title: Enlarged parietal foramina: a review of genetics, prognosis, radiology, and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enlarged parietal foramina are variable ossification defects in the parietal bones that present as symmetric radiolucencies on skull radiographs. In contrast to the normal small parietal foramina, enlarged parietal foramina are a hereditary condition and genes associated with it have been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed to discuss the many known findings related to enlarged parietal foramina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though they remain asymptomatic in the majority of cases, they may be associated with other pathologies and occasionally become symptomatic. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of enlarged parietal foramina.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Griessenauer
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mortazavi
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grochowsky
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D004677:Encephalocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography