title: Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic pain affects many children, who report severe pain, distressed mood, and disability. Psychological therapies are emerging as effective interventions to treat children with chronic or recurrent pain. This update adds recently published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to the review published in 2009.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of psychological therapies, principally cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy, for reducing pain, disability, and improving mood in children and adolescents with recurrent, episodic, or persistent pain. We also assessed the risk of bias and methodological quality of the included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were undertaken of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycLIT. We searched for RCTs in references of all identified studies, meta-analyses and reviews. Date of most recent search: March 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs with at least 10 participants in each arm post-treatment comparing psychological therapies with active treatment were eligible for inclusion (waiting list or standard medical care) for children or adolescents with episodic, recurrent or persistent pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  All included studies were analysed and the quality of the studies recorded. All treatments were combined into one class: psychological treatments; headache and non-headache outcomes were separately analysed on three outcomes: pain, disability, and mood. Data were extracted at two time points; post-treatment (immediately or the earliest data available following end of treatment) and at follow-up (at least three months after the post-treatment assessment point, but not more than 12 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were added in this update of the review, giving a total of 37 studies. The total number of participants completing treatments was 1938. Twenty-one studies addressed treatments for headache (including migraine); seven for abdominal pain; four included mixed pain conditions including headache pain, two for fibromyalgia, two for pain associated with sickle cell disease, and one for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Analyses revealed five significant effects. Pain was found to improve for headache and non-headache groups at post-treatment, and for the headache group at follow-up. Mood significantly improved for the headache group at follow-up, although, this should be interpreted with caution as there were only two small studies entered into the analysis. Finally, disability significantly improved in the non-headache group at post-treatment. There were no other significant effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological treatments are effective in reducing pain intensity for children and adolescents (<18 years) with headache and benefits from therapy appear to be maintained. Psychological treatments also improve pain and disability for children with non-headache pain. There is limited evidence available to estimate the effects of psychological therapies on mood for children and adolescents with headache and non-headache pain. There is also limited evidence to estimate the effects on disability in children with headache. These conclusions replicate and add to those of the previous review which found psychological therapies were effective in reducing pain intensity for children with headache and non-headache pain conditions, and these effects were maintained at follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Research, The University of Bath, Bath, UK. c.eccleston@bath.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eccleston
authors.forename: Tonya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de C Williams
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000628:therapy; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy; D006450:Hemoglobin SC Disease / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D059408:Pain Management; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence