title: Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress by sorafenib and activation of NF-κB by lestaurtinib as a novel resistance mechanism in Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines.
abstract: Hodgkin-Reed/Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma show aberrant expression and activation of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in the majority of cases. Therefore, we tested whether tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) already in clinical use or late stages of clinical trials have antiproliferative effects on HRS cell lines and evaluated the targets, affected signaling pathways, and mechanisms of cell death and resistance. Sorafenib and lestaurtinib had antiproliferative effects on HRS cell lines at concentrations achievable in patients. Sorafenib inhibited platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) α, TRKA and RON, caused decreases in total and phosphorylated amounts of several signaling molecules, and provoked caspase-3-independent cell death, most likely due to endoplasmic reticulum stress as indicated by upregulation of GADD34 and GADD153 and phosphorylation of PERK. Lestaurtinib inhibited TRKA, PDGFRα, RON, and JAK2 and had only a cytostatic effect. Besides deactivation, lestaurtinib also caused activation of signaling pathways. It caused increases in CD30L and TRAIL expression, and CD30L/CD30 signaling likely led to the observed concomitant activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the alternative NF-κB pathway. These data disclose the possible use of sorafenib for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and highlight NF-κB activation as a potential novel mechanism of resistance toward TKIs.
authors.affiliation: Gerhard-Domagk-Institute for Pathology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike Stefanie
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janning
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renné
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gattenlöhner
authors.forename: Tilmann
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spieker
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bräuninger
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004347:Drug Interactions; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005663:Furans; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016539:Reed-Sternberg Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077157:Sorafenib
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D005663:Furans; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; C119379:lestaurtinib