title: The Eyes are the Windows of the Soul.
abstract: Medical Specialties such as Ophthalmology extend historically back to the beginning of recorded history. Before there was photography to record physical abnormalities of living creatures, there was art and artists who did the recording in their works. Fortunately, many such recordings have been preserved, usually in museums. They provide the graphic evidence of the same medical problems which our ancestors suffered and survived but which we still do but now understand and can ameliorate better.  The purpose of this paper is to provide and study several more examples of these art works, to illuminate these historical aspects of medicine, ophthalmology and binocular vision and life.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mims
mesh_terms: D001154:Art; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D009144:Museums; D009885:Ophthalmology; D010781:Photography; D014786:Vision Disorders; D015348:Vision, Binocular