title: Efficacy of an ibuprofen/codeine combination for pain management in children presenting to the emergency department with a limb injury: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractures and severe sprains generate moderate to severe pain (>3/10). Despite this fact, pain management in children presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with a musculoskeletal trauma is still suboptimal. Few studies have focused on the efficacy of a combination of an opioid with an anti-inflammatory drug to relieve this type of pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of a combination of codeine with ibuprofen to ibuprofen alone on the intensity of pain experienced by children presenting to the ED with a musculoskeletal trauma to a limb.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included patients aged 6 to 18 years. After triage, subjects were randomized to either ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, max 600 mg) and codeine (1 mg/kg, max 60 mg) orally, or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, max 600 mg) and a placebo orally. Pain was assessed with the visual analog scale (0 to 10) at triage, and at 60, 90, and 120 min after medication administration. Differences on mean pain scores were compared between groups over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 81 patients, 40 in the experimental group and 41 in the control group. No significant differences were observed in mean pain scores between groups at any time point. Mean pain scores were moderate at 90 min in both experimental and control groups (4.0 ± 2.4 vs. 4.1 ± 2.0, respectively). Side effects were minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of codeine to ibuprofen did not significantly improve pain management in children with musculoskeletal trauma to a limb. Pain control provided by the medications remained suboptimal for most patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le May
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gouin
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messier
authors.forename: Marie-Andrée
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Marilyse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Julien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003061:Codeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003288:Contusions / Q000150:complications; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003061:Codeine; D007052:Ibuprofen