title: Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated during 2006-2008 outbreaks in Pakistan reveals genetic diversity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the first outbreak recorded in northern areas of Pakistan in early 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses were isolated from commercial poultry and wild/domestic birds from different areas of Pakistan up to July 2008. Different isolates of H5N1 were sequenced to explore the genetic diversity of these viruses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analysis revealed close clustering and highest sequence identity in all 8 genes to HPAI H5N1 isolates belonging to unified H5 clade 2.2, sub-lineage EMA-3 recovered from Afghanistan during the same time period. Two subgroups within Pakistani H5N1 viruses, from domestic and wild birds, were observed on the basis of their sequence homology and mutations. HPAI motif, preferred receptor specificity for α-(2, 3) linkages, potential N-linked glycosylation sites and an additional glycosylation site at the globular head of HA protein of four Pakistani H5N1 isolates. While, the amino acids associated with sensitivities to various antiviral drugs (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Amantadine) were found conserved for the Pakistani H5N1 isolates. Conspicuously, some important mutations observed at critical positions of antigenic sites (S141P, D155S, R162I & P181S) and at receptor binding pocket (A185T, R189K & S217P) of HA-1. A high sequence similarity between Pakistani HP H5N1 and LP H9N2 viruses was also observed. Avian like host specific markers with the exception of E627K in PB2, K356R in PA, V33I in NP, I28V in M2 and L107F in NS2 proteins were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various point mutations in different genes of H5 viruses from Pakistan were observed during its circulation in the field. The outbreaks started in Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa (North West) province in 2006 and spread to the Southern regions over a period of time. Though migratory birds may have a role for this continued endemicity of clade 2.2 H5N1 viruses during 2006-2008 in Pakistan, the possibility of their transmission through legal or illegal poultry trade across the borders cannot be ignored.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Lab for Poultry Diseases, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naeem
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Zaheer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Salman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D014644:Genetic Variation; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins