title: Synergistic apoptotic effect of celecoxib and luteolin on breast cancer             cells.
abstract: Breast cancer is heterogeneous and often hormone-dependent. There are many             breast cancer treatment options, including endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy             and targeted therapy. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to first-line treatments,             and others will eventually relapse despite an initial response. Therapeutic options             for these patients are limited. In the past decade, several studies have demonstrated             the antitumor effect of celecoxib and luteolin in breast cancer as single treatment.             The effect of combination treatment of celecoxib and luteolin in human breast             cancer cells has not been well characterized. The present study examined the synergistic             effect of celecoxib and luteolin on the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and             MDA-MB-231. We analyzed cell proliferation, cell death, apoptosis and changes             in protein expression by performing cell survival assays, apoptosis assays and             western blotting. The combination treatment significantly decreased cancer cell             viability, and it had a greater efficiency in killing tumor cells after 72 h of             treatment, compared to treatment with either agent alone or the control in a concentration-             and time-dependent manner (P=0.01). The combination treatment demonstrated a greater             than additive increase in breast cancer cell apoptosis (P=0.01). Decreased levels             of Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) were noted after celecoxib and luteolin combination             treatment. The combination of celecoxib and luteolin provided superior inhibition             of breast cancer cell growth than either celecoxib or luteolin treatment alone.             These results suggest that celecoxib and luteolin combination may be a new possible             treatment option for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent's                     Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ye-Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Young Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D000068579:Celecoxib; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D047311:Luteolin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000068579:Celecoxib; D047311:Luteolin