title: Photocatalysis: effect of light-activated nanoscale formulations of TiO(2) on Xanthomonas perforans and control of bacterial spot of tomato.
abstract: Protection of crops from bacterial diseases presents a continuing challenge, mandating the development of novel agents and approaches. Photocatalysis is a process where chemically reactive oxygen species are catalytically generated by certain minerals in the presence of light. These reactive oxygen species have the capacity to destroy organic molecular structures critical to pathogen viability. In this study, the antibacterial potential of photocatalytic nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), nanoscale TiO(2) doped (incorporation of other materials into the structure of TiO(2)) with silver (TiO(2)/Ag), and nanoscale TiO(2) doped with zinc (TiO(2)/Zn; AgriTitan) was evaluated against Xanthomonas perforans, the causal agent for bacterial spot disease of tomato. In vitro experiments on photocatalytic activity and dose dependency were conducted on glass cover slips coated with the nanoscale formulations by adding a known population of X. perforans strain Xp-F7 and illuminating the cover slips under a visible light source. TiO(2)/Ag and TiO(2)/Zn had high photocatalytic activity against X. perforans within 10 min of exposure to 3 × 10(4) lux. Greenhouse studies on naturally and artificially infected transplants treated with TiO(2)/Zn at ≈500 to 800 ppm significantly reduced bacterial spot severity compared with untreated and copper control. Protection was similar to the grower standard, copper + mancozeb. The use of TiO(2)/Zn at ≈500 to 800 ppm significantly reduced disease incidence in three of the four trials compared with untreated and copper control, and was comparable to or better than the grower standard. The treatments did not cause any adverse effects on tomato yield in any of the field trials.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, North Florida, FL, USA. paret@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Mathews L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paret
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Vallad
authors.forename: Devron R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Averett
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018533:Biomass; D002384:Catalysis; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010777:Photochemistry; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium; D015032:Zinc