title: Pectin biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is a β-1,4-galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferase.
abstract: β-1,4-Galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls, which are generally found as side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Rhamnogalacturonan I is a major component of pectin with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues and side chains that include α-1,5-arabinans, β-1,4-galactans, and arabinogalactans. Many enzymes are required to synthesize pectin, but few have been identified. Pectin is most abundant in primary walls of expanding cells, but β-1,4-galactan is relatively abundant in secondary walls, especially in tension wood that forms in response to mechanical stress. We investigated enzymes in glycosyltransferase family GT92, which has three members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated GALACTAN SYNTHASE1, (GALS1), GALS2 and GALS3. Loss-of-function mutants in the corresponding genes had a decreased β-1,4-galactan content, and overexpression of GALS1 resulted in plants with 50% higher β-1,4-galactan content. The plants did not have an obvious growth phenotype. Heterologously expressed and affinity-purified GALS1 could transfer Gal residues from UDP-Gal onto β-1,4-galactopentaose. GALS1 specifically formed β-1,4-galactosyl linkages and could add successive β-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. These observations confirm the identity of the GT92 enzyme as β-1,4-galactan synthase. The identification of this enzyme could provide an important tool for engineering plants with improved bioenergy properties.
authors.affiliation: Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
authors.forename: April Jennifer Madrid
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Liwanag
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Verhertbruggen
authors.forename: Emilie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rautengarten
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Mathias C F
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Mads H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: Henrik Vibe
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Scheller
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010368:Pectins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D010368:Pectins; D005700:Galactosyltransferases