title: Environmental and health disparities in residential communities of New Orleans: the need for soil lead intervention to advance primary prevention.
abstract: Urban environments are the major sites for human habitation and this study evaluates soil lead (Pb) and blood Pb at the community scale of a U.S. city. There is no safe level of Pb exposure for humans and novel primary Pb prevention strategies are requisite to mitigate children's Pb exposure and health disparities observed in major cities. We produced a rich source of environmental and Pb exposure data for metropolitan New Orleans by combining a large soil Pb database (n=5467) with blood Pb databases (n=55,551 pre-Katrina and 7384 post-Katrina) from the Louisiana Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (LACLPPP). Reanalysis of pre- and post-Hurricane Katrina soil samples indicates relatively unchanged soil Pb. The objective was to evaluate the New Orleans soil Pb and blood Pb database for basic information about conditions that may merit innovative ways to pursue primary Pb exposure prevention. The city was divided into high (median census tract soil≥100 mg/kg) and low Pb areas (median census tract soil<100mg/kg). Soil and blood Pb concentrations within the high and low Pb areas of New Orleans were analyzed by permutation statistical methods. The high Pb areas are toward the interior of the city where median soil Pb was 367, 313, 1228, and 103 mg/kg, respectively for samples collected at busy streets, residential streets, house sides, and open space locations; the low Pb areas are in outlying neighborhoods of the city where median soil Pb was 64, 46, 32, and 28 mg/kg, respectively for busy streets, residential streets, house sides, and open spaces (P-values<10(-16)). Pre-Katrina children's blood Pb prevalence of ≥5 μg/dL was 58.5% and 24.8% for the high and low Pb areas, respectively compared to post-Katrina prevalence of 29.6% and 7.5%, for high and low Pb areas, respectively. Elevated soil Pb permeates interior areas of the city and children living there generally lack Pb safe areas for outdoor play. Soil Pb medians in outlying areas were safer by factors ranging from 3 to 38 depending on specific location. Patterns of Pb deposition from many decades of accumulation have not been transformed by hastily conducted renovations during the seven year interval since Hurricane Katrina. Low Pb soils available outside of cities can remedy soil Pb contamination within city interiors. Mapping soil Pb provides an overview of deposition characteristics and assists with planning and conducting primary Pb exposure prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue-SL 83, New Orleans, LA 70112-2632, USA. hmielke@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Howard W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mielke
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D055820:New Orleans; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead