title: Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current prophylactic strategies against CIN in patients with STEMI treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third leading course of acute renal failure and a recognized complication to cardiac catheterization. CIN is associated with increased risk of cardiac adverse events and mortality, and recent studies point at the risk of developing a transient or persistent renal dysfunction. Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention have a markedly increased risk of developing CIN. At present no strategy is universally accepted in the prevention of CIN in the acute setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic search in Pubmed and EMBASE and ended up including nine randomised clinical trials; six studies of N-acetylcysteine, one study of early and late hydration regimens, one study of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide and one study comparing a low-osmolar contrast agent with an iso-osmolar contrast agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide and the regimens of hydration significantly reduced the incidence of CIN and administration of N-acetylcysteine in one of the six studies significantly reduced the occurrence of CIN. The iso-osmolar contrast agent was not proven to be superior to the low-osmolar contrast agent in terms of preventing CIN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary studies are promising but further studies are needed before any prevention strategy against CIN can be recommended in routine care of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Perioperative Optimization, Department of Surgery, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark. sarahekeloef@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sarah Victoria Ekeløf
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Svend Eggert
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gögenur
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D000111:Acetylcysteine