title: Motilin: towards a new understanding of the gastrointestinal neuropharmacology and therapeutic use of motilin receptor agonists.
abstract: The gastrointestinal hormone motilin has been known about for >40 years, but after identification of its receptor and subsequent development of new tools and methods, a reappraisal of its actions is required. Firstly, it is important to note that motilin and ghrelin receptors are members of the same family (similar genomic organization, gastrointestinal distribution and abilities to stimulate gastrointestinal motility), yet each fails to recognize the ligand of the other; and whereas ghrelin and ghrelin receptors are widespread outside the gastrointestinal tract, motilin and its receptors are largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Secondly, although some studies suggest motilin has activity in rodents, most do not, and receptor pseudogenes exist in rodents. Thirdly, motilin preferentially operates by facilitating enteric cholinergic activity rather than directly contracting the muscle, despite the relatively high expression of receptor immunoreactivity in muscle. This activity is ligand-dependent, with short-lasting actions of motilin contrasting with longer-lasting actions of the non-selective and selective motilin receptor agonists erythromycin and GSK962040. Finally, the use of erythromycin (also an antibiotic drug) to treat patients requiring acceleration of gastric emptying has led to concerns over safety and potential exacerbation of antibiotic resistance. Replacement motilin receptor agonists derived from erythromycin (motilides) have been unsuccessful. New, non-motilide, small molecule receptor agonists, designed to minimize self-desensitization, are now entering clinical trials for treating patients undergoing enteral feeding or with diabetic gastroparesis. Thus, for the translational pharmacologist, the study of motilin illustrates the need to avoid overreliance on artificial systems, on structural information and on animal studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
authors.affiliation: Neurogastroenterology Group, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sanger
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015195:Drug Design; D017615:Enteric Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009037:Motilin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C050802:motilin receptor; D009037:Motilin; D004917:Erythromycin