title: Interventional radiology in the management of benign biliary stenoses, biliary leaks and fistulas: a pictorial review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benign biliary postoperative stenoses and biliary leaks and fistulas usually occur due to injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gastric or hepatic resection, bilio-enteric anastomoses and after liver transplantation. In most of the cases a new surgical intervention is not possible and the percutaneous trans-hepatic approach is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and treatment of the problem. This review aims to highlight the spectrum of percutaneous cholangiographic findings and methods of treatment of postoperative benign biliary stenoses and biliary leaks and fistulas. In the case of stenosis, dilation of the narrow tract is the usually the first approach, whereas in the case of leaks and fistulas bile diversion with drainage is usually attempted in order to seal the fistulous tract. However, a great variety of combination of materials and techniques may be used on a "case-by case" approach
  
  
  METHODS
  A selection of cases of benign biliary postoperative stenoses and biliary leaks and fistulas that were managed percutaneously are presented and the most common lines of approach are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The imaging spectrum of percutaneous treatment of benign biliary postoperative stenoses and biliary leaks and fistulas is presented in order to aid interpretation and management with image guided procedures.                                                   TEACHING POINTS                 :                  • Treatment of benign biliary stenosis is performed with cholangioplasty and stents.                 • The main goal of fistula treatment is to divert the bile away from the site of bile wall defect.                 • Drain collection and tract embolisation are the other options for bile leak percutaneous treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hills Road, Box 218, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, mkrokidis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krokidis
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orgera
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matteoli
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatzidakis