title: Metabolomic phenotyping validates the infant rhesus monkey as a model of human infant metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhesus macaque monkeys are widely used as models for human physiology and behavior. They are particularly suited for studies on infant nutrition and metabolism; however, few studies have directly compared their metabolic or microbiological phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to compare the metabolomic profiles and microbiome of milk from human and rhesus mothers, and the metabolomic profiles of urine and serum from human and rhesus infants to establish the value of this model for human nutrition research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Milk samples were collected from rhesus and human mothers at similar stages of lactation. Urine and serum samples were collected from breast-fed rhesus and human infants. H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were acquired for all samples and metabolites were identified and quantified using targeted profiling techniques. The microbial community structure of milk was examined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An identical set of metabolites was identified in the urine and serum profiles from human and rhesus infants. In urine, 65% of the metabolites were present at similar concentrations, whereas ~40% were similar in serum. The gross composition of human and rhesus milk was comparable, including the overall microbial community at both the phylum and order level; however, some oligosaccharides found in human milk were not present in monkey milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of the milk microbiome and urine, serum, and milk metabolome of rhesus macaques and humans has revealed substantial similarities that provide unique biological information highlighting the significance of rhesus macaques as a model for infant nutrition and developmental research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Aifric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Elizabeth M S
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McNiven
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinde
authors.forename: Neill W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Haggarty
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lönnerdal
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Slupsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D023421:Models, Animal; D058889:Molecular Typing; D013045:Species Specificity; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry