title: Regulation of lipid metabolism-related gene expression in whole blood cells of normo- and dyslipidemic men after fish oil supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on the lipid levels of dyslipidemic subjects are widely described in the literature. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of n-3 PUFAs on the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in normo- and dyslipidemic men to unveil potential genes and pathways affecting lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten normo- and ten dyslipidemic men were supplemented for twelve weeks with six fish oil capsules per day, providing 1.14 g docosahexaenoic acid and 1.56 g eicosapentaenoic acid. The gene expression levels were determined by whole genome microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several transcription factors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), retinoid X receptor (RXR) α, RXRγ, hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) 6, and HNF1ß) as well as other genes related to triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis or high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and cholesterol metabolism (phospholipids transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5, 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase (MOGAT) 3, MOGAT2, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, sterol O-acyltransferase 1, apolipoprotein CII, and low-density lipoprotein receptor) were regulated after n-3 PUFA supplementation, especially in dyslipidemic men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene expression analyses revealed several possible molecular pathways by which n-3 PUFAs lower the TG level and increase the HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein level, whereupon the regulation of PPARα appear to play a central role.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT01089231).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Leibniz University of Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover, 30167, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Kai-Oliver
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Mutz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scheper
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Jan Philipp
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schuchardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D008055:Lipids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D047493:PPAR alpha; D014280:Triglycerides