title: Rheumatic Fever Follow-Up Study (RhFFUS) protocol: a cohort study investigating the significance of minor echocardiographic abnormalities in Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Australia, rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is almost exclusively restricted to Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander people with children being at highest risk. International criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of RHD have been developed but the significance of minor heart valve abnormalities which do not reach these criteria remains unclear. The Rheumatic Fever Follow-Up Study (RhFFUS) aims to clarify this question in children and adolescents at high risk of RHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  RhFFUS is a cohort study of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents aged 8-17 years residing in 32 remote Australian communities. Cases are people with non-specific heart valve abnormalities detected on prior screening echocardiography. Controls (two per case) are age, gender, community and ethnicity-matched to cases and had a prior normal screening echocardiogram. Participants will have echocardiography about 3 years after initial screening echocardiogram and enhanced surveillance for any history suggestive of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). It will then be determined if cases are at higher risk of (1) ARF or (2) developing progressive echocardiography-detected valve changes consistent with RHD.The occurrence and timing of episodes of ARF will be assessed retrospectively for 5 years from the time of the RhFFUS echocardiogram. Episodes of ARF will be identified through regional surveillance and notification databases, carer/subject interviews, primary healthcare history reviews, and hospital separation diagnoses.Progression of valvular abnormalities will be assessed prospectively using transthoracic echocardiography and standardized operating and reporting procedures. Progression of valve lesions will be determined by specialist cardiologist readers who will assess the initial screening and subsequent RhFFUS screening echocardiogram for each participant. The readers will be blinded to the initial assessment and temporal order of the two echocardiograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RhFFUS will determine if subtle changes on echocardiography represent the earliest changes of RHD or mere variations of normal heart anatomy. In turn it will inform criteria to be used in determining whether secondary antibiotic prophylaxis should be utilized in individuals with no clear history of ARF and minor abnormalities on echocardiography. RhFFUS will also inform the ongoing debate regarding the potential role of screening echocardiography for the detection of RHD in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia. marc.remond@my.jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Marc Gerard Wootton
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rémond
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hodder
authors.forename: Alex D H
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
authors.forename: Graeme Paul
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Maguire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004452:Echocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D012213:Rheumatic Fever / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*