title: Breast ductal lavage for biomarker assessment in high risk women: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized phase II clinical trial with nimesulide, simvastatin and placebo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite positive results from large phase III clinical trials proved that it is possible to prevent estrogen-responsive breast cancers with selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors, no significant results have been reached so far to prevent hormone non-responsive tumors. The Ductal Lavage (DL) procedure offers a minimally invasive method to obtain breast epithelial cells from the ductal system for cytopathologic analysis. Several studies with long-term follow-up have shown that women with atypical hyperplasia have an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. The objective of the proposed trial is to assess the efficacy and safety of a daily administration of nimesulide or simvastatin in women at higher risk for breast cancer, focused particularly on hormone non-responsive tumor risk. The primary endpoint is the change in prevalence of atypical cells and cell proliferation (measured by Ki67) in DL or fine needle aspirate samples, after 12 months of treatment and 12 months after treatment cessation. METHODS-DESIGN: From 2005 to 2011, 150 women with a history of estrogen receptor negative ductal intraepithelial neoplasia or lobular intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical hyperplasia, or unaffected subjects carrying a mutation of BRCA1 or with a probability of mutation >10% (according to BRCAPRO) were randomized to receive nimesulide 100mg/day versus simvastatin 20mg/day versus placebo for one year followed by a second year of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first randomized placebo controlled trial to evaluate the role of DL to study surrogate endpoints biomarkers and the effects of these drugs on breast carcinogenesis. In 2007 the European Medicines Agency limited the use of systemic formulations of nimesulide to 15 days. According to the European Institute of Oncology Ethics Committee communication, we are now performing an even more careful monitoring of the study participants. Preliminary results showed that DL is a feasible procedure, the treatment is well tolerated and the safety blood tests do not show any significant liver toxicity. There is an urgent need to confirm in the clinical setting the potential efficacy of other compounds in contrasting hormone non-responsive breast cancer. This paper is focused on the methodology and operational aspects of the clinical trial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01500577).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. matteo.lazzeroni@ieo.it
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzeroni
authors.forename: Aliana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrieri-Gonzaga
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casadio
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jemos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pizzamiglio
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortesi
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Radice
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonanni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019821:Simvastatin; C012655:nimesulide