title: [Clinical experience with navigation functions for temporal bone surgery : interim result after 40 patients].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although robust algorithms for registration and segmentation are available, the majority of surgical approaches to the temporal bone are nowadays made without navigation assistance. Beside instrument navigation (IN), functions such as distance control (DC) and navigated control (NC) can be used. This study analyzes the application of these navigation functionalities in lateral skull base and middle ear surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 41 patients with an indication of temporal bone approaches were included. The navigation was realized with an optoelectric navigation system with both non-invasive and invasive markers. Parameters such as surgical time, Level of Quality (LoQ) index, and Change of Surgical Strategy (COS) index were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 14.6% of patients, the conventional mode of IN was used. In 70.7% of cases, the function DC was also used. In another 14.6% of cases, the function NC was used to control the speed of the drill. The facial nerve was the dominant segmented risk structure for active navigation. The time for setup was on average 7.78 min. The LoQ index score was on average 66 points. In 17% of the patients, surgeons evaluated the assistance mode as "necessary for the surgery". No technical-related complications were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proves the usability of navigation technology for temporal bone surgery in clinical routine. DC and NC are two additional features for higher acceptance of navigation in microscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Heilkunde/Plastische Operationen, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland. Gero.Strauss@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strauß
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nowatschin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meixensberger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lüth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012888:Skull Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult