title: The prognostic significance of iliac vessel calcification in renal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral vascular disease and major extremity amputation are common in patients with established renal failure and are associated with considerable morbidity. Several studies have shown high rates of amputation following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, but there is minimal literature on the incidence of amputation following renal transplantation. Furthermore, there is little evidence regarding the best method of predicting which patients might be at risk of developing peripheral vascular complications after transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a 5 year follow-up on the cohort of patients who were on our renal transplant waiting list 5 years ago (January 2007). At this time, it was standard practice within our unit for all patients to have routine pelvic x-rays to assess for vascular calcification of the iliac vessels at the time of activation onto the transplant waiting list. Any patients with moderate/severe calcification on x-ray, which may complicate transplantation, were referred for computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of their aorto-iliac vessels. Mortality, transplantation outcomes, and amputation rates at 5 years were correlated with the severity of calcification on preoperative imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-seven patients were on the waiting list for renal transplantation in January 2007 (92 men; mean age, 58.3 +/- 6.2 years). Ninety-three patients received a transplant during the subsequent 5 years. By January 2012, 82 patients had a functioning transplant, 45 remained on the waiting list (5 suspended), 40 patients had died, and 20 were alive but no longer on the waiting list. Seventy-three (39.5%) had moderate or severe calcification on plain x-ray and went on to have CTA. Of these patients, 16 (21.9%) had extensive calcification affecting all the iliac vessels and were removed from the waiting list as a result. Preoperative imaging was useful in determining the side for surgery in a further 18 patients (24.3%). Twenty-two patients developed vascular complications. Nineteen (86.4%) had moderate-severe vascular calcification on imaging. Four of the patients with vascular complications (18.2%) underwent transplantation (2 had below knee amputation (BKA) prior to transplantation; 1 developed distal ischemia on the same side as the transplantation 2 years postoperatively; 1 had bilateral above knee amputation (AKA) approximately 2 years after transplantation). Eleven (50%) of the patients with vascular complications were dead at 5 years of follow-up. Mortality and amputation rates were higher in patients with moderate-severe calcification than minimal calcification (30.1% vs 16.6%; P = .02 and 10.9% vs 1.8%; P = .003, respectively). There was no difference in rates of delayed graft function (DGF), biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), or creatinine at 1 year between patients who underwent transplantation with moderate-severe calcification and those without, however, intraoperative vascular complications (26.7% vs 3%; P < .001), graft loss (28.1% vs 3.4%; P = .01), and death with a functioning transplant (9.7% vs 1.6%; P = .04) rates were higher in patients with extensive calcification compared with those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plain x-ray of the pelvis is a useful screening tool to identify those patients who may require further detailed vascular imaging prior to transplantation. Amputation rates following renal transplantation are low and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in isolation should not preclude transplantation. Nevertheless, significant vascular calcification is predictive of mortality both with and without transplantation and graft loss in patients with a renal transplant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Surgery, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramjug
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buist
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kingsmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018579:Patient Selection; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D014850:Waiting Lists / Q000401:mortality