title: Effects of gestational and lactational exposure to heptachlor epoxide on age at puberty and reproductive function in men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For 15 months in 1981-1982, the commercial milk supply on the Hawaiian island of Oahu was contaminated with heptachlor epoxide, a metabolite of the insecticide heptachlor, resulting in gestational and/or lactational exposure to offspring of women who drank cow milk during that period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether gestational and lactational exposure to heptachlor epoxide alters reproductive function and age at puberty in men or women.
  
  
  METHODS
  457 participants were recruited from a prior high school enrollment sampling frame of 20,000 adults born during 1981-1982 who lived on Oahu since at least first grade. Number of glasses of cow milk consumed weekly by the mother during the participant's gestation was used as a surrogate measure of heptachlor epoxide exposure. Reproductive function measures included semen analyses; reproductive hormones or their metabolites in daily urine specimens for one menstrual cycle; serum reproductive hormone levels in both sexes; and reported ages of onset for pubertal milestones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed no strong associations of heptachlor epoxide exposure during gestation and lactation with reproductive endpoints. In females, heptachlor epoxide exposure was associated with longer luteal phase length and slower drop in the ratio of estradiol to progesterone metabolites after ovulation. In males, heptachlor epoxide exposure was weakly associated with higher serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations, but no dose-response relationship was apparent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide limited evidence that gestational and lactational exposure to heptachlor epoxide, due to milk contamination on Oahu in 1981-1982, resulted in clinically significant disturbances of reproductive function in men or women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Occupational and Environmental Health and Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617, USA. uluderer@uci.edu
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Luderer
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kesner
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Krieg
authors.forename: Juliana W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: Simone L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tramma
authors.forename: Haiou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000652:urine; D005506:Food Contamination; D006254:Hawaii; D006534:Heptachlor Epoxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D010060:Ovulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011627:Puberty / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006534:Heptachlor Epoxide; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone