title: Risk prediction for complex diseases: application to Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of Parkinson disease using clinical and demographic data alone and when combined with information from genes associated with Parkinson disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,967 participants in the dbGAP NeuroGenetics Research Consortium data set were included. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with Parkinson disease at a genome-wide significance level in previous genome-wide association studies were included in risk prediction. Risk allele scores were calculated as the weighted count of the minor alleles. Five models were constructed. Discriminatory capability was evaluated using the area under the curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both family history and genetic risk scores increased risk for Parkinson disease. Although the fullest model, which included both family history and genetic risk information, resulted in the highest area under the curve, there were no significant differences between models using family history alone and those using genetic information alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding genome-wide association study-derived genotypes, family history information, or both to standard demographic risk factors for Parkinson disease resulted in an improvement in discriminatory capacity. In the full model, the contributions of genotype data and family history information to discriminatory capacity were similar, and both were statistically significant. This suggests that there is limited overlap between genetic risk factors identified through genome-wide association study and unmeasured susceptibility variants captured by family history. Our results are similar to those of studies of other complex diseases and indicate that genetic risk prediction for Parkinson disease requires identification of additional genetic risk factors and/or better methods for risk prediction in order to achieve a degree of risk prediction that is clinically useful.Genet Med 2013:15(5):361-367.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Taryn O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jia Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Ignacio F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: Kathleen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Snapinn
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samii
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Pinky
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Cyrus P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zabetian
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012306:Risk