title: Urinary bladder perforation, intra-corporeal knotting, and per-urethral extrusion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a single patient: case report and review of literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery is the most common procedure performed for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Erosive bladder perforation by a peritoneal catheter is an extremely rare complication of VPS. Only ten cases involving the normal (non-augmented) urinary bladder have been reported so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of erosive bladder perforation, intra-corporeal knot formation, and perurethral extrusion of the distal end of VPS. This is the second only case report so far in the world literature showing triad of uncommon VPS complications in a single patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prompt management could avoid further complications. Patient's parents should be aware about this rare complication, so that they can seek timely medical help.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, SMS Medical College, 53 Mauji Colony, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. rashim_kat@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rashim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kataria
authors.forename: Virendra D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Nachiket
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vyas
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D014521:Urethra / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt