title: Incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a cross-sectional European cohort of ventilated newborn infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a European cohort of ventilated newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-point cross-sectional prospective study in 173 European neonatal intensive care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient characteristics, ventilator settings and measurements, and blood gas analyses were collected for endotracheally ventilated newborn infants on two separate dates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1569 blood gas analyses were performed in 508 included patients with a mean±SD Pco2 of 48±12 mm Hg or 6.4±1.6 kPa (range 17-104 mm Hg or 2.3-13.9 kPa). Hypocapnia (Pco2<30 mm Hg or 4 kPa) and hypercapnia (Pco2>52 mm Hg or 7 kPa) was present in, respectively, 69 (4%) and 492 (31%) of the blood gases. Hypocapnia was most common in the first 3 days of life (7.3%) and hypercapnia after the first week of life (42.6%). Pco2 was significantly higher in preterm infants (49 mm Hg or 6.5 kPa) than term infants (43 mm Hg or 5.7 kPa) and significantly lower during pressure-limited ventilation (47 mm Hg or 6.3±1.6 kPa) compared with volume-targeted ventilation (51 mm Hg or 6.8±1.7 kPa) and high-frequency ventilation (50 mm Hg or 6.7±1.7 kPa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that hypocapnia is a relatively uncommon finding during neonatal ventilation. The higher incidence of hypercapnia may suggest that permissive hypercapnia has found its way into daily clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.h.vankaam@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Anton H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: van Kaam
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: De Jaegere
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rimensberger
mesh_terms: D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide