title: Emerging opportunities for serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins.
abstract: Two decades ago, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type A was introduced to the commercial market. Subsequently, the toxin was approved by the FDA to address several neurological syndromes, involving muscle, nerve, and gland hyperactivity. These syndromes have typically been associated with abnormalities in cholinergic transmission. Despite the multiplicity of botulinal serotypes (designated as types A through G), therapeutic preparations are currently only available for BoNT types A and B. However, other BoNT serotypes are under study for possible clinical use and new clinical indications;
  
  
  
  To review the current research on botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A-G, and to analyze potential applications within basic science and clinical settings;
  
  
  
  The increasing understanding of botulinal neurotoxin pathophysiology, including the neurotoxin's effects on specific neuronal populations, will help us in tailoring treatments for specific diagnoses, symptoms and patients. Scientists and clinicians should be aware of the full range of available data involving neurotoxin subtypes A-G.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration, Department of Neurology, 3450 Hull Road Gainesville, FL 32607, USA. zhong.pengc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Zhongxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng Chen
authors.forename: J Glenn
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Ramon L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagle Shukla
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tapia-Núñez
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Okun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins