title: Secondhand smoke exposure levels in outdoor hospitality venues: a qualitative and quantitative review of the research literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper considers the evidence on whether outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) is present in hospitality venues at high levels enough to potentially pose health risks, particularly among employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches in PubMed and Web of Science included combinations of environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, or passive smoke AND outdoor, yielding 217 and 5,199 results, respectively through June, 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen studies were selected that reported measuring any outdoor SHS exposures (particulate matter (PM) or other SHS indicators).
  
  
  METHODS
  The SHS measurement methods were assessed for inclusion of extraneous variables that may affect levels or the corroboration of measurements with known standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of SHS exposure (PM2.5) depends on the number of smokers present, measurement proximity, outdoor enclosures, and wind. Annual excess PM2.5 exposure of full-time waitstaff at outdoor smoking environments could average 4.0 to 12.2 μg/m3 under variable smoking conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although highly transitory, outdoor SHS exposures could occasionally exceed annual ambient air quality exposure guidelines. Personal monitoring studies of waitstaff are warranted to corroborate these modeled estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA. andrea.licht@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Licht
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D012147:Restaurants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution