title: Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in Honduras.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the population structure of Plasmodium species through genetic diversity studies can assist in the design of more effective malaria control strategies, particularly in vaccine development. Central America is an area where malaria is a public health problem, but little is known about the genetic diversity of the parasite's circulating species. This study aimed to investigate the allelic frequency and molecular diversity of five surface antigens in field isolates from Honduras.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five molecular markers were analysed to determine the genotypes of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas in Honduras. Genetic diversity of ama-1, msp-1 and csp was investigated for P. vivax, and msp-1 and msp-2 for P. falciparum. Allelic frequencies were calculated and sequence analysis performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high genetic diversity was observed within Plasmodium isolates from Honduras. A different number of genotypes were elucidated: 41 (n = 77) for pvama-1; 23 (n = 84) for pvcsp; and 23 (n = 35) for pfmsp-1. Pvcsp sequences showed VK210 as the only subtype present in Honduran isolates. Pvmsp-1 (F2) was the most polymorphic marker for P. vivax isolates while pvama-1 was least variable. All three allelic families described for pfmsp-1 (n = 30) block 2 (K1, MAD20, and RO33), and both allelic families described for the central domain of pfmsp-2 (n = 11) (3D7 and FC27) were detected. However, K1 and 3D7 allelic families were predominant. All markers were randomly distributed across the country and no geographic correlation was found. To date, this is the most complete report on molecular characterization of P. vivax and P. falciparum field isolates in Honduras with regards to genetic diversity. These results indicate that P. vivax and P. falciparum parasite populations are highly diverse in Honduras despite the low level of transmission.
authors.affiliation: MEIZ-Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: Ana Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coello
authors.forename: Wilfredo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sosa-Ochoa
authors.forename: Rosa E Mejia
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Engels I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Banegas
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jovel
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fontecha
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006721:Honduras; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000469:parasitology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan