title: Apoptosis and inflammation: role of adipokines in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leptin and adiponectin (APN) are adipokines produced by adipocytes that participate in the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In Crohn's disease (CD), fat wrapping surrounding the inflamed intestine produces high levels of leptin and APN. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), apoptosis resistance of lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPL-T) is one of the mechanisms that maintains chronic inflammation. We addressed the mechanism by which leptin and APN regulate inflammation and apoptosis in IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune cell infiltration, several factors expressed by adipose tissue (AT), and spontaneous release of cytokines by adipocytes were measured. The presence of APN and leptin in intestinal mucosa was detected and their effect on LPL-T apoptosis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3), Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression, and cytokine production was studied. In addition, the effects of globular and high-molecular-weight (HMW) APN on LPL-T cytokine production and apoptosis were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of several chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors were present in AT near active than near inactive disease. A significantly higher amount of inflammatory infiltrate was present in AT near active CD than near ulcerative colitis, controls, and near the inactive area of CD. There were no changes in the ratios of APN molecular weight in control and IBD adipocyte products. Leptin and APN inhibited anti-CD3-stimulated-LPL-T apoptosis and potentiated STAT3 phosphorylation, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL expression in IBD and control mucosa. However, SOCS3 expression was suppressed only in IBD. Both globular and HMW APN have similar effects on LPL-T cytokine production and apoptosis. Leptin and APN enhanced interleukin (IL)-10 production by anti-CD3-stimulated LPL-T in IBD only. APN, but not leptin, increased anti-CD3-induced IL-6 levels in LPL-T only in IBD patients. IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in the presence of SOCS3 suppression by leptin or APN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin and APN maintain the inhibition of anti-CD3-stimulated LPL-T apoptosis by enhancing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL overexpression and promoting STAT3 phosphorylation while suppressing SOCS3.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology and Nutrition Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponemone
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshavarzian
authors.forename: Marc I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saclarides
authors.forename: Herand
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abcarian
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cabay
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Durstine
authors.forename: Giamila
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fantuzzi
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fayad