title: Witnessing stories: Definitional Ceremonies in Narrative Therapy with adults who stutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Narrative therapy (White & Epston, 1990) was developed as an approach to counselling, as a response to the power relations that influence people's lives. Its use with people who stutter has been documented. A basic tenet of narrative therapy is that the dominant problem-saturated narrative is challenged by externalizing the problem, in due course facilitating development of an alternative narrative. Within this process, the definitional ceremony involving outsider witnesses is a key procedure used to influence change.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes definitional ceremonies, and their application within a narrative approach to therapy for stuttering. The analysis of a specific definitional ceremony is presented, leading to an exploration of identity as a public and social achievement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A definitional ceremony involving a woman who stutters and family members was recorded and analysed using two methods: interpretative phenomenological analysis and Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological analysis. Details of the clinical application of definitional ceremonies with this client are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from both methods of analysis were found to be similar. Notable results include the fact that the stuttering per se was not presented as the problem; rather, the impact of stuttering, especially the experience of bullying, was a dominant theme. This paper shows how definitional ceremonies can open opportunities for clients to present themselves in a preferred way, forming the basis for a new story and revised identity. Emerging themes can be identified for reflection and discussion with the client for therapeutic benefit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) to describe and explain to readers the process of narrative therapy, with special attention to the use of definitional ceremonies; (2) to provide detail regarding the clinical processes involved with a specific definitional ceremony with one client; (3) to have the reader appreciate the specific importance of involving outsider witnesses in the therapy process; (4) to discuss the outcomes of the use of this particular definitional ceremony.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical Speech & Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland. mleahy@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062525:Narrative Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012933:Social Identification; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult