title: Primary, secondary metabolites, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant activity of the Malaysian Herb Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila Benth) exposed to potassium fertilization under greenhouse conditions.
abstract: A randomized complete block design was used to characterize the relationship between production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate content, leaf gas exchange, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), soluble protein, invertase and antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Labisia pumila Benth var. alata under four levels of potassium fertilization experiments (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg K/ha) conducted for 12 weeks. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate content was affected by the interaction between potassium fertilization and plant parts. As the potassium fertilization levels increased from 0 to 270 kg K/ha, the production of soluble protein and PAL activity increased steadily. At the highest potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) L. pumila exhibited significantly higher net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), intercellular CO(2) (C(i)), apparent quantum yield (ξ) and lower dark respiration rates (R(d)), compared to the other treatments. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid are also higher under 270 kg K/ha compared to 180, 90 and 0 kg K/ha. Furthermore, from the present study, the invertase activity was also found to be higher in 270 kg K/ha treatment. The antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, CAT and SOD) were lower under high potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) and have a significant negative correlation with total phenolics and flavonoid production. From this study, it was observed that the up-regulation of leaf gas exchange and downregulation of APX, CAT and SOD activities under high supplementation of potassium fertilizer enhanced the carbohydrate content that simultaneously increased the production of L. pumila secondary metabolites, thus increasing the health promoting effects of this plant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. hawazej@agri.upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Hafiz
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Hawa Z E
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghasemzadeh
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005308:Fertilizers; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D029623:Primulaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005308:Fertilizers; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010940:Plant Proteins; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D011188:Potassium