title: Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology of cardiovascular, and safety with the perspective of new drugs development.
abstract: The phytochemistry, cardiovascular pharmacology, toxicology, side effect, and further development prospects of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJE) and its main constituents crocins and iridoid glycosides were studied. Numerous studies have confirmed that crocins and iridoid glycosides had effects of antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-ischemic brain injuries, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hypertension, and so on. Some of them might be related to several attractive pharmacodynamic actions of GJE such as promoting endothelium growth, protecting neurons, and inducing their differentiation. Both of them make it possible for GJE to prevent and cure thromboembolism and cardiovascular diseases well. From our own basic pharmacological research of GJE extract on several rat models, it has been known that GJE extract markedly prolonged bleeding time and inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It has significant proliferation effect on both endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells as well. As the mechanisms of GJE on those diseases were discussed and summarized, questions about its genetoxicity and hepatotoxicity were also discussed during its safety study to make the foundation for long-term medication and clinical research in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China. lh.tiger.9@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005638:Fruit; D032062:Gardenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D002338:Carotenoids; C029036:crocin