title: Autologous options for postmastectomy breast reconstruction: a comparison of outcomes based on the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The postmastectomy patient faces a plethora of choices when opting for autologous breast reconstruction; however, multi-institutional data comparing the available techniques are lacking. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database provides a robust patient cohort for comparing outcomes and determining independent predictors of complications for each autologous method.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NSQIP database was retrospectively reviewed from 2006 to 2010, identifying 3,296 autologous breast reconstruction patients. Univariate analyses compared complication and reoperation rates. Multivariable logistic regression analyses of 4 cohorts (free flaps, pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaeous (TRAM) flaps, latissimus, and all flaps in aggregate) determined complication rates and independent risk factors for complications and specific outcomes of interest (surgical site infection [SSI], flap failure, reoperation) in all flap types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification ≥ 3, body mass index > 30 kg/m(2), recent surgery, delayed reconstruction, and prolonged operative times are significant predictors of increased complications in autologous reconstructions. Rates of complications, flap failure, and reoperation were highest in the free tissue transfer group (p < 0.001). Latissimus flaps showed significantly lower rates of complications than other autologous methods (p < 0.001). Pedicled TRAM patients had the highest incidences of venous thromboembolic disease and SSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large-scale, multicenter evaluation of outcomes in autologous breast reconstruction found that free flaps have the highest captured 30-day complication and reoperation rates of any autologous reconstructive method; complications in latissimus flaps were surprisingly few. Pedicled TRAM and latissimus flaps remain the most commonly used autologous reconstructive methods. In addition to providing statistically robust outcomes data, this study contributes significantly to patient education and preoperative planning discussions.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gart
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Smetona
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hanwright
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bethke
authors.forename: Seema A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John Y S
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology