title: Fathers' perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to their involvement with their newborn hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore what fathers perceive to be facilitators or barriers to their involvement with their infants.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Fathers make unique and important contributions to the development of their infants. Fathers of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit often feel that they have a limited role to play in their infant's care, and surveys suggest that they are not typically involved in infant caregiving. Paradoxically, qualitative studies have found that fathers do want to be involved, and their lack of involvement is an important source of stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative descriptive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen fathers of infants, in the neonatal intensive care unit for at least one week, were interviewed and asked to describe what they perceived to be the barriers and facilitators to their involvement. Interviews were audio taped and transcribed, and the data was content analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three major categories of barriers/facilitators were identified: (1) infant factors (size and health status, twin birth and infant feedback), (2) interpersonal factors (the rewards of and attitudes and beliefs regarding fatherhood; family management; previous experiences) and (3) neonatal intensive care unit environmental factors (physical and social). These factors could often be a barrier or facilitator to involvement depending on the context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides insights into what factors influence involvement, and how nursing staff can support involvement and best meet fathers' needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses should explore the forms of involvement that a father desires, as well as the demands on their time, and determine what might be done to promote involvement. Fathers should be assisted to maximise the time that they do have with the infant. Nurses must provide clear and consistent information about whether and when caregiving is advisable, and they can explain and demonstrate how fathers can care for their infant.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. nancy.feeley@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Feeley
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waitzer
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sherrard
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zelkowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005220:Fathers; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital