title: A medium-chain fatty acid as an alternative energy source in mouse preimplantation development.
abstract: To further optimize the culturing of preimplantation embryos, we undertook metabolomic analysis of relevant culture media using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS). We detected 28 metabolites: 23 embryo-excreted metabolites including 16 amino acids and 5 media-derived metabolites (e.g., octanoate, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA)). Due to the lack of information on MCFAs in mammalian preimplantation development, this study examined octanoate as a potential alternative energy source for preimplantation embryo cultures. No embryos survived in culture media lacking FAs, pyruvate, and glucose, but supplementation of octanoate rescued the embryonic development. Immunoblotting showed significant expression of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, important enzymes for ß-oxidation of MCFAs, in preimplantation embryo. Furthermore, CE-TOFMS traced [1-(13)C(8)] octanoate added to the culture media into intermediate metabolites of the TCA cycle via ß-oxidation in mitochondria. These results are the first demonstration that octanoate could provide an efficient alternative energy source throughout preimplantation development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takanashi
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamatani
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akutsu
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Tomoyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soga
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuji
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst; D002210:Caprylates / Q000378:metabolism; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D005227:Fatty Acids; C031492:octanoic acid