title: The relation between dietary intake of vegetable oils and serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels in central Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The detrimental effects of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs) on apolipoproteins have been reported from several parts of the world. However, little data is available in this regard from the understudied region of the Middle East. The present study therefore tried to evaluate the association between type of vegetable oils and serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels among Iranians.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, data from 1772 people (795 men and 977 women) aged 19-81 years, who were selected with multistage cluster random sampling method from three cities of Isfahan, Najafabad and Arak in "Isfahan Healthy Heart Program" (IHHP) (Iran), was used. To assess participants' usual dietary intakes, a validated food frequency questionnaire was used. Hydrogenated vegetable oil (commonly consumed for cooking in Iran) and margarine were considered as the category of PHVOs. Soy, sunflower, corn, olive and canola oils were considered as non-HVOs. After an overnight fasting, serum cholesterol (total, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) and triglyceride as well as apolipoproteins A and B were measured using standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with the highest intakes of non-HVOs and PHVOs were younger and had lower weight than those with lowest intakes. High consumption of non-HVOs and PHVOs was associated with lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, meat, milk and grains. No overall significant differences were found in serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels across the quartiles of non-HVOs and PHVOs after controlling for potential confounding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find any significant associations between hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated vegetable oil and serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels. Thus, further studies are needed in this region to explore this association.
authors.affiliation: MSc, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein Khosravi
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Boroujeni
authors.forename: Nizal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarrsfzadegan
authors.forename: Nooshin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohammadifard
authors.forename: Firoozeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sajjadi
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgary
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maghroon
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alikhassi
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmailzaded