title: Review: role of carbon sources for in vitro plant growth and development.
abstract: In vitro plant cells, tissues and organ cultures are not fully autotrophic establishing a need for carbohydrates in culture media to maintain the osmotic potential, as well as to serve as energy and carbon sources for developmental processes including shoot proliferation, root induction as well as emission, embryogenesis and organogenesis, which are highly energy demanding developmental processes in plant biology. A variety of carbon sources (both reducing and non-reducing) are used in culture media depending upon genotypes and specific stages of growth. However, sucrose is most widely used as a major transport-sugar in the phloem sap of many plants. In micropropagation systems, morphogenetic potential of plant tissues can greatly be manipulated by varying type and concentration of carbon sources. The present article reviews the past and current findings on carbon sources and their sustainable utilization for in vitro plant tissue culture to achieve better growth rate and development.
authors.affiliation: Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mehwish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaseen
authors.forename: Touqeer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sablok
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Standardi
authors.forename: Ishfaq Ahmad
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hafiz
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media; D009995:Osmosis / Q000502:physiology; D063245:Plant Development / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D013395:Sucrose; D002244:Carbon