title: Effect of alcohol intake and cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and pregnancy.
abstract: Much has been published about smoking and alcohol intake influencing male fertility, sperm parameters and reproductive outcome. However, there is no conclusive agreement about the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol use on these outcomes and thus no generally accepted guidelines. The combined effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake, though, has not been rigorously investigated. Because alcohol consumption and smoking are often seen together, this study focuses on the effect of smoking and drinking habits separately and combined on semen parameters, such as volume, sperm count, motility and morphology, and on pregnancy outcome. These suggested toxic effects are studied in a group of subfertile, asthenozoospermic men (<10% motile spermatozoa), compared with a group of 'proven fertile', healthy men. The extreme asthenozoospermic group has especially been chosen because of the suspected effect, that is, oxidative stress, on sperm motility. In our study, we found that cigarette smoking and alcohol intake did not differ between the subfertile and fertile group. In conclusion, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption do not appear to significantly affect sperm parameters, such as volume, sperm count, motility and morphology or pregnancy outcome in our study population.
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bronovo Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M E
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menkveld
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lens
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nienhuis
authors.forename: J P T
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rhemrev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053627:Asthenozoospermia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013081:Sperm Motility