title: Affinofile profiling: how efficiency of CD4/CCR5 usage impacts the biological and pathogenic phenotype of HIV.
abstract: HIV-1 envelope (Env) uses CD4 and a coreceptor (CCR5 and/or CXCR4) for viral entry. The efficiency of receptor/coreceptor mediated entry has important implications for HIV pathogenesis and transmission. The advent of CCR5 inhibitors in clinical use also underscores the need for quantitative and predictive tools that can guide therapeutic management. Historically, measuring the efficiency of CD4/CCR5 mediated HIV entry has relied on surrogate and relatively slow throughput assays that cannot adequately capture the full spectrum of Env phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the details of the Affinofile receptor affinity profiling system that has provided a quantitative and higher throughput method to characterize viral entry efficiency as a function of CD4 and CCR5 expression levels. We will then review how the Affinofile system has been used to reveal the distinct pathophysiological properties associated with Env entry phenotypes and discuss potential shortcomings of the current system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, United States.
authors.forename: Kelechi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chikere
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gorry
authors.forename: Benhur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D056189:Viral Tropism; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4