title: Proline is required for male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In crosses between the proline-deficient mutant homozygous for p5cs1 and heterozygous for p5cs2 (p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2), used as male, and different Arabidopsis mutants, used as females, the p5cs2 mutant allele was rarely transmitted to the outcrossed progeny, suggesting that the fertility of the male gametophyte carrying mutations in both P5CS1 and P5CS2 is severely compromised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To confirm the fertility defects of pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 mutants, transmission of mutant alleles through pollen was tested in two ways. First, the number of progeny inheriting a dominant sulfadiazine resistance marker linked to p5cs2 was determined. Second, the number of p5cs2/p5cs2 embryos was determined. A ratio of resistant to susceptible plantlets close to 50%, and the absence of aborted embryos were consistent with the hypothesis that the male gametophyte carrying both p5cs1 and p5cs2 alleles is rarely transmitted to the offspring. In addition, in reciprocal crosses with wild type, about 50% of the p5cs2 mutant alleles were transmitted to the sporophytic generation when p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 was used as a female, while less than 1% of the p5cs2 alleles could be transmitted to the outcrossed progeny when p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 was used as a male. Morphological and functional analysis of mutant pollen revealed a population of small, degenerated, and unviable pollen grains, indicating that the mutant homozygous for p5cs1 and heterozygous for p5cs2 is impaired in pollen development, and suggesting a role for proline in male gametophyte development. Consistent with these findings, we found that pollen from p5cs1 homozygous mutants, display defects similar to, but less pronounced than pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 mutants. Finally, we show that pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 plants contains less proline than wild type and that exogenous proline supplied from the beginning of another development can partially complement both morphological and functional pollen defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the development of the male gametophyte carrying mutations in both P5CS1 and P5CS2 is severely compromised, and indicate that proline is required for pollen development and transmission.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P,le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biancucci
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lonoce
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trovato
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020090:Chromosome Segregation / Q000235:genetics; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D018525:Germination; D006720:Homozygote; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics; D057945:Self-Fertilization
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI; D011392:Proline; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)