title: Diagnostic biomarkers of pro-inflammatory immune-mediated preterm birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pro-inflammatory immunity, either infectious or sterile-derived, is one of the major causes of preterm birth and associated with enhanced maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing intrauterine inflammation at an early stage is tremendously important. Amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 concentration is currently the most investigated diagnostic tool for detecting intrauterine inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniotic fluid samples were obtained from women with no signs of intrauterine infection [amniocentesis (n = 82), cesarean section (n = 110), spontaneous delivery (n = 20) and those with clinical signs of intrauterine infection or inflammation (AIS, n = 16)]. Amniotic fluid was screened by commercial ELISAs for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, growth regulated oncogene-α (gro) α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α, MIP1β, histone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, proIL1β and interferon γ-induced protein (IP) 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ProIL-1β, MIP1β, IL-10 and IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in the AIS group, whereas IL-4 levels were significantly lower in the AIS group. No significant differences were found regarding IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, GROα, MIP1α, histone, TNFα, ProIL1β and IP10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MIP1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and proIL-1β might be potential singular biomarkers in diagnosing intrauterine inflammation. The combinations of elevated levels of IL-17/GROα, MIP1β/IL-15 and histone/IL-10 are new potentially advantageous biomarker combinations.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany. tobias.weissenbacher@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weissenbacher
authors.forename: Rüdiger P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Laubender
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Witkin
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gingelmaier
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schiessl
authors.forename: Franziskus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kainer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jeschke
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dian
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karl
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000378:metabolism; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D006657:Histones