title: αTCP ceramic doped with dicalcium silicate for bone regeneration applications prepared by powder metallurgy method: in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: This study reports on the in vitro and in vivo behavior of α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) and also αTCP doped with either 1.5 or 3.0 wt % of dicalcium silicate (C2 S). The ceramics were successfully prepared by powder metallurgy method combined with homogenization and heat treatment procedures. All materials were composed of a single-phase, αTCP in the case of a pure material, or solid solution of C2 S in αTCP for the doped αTCP, which were stable at room temperature. The ceramics were tested for bioactivity in simulated body fluid, cell culture medium containing adult mesenchymal stem cells of human origin, and in animals. Analytical scanning electron microscopy combined with chemical elemental analysis was used and Fourier transform infrared and conventional histology methods. The in vivo behavior of the ceramics matched the in vitro results, independently of the C2 S content in αTCP. Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) layer was formed on the surface and within the inner parts of the specimens in all cases. A fully mineralized new bone growing in direct contact with the implants was found under the in vivo conditions. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of the implants increased with the C2 S content in αTCP. The C2 S doped ceramics also favoured a phase transformation of αTCP into CHA, important for full implant integration during the natural bone healing processes. αTCP ceramic doped with 3.0 wt % C2 S showed the best bioactive in vitro and in vivo properties of all the compositions and hence could be of interest in specific applications for bone restorative purposes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.forename: Zofia B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Luklinska
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meseguer-Olmo
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mate-Sanchez de Val
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Delgado-Ruiz
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calvo-Guirado
authors.forename: Ma P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Fernandez
authors.forename: Piedad N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: de Aza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011817:Rabbits; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D011208:Powders; D017640:Silicates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C013481:dicalcium silicate; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide