title: External radioactive markers for PET data-driven respiratory gating in positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiratory gating is an established approach to overcoming respiration-induced image artefacts in PET. Of special interest in this respect are raw PET data-driven gating methods which do not require additional hardware to acquire respiratory signals during the scan. However, these methods rely heavily on the quality of the acquired PET data (statistical properties, data contrast, etc.). We therefore combined external radioactive markers with data-driven respiratory gating in PET/CT. The feasibility and accuracy of this approach was studied for [(18)F]FDG PET/CT imaging in patients with malignant liver and lung lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  PET data from 30 patients with abdominal or thoracic [(18)F]FDG-positive lesions (primary tumours or metastases) were included in this prospective study. The patients underwent a 10-min list-mode PET scan with a single bed position following a standard clinical whole-body [(18)F]FDG PET/CT scan. During this scan, one to three radioactive point sources (either (22)Na or (18)F, 50-100 kBq) in a dedicated holder were attached the patient's abdomen. The list mode data acquired were retrospectively analysed for respiratory signals using established data-driven gating approaches and additionally by tracking the motion of the point sources in sinogram space. Gated reconstructions were examined qualitatively, in terms of the amount of respiratory displacement and in respect of changes in local image intensity in the gated images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of the external markers did not affect whole-body PET/CT image quality. Tracking of the markers led to characteristic respiratory curves in all patients. Applying these curves for gated reconstructions resulted in images in which motion was well resolved. Quantitatively, the performance of the external marker-based approach was similar to that of the best intrinsic data-driven methods. Overall, the gain in measured tumour uptake from the nongated to the gated images indicating successful removal of respiratory motion was correlated with the magnitude of the respiratory displacement of the respective tumour lesion, but not with lesion size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory information can be assessed from list-mode PET/CT through PET data-derived tracking of external radioactive markers. This information can be successfully applied to respiratory gating to reduce motion-related image blurring. In contrast to other previously described PET data-driven approaches, the external marker approach is independent of tumour uptake and thereby applicable even in patients with poor uptake and small tumours.
authors.affiliation: European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. butherf@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Büther
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: Hans T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Eich
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfers
authors.forename: Klaus P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Schäfers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques; D012979:Sodium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012979:Sodium Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18