title: First detection of Chlamydia psittaci from a wild native passerine bird in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To undertake disease surveillance for Chlamydia psittaci in native birds as part of a pilot study to examine pathogen diversity on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island. To retrospectively review the Massey University post-mortem database to determine previous cases of avian chlamydiosis in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mistnetting of forest birds was conducted across an elevational gradient on Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island. Minitip culture swabs were used to collect cloacal samples from native birds. These swabs were screened for Chlamydia family DNA using two PCR methods. Positive results were sequenced. A retrospective review of the Massey University post-mortem database of all avian cases from 1990 to 2011 was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten native birds including four bellbirds (Anthornis melanura), three rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris), two hihi (Notiomyces cincta), and one whitehead (Mohoua albicilla) were sampled and one otherwise healthy female hihi was positive by both PCR screening methods for Chlamydophila. Sequencing confirmed 99-100% genetic similarity to C. psittaci. A retrospective review of the Massey University post-mortem database revealed no previous diagnoses of avian chlamydiosis in wild native New Zealand birds although it has been detected in captive parrots, and wild and captive exotic pigeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of the detection of C. psittaci from a wild native bird in New Zealand. The bird was a Passeriforme from an endangered species that was captured free-living on Little Barrier Island. The incidence of avian chlamydiosis in native birds in New Zealand appears to be very low, based on the retrospective review of the post-mortem database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that avian chlamydiosis is a significant problem for hihi population health. The detection of this organism has greater significance for other more susceptible species on Little Barrier Island and for human health, particularly for conservation workers involved in wildlife translocations. It further suggests that passerine birds may be a reservoir for C. psittaci in New Zealand ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Private Bag 11222, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. B.Gartrell@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002691:Chlamydophila psittaci / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D046109:Passeriformes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial