title: The trauma patient in hemorrhagic shock: how is the C-priority addressed between emergency and ICU admission?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma is the leading cause of death in young people with an injury related mortality rate of 47.6/100,000 in European high income countries. Early deaths often result from rapidly evolving and deteriorating secondary complications e.g. shock, hypoxia or uncontrolled hemorrhage. The present study assessed how well ABC priorities (A: Airway, B: Breathing/Ventilation and C: Circulation with hemorrhage control) with focus on the C-priority including coagulation management are addressed during early trauma care and to what extent these priorities have been controlled for prior to ICU admission among patients arriving to the ER in states of moderate or severe hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of data documented in the TraumaRegister of the 'Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie' (TR-DGU®) was conducted. Relevant clinical and laboratory parameters reflecting status and basic physiology of severely injured patients (ISS ≥ 25) in either moderate or severe shock according to base excess levels (BE -2 to -6 or BE < -6) as surrogate for shock and hemorrhage combined with coagulopathy (Quick's value <70%) were analyzed upon ER arrival and ICU admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 517 datasets was eligible for analysis. Upon ICU admission shock was reversed to BE > -2 in 36.4% and in 26.4% according to the subgroups. Two of three patients with initially moderate shock and three out of four patients with severe shock upon ER arrival were still in shock upon ICU admission. All patients suffered from coagulation dysfunction upon ER arrival (Quick's value ≤ 70%). Upon ICU admission 3 out of 4 patients in both groups still had a disturbed coagulation function. The number of patients with significant thrombocytopenia had increased 5-6 fold between ER and ICU admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C-priority including coagulation management was not adequately addressed during primary survey and initial resuscitation between ER and ICU admission, in this cohort of severely injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim Medical Centre (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sigune
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peiniger
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paffrath
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutschler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brockamp
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borgmann
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Spinella
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maegele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma; D010976:Platelet Count; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins