title: Simulation of the effect of maize porridge fortified with grain amaranth or micronutrient powder containing NaFeEDTA on iron intake and status in Kenyan children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simulating the probable impact of grain amaranth and highly absorbable, low-Fe micronutrient powder (MNP) on Fe status in a potential target population is an essential step in choosing and developing an appropriate actual intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated the potential effect of fortifying maize porridge with grain amaranth or MNP on the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake and Fe deficiency using data from two cross-sectional surveys. In the first survey (2008), dietary intake data were collected by two 24 h recalls (n 197). Biochemical data (n 70) were collected in the second survey (2010). A simulation with daily consumption for 80 d of non-fortified maize porridge (60 g of maize flour), amaranth-enriched porridge (80 g of grain amaranth–maize flour, 70:30 ratio) or maize porridge fortified with MNP (2.5mg Fe as NaFeEDTA) was done.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mwingi District, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-school children aged 12–23 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of anaemia, Fe deficiency and Fe-deficiency anaemia was 49 %, 46% and 24 %, respectively. Consumption of non-fortified, amaranth-enriched and MNP-fortified maize porridge was estimated to provide a median daily Fe intake of 8.6 mg, 17.5mg and 11.1 mg, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate Fe intake was reduced to 35% in the amaranth-enriched porridge group and 45% in the MNP-fortified porridge group, while ferritin concentration was increased in both (by 1.82 (95% CI 1.42, 2.34) mg/l and 1.80 (95% CI 1.40, 2.31) μg/l, respectively; P,0.005) compared with the non-fortified maize porridge group, resulting in a decreased prevalence of Fe deficiency (27 %) in the two fortification groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of grain amaranth or low-Fe MNP to maize-based porridge has potential to improve Fe intake and status in pre-school children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. catemutie@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Catherine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Macharia-Mutie
authors.forename: Agnes M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Omusundi
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mwai
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: Inge D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011208:Powders; D015995:Prevalence; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D011208:Powders; D005293:Ferritins; D004492:Edetic Acid; D007501:Iron; C019179:Fe(III)-EDTA