title: Impulsive action but not impulsive choice determines problem gambling severity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsivity is a hallmark of problem gambling. However, impulsivity is not a unitary construct and this study investigated the relationship between problem gambling severity and two facets of impulsivity: impulsive action (impaired ability to withhold a motor response) and impulsive choice (abnormal aversion for the delay of reward).
  
  
  METHODS
  The recruitment includes 65 problem gamblers and 35 normal control participants. On the basis of DSM-IV-TR criteria, two groups of gamblers were distinguished: problem gamblers (n = 38) and pathological gamblers (n = 27) with similar durations of gambling practice. Impulsive action was assessed using a response inhibition task (the stop-signal task). Impulsive choice was estimated with the delay-discounting task. Possible confounds (e.g., IQ, mood, ADHD symptoms) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both problem and pathological gamblers discounted reward at a higher rate than their controls, but only pathological gamblers showed abnormally low performance on the most demanding condition of the stop-signal task. None of the potential confounds covaried with these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that, whereas abnormal impulsive choice characterizes all problem gamblers, pathological gamblers' impairments in impulsive action may represent an important developmental pathway of pathological gambling.
authors.affiliation: Psychological Medicine Laboratory, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium. dbrevers@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brevers
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cleeremans
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kornreich
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verbanck
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Noël
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires