title: Enhanced hemostatic performance of tranexamic acid-loaded chitosan/alginate composite microparticles.
abstract: Novel microparticles based on chitosan and sodium alginate were prepared using emulsification and cross-linking technologies. The spherical microparticles had a porous surface and a diameter of 2 ~ 40 μm. In simulated body fluid, these microparticles quickly swelled but gradually degraded. The results of the MTT assay revealed that a slight inhibition of cell proliferation was observed on day 2 and then gradually decreased afterward. No cell morphology changes were observed. By loading tranexamic acid, the hemostatic performance of the microparticles was obviously improved. Using fast-acting styptic powder (Flashclot) as the control, the hemostatic efficiency was investigated in rabbits using a liver transection bleeding model. It was found that both Flashclot and the microparticles achieved hemostasis in 3.07 ± 0.84 min and 2.48 ± 0.88 min, respectively; however, the tranexamic acid-loaded microparticles stopped the bleeding in 1.90 ± 0.75 min (P < 0.05). Additionally, Flashclot resulted in heat injury to the experimental livers, while the microparticles did not. Thus, with their biodegradability, safety, and superior hemostatic efficiency, tranexamic acid-loaded microparticles might be a promising new powdered hemostatic agent with a wide range of potential applications.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China. lqs cq@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pengxi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiatao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Jiancang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D011817:Rabbits; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006490:Hemostatics; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan