title: Nutrient intakes from complementary foods consumed by young children (aged 12-23 months) from North Wollo, northern Ethiopia: the need for agro-ecologically adapted interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize current feeding practices and to evaluate the adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes of young children in subsistence farming rural households in North Wollo, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study examining sociodemographic status, anthropometry, breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices using two in-home non-consecutive 24 h recalls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two rural villages in the highlands and lowlands of Gobalafto district, North Wollo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six young children aged 12-23 months, thirty-nine from the lowlands and thirty-seven from the highlands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 33% of the children, ~46% in the highlands and 24% in the lowlands (P=0.05), were stunted. Complementary diets were low in animal products, fruits and vegetables. Cereals and legumes were the major sources of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Legumes with potentially toxic components (grass pea, broad beans) and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea were frequently consumed. Intakes of energy, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C from complementary foods were below WHO recommendations assuming average breast-milk intakes. In contrast, Fe and protein intakes and densities met WHO recommendations. Although vitamin C intakes and densities were higher (P<0.05) for the lowlands, they remained far below WHO recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions promoting the WHO guiding principles for complementary feeding practices and behaviours that take the agro-ecological contexts into account are needed here. Furthermore, specific recommendations should be formulated to discourage the consumption of grass pea, broad beans and low nutrient-dense beverages such as tea.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. kaleabbaye@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kaleab
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baye
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.forename: Christèle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Icard-Vernière
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mouquet-Rivier
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005002:Ethiopia; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014944:World Health Organization; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D014801:Vitamin A; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid