title: Psychometric evaluation of the Epworth sleepiness scale in an obstetric population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was initially developed to measure daytime sleep propensity in patients affected by a variety of sleep disorders. Obstetrical research has measured sleepiness in pregnant women with the ESS, although psychometric analyses and dimensionality evaluations have never been conducted with this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to perform a psychometric evaluation of the ESS in an obstetric population. The design was a secondary data analysis of the subjects enrolled in the Prenatal Exposures and Preeclampsia Prevention III (PEPP) study. The setting for the subjects who received prenatal care was at Magee-Women's Hospital UPMC in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and included 337 pregnant women in their first trimester that completed the ESS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed using SPSS and M-Plus. Additionally, reliability was assessed and construct validity was measured using the Life Orientation Test (LOT). Lastly, a relationship between daytime sleepiness and snoring was investigated using item 5e from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCA with varimax rotation yielded two factors that explained approximately 50% of the variance and CFA results verified this two-factor solution. An overall Cronbach's alpha (0.751) revealed moderate reliability (Factor 1α=.754; Factor 2α=.524). Both convergent and discriminant validity were established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ESS is appropriate for use in an obstetric population to measure daytime sleepiness. Future work should include additional evaluations of the ESS in a diverse group of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,United States. klb134@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Kelley L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Baumgartel
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Terhorst
authors.forename: Yvette P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult