title: Important clinical advances in the understanding of Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clostridium difficile remains an important cause of infectious colitis, particularly in healthcare facilities. This review summarizes recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this endemic pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. difficile infection (CDI) hospitalizations and mortality rates have increased over the last decade. The BI/NAP1/027 strain has been responsible for epidemics with increased severity and mortality and is now endemic in many settings, particularly North America. Concurrent antibiotics have now been shown to decrease the cure rates for anti-C. difficile therapy and increase the risk of recurrence. Although studies implicate proton pump inhibitors as a risk for CDI, the magnitude of and the biological basis for that risk remain unclear. Molecular diagnostic techniques are rapid and sensitive but highlight the importance of using appropriate clinical testing criteria. Fidaxomicin is a promising new therapy associated with decreased recurrence; infections due to BI strains, however, are associated with inferior outcomes regardless of the treatment agent. Fecal transplantation continues to have impressive success rates for patients with recurrent CDI, and a new colon-sparing surgical procedure presents an intriguing suggested alternative to total colectomy in severe, complicated cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elucidating CDI risk factors, identifying rapid, accurate diagnostic tools, and validating new treatment approaches remains an urgent priority.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA. spacheco@lumc.edu
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D000077732:Fidaxomicin; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000077732:Fidaxomicin