title: Risk factors for subclinical intramammary infection in dairy goats in two longitudinal field studies evaluated by Bayesian logistic regression.
abstract: Identification of risk factors for subclinical intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy goats should contribute to improved udder health. Intramammary infection may be diagnosed by bacteriological culture or by somatic cell count (SCC) of a milk sample. Both bacteriological culture and SCC are imperfect tests, particularly lacking sensitivity, which leads to misclassification and thus to biased estimates of odds ratios in risk factor studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for the true (latent) IMI status of major pathogens in dairy goats. We used Bayesian logistic regression models that accounted for imperfect measurement of IMI by both culture and SCC. Udder half milk samples were collected from 530 Dutch and 438 California dairy goats in 10 herds on 3 occasions during lactation. Udder halves were classified as positive or negative for isolation of a major pathogen (mostly Staphylococcus aureus) on bacteriological culture and as positive or negative for SCC (cut-off of 2000 × 10(3)cells/mL). Potentially controllable risk factors (udder conformation, teat size, teat shape, teat placement, teat-end shape, teat-end callosity thickness, teat-end callosity roughness, caprine arthritis encephalitis-virus infection status, and kidding season), and uncontrollable risk factors (parity, lactation stage, milk yield, pregnancy status, and breed) were measured in the Dutch study, the Californian study or in both studies. Bayesian logistic regression models were constructed in which the true (but latent) infection status was linked to the joint test results, as functions of test sensitivity and specificity. The latent IMI status was the dependent variable in the logistic regression model with risk factors as independent variables and with random herd and goat effects. For the combined data from both studies, the culture-based estimate of apparent prevalence of major pathogens in udder halves was 2.6% (137/5220) and the estimate of the apparent prevalence of high SCC was 11.0% (581/5294). The model was able to estimate the performance characteristics of bacteriological culture and SCC together with the effect of risk factors on the true IMI status. Higher parity, late lactation and low milk yield were significantly related to higher odds of the latent IMI status. The only significant controllable risk factor was an udder base below the hocks. Lack of a perfect reference test is a common problem in veterinary epidemiology and may lead to biased estimates of odds ratios or other measures of association in risk factor studies. The approach described herein can be used to address these problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.koop@uu.nl
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Collar
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielen
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Werven
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000662:veterinary; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008413:Mastitis / Q000662:veterinary*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000502:physiology