title: HPV status of oropharyngeal cancer by combination HPV DNA/p16 testing: biological relevance of discordant results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes up to 70 % of oropharyngeal cancers (OSCC). HPV positive OSCC has a more favorable outcome, thus HPV status is being used to guide treatment and predict outcome. Combination HPV DNA/p16(ink4) (p16) testing is commonly used for HPV status, but there are no standardized methods, scoring or interpretative criteria. The significance of discordant (HPV DNA positive/p16 negative and HPV DNA negative/p16 positive) cancers is controversial. In this study, 647 OSCCs from 10 Australian centers were tested for HPV DNA/p16 expression. Our aims are to determine p16 distribution by HPV DNA status to inform decisions on p16 scoring and to assess clinical significance of discordant cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV DNA was identified using a multiplex tandem HPV E6 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and p16 expression by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  p16 distribution was essentially bimodal (42 % of cancers had ≥ 70 % positive staining, 52 % <5 % positive, 6 % between 5 and 70 %). Cancers with 5 to <50 % staining had similar characteristics to the p16 negative group, and cancers with 50 to <70 % staining were consistent with the ≥ 70 % group. Using a p16 cut-point of 50 %, there were 25 % HPV DNA positive/p16 negative cancers and 1 % HPV DNA negative/p16 positive cancers. HPV DNA positive/p16 negative cancers had outcomes similar to HPV DNA negative/p16 negative cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  50 % is a reasonable cut-point for p16; HPV DNA positive/p16 negative OSCCs may be treated as HPV negative for clinical purposes; HPV DNA/p16 testing may add no prognostic information over p16 alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia, ahong@email.cs.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatfield
authors.forename: C Soon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milross
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins