title: The flavonoid isoquercitrin promotes neurite elongation by reducing RhoA activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurite formation and synaptic patterning are fundamental to the development of a functional nervous system. Flavonoids are natural molecules known for having beneficial effects on brain health through diverse molecular pathways. Cytoskeletal changes occurring during neuritogenesis and synapse formation often involve Rho GTPases. Here we hypothesized that the flavonoid isoquercitrin promotes neuronal differentiation through Rho signalling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed time lapse imaging of NG108-15 cells during incubation with/without isoquercitrin. Isoquercitrin stimulated extensive neurites enriched in the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin-1. Neurite extension was augmented by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 suggesting an inactivation of RhoA/Rho kinase as the mechanism. To test this, we first measured the dose-dependent effect of isoquercitrin on RhoA activity and found a 47% reduction in RhoA activity at concentrations which induced neurites (≥40 µM). Secondly, we tested the ability of isoquercitrin to rescue the neural phenotype in a model of RhoA-induced neurite retraction and found that 40 µM isoquercitrin added to cultures previously treated with the RhoA activator calpeptin produced significantly more neurite length/cell than calpeptin alone. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that isoquercitrin may affect RhoA localization preventing the translocation to the plasma membrane. Unexpectedly, immunolocalization studies showed that RhoA was present in nuclear compartments of control NG108-cells, but underwent translocation to the cytoplasm upon treatment with isoquercitrin. DNA microarrays and reverse transcription - quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differences in global gene expression of Rho GTPase family members. These data taken together indicate that isoquercitrin is a potential stimulator of neuronal differentiation, through multiple Rho GTPase mediated mechanisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As several members of the Rho GTPase family are implicated in human neurological disorders/injuries, our results suggest that isoquercitrin could be used in the treatment of these pathological states through its effect on this family of molecular switches.
authors.affiliation: Cartilage Engineering+Regeneration Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palazzolo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Marcy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zenobi-Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D021381:Protein Transport; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D050863:Synaptotagmin I / Q000378:metabolism; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050863:Synaptotagmin I; C016527:isoquercitrin; D011794:Quercetin; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein