title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using visible light plus water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA).
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) using visible light together with water-filtered infrared-A (VIS+wIRA) to eradicate single species of planktonic bacteria and micro-organisms during initial oral bacterial colonization in situ. A broadband VIS+wIRA radiator with a water-filtered spectrum in the range 580-1400 nm was used for irradiation. Toluidine blue (TB) was utilized as a photosensitizer at concentrations of 5, 10, 25 and 50 µg ml(-1). The unweighted (absolute) irradiance was 200 mW cm(-2) and it was applied for 1 min. Planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis were treated with APDT. Salivary bacteria harvested by centrifugation of native human saliva were also tested. In addition, initial bacterial colonization of bovine enamel slabs carried in the mouths of six healthy volunteers was treated in the same way. Up to 2 log(10) of S. mutans and E. faecalis were killed by APDT. Salivary bacteria were eliminated to a higher extent of 3.7-5 log(10). All TB concentrations tested proved to be highly effective. The killing rate of bacteria in the initial oral bacterial colonization was significant (P=0.004) at all tested TB concentrations, despite the interindividual variations found among study participants. This study has shown that APDT in combination with TB and VIS+wIRA is a promising method for killing bacteria during initial oral colonization. Taking the healing effects of wIRA on human tissue into consideration, this technique could be helpful in the treatment of peri-implantitis and periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tennert
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karygianni
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Centre for Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Krems, Austria.|Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wrbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Altenburger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000382:microbiology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; D014070:Tooth / Q000382:microbiology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D014048:Tolonium Chloride