title: Alcohol outlet density is related to police events and motor vehicle accidents in Manukau City, New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the cross-sectional association between alcohol outlet density and police events in Manukau City, New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data for the Census Area Unit (suburb) level, per-capita measures of alcohol outlet density for January 2009 were calculated for off-licence outlets, clubs and bars, and restaurants and cafés. Data on police events and motor vehicle accidents were obtained for the period 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009, and also converted into per capita measures. A spatial seemingly unrelated regression model was developed, which simultaneously assessed the relationship between densities and all nine categories of police events, and motor vehicle accidents, while controlling for relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three outlet density measures were significantly associated with a range of police events, but only off-licence density was significantly associated with motor vehicle accidents. An additional off-licence outlet in a given area was associated with 85.4 additional police events and 10.3 additional motor vehicle accidents; an additional club or bar was associated with 34.7 additional police events and 0.5 additional motor vehicle accidents; and an additional restaurant or cafe was associated with 13.2 additional police events and 2.1 additional motor vehicle accidents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not imply causality. However, they are broadly consistent with availability theory, and imply that local alcohol policy should account for the effects of additional outlets when new licences are granted. While the methodological approach described here is easily transferable to investigate the relationships elsewhere, we suggest some areas for improvement of future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Waikato, New Zealand. mcam@waikato.ac.nz
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Kellie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Pania
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melbourne
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016495:Police; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult