title: Is childhood obesity influenced by dog ownership? No cross-sectional or longitudinal evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether dog ownership is associated with lower risk of childhood obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 7,759 children at age 7 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in the UK. In addition, longitudinal analyses were conducted between age 7 and 9 years. BMI at age 7 and 9 years was calculated from clinic-measured weight and height and standardised in reference to 1990 UK data. Dog ownership data were collected by carer questionnaire at various time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounding factors associated with dog ownership or obesity, there was no evidence of an association between obesity and dog ownership at 7 years OR = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 0.88-1.59, p = 0.27), or dog ownership history. There was also no evidence for an effect of dog ownership on BMI change between 7 and 9 years, nor acquisition of a dog on the change in weight status of obese children between 7 and 9 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides no evidence for a protective effect of dog ownership on the development of childhood obesity. Further investigation is required to determine the impact of dog ownership on physical activity in overweight and obese children.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. carri.westgarth@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Westgarth
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bundred
authors.forename: Rosalind M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gaskell
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCune
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D057805:Pets; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom