title: Neural protein gamma-synuclein interacting with androgen receptor promotes human prostate cancer progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gamma-synuclein (SNCG) has previously been demonstrated to be significantly correlated with metastatic malignancies; however, in-depth investigation of SNCG in prostate cancer is still lacking. In the present study, we evaluated the role of SNCG in prostate cancer progression and explored the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, alteration of SNCG expression in LNCaP cell line to test the ability of SNCG on cellular properties in vitro and vivo whenever exposing with androgen or not. Subsequently, the Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate whether the role of SNCG in LNCaP is through AR signaling. Last, the association between SNCG and prostate cancer progression was assessed immunohistochemically using a series of human prostate tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silencing SNCG by siRNA in LNCaP cells contributes to the inhibition of cellular proliferation, the induction of cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase, the suppression of cellular migration and invasion in vitro, as well as the decrease of tumor growth in vivo with the notable exception of castrated mice. Subsequently, mechanistic studies indicated that SNCG is a novel androgen receptor (AR) coactivator. It interacts with AR and promotes prostate cancer cellular growth and proliferation by activating AR transcription in an androgen-dependent manner. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SNCG was almost undetectable in benign or androgen-independent tissues prostate lesions. The high expression of SNCG is correlated with peripheral and lymph node invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that SNCG may serve as a biomarker for predicting human prostate cancer progression and metastasis. It also may become as a novel target for biomedical therapy in advanced prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Junyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Chuanliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yongwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhensheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Yinghao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051845:gamma-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D051845:gamma-Synuclein