title: Design and implementation of a randomized crossover study of valproic acid and antiretroviral therapy to reduce the HIV reservoir.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV reservoirs represent the major obstacles for eradication and are defined as a cell type that allows persistence of replication-competent HIV in patients on optimal long-term antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Several pilot clinical trials have been implemented to assess the value of experimental therapy to reduce reservoir size or eradicate HIV. In order to eradicate HIV, valproic acid was used as a new strategy to increase viral gene expression in the nucleus of infected cells with the expectation of generating a direct cell death or destruction by nearby cytotoxic cells. Previous pilot studies using VPA have showed conflicting results on the ability of VPA to reduce the size of HIV reservoirs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As the role of VPA on HIV reservoirs remains unclear, we conducted a multicenter clinical trial with a specific study design to obtain optimal information on reservoir changes while exposing the smallest number of individuals to the experimental medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  To this aim, a randomized, crossover design with 2 different treatment durations was implemented. By doubling the therapeutic period in one study arm, we were in a position to assess the impact of an extended duration of VPA on the size of the HIV reservoir and to evaluate the duration of treatment effects upon VPA withdrawal in the other arm. However, limitations for this type of study design included the logistical complexity of 2 uneven study arms and longer study duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the absence of demonstrable impact of VPA on reservoir size, such crossover study design should be considered in the early stage testing of novel HIV therapeutics targeted to reduce reservoir size or eradicate HIV.
authors.affiliation: McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. jean-pierre.routy@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Routy
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Spaans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trottier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Baril
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trottier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chomont
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sékaly
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D014635:Valproic Acid