title: Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by flavonoids: structure-activity relationship studies.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that certain flavonoids can have an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, which plays a key role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. In the present study, 17 flavonoids belonging to five structural subtypes were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit ACE in order to establish the structural basis of their bioactivity. The ACE inhibitory (ACEI) activity of these 17 flavonoids was determined by fluorimetric method at two concentrations (500 µM and 100 µM). Their inhibitory potencies ranged from 17 to 95% at 500 µM and from 0 to 57% at 100 µM. In both cases, the highest ACEI activity was obtained for luteolin. Following the determination of ACEI activity, the flavonoids with higher ACEI activity (i.e., ACEI >60% at 500 µM) were selected for further IC(50) determination. The IC(50) values for luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, rhoifolin and apigenin K were 23, 43, 64, 178, 183 and 196 µM, respectively. Our results suggest that flavonoids are an excellent source of functional antihypertensive products. Furthermore, our structure-activity relationship studies show that the combination of sub-structures on the flavonoid skeleton that increase ACEI activity is made up of the following elements: (a) the catechol group in the B-ring, (b) the double bond between C2 and C3 at the C-ring, and (c) the cetone group in C4 at the C-ring. Protein-ligand docking studies are used to understand the molecular basis for these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ligia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garcia-Vallvé
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pujadas
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muguerza
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008024:Ligands; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000737:chemistry*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002396:Catechols; D005419:Flavonoids; D008024:Ligands; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C034221:catechol