title: Mechanism for generating peaks and notches of head-related transfer functions in the median plane.
abstract: It has been suggested that the first spectral peak and the first two spectral notches of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are cues for sound localization in the median plane. Therefore, to examine the mechanism for generating spectral peaks and notches, HRTFs were calculated from four head shapes using the finite-difference time-domain method. The comparison between HRTFs calculated from the whole head and the pinna-related transfer functions calculated from the segmented pinna indicated that the pinna determines the basic peak-notch pattern of the HRTFs. An analysis of the distribution patterns of pressure nodes and anti-nodes on the pinna computed in the steady state for sinusoidal excitations confirmed that the first three peaks correspond to the first three normal modes of the pinna. The analysis also revealed that at the first spectral notch frequencies, one or two anti-nodes appeared in the cymba and the triangular fossa, and a node developed in the concha. Furthermore, according to changes in the instantaneous pressure distribution patterns on the pinna, three types of mechanisms were hypothesized for inducing the node in the concha depending on the source elevation angle.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, c/o ATR 2-2-2, Hikaridai, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan. takemoto@nict.go.jp
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.forename: Parham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mokhtari
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Ryouichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iida
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D003463:Cues; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D011312:Pressure; D013016:Sound; D013017:Sound Localization; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors