title: The novel anthracenedione, pixantrone, lacks redox activity and inhibits doxorubicinol formation in human myocardium: insight to explain the cardiac safety of pixantrone in doxorubicin-treated patients.
abstract: Cardiotoxicity from the antitumor anthracycline doxorubicin correlates with doxorubicin cardiac levels, redox activation to superoxide anion (O(2)(.-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and formation of the long-lived secondary alcohol metabolite doxorubicinol. Cardiotoxicity may first manifest during salvage therapy with other drugs, such as the anthracenedione mitoxantrone. Minimal evidence for cardiotoxicity in anthracycline-pretreated patients with refractory-relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma was observed with the novel anthracenedione pixantrone. We characterized whether pixantrone and mitoxantrone caused different effects on doxorubicin levels, redox activation, and doxorubicinol formation. Pixantrone and mitoxantrone were probed in a validated ex vivo human myocardial strip model that was either doxorubicin-naïve or preliminarily subjected to doxorubicin loading and washouts to mimic doxorubicin treatment and elimination in the clinical setting. In doxorubicin-naïve strips, pixantrone showed higher uptake than mitoxantrone; however, neither drug formed O(2)(.-) or H(2)O(2). In doxorubicin-pretreated strips, neither pixantrone nor mitoxantrone altered the distribution and clearance of residual doxorubicin. Mitoxantrone showed an unchanged uptake and lacked effects on doxorubicin levels, but synergized with doxorubicin to form more O(2)(.-) and H(2)O(2), as evidenced by O(2)(.-)-dependent inactivation of mitochondrial aconitase or mitoxantrone oxidation by H(2)O(2)-activated peroxidases. In contrast, pixantrone uptake was reduced by prior doxorubicin exposure; moreover, pixantrone lacked redox synergism with doxorubicin, and formed an N-dealkylated product that inhibited metabolism of residual doxorubicin to doxorubicinol. Redox inactivity and inhibition of doxorubicinol formation correlate with the cardiac safety of pixantrone in doxorubicin-pretreated patients. Redox inactivity in the face of high cardiac uptake suggests that pixantrone might also be safe in doxorubicin-naïve patients.
authors.affiliation: Drug Sciences, University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salvatorelli
authors.forename: Pierantonio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menna
authors.forename: Odalys Gonzalez
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chello
authors.forename: Elvio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minotti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D007546:Isoquinolines; D013481:Superoxides; D004317:Doxorubicin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D008942:Mitoxantrone; C086548:pixantrone; C010013:adriamycinol