title: Does modern high standard life style cause type 1 diabetes in children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes is a serious disease which, in spite of intensive treatment, causes serious complications and increased mortality. The incidence is increasing, but the aetiology is unknown. As part of modern lifestyle, increased hygiene has been suspected as one contributing cause but so far there is no evidence. Several large epidemiological studies, mainly restricted to children with increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes, have so far given no clue.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Babies in Southeast Sweden is unique in its design as it has followed an unselected group of children from birth 1997-1999 and onwards with regular follow-ups. This report is based on questionnaires from initially 16 051 children of whom 80 have later on developed type 1 diabetes. The parents answered questionnaires at the birth of their child and then after 1, 2-3, 5-6 and 8 years. A number of parameters possibly related to hygiene were analysed with several statistical methods, both with univariate and in regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study cannot identify any crucial environmental factor. This indicates that hygiene-related parameters traditionally regarded as part of 'modern life style' do not play any important role for the aetiology of type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no reason to recommend a change of that part of our lifestyle. We find weak associations to previous gastrointestinal infections, which gives a hint that development of type 1 diabetes may be related to problems in the gut and maybe one should look closer into the microbes living in the gut.
authors.affiliation: Linkoping University, Div of Pediatrics, Dept of Clin Exp Med, University Hospital, Linkoping, SE, Sweden. johnny.ludvigsson@lio.se
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D061148:Hygiene Hypothesis; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology