title: Intrinsic indicators for specimen degradation.
abstract: Variable degrees of molecular degradation occur in human surgical specimens before clinical examination and severely affect analytical results. We therefore initiated an investigation to identify protein markers for tissue degradation assessment. We exposed 4 cell lines and 64 surgical/autopsy specimens to defined periods of time at room temperature before procurement (experimental cold ischemic time (CIT)-dependent tissue degradation model). Using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry, we performed comparative proteomic analyses on cells at different CIT exposures and identified proteins with CIT-dependent changes. The results were validated by testing clinical specimens with western blot analysis. We identified 26 proteins that underwent dynamic changes (characterized by continuous quantitative changes, isoelectric changes, and/or proteolytic cleavages) in our degradation model. These changes are strongly associated with the length of CIT. We demonstrate these proteins to represent universal tissue degradation indicators (TDIs) in clinical specimens. We also devised and implemented a unique degradation measure by calculating the quantitative ratio between TDIs' intact forms and their respective degradation-modified products. For the first time, we have identified protein TDIs for quantitative measurement of specimen degradation. Implementing these indicators may yield a potentially transformative platform dedicated to quality control in clinical specimen analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. li.jie@yale.edu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kil
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smarkucki
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stankewich
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balgley
authors.forename: Alexander O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Vortmeyer
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D050377:Cold Ischemia / Q000379:methods*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins