title: Influence of diet, exercise, and serum vitamin d on sarcopenia in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of 12 months of dietary weight loss and/or aerobic exercise on lean mass and the measurements defining sarcopenia in postmenopausal women and to examine the potential moderating effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred thirty-nine overweight and obese postmenopausal women were randomized to diet modification (N = 118), exercise (N = 117), diet + exercise (N = 117), or control (N = 87). The diet intervention was a group-based program with a 10% weight loss goal. The exercise intervention was 45 min·d, 5 d·wk, of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic activity. Total and appendicular lean mass (ALM) were quantified by dual x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 12 months. A skeletal muscle index (SMI = ALM (kg) / height (m)) and the prevalence of sarcopenia (SMI <5.67 kg·m) were calculated. Serum 25(OH)D was assayed using a competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary weight loss resulted in a significant decrease in lean mass and a borderline significant decrease in ALM and SMI compared with controls. In contrast, aerobic exercise significantly preserved ALM and SMI. Diet + exercise attenuated the loss of ALM and SMI compared with diet alone and did not result in significant loss of total mass or ALM compared with controls. Neither serum 25(OH)D nor age was significant moderators of the intervention effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aerobic exercise added to dietary weight loss can attenuate the loss of ALM during weight loss and may be effective for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia among overweight and obese postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Liren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ikuyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Imayama
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Foster-Schubert
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Ching-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villasenor
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Alfano
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTiernan
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017698:Postmenopause; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D