title: Proteomic characterization and evolutionary analyses of zona pellucida domain-containing proteins in the egg coat of the cephalochordate, Branchiostoma belcheri.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zona pellucida domain-containing proteins (ZP proteins) have been identified as the principle constituents of the egg coat (EC) of diverse metazoan taxa, including jawed vertebrates, urochordates and molluscs that span hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary divergence. Although ZP proteins generally contain the zona pellucida (ZP) structural modules to fulfill sperm recognition and EC polymerization functions during fertilization, the primary sequences of the ZP proteins from the above-mentioned animal classes are drastically different, which makes it difficult to assess the evolutionary relationships of ZP proteins. To understand the origin of vertebrate ZP proteins, we characterized the egg coat components of Branchiostoma belcheri, an invertebrate species that belongs to the chordate subphylum Cephalochordata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five ZP proteins (BbZP1-5) were identified by mass spectrometry analyses using the egg coat extracts from both unfertilized and fertilized eggs. In addition to the C-terminal ZP module in each of the BbZPs, the majority contain a low-density lipoprotein receptor domain and a von Willebrand factor type A (vWFA) domain, but none possess an EGF-like domain that is frequently observed in the ZP proteins of urochordates. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immuno-histochemical analyses of B. belcheri ovaries showed that the five BbZPs are synthesized predominantly in developing eggs and deposited around the extracellular space of the egg, which indicates that they are bona fide egg coat ZP proteins. BbZP1, BbZP3 and BbZP4 are significantly more abundant than BbZP2 and BbZP5 in terms of gene expression levels and the amount of mature proteins present on the egg coats. The major ZP proteins showed high polymorphism because multiple variants are present with different molecular weights. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis between the ZP proteins from cephalochordates, urochordates and vertebrates showed that BbZP1-5 form a monophyletic group and share no significant sequence similarities with the ZP proteins of urochordates and the ZP3 subtype of jawed vertebrates. By contrast, small regions of homology were identifiable between the BbZP and ZP proteins of the non-jawed vertebrate, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. The lamprey ZP proteins were highly similar to the ZP1 and ZP2 subtypes of the jawed vertebrates, which suggests that the ZP proteins of basal chordates most likely shared a recent common ancestor with vertebrate ZP1/2 subtypes and lamprey ZP proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results document the spectra of zona pellucida domain-containing proteins of the egg coat of basal chordates. Particularly, the study provides solid evidence for an invertebrate origin of vertebrate ZP proteins and indicates that there are diverse domain architectures in ZP proteins of various metazoan groups.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, People’s Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qianghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lixue
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Zhongjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Xiaoyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yiquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Liangbiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D043344:Chordata / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D000072216:Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004527:Egg Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000072216:Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins