title: Short-term effects of a home-based smoking prevention program on antismoking socialization and smoking-related cognitions: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate the short-term effects of a home-based smoking prevention program called 'Smoke-free Kids' on antismoking socialization and smoking-related cognitions and the moderating role of parental smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out using one intervention condition compared with a control condition. A total of 1,398 never-smoking children (mean age 10.11 years, SD 0.78) participated. Intention-to-treat and completers-only analyses were performed. Participants in the intervention condition (n=728) received 5 activity modules by mail at 4-week intervals. Modules included communication sheets for their mothers. Participants in the control condition (n=750) received a fact-based intervention only. The main outcomes were the frequency and quality of communication, nonsmoking agreement, house rules, availability of cigarettes, perceived maternal influence, anticipated maternal reactions, attitude, self-efficacy and social norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant effects of the program were found for frequency of communication (B=0.11, p<0.001), nonsmoking agreement (B=0.07, p<0.01), perceived maternal influences (B=0.09, p<0.05), self-efficacy (B=-0.09, p<0.05) and social norms of friends (B=-0.08, p=0.05) and best friends (B=-0.11, p<0.05). Parental smoking had no moderating effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Smoke-free Kids program shows promising short-term effects on antismoking socialization and cognitions. Long-term follow-up on the effects of smoking behavior are needed.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. m.hiemstra@bsi.ru.nl
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ringlever
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Onno C P
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: van Schayck
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012951:Socialization; D013997:Time Factors