title: Functional outcome following tibio-talar-calcaneal nailing for unstable osteoporotic ankle fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fragility fractures of the ankle are increasing in incidence. Such fractures typically occur from low-energy injuries but lead to disproportionately high levels of morbidity. Ankle fractures in this age group are managed conservatively in plaster or by open reduction and internal fixation. Both modalities have shown high rates of failure in terms of delayed union or mal-union together with perioperative complications such as implant failure and wound breakdown. The optimal treatment of these patients remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to review the functional outcome of patients with ankle fragility fractures primarily managed using a tibio-talar-calcaneal nail (TTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 31 consecutive patients primarily managed with a TCC nail for osteoporotic fragility fractures about the ankle. Data were collected via case notes, radiographic reviews and by clinical reviews at the outpatient clinic or a telephone follow-up. Information regarding patient characteristics, indication for operation, Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) fracture classification, operative and postoperative complications, time to radiographic union and current clinical state including Olerud and Molander scores were recorded (as a measure of ankle function).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 31 patients had died by the time of follow-up. Mean preoperative and postoperative Olerud and Molander scores were 56 and 45, respectively. There were no postoperative wound complications. Twenty-nine of 31 patients returned to the same level of mobility as pre-injury. There were three peri-prosthetic fractures managed successfully with nail removal and replacement or plaster cast. There were two nail failures, both in patients who mobilised using only a stick, which were managed by nail removal. Ten of 31 patients were not followed up radiographically due to either infirmity or death. Thirteen of 21 followed up radiographically had evidence of union and 8/21 had none. None, however, had clinical evidence of fracture nonunion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TTC nail can successfully be used to manage fragility fractures about the ankle in the elderly. Much like fractured neck of femur patients, who also have a high rate of mortality, this allows immediate mobilisation with minimal risk of wound complications. However, careful assessment must be made of each patient's mobility, as there is a significant incidence of device failure in the more active patient.
authors.affiliation: Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, UK. Sam.jonas@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Curwen
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McCann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064386:Ankle Fractures; D001858:Bone Nails; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome