title: Monitoring of the interconversion of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) to gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug-of-abuse that has recently become associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault, known as date rape. For this reason the drug is commonly found 'spiked' in alcoholic beverages. When GHB is in solution it may undergo conversion into the corresponding lactone, Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Studies have been carried out to determine the detection limits of GHB and GBL in various solutions by Raman spectroscopy and to monitor the interconversion of GHB and GBL in solution with different pH conditions and temperature. In this study, a portable Raman spectrometer was used to study the interconversion of GHB and GBL in water and ethanol solutions as a function of pH, time, and temperature. The aim of this was to determine the optimum pH range for conversion in order to relate this to the pH ranges that the drug is likely to be subjected to, first in spiked beverages and secondly after ingestion in the digestive system. The aim was also to identify a timescale for this conversion in relation to possible scenarios, for example if GHB takes a number of hours to convert to GBL, it is likely for the beverage to be ingested before esterification can take place. GHB and GBL were then spiked into a selection of beverages of known pH in order to study the stability of GHB and GBL in real systems.
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK. t.munshi@bradford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tasnim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: Howell G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Shelina K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jilani
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Scowen
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000032:analysis*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000032:analysis*; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011902:Rape; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D013287:Illicit Drugs; C111420:4-hydroxybutyric acid; D015107:4-Butyrolactone