title: Plasma kallistatin is associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in apparently healthy African American adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is generally recognized that obesity and cardiometabolic risk are more prevalent in African Americans. Kallistatin, a novel tissue kallikrein inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the relationships among plasma kallistatin levels, adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in African American adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma kallistatin levels were determined in 318 apparently healthy African American adolescents (aged 14-19 years, 48.1% females) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma kallistatin levels did not differ between males (27.9±11.2 μg/mL) and females (26.8±11.0 μg/mL) (p=0.47). Plasma kallistatin levels were inversely correlated with percent body fat (% BF, r=-0.13, p=0.04), total cholesterol (r=-0.28, p<0.01), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, r=-0.30, p<0.01) and interleukin-6 (r=-0.14, p=0.05), but positively correlated with adiponectin (r=0.16, p=0.03) and high density lipoprotein (HDL, r=0.17, p=0.02). These correlations remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index percentiles. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that LDL cholesterol alone explained 14.2% of the variance in kallistatin, while % BF and adiponectin explained an additional 3.6% and 2.8% of the variance, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that plasma kallistatin levels are inversely associated with adiposity, adverse lipid profiles and inflammation in apparently healthy African American adolescents. As a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammation agent, kallistatin may also hold therapeutic promise in cardiometabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Ishita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kotak
authors.forename: Dehuang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Samip J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Jigar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhagatwala
authors.forename: Yutong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Sagar Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houk
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Yanbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000097:blood; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006262:Health / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015843:Serpins / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015843:Serpins; C051324:kallistatin