title: Electron microscopy in determining the etiology of kidney allograft dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biopsy of the transplanted kidney serves a definitive role in elucidating the possible causes of allograft dysfunction. At our transplant clinic we have observed that electron microscopy (EM) does not usually refine the findings initially disclosed by light microscopy with direct immunofluorescence (LM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied whether EM results differ from or add to LM results. We compared the reports of 65 allograft biopsies performed on 60 patients over 82 consecutive weeks. We classified biopsy interpretations by 15 possible diagnoses and categorically by glomerular versus nonglomerular disease. We determined agreement between LM and EM reports by Cohen's kappa statistic, and applied the McNemar test to determine whether EM interpretation yielded significantly more glomerular diagnoses on the same biopsy samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was strong agreement (kappa, 0.94: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-1.00), between the EM- and LM-based interpretations. EM did not detect more glomerular disease than LM (discordance rate, 4.6%: 95% CI, -1.92% to 4.62%: P = .25). EM did not add to the diagnosis of rejection. EM described 3 additional cases of transplant glomerulopathy, but did not lead in a change in management of kidney allograft dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electron microscopy, used routinely, does not add to light microscopy in the evaluation of kidney transplant dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. mboonyap@gmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boonyapredee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult