title: Inflammatory markers in blood and exhaled air after short-term exposure to cooking fumes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cooking fumes contain aldehydes, alkanoic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds. The inhalation of cooking fumes entails a risk of deleterious health effects. The aim of this study was to see if the inhalation of cooking fumes alters the expression of inflammatory reactions in the bronchial mucosa and its subsequent systemic inflammatory response in blood biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy volunteers stayed in a model kitchen on two different occasions for 2 or 4 h. On the first occasion, there was only exposure to normal air, and on the second, there was exposure to controlled levels of cooking fumes. On each occasion, samples of blood, exhaled air, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were taken three times in 24 h and inflammatory markers were measured from all samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increase in the concentration of the d-dimer in blood from 0.27 to 0.28 mg ml(-1) on the morning after exposure to cooking fumes compared with the levels the morning before (P-value = 0.004). There was also a trend of an increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in blood, ethane in exhaled air, and IL-1β in EBC after exposure to cooking fumes. In a sub-analysis of 12 subjects, there was also an increase in the levels of ethane--from 2.83 parts per billion (ppb) on the morning before exposure to cooking fumes to 3.53 ppb on the morning after exposure (P = 0.013)--and IL-1β--from 1.04 on the morning before exposure to cooking fumes to 1.39 pg ml(-1) immediately after (P = 0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experimental setting, we were able to unveil only small changes in the levels of inflammatory markers in exhaled air and in blood after short-term exposure to moderate concentrations of cooking fumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7034 Trondheim, Norway. sindre.svedahl@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Sindre Rabben
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Svedahl
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tufvesson
authors.forename: Pål R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Romundstad
authors.forename: Ann Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sjaastad
authors.forename: Torgunn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qvenild
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hilt
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003296:Cooking; D004980:Ethane / Q000032:analysis; D045853:Exhalation; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000588:Amines; D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D007378:Interleukins; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D004980:Ethane