title: The invisible suffering: sexual coercion, interpersonal violence, and mental health--a cross-sectional study among university students in south-western Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a history of conflicts and widespread human rights violation in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the prevalence of interpersonal violence among the population in this region. Evidence from high-income countries suggests that exposure to violence has mental health consequences and violence also has associations with experiences of sexual coercion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate the prevalence of physical and perceived threats of violence among university students in Uganda and to assess the possible relationship between such violence, sexual coercion, and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychoticism, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2005, 980 Ugandan university students responded to a self-administered questionnaire (response rate 80%) that assessed socio-demographic factors, social capital, importance of religion, mental health, experience of violence and sexual coercion, and sexual behaviour factors. Logistic regression analysis was applied as the main analytical tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of those who responded, 28% reported perceived threats/threats of violence and 10% exposure to actual physical violence over the previous 12 months, with no significant gender differences in exposure history. Exposure to violence was significantly associated with the experience of sexual coercion among both males and females. Sexual coercion and threats/threats of violence were both significantly associated with poor mental health in males and females, but only males showed a strong association between exposure to physical violence and poor mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study suggests that in terms of general exposure, both males and females in the study population are equally exposed to sexual coercion and interpersonal violence, and both male and female students show generally similar mental health effects of exposure to such violence. The prevalence of interpersonal violence found in our study population may have long-term negative health implications. Our findings may serve as a baseline for interventions and continuing research aimed at preventing interpersonal violence.
authors.affiliation: Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. anette.agardh@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tumwine
authors.forename: Benedict O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Asamoah
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cantor-Graae
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult