title: Correlates of weight status among Norwegian 11-year-olds: The HEIA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The underlying mechanisms of overweight and obesity in adolescents are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable correlates of weight status among 1103 Norwegian 11-year-old adolescents in the HEalth in Adolescents (HEIA) study, including demographic factors such as gender and parental education, and behavioral factors such as intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks and breakfast consumption, watching TV and playing computer games, physical activity and sedentary time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight and height were measured objectively, body mass index (BMI) was calculated and International Obesity Task Force cut-offs were used to define weight status. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometers. Other behavioral correlates and pubertal status were self-reported by questionnaires. Parental education was reported by the parents on the consent form for their child. Associations were investigated using logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were gender differences in behavioral correlates of weight status but not for weight status itself. Adolescents with parents in the highest education category had a 46% reduced odds of being overweight compared to adolescents with parents in the lowest education category. Adolescents with parents with medium education had 42% lower odds of being overweight than adolescents with parents with the lowest education category. Level of parental education, breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were positively associated with being normal weight, and time watching TV was positively associated with being overweight for the total sample. Gender differences were detected; boys had a doubled risk of being overweight for every additional hour of watching TV per week, while for girls there was no association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed a social gradient in weight status in 11-year-olds. Both breakfast consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity were inversely associated with weight status. No associations were found between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks, playing computer games and weight status. Watching TV was positively associated with weight status for boys but not for girls. Interventions are needed to gain more insight into the correlates of change in weight status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. may.grydeland@nih.no
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grydeland
authors.forename: Ingunn H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjelland
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Lene F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Yngvar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ommundsen
authors.forename: Knut-Inge
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Klepp
authors.forename: Sigmund A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D017678:Sex Distribution