title: Porous bead-based diagnostic platforms:  bridging the gaps in healthcare.
abstract: Advances in lab-on-a-chip systems have strong potential for multiplexed detection of a wide range of analytes with reduced sample and reagent volume; lower costs and shorter analysis times. The completion of high-fidelity multiplexed and multiclass assays remains a challenge for the medical microdevice field; as it struggles to achieve and expand upon at the point-of-care the quality of results that are achieved now routinely in remote laboratory settings. This review article serves to explore for the first time the key intersection of multiplexed bead-based detection systems with integrated microfluidic structures alongside porous capture elements together with biomarker validation studies. These strategically important elements are evaluated here in the context of platform generation as suitable for near-patient testing. Essential issues related to the scalability of these modular sensor ensembles are explored as are attempts to move such multiplexed and multiclass platforms into large-scale clinical trials. Recent efforts in these bead sensors have shown advantages over planar microarrays in terms of their capacity to generate multiplexed test results with shorter analysis times. Through high surface-to-volume ratios and encoding capabilities; porous bead-based ensembles; when combined with microfluidic elements; allow for high-throughput testing for enzymatic assays; general chemistries; protein; antibody and oligonucleotide applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. jie.chou@rice.edu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.forename: Pierre N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003933:Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D044085:Microfluidics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers