title: Neurophysiological pharmacodynamic measures of groups and individuals extended from simple cognitive tasks to more "lifelike" activities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extend a method to track neurophysiological pharmacodynamics during repetitive cognitive testing to a more complex "lifelike" task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol was used as an exemplar psychoactive substance. An equation, derived in an exploratory analysis to detect alcohol's EEGs effects during repetitive cognitive testing, was validated in a Confirmatory Study on a new group whose EEGs after alcohol and placebo were recorded during working memory testing and while operating an automobile driving simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The equation recognized alcohol by combining five times beta plus theta power. It worked well (p < .0001) when applied to both tasks in the confirmatory group. The maximum EEG effect occurred 2-2.5 h after drinking (>1 h after peak BAC) and remained at 90% at 3.5-4 h (BAC < 50% of peak). Individuals varied in the magnitude and timing of the EEG effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The equation tracked the EEG response to alcohol in the Confirmatory Study during both repetitive cognitive testing and a more complex "lifelike" task. The EEG metric was more sensitive to alcohol than several autonomic physiological measures, task performance measures or self-reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using EEG as a biomarker to track neurophysiological pharmacodynamics during complex "lifelike" activities may prove useful for assessing how drugs affect integrated brain functioning.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA. alan@sfbri.org
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gevins
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Lita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sam-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol