title: Bioelectroanalysis with nanoelectrode ensembles and arrays.
abstract: This review deals with recent advances in bioelectroanalytical applications of nanostructured electrodes, in particular nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) and arrays (NEAs). First, nanofabrication techniques, principles of function, and specific advantages and limits of NEEs and NEAs are critically discussed. In the second part, some recent examples of bioelectroanalytical applications are presented. These include use of nanoelectrode arrays and/or ensembles for direct electrochemical analysis of pharmacologically active organic compounds or redox proteins, and the development of functionalized nanoelectrode systems and their use as catalytic or affinity electrochemical biosensors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ongaro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ugo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*