title: Donor smoking history and age in lung transplantation:  a revisit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When selecting a donor for lung transplantation, it is generally believed that the best outcomes occur when the donor has no smoking history. Because we experienced unexpected adverse outcomes after transplant of lungs from teenaged donors with no smoking history, this study revisited the effects of donor smoking history in relation to age on transplant outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of 532 consecutive lung transplants performed at our institution. Most donors (293, 55%) had a history of smoking; 239 donors were nonsmokers. The smoking donors were further subgrouped based on consumption (<20, 20-40, or >40 pack-years). The nonsmoking donors were subgrouped by age (<20 years or ≥20 years). Recipients' characteristics and outcomes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recipients of lungs from donors with a smoking history showed better 5-year survival than recipients of lungs from nonsmokers (65.8% vs. 48.3%, P<0.05), but recipients of lungs from heavy smokers (>40 pack-years smoking history) exhibited a significantly higher incidence of severe primary graft dysfunction and higher short- and long-term mortality than the recipients of lungs from donors who smoked less. Surprisingly, recipients of lungs from teenaged donors with no smoking history exhibited a higher morbidity and mortality than recipients of lungs from adult nonsmoking donors but did not exhibit decreased posttransplant forced expiratory volume in 1 sec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large, single-center experience, the absence of smoking history in the donor did not result in better long-term outcomes after lung transplantation. Potential problems with lungs from teenaged donors with no smoking history were suggested.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shigemuran@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shigemura
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Jay K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bhama
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaldonis
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pilewski
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bermudez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014019:Tissue Donors; D016896:Treatment Outcome