title: Ratio of involved/uninvolved immunoglobulin quantification by Hevylite™ assay: clinical and prognostic impact in multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HevyLite™ is a new, recently developed method that facilitates separate quantification of the kappa- and lambda-bounded amounts of a given immunoglobulin (Ig). Using this method, we measured intact immunoglobulin (heavy/light chain; HLC) IgG-kappa, IgG-lambda, IgA-kappa, IgA-lambda individually, as well as their deriving ratios (HLCR) in a series of IgG or IgA multiple myeloma (MM) patients, to investigate and assess the contribution of these tests to disease evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  HevyLite™ assays were used in sera from 130 healthy individuals (HI) and 103 MM patients, at time of diagnosis. In patients, the level of paraprotein was IgG in 78 (52 IgG-kappa, 26 IgG-lambda) and IgΑ in 25 (13 IgΑ-kappa, 12 IgΑ-lambda). Durie-Salmon and International Staging System stages were evenly distributed. Symptomatic patients (n = 77) received treatment while asymptomatic ones (n = 26) were followed. Patients' median follow-up was at 32.6 months. HLCR was calculated with the involved Ig (either G or A) as numerator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In HI, median IgG-kappa was 6.85, IgG-lambda 3.81, IgA-kappa 1.19 and IgA-lambda 0.98 g/L. The corresponding median involving HLC values in MM patients were 25.8, 23.45, 28.9 and 36.4 g/L. HLC-IgG related to anemia, high serum free light chain ratio and extensive bone marrow infiltration, while high HLCR correlated with the same plus increased β2-microglobulin. In addition, increased HLCR and the presence of immunoparesis correlated with time to treatment. Patients with high HLCR had a significantly shorter survival (p = 0.022); HLCR retained its prognostic value in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HLC and HLCR quantify the precise amount of the involved immunoglobulin more accurately than other methods; moreover, they carry prognostic information regarding survival in MM patients.
authors.affiliation: Haematology Section of 1st Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. A.R.Bradwell@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Efstathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koulieris
authors.forename: Panayiotis
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authors.lastname: Panayiotidis
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Nikolitsa
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authors.lastname: Kafasi
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maltezas
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bartzis
authors.forename: Tatiana
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authors.lastname: Tzenou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Ladan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirbahai
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bradwell
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kyrtsonis