title: Discovery of diverse polyomaviruses in bats and the evolutionary history of the Polyomaviridae.
abstract: Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have been identified in a wide range of avian and mammalian species. However, little is known about their occurrence, genetic diversity and evolutionary history in bats, even though bats are important reservoirs for many emerging viral pathogens. This study screened 380 specimens from 35 bat species from Kenya and Guatemala for the presence of PyVs by semi-nested pan-PyV PCR assays. PyV DNA was detected in 24 of the 380 bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bat PyV sequences formed 12 distinct lineages. Full-genome sequences were obtained for seven representative lineages and possessed similar genomic features to known PyVs. Strikingly, this evolutionary analysis revealed that the bat PyVs were paraphyletic, suggestive of multiple species jumps between bats and other mammalian species, such that the theory of virus-host co-divergence for mammalian PyVs as a whole could be rejected. In addition, evidence was found for strong heterogeneity in evolutionary rate and potential recombination in a number of PyV complete genomes, which complicates both phylogenetic analysis and virus classification. In summary, this study revealed that bats are important reservoirs of PyVs and that these viruses have a complex evolutionary history.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Mang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conrardy
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Ivan V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Recuenco
authors.affiliation: National Museum, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Agwanda
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Danilo A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Amy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niezgoda
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America and Panama, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lindblade
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.|Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
authors.affiliation: Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Suxiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006166:Guatemala; D007630:Kenya; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011120:Polyomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral