title: Metabolic syndrome and associated urolithiasis in adults enrolled in a community-based health program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urolithiasis is a common and recurrent disease, whose prevalence rate has recently increased in parallel to obesity pandemic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of history of urolithiasis in a non-randomized sample of adults assisted by a community-based health program and to analyze its association with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study set in Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including adults (non-diabetic hypertensives, diabetics or controls). Participants were assessed through a standardized questionnaire and underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation, including blood and urine samples. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on harmonized criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 740 adults were enrolled (M: F = 0.85; 43±12 years; 30% white, and 70% non-white). Almost half of subjects (42.5%) had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of urolithiasis in the sample was 10.1%. White skin colour, family history, and metabolic syndrome were independently associated with urolithiasis (P < 0.05). Subjects with the syndrome (excluding cases on diuretics) had more acidic urine (P = 0.014), increased natriuresis (P = 0.01) and higher uricosuria (P = 0.001) compared with non-affected ones. The prevalence of urolithiasis increased in proportion to the number of criteria for metabolic syndrome (P for trend <0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome is a modifiable factor associated with urolithiasis in a way that the frequency of positive history increases proportionally to the number of its diagnostic criteria. These findings reinforce the recent suggested link between urolithiasis and cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rachel de Souza
authors.initials: Rde S
authors.lastname: Filgueiras Pinto
authors.forename: Jorge Reis
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Hye Chung
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Maria Luiza Garcia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Jocemir Ronaldo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lugon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003153:Community Health Services; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*