There is scant clinical evidence demonstrating the true prognostic value of detected PLC injuries in patients with thoracic and lumbar spine injuries. We recommend the conduct of longitudinal clinical follow-up studies on those cases assessed for precision and/or accuracy of PLC injuries.
authors.affiliation: Stoke Mandeville Spinal Foundation, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK. jvanmiddendorp@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Middendorp
authors.forename: Alpesh A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuetz
authors.forename: Andrei F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Joaquim
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery