title: A critical role for AID in the initiation of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells.
abstract: Mechanistic insights into the reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are limited, particularly for early acting molecular regulators. Here we use an acute loss of function approach to demonstrate that activation-induced deaminase (AID) activity is necessary for the initiation of reprogramming to iPSCs. While AID is well known for antibody diversification, it has also recently been shown to have a role in active DNA demethylation in reprogramming toward pluripotency and development. These findings suggested a potential role for AID in iPSC generation, yet, iPSC yield from AID-knockout mouse fibroblasts was similar to that of wild-type (WT) fibroblasts. We reasoned that an acute loss of AID function might reveal effects masked by compensatory mechanisms during development, as reported for other proteins. Accordingly, we induced an acute reduction (>50%) in AID levels using 4 different shRNAs and determined that reprogramming to iPSCs was significantly impaired by 79 ± 7%. The deaminase activity of AID was critical, as coexpression of WT but not a catalytic mutant AID rescued reprogramming. Notably, AID was required only during a 72-h time window at the onset of iPSC reprogramming. Our findings show a critical role for AID activity in the initiation of reprogramming to iPSCs.
authors.affiliation: Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhutani
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Rose T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bussat
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Stephane Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054337:Cell Dedifferentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D013997:Time Factors; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase