title: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: towards clinical application in breast cancer.
abstract: Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a promising new technique for breast cancer diagnosis. However, inter-patient variation due to breast tissue heterogeneity may interfere with the accuracy of this technique. To tackle this issue, we aim to determine the diagnostic accuracy of DRS in individual patients. With this approach, DRS measurements of normal breast tissue in every individual patient are directly compared with measurements of the suspected malignant tissue. Breast tissue from 47 female patients was analysed ex vivo by DRS. A total of 1,073 optical spectra were collected. These spectra were analyzed for each patient individually as well as for all patients collectively and results were compared to the pathology analyses. Collective patient data analysis for discrimination between normal and malignant breast tissue resulted in a sensitivity of 90 %, a specificity of 88 %, and an overall accuracy of 89 %. In the individual analyses all measurements per patient were categorized as either benign or malignant. The discriminative accuracy of these individual analyses was nearly 100 %. The diagnosis was classified as uncertain in only one patient. Based on the results presented in this study, we conclude that the analysis of optical characteristics of different tissue classes within the breast of a single patient is superior to an analysis using the results of a cohort data analysis. When integrated into a biopsy device, our results demonstrate that DRS may have the potential to improve the diagnostic workflow in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.evers@nki.nl
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nachabe
authors.forename: Marie-Jeanne
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vranken Peeters
authors.forename: Jos A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van der Hage
authors.forename: Hester S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.forename: Emiel J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rutgers
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Benno H W
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.forename: Theo J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ruers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018226:Fibroadenoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared