title: Time spent on health related activities associated with chronic illness: a scoping literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of health care, particularly for people with chronic conditions, combines the activities of health professionals, patients, informal carers and social networks that support them. Understanding the non-professional roles in health management requires information about the health related activities (HRA) that are undertaken by patients and informal carers. This understanding allows management planning that incorporates the capacity of patients and informal carers, as well as identifying the particular skills, knowledge and technical support that are necessary. This review was undertaken to identify how much time people with chronic illness and their informal carers spend on HRA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches of three electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, and PubMed) and two journals (Time and Society, Sociology of Health and Illness) were carried out in 2011 using the following search terms (and derivatives): chronic illness AND time AND consumer OR carer. The search was aimed at finding studies of time spent on HRA. A scoping literature review method was utilised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two peer reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2010 were included for review. The review identified limited but specific studies about time use by people with a chronic illness and/or their carers. While illness work was seen as demanding, few studies combined inquiry about both defined tasks and defined time use. It also identified methodological issues such as consistency of definition and data collection methods, which remain unresolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While HRA are seen as demanding by people doing them, few studies have measured actual time taken to carry out a comprehensive range of HRA. The results of this review suggest that both patients with chronic illness and informal carers may be spending 2 hours a day or more on HRA. Illnesses such as diabetes may be associated with higher time use. More empirical research is needed to understand the time demands of self-management, particularly for those affected by chronic illness.
authors.affiliation: Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, Australian National University, Ian Potter House, Corner of Gordon and Marcus Clarke Streets, Acton 0200, ACT, Australia. Tanisha.Jowsey@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Tanisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jowsey
authors.forename: Laurann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Paul Mathews
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: W
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors