title: Association between gingival bleeding and gingival enlargement and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of subjects under fixed orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are scarce evidences that evaluated the impact of periodontal disease on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) taking marginal gingival alterations into consideration. Thus, this study aimed to verify the association between OHRQoL and gingival enlargement and gingival bleeding in subjects under fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT).
  
  
  METHODS
  330 participants under FOT for at least 6 months were examined by a single, calibrated examiner for periodontal variables and dental aesthetic index. Socio-economic background, body mass index, time with orthodontic appliances, and use of dental floss were assessed by oral interviews. OHRQoL was evaluated using the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. The assessment of associations used unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher impacts on the OHIP-14 overall were observed in subjects who presented higher levels of anterior gingival enlargement (RR 2.83; 95% CI 2.60-3.09), were non-whites (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.15-1.45), had household income lower than five national minimum wages (RR 1.85; 95% CI 1.30-2.61), presented body mass index>25 (RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.01-1.29), and showed a dental aesthetic index>30 (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.20-1.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anterior gingival enlargement seems to influence the OHRQoL in subjects receiving orthodontic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rua Tiradentes, 76/801, Centro, Santa Maria, Zip Code 97050-730, RS, Brazil. fabriciobzanatta@gmail.com
authors.forename: Fabricio Batistin
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Thiago Machado
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ardenghi
authors.forename: Raquel Pippi
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Antoniazzi
authors.forename: Tatiana Militz Perrone
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Cassiano Kuchenbecker
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rösing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D019214:Gingival Overgrowth / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009909:Oral Health; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000523:psychology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult