title: Exercise-induced hypertension in men with metabolic syndrome: anthropometric, metabolic, and hemodynamic features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased cardiac morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) in men with metabolic syndrome and to explore potential associations with anthropometric and metabolic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 179 normotensive men with metabolic syndrome underwent a maximal symptom-limited treadmill test. Blood pressure was measured at 5-min rest prior to exercise testing (anticipatory blood pressure), at every 3 min during the exercise, and during the recovery period. EIH was defined as maximum systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥220 mmHg and/or maximum diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥100 mmHg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 179 men, 87 (47%) presented EIH. Resting blood pressure values at baseline were 127±10/83±6 mmHg in EIH and 119±9/80±6 mmHg (P=0.01 for both) in normal blood pressure responders to exercise. Anticipatory SBP and DPS were higher in the group with EIH (P=0.001). Subjects with EIH presented higher waist circumference (WC) (P<0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels as well as insulin resistance (all P<0.05). Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and total body fat mass were comparable between groups. Subjects with EIH had higher abdominal visceral adipose tissue (P<0.001). The best predictors of EIH were resting SBP and abdominal obesity. Each increment of 5 cm in WC was associated with an odds ratio of 1.30 (1.20-1.68) for EIH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About half of our subjects with metabolic syndrome showed EIH. These men are characterized by a worsened metabolic profile. Our data suggest that a treadmill exercise test may be helpful to identify a potentially higher risk metabolic syndrome subset of subjects.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaudreault
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rhéaume
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alméras
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult