title: Antituberculosis drug resistance acquired during treatment: an analysis of cases reported in California, 1994-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To inform efforts to prevent antituberculosis drug resistance acquired during treatment, particularly multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, we analyzed surveillance records from the US state with the highest morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance data from the California tuberculosis registry of cases reported between 1994 and 2006 were examined retrospectively. Crude risks of acquired resistance were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of demographic, clinical, and case management characteristics associated with acquired drug resistance (ADR), and secular trends in the incidence of ADR were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One in 688 patients acquired MDR tuberculosis, with crude risks varying greatly by initial drug susceptibility test results: 1 in 1909 if initially susceptible to isoniazid and rifampin, 1 in 113 if initially isoniazid resistant, and 1 in 23 if initially rifampicin resistant. Acquired isoniazid and rifampicin monoresistance occurred in 1 in 1018 and 1 in 1455 patients, respectively. Independent predictors of acquired MDR tuberculosis were initial isoniazid resistance (odds ratio [OR], 19.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.25-44.7; P < .001), initial rifampicin resistance (OR, 35.9; 95% CI, 8.61-150; P < .001), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (OR, 5.07; 95% CI, 1.73-14.9; P = .003), and cavitary disease in the absence of directly observed therapy throughout therapy (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.05-6.69; P = .04). The annual incidence of ADR declined over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although ADR is rare and declining in California, its costly consequences warrant improvements in treatment practices. Our findings suggest that we ensure DOT throughout the course of therapy for patients with baseline drug resistance, cavitary disease, or HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Travis C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Porco
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents