title: Spectrophotometric measurement of calcium carbonate saturation states in seawater.
abstract: Measurements of ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations in the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans were used to determine calcium carbonate saturation states (Ω(CaCO(3))) from spectrophotometric methods alone. Total carbonate ion concentrations, [CO(3)(2-)](T), were for the first time at sea directly measured using Pb(II) UV absorbance spectra. The basis of the method is given by the following: [formula see text] where (CO(3))β(1) is the PbCO(3)(0) formation constant, e(i) are molar absorptivity ratios, and R = (250)A/(234)A (ratio of absorbances measured at 250 and 234 nm). On the basis of shipboard and laboratory Pb(II) data and complementary carbon-system measurements, the experimental parameters were determined to be (25 °C) the following: [formula see text]. The resulting mean difference between the shipboard spectrophotometric and conventional determinations of [CO(3)(2-)](T) was ±2.03 μmol kg(-1). The shipboard analytical precision of the Pb(II) method was ∼1.71 μmol kg(-1) (2.28%). Spectrophotometric [CO(3)(2-)](T) and pH(T) were then combined to calculate Ω(CaCO(3)). For the case of aragonite, 95% of the spectrophotometric aragonite saturation states (Ω(Aspec)) were within ±0.06 of the conventionally calculated values (Ω(Acalc)) when 0.5 ≤ Ω(A) ≤ 2.0. When Ω(A) > 2.0, 95% of the Ω(Aspec) values were within ±0.18 of Ω(Acalc). Our shipboard experience indicates that spectrophotometric determinations of [CO(3)(2-)](T) and Ω(CaCO(3)) are straightforward, fast, and precise. The method yields high-quality measurements of two important, rapidly changing aspects of ocean chemistry and offers capabilities suitable for long-term automated in situ monitoring.
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States.
authors.forename: Regina A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Easley
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patsavas
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Xuewu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Feely
authors.forename: Jeremy T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mathis
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D001110:Arctic Regions; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis*; D002140:California; D005843:Geography; D007477:Ions; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D007854:Lead; D002119:Calcium Carbonate