title: Surgeons expect patients to buy-in to postoperative life support preoperatively: results of a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence suggests that surgeons implicitly negotiate with their patients preoperatively about the use of life supporting treatments postoperatively as a condition for performing surgery. We sought to examine whether this surgical buy-in behavior is present among a large, nationally representative sample of surgeons who routinely perform high-risk operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using findings from a qualitative study, we designed a survey to determine the prevalence of surgical buy-in and its consequences. Respondents were asked to consider their response to a patient at moderate risk for prolonged mechanical ventilation or dialysis who has a preoperative request to limit postoperative life- supporting treatment. We used bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify surgeon characteristics associated with 1) preoperatively creating an informal contract with the patient defining agreed upon limitations of postoperative life support and 2) declining to operate on such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. mail-based survey of 2,100 cardiothoracic, vascular, and neurosurgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted response rate was 56%. Nearly two thirds of respondents (62%) reported they would create an informal contract with the patient describing agreed upon limitations of aggressive therapy and a similar number (60%) endorsed sometimes or always refusing to operate on a patient with preferences to limit life support. After adjusting for potentially confounding covariates, the odds of preoperatively contracting about life-supporting treatment were more than two-fold greater among surgeons who felt it was acceptable to withdraw life support on postoperative day 14 compared with those who believed it was not acceptable to withdraw life support on postoperative day 14 (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence intervals 1.3-3.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many surgeons will report contracting informally with patients preoperatively about the use of postoperative life support. Recognition of this process and its limitations may help to inform postoperative decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. schwarze@surgery.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Redmann
authors.forename: G Caleb
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brasel
mesh_terms: D032982:Contracts; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011182:Postoperative Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures; D014481:United States; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures