title: In vitro analysis of the impact of enrofloxacin residues on the human intestinal microbiota using H-NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: Exposure of humans to antimicrobial residues in food-producing animals may alter the intestinal microbiota which could result in a potential risk to human health. To determine the effect of enrofloxacin on the human intestinal microbiota, fecal suspensions (25%) were cultured in the presence of 0.06-5 µg/ml enrofloxacin. The bacterial community was analyzed by plating on selective culture media, pyrosequencing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Pyrosequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes and viable counts on Bacteroides sp., Enterococcus sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. selection medium indicated that there were no significant changes in the bacteria numbers at the selected enrofloxacin concentrations (0.06, 0.1, and 1 µg/ml) relative to the control samples after a 48 h incubation. NMR analysis showed remarkably similar spectra in cultures treated with 0.06, 0.1, and 1 µg/ml enrofloxacin, with some slight differences in peak heights. However, hierarchical clustering analysis indicated significant differences in metabolite concentrations between the control and those samples treated with 1 µg/ml enrofloxacin. Leucine, phenylalanine, proline, and 2-oxovalerate were positively correlated with the concentration of enrofloxacin. NMR analysis is a potentially useful tool to monitor changes of the human intestinal microbiota, in addition to traditional culture methods and pyrosequencing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA. young.ahn@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Youngbeom
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Yong Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Che Ok
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cerniglia
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D054892:Metagenome / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000077422:Enrofloxacin