title: Accelerating the early numeracy development of kindergartners with limited working memory skills through remedial education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young children with limited working memory skills are a special interest group among all children that score below average on early numeracy tests. This study examines the effect of accelerating the early numeracy development of these children through remedial education, by comparing them with children with typically working memory skills and early numeracy abilities below average.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected from a sample of 933 children, children with early numeracy ability below average are assigned into four groups: two intervention groups with limited working memory skills (IL-group) or typical working memory skills (IT-group), and two control groups with limited working memory skills (CL-group) or typical working memory skills (CT-group). All four groups were followed for a period of 1.5 years. Four measurements were carried out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The remedial program proved to be similarly effective for the IL-group and the IT-group. The findings are discussed in the light of several limitations and implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. S.W.M.Toll@uu.nl
authors.forename: Sylke W M
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Toll
authors.forename: Johannes E H
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Van Luit
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational / Q000379:methods; D004519:Education, Special / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics / Q000193:education*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012073:Remedial Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014796:Visual Perception