title: High concentrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes lower soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass.
abstract: Nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) may enter the soil environment with unknown consequences resulting from the development of nanotechnology for a variety of applications. We determined the effects of SWCNTs on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass through a 3-week incubation of urban soils treated with different concentrations of SWCNTs ranging from 0 to 1000 μg g(-1) soil. The activities of cellobiohydrolase, β-1,4-glucosidase, β-1,4-xylosidase, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, L-leucine aminopeptidase, and acid phosphatase and microbial biomass were measured in soils treated with powder and suspended forms of SWCNTs. SWCNTs of concentrations at 300-1000 μg g(-1) soil significantly lowered activities of most enzymes and microbial biomass. It is noteworthy that the SWCNTs showed similar effects to that of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), but at a concentration approximately 5 times lower; we suggest that this is mainly due to the higher surface area of SWCNTs than that of MWCNTs. Indeed, our results show that surface area of CNTs has significant negative relationship with relative enzyme activity and biomass, which suggests that greater microorganism-CNT interactions could increase the negative effect of CNTs on microorganisms. Current work may contribute to the preparation of a regulatory guideline for the release of CNTs to the soil environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Lixia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yowhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Tae Kyung
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yu Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Woong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Haegeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001438:Bacteroidaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002244:Carbon