title: Up-regulation of leucocytes genes implicated in telomere dysfunction and cellular senescence correlates with depression and anxiety severity scores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is frequently associated with chronic medical illness responsible of increased disability and mortality. Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered to be the major mediators of the allostatic load, and has been shown to correlate with telomere erosion in the leucocytes of MDD patients, leading to the model of accelerated aging. However, the significance of telomere length as an exclusive biomarker of aging has been questioned on both methodological and biological grounds. Furthermore, telomeres significantly shorten only in patients with long lasting MDD. Sensitive and dynamic functional biomarkers of aging would be clinically useful to evaluate the somatic impact of MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this issue we have measured in the blood leucocytes of MDD patients (N=17) and controls (N=16) the expression of two genes identified as robust biomarkers of human aging and telomere dysfunction: p16(INK4a) and STMN1. We have also quantified the transcripts of genes involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage at telomeres (OGG1), telomere regulation and elongation (TERT), and in the response to biopsychological stress (FOS and DUSP1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OGG1, p16(INK4a), and STMN1 gene were significantly up-regulated (25 to 100%) in the leucocytes of MDD patients. Expression of p16(INK4a) and STMN1 was directly correlated with anxiety scores in the depression group, and that of p16(INK4a), STMN and TERT with the depression and anxiety scores in the combined sample (MDD plus controls). Furthermore, we identified a unique correlative pattern of gene expression in the leucocytes of MDD subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of p16(INK4) and STMN1 is a promising biomarker for future epidemiological assessment of the somatic impact of depressive and anxious symptoms, at both clinical and subclinical level in both depressive patients and general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, University Hospital, Dijon, France. teyssier@u-bourgogne.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Raymond
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Teyssier
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chauvet-Gelinier
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ragot
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D001007:Anxiety / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D050777:Stathmin / Q000235:genetics; D016615:Telomere / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C493995:STMN1 protein, human; D050777:Stathmin; D004247:DNA; D010100:Oxygen