title: Clinical impact of serum exosomal microRNA-21 as a clinical biomarker in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exosomes are 40-nm to 100-nm membrane vesicles that are secreted by various cells, and they play a major role in cell-cell communication. The objective of this study was to clarify the significance of the levels of microRNA in exosomes extracted from the sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors isolated exosomes in serum samples from patients who had ESCC and from patients who had benign diseases without systemic inflammation. Total RNA was purified from the exosomes, and expression levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum exosomes from patients with ESCC induced the proliferation of ESCC cells in vitro. The expression levels of exosomal miR-21 were significantly higher in patients with ESCC than those with benign diseases with and without (C-reactive protein <0.3 mg/dL) systemic inflammation. MiR-21 was not detected in serum that remained after exosome extraction. Exosomal miR-21 expression was correlated with advanced tumor classification, positive lymph node status, and the presence of metastasis with inflammation or and clinical stage without inflammation (C-reactive protein <0.3 mg/dL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results confirmed that exosomal miR-21 expression is up-regulated in serum from patients with ESCC versus serum from patients who have benign diseases without systemic inflammation. Exosomal miR-21 was positively correlated with tumor progression and aggressiveness, suggesting that it may be a useful target for cancer therapy. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Youhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamohara
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurashige
authors.forename: Takatsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimoto
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D055354:Exosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C524940:MIRN21 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs