title: Anti-inflammatory effects of linalool in RAW 264.7 macrophages and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation, characterized by redness, swelling, pain and a sensation of heat, is one of the body's self-defense systems. Although the inflammation response has an important role in host survival, it also leads to chronic inflammatory diseases. Linalool is a natural compound of the essential oils in several aromatic plants species. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and other bioactive properties. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of linalool on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and an LPS-induced in vivo lung injury model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effects of linalool on LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators in Raw 264.7 murine macrophages by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. To confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of linalool in vivo, we induced an acute lung injury in an LPS-induced mouse model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linalool attenuated the production of LPS-induced tumor necrosis-α and interleukin-6 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, phosphorylation of IκBα protein, p38, c-Jun terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was blocked by linalool. Our in vivo study also found that linalool attenuated lung histopathologic changes in mouse models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that linalool inhibits inflammation both in vitro and in vivo, and may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Xiurui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jiangdong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Gefu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Ruijie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Lanan Wassy
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Soromou
authors.forename: Haihua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Dacheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D016328:NF-kappa B; C018584:linalool