title: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection disrupts the skin barrier of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
abstract: Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) is recognised as a pathogen which causes mass mortality in populations of carp, Cyprinus carpio. One of the characteristic symptoms of the disease associated with CyHV-3 infection is the occurrence of skin lesions, sloughing off the epithelium and a lack of mucus. Furthermore, fish then seem to be more susceptible to secondary infections by bacterial, parasitic or fungal pathogens which may cause further mortality within the population. The observed pathological alterations lead to the assumption that the carp skin barrier is strongly challenged during CyHV-3 associated disease. Therefore we examined mRNA expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators, type I interferons, and the following skin defence molecules: antimicrobial peptides, claudins, and mucin. In addition, we monitored changes in the bacterial flora of the skin during disease conditions. Our results show that CyHV-3 associated disease in the skin of common carp leads to a reduction in mRNA expression of genes encoding several important components of the mucosal barrier, in particular mucin 5B, beta defensin 1 and 2, and the tight junction proteins claudin 23 and 30. This caused changes in the bacterial flora and the development of secondary bacterial infection among some individual fish. To our knowledge this is the first report showing that under disease conditions associated with virus infection, the mucosal barrier of fish skin is disrupted resulting in a higher susceptibility to secondary infections. The reported clinical signs of CyHV-3 skin infection can now be explained by our results at the molecular level, although the mechanism of a probable virus induced immunomodulation has to be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany. Electronic address: marana@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Mikołaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamek
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Syakuri
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs, ST5 5BG, UK; Tetra GmbH, Herrenteich 78, 49324 Melle, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof Ł
authors.initials: KŁ
authors.lastname: Rakus
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brogden
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matras
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
authors.forename: Ilgiz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Irnazarow
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinhagen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps; D057167:Claudins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055257:Mucin-5B / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D017193:Skin Diseases, Viral / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D057167:Claudins; D007370:Interferon Type I; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D055257:Mucin-5B; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II