title: Graves upper eyelid retraction.
abstract: Graves upper eyelid retraction (GUER) is the most common and characteristic sign of Graves orbitopathy. Despite being well recognized since the 19th century, GUER is still a subject of controversy. We review GUER, including historical aspects, diagnosis, methods of measurements, ocular surface abnormalities, etiology, and medical and surgical treatments. There is no consensus about the mechanisms of its etiology or the best surgical correction. There is a need for quantitative studies on the effects of GUER on lid movements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. aavecruz@fmrp.usp.br
authors.forename: Antonio Augusto Velasco
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Sara F T
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Denny M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Patricia Mitiko
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Akaishi
authors.forename: Carolina T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans