title: Minimum effective volume of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine in ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of ultrasound (US) in regional anaesthesia enables a reduction in the local anaesthetic volume. The present study aimed to determine the minimum effective volume (MEV(90)) of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine for interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  The volume of the anaesthetic was determined using a step-up/step-down method and was based on the outcome of the preceding block. A positive or negative block resulted in a 1 ml reduction or increase in volume, respectively. The success of the block was defined as the presence of motor block in three muscle groups and the absence of thermal and pain sensations in three dermatomes within 30 min of the injection. Diaphragmatic paralysis and analgesia were assessed at 30 min, 4, and 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MEV(90) for US-guided brachial plexus block under the conditions of the present study was 0.95 ml [R(2): 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6-1.22 ml]. The estimated maximum volume that did not cause diaphragmatic block was 4.29 ml (R(2): 0.84, 95% CI: 3.56-4.98 ml). Effective postoperative analgesia was achieved with 2.34 ml (R(2): 0.87, 95% CI: 0.48-11.47 ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MEV(90) of 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine (1:200 000) for US-guided ISBPB was 0.95 ml. Adequate postoperative analgesia and a reduced incidence of diaphragmatic block can be obtained using from 2.34 to 4.29 ml. ClinicalTrials.gov. Registry NCT01244932.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Critical Care Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista School of Medicine (Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Napoleão de Barros, 715-5° andar-Hospital São Paulo, Vila Clementino, CEP: 04024-002São Paulo, SP, Brazil. anestesia.dcir@epm.br
authors.forename: L F R
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Falcão
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tardelli
authors.forename: J L G
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Amaral
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001917:Brachial Plexus; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine