title: Dietary zinc intake and kidney stone formation: evaluation of NHANES III.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine whether there is an association between dietary zinc intake (DZI) and prevalent kidney stone disease defined as self-report of any previous episode of kidney stone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a large US population-based cross-sectional study, and used logistic regression analyses to determine the independent association between DZI and prevalent kidney stone disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15,444 men and women over 18 years of age were eligible for analysis. Among them, 710 participants reported a history of kidney stones. Stone formers tended to have higher DZI than non-stone formers among NHANES III participants, though this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). Multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that higher DZI (log transformed) was associated with a significantly increased risk of kidney stone disease (odds ratio, OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.10-1.81, p = 0.01). After categorizing zinc intake into three groups, those with highest DZI (>15 mg/day) were also associated with a significantly increased risk of kidney stone disease, compared to those with lower DZI (<7 mg/day; OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.13-2.57, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that higher DZI is associated with increased risk of kidney stone disease. Future prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between zinc intake and kidney stone formation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Jie.tang@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McFann
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc