title: Psychiatric morbidity is linked to problem drinking in midlife among alcohol-dependent men: a co-twin control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior research on predictors of problem drinking has been limited because of an inability to attribute an unambiguous environmental explanation to observed findings. Using a prospective co-twin control design, we examined the extent to which a history of psychiatric symptoms exerts an environmental influence on problem drinking in midlife that is unconfounded by genetic underpinnings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 367 complete male twin pairs (208 monozygotic, 159 dizygotic) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who were assessed in midlife as part of the Family Twin Study (Mage = 51.4 years, SD = 2.8). Twin pairs who were concordant for a lifetime diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) in 1992 were selected for participation and were reinterviewed in 2001 to measure symptoms of AUD (i.e., problem drinking) since the prior assessment (past 10 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within-pair differences in lifetime symptom counts of several psychiatric disorders measured in 1992 (i.e., major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, antisocial personality, mania, and posttraumatic stress disorder) were significantly associated with within-pair differences in AUD symptoms in the subsequent 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of psychiatric problems, particularly one marked by internalizing symptoms, appears to be linked to problem drinking in midlife above and beyond the confounding influence of genetic effects and underscores the potential value of integrated interventions for comorbidity to address problem drinking among individuals during this period of the life course.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. dmblonigen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Blonigen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: Jon Randolph
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014427:Twins