title: A hybrid smartphone indoor positioning solution for mobile LBS.
abstract: Smartphone positioning is an enabling technology used to create new business in the navigation and mobile location-based services (LBS) industries. This paper presents a smartphone indoor positioning engine named HIPE that can be easily integrated with mobile LBS. HIPE is a hybrid solution that fuses measurements of smartphone sensors with wireless signals. The smartphone sensors are used to measure the user's motion dynamics information (MDI), which represent the spatial correlation of various locations. Two algorithms based on hidden Markov model (HMM) problems, the grid-based filter and the Viterbi algorithm, are used in this paper as the central processor for data fusion to resolve the position estimates, and these algorithms are applicable for different applications, e.g., real-time navigation and location tracking, respectively. HIPE is more widely applicable for various motion scenarios than solutions proposed in previous studies because it uses no deterministic motion models, which have been commonly used in previous works. The experimental results showed that HIPE can provide adequate positioning accuracy and robustness for different scenarios of MDI combinations. HIPE is a cost-efficient solution, and it can work flexibly with different smartphone platforms, which may have different types of sensors available for the measurement of MDI data.  The reliability of the positioning solution was found to increase with increasing precision of the MDI data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Navigation and Positioning, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, Masala 02431, Finland. jingbin.liu@fgi.fi
authors.forename: Jingbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ruizhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guinness
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuusniemi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D040421:Cell Phone; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D059015:Wireless Technology