title: Anti-tumorigenicity of dietary α-mangostin in an HT-29 colon cell xenograft model and the tissue distribution of xanthones and their phase II metabolites.
abstract: METHODS
  This study investigated the in vivo and in vitro activity of α-mangostin (α-MG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen pericarp, on HT-29 cell tumorigenicity, proliferation, and several markers of tumor cell activity, as well as the profile and amounts of xanthones in serum, tumor, liver, and feces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balb/c nu/nu mice were fed either control diet or diet containing 900 mg α-MG/kg. After 1 week of acclimation to diet, mice were injected subcutaneously with HT-29 cells and fed the same diets ad libitum for an additional 2 or 4 weeks. After 2 and 4 weeks, tumor mass and the concentrations of BcL-2 and β-catenin in tumors of mice fed diet with α-MG were significantly less than in mice fed control diet. Xanthones and their metabolites were identified in serum, tumor, liver, and feces. In vitro treatment of HT-29 cells with α-MG also inhibited cell proliferation and decreased expression of BcL-2 and β-catenin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that the anti-neoplastic effect of dietary α-MG is associated with the presence of xanthones in the tumor tissue. Further investigation of the impact of beverages and food products containing xanthones on the prevention of colon cancer or as complementary therapy is merited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Chureeporn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chitchumroonchokchai
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas-Ahner
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.forename: Jannarin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nontakham
authors.forename: Sunit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suksumrarn
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: A Douglas
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kinghorn
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Failla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D044004:Xanthones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D044004:Xanthones; D051176:beta Catenin; C009689:xanthone; C021053:mangostin