title: Association analyses of depression, anxiety, and physical fitness parameters in Turkish obese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the associations among depression, anxiety, aerobic exercise capacity, body fat percentage, sum of skinfolds, abdomen circumference, and waist to hip ratio on the basis of body mass index (BMI) in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects of the study were 60 obese participants (30 women, 30 men) with BMIs over 30 kg/m{2}and 60 healthy controls (30 women, 30 men) with BMIs of 18-25 kg/m{2}. Body fat percentage was calculated from the skinfold thicknesses using the formula. Body circumference measurements were performed using a tape measure. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO(2)max) was determined by Astrand submaximal exercise protocol. Two self-reported questionnaires, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), were administered to all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI, body fat percentage, sum of skinfolds, abdomen circumference, and waist to hip ratio were found to be higher in obese groups as compared to the controls, while VO(2)max (ml/kg/min) values were lower in both genders. In males, BAI scores and mild-level anxiety percentage values were higher in the obese group than in the control group. There was no significant difference for BDI scores and levels between the obese and control groups in both genders. There was also no significant difference in BAI scores and levels between the obese and control groups in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that physical fitness being found poor in obese shows the existence of a condition that might constitute an increased tendency for obesity-related disorders. In addition, it was suggested that, in Turkey, attitudes toward obesity change depending on gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mollaoglu
authors.forename: Kagan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ucok
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genc
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayda
authors.forename: Halil Ibrahim
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Guzel
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uygur
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozbulut
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult