title: Clopidogrel, aspirin and proton pump inhibition after percutaneous valve implants: an update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews literary evidence on antithrombotic therapies currently employed in TAVR to assess validity and efficacy; duration and modality are also considered. In the absence of firm guidelines and reliable trial results, we analyze current knowledge of interaction between PPI and antithrombotic drugs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TAVR has been associated with Double Antiplatelet Therapy since 2002. This was an empirical approach for a new stentmounted tissue valve to prevent early and late MACCE that affect survival and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches of major bibliographic databases, contact with experts in the field, and review of primary articles, review papers, and guidelines has been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyze TAVR features and pitfalls in existing trials to understand which therapy would fit patients better and we confront these with established clinical practice guidelines of the population treated for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAVR is a new technology that compresses a tissue valve onto an expandable stent. Technical and procedural issues have been solved, but strokes and major bleeding still affect patients' life despite double antiplatelet therapy given to reduce MACCE. To balance pros and cons, antithrombotic therapy with Warfarin or new anticoagulants can be used in patients with previous AF or NOAF to prevent stroke; while single antiplatelet with PPI is a better alternative in patients with liver disease, gastric ulcer or drug abuse to avoid bleeding events. While waiting for randomized trials, a tailored therapy based upon physician's experience and close patient follow-up is the safest, most effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Via Brennero 3 - 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy. mellifusari@gmail.com
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fusari
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin