title: Epidermal growth factor and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1: potential biomarkers of urinary tract obstruction in children with hydronephrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydronephrosis is diagnosed in 0.5% of all newborns, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a common cause. The aim of this study was to test whether specific urinary cytokines can be used as UPJO biomarkers in children with hydronephrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight children referred for pyeloplasty due to UPJO and 13 controls were included in this prospective study. Kidney function was assessed and urine samples collected pre-, peri-, and post-operatively. Urine levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and RANTES were measured simultaneously by using a bead-based multiplex sandwich immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hydronephrotic children, preoperative urine levels were significantly increased for EGF (median 7.4 [1.2-60.2] vs. median 4.0 [1.2-13.8] ng/mg creatinine) and MCP-1 (median 136.9 [47.7-545.5] vs. median 80.1 [28.8-149.9] pg/mg creatinine) compared to those of controls. Urine levels of EGF and MCP-1 were identical to controls at the postoperative 1-year follow-up exam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine levels of EGF and MCP-1 were preoperatively increased and postoperatively normalized. This study demonstrates that urine-excreted kidney cytokines may be potential biomarkers of obstruction in children with hydronephrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pediatric Section, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; The Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: miagebauermadsen@ki.au.dk.
authors.forename: Mia Gebauer
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nørregaard
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmfeldt
authors.forename: Lars Henning
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frøkiær
authors.forename: Troels Munch
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000652:urine*; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000652:urine; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000652:urine; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515429:CCL3 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor