title: Organizational factors and mental health in community volunteers. The role of exposure, preparation, training, tasks assigned, and support.
abstract: During disasters, aid organizations often respond using the resources of local volunteer members from the affected population who are not only inexperienced, but who additionally take on some of the more psychologically and physically difficult tasks in order to provide support for their community. Although not much empirical evidence exists to justify the claim, it is thought that preparation, training, and organizational support limit (or reduce) a volunteer's risk of developing later psychopathology. In this study, we examined the effects of preparation, training, and organizational support and assigned tasks on the mental health of 506 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers who participated in the response to a massive earthquake in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2006. Controlling for exposure level, the volunteers were assessed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and subjective health complaints (SHCs) 6, 12, and 18 months post-disaster. Results showed high levels of PTSD and SHCs up to 18 months post-disaster, while anxiety and depression levels remained in the normal range. Higher levels of exposure as well as certain tasks (e.g., provision of psychosocial support to beneficiaries, handling administration, or handing out food aid) made the volunteers more vulnerable. Sense of safety, expressed general need for support at 6 months, and a lack of perceived support from team leaders and the organization were also related to greater psychopathology at 18 months. The results highlight the importance of studying organizational factors. By incorporating these results into future volunteer management programs the negative effects of disaster work on volunteers can be ameliorated.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sigridur Bjork
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thormar
authors.forename: Berthold P R
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gersons
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Juen
authors.forename: Maria Nelden
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Djakababa
authors.forename: Thorlakur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olff
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000533:Altruism; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D004190:Disasters; D055866:Earthquakes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007318:Inservice Training; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D012011:Red Cross / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012066:Relief Work / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014838:Volunteers / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*