title: Rat model of blood-brain barrier disruption to allow targeted neurovascular therapeutics.
abstract: Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier(1). The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells(2). Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest. The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption(3). Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug(4). Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine(5) and bradykinin(6). This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier(7). Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol(8). Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier(9). In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research(10-12). In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption(13). If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain (8,13,14).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Maris
authors.forename: Moneeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehtesham
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D057785:Catheters; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans
chemical_list: D008353:Mannitol; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol