title: Paramphistomum cervi: the in vitro effect of plumbagin on motility, survival and tegument structure.
abstract: Paramphistomiasis causes enteritis and anemia in livestocks and result in substantial production and economic losses. It is considered a neglected tropical disease, with no effective trematodicidal compound for treatment. Plumbagin (PB), a compound founds to be rich in the roots of Plumbago indica, is a naphthoquinone derivatives which can induce oxidative stress in parasites. In this study we have evaluated the anthelmintic activity of PB against adult Paramphistomum cervi by incubating the parasites in M-199 medium containing 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 μg/ml of the PB, and albendazole (ABZ) at the concentration of 100 μg/ml as the positive control, for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, using relative motility (RM) assay and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 12 h exposure with 100 μg/ml ABZ, flukes showed decreased contraction and motility. At 24 h incubation they showed only active movement of some part of the body. The PB-treated flukes at all concentrations showed rapid decrease of motility at 3 h incubation. In 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/ml of PB, the RM values were decreased sharply from 3 to 12 h, and then they were killed since 12 h in the incubation with 10 μg/ml of PB. The highest parasite mortality was found as early as 3h when they were incubated with 100 μg/ml of PB. The morphological changes on the tegumental surface were similar in both flukes treated with ABZ and PB, which sequentially comprised of swelling, followed by blebbings that later ruptured, leading to the erosion and desquamation of the tegument syncytium. As the result, lesions were formed which exposed the basal lamina. The damage appeared more severe on the ventral than the dorsal surface, and earlier on the anterior part and lateral margins of middle third when compared to the posterior part of the parasites's bodies. The severity and rapidity of the damages were enhanced with increasing concentration of PB, which showed stronger activity than ABZ. Hence, PB has a potential to be an anthelmintic drug against adult P.cervi.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand. naruwan@sut.ac.th
authors.forename: Naruwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saowakon
authors.forename: Natcha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lorsuwannarat
authors.forename: Narin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Changklungmoa
authors.forename: Chaitip
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanichanon
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobhon
mesh_terms: D015766:Albendazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010250:Paramphistomatidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012417:Rumen / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D015766:Albendazole; C014758:plumbagin