title: Guiding dental student learning and assessing performance in critical thinking with analysis of emerging strategies.
abstract: Patient-centered care involves an inseparable set of knowledge, abilities, and professional traits on the part of the health care provider. For practical reasons, health professions education is segmented into disciplines or domains like knowledge, technical skills, and critical thinking, and the culture of dental education is weighted toward knowledge and technical skills. Critical thinking, however, has become a growing presence in dental curricula. To guide student learning and assess performance in critical thinking, guidelines have been developed over the past several decades in the educational literature. Prominent among these guidelines are the following: engage the student in multiple situations/exercises reflecting critical thinking; for each exercise, emulate the intended activity for validity; gain agreement of faculty members across disciplines and curriculum years on the learning construct, application, and performance assessment protocol for reliability; and use the same instrument to guide learning and assess performance. The purposes of this article are 1) to offer a set of concepts from the education literature potentially helpful to guide program design or corroborate existing programs in dental education; 2) to offer an implementation model consolidating these concepts as a guide for program design and execution; 3) to cite specific examples of exercises and programs in critical thinking in the dental education literature analyzed against these concepts; and 4) to discuss opportunities and challenges in guiding student learning and assessing performance in critical thinking for dentistry.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, N308 Dental Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1010, USA. david-johnsen@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lipp
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: Marsha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cunningham-Ford
mesh_terms: D004497:Education, Dental / Q000639:trends*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D017145:Models, Educational; D011361:Professional Competence; D013335:Students, Dental; D013850:Thinking