title: Cross-national gender differences in the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking in Australia, the United States of America and South Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared rates of smoking among those aged 45 years and older in Australia, the United States of America and South Korea, and examined cross-national gender differences in key socioeconomic differentials in smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted weighted analyses on cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smoking was more prevalent for males than females in all countries; the gender difference was largest in Korea. Being unpartnered increased the likelihood of smoking in all countries, while greater wealth reduced it. In Korea, these effects interacted with gender; both indicators showed larger differentials among women than men. Lower educational attainment increased the likelihood of smoking for all groups except Korean women, among whom high school educated women were less likely to smoke than the tertiary educated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support a cultural interpretation of gender differences in smoking: in countries with low gender empowerment, gender differences in smoking are greater. With increasing divorce and female tertiary education rates in nations like Korea, we highlight the need for health promotion messages targeted towards older and more educated women.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia. davina.french@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Davina J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Soong-Nang
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Kaarin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology