title: Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in remote African Pygmies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African Pygmies have many risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), such as low socioeconomic status and low quality of health care. We characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae from Gabonese Pygmies and analyzed risk factors for S. pneumoniae carriage to improve prophylaxis and therapy of IPD in this neglected, remotely living African community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, susceptibility, serotypes and risk factors for IPD were assessed in 103 Pygmies in a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The carriage rate was 37% (n = 38), with the highest proportion (79%, n = 11) in children between two and four years (n = 14). The predominant serotypes were 15A (24%, n = 9), 11A (16%, n = 6) and 6A (13%, n = 5). Non-susceptibility was detected against penicillin (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; CLSI) meningitis breakpoints; (18%, n = 7), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (61%, n = 23), tetracycline (55%, n = 21) and chloramphenicol (3%, n = 1). Among adult participants (n = 51), 69% (n = 35) regularly consumed alcohol and 75% (n = 38) reported to smoke cigarettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high proportion of nicotine and drug abuse might increase the risk of IPD. The unusual serotypes challenge a broad coverage by currently marketed vaccines; the broad antibiotic resistance limits the choice of therapy for S. pneumoniae infection.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. frieder.schaumburg@ukmuenster.de
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaumburg
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alabi
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Eiff
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flamen
authors.forename: Hafsatou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Traore
authors.forename: Martin Peter
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Peter Gottfried
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kremsner
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult