title: Similarities and differences of acute nonconvulsive seizures and other epileptic activities following penetrating and ischemic brain injuries in rats.
abstract: The similarities and differences between acute nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) and other epileptic events, for example, periodic epileptiform discharges (PED) and intermittent rhythmic delta activities (IRDA), were characterized in rat models of penetrating and ischemic brain injuries. The NCS were spontaneously induced by either unilateral frontal penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), and were detected by continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring begun immediately after the injury and continued for 72 h or 24 h, respectively. Analysis of NCS profiles (incidence, frequency, duration, and time distribution) revealed a high NCS incidence in both injury models. The EEG waveform expressions of NCS and PED exhibited intrinsic variations that resembled human electrographic manifestations of post-traumatic and post-ischemic ictal and inter-ictal events, but these waveform variations were not distinguishable between the two types of brain injury. However, the NCS after pMCAO occurred more acutely and intensely (latency=0.6 h, frequency=25 episodes/rat) compared with the PBBI-induced NCS (latency=24 h, frequency=10 episodes/rat), such that the most salient features differentiating post-traumatic and post-ischemic NCS were the intensity and time distribution of the NCS profiles. After pMCAO, nearly 50% of the seizures occurred within the first 2 h of injury, whereas after PBBI, NCS occurred sporadically (0-5%/h) throughout the 72 h recording period. The PED were episodically associated with NCS. By contrast, the IRDA appeared to be independent of other epileptic events. This study provided comprehensive comparisons of post-traumatic and post-ischemic epileptic profiles. The identification of the similarities and differences across a broad spectrum of epileptic events may lead to differential strategies for post-traumatic and post-stroke seizure interventions.
authors.affiliation: Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Xi-Chun May
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mountney
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lai Yee
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tortella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology