title: Frankincense essential oil prepared from hydrodistillation of Boswellia sacra gum resins induces human pancreatic cancer cell death in cultures and in a xenograft murine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regardless of the availability of therapeutic options, the overall 5-year survival for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer remains less than 5%. Gum resins from Boswellia species, also known as frankincense, have been used as a major ingredient in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of health-related conditions. Both frankincense chemical extracts and essential oil prepared from Boswellia species gum resins exhibit anti-neoplastic activity, and have been investigated as potential anti-cancer agents. The goals of this study are to identify optimal condition for preparing frankincense essential oil that possesses potent anti-tumor activity, and to evaluate the activity in both cultured human pancreatic cancer cells and a xenograft mouse cancer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Boswellia sacra gum resins were hydrodistilled at 78°C; and essential oil distillate fractions were collected at different durations (Fraction I at 0-2 h, Fraction II at 8-10 h, and Fraction III at 11-12 h). Hydrodistillation of the second half of gum resins was performed at 100°C; and distillate was collected at 11-12 h (Fraction IV). Chemical compositions were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and total boswellic acids contents were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Frankincense essential oil-modulated pancreatic tumor cell viability and cytotoxicity were determined by colorimetric assays. Levels of apoptotic markers, signaling molecules, and cell cycle regulators expression were characterized by Western blot analysis. A heterotopic (subcutaneous) human pancreatic cancer xenograft nude mouse model was used to evaluate anti-tumor capability of Fraction IV frankincense essential oil in vivo. Frankincense essential oil-induced tumor cytostatic and cytotoxic activities in animals were assessed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longer duration and higher temperature hydrodistillation produced more abundant high molecular weight compounds, including boswellic acids, in frankincense essential oil fraactions. Human pancreatic cancer cells were sensitive to Fractions III and IV (containing higher molecular weight compounds) treatment with suppressed cell viability and increased cell death. Essential oil activated the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, induced a rapid and transient activation of Akt and Erk1/2, and suppressed levels of cyclin D1 cdk4 expression in cultured pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, Boswellia sacra essential oil Fraction IV exhibited anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against pancreatic tumors in the heterotopic xenograft mouse model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All fractions of frankincense essential oil from Boswellia sacra are capable of suppressing viability and inducing apoptosis of a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Potency of essential oil-suppressed tumor cell viability may be associated with the greater abundance of high molecular weight compounds in Fractions III and IV. Although chemical component(s) responsible for tumor cell cytotoxicity remains undefined, crude essential oil prepared from hydrodistillation of Boswellia sacra gum resins might be a useful alternative therapeutic agent for treating patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Long Hua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Mahmoud M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Suhail
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Kar-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Postier
authors.forename: Cole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jingzhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hsueh-Kung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D029743:Boswellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D053149:Plant Gums; D010938:Plant Oils; D012116:Resins, Plant