title: Effect of soybean protein on novel cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and the world. Clinical trials have suggested that soybean protein lowers lipids and blood pressure. The effect of soybean protein on novel CVD risk factors has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soybean protein on biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and adipocytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of 8 weeks of 40 g of soybean protein supplement (89.3 mg isoflavones), 40 g of milk protein supplement and 40 g of complex carbohydrate placebo was examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, three-phase crossover trial among adults in New Orleans, Louisiana and Jackson, Mississippi. Plasma levels of inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin) and adipocytokines (high-molecular weight adiponectin, leptin, resistin) were measured at baseline and at the end of each intervention using immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soy protein supplementation resulted in a significant mean net change (95% confidence interval) in plasma E-selectin of -3.93 ng/ml (-7.05 to -0.81 ng/ml; P=0.014) compared with milk protein, and in plasma leptin of -2089.8 pg/ml (-3689.3 to -490.3 pg/ml; P=0.011) compared with carbohydrate. There were no significant changes in any other risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soy protein supplementation may reduce levels of E-selectin and leptin. Further research is warranted to investigate the mechanisms through which protein may confer protective effects on novel CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rebholz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wofford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020738:Leptin; D008894:Milk Proteins; C546936:SELE protein, human; D030262:Soybean Proteins