title: Study of the population pharmacokinetic characteristics of once-daily trospium chloride 60 mg extended-release capsules in patients with overactive bladder and in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overactive bladder is a common disorder that affects approximately 34 million adults in the United States. Anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agents are the most widely used pharmacological option for overactive bladder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study set out to identify and characterize the influence of a number of intrinsic characteristics on the pharmacokinetics of the anticholinergic agent trospium chloride (Sanctura(®)) 60 mg extended release (XR), and to evaluate the correlation between trospium chloride exposure and key efficacy and safety outcomes in subjects and patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from three studies in which a total of 349 subjects received trospium chloride XR for up to 12 weeks. Plasma trospium chloride concentration data were pooled and a population pharmacokinetic model was derived using non-linear mixed-effects modelling. Demographic factors were assessed for influence on the model. The correlation between trospium chloride exposure and key efficacy variables was evaluated. Correlations between exposure and safety outcomes were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trospium chloride XR 60 mg once daily for 10 days in healthy volunteers or trospium chloride 60 mg XR once daily for either 2 weeks or 12 weeks in patients with overactive bladder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best population pharmacokinetic model was determined to be a two-compartment model with zero-order release into the depot compartment and first-order absorption. Body surface area (BSA) was the only covariate to significantly (P < 0.05) impact trospium chloride 60 mg XR pharmacokinetics. Significant relationships (P < 0.05) were observed between exposure [maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC(24))] and efficacy outcomes in the <65-year age group for change in average number of voids/day, change in number of incontinence episodes, and change in urgency severity, and in the ≥65-year age group statistical significance (P < 0.05) was achieved for C(max), but not for AUC(24), for these same three efficacy measures. Statistically significant relationships (P < 0.004) were also observed between exposure and both dry mouth and constipation, with increased benefit and increased incidence of adverse events (AEs) associated with higher concentrations; the correlation coefficients were low against the aggregate of AEs of interest (0.19 for AUC(24) and 0.18 for C(max)), indicating only mild strength of association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that the only demographic characteristic associated with trospium chloride pharmacokinetics was BSA. Thus, treatment of most patients with overactive bladder with once-daily trospium chloride 60 mg XR should not require consideration of key intrinsic demographic parameters. Furthermore, while efficacy and tolerability outcomes were found to be correlated with trospium chloride exposure, the strength of the association was modest in this study.
authors.affiliation: Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (now Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), 149 Whitman Street Stow, Lexington, MA 01775, USA. markharnett@comcast.net
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwiderski
authors.forename: Bobby W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sandage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001561:Benzilates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001830:Body Surface Area; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D009662:Nortropanes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001561:Benzilates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009662:Nortropanes; C003330:trospium chloride