title: Directional selection on cold tolerance does not constrain plastic capacity in a butterfly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organisms may respond to environmental change by means of genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity or both, which may result in genotype-environment interactions (G x E) if genotypes differ in their phenotypic response. We here specifically target the latter source of variation (i.e. G x E) by comparing plastic responses among lines of the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana that had been selected for increased cold tolerance and according controls. Our main aim here was to test the hypothesis that directional selection on cold tolerance will interfere with plastic capacities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plastic responses to temperature and feeding treatments were strong, with e.g. higher compared to lower temperatures reducing cold tolerance, longevity, pupal mass, and development time. We report a number of statistically significant genotype-environment interactions (i.e. interactions between selection regime and environmental variables), but most of these were not consistent across treatment groups. We found some evidence though for larger plastic responses to different rearing temperatures in the selection compared to the control lines, while plastic responses to different adult temperatures and feeding treatments were overall very similar across selection regimes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that plastic capacities are not always constrained by directional selection (on cold tolerance) and therefore genetic changes in trait means, but may operate independently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, J,-S, Bachstraße 11/12, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dierks
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D007178:Inbreeding; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008136:Longevity / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011679:Pupa / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors