title: Comparison of the effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live, attenuated influenza vaccine in preventing influenza-like illness among US military service members, 2006-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity, and vaccination is the preferred preventive strategy. Data regarding the preferred influenza vaccine type among adults are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effectiveness of 2 currently available influenza vaccines LAIV and TIV in preventing influenza-like illness (ILI) was compared among US military members (aged 18-49 years) during 3 consecutive influenza seasons (2006-2009). ILI, influenza, and pneumonia events post-vaccination were compared between vaccine types using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, occupation, and geographic area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 670 vaccination events were evaluated, including 28 929 during 2 "well-matched" seasons (2006-2007 and 2008-2009: LAIV n = 22 734, TIV n = 6195) and 12 741 during a suboptimally matched season due to mild antigenic drift (2007-2008: LAIV n = 9447, TIV n = 3294). ILI crude incidence rates for LAIV and TIV were 139 and 127 cases per 1000 person-seasons for the well-matched seasons, respectively, and 150 and 165 cases per 1000 person-seasons for the suboptimally matched season, respectively. In the multivariable models, there were no differences in ILI events by vaccine type (well-matched seasons: hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], .90-1.06; suboptimally matched season: HR, 1.00; 95% CI, .90-1.11). There were also no differences in influenza and/or pneumonia events by vaccine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 2006 and 2009, TIV and LAIV had similar effectiveness in preventing ILI and influenza/pneumonia events among healthy adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Tabitha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woolpert
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sevick
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faix
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Crum-Cianflone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058873:Pandemics; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated