title: A prospective study of physician-observed concussion during a varsity university ice hockey season: incidence and neuropsychological changes. Part 2 of 4.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion according to a relative number of athlete exposures among 25 male and 20 female varsity ice hockey players. The secondary objective was to present neuropsychological test results between preseason and postseason play and at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-2 (SCAT2), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), and MRI. Each regular season and postseason game was observed by 2 independent observers (a physician and a nonphysician observer). Players with a diagnosed concussion were removed from the game, examined in the team physician's office using the SCAT2 and ImPACT, and sent to undergo MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven concussions occurred during the 55 physician-observed games (20%). The incidence of concussion, expressed as number of concussions per 1000 athlete exposures, was 10.70 for men and women combined in regular season play, 11.76 for men and women combined across both the regular season and playoff season, 7.50 for men and 14.93 for women in regular season play, and 8.47 for men across both the regular season and playoff season. One male player experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions, and 1 concussion was observed and diagnosed in an exhibition game. Neuropsychological testing suggested no statistically significant preseason/postseason differences between athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion and athletes who did not sustain a physician-diagnosed concussion on either the ImPACT or SCAT2. The athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion demonstrated few reliable changes postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the incidence of game-related concussions per 1000 athlete exposures in this study was half the highest rate reported in the authors' previous research, it was 3 times higher than the incidence reported by other authors within the literature concerning men's collegiate ice hockey and 5 times higher than the highest rate previously reported for woman's collegiate ice hockey. Interestingly, the present results suggest a substantively higher incidence of concussion among women (14.93) than men (7.50). The reproducible and significantly higher incidence of concussion among both men and woman ice hockey players, when compared with nonphysician-observed games, suggests a significant underestimation of sports concussion in the scientific literature.
authors.affiliation: Elliott Sports Medicine Clinic, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. psechlin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Echlin
authors.forename: Elaine N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Skopelja
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Worsley
authors.forename: Shiroy B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dadachanji
authors.forename: D Rob
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Smith
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taunton
authors.forename: Lorie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Forwell
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult