title: International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology ii: integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To build on Achenbach, Rescorla, and Ivanova (2012) by (a) reporting new international findings for parent, teacher, and self-ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-Report, and Teacher's Report Form; (b) testing the fit of syndrome models to new data from 17 societies, including previously underrepresented regions; (c) testing effects of society, gender, and age in 44 societies by integrating new and previous data; (d) testing cross-society correlations between mean item ratings; (e) describing the construction of multisociety norms; (f) illustrating clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of parent, teacher, and self-ratings, performed separately for each society; tests of societal, gender, and age effects on dimensional syndrome scales, DSM-oriented scales, Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales; tests of agreement between low, medium, and high ratings of problem items across societies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFAs supported the tested syndrome models in all societies according to the primary fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA]), but less consistently according to other indices; effect sizes were small-to-medium for societal differences in scale scores, but very small for gender, age, and interactions with society; items received similarly low, medium, or high ratings in different societies; problem scores from 44 societies fit three sets of multisociety norms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically derived syndrome models fit parent, teacher, and self-ratings when tested individually in all 44 societies according to RMSEAs (but less consistently according to other indices). Small to medium differences in scale scores among societies supported the use of low-, medium-, and high-scoring norms in clinical assessment of individual children.
authors.affiliation: Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, 101 N. Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA. lrescorl@brynnmawr.edu
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rescorla
authors.forename: Masha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Achenbach
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Begovac
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chahed
authors.forename: May Britt
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Drugli
authors.forename: Deisy Ribas
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Emerich
authors.forename: Daniel S S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Nohelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Stefanny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaimes
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Alfio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maggiolini
authors.forename: Jasminka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marković
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitrović
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: João Tiago
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Yoon Phaik
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Djaouida
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petot
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pomalima
authors.forename: Marina Monzani
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.forename: Vlasta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rudan
authors.forename: Slobodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekulić
authors.forename: Mimoza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahini
authors.forename: Edwiges Ferreira
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: de Mattos Silvares
authors.forename: Lajos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szirovicza
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Luis Anderssen
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: Maria Clara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Bernardine S C
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Eugene Yuqing
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005008:Ethnopsychology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005178:Faculty; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards