title: Evaluation of a sustainable remediation option: beneficial reuse of petroleum-contaminated sediment as an energy source.
abstract: The characteristics of petroleum-contaminated sediment (PCS) have been evaluated to assess whether the practice of its beneficial reuse as a sole or supplemental energy source is sustainable relative to other sediment remediation options such as monitored natural recovery (MNR), capping, or off-site disposal. Some of these remediation options for PCS are energy-intensive and/or require land utilization. The energy and compositional analysis results indicate a low carbon content (15-17%(wt)) and corresponding low energy values of 5,200 kJ/kg (2,200 Btu/lb) to 5,600 kJ/kg (2,400 Btu/lb). However, given other decision-making criteria, the sediment may contain enough value to be added as a supplemental fuel given that it is normally considered a waste product and is readily available. The thermogravimetric profiles obtained under both combustion and pyrolytic conditions showed that the sulfur contents were comparable to typical low sulfur bituminous or lignite coals found in the United States, and most of the volatiles could be vaporized below 750 degrees C. The heavy metal concentrations determined before and after combustion of the PCS indicated that further engineering controls may be required for mercury, arsenic, and lead. Due to the potential for reduction of public health and environmental threats, potential economic savings, and conservation of natural resources (petroleum and land), removal of PCS by dredging and beneficial reuse as a supplemental fuel clearly has merit to be considered as a sustainable remediation option.
authors.affiliation: School ofEnergy, Environmental, Biological, and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, USA.
authors.forename: Adison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasivongpakdi
authors.forename: Joo-Youp
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Keener
authors.forename: Edwin F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bujalski
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Yeardley
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010578:Petroleum; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010578:Petroleum; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D002245:Carbon Dioxide