title: Cerebroprotective effects of red ginseng extract pretreatment against ischemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
abstract: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant and has beneficial effects due to pharmacological properties. Although ginseng is thought to be protective under abnormal conditions, the effects of pretreatment with red ginseng (RG) extract on ischemic stroke have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the protective effects of RG extract after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Crude RG extract (360 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Mice were then subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour, followed by reperfusion for 4 and 24 hours. Pretreatment with RG extract followed by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) resulted in significant reduction of oxidized hydroethidine signals in ischemic areas. At 4 and 24 hours after I/R, the number of 8-hydroxyguanosine and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-positive cells decreased in the ischemic penumbra as seen using immunofluorescent staining. Western blotting showed that RG efficiently attenuated the protein levels of activated ASK1 in the ischemic penumbra. Consequently, DNA fragmentation and the infarct volume were reduced by RG extract pretreatment 24 hours after I/R. Also, RG extract resulted in better performance in rotarod test after I/R. Thus, RG pretreatment demonstrates a protective effect at suppressing ischemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in ischemic lesions. Pretreatment with crude RG extract may be an effective strategy for preventing brain injury after an ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: So Yeong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheon
authors.forename: Kyoung Joo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Su Kyoung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gyung Whan
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005894:Panax; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species