title: Clinical risk predictors for cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is an important complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA), yet prior research has been limited to small cohorts and retrospective analyses, or studies using radiographic rather than clinical definitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective monitoring system was implemented to monitor CEA outcomes at a major academic medical centre. Independent, trained monitors from the neurology department examined all patients undergoing CEA preoperatively and postoperatively at 24 h and 30 days. Clinical variables were analysed to identify risk factors for CHS, which was defined as cases with postoperative development of a severe headache, new neurological deficits without infarction, seizure or intracerebral haemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2008 and 2010, 841 CEAs were monitored and CHS occurred in 14 (1.7%) subjects, including seizures in 5 (0.6%) and intracerebral haemorrhage in 4 (0.5%). Univariate analysis identified a history of dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease, diastolic blood pressure, intraoperative shunt use and non-elective CEA (performed during hospitalisation for a symptomatic ipsilateral stroke, transient ischaemic attack or amaurosis fugax) as potential risks for CHS (all p≤0.15); other variables-including the degree of ipsilateral and contralateral stenosis, operative time, intraoperative EEG slowing, history of prior CEA or carotid stent and time from prior carotid interventions- were not significant. Logistic regression confirmed the risk association between non-elective CEA and CHS (p=0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent, prospective monitoring of a large cohort of CEA cases identified a brief time interval between ischaemic symptoms and endarterectomy as the clearest risk factor for CHS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. mbmaas@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kwolek
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jaff
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rordorf
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome