title: Hiding lipid presentation: viral interference with CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell activation.
abstract: The immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor together with markers of the innate NK cell lineage. Activated iNKT cells can exert direct cytolysis and can rapidly release a variety of immune-polarizing cytokines, thereby regulating the ensuing adaptive immune response. iNKT cells recognize lipids in the context of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Intriguingly, CD1d-restricted iNKT cells appear to play a critical role in anti-viral defense: increased susceptibility to disseminated viral infections is observed both in patients with iNKT cell deficiency as well as in CD1d- and iNKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, viruses have recently been found to use sophisticated strategies to withstand iNKT cell-mediated elimination. This review focuses on CD1d-restricted lipid presentation and the strategies viruses deploy to subvert this pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.horst-2@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Daniëlle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Ruben J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Geerdink
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gram
authors.forename: Arie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stoppelenburg
authors.forename: Maaike E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ressing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D055610:Antigens, CD1d / Q000276:immunology*; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008055:Lipids / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D014762:Viral Interference
chemical_list: D055610:Antigens, CD1d; C526877:CD1D protein, human; D008055:Lipids