title: Alterations in keratins and associated proteins during 4- Nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced rat oral carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth largest group of malignancies globally and the single largest group of malignancies in the Indian subcontinent. Despite the advances in treatment and therapeutic modalities the five year survival rate of OSCC has not changed in the last few decades, and remains less than 40%. Several studies have focused on defining molecular markers that can either detect cancer at an early stage or can predict patient's outcome. However, such markers are still undefined. Keratins (K) are epithelia predominant intermediate filament proteins which are expressed in a differentiation dependent and site specific manner. Keratins are being used as biomarkers in different epithelial disorders including cancer. They are associated with desmoplakin and α6β4 integrin which are components of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide (4NQO) was used as a carcinogen for the development of various stages of oral carcinogenesis in rat lingual mucosa. Two-Dimentional gel electrophoresis was performed for the separation of Keratins followed by western blotting for their specific identification. Western blotting and RT PCR was carried out for desmoplakin and α6β4 integrin respectively to understand their levels. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to further study the localization of desmoplakin and α6 integrin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we have analysed the alterations in Keratins and associated proteins during sequential stages of 4NQO induced rat oral carcinogenesis. Our results showed that the alterations primarily begin after the dysplastic changes in the lingual epithelium like the elevation of Keratins 5/6a, ectopic expression of Keratin 8, increase in suprabasal expression of α6 integrin and increase in desmoplakin levels. Most of these alterations persisted till the development of SCC except desmoplakin, the levels of which were downregulated in papillomatous lesions and SCC. Many of these alterations have also been documented in human oral carcinogensis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, 4NQO model of rat lingual carcinogenesis reproduces majority of the changes that are seen in human oral carcinogenesis and it can be exploited for the development of biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanojia
authors.forename: Sharada S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sawant
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Arvind D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ingle
authors.forename: Milind M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vaidya