title: Profile of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in children: prevalence and association with age, ocular biometric measures, and refractive status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the profile and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population-based sample of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Northern Ireland Childhood Errors of Refraction (NICER) study used a stratified random cluster design to recruit a representative sample of children from schools in Northern Ireland. Examinations included cycloplegic (1% cyclopentolate) autorefraction, and measures of axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. χ(2) tests were used to assess variations in the prevalence of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism by age group, with logistic regression used to compare odds of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism with refractive status (myopia, emmetropia, hyperopia). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine interocular differences in ocular biometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 661 white children aged 12 to 13 years (50.5% male) and 389 white children aged 6 to 7 years (49.6% male) are presented. The prevalence of anisometropia ≥1 diopters sphere (DS) did not differ statistically significantly between 6- to 7-year-old (8.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-13.1) and 12- to 13-year-old (9.4%; 95% CI, 5.9-12.9) children. The prevalence of aniso-astigmatism ≥1 diopters cylinder (DC) did not vary statistically significantly between 6- to 7-year-old (7.7%; 95% CI, 4.3-11.2) and 12- to 13-year-old (5.6%; 95% CI, 0.5-8.1) children. Anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism were more common in 12- to 13-year-old children with hyperopia ≥+2 DS. Anisometropic eyes had greater axial length asymmetry than nonanisometropic eyes. Aniso-astigmatic eyes were more asymmetric in axial length and corneal astigmatism than eyes without aniso-astigmatism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, there is a high prevalence of axial anisometropia and corneal/axial aniso-astigmatism, associated with hyperopia, but whether these relations are causal is unclear. Further work is required to clarify the developmental mechanism behind these associations.
authors.affiliation: Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. l.odonoghue@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.forename: Julie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Nicola S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Alicja R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rudnicka
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001699:Biometry; D002648:Child; D003519:Cyclopentolate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics; D003519:Cyclopentolate