title: Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii from domestic ruminants in northern Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on the genotypic diversity of Coxiella burnetii isolates from infected domestic ruminants in Spain is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the C. burnetii genotypes infecting livestock in Northern Spain and compare them to other European genotypes. A commercial real-time PCR targeting the IS1111a insertion element was used to detect the presence of C. burnetii DNA in domestic ruminants from Spain. Genotypes were determined by a 6-loci Multiple Locus Variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) panel and Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 samples from 4 goat herds (placentas, N = 4), 12 dairy cattle herds (vaginal mucus, individual milk, bulk tank milk, aerosols, N = 20) and 5 sheep flocks (placenta, vaginal swabs, faeces, air samples, dust, N = 21) were included in the study. Samples from goats and sheep were obtained from herds which had suffered abortions suspected to be caused by C. burnetii, whereas cattle samples were obtained from animals with reproductive problems compatible with C. burnetii infection, or consisted of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from a Q fever surveillance programme. C. burnetii genotypes identified in ruminants from Spain were compared to those detected in other countries. Three MLVA genotypes were found in 4 goat farms, 7 MLVA genotypes were identified in 12 cattle herds and 4 MLVA genotypes were identified in 5 sheep flocks. Clustering of the MLVA genotypes using the minimum spanning tree method showed a high degree of genetic similarity between most MLVA genotypes. Overall 11 different MLVA genotypes were obtained corresponding to 4 different MST genotypes: MST genotype 13, identified in goat, sheep and cattle from Spain; MST genotype 18, only identified in goats; and, MST genotypes 8 and 20, identified in small ruminants and cattle, respectively. All these genotypes had been previously identified in animal and human clinical samples from several European countries, but some of the MLVA genotypes are described here for the first time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genotyping revealed a substantial genetic diversity among domestic ruminants from Northern Spain.
authors.affiliation: NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Department of Animal Health, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ianire
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Astobiza
authors.forename: Jeroen J H C
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tilburg
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piñero
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurtado
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: García-Pérez
authors.forename: Marrigje H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nabuurs-Franssen
authors.forename: Corné H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006041:Goats; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology