title: Upper thoracic pedicle screw loss of fixation causing spinal cord injury:  a review of the literature and multicenter case series.
abstract: METHODS
  Case Series and Review of the Literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on cases of spinal cord injury from loss of fixation of upper thoracic pedicle screws.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite generally low rates of intraoperative neurological injury from pedicle screws, there is 1 reported case of T2 pedicle screw pullout causing spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature and an informal poll of 2 professional societies searching for cases in which thoracic pedicle screws migrated postoperatively into the spinal canal was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had failure of spinal instrumentation with the most cephalad pedicle screws (T2, T4 and T4) plowing into the spinal canal, causing direct trauma to the spinal cord with resulting clinical and neurological injury. Failure of fixation occurred at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years after index procedure. In 2 patients, neurological injury was severe enough that they became nonambulatory; the third patient had rapidly progressive leg weakness. In each case, there were only 1 or 2 pedicle screws at the top of the construct, and a span of 6 to 7 vertebrae without rigid fixation below this. One similar case was found in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal instrumentation with only 1 to 2 pedicle screws at the top of the construct, and a span of >5 vertebrae below these screws without rigid fixation may be at risk for implant failure and catastrophic spinal cord injury. In the rare instance in which only 1 to 2 pedicle screws can be placed at the cephalad half of long spinal constructs, one may consider using hooks that would fail posteriorly and may present less risk to the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: Kira F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Skaggs
authors.forename: Aimee E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Brasher
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Purvis
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Myung
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Skaggs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D055815:Young Adult