title: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults. The most widely accepted hypothesis regarding its pathogenesis is that it is an immune-mediated disease. It has been hypothesised more recently that chronic venous congestion may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of MS. This concept has been named 'chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency' (CCSVI) and is characterised by stenoses of either the internal jugular or azygos veins, or both. It is suggested that these stenoses restrict the normal blood flow from the brain, causing the deposition of iron in the brain and the eventual triggering of an auto-immune response. The proposed treatment for CCSVI is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, also known as the 'liberation procedure', which is claimed to improve the blood flow in the brain thereby alleviating some of the symptoms of MS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of CCSVI in people with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following databases up to June 2012: The Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 5, MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974), and reference lists of articles. We also searched several online trials registries for ongoing trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in adults with multiple sclerosis, that have been diagnosed to have CCSVI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our searches retrieved 159 references, six of which were to ongoing trials. Based on assessment of the title or abstract, or both, we excluded all of the studies, with the exception of one which was evaluated following examination of the full text report. However, this study also did not meet our inclusion criteria and was subsequently excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomised controlled trials met our inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently no high level evidence to support or refute the efficacy or safety of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of CCSVI in people with MS. Clinical practice should be guided by evidence supported by well-designed randomised controlled trials: closure of some of the gaps in the evidence may be feasible at the time of completion of the six ongoing clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: MS Consumer, Oegstgeest, Netherlands. E.J.van_Zuuren@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Esther J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Zuuren
authors.forename: Zbys
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fedorowicz
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.forename: Vanitha A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Jagannath
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Robak
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D001401:Azygos Vein; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000150:complications*; D007601:Jugular Veins; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*