title: Premenstrual symptoms in dysmenorrheic college students: prevalence and relation to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms (PMS) due to primary dysmenorrhea among a sample of university female students, and to explore possible association with vitamin D and parathyroid (PTH) levels, as well as frequency of consumption of dairy products.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One Jordanian university.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 177 female students aged between 18 and 24 years who experienced primary dysmenorrhea participated in the study and completed a self administered questionnaire to collect information concerning demographics, menstruation-related information, associated specified premenstrual symptoms, and consumption of dairy products. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D level and intact parathyroid hormone level were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 177 participants 91.5% had two or more symptoms among which fatigue, mood swings, anxiety, abdominal bloating, and depression were the most prevalent symptoms. There was no evident association between presence of symptoms and vitamin D status, PTH level or dairy products consumption. Headaches and social withdrawal were significantly lower in those women who consumed high amounts of dairy products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premenstrual symptoms are very common in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. PMS has no relation to levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone or dairy products consumption. Headache and social withdrawal may be affected by dairy product consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. obeidatb@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Bayan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Obeidat
authors.forename: Haifa A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Alchalabi
authors.forename: Khalid K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Abdul-Razzak
authors.forename: Mudhaffar I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Al-Farras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D