title: Cytotoxic evaluation of phenolic compounds from lichens against melanoma cells.
abstract: Atranorin, lichexanthone, and the (+)-usnic, diffractaic, divaricatic, perlatolic, psoromic, protocetraric, and norstictic acids isolated from the lichens Parmotrema dilatatum (VAIN.) HALE, Usnea subcavata MOTYKA, Usnea sp., Ramalina sp., Cladina confusa (SANT.) FOLMM. & AHTI, Dirinaria aspera HÄSÄNEN, and Parmotrema lichexanthonicum ELIASARO & ADLER were evaluated against UACC-62 and B16-F10 melanoma cells and 3T3 normal cells. Sulforhodamine B assay revealed significant cytotoxic activity in protocetraric, divaricatic, and perlatolic acids on UACC-62 cells (50% growth inhibitory concentration (GI(50)) 0.52, 2.7, and 3.3 µg/mL, respectively). Divaricatic and perlatolic acids proved the most active on B16-F10 cells (GI(50) 4.4, 18.0 µg/mL, respectively) and the most cytotoxic to 3T3 normal cells. Diffractaic, usnic, norstictic, and psoromic acids were cytotoxic to UACC-62 cells in the 24.7 to 36.6 µg/mL range, as were protocetraric and diffractaic acids to B16-F10 cells (GI(50) 24.0, 25.4 µg/mL, respectively). Protocetraric acid was highly selective (selectivity index (SI*) 93.3) against UACC-62 cells, followed by norstictic, perlatolic, psoromic, and divaricatic acids, while norstictic and divaricatic acids were more selective against B16-F10 cells. The high SI* value obtained for protocetraric acid on UACC-62 cells makes it a potential candidate for the study of melanomas in experimental models. Chemometric analysis was performed to evaluate the general behavior of the compounds against the cell lines tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Fabrício Gardini
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.forename: Glaucia Braz
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Alcantara
authors.forename: Maria de Fátima Cepa
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bogo
authors.forename: Deisy dos Santos
authors.initials: Ddos S
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Nathália Mitsuko
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Neli Kika
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D020949:Usnea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols