title: Carnosic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system.
abstract: The study investigated the protective effects of carnosic acid (CA), the principal constituent of rosemary, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. CA was administered orally to rats at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight before LPS challenge (single intraperitoneal injection, 1 mg/kg body weight). The results revealed that CA inhibited LPS-induced liver damage and disorder of lipid metabolism, which were mainly evidenced by decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. CA also inhibited LPS-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and serum levels of nitric oxide. Histopathological examination demonstrated that CA could improve pathological abnormalities and reduce the immigration of inflammatory cells in liver tissues with LPS challenge. Concurrently, CA potently inhibited the LPS-induced rise in serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. CA supplementation markedly enhanced the body's cellular antioxidant defense system by restoring the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in serum and liver after the LPS challenge. In conclusion, the present study suggests that CA successfully and dose dependently attenuates LPS-induced hepatotoxicity possibly by preventing cytotoxic effects of oxygen free radicals, NO and cytokines.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
authors.forename: Qisen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yutang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Haifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Wanqiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Xuebo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D005978:Glutathione; C018381:salvin