title: Simulations of symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease: computational analysis of pathology and mechanisms of drug action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial number of therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed in late-stage trials, highlighting the translational disconnect with pathology-based animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  To bridge the gap between preclinical animal models and clinical outcomes, we implemented a conductance-based computational model of cortical circuitry to simulate working memory as a measure for cognitive function. The model was initially calibrated using preclinical data on receptor pharmacology of catecholamine and cholinergic neurotransmitters. The pathology of AD was subsequently implemented as synaptic and neuronal loss and a decrease in cholinergic tone. The model was further calibrated with clinical Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) results on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and 5-HT6 antagonists to improve the model's prediction of clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As an independent validation, we reproduced clinical data for apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes showing that the ApoE4 genotype reduces the network performance much more in mild cognitive impairment conditions than at later stages of AD pathology. We then demonstrated the differential effect of memantine, an N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) subunit selective weak inhibitor, in early and late AD pathology, and show that inhibition of the NMDA receptor NR2C/NR2D subunits located on inhibitory interneurons compensates for the greater excitatory decline observed with pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This quantitative systems pharmacology approach is shown to be complementary to traditional animal models, with the potential to assess potential off-target effects, the consequences of pharmacologically active human metabolites, the effect of comedications, and the impact of a small number of well described genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR 97239 USA ; In Silico Biosciences, Inc., 405 Waltham Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: In Silico Biosciences, Inc., 405 Waltham Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA.
authors.forename: Athan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spiros
authors.affiliation: In Silico Biosciences, Inc., 405 Waltham Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geerts