title: Aquaporin-1 in cardiac endothelial cells is downregulated in ischemia, hypoxia and cardioplegia.
abstract: Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is expressed in human and mouse hearts, but little is known about its cellular and subcellular localization and regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the localization of AQP1 in the mouse heart and to determine the effects of ischemia and hypoxia on its expression. Mouse myocardial cells were freshly isolated and split into cardiomyocyte and non-cardiomyocyte fractions. Isolated, Langendorff-perfused C57Bl6 mouse hearts (n=46) were harvested with no intervention, subjected to 35min of ischemia or ischemia followed by 60min of reperfusion. Eleven mouse hearts were perfusion-fixed for electron microscopy. Forty C57Bl6 mice were exposed to normobaric hypoxia for one or two weeks (n=12). Needle biopsies of human left ventricular myocardium were sampled (n=30) during coronary artery bypass surgery before cardioplegia and after 30min of reperfusion. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to 4h of hypoxia with reoxygenation for either 4 or 24h. AQP1 expression was studied by electron microscopy with immunogold labeling, Western blot, and qPCR. Expression of miR-214 and miR-320 in HUVECs with hypoxia was studied with qPCR. HUVECs were then transfected with precursors and inhibitors of miR-214. AQP1 expression was confined to cardiac endothelial cells, with no signal in cardiomyocytes or cardiac fibroblasts. Immunogold electron microscopy showed AQP1 expression in endothelial caveolae with equal distribution along the basal and apical membranes. Ischemia and reperfusion tended to decrease AQP1 mRNA expression in mouse hearts by 37±9% (p=0.06), while glycosylated AQP1 protein was reduced by 16±9% (p=0.03). No difference in expression was found between ischemia alone and ischemia-reperfusion. In human left ventricles AQP1 mRNA expression was reduced following cardioplegia and reperfusion (p=0.008). Hypoxia in mice reduced AQP1 mRNA expression by 20±7% (p<0.0001), as well as both glycosylated (-47±10%, p=0.03) and glycan-free protein (-34±16%, p=0.05). Hypoxia and reoxygenation in HUVECs downregulated glycan-free AQP1 protein (-34±24%, p=0.04) and upregulated miR-214 (+287±52%, p<0.05). HUVECs transfected with anti-miR-214 had increased glycosylated (1.5 fold) and glycan-free (2 fold) AQP1. AQP1 in mouse hearts is localized to endothelial cell membranes and caveolae. Cardioplegia, ischemia and hypoxia decrease AQP1 mRNA as well as total protein expression and glycosylation, possibly regulated by miR-214.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Intensive Care at the Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. arkady.rutkovskiy@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Arkady
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rutkovskiy
authors.forename: Marte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bliksøen
authors.forename: Vigdis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hillestad
authors.forename: Mubashar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Czibik
authors.forename: Guro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valen
authors.forename: Jarle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaage
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiry-Moghaddam
authors.forename: Kåre-Olav
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Stensløkken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021941:Caveolae / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006031:Glycosylation; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D034622:RNA Interference
chemical_list: C496021:Aqp1 protein, mouse; C547397:MIRN214 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D051398:Aquaporin 1