title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is effective in treating single melamine induced urolithiasis in infants and young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the safety and efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of single melamine induced urolithiasis in infants and young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 189 infants and young children with single melamine induced urolithiasis were referred to our center for treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy between March 2009 and July 2010. Location of the calculus was proximal ureteral in 17 patients, mid ureteral in 5, distal ureteral in 26 and kidney in 141. Stone size ranged from 3.8 to 25 mm (mean ± SD 9.79 ± 3.83).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using the same device with an energy ranging from 8 to 12 kV. Stone-free rate was 97.88%, clinically insignificant residual fragment rate was 1.59% and repeat treatment rate was 2.65%. A total of 180 patients (95.24%) required only 1 lithotripsy session and 5 (2.65%) required 2 sessions. Mean ± SD number of shock waves delivered per session was 580.36 ± 190.69 (range 65 to 950). Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy failed to fragment stones in only 1 infant, who had a proximal ureteral stone. A total of 181 specimens were collected and analyzed by infrared spectrum, with results demonstrating that the main composition was uric acid and melamine. All patients were followed for a mean of 28 months (range 20 to 36). No severe complication, such as renal subcapsular hemorrhage, hypertension, kidney rupture or lung injury, was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with low energy can effectively disintegrate melamine induced calculi. This approach has become our preferred method for treating single melamine induced urolithiasis in infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine and Children's Urolithiasis Treatment Center of Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jianye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Maosheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiaoliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Yeming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hongquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geng
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D014227:Triazines; D014527:Uric Acid; C011907:melamine