title: Physical activity during school in urban minority kindergarten and first-grade students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if physical activity (PA) during the school day varied by school, grade level, gender, weight status, and physical education (PE) and recess participation among urban kindergarten and first-grade students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study at 4 Bronx, NY, schools. Student PA was measured by a Yamax Digi-Walker pedometer, an objective and validated measure of PA in children. Each student wore a sealed pedometer during school for 5 consecutive days. Hierarchical models were fit to identify variables predictive of PA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 916 had valid pedometer data (53% male, 70% Hispanic, mean age 5.98 years [SD 0.66], 45% overweight). PA varied by school (P < .0001). First-grade students took a significantly greater mean number of steps during school than kindergarten students. Overall, students took an average of 2479.7 (SD 961.8) steps/school day. PA did not differ by BMI status. Students took on average 724 more steps on PE days than on non-PE days and 490 more steps on days with outdoor recess than nonrecess days (P < .05 for both). Fewer than 1% of all students achieved lower cut points for previously published mean range of steps/school day for boys and girls. Multivariable analysis revealed higher grade level, participation in PE class, and outdoor recess as independent predictors of PA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA levels were low in kindergarten and first-grade students. Future interventions incorporating classroom-based PA and outdoor recess may increase PA in resource-poor urban schools with limited PE facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA mreznik@montefiore.org
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reznik
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wylie-Rosett
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Philip O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Ozuah
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000193:education; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009519:New York City / Q000208:ethnology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students; D014505:Urban Population