title: Efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide in the concomitant treatment of 130 patients under 16 years of age with refractory epilepsy: a prospective, open-label, observational, multicenter study in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety and effectiveness of lacosamide, an antiepileptic drug (AED) that selectively enhances the slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels without affecting rapid inactivation, has been demonstrated in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in adults with focal epileptic seizures. Although lacosamide is approved for use in patients over 16 years of age, limited clinical experience exists for younger patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide in children with refractory epilepsy. DesignMethods: The trial was a prospective, open-label, observational, multicenter study. A total of 130 patients aged less than 16 years (range 6 months to 16 years) with refractory epilepsy who had initiated treatment with lacosamide were enrolled at 18 neuropediatric units in hospitals across Spain. Patients with a variety of etiologies were enrolled, including those with partial epilepsies and symptomatic, generalized epilepsy syndromes. Lacosamide (VIMPAT®; UCB Pharma SA, Brussels, Belgium) was primarily administered once every 12 hours as an oral solution or as an oral tablet, with an initial dose of 1-2 mg/kg/day in the majority of cases. The majority of patients were also receiving stable concomitant therapy with ≥1 other AED. Treatment response to lacosamide was determined by assessing the change in seizure frequency after 3 months of lacosamide therapy. Responders were defined as patients who achieved a seizure frequency reduction of >50%. Tolerability was assessed by the reporting of adverse effects, laboratory testing, and electroencephalography recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lacosamide was dosed at a mean of 6.80 ± 2.39 mg/kg/day. After 3 months of lacosamide therapy, 62.3% of patients achieved a >50% reduction in seizure frequency, with complete seizure suppression being reported in 13.8% of patients. Adverse effects occurred in 39 patients (30%), but no dose-response relationship was observed in terms of these events. In ten patients, instability, difficulty walking, an inability to relate to subjective elements, and blurred vision or dizziness were reported. A total of 13 patients discontinued treatment - in five of these patients, symptom intensity remained unchanged despite dose reduction, which led to treatment discontinuation. The symptoms were markedly different in each patient, preventing determination of a causal factor(s).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of lacosamide in children with refractory epilepsy. Further evaluation in a randomized, controlled trial is needed to validate the efficacy in this population and to fully investigate the adverse effects described here. We recommend an initial dose of 1-2 mg/kg/day, uptitrated to 6-9 mg/kg/day over 4-6 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Neuropediatric Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casas-Fernández
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Bermejo
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rufo-Campos
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smeyers-Durá
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herranz-Fernández
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibáñez-Micó
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campistol-Plana
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alarcón-Martínez
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos-Castelló
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000078334:Lacosamide; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000078334:Lacosamide