title: Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organisation (WHO) collects mortality data coded using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) code.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed IHD deaths world-wide between 1995 and 2009 and used the UN population database to calculate age-specific and directly and indirectly age-standardised IHD mortality rates by country and region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IHD is the single largest cause of death worldwide, causing 7,249,000 deaths in 2008, 12.7% of total global mortality. There is more than 20-fold variation in IHD mortality rates between countries. Highest IHD mortality rates are in Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries; lowest rates in high income countries. For the working-age population, IHD mortality rates are markedly higher in low-and-middle income countries than in high income countries. Over the last 25 years, age-standardised IHD mortality has fallen by more than half in high income countries, but the trend is flat or increasing in some low-and-middle income countries. Low-and-middle income countries now account for more than 80% of global IHD deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The global burden of IHD deaths has shifted to low-and-middle income countries as lifestyles approach those of high income countries. In high income countries, population ageing maintains IHD as the leading cause of death. Nevertheless, the progressive decline in age-standardised IHD mortality in high income countries shows that increasing IHD mortality is not inevitable. The 20-fold mortality difference between countries, and the temporal trends, may hold vital clues for handling IHD epidemic which is migratory, and still burgeoning.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK. Electronic address: JudyFinegold@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finegold
authors.forename: Perviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asaria
authors.forename: Darrel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D014480:United Nations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014944:World Health Organization