title: Human papillomavirus, smoking status and outcomes in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: It is now clear that the two separate entitles of tonsillar cancer, HPV induced and non-HPV induced (smoking induced), have significantly different presenting stage and outcomes. A significant proportion of patients with human papillomavirus positive tonsillar cancer have had exposure to smoking. We examined the combined effect of human papillomavirus and smoking on the outcomes and determined whether smoking can modify the beneficial effect of human papillomavirus. A total of 403 patients from nine centers were followed up for recurrence or death for a median of 38 months. Determinants of the rate of loco-regional recurrence, death from tonsillar cancer and overall survival were modeled using Cox regression. Smoking status was a significant predictor of overall survival (p = 0.04). There were nonstatistically significant trends favoring never smokers for loco-regional recurrence and disease specific survival. In addition, there was no statistically significant interactions between smoking and human papillomavirus (p-values for the interaction were 0.26 for loco-regional recurrence, 0.97 for disease specific survival and 0.73 for overall survival). The effect of smoking on loco-regional recurrence and disease specific survival outcomes was not statistically significant, nor was there significant evidence that the effect of smoking status on these outcomes was modified by HPV status. Irrespective of HPV status, however, smokers did have poorer overall survival than never-smokers, presumably due to effects of smoking that are unrelated to the primary cancer.
authors.affiliation: Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ahon6809@mail.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatfield
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: C Soon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milross
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smee
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corry
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porceddu
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking; D014067:Tonsillar Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*