title: Quinolinate salvage and insights for targeting NAD biosynthesis in group A streptococci.
abstract: The essential coenzyme NAD plays important roles in metabolic reactions and cell regulation in all organisms. As such, NAD synthesis has been investigated as a source for novel antibacterial targets. Cross-species genomics-based reconstructions of NAD metabolism in group A streptococci (GAS), combined with focused experimental testing in Streptococcus pyogenes, led to a better understanding of NAD metabolism in the pathogen. The predicted niacin auxotrophy was experimentally verified, as well as the essential role of the nicotinamidase PncA in the utilization of nicotinamide (Nm). PncA is dispensable in the presence of nicotinate (Na), ruling it out as a viable antibacterial target. The function of the "orphan" NadC enzyme, which is uniquely present in all GAS species despite the absence of other genes of NAD de novo synthesis, was elucidated. Indeed, the quinolinate (Qa) phosphoribosyltransferase activity of NadC from S. pyogenes allows the organism to sustain growth when Qa is present as a sole pyridine precursor. Finally, the redundancy of functional upstream salvage pathways in GAS species narrows the choice of potential drug targets to the two indispensable downstream enzymes of NAD synthesis, nicotinate adenylyltransferase (NadD family) and NAD synthetase (NadE family). Biochemical characterization of NadD confirmed its functional role in S. pyogenes, and its potential as an antibacterial target was supported by inhibition studies with previously identified class I inhibitors of the NadD enzyme family. One of these inhibitors efficiently inhibited S. pyogenes NadD (sp.NadD) in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], 15 μM), exhibiting a noncompetitive mechanism with a K(i) of 8 μM.
authors.affiliation: Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sorci
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Blaby
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rodionova
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Ingeniis
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tkachenko
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Crécy-Lagard
authors.forename: Andrei L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Osterman
mesh_terms: D019732:Amide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D009154:Mutation; D009243:NAD / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009525:Niacin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009612:Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D009243:NAD; D009525:Niacin; D009612:Nicotinamide-Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase; C038480:nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase; D019732:Amide Synthases; C038479:NAD+ synthase; D017378:Quinolinic Acid