title: Primary care-relevant interventions for tobacco use prevention and cessation in children and adolescents: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventions to prevent smoking uptake or encourage cessation among young persons might help prevent tobacco-related illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence for the efficacy and harms of primary care-relevant interventions that aim to reduce tobacco use among children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three systematic reviews that collectively covered the relevant literature; MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects through 14 September 2012; and manual searches of reference lists and gray literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two investigators independently reviewed 2453 abstracts and 111 full-text articles. English-language trials of behavior-based or medication interventions that were relevant to primary care and reported tobacco use, health outcomes, or harms were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  One investigator abstracted data from good- and fair-quality trials into an evidence table, and a second checked these data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 trials (4 good-quality and 15 fair-quality) that were designed to prevent tobacco use initiation or promote cessation (or both) and reported self-reported smoking status or harms were included. Pooled analyses from a random-effects meta-analysis suggested a 19% relative reduction (risk ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93]; absolute risk difference, -0.02 [CI, -0.03 to 0.00]) in smoking initiation among participants in behavior-based prevention interventions compared with control participants. Neither behavior-based nor bupropion cessation interventions improved cessation rates. Findings about the harms related to bupropion use were mixed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No studies reported health outcomes. Interventions and measures were heterogeneous. Most trials examined only cigarette smoking. The body of evidence was largely published 5 to 15 years ago.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care-relevant interventions may prevent smoking initiation over 12 months in children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 North Interstate Avenue, Portland, OR 97227, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Patnode
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Evelyn P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Perdue
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003376:Counseling; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D016642:Bupropion