title: A novel nutritional supplement containing chromium picolinate, phosphatidylserine, docosahexaenoic acid, and boron activates the antioxidant pathway Nrf2/HO-1 and protects the brain against oxidative stress in high-fat-fed rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel nutritional supplement complex (N21 #125) composed of four well-known compounds (chromium picolinate, phosphatidylserine, docosahexaenoic acid, and boron) was designed to improve memory function and maintain brain health. The present study evaluated the complex's potential mechanism of action and its role in reducing oxidative stress in the brain of obese rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 40, 8-week-old) were divided into four groups. Group I was fed a standard diet; Group II was fed a standard diet and supplemented with N21 } Group III was fed an HFD; and Group IV was fed an HFD and supplemented with N21 #125 for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats fed HFD had greater serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and brain malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations than rats fed the control diet. Supplementation of N21 #125 decreased CRP, TNF-α, and MDA concentration in rats fed HFD. The levels of brain nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases and protein kinase B were lower in rats fed the control diet than for rats fed the HFD. These parameters were increased by supplementation of N21 #125.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that N21 #125 protected the brain from oxidative damage and inflammation induced by the HFD. This effect may be through up-regulation of the transcription factor Nrf2 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. nsahinkm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nurhan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akdemir
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: Can A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Agca
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gencoglu
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulas
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuzcu
authors.forename: Juturu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viyaja
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Komorowskı
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001895:Boron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000494:pharmacology; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C498145:Rela protein, rat; D014131:Trace Elements; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; D001895:Boron; C030614:picolinic acid