title: Combinations of urinary biomarkers for surveillance of patients with incident nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: the European FP7 UROMOL project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined a combination of markers with optimal sensitivity to detect recurrence in voided urine after resection of an incident low grade, nonmuscle invasive bladder tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 136 patients with G1/G2 nonmuscle invasive bladder tumor were included in the study at transurethral resection of the incident tumor. At least 3 followup urine samples were required for patient selection. DNA was extracted from the incident tumor and cell pellets of subsequently collected urine samples. We performed FGFR3, PIK3CA and RAS mutation analysis, and microsatellite and methylation analysis on tissue and urine DNA samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained 716 urine samples. The 136 patients experienced a total of 552 recurrences during a median 3-year followup. Sensitivity for detecting a recurrent tumor varied between 66% and 68% for the molecular tests after patient stratification based on tumor DNA analysis. A combination of markers increased sensitivity but decreased the number of patients eligible for a certain test combination. Combining urine cytology with FGFR3 analysis without stratifying for FGFR3 status of the incident tumor increased sensitivity from 56% to 76%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of markers increased the percentage of patients eligible for urine based followup and the sensitivity of recurrence detection. Adding FGFR3 analysis to urine cytology could be valuable for noninvasive followup of patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tahlita C M
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zuiverloon
authors.forename: Willemien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beukers
authors.forename: Kirstin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: van der Keur
authors.forename: Annemieke J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nieuweboer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dyrskjot
authors.forename: Torben F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Orntoft
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Zwarthoff
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers