title: How fair is Medicare? The income-related distribution of Medicare benefits with special focus on chronic care items.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use patient-level data, clinical information and linked Medicare records to assess the distribution of benefits (rebates) across income groups, including benefits relating to chronic conditions such as the Chronic Disease Dental Scheme (CDDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative, cluster-stratified survey (the Australian Hypertension and Absolute Risk Study) involving 322 general practitioners who each collected clinical data on 15-20 patients aged≥55,2012s who presented between 1 April 2008 and 30 June 2008 and who consented to have their information linked with Medicare administrative records over 12 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distribution of total out-of-hospital Medicare expenditure quantified using concentration indices and determinants of use calculated by odds ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2862 patients in the study. After controlling for need, the concentration index for overall funding was slightly progressive (pro-poor) at -0.008 (95% CI, -0.009 to -0.008). Medicare expenditure on chronic care-related services consistently contributed to progressivity of the overall scheme, particularly services under the CDDS with a need-adjusted concentration index of -0.205 (95% CI, -0.208 to -0.201). Uptake of chronic care items varied by locality and comorbid conditions (there was greater uptake by patients with one or more comorbid conditions).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic care items, particularly dental items, have primarily been used by individuals from lower income households. Uptake of chronic care items contributes to the overall progressivity of Medicare.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Knott
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Heeley
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Peiris
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States