title: Incidence and predictors of immediate complications following perioperative non-obstetric epidural punctures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural Anesthesia (EA) is a well-established procedure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of immediate complications following epidural puncture, such as sanguineous puncture, accidental dural perforation, unsuccessful catheter placement or insufficient analgesia and to identify patient and maneuver related risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7958 non-obstetrical EA were analyzed. The risk of each complication was calculated according to the preconditions and the level of puncture. For probabilistic evaluation we used a logistic regression model with forward selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of sanguineous puncture (n = 247, 3.1%) increases with both the patient's age (P = 0.013) and the more caudal the approach (P < 0.01). Dural perforation (n = 123, 1.6%) was found to be influenced only by advanced age (P = 0.019). Unsuccessful catheter placement (n = 68, 0.94%) occurred more often in smaller individuals (P < 0.001) and at lower lumbar sites (P < 0.01). Amongst all cases with successful catheter placement a (partial) insufficient analgesia was found in 692 cases (8.8%). This risk of insufficient analgesia decreased with patient's age (P <0 .01), being least likely for punctures of the lower thoracic spine (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to more cranial levels, EA of the lower spine is associated with an increased risk of sanguineous and unsuccessful puncture. Insufficient analgesia more often accompanies high thoracic and low lumbar approaches. The risk of a sanguineous puncture increases in elderly patients. Gender, weight and body mass index seem to have no influence on the investigated complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Munich, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. philip.lang@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer-Bender
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pollwein
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crispin
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lang