title: Independent passive mechanical behavior of bovine extraocular muscle compartments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intramuscular innervation of horizontal rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) is segregated into superior and inferior (transverse) compartments, while all EOMs are also divided into global (GL) and orbital (OL) layers with scleral and pulley insertions, respectively. We sought evidence of potential independent action by examining passive mechanical coupling between EOM compartments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Putative compartments of each of the six whole bovine anatomical EOMs were separately clamped to a physiologically controlled, dual channel microtensile load cell (5-mN force resolution) driven by independent, high-speed, linear motors having 20-nm position resolution. One channel at a time was extended or retracted by 3 to 5 mm, with the other channel stationary. Fiducials distributed on the EOM global surface enabled optical tracking of local deformation. Loading rates of 5 to 100 mm/sec were applied to explore speeds from slow vergence to saccades. Control loadings employed transversely loaded EOM and isotropic latex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All eom bellies and tendons exhibited substantial compartmental independence when loaded in the physiologic direction, both between OL and GL, and for arbitrary transverse parsings of EOM width ranging from 60%: 40% to 80%:20%. Intercompartmental force coupling in the physiologic direction was less than or equal to 10% in all six EOMS even for saccadic loading rates. Coupling was much higher for nonphysiologic transverse EOM loading and isotropic latex. Optical tracking demonstrated independent strain distribution between EOM compartments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial mechanical independence exists among physiologically loaded fiber bundles in bovine EOMs and tendons, providing biomechanical support for the proposal that differential compartmental function in horizontal rectus EOMs contributes to novel torsional and vertical actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095-7002, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D013710:Tendons / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology