title: Levels of heavy metals and essential minerals in hair samples of children with autism in Oman: a case-control study.
abstract: Toxic levels of heavy metals and low levels of essential minerals have been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study documents the levels of heavy metals and essential minerals in hair samples of children with ASD in Muscat, the urbanized capital of Oman, Muscat. The study included 27 children with ASD and 27 matched non-ASD controls. Parental interviews were held and dietary intake questionnaires completed in conjunction with the collection of hair samples. Analysis of heavy metals and essential minerals was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chi-square analysis and non-parametric Fisher's exact tests were used to assess statistical significance. Children with ASD had significantly higher levels of all 11 analyzed heavy metals in their hair samples (P < 0.05), ranging from 150 to 365 % of control levels. ASD children also had significantly higher levels of essential minerals sulfur, sodium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and iron, but lower levels of calcium and copper in their hair samples. This study corroborates data from previous studies in different parts of the world indicating the presence of elevated levels of heavy metals and selective depletion of essential minerals in the hair of children with ASD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Oman. ymfarsi@squ.edu.om
authors.forename: Yahya M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Al-Farsi
authors.forename: Mostafa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Waly
authors.forename: Marwan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Sharbati
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Shafaee
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Al-Farsi
authors.forename: Maha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Khaduri
authors.forename: Ishita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Allal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouhtit
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Adawi
authors.forename: Mona F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Al-Said
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Deth
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009850:Oman; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008903:Minerals; D013455:Sulfur; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium