title: Hedgehog signaling displays a biphasic expression pattern during intestinal injury and repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal injury is common clinically. The exact mechanism by which gastrointestinal repair occurs has yet to be well defined. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is known to be involved in gastrointestinal development and repair of tissues such as skin and heart. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Hh in the repair of the small intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  i) To study acute intestinal injury, we optimized a mouse model of 5-flurouracil (5-FU) induced injury of the small intestine. Ileal tissues were evaluated for injury and repair markers at day 0, 2, 5, and 9. ii) Immunohistochemistry (Sonic hedgehog, Shh), in situ hybridization (Shh), and Ptch/LacZ transgenic mice were carried out to localize hedgehog expression. A33CrPr × ShhTg knock-in mice were bred to study the effect of Shh over-expression. qPCR of Shh, Ihh, Ptch, Bmp4 was carried out to quantify hedgehog signaling. iii) 5FU treated mice were then treated with a hedgehog inhibitor or saline (control) and the effects of Shh inhibition including apoptosis, proliferation, and mitosis were then compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  i) Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of Shh, qPCR of hedgehog signaling pathway genes, and Ptch/LacZ staining results consistently showed down-regulation during the injury phase (P<0.05) followed by up-regulation during the repair phase (P<0.005). ii) Hh signaling inhibition following 5-FU induced injury augmented apoptotic activity (P<0.05), suppressed mitotic activity (P<0.005) in intestinal crypts, and reduced Paneth cell hyperplasia (P<0.005). iii) Shh over-expression in conditionally knock-mice led to increased mitotic, Paneth, and goblet cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hedgehog signaling pathway displays a biphasic expression pattern during the injury/repair of small intestine. It may play an important regulatory role in intestinal repair.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood (Chongqing Medical University), Ministry of Education, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Steven S C
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Abud
authors.forename: Xianqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012016:Reference Values; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D005472:Fluorouracil