title: Acromioclavicular joint separations.
abstract: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are common injuries of the shoulder girdle, especially in the young and active population. Typically the mechanism of this injury is a direct force against the lateral aspect of the adducted shoulder, the magnitude of which affects injury severity. While low-grade injuries are frequently managed successfully using non-surgical measures, high-grade injuries frequently warrant surgical intervention to minimize pain and maximize shoulder function. Factors such as duration of injury and activity level should also be taken into account in an effort to individualize each patient's treatment. A number of surgical techniques have been introduced to manage symptomatic, high-grade injuries. The purpose of this article is to review the important anatomy, biomechanical background, and clinical management of this entity.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Drive, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Warth
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martetschläger
authors.forename: Trevor R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gaskill
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Millett