title: Weaning from the ventilator and extubation in ICU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The decision to extubate is a crucial moment for intubated patients. In most cases, the transition to spontaneous breathing is uneventful, but in some patients, it implies a more challenging decision. Both extubation delay and especially the need for reintubation are associated with poor outcomes. We aim to review the recent literature on weaning and to clarify the role of certain interventions intending to help in this process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac dysfunction is probably one of the most common causes of weaning failure. Several studies have evaluated the ability of B-natriuretic peptides and echocardiographic tools to predict weaning outcome due to cardiac origin, attempting to prevent its failure. Noninvasive ventilation may have a potential benefit in preventing respiratory failure after extubation of hypercapnic patients, although more studies are needed to define a target population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current research is focusing on preventing extubation failure, especially in the most challenging cases. The use of weaning protocols - written or computerized - attempts to early identify patients who are able to breathe spontaneously and to hasten extubation, resulting in better outcomes. Nevertheless, individualized care is needed in the most vulnerable patients, trying to prompt weaning without exposing patients to unnecessary risks.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Arnaud W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Thille
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cortés-Puch
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteban
mesh_terms: D060666:Airway Extubation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003657:Decision Making; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017211:Treatment Failure; D015300:Ventilator Weaning / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides