title: Microenvironmental Ecology of the Chlorophyll b-Containing Symbiotic Cyanobacterium Prochloron in the Didemnid Ascidian Lissoclinum patella.
abstract: The discovery of the cyanobacterium Prochloron was the first finding of a bacterial oxyphototroph with chlorophyll (Chl) b, in addition to Chl a. It was first described as Prochloron didemni but a number of clades have since been described. Prochloron is a conspicuously large (7-25 μm) unicellular cyanobacterium living in a symbiotic relationship, primarily with (sub-) tropical didemnid ascidians; it has resisted numerous cultivation attempts and appears truly obligatory symbiotic. Recently, a Prochloron draft genome was published, revealing no lack of metabolic genes that could explain the apparent inability to reproduce and sustain photosynthesis in a free-living stage. Possibly, the unsuccessful cultivation is partly due to a lack of knowledge about the microenvironmental conditions and ecophysiology of Prochloron in its natural habitat. We used microsensors, variable chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and imaging of O(2) and pH to obtain a detailed insight to the microenvironmental ecology and photobiology of Prochloron in hospite in the didemnid ascidian Lissoclinum patella. The microenvironment within ascidians is characterized by steep gradients of light and chemical parameters that change rapidly with varying irradiances. The interior zone of the ascidians harboring Prochloron thus became anoxic and acidic within a few minutes of darkness, while the same zone exhibited O(2) super-saturation and strongly alkaline pH after a few minutes of illumination. Photosynthesis showed lack of photoinhibition even at high irradiances equivalent to full sunlight, and photosynthesis recovered rapidly after periods of anoxia. We discuss these new insights on the ecological niche of Prochloron and possible interactions with its host and other microbes in light of its recently published genome and a recent study of the overall microbial diversity and metagenome of L. patella.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Helsingør, Denmark ; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kühl
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Behrendt
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trampe
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qvortrup
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Sergey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Borisov
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klimant
authors.forename: Anthony W D
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Larkum