title: Serum levels of IgG antibodies against oxidized LDL and atherogenic indices in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibodies against low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) that have been oxidized are associated with development of atherosclerotic lesions. In individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with or without therapy, dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk are observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum levels of IgG antibodies against oxidized LDLs (IgG anti-oxLDL Abs) were determined by assay in 151 HIV-1-infected patients. Of these, 42 patients did not receive anti-retroviral therapy (ART-naïve), whereas 109 received highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of lopinavir/ritonavir (LOP/r; n=50), efavirenz (EFV; n=30) and nevirapine (NVP; n=29) associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. HIV-1 seronegative individuals (n=43) participated in the study. The following parameters were quantified: total cholesterol and its fractions, atherogenic indices (AIs), apolipoproteins A1 and B100, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and HIV-1-RNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of IgG anti-oxLDL Abs were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the LOP/r group compared with the EFV and/or NVP and the seronegative group: median 0.32 (0.15, 0.58; 95% confidence interval) vs. 0.25 (0.13, 0.53) vs. 0.18 (0.04, 0.38), respectively. HIV-1-infected ART-naïve patients (n=42) presented antibodies levels similar to those observed for the LOP/r group, 0.33 (0.13, 0.63; p>0.05). The levels of IgG anti-oxLDL Abs correlated with an increase in AIs (r=0.216; p=0.036) and triglycerides (r=0.220; p=0.044) in the LOP/r group, and AIs in the ART-naïve group (r=0.300; p=0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with LOP/r showed higher levels of IgG anti-oxLDL Abs compared with patients treated with EFV or NVP regimens, and these levels were associated with an increase in AIs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.forename: Luciana Morganti
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ferreira Maselli
authors.forename: Arício
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treitinger
authors.forename: Andrea Moreira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gidlund
authors.forename: Raul Cavalcanti
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maranhão
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: Sérgio Paulo
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bydlowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein