title: Effects of rolling resistances on handrim kinetics during the performance of wheelies among manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Repeated cross-sectional study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of rolling resistances (RRs) on handrim kinetic intensity at the non-dominant upper limb and on handrim kinetic symmetry during wheelies performed by manual wheelchair users (MWUs) with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pathokinesiology Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen individuals with SCI who were able to perform wheelies participated in this study. During a laboratory assessment, participants randomly performed wheelies on four RRs: natural high-grade composite board, 5-cm thick soft foam, 5-cm thick memory foam, and with the rear wheels blocked by wooden blocks. Four trials were conducted for each of the RRs. Participant's wheelchair was equipped with instrumented wheels to record handrim kinetics, whereas the movements of the wheelchair were recorded with a motion analysis system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The net mean and peak total forces, including its tangential and mediolateral components, were greater during take-off compared with the other phases of the wheelie, independently of RR. During take-off, the greatest net mean and peak total and tangential forces were reached with the wheels blocked. Symmetrical tangential and mediolateral force intensities were applied at the dominant and non-dominant handrims.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wheelies performed on low or moderate density foam generate similar forces at the handrim than on a natural surface and significantly less forces than with the wheels blocked. Hence, when teaching individuals with an SCI to perform a stationary wheelie, the use of low or moderate density foam represents a valuable alternative for minimizing upper limb effort and may also optimize quasi-static postural steadiness.
authors.affiliation: Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lalumiere
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Routhier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desroches
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bouyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult