title: Challenges in the management of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries.
abstract: The incidence of breast cancer is rising in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to 'westernization' of risk factors for developing breast cancer. However, survival remains low because of barriers in early detection and optimal access to treatment, which are the two main determinants of breast cancer outcome. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment gives the best results. An accurate diagnosis is dependent on a reliable pathology service, which will provide an adequate pathology report with prognostic and predictor information to allow optimal oncological treatment. Stratification of clinical practice guidelines based on resource level will ensure that women will have access to treatment even in a low-resource setting. Advocacy and civil society play a role in galvanizing the political will required to meet the challenge of providing opportunities for breast cancer control in LMICs. Collaboration between high-income countries and LMICs could be a strategy in facing these challenges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. chenghar.yip@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cheng-Har
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Nur Aishah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Taib
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003906:Developing Countries; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D010166:Palliative Care; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data