title: Near-infrared imaging in intravenous cannulation in children: a cluster randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravenous cannulation is a widespread medical procedure that can be difficult in children. Visualization of veins with near-infrared (NIR) light might support intravenous cannulation. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of an NIR vascular imaging system (VascuLuminator) in facilitating intravenous cannulation in children in the operating room.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a pragmatic, cluster randomized clinical trial in all consecutive children (0-18 years) scheduled for elective surgery and in need of intravenous cannulation at a tertiary pediatric referral hospital. Daily operating rooms (770 patients) were randomized for allocation of the VascuLuminator or control group. The primary outcome was success at first attempt; the secondary outcome was time to successful cannulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Success at first attempt was 70% (171/246) with and 71% (175/245) without the use of the VascuLuminator (P = .69). Time to successful cannulation was 162 (± 14) seconds and 143 (± 15) seconds respectively (P = .26). In 83.3%, the vein of first choice was visible with the VascuLuminator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it was possible to visualize veins with NIR in most patients, the VascuLuminator did not improve success rate or time to obtain intravenous cannulation. There are 3 possible explanations for this result: first, it could be that localization of the vein is not the main problem, and therefore visualization is not a solution; second, the type of system used in this study could be less than optimal; and, third, the choice of the patient population in this study could be inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology & Clinical Physics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands, Netherlands. cuper.thesis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Natascha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cuper
authors.forename: Jurgen C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Graaff
authors.forename: Rudolf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Verdaasdonk
authors.forename: Cor J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kalkman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors