title: Normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease in the U.S. population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study sought to compare the prevalence and modifying factors of normoalbuminuric (NA) versus albuminuric (ALB) CKD in the U.S. diabetic and nondiabetic populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHANES 2001-2008 included 2798 diabetic and 15,743 nondiabetic participants. Age-specific prevalence of NA-CKD and ALB-CKD was calculated within each diabetes stratum and then stratified again according to gender, ethnicity, mean arterial pressure ≥105 mmHg and HbA1c≥7%. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine odds ratios and 95% CI for NA-CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of NA-CKD rose with age, with an overall mean of 9.7% in diabetic and 4.3% in nondiabetic participants. NA-CKD was less prevalent in diabetic men, OR=0.58 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.87). In comparison with whites, blacks and 'other' ethnic groups had an OR for NA-CKD of 0.44 (95% CI 0.29, 0.68) and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.96), respectively. Poorly controlled blood pressure and glycemia resulted in a decreased OR for NA-CKD (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.50) and (0.48, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.74), respectively. Similar results were obtained for nondiabetic participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NA-CKD is more common in people with diabetes, women, non-Hispanic whites, and in the setting of well controlled blood pressure and glycemia.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina Kidney Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC, USA. amy_mottl@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mottl
authors.forename: Keun-Sang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauer
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Abhijit V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology