title: Impact of humidification and nebulization during expiratory limb protection: an experimental bench study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different filtering devices are used during mechanical ventilation to avoid dysfunction of flow and pressure transducers or for airborne microorganisms containment. Water condensates, resulting from the use of humidifiers, but also residual nebulization particles may have a major influence on expiratory limb resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of nebulization and active humidification on the resistance of expiratory filters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A respiratory system analog was constructed using a test lung, an ICU ventilator, heated humidifiers, and a piezoelectric nebulizer. Humidifiers were connected to different types of circuits (unheated, mono-heated, new-generation and old-generation bi-heated). Five filter types were evaluated: electrostatic, heat-and-moisture exchanger, standard, specific, and internal heated high-efficiency particulate air [HEPA] filter. Baseline characteristics were obtained from each dry filter. Differential pressure measurements were carried out after 24 hours of continuous in vitro use for each condition, and after 24 hours of use with an old-generation bi-heated circuit without nebulization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While using unheated circuits, measurements had to be interrupted before 24 hours for all the filtering devices except the internal heated HEPA filter. The heat-and-moisture exchangers occluded before 24 hours with the unheated and mono-heated circuits. The circuit type, nebulization practice, and duration of use did not influence the internal heated HEPA filter resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expiratory limb filtration is likely to induce several major adverse events. Expiratory filter resistance increase is due mainly to the humidification circuit type, rather than to nebulization. If filtration is mandatory while using an unheated circuit, a dedicated filter should be used for ≤ 24 hours, or a heated HEPA for a longer duration.
authors.affiliation: Réanimation Médicale et Urgences Adultes, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonnelier
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lellouche
authors.forename: Pierre Alexandre
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: L'Her
mesh_terms: D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008422:Materials Testing; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*