title: Detection, occurrence and fate of 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals in psychiatric hospital and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China.
abstract: The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) method coupled with an automated solid-phase extraction procedure has been developed to identify 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals, including seven anxiolytic-sedative-hypnotics, six antidepressants, and nine anti-schizophrenia drugs, in wastewater samples from two psychiatric hospital wastewater treatment plants (P-WWTPs) and three municipal wastewater treatment plants (M-WWTPs) in Beijing, China. Analyte recoveries from spiking experiments in the WWTP influent and effluent at three concentrations ranged from 70% to 110%, excluding sulpiride, ziprasidone, and olanzapine. Method detection limits for five, eight, and nine analytes in the WWTP influent and effluent were 20-80, 1-16, and <1 ng L(-1), respectively. High psychiatric pharmaceutical concentrations (e.g., ∼942 ng L(-1) oxazepam, 5552-12,782 ng L(-1) clozapine, 2762-9832 ng L(-1) sulpiride, and 2030-4967 ng L(-1) quetiapine) were frequently observed in P-WWTP influent compared to M-WWTPs. Although P-WWTPs typically had higher removal rates, significantly higher concentrations of the target compounds were observed in the P-WWTP secondary effluent than in the M-WWTP influent (e.g., ∼752 ng L(-1) oxazepam, ∼8183 ng L(-1) clozapine, ∼10,833 ng L(-1) sulpiride, and ∼1168 ng L(-1) quetiapine). Thus, the discharge control of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from psychiatric hospitals requires improvement.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
authors.forename: Shengliu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: jiangxiaoman@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoman
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Xinghui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: zshaokui@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Shaokui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical