title: The impact of parenting styles on adolescent alcohol use: the TRAILS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of parenting styles (overprotection, emotional warmth, and rejection) in early adolescence on regular alcohol use in late adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the first three waves (mean ages: 11.09, 13.56, and 16.27 years, respectively) of a population-based prospective cohort study of 2,230 adolescents, conducted between 2001 and 2007. Adolescents reported on parental overprotection, emotional warmth, and rejection (T1). Regular alcohol use was defined as six and seven glasses or more a week for girls and boys, respectively. We further assessed family socioeconomic status, parental divorce, parental alcohol use, educational level of the adolescent, and alcohol use at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental overprotection had the strongest relationship to regular alcohol use: adolescents who perceived more parental overprotection were at increased risk of developing regular alcohol use, even after adjustment for several confounders. Rejection was not related to adolescents' alcohol use and, after adjustment for the other variables, neither was emotional warmth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overprotective parenting is a determinant of future regular adolescent alcohol use and therefore health professionals should pay particular attention to those adolescents who have overprotective parents. The role of adolescent characteristics in the relationship between overprotection and alcohol use deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, NL–9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands. L.Visser01@umcg.nl
authors.forename: Leenke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Andrea F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.forename: Wilma A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004243:Divorce; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012059:Rejection, Psychology; D012923:Social Class