title: Impact of universal health insurance coverage in Thailand on sales and market share of medicines for non-communicable diseases: an interrupted time series study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2001, Thailand implemented the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS), a public insurance system that aimed to achieve universal access to healthcare, including essential medicines, and to influence primary care centres and hospitals to use resources efficiently, via capitated payment for outpatient services and other payment policies for inpatient care. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the UCS on utilisation of medicines in Thailand for three non-communicable diseases: cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time-series design, with a non-equivalent comparison group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thailand, 1998-2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quarterly purchases of medicines from hospital and retail pharmacies collected by IMS Health between 1998 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  UCS implementation, April-October 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total pharmaceutical sales volume and percent market share by licensing status and National Essential Medicine List status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UCS was associated with long-term increases in sales of medicines for conditions that are typically treated in outpatient primary care settings, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, but not for medicines for diseases that are typically treated in secondary or tertiary care settings, such as heart failure, arrhythmias and cancer. Although the majority of increases in sales were for essential medicines, there were also postpolicy increases in sales of non-essential medicines. Immediately following the reform, there was a significant shift in hospital sector market share by licensing status for most classes of medicines. Government-produced products often replaced branded generic or generic competitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that expanding health insurance coverage with a medicine benefit to the entire Thai population increased access to medicines in primary care. However, our study also suggests that the UCS may have had potentially undesirable effects. Evaluations of the long-term impacts of universal health coverage on medicine utilisation are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Drug Policy Research Group and WHO Collaborating Center in Pharmaceutical Policy, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Laura Faden
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Garabedian
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross-Degnan
authors.forename: Sauwakon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ratanawijitrasin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Anita Katharina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wagner