title: Validity and reliability of a new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The assessment of the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle is an important clinical examination procedure. Evidence shows that the traditional goniometer is highly unreliable, and various designs of goniometers to measure the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle rely on the application of a known force to obtain reliable results. Hence, an innovative ankle dorsiflexion measurement device was designed to make this measurement more reliable by holding the foot in a selected posture without the application of a known moment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on the comprehensive validity and reliability testing carried out on the new device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following validity testing, four different trials to test reliability of the ankle dorsiflexion measurement device were performed. These trials included inter-rater and intra-rater testings with a controlled moment, intra-rater reliability testing with knees flexed and extended without a controlled moment, intra-rater testing with a patient population, and inter-rater reliability testing between four raters of varying experience without controlling moment. All raters were blinded.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of trials to test intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 and inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1) was 0.953 with a controlled moment. With uncontrolled moment, very high reliability for intra-tester was also achieved (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94 with knees extended and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 with knees flexed). For the trial investigating test-retest reliability with actual patients, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 was obtained. In the trial investigating four different raters with uncontrolled moment, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91 was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device is a valid and reliable device for measuring ankle dorsiflexion in both healthy subjects and patients, with both controlled and uncontrolled moments, even by multiple raters of varying experience when the foot is dorsiflexed to its end of range of motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ankle dorsiflexion measuring device has been designed to increase the reliability of ankle dorsiflexion measurement and replace the traditional goniometer. While the majority of similar devices rely on application of a known moment to perform this measurement, it has been shown that this is not required with the new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device and, rather, foot posture should be taken into consideration as this affects the maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle.
authors.affiliation: Podiatry Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. alfred.gatt@um.edu.mt
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatt
authors.forename: Nachiappan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chockalingam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results