title: Proteomic profiles and kinetics of development of bacteriophage T4 and its rI and rIII mutants in slowly growing Escherichia coli.
abstract: Bacteriophage T4 survival in its natural environment requires adjustment of phage development to the slow bacterial growth rate or the initiation of mechanisms of pseudolysogeny or lysis inhibition (LIN). While phage-encoded RI and probably RIII proteins seem to be crucial players in pseudolysogeny and LIN phenomena, the identity of proteins involved in the regulation of T4 development in slowly growing bacteria has remained unknown. In this work, using a chemostat system, we studied the development of wild-type T4 (T4wt) and its rI (T4rI) and rIII (T4rIII) mutants in slowly growing bacteria, where T4 did not initiate LIN or pseudolysogeny. We determined eclipse periods, phage propagation times, latent periods and burst sizes of T4wt, T4rI and T4rIII. We also compared intracellular proteomes of slowly growing Escherichia coli infected with either T4wt or the mutants. Using two-dimensional PAGE analyses we found 18 differentially expressed proteins from lysates of infected cells. Proteins whose amounts were different in cells harbouring T4wt and the mutants are involved in processes of replication, phage-host interactions or they constitute virion components. Our data indicate that functional RI and RIII proteins - apart from their already known roles in LIN and pseudolysogeny - are also necessary for the regulation of phage T4 development in slowly growing bacteria. This regulation may be more complicated than previously anticipated, with many factors influencing T4 development in its natural habitat.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golec
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karczewska-Golec
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 15, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 15, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schweder
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 15, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Węgrzyn
authors.affiliation: Phage Consultants, Partyzantów10/18, 80-254 Gdańsk, Poland.|Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.|Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łoś
mesh_terms: D017122:Bacteriophage T4 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050505:Mutant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D014764:Viral Proteins