title: Behavioral deficits and axonal injury persistence after rotational head injury are direction dependent.
abstract: Pigs continue to grow in importance as a tool in neuroscience. However, behavioral tests that have been validated in the rodent model do not translate well to pigs because of their very different responses to behavioral stimuli. We refined metrics for assessing porcine open field behavior to detect a wide spectrum of clinically relevant behaviors in the piglet post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). Female neonatal piglets underwent a rapid non-impact head rotation in the sagittal plane (n=8 evaluable) or were instrumented shams (n=7 evaluable). Open field testing was conducted 1 day prior to injury (day -1) in order to establish an individual baseline for analysis, and at days +1 and +4 after injury. Animals were then killed on day +6 after injury for neuropathological assessment of axonal injury. Injured piglets were less interested in interacting with environmental stimuli and had a lower activity level than did shams. These data were compared with previously published data for axial rotational injuries in neonatal piglets. Acute behavioral outcomes post-TBI showed a dependence on the rotational plane of the brain injury, with animals with sagittal injuries demonstrating a greater level of inactivity and less random usage of the open field space than those with axial injuries. The persistence of axonal injury is also dependent on the rotational plane, with sagittal rotations causing more prolonged injuries than axial rotations. These results are consistent with animal studies, finite element models, and studies of concussions in football, which have all demonstrated differences in injury severity depending upon the direction of head impact rotation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Stuart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Propert
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Margulies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D012399:Rotation / Q000009:adverse effects; D013552:Swine