title: Effects of 50 Hz extremely low frequency sinusoidal magnetic fields on the apoptosis of the hearts of preincubated chicken embryos at different levels of developments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to demonstrate the effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal extremely low frequency of magnetic fields (ELF-MF) on preincubated chicken embryo hearts at histopathological, biochemical, and ultrastructural levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety healthy fertilized eggs were divided into six groups of control, sham and four (1-4) experimental groups exposed to 1.33, 2.66, 5.52, and 7.32 mT flux intensities. Sham groups were placed inside the coil with no exposure for 24 h, while the eggs of experimental groups were exposed to four different intensities inside the coil for 24 h before incubation. Then, all were incubated in an incubator (37 ± 0.5°C and 60% humidity) for 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence proved that ELF-MF create damaged myocytes in experimental group 1; condensed dark nuclei, an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in addition to increased intracellular spaces in experimental group 2; light inflammation and myocyte necrosis in experimental groups 3 and 4; an increase in the number of nuclear membranes' pores, small round unclear cristae mitochondria, and a decrease in the number of mitochondria in the myocytes of experimental group 4; and also an increase in alkaline phosphatase activities in the experimental groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of ELF-MF on the preincubated chicken embryos' hearts show the necessity for conservation plans for prevention from possible harm.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology, Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran. mslahijani2006@gmail.com
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shams Lahijani
authors.forename: Dariush Minai
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tehrani
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fereydouni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007185:Incubators; D060526:Magnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology*