title: Light accelerates morphogenesis and acquisition of interlimb stepping in chick embryos.
abstract: Chicks are bipedal precocious vertebrates that achieve adaptive locomotor skill within hours after hatching. Development of limb movement has been extensively studied in the chicken embryo, but few studies have focused on the preparations leading to precocious locomotor skill. Chicks typically hatch after 21 days of incubation, and recent studies provided evidence that the neural circuits for intralimb control of stepping are established between embryonic days (E) 18-20. It has also been shown that variations in light exposure during embryogenesis can accelerate or delay the onset of hatching and walking by 1 to 2 days. Our earlier work revealed that despite these differences in time to hatch, chicks incubated in different light conditions achieved similar locomotor skill on the day of hatching. Results suggested to us that light exposure during incubation may have accelerated development of locomotor circuits in register with earlier hatching. Thus, in this study, embryos were incubated in 1 of 3 light conditions to determine if development of interlimb coordination at a common time point, 19 days of incubation, varied with light exposure during embryogenesis. Leg muscle activity was recorded bilaterally and burst analyses were performed for sequences of spontaneous locomotor-related activity in one or more ankle muscles to quantify the extent of interlimb coordination in ovo. We report findings indicating that the extent of interlimb coordination varied with light exposure, and left-right alternating steps were a more reliable attribute of interlimb coordination for embryos incubated in constant bright light. We provide evidence that morphological development of the leg varied with light exposure. Based on these findings, we propose that light can accelerate the development of interlimb coordination in register with earlier hatching. Our results lead us to further propose that alternating left-right stepping is the default pattern of interlimb coordination produced by locomotor circuits during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sindhurakar
authors.forename: Nina S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004576:Electromyography; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014741:Video Recording