title: Screening for negative effects of candidate ascidian antifoulant compounds on a target aquaculture species, Perna canaliculus Gmelin.
abstract: The natural chemical compounds radicicol, polygodial and ubiquinone-10 (Q10) have previously been identified as inhibitors of metamorphosis in ascidian larvae. Accordingly, they have potential as a specific remedy for the costly problem of fouling ascidians in bivalve aquaculture. In this study, these compounds were screened for their effects on the physiological health of an aquaculture species, the green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus Gmelin, at or above the 99% effective dose (IC(99)) in ascidians. Three physiological biomarkers of mussel health were screened: growth (increases in shell height and wet weight), condition (condition index) and mitochondrial respirational function (Complex I-mediated respiration, Complex II-mediated respiration, maximum uncoupled respiration, leak respiration, respiratory control ratios and phosphorylation system control ratios). While polygodial and Q10 had no effect on mussel growth or the condition index, radicicol retarded growth and decreased the condition index. Mitochondrial respirational function was unaffected by radicicol and polygodial. Conversely, Q10 enhanced Complex I-mediated respiration, highlighting the fundamental role of this compound in the electron transport system. The present study suggests that polygodial and Q10 do not negatively affect the physiological health of P. canaliculus at the IC(99) in ascidians, while radicicol is toxic. Moreover, Q10 is of benefit in biomedical settings as a cellular antioxidant and therefore may also benefit P. canaliculus. Accordingly, polygodial and Q10 should be progressed to the next stage of testing where possible negative effects on bivalves will be further explored, followed by development of application techniques and testing in a laboratory and aquaculture setting.
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Patrick.Cahill@cawthron.org.nz
authors.forename: Patrick Louis
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heasman
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mountfort
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeffs
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhajek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015415:Biomarkers; D019069:Cell Respiration; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D049883:Perna / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000633:toxicity; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000633:toxicity; D014561:Urochordata / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018942:Macrolides; D010575:Pesticides; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D014451:Ubiquinone; C034380:polygodial; C035359:monorden; C025204:Ubiquinone Q2