title: Phenolic compounds and bioactivities of pigmented rice.
abstract: The pigmented rice has been consumed in China, Japan, and Korea for a long time. It has been used for strengthening kidney function, treating anemia, promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, treating diabetes, and ameliorating sight in traditional Chinese medicine. The extracts from pigmented rice are used as natural food colorants in bread, ice cream, and liquor as well as functional food. The pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple rice, and contains a variety of flavones, tannin, phenolics, sterols, tocols, γ-oryzanols, amino acids, and essential oils. Anthocyanins are thought as major functional components of pigmented rice. Several anthocyanins have been isolated and identified from the pigmented rice, including cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. This review provides up-to-date coverage of pigmented rice in regard to bioactive constituents, extraction and analytical methods, and bioactivities. Special attention is paid to the bioactivities including antioxidant and free radical scavenging, antitumor, antiatherosclerosis, hypoglycemic, and antiallergic activities.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Fang
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Xiang-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ren-You
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Hua-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D005697:Galactosides / Q000032:analysis; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D007564:Japan; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010858:Pigmentation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005697:Galactosides; D005960:Glucosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C480521:peonidin 3-glucoside; C546035:cyanidin 3-galactoside; C458399:malvidin 3-galactoside; C428983:cyanidin 3-rutinoside