title: The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water.
abstract: Results of recent epidemiologic studies suggest the need to reassess the safe upper limit in drinking water of selenium, a metalloid with both toxicological and nutritional properties. Observational and experimental human studies on health effects of organic selenium compounds consumed through diet or supplements, and of inorganic selenium consumed through drinking water, have shown that human toxicity may occur at much lower levels than previously surmised. Evidence indicates that the chemical form of selenium strongly influences its toxicity, and that its biological activity may differ in different species, emphasizing the importance of the few human studies on health effects of the specific selenium compounds found in drinking water. Epidemiologic studies that investigated the effects of selenate, an inorganic selenium species commonly found in drinking water, together with evidence of toxicity of inorganic selenium at low levels in from in vitro and animal studies, indicate that health risks may occur at exposures below the current European Union and World Health Organization upper limit and guideline of 10 and 40 μg/l, respectively, and suggest reduction to 1 μg/l in order to adequately protect human health. Although few drinking waters are currently known to have selenium concentrations exceeding this level, the public health importance of this issue should not be overlooked, and further epidemiologic research is critically needed in this area.
authors.affiliation: CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. marco.vinceti@unimore.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinceti
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Crespi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonvicini
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malagoli
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marmiroli
authors.forename: Saverio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stranges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D012643:Selenium