title: Within- and trans-generational plasticity affects the opportunity for selection in barbed goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Environments are composed of selective agents, and environments may also modify the efficacy of these agents. Environments affect the rate of maximum evolutionary change by influencing variation in relative fitness (i.e., the opportunity for selection, or I). Within- and transgenerational plastic environmental responses may affect I, speeding or slowing processes of local adaptation. •
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined whether environmental factors affected the opportunity for selection (I) in Aegilops triuncialis (barbed goatgrass) by measuring I as a within- and transgenerational plastic response to two maternal glasshouse environments (serpentine/dry and loam/moist). We also determined whether this species' two most common genetic lineages (determined by DNA microsatellite length polymorphism) varied in response to glasshouse treatments. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opportunity for selection was less for plants grown in the dry serpentine environment than for plants grown in the moist loam environment. This response varied between genetic lineages. The east lineage exhibited a within-generation response to the dry serpentine environment. For both seed mass and average seed weight in this lineage, the opportunity for selection was lower in dry serpentine than in moist loam. The west lineage had a transgenerational response to the dry serpentine such that the opportunity for selection for seed number and seed mass was lower for plants produced by mothers grown in dry serpentine than for plants produced by mothers in moist loam. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenotypic variation in relative fitness is constrained by the dry serpentine environment, which leads to lower evolvability in this environment. Within- and transgenerational effects of the environment may slow local adaptation to serpentine soils.
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS Pest Management Research Unit, 1500 N. Central Avenue, Sidney, Montana 59270, USA. erin.espeland@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Espeland
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002140:California; D004777:Environment; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D058865:Introduced Species; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil