title: A role for prenylated rab acceptor 1 in vertebrate photoreceptor development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rd1 mouse retina is a well-studied model of retinal degeneration where rod photoreceptors undergo cell death beginning at postnatal day (P) 10 until P21. This period coincides with photoreceptor terminal differentiation in a normal retina. We have used the rd1 retina as a model to investigate early molecular defects in developing rod photoreceptors prior to the onset of degeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a microarray approach, we performed gene profiling comparing rd1 and wild type (wt) retinas at four time points starting at P2, prior to any obvious biochemical or morphological differences, and concluding at P8, prior to the initiation of cell death. Of the 143 identified differentially expressed genes, we focused on Rab acceptor 1 (Rabac1), which codes for the protein Prenylated rab acceptor 1 (PRA1) and plays an important role in vesicular trafficking. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed reduced expression of PRA1 in rd1 retina at all time points examined. Immunohistochemical observation showed that PRA1-like immunoreactivity (LIR) co-localized with the cis-Golgi marker GM-130 in the photoreceptor as the Golgi translocated from the perikarya to the inner segment during photoreceptor differentiation in wt retinas. Diffuse PRA1-LIR, distinct from the Golgi marker, was seen in the distal inner segment of wt photoreceptors starting at P8. Both plexiform layers contained PRA1 positive punctae independent of GM-130 staining during postnatal development. In the inner retina, PRA1-LIR also colocalized with the Golgi marker in the perinuclear region of most cells. A similar pattern was seen in the rd1 mouse inner retina. However, punctate and significantly reduced PRA1-LIR was present throughout the developing rd1 inner segment, consistent with delayed photoreceptor development and abnormalities in Golgi sorting and vesicular trafficking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified genes that are differentially regulated in the rd1 retina at early time points, which may give insights into developmental defects that precede photoreceptor cell death. This is the first report of PRA1 expression in the retina. Our data support the hypothesis that PRA1 plays an important role in vesicular trafficking between the Golgi and cilia in differentiating and mature rod photoreceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dickison
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Ameair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abu Irqeba
authors.forename: Joshua G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Martak
authors.forename: Sean C E
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoge
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Mohammed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mears
authors.forename: Adnan Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaroop
authors.forename: Judith Mosinger
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; C097741:Golgin subfamily A member 2; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C492518:prenylin protein, mouse