title: Paramedian vertical palatal bone height for mini-implant insertion: a systematic review.
abstract: Paramedian insertion of orthodontic mini-implants is increasingly used to anchor molar distalizers. The aim of this review was to systematically examine the available measurements of vertical palatal bone height (VBH). PUBMED, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched using specific search terms. Hand searches of bibliographies of articles were also performed to identify studies measuring VBH or bone thickness in the human palate. Sixteen studies were included, arising from 19 published articles. Repeat presentations were excluded. Ten of the 11 computed tomogram (CT)-based studies presented data from 956 orthodontic patients on average VBH and its variation at a range of palatal sites. Individual data were not available, and pooling of data was not feasible because of heterogeneity of subjects, different measurement sites, different CT methods and their associated software. The compilation of data did indicate that the region 3-4mm behind the incisive foramen and 3-9mm lateral to the midpalatal suture should normally provide sufficient VBH to anchor molar distalizers. The risks of unwanted effects during distalization should be small, but the limitations listed above and the small numbers of studies available impair the precision of the estimates and do not allow the results to be generalized. Paramedian anchorage in the anterior palate can be recommended for molar distalization but, given the great inter-individual variability of the palatal bone height, it must be preceded by reliable CT-based imaging in patients identified by routine investigations as being at risk.
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winsauer
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vlachojannis
authors.affiliation: **Private practice, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bumann
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vlachojannis
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and sigrun.chrubasik@klinikum.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chrubasik
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D010159:Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants