title: Embolization versus surgical resection of pulmonary sequestration: clinical experiences with a thoracoscopic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of treatment for pulmonary sequestration (PS) by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) versus surgical resection and to consider the role of a thoracoscopic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review involving 73 children (≤ 15 years of age) with PS between 2002 and 2011 was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients were managed with TAE, and 31 underwent surgery alone. Their presenting symptoms were pneumonia (n=11), pneumothorax (n=2), pneumomediastinum (n=1) and respiratory distress (n=6).Fifty-three (72.6%) were asymptomatic. The average age at treatment was 17.0 ± 44.4 and 31.3 ± 41.7 months for the TAE and surgery groups, respectively. In the TAE group, complete regression was observed in only 3 patients, 4 showed no regression, and 35 (83.3%) had residual lesions. Four patients developed sepsis or other blood vessel complications after TAE. The results of resection via thoracotomy versus a thoracoscopic approach were evaluated in 34 patients, including 3 who underwent the operation after TAE. Twenty-seven patients underwent thoracotomy, and 7 underwent thoracoscopic resection. There were no significant differences between the groups except time to chest tube removal, which was shorter in the thoracoscopic group (p=0.046). Complications included a wound infection in 1 patient after thoracotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that even in asymptomatic patients, all PSs should be resected because of the risk of infection, the low rate of natural regression, complications after TAE, and to exclude other pathology. Our experience also shows that thoracoscopic resection of PS is feasible, efficacious, and safe in newborns and infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Jeng
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Dae Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seong Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ellen Ai-Rhan
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byong-Sop
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001998:Bronchopulmonary Sequestration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007723:Korea; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome