title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: crossroads between neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience.
abstract: Non-motor symptoms contribute significantly to Parkinson's disease (PD) related disability. Impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been recently added to the behavioural spectrum of PD-related non-motor symptoms. Such behaviours are characterized by an inappropriate drive to conduct repetitive behaviours that are usually socially inadequate or result in harmful consequences. Parkinson disease impulse control disorders (PD-ICDs) have raised significant interest in the scientific and medical community, not only because of their incapacitating nature, but also because they may represent a valid model of ICDs beyond PD and a means to study the physiology of drive, impulse control and compulsive actions in the normal brain. In this review, we discuss some unresolved issues regarding PD-ICDs, including the association with psychiatric co-morbidities such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and with dopamine related side effects, such as hallucinations and dyskinesias; the relationship with executive cognitive dysfunction; and the neural underpinnings of ICDs in PD. We also discuss the contribution of neuroscience studies based on animal-models towards a mechanistic explanation of the development of PD-ICDs, specifically regarding corticostriatal control of goal directed and habitual actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal Department of Neurology and CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bugalho
authors.forename: Albino J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Maia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists