title: Chronic smoking and brain gray matter changes: evidence from meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies.
abstract: Structural neuroimaging studies on chronic smokers using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) had provided cumulative evidence of gray matter (GM) changes relative to nonsmokers. However, not all the studies reported entirely consistent findings. Here, we aimed at identifying consistent GM anomalies in chronic smokers by performing a meta-analysis, and a systematic search of VBM studies on chronic smokers and nonsmokers published in PubMed and Embase database from 2000 to April 2012. Meta-analysis was performed using a newly improved voxel-based meta-analytic tool, namely effect size signed differential mapping, to quantitatively explore the GM abnormalities between chronic smokers and nonsmokers. A total of 7 eligible VBM studies involving 213 chronic smokers and 205 nonsmokers met the inclusion criteria. A considerable regional GM volume decrease was detected in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (BA 24) extending to BA32 in chronic smokers. The findings remain largely unchanged in the entire brain jackknife sensitivity analyses. The results of the present meta-analysis provide evidence of GM changes in ACC in chronic smokers which may be an important potential therapeutic neuro-target for nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital (The Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College), Yancheng 224001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pinglei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Haicun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Peirong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuanying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Guixiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*