title: Group a streptococcal diseases and their global burden.
abstract: Group A streptococcus (GAS) or Streptococcus pyogenes has been recognised as an important human pathogen since early days of modern microbiology, and it remains among the top ten causes of mortality from an infectious disease. Clinical manifestations attributable to this organism are perhaps the most diverse of any single human pathogen. These encompass invasive GAS infections, with high mortality rates despite effective antimicrobials, toxin-mediated diseases including scarlet fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, the autoimmune sequelae of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis with potential for long-term disability, and nuisance manifestations of superficial skin and pharyngeal infection, which continue to consume a sizable proportion of healthcare resources. Although an historical perspective indicates major overall reductions in GAS infection rates in the modern era, chiefly as a result of widespread improvements in socioeconomic circumstances, this pathogen remains as a leading infectious cause of global morbidity and mortality. More than 18 million people globally are estimated to suffer from serious GAS disease. This burden disproportionally affects least affluent populations, and is a major cause of illness and death among children and young adults, including pregnant women, in low-resource settings. We review GAS transmission characteristics and prevention strategies, historical and geographical trends and report on the estimated global burden disease attributable to GAS. The lack of systematic reporting makes accurate estimation of rates difficult. This highlights the need to support improved surveillance and epidemiological research in low-resource settings, in order to enable better assessment of national and global disease burdens, target control strategies appropriately and assess the success of control interventions.
authors.affiliation: Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia. anna.ralph@menzies.edu.au
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects