title: Glutathione biosynthesis and regeneration play an important role in the metabolism of chlorothalonil in tomato.
abstract: Glutathione is one of the major endogenous antioxidants produced by cells. In plants, glutathione is crucial for both abiotic and biotic stress resistance, and also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics in many organisms. However, as in vivo evidences of glutathione function are still lacking so far, its roles in plants are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the changes of thiols, glutathione homeostasis and transcripts of genes potentially involved in chlorothalonil (CHT) metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Two genes (GSH1, GSH2) encoding γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase, respectively, and a gene for glutathione reductase (GR1) involved in glutathione regeneration were silenced by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach. Silencing of GSH1, GSH2 and GR1 decreased glutathione contents and the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), but increased CHT residues in plant tissues. The GSH1 and GR1 silenced plants showed the lowest GSH level and ratio of GSH/GSSG, respectively. Transcripts of P450, GST and ABC transporter genes as well as glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were induced after CHT treatment. However, the increases of these transcripts were compromised in GSH1, GSH2 and GR1 silenced plants. This study indicates that glutathione not only serves as a substrate for CHT conjugation, but is also involved in regulation of transcripts of gene in pesticide metabolism via controlling redox homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Gao-Bo
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Golam Jalal
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ahammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China. Electronic address: jqyu@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jing-Quan
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000378:metabolism; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile