title: Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from whole anchovy sprat (Clupeonella engrauliformis) prepared using endogenous enzymes and commercial proteases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antioxidant activity and chemical properties of fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) prepared from anchovy sprat (Clupeonella engrauliformis) using endogenous enzymes (autolysis) and commercial proteases were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) was observed with Alcalase and papain and the highest protein recovery (PR) with Alcalase and bromelain. FPH yield was highest with Alcalase (82.3%) and lowest with autolysis (63.64%). Increased DH resulted in increased FPH yield (R(2) = 0.77). The highest oil recovery was observed with bromelain (6.41%) and the lowest with autolysis (3.58%). Antioxidant activity determined by DPPH, reducing power and ferrous chelation assays was highest in bromelain, Promod and papain FPHs respectively. The highest ABTS activity was observed in Alcalase FPH, followed by Promod and Protamex™ FPHs. The lowest antioxidant activity was observed in autolysed and Flavourzyme FPHs (P > 0.05). Heavy metals (arsenic, lead and mercury) were recorded at levels below the regulatory limits established by the FDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anchovy sprat hydrolysates showed high antioxidant activities and amino acid contents and low heavy metal concentrations, indicating that they have high potential for use in human and animal diets. The high antioxidant activities are related to the high levels of hydrophobic amino acids found in this study.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. m.ovissipour@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Mahmoudreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ovissipour
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rasco
authors.forename: Setareh Ghorban
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shiroodi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Modanlow
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.forename: Mahrokh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nemati
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001329:Autolysis; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001963:Bromelains / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism; D010206:Papain / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010851:Picrates; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D001963:Bromelains; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D010450:Endopeptidases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; C412470:flavourzyme; D013381:Subtilisins; D010206:Papain