title: Acute and chronic effects of smoking on myocardial function in healthy heavy smokers: a study of Doppler flow, Doppler tissue velocity, and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effect of smoking on left ventricular function in healthy heavy smokers by conventional Doppler flow, tissue Doppler, and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiograms were performed in 42 healthy heavy (>20 cigarettes/day) smokers (age 34 ± 5 years), before (group SM-1), 15 minutes (SM-2) and 30 minutes (SM-3) after starting smoking 2 cigarettes. Nonsmokers (n = 41, age 33 ± 4 years) served as controls. Transmitral flow, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and myocardial performance index (MPI) were measured. Tissue velocity measurements were averaged from lateral and septal mitral annulus. Longitudinal strain (GS), systolic (SRs), early diastolic (SRe), late diastolic (SRa), and isovolumetric relaxation (SRivr) strain rate were measured. The percent change in strain from end-systole to the first one-third of diastole (SI-DI = [(GS - strain at one-third diastole)/GS] × 100) was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IVRT and MPI were increased and early diastolic mitral annular velocity was decreased in SM-2; they returned to baseline in SM-3. There was no difference in GS and SRs. SRe and SRivr were reduced in SM-1 (P < 0.05), and remained significantly reduced in SM-2 and SM-3. SI-DI was lower in SM-1 (P = 0.011) and was further reduced in SM-2 and SM-3 (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute and chronic smoking inhalation has adverse effects on myocardial function in healthy heavy smokers. 2D-STE is able to detect both baseline differences and late acute effects of smoking.
authors.affiliation: 2nd department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. kfarsalinos@gmail.com
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farsalinos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsiapras
authors.forename: Stamatis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyrzopoulos
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voudris
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult