title: Development of, and initial validity evidence for, the referee self-efficacy scale: a multistudy report.
abstract: The purpose of this multistudy report was to develop, and then to provide initial validity evidence for measures derived from, the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were collected from referees (N = 1609) in the United States (n = 978) and Spain (n = 631). In Study 1 (n = 512), a single-group exploratory structural equation model provided evidence for four factors: game knowledge, decision making, pressure, and communication. In Study 2 (n = 1153), multiple-group confirmatory factor analytic models provided evidence for partial factorial invariance by country, level of competition, team gender, and sport refereed. In Study 3 (n = 456), potential sources of referee self-efficacy information combined to account for a moderate or large amount of variance in each dimension of referee self-efficacy with years of referee experience, highest level refereed, physical/mental preparation, and environmental comfort, each exerting at least two statistically significant direct effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Feltz
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guillén
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dithurbide
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001076:Aptitude; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017008:Negotiating / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult