title: Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure have different frequency domain signal characteristics when producing isometric force.
abstract: To extend our current understanding of the teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the control of isometric force, the present study investigated the signal characteristics of power spectral density functions resulting from sustained control of isometric force by children with and without heavy prenatal exposure to alcohol. It was predicted that the functions associated with the force signals would be fundamentally different for the two groups. Twenty-five children aged between 7 and 17 years with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and 21 non-alcohol exposed control children attempted to duplicate a visually represented target force by pressing on a load cell. The level of target force (5 and 20% of maximum voluntary force) and the time interval between visual feedback (20 ms, 320 ms and 740 ms) were manipulated. A multivariate spectral estimation method with sinusoidal windows was applied to individual isometric force-time signals. Analysis of the resulting power spectral density functions revealed that the alcohol-exposed children had a lower mean frequency, less spectral variability, greater peak power and a lower frequency at which peak power occurred. Furthermore, mean frequency and spectral variability produced by the alcohol-exposed group remained constant across target load and visual feedback interval, suggesting that these children were limited to making long-time scale corrections to the force signal. In contrast, the control group produced decreased mean frequency and spectral variability as target force and the interval between visual feedback increased, indicating that when feedback was frequently presented these children used the information to make short-time scale adjustments to the ongoing force signal. Knowledge of these differences could facilitate the design of motor rehabilitation exercises that specifically target isometric force control deficits in alcohol-exposed children.
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
authors.forename: Tanya T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ashkan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashrafi
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Simmons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol