title: Massive splenic infarction in children with sickle cell anemia and the role of splenectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Massive splenic infarction (MSI) is a very rare condition. Few reports of splenic infarction of various etiologies including hematological and non-hematological causes have been published. On the other hand, MSI in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) is extremely rare. This report describes our experience with 15 children with SCA and MSI outlining aspects of presentation, diagnosis and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all children with MSI were retrospectively reviewed for age at diagnosis, sex, clinical features, precipitating factors, investigations, management and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15 children (11 M: 4 F) with SCA were treated for MSI. Their mean age was 10.9 years (6-17 years). All presented with severe left upper quadrant abdominal pain. In nine, this was associated with nausea and vomiting. Three were febrile and all had a tender splenomegaly. Their mean hemoglobin was 8.2 g/dl (5.7-11.3 g/dl), mean WBC was 10.97 × 10(3) mm(-3) (3.6 × 10(3)-22.3 × 10(3) mm(-3)) and mean platelet count was 263.3 × 10(3) mm(-3) (40 × 10(3)-660 × 10(3) mm(-3)). In seven, there was a precipitating cause including high altitude in two, acute chest syndrome in two, septicemia in two and severe vasooclusive crisis in one. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of MSI which involved more than half of the spleen in 12 and whole spleen in 3. All were treated with IV fluids, analgesia and blood transfusion where appropriate. Eleven had splenectomy because of persistent abdominal pain, three developed splenic abscess and underwent splenectomy and one settled on conservative treatment. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of splenic infarction in 11 and infarction with abscess in the remaining 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSI is extremely rare in children with SCA. It can develop spontaneously or precipitated by other factors namely high altitude, acute chest syndrome and severe stress. Most reported cases of splenic infarction are small in size, focal and can be treated conservatively. MSI, on the other hand, may necessitate splenectomy for persistent symptoms or in case of complications, such as abscess formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. ahsalsalem@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Salem
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D000038:Abscess / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D056586:Acute Chest Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000293:Adolescent; D000531:Altitude; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D010976:Platelet Count; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications; D013156:Splenectomy; D013159:Splenic Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000209:etiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006454:Hemoglobins