title: The binary oral dysplasia grading system: validity testing and suggested improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A binary system is reputed to be superior to the World Health Organization (WHO) system in grading oral dysplasia. We aimed to validate its reproducibility and prognostic ability and examine whether it could be improved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pathologists graded 141 oral epithelial dysplasia biopsies with the use of both systems. Observer variability and prognostic ability were assessed with the use of kappa and logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The binary system showed superior agreement to the WHO system (multirater kappa 0.59 vs. 0.49, respectively) but similar prognostic ability (odds ratio [OR] 4.59 [P = .014] vs. OR 2.25 [P = .02], respectively). Adding smoking and alcohol slightly improved the prognostic ability of both systems (OR 5.10 vs. OR 2.42, respectively). Our new binary system with a refined diagnostic threshold demonstrated a slightly greater prognostic ability and improved ability to differentiate between high- and low-risk moderate dysplasia cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The binary system has similar prognostic ability but superior reproducibility compared with the WHO system. Prognostication is improved still further by using a new threshold.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nankivell
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suortamo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Snead
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McConkey
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading / Q000379:methods; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors