title: Induction and maintenance treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lupus nephritis accounts for ~1% of patients starting dialysis therapy. Treatment regimens combining cyclophosphamide with steroids preserve kidney function but have significant side effects. Newer immunosuppressive agents may have improved toxicity profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE (1966 to April 2012), EMBASE (1988-2011), and the Cochrane Renal Group Specialised Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with biopsy-proven proliferative lupus nephritis (classes III, IV, V+III, and V+IV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunosuppressive treatment regimens used for induction and maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality, renal remission and relapse, doubling of creatinine level, proteinuria, incidence of end-stage kidney disease, ovarian failure, alopecia, leukopenia, infections, diarrhea, vomiting, malignancy, and bladder toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  45 trials (2,559 participants) of induction therapy and 6 (514 participants) of maintenance therapy were included. In induction regimens comparing mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with intravenous cyclophosphamide, there was no significant difference in mortality (7 studies, 710 patients; risk ratio [RR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.52-1.98), incidence of end-stage kidney disease (3 studies, 231 patients; RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.27-1.84), complete renal remission (6 studies, 686 patients; RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.99-1.95), and renal relapse (1 study, 140 patients; RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.39-2.44). MMF-treated patients had significantly lower risks of ovarian failure (2 studies, 498 patients; RR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.80) and alopecia (2 studies, 522 patients; RR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.86). In maintenance therapy comparing azathioprine with MMF, the risk of renal relapse was significantly higher (3 studies, 371 patients; RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.24-2.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneity in interventions and definitions of remission and lack of long-term outcome reporting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMF is as effective as cyclophosphamide in achieving remission in lupus nephritis, but is safer, with a lower risk of ovarian failure. MMF is more effective than azathioprine in maintenance therapy for preventing relapse, with no difference in clinically important side effects.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Renal Group, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia. lorna.k.henderson@gmail.com
authors.forename: Lorna K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Flanc
authors.forename: Giovanni F M
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Strippoli
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012074:Remission Induction; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069283:Rituximab; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine