title: Long working hours and health status among employees in Europe: between-country differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to (i) identify family responsibilities associated with moderately long working hours (41-60 hours a week); (ii) examine the relationship between moderately long working hours and three health outcomes; and (iii) analyze whether patterns differ by welfare state regimes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was composed of all employees aged 16-64 years working 30-60 hours a week interviewed in the 2005 European Working Conditions Survey (9288 men and 6295 women). We fitted multiple logistic regression models separated by sex and welfare state regime typologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Married males were more likely to work long hours in countries with male breadwinner models whereas family responsibilities were related to long working hours among both sexes in countries with dual breadwinner models. The association between long working hours and health was (i) stronger among men in countries with male breadwinner models, primarily in Anglo-Saxon countries [adjusted odds ratio (OR adj) associated with working 51-60 hours of 6.43, 6.04 and 9.60 for work-related poor health status, stress and psychological distress, respectively); (ii) similar among both sexes in Nordic countries; and (iii) stronger among women in Eastern European countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the European Union of 25 members (EU-25), working moderately long hours is associated with poor health outcomes with different patterns depending on welfare state regimes. The findings from this study suggest that the family responsibilities and breadwinner models can help explain the relationship between long working hours and health status.
authors.affiliation: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps 1, ES-08023 Barcelona, Spain. lartazco@aspb.cat
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Artazcoz
authors.forename: Imma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cortès
authors.forename: Vicenta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escribà-Agüir
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bartoll
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Basart
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D055815:Young Adult