title: Frequency of patient contact with health care personnel and visitors: implications for infection prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contact with health care workers may be an important means of infection transmission between patients, yet little is known about patterns of patient contact with staff and visitors in hospitals. In a cross-sectional study, the frequency, type, and duration of contacts made by health care workers, other hospital staff, and visitors to patients in acute care settings were documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were observed in seven units of three academic hospitals, with recording of each occurrence of someone's entry into the patient's room. The health care worker's role, the duration of the visit, and the highest level of patient contact made were noted. Staff were also surveyed to determine their perception of how many patients per hour they come into contact with, how long they spend with patients, and the level of patient contact that occurs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hourly room entries ranged from 0 to 28 per patient (median, 5.5), and patients received visits from 0 to 18 different persons per hour (median, 3.5). Nurses made the most visits (45%), followed by personal visitors (23%), medical staff (17%), nonclinical staff (7%), and other clinical staff (4%). Visits lasted 1 to 124 minutes (median, 3 minutes for all groups). Persons entering patients' rooms touched nothing inside the room, only the environment, the patient's intact skin, or the patient's blood/body fluids 22%, 33%, 27%, and 18% of the time, respectively. Medical staff estimated visiting an average of 2.8 different patients per hour (range, 0.5-7.0), and nursing staff estimated visiting an average of 4.5 different patients per hour (range, 0.5-18.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examining patterns of patient contact may improve understanding of transmission dynamics in hospitals. New transmission models should consider the roles of health care workers beyond patients' assigned nurses and physicians.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interdisciplinary Research to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York City, USA. BAC2116@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Bevin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014789:Visitors to Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult