title: Optimal loading dose of warfarin for the initiation of oral anticoagulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warfarin is used as an oral anticoagulant. However, there is wide variation in patient response to warfarin dose. This variation, as well as the necessity of keeping within a narrow therapeutic range, means that selection of the correct warfarin dose at the outset of treatment is not straightforward.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of different initiation doses of warfarin in terms of time in-range, time to INR in-range and effect on serious adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL, DARE and the NHS Health economics database on The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 4); MEDLINE (1950 to April 2012) and EMBASE (1974 to April 2012).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised controlled trials which compared different initiation regimens of warfarin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. Authors also assessed the risk of bias and extracted data from the included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 12 studies of patients commencing warfarin for inclusion in the review. The overall risk of bias was found to be variable, with most studies reporting adequate methods for randomisation but only two studies reporting adequate data on allocation concealment. Four studies (355 patients) compared 5 mg versus 10 mg loading doses. All four studies reported INR in-range by day five. Although there was notable heterogeneity, pooling of these four studies showed no overall difference between 5 mg versus 10 mg loading doses (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.77, P = 0.46, I(2) = 83%). Two of these studies used two consecutive INRs in-range as the outcome and showed no difference between a 5 mg and 10 mg dose by day five (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.19, P = 0.37, I(2 )= 22%); two other studies used a single INR in-range as the outcome and showed a benefit for the 10 mg initiation dose by day 5 (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.21, P = 0.05, I(2 )= 72%). Two studies compared a 5 mg dose to other doses: a 2.5 mg initiation dose took longer to achieve the therapeutic range (2.7 versus 2.0 days; P < 0.0001), but those receiving a calculated initiation dose achieved a target range quicker (4.2 days versus 5 days, P = 0.007). Two studies compared age adjusted doses to 10 mg initiation doses. More elderly patients receiving an age adjusted dose achieved a stable INR compared to those receiving a 10 mg initial dose (and Fennerty regimen). Four studies used genotype guided dosing in one arm of each trial. Three studies reported no overall differences; the fourth study, which reported that the genotype group spent significantly more time in-range (P < 0.001), had a control group whose INRs were significantly lower than expected. No clear impacts from adverse events were found in either arm to make an overall conclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies in this review compared loading doses in several different situations. There is still considerable uncertainty between the use of a 5 mg and a 10 mg loading dose for the initiation of warfarin. In the elderly, there is some evidence that lower initiation doses or age adjusted doses are more appropriate, leading to fewer high INRs. However, there is insufficient evidence to warrant genotype guided initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. kamal.mahtani@phc.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kamal R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mahtani
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heneghan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nunan
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bankhead
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Sian E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Nia W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: F D Richard
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perera
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin