title: Depressive symptoms and the risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly--influence of age and sex.
abstract: Although a relationship between depression and cardiovascular events has been suggested, past study results regarding the risk of stroke in relation to depression by subgroups are ambiguous. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of depressive symptoms on risk of incident ischemic stroke in elderly according to age and sex. This prospective cohort study followed up 3852 subjects older than 55 years. Baseline depressive symptoms were defined by a score ≥ 5 on the Geriatric Depression Scale or antidepressant intake. The outcome measure was incident ischemic stroke within 6 years of follow-up. Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models as well as cumulative survival analyses were computed. A total of 156 ischemic strokes occurred during the study period (24 strokes in the age-group<65 years and 132 strokes in the age-group ≥ 65 years). The distribution of strokes in sex-subgroups was 4.5% in men and 3.7% in women. The multivariate analysis showed an elevated stroke risk (Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.84, 95% CI 1.11-7.29, p = 0.030) in subjects from 55 to 64 years with depressive symptoms at baseline but not in subjects older than 65 years. In the multivariate analysis according to sex the risk was increased in women (HR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.57, P = 0.043) but not in men. The Cox-regression model for interaction showed a significant interaction between age and sex (HR: 3.24, 95% CI 1.21-8.69, P = 0.020). This study corroborates that depressive symptoms pose an important risk for ischemic stroke, which is particularly remarkable in women and patients younger than 65 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany. c.seifert@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Poppert
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feurer
authors.forename: Thorleif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etgen
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ander
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pürner
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brönner
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sepp
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kehl
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Förstl
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bickel
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016019:Survival Analysis