title: Thyroid hormone receptors in health and disease.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (TH) play a key role in energy homeostasis throughout life. Thyroid hormone production and secretion by the thyroid gland is regulated via the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis. Thyroid hormone has to be transported into the cell, where it can bind to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) in the nucleus to exert its effect on cellular gene-transcription. Mutations in both the THRA and THRB gene have been described, each inducing a characteristic phenotype clearly showing the selective effect of an excess or shortage of thyroid hormone in specific TRα and TRβ regulated organs. Profound changes in thyroid hormone metabolism occur during a variety of non-thyroidal illnesses, each associated with reduced TR expression in a tissue-specific manner. However, thyroid hormone action at the tissue level during illness is not a simple reflection of the extent of TR expression as illness has additional differential effects on local thyroid hormone availability in various organs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.boelen@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boelen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fliers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019281:Dimerization; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000502:physiology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000502:physiology; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase