title: Poor stereoacuity among children with poor literacy:  prevalence and associated factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Population-based studies on abnormal binocular vision and low literacy are rare. The aim is to determine the prevalence of poor stereoacuity among children with low literacy; to identify the characteristics associated with poor stereoacuity among children with low literacy; and to determine the agreement between poor stereoacuity as measured by graded stereocircles with a computerized assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 490 children attending primary school in the greater Hobart region, Tasmania, aged 7 to 14 years, with literacy results below the 10th percentile for Tasmanian students at grade 3 level of the NAPLAN (National Assessment Program in Literacy and Numeracy) testing completed a vision screen. Poor stereoacuity was defined as more than 100 seconds of arc as measured by Titmus stereocircles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of poor stereoacuity was 16.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 13.6 to 20.4%). Children with poor stereoacuity had a higher frequency of symptom report using the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey. Factors associated with poor stereopsis were prematurity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.19; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.42) and bottom shuffling (AOR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.88). Features associated with poor stereopsis included squint (AOR, 6.05; 95% CI, 3.02 to 12.12), migraine (AOR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 4.83), and attention deficit disorder (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this low-literacy sample, one-sixth had low stereoacuity. The associations reported require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. anne-louise.ponsonby@mcri.edu.au
authors.forename: Anne-Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ponsonby
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bridge
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D013648:Tasmania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity