title: Influenza A virus infection dynamics in swine farms in Belgium, France, Italy and Spain, 2006-2008.
abstract: Avian-like H1N1 and reassortant H3N2 and H1N2 influenza A viruses with a human-like haemagglutinin have been co-circulating in swine in Europe for more than a decade. We aimed to examine the infection dynamics of the three swine influenza virus (SIV) lineages at the farm level, and to identify possible regional and seasonal variations in their circulation. Sera were collected from six successive generations of fattening pigs (2006-2008) in a total 80 farrow-to-finish herds in Belgium, Italy, France and Spain and examined for antibodies against the three SIVs in haemagglutination inhibition tests. Overall, in all regions and periods, 9.7% of all farms were negative for SIV, 49% were infected with one subtype, 38% with two subtypes and 3.9% with all three SIVs. We found serological evidence for the circulation of all three subtypes in Belgium, Italy and Spain, while only infections with H1N1 and H1N2 SIVs were detected in France. Despite temporary changes in the circulation of H1N2 in Belgium and in Spain, there was no true seasonal variation. The exact combination of subtypes on the same farm differed in each of the sampling periods. On the other hand, 21 farms were found to be consistently infected with the same SIV subtype throughout the study. This can either be explained by the persistence of the virus in a farm, or by the periodical re-introduction of SIVs of the same subtype.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kyriakis
authors.affiliation: Anses, laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foni
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W L A
authors.initials: WLA
authors.lastname: Loeffen
authors.affiliation: Anses, laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.affiliation: Anses, laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. Electronic address: Kristien.VanReeth@Ugent.be.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Reeth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000472:pathogenicity; D057221:Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012621:Seasons; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*