title: A model of malaria epidemiology involving weather, exposure and transmission applied to north East India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantitative relations between weather variables and malaria vector can enable pro-active control through meteorological monitoring. Such relations are also critical for reliable projections in a changing climate, especially since the vector abundance depends on a combination of weather variables, each in a given range. Further, such models need to be region-specific as vector population and exposure depend on regional characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We consider days of genesis based on daily temperature, rainfall and humidity in given ranges. We define a single model parameter based on estimates of exposure and transmission to calibrate the model; the model is applied to 12 districts of Arunachal Pradesh, a region endemic to malaria. The epidemiological data is taken as blood samples that test positive. The meteorological data is adopted from NCEP daily Reanalysis on a global grid; population data is used to estimate exposure and transmission coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed annual cycles (2006-2010) and the interannual variability (2002-2010) of epidemiology are well simulated for each of the 12 districts by the model. While no single weather variable like temperature can reproduce the observed epidemiology, a combination of temperature, rainfall and humidity provides an accurate description of the annual cycle as well as the inter annual variability over all the 12 districts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of the three meteorological variables, along with the expressions for exposure and transmission, can quite accurately represent observed epidemiology over multiple locations and different years. The model is potentially useful for outbreak forecasts at short time scales through high resolution weather monitoring; however, validation with longer and independent epidemiological data is required for more robust estimation of realizable skill. While the model has been examined over a specific region, the basic algorithm is easily applicable to other regions; the model can account for shifting vulnerability due to regional climate change.
authors.affiliation: CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation [C-MMACS], Bengaluru, India. goswami@cmmacs.ernet.in
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Upadhayula Suryanarayana
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Murty
authors.forename: Srinivasa Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mutheneni
authors.forename: Avinash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kukkuthady
authors.forename: Swathi Trithala
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Krishnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012621:Seasons; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014887:Weather