title: Long-term tolerability of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel for osteoarthritis in seniors and patients with comorbidities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse events associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat knee and hand osteoarthritis may be more frequent in certain patient populations. Topical NSAIDs, such as diclofenac sodium 1% gel (DSG), have equivalent efficacy and fewer adverse events compared with oral NSAIDs. This post hoc analysis assessed the long-term tolerability of DSG in elderly patients and patients with an elevated risk of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients ≥ 35 years of age with knee osteoarthritis applied DSG (4 g) to one or both knees for 12 weeks during either of two primary studies and for 9 months during a long-term extension study. Other patients entered the long-term extension study directly and applied DSG for 12 months. Safety was assessed by reported adverse events. Subpopulations were defined based on age, or the comorbidities of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The safety population consisted of 947 patients who received at least one dose of DSG during the primary or extension study. Patients aged < 65 years (68.2%) and ≥65 years (67.2%) experienced any adverse event at similar rates. The percentage of patients who experienced any adverse event was similar between patients with and without hypertension (65.5% versus 69.7%, respectively), type 2 diabetes mellitus (64.0% versus 68.2%), or cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease (61.9% versus 68.5%). Among the 15 patients with all three comorbidities, the percentage of patients with any adverse event (53.3%) was less than that of patients who did not have all three comorbidities (68.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that long-term DSG treatment is safe in patient subpopulations with an elevated risk of NSAID-related adverse events, such as the elderly and those with the comorbidities of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Feasterville Family Health Care Center, Feasterville, PA 19053, USA. jhpdo@aol.com
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Peniston
authors.forename: Morris S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wieman
authors.forename: Lawrence K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Alwine
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005782:Gels; D004008:Diclofenac