title: A bronchofiberoscopy-associated outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit in Beijing, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchofiberscopy, a widely used procedure for the diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases within intensive care units, has a history of association with nosocomial infections. Between September and November 2009, an outbreak caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-Ab) was observed in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Beijing, China. This study is aimed to describe the course and control of this outbreak and investigate the related risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and environmental sampling, genotyping with repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR), and case-control risk factor analysis were performed in the current study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the epidemic period, 12 patients were infected or colonized with MDR-Ab. Sixteen (72.7%) of twenty-two MDR-Ab isolates from the 12 patients and 22 (84.6%) of 26 MDR-Ab isolates from the bronchofiberscope and the healthcare-associated environment were clustered significantly into a major clone (outbreak MDR-Ab strain) by REP-PCR typing. Seven patients carrying the outbreak MDR-Ab strain were defined as the cases. Six of the seven cases (83%) received bronchofiberscopy versus four of the 19 controls (21%) (odds ratio, 22.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-244.84; P = 0.005). Several potential administrative and technical problems existed in bronchofiberscope reprocessing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchofiberscopy was associated with this MDR-Ab outbreak. Infection control precautions including appropriate bronchofiberscope reprocessing and environmental decontamination should be strengthened.
authors.affiliation: Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of People's Liberation Army, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Fengtai Dong Street 20, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yukun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: CuiLing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jingya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Gaige
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Guoqin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Xuelin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged