title: Formulation optimization of a palm-based nanoemulsion system containing levodopa.
abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the influence of the main emulsion composition; mixture of palm and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil (6%-12% w/w), lecithin (1%-3% w/w), and Cremophor EL (0.5%-1.5% w/w) as well as the preparation method; addition rate (2-20 mL/min), on the physicochemical properties of palm-based nanoemulsions. The response variables were the three main emulsion properties; particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index. Optimization of the four independent variables was carried out to obtain an optimum level palm-based nanoemulsion with desirable characteristics. The response surface analysis showed that the variation in the three responses could be depicted as a quadratic function of the main composition of the emulsion and the preparation method. The experimental data could be fitted sufficiently well into a second-order polynomial model. The optimized formulation was stable for six months at 4 °C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. syafinazzainol@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Syafinaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zainol
authors.forename: Mahiran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basri
authors.forename: Hamidon Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Basri
authors.forename: Ahmad Fuad
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Shamsuddin
authors.forename: Siti Salwa
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abdul-Gani
authors.forename: Roghayeh Abedi
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Karjiban
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abdul-Malek
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D007980:Levodopa / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D010938:Plant Oils; D007980:Levodopa; D000073878:Palm Oil; C000515:cremophor EL; D005990:Glycerol