title: Coordination of spinal motion in the transverse and frontal planes during walking in people with and without recurrent low back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  Observational cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate spinal coordination during preferred and fast speed walking in pain-free subjects with and without a history of recurrent low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dynamic motion of the spine during walking is compromised in the presence of back pain (LBP), but its analysis often presents some challenges. The coexistence of significant symptoms may change gait because of pain or adaptation of the musculoskeletal structures or both. A history of LBP without the overlay of a current symptomatic episode allows a better model in which to explore the impact on spinal coordination during walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal and lower limb segmental motions were tracked using electromagnetic sensors. Analyses were conducted to explore the synchrony and spatial coordination of the segments and to compare the control and subjects with LBP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no apparent differences between the groups for either overall amplitude of motion or most indicators of coordination in the lumbar region; however, there were significant postural differences in the mid-stance phase and other indicators of less phase locking in controls compared with subjects with LBP. The lower thoracic spinal segment was more affected by the history of back pain than the lumbar segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although small, there were indicators that alterations in spinal movement and coordination in subjects with recurrent LBP were due to adaptive changes rather than the presence of pain.
authors.affiliation: Clinical & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. jack.crosbie@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crosbie
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Faria Negrão Filho
authors.forename: Dafne Port
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005684:Gait; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012008:Recurrence; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult