title: Use of an implanted sacral nerve stimulator to restore urine voiding in chronically paraplegic dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of urinary control after spinal cord injury increases risk of urinary tract disease and is problematical for owners of affected dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design, implant, and test a sacral nerve stimulating device for controlling urine voiding in paraplegic dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine pet dogs with severe thoracolumbar spinal cord injury causing paraplegia, loss of hindquarter sensation, and incontinence for more than 3 months. The procedure was offered prospectively to owners of suitable candidates after the irreversibility of the incontinence had been ascertained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open label clinical study. Surgically implantable electrode "books" were designed for insertion and retention of mixed sacral nerves. Sacral nerves were accessed via laminectomy and stimulated to test their ability to elicit detrusor contraction and then inserted into the electrode book, which was attached to a subcutaneously implanted, externally activated receiver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8/9 dogs, S2 nerves elicited the largest increases in intravesicular pressure with minimum stimulation and were placed in electrode books. Voiding efficiency was >90% in 8 of the 9 implanted dogs. No important detrimental effects of the procedure were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This sacral nerve stimulating implant is a simple and apparently effective neuroprosthetic device that restores urine voiding in paraplegic dogs.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fairhurst
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lacour
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Craggs
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mosse
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Jeffery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000662:veterinary*; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000662:veterinary*; D012018:Reflex; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*