title: Intraoperative EBRT and resection for renal cell carcinoma : twenty-year outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the outcomes of a multimodality treatment approach combining maximal surgical resection and intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) with or without external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in patients with locoregionally (LR) recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after radical nephrectomy or LR advanced primary RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1983 to 2008, 25 patients with LR recurrent (n = 10) or LR advanced primary (n = 15) RCC were treated with this approach. Median patient age was 60 years (range, 16-79 years). Fifteen patients (60%) received perioperative EBRT (median dose, 44 Gy). Surgical resection was R0 (negative margins) in 6 patients (24%) and R1 (residual microscopic disease) in 19 patients (76%). The median dose of IOERT was 14 Gy (range, 9-15). Overall survival (OS) and relapse patterns were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up for surviving patients was 22.2 years (range, 3.6-26 years). OS and DFS at 5 and 10 years were 38% and 18% and 19% and 14%, respectively. LR control (tumor bed or regional lymph nodes) and distant metastases-free survival rates at 5 years were 80% and 22%, respectively. The death rate within 30 days of surgery and IOERT was 4% (n = 1). Six patients (24%) experienced acute or late toxicities of grade 3 or higher according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTCAE) v4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with LR recurrent or LR advanced primary RCC, a multimodality approach consisting of maximal surgical resection and IOERT with or without adjuvant EBRT yielded encouraging local control results, justifying further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Institute of Sanitary Research, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain. fcalvo.hgugm@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Sole
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinez-Monge
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azinovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aristu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zudaire
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Garcia-Sabrido
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000401:mortality*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000401:mortality*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult