title: A welfare economic approach to measure outcomes in stuttering: comparing willingness to pay and quality adjusted life years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare two welfare outcome measures, willingness to pay (WTP) and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, to measure outcomes in stuttering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight adult participants (74 nonstuttering and 4 persons with stuttering) completed one face-to-face structured interview regarding how much they would be willing to pay to alleviate severe stuttering in three interventions of varying impact. These data were compared with QALYs gained as calculated from time trade off (TTO) and standard gamble (SG) data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (median) WTP bids ranged from US $16,875 (8000), for an intervention resulting in improvement from severe stuttering to mild stuttering, to US $41,844 (10,000) for an intervention resulting in a cure of severe stuttering. These data were consistent with mean changes in QALYs for the same stuttering interventions ranging from 2.19 (using SG) to 18.42 (using TTO).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents the first published WTP and QALY data for stuttering. Results were consistent with previous cost-of-illness data for stuttering. Both WTP and QALY measures were able to quantify the reduction in quality of life that occurs in stuttering, and both can be used to compare the gains that might be achieved by different interventions. It is widely believed that stuttering can cause reduced quality of life for some speakers; the introduction into this field of standardized metrics for measuring quality of life is a necessary step for transparently weighing the costs and consequences of stuttering interventions in economic analyses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to (a) describe the underlying theoretical foundations for willingness to pay and quality adjusted life years, (b) describe the application of willingness to pay and quality adjusted life years for use in economic analyses, (c) compare and contrast the value of willingness to pay and quality adjusted life years in measuring the impact of stuttering treatment on quality of life, (d) interpret quality adjusted life years, and (e) interpret willingness to pay data.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, RC Wilson Building Room 260N, The University of Georgia, 250 W Green St, Athens, GA 30602-2354, USA. dfranic@rx.uga.edu
authors.forename: Duska M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Franic
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bothe
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bramlett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012074:Remission Induction; D013342:Stuttering / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy