title: Community-based intervention is necessary for the control of HIV in North-Central Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors associated with the observed high prevalence of HIV in North-Central Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional multisite study conducted in 2007, behavioral, medical, and demographic data were obtained from pregnant women (N = 1011) who were tested for the presence of antibody against HIV-1 and HIV-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of HIV-1 in the 1011 women included in the study was 10.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.4-12.2). In the multivariate analysis, HIV-1 seropositivity was significantly associated with women from the Makurdi (odds ratio (OR) 31.3, 95% CI 3.8-255.7) and Minna (OR 15.4, 95% CI 1.7-135.1) sites in comparison with Panyam site. The presence of tuberculosis (OR 10.7, 95% CI 2.4-48.3) was also significantly associated with HIV-1 seropositive status. Factors associated with HIV-1 also differed between sites. The presence of antibody against HIV-2 was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high HIV-1 prevalence observed in this study corroborates previous observations in North-Central Nigeria. Disparity in the prevalence across communities was also seen. This is the only detailed socio-epidemiological and behavioral study that has explored potential factors associated with HIV-1 in North-Central Nigeria, and it revealed that differences in risk factors explain the disparity in prevalence across communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. ohuajo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hannah O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ajoge
authors.forename: Nonhlanhla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yende-Zuma
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jatau
authors.forename: Sani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Stephen O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Olonitola
authors.forename: Oladapo S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Shittu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003256:Community Participation / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult