title: Left atrial inflow and outflow obstruction as a complication of retrograde approach for chronic total occlusion: report of a case and literature review of left atrial hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: Retrograde recanalization of a chronic coronary total occlusion has become an increasingly utilized method to increase success from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Retrograde wire passage using a septal collateral is the preferred route as the consequences of vessel perforation are more benign than epicardial collateral perforation which may produce cardiac tamponade. Tamponade risk is thought to be lessened by previous coronary bypass surgery due to adhesions preventing free flow of blood throughout the pericardial space. We report the first case of the retrograde approach producing epicardial collateral perforation resulting in a localized epicardial hematoma, which in turn, produced left atrial (LA) inflow and outflow obstruction, with the former producing localized pulmonary edema and pleural effusion. We review reported cases of LA hematoma as a consequence of the antegrade PCI approach and describe a unified explanation for the development of this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205.
authors.forename: Chhaya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Barry F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Uretsky
mesh_terms: D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D054059:Coronary Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006406:Hematoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010496:Pericardium; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome