title: Impact of insecticide and fungicide residue contact on plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), mobility and mortality: implications for pest management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An evaluation was made of the effects of seven neurotoxic insecticides (esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, clothianidin, thiacloprid, azinphosmethyl, phosmet and imidacloprid), one insect growth regulator (novaluron) and two fungicides (myclobutanin and mancozeb), with water as the control, on the horizontal mobility of plum curculios exposed to dried pesticide residues. Mobility was recorded over a 2 h period using ethological tracking software. Mortality was recorded immediately after horizontal mobility experiments and 24 h later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Esfenvalerate had the greatest impact on mobility. Immediately after exposure to this compound, plum curculios moved significantly greater distances and for a significantly longer period of time compared with all other compounds. After 24 h, esfenvalerate also led to high mortality rates (>86.0%). Exposure to azinphosmethyl and phosmet also led to high rates of mortality, although the impact on mobility was less pronounced. Exposure to indoxacarb, thiacloprid, imidacloprid, novaluron, myclobutanin and mancozeb had no impact on mobility and resulted in little to no mortality. Clothianidin affected mobility after a 2 h exposure period, and high mortality (60%) was recorded after 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that, in the context of a treated orchard, plum curculios exposed to dried pesticide residues may be capable of foraging before succumbing to toxicant exposure, while exposure to pesticides such as esfenvalerate may rapidly incapacitate adult plum curculios.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430-2771, USA. tracy.leskey@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Tracy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Leskey
authors.forename: Starker E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saguez
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues