title: Anesthesia for tracheal reconstruction and transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tracheobronchial lesions requiring significant resection of the airway have limited surgical options and present significant obstacles to the anesthesiologist and surgeon. This article will review recent advancements in anesthetic and surgical management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technological advances have introduced novel approaches to the patient with large airway lesions. The use of pump-driven and pumpless extracorporeal life support has rapidly expanded and allow for prolonged periods of apneic airway surgery. Tracheal transplantation has advanced from the cadaveric decellularized scaffolds initially used to true synthetic based structures with autologous stem cell derived epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant leaps in tissue engineered airway transplantation have created curative options for patients previously considered inoperable. These patients pose significant challenges to the anesthesiologist during the entire perioperative period. Close collaboration with surgeons and intensivists and the use of recently developed systems for extracorporeal life support are required.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiothoracic and Transplant Anesthesia, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. proman@anes.umm.edu
authors.forename: Philip E F
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Battafarano
authors.forename: Alina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grigore
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D006611:High-Frequency Jet Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008021:Life Support Systems; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery* / Q000637:transplantation