title: Predictors of cardiovascular events in a contemporary population with impaired glucose tolerance: an observational analysis of the Nateglinide and Valsartan in impaired glucose tolerance outcomes research (NAVIGATOR) trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk factors for cardiovascular events are well established in general populations and those with diabetes but have been sparsely studied in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We sought to identify predictors of (1) a composite cardiovascular outcome (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke) and (2) cardiovascular death, among patients with IGT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied participants enrolled in the Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research (NAVIGATOR) trial. Predictors of cardiovascular events were identified in observational analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trial participants in 40 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  9306 participants with biochemically confirmed IGT at high risk of cardiovascular events participated in NAVIGATOR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed using variables (demographic data, medical history, clinical features, biochemical results and ECG findings) recorded at baseline to identify variables associated with and predictive of cardiovascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 6.4 years, 639 (6.9%) participants experienced a cardiovascular event, and 244 (2.6%) cardiovascular death. While predictors of both outcomes included established risk factors such as existing cardiovascular disease, male gender, older age, current smoking status and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, other variables such as reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, previous thromboembolic disease, atrial fibrillation, higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were also important predictors. Glycaemic measures were not predictive of cardiovascular events. c-Statistics for predicting cardiovascular events and cardiovascular death were 0.74 and 0.82, respectively. This compares with c-statistics for cardiovascular events and cardiovascular death of 0.65 and 0.71, respectively, using the classical Framingham risk factors of age, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension and smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most powerful independent predictors of cardiovascular events in IGT included both established risk factors and other variables excluding measures of glycaemia, allowing effective identification of high-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,  UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Preiss
authors.forename: Laine E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jie-Lena
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haffner
authors.forename: Rury R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leiter
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Guy E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognoni
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Fu-Tien
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McMurray