title: Associations of diet quality with dairy group membership, membership duration and non-membership for Kenyan farm women and children: a comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations among diet quality and dairy group membership, membership duration and non-member status for women and school-aged children in rural Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey, using chain referral sampling, was conducted and diet quality indices and prevalence of inadequate intake (PII) were estimated using the 'estimated average requirement' cut-off point method from single 24 h recalls, using a Kenyan nutrient database. PII was compared among members and non-members and among membership-duration groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women and children of dairy group members (n 88), across membership-duration groups (1-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10+ years), and non-members (n 23) living among members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Small farms in central Kenya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Members had higher energy, percentage of energy from animal-source foods and dietary diversity. Member women and children had lower PII for respectively seven and three of eleven micronutrients. Reduced PII for milk-source micronutrients was associated with membership duration for women. Many member women (38%) had inadequate vitamin A intake and 39% of member children had inadequate Zn intake. Members' PII was also high (>45%) for Fe, Ca and vitamin B12. A higher prevalence of being overweight among member women compared with non-member women suggested nutrition transition effects of higher farm productivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dairy group membership was positively associated with adequate quantity and quality of diets for women and children. Long-term membership was insufficient to address micronutrient deficiencies. Understanding and addressing barriers to better diet quality and strategies to mitigate negative nutrition transition effects are needed to optimize nutritional outcomes of dairy group membership.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Canada, C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Canada, C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VanLeeuwen
authors.affiliation: 3 School of Nutrition, Centre for Studies in Food Security, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yeudall
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.
authors.forename: Samwel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mbugua
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients