title: Prediction of diabetic retinopathy: role of oxidative stress and relevance of apoptotic biomarkers.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the foremost cause of blindness in working-aged worldwide; it is characterized by vascular and neuronal degeneration. Features of DR include leukocyte adhesion, increased vascular permeability, neovascularization and neuronal cell death. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to prevent or at least ameliorate the development of DR. Recent reports indicate that pathophysiological mechanisms leading to diabetic retinopathy include oxidative stress and retinal cell death cascades. Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosin (8-OHdG), nitrotyrosine, and F(2) isoprostanes and pro-apoptosis molecules (caspase-3, Fas, and Bax) are associated with increased susceptibility to develop DR in diabetic subjects. Thus, identification of oxidative stress and cell death biomarkers in diabetic patients could be in favor of predicting, diagnosis, and prevention of DR, and to target for novel therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Oral Biology and Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA  ; Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA  ; Opthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Shabrawey
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith