title: Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Known risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias include medical conditions, genetic vulnerability, depression, demographic factors and mild cognitive impairment. The role of feelings of loneliness and social isolation in dementia is less well understood, and prospective studies including these risk factors are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the association between social isolation (living alone, unmarried, without social support), feelings of loneliness and incident dementia in a cohort study among 2173 non-demented community-living older persons. Participants were followed for 3 years when a diagnosis of dementia was assessed (Geriatric Mental State (GMS) Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (AGECAT)). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between social isolation and feelings of loneliness and the risk of dementia, controlling for sociodemographic factors, medical conditions, depression, cognitive functioning and functional status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for other risk factors, older persons with feelings of loneliness were more likely to develop dementia (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.56) than people without such feelings. Social isolation was not associated with a higher dementia risk in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeling lonely rather than being alone is associated with an increased risk of clinical dementia in later life and can be considered a major risk factor that, independently of vascular disease, depression and other confounding factors, deserves clinical attention. Feelings of loneliness may signal a prodromal stage of dementia. A better understanding of the background of feeling lonely may help us to identify vulnerable persons and develop interventions to improve outcome in older persons at risk of dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, ARKIN Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tjalling Jan
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Holwerda
authors.forename: Dorly J H
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Theo G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Tilburg
authors.forename: Max L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoevers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*