title: Surface engineering of titanium substrates with chitosan-atorvastatin conjugate for reduced inflammation responses and improved cytocompatibility.
abstract: In this study, chitosan-atorvastatin (Chi-AT) conjugate was immobilized onto the surfaces of titanium substrates to reduce inflammation responses and improve cytocompatibility. Polydopamine film was initially formed onto the titanium surfaces as the intermediate layer for the successful immobilization of Chi-AT, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements, respectively. Endothelial cells grown onto Chi-AT immobilized titanium substrates displayed significantly higher (p < 0.01) cell viability and statistically lower (p < 0.01) lactate dehydrogenase production than those of native titanium substrates (control) after culture for 4 days and 7 days, respectively. Furthermore, macrophages cells cultured onto Chi-AT immobilized titanium substrates demonstrated significantly lower (p < 0.01) production levels of nitric oxide, acid phosphatase, reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-1 β than those of controls. All results indicated that the immobilization of Chi-AT conjugate onto titanium substrates was beneficial for improving their cytocompatibility and inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses. The study thus presents an alternative to fabricate bio-functionalized titanium-based implants for further clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Joint College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
authors.forename: Daichao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Kaiyong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D016207:Cytokines; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011506:Proteins; D011758:Pyrroles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048271:Chitosan; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D014025:Titanium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase