title: Appetite-regulating hormones from the upper gut: disrupted control of xenin and ghrelin in night workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shift work is associated with circadian rhythm disorder, impaired sleep and behavioural changes, including eating habits, predisposing to obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. It involves a neuro-hormonal dysregulation of appetite towards positive energy balance, including increased ghrelin and decreased leptin, but little is known about other hormones, such as xenin, derived from the upper gut (like ghrelin), and lower gut hormones. Our objective was to compare night workers with day workers in relation to appetite-regulating hormones and other metabolic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four overweight women, divided into night shift workers (n = 12) and day shift workers (n = 12).
  
  
  METHODS
  BMI, waist circumference, fat mass percentage; diet composition; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; lipids; adipokines; meal tolerance test curves of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, PYY3-36, oxyntomodulin, xenin, GLP-1; insulin sensitivity (Stumvoll index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Night workers, as compared with day workers, had greater body fat mass percentage and tendency to greater waist circumference despite similar BMI; greater energy intake; impaired sleep; lower insulin sensitivity; increased triglycerides and tendency to increased C-reactive protein; similar levels of leptin and other adipokines. Night workers had a blunted post-meal suppression of ghrelin (AUCi(0-60 min) 19·4 ± 139·9 vs -141·9 ± 9·0 ng/ml·60 min, P < 0·01); blunted rise of xenin (AUC(0-180 min) 8690·9 ± 2988·2 vs 28 504·4 ± 20 308·3 pg/ml·180 min, P < 0·01) and similar curves of PYY3-36, oxyntomodulin and GPL-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with day workers within the same BMI range, night workers presented a disrupted control of ghrelin and xenin, associated with behavioural changes in diet and sleep and increased adiposity and related metabolic alterations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes (LIMED)/Gastrocentro, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schiavo-Cardozo
authors.forename: Marcelo M O
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geloneze
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004064:Digestive System / Q000503:physiopathology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D009496:Neurotensin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053772:Oxyntomodulin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D053772:Oxyntomodulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019894:Peptide YY; C061785:peptide YY (3-36); C077659:xenin 25; D009496:Neurotensin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1