title: Network science in Egyptology.
abstract: Egyptology relies on traditional descriptive methods. Here we show that modern, Internet-based science and statistical methods can be applied to Egyptology. Two four-thousand-year-old sarcophagi in one tomb, one within the other, with skeletal remains of a woman, gave us the opportunity to diagnose a congenital nervous system disorder in the absence of a living nervous system. The sarcophagi were discovered near Thebes, Egypt. They were well preserved and meticulously restored. The skeletal remains suggested that the woman, aged between 50 and 60 years, was Black, possibly of Nubian descent and suffered from syringobulbia, a congenital cyst in the brain stem and upper spinal cord. We employed crowd sourcing, the anonymous responses of 204 Facebook users who performed a matching task of living persons' iris color with iris color of the Udjat eyes, a decoration found on Egyptian sarcophagi, to confirm the ethnicities of the sarcophagus occupants. We used modern fMRI techniques to illustrate the putative extent of her lesion in the brain stem and upper spinal cord deduced from her skeletal remains. We compared, statistically, the right/left ratios, a non-dimensional number, of the orbit height, orbit width, malar height and the infraorbital foramena with the same measures obtained from 32 ancient skulls excavated from the Fayum, North of Thebes. We found that these ratios were significantly different in this skull indicating atrophy of cranial bones on the left. In this instance, Internet science and the use of modern neurologic research tools showed that ancient sarcophagus makers shaped and decorated their wares to fit the ethnicity of the prospective occupants of the sarcophagi. We also showed that, occasionally, human nervous system disease may be recognizable in the absence of a living nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coulombe
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qualls
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kruszynski
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nerlich
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianucci
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mermier
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Appenzeller
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009106:Mummies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D010163:Paleontology; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*