title: Post-meal responses of elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to leucine and carbohydrate supplements for regulating protein synthesis duration and energy homeostasis in rat skeletal muscle.
abstract: Previous research demonstrates that the anabolic response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to a meal is regulated at the level of translation initiation with signals derived from leucine (Leu) and insulin to activate mTORC1 signaling. Recent evidence suggests that the duration of the meal response is limited by energy status of the cell and inhibition of translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). This study evaluates the potential to extend the anabolic meal response with post-meal supplements of Leu or carbohydrates. Adult (&#126;256 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats were food deprived for 12 h, then either euthanized before a standard meal (time 0) or at 90 or 180 min post-meal. At 135 min  post-meal, rats received one of five oral supplements: 270 mg leucine (Leu270),  80:40:40 mg leucine, isoleucine, and valine (Leu80), 2.63 g carbohydrates (CHO2.6),  1 g carbohydrates (CHO1.0), or water (Sham control). Following the standard meal, MPS increased at 90 min then declined to pre-meal baseline at 180 min. Rats administered Leu270, Leu80, CHO2.6, or CHO1.0 maintained elevated rates of MPS at 180 min, while Sham controls declined from peak values. Leu80 and CHO1.0 treatments maintained MPS, but with values intermediate between Sham controls and Leu270 and CHO2.6 supplements. Consistent with MPS findings, the supplements maintained elongation activity and cellular energy status by preventing increases in AMP/ATP and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC and eEF2. The impact of the supplements on MPS and cellular energy status was in proportion to the energy content within the individual treatments (i.e., Leu270 &gt; Leu80; CHO2.6 &gt; CHO1.0), but the Leu supplements produced a disproportionate anabolic stimulation of MPS, eEF2 and energy status with significantly lower energy content. In summary, the incongruity between MPS and translation initiation at 180 min reflects a block in translation elongation due to reduced cellular energy, and the extent to which Leu or carbohydrate supplements  are able to enhance energy status and prolong the period of muscle anabolism are dose  and time-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. gabriel.wilson@rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moulton
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Garlick
authors.forename: Tracy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Donald K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Layman
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010441:Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational; D010442:Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational; D020652:Peptide Elongation Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D020652:Peptide Elongation Factor 2; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D007930:Leucine