title: Effects of insect growth regulators on the mosquito-parasitic nematode Romanomermis iyengari.
abstract: Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, and azadirachtin, an ecdysone agonist, are three insect growth regulators (IGRs) considered as selective and effective insecticides for mosquitoes. Romanomermis iyengari (Welch) is a mosquito-parasitic mermithid that can provide biological control against many medically important mosquito species. The compatibility of these two control tactics was tested by evaluating the sublethal effects of exposure to IGR on nematode developmental stages (preparasitic, parasitic, and preparasitic + parasitic) using Culex pipiens larvae as the host. Sublethal concentrations of IGRs were 90 % emergence inhibition of host mosquito. Preparasitic exposure to pyriproxyfen, azadirachtin, and diflurbenzuron had no effect on infectivity, parasite load, sex ratio, or male size but reduced nematode female length and increased male sex ratio at one parasite/larva. When IGRs treatments were made against the parasitic and preparasitic + parasitic stages, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin reduced R. iyengari infectivity, parasite load, and male nematode length, whereas pyriproxyfen exposure increased male sex ratio and reduced the female R. iyengari length. Thus, IGRs have significant negative impacts on different stages of mosquito mermithid that can destabilize the balance of host-parasite population interaction. Therefore, IGRs should be used with caution in mosquito habitats where these parasites have established.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8536, USA. dssuman@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Devi Shankar
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Suman
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Brey
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Manar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanad
authors.forename: Muhammed S M
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shamseldean
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaugler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000469:parasitology*; D004132:Diflubenzuron / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology; D036701:Limonins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008632:Mermithoidea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D036701:Limonins; D011725:Pyridines; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D004132:Diflubenzuron; C010329:azadirachtin