title: Identification of prostaglandin receptors in human ureters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostaglandins play an important role in ureteral obstruction, but the detailed expression profiles of the prostaglandin receptors (PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER3, PTGER4, PTGFR) remain unknown in the different parts of the human ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression pattern of PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER3, PTGER4 and PTGFR was determined in human distal, mid and proximal ureter and renal pelvis samples using immunohistochemistry (protein levels) and quantitative real-time PCR (mRNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTGER1 was highly expressed in most samples irrespective of the ureteral localization; however, urothelial cells had higher levels of PTGER1 than smooth muscle cells. PTGFR was also moderately to strongly expressed in urothelial and smooth muscle cells. In comparison, PTGER2-4 expression was mostly unexpressed or weakly expressed in urothelial and smooth cells in all regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate high levels of PTGER1 in ureters.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oll
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Turang E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Behbahani
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Ruecker
authors.forename: Stefan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellinger
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014513:Ureter / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C545635:PTGER1 protein, human; C545644:PTGER2 protein, human; C545647:PTGER3 protein, human; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; C034671:prostaglandin F2alpha receptor