title: The associations of anxiety and depression symptoms with weight change and incident obesity: The HUNT Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the associations of anxiety and depression symptoms with weight change and incident obesity in men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective cohort study using the Norwegian Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort included 25 180 men and women, 19-55 years of age from the second survey of the HUNT (1995-1997).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Weight change was determined for the study period of an average 11 years. Incident obesity was new-onset obesity classified as having a body mass index of 30.0 kg m(2) at follow-up. The associations of anxiety or depression with weight change in kilograms (kg) was estimated using linear regression models. Risk ratios (RRs) for incident obesity associated with anxiety or depression were estimated using log-binomial regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, any anxiety or depression was associated with an average 0.81 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-1.34) larger weight change after 11 years compared with those without such symptoms (mean weight change: 5.04 versus 4.24 kg). Women with any anxiety or depression had an average 0.98 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49-1.47) larger weight change compared with those without such symptoms (mean weight change: 5.02 versus 4.04 kg). Participants with any anxiety or depression had a significantly elevated cumulative incidence of obesity (men: RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.13-1.65; women: RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that symptoms of anxiety and depression were associated with larger weight change and an increased cumulative incidence of obesity in both men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brumpton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langhammer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romundstad
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X-M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Mai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007028:Hypothalamic Hormones