title: Muscular and glenohumeral changes in the shoulder after brachial plexus birth palsy: an MRI study in a rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder abnormalities are the major cause of morbidity in upper brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP). We developed a rat model of upper trunk BPBP and compared our findings to previously reported animal models and to clinical findings in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three 5-day-old newborn rats underwent selective upper trunk neurectomy of the right brachial plexus and were studied 3 to 20 weeks after surgery. The passive shoulder external rotation was measured and the shoulder joint was assessed bilaterally by a 7.2T MRI bilaterally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a marked decrease in passive shoulder external rotation, associated with a severe subscapularis muscle atrophy and contracture. None however developed the typical pattern of glenohumeral dysplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contradiction with previous reports, our study shows that the rat model is not adequate for preclinical studies of shoulder dysplasia. However, it might serve as a useful model for studies analyzing shoulder contracture occurring after upper BPBP.
authors.affiliation: Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. xsoldado@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soldado
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benito-Castillo
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fontecha
authors.forename: Ignasi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.forename: Sleiman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Mariano E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.forename: Vasco V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kozin