title: Time-action profile of an oral enteric insulin formulation in healthy Chinese volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin is an essential treatment for both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Among the available routes of insulin administration, oral delivery is the most appealing option.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of orally administered enteric insulin and compare the time-action of these oral insulin capsules with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-center, randomized, 4-period, crossover study. Twelve healthy volunteers (3 per group) received 1 of 3 doses of oral enteric insulin (50, 100, or 200 U) or 1 subcutaneous injection of NPH insulin (6 U) on 4 separate days. After administration, glucose infusion rates and serum insulin concentrations were monitored for 10 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose infusion rates increased after administration of either NPH or oral enteric insulin. The mean times for maximal metabolic effects for 50, 100, and 200 U of oral enteric insulin were 250 (118), 170 (58), and 236 (132) minutes, respectively, compared with 243 (79) minutes for NPH insulin. The onset of action was slower for oral enteric insulin at 50 U (38 [10] minutes), 100 U (41 [18] minutes), and 200 U (65 [58] minutes) compared with NPH insulin (35 [8] minutes). The maximum glucose infusion rates for oral enteric insulin treatment (1.66 [0.50], 1.61 [1.00], and 1.80 [0.60] mg/kg/min for 50, 100, and 200 U, respectively) were lower compared with NPH insulin (2.06 [0.82] mg/kg/min), although these differences were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral enteric insulin capsules induced significant glucodynamic effects and exhibited a time-action profile similar to that of NPH insulin in these healthy volunteers. No detectable increases in serum insulin concentration were observed in any treatment group. Trial registry number: ChiCTR-TRC-12001872.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Honglin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yerong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002214:Capsules; D002681:China; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002214:Capsules; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007336:Insulin, Isophane