title: Diffusion of technologies for the care of older adults with exudative age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patterns of diffusion of diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions in the United States through 2010 for patients with newly diagnosed exudative macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  SETTING AND PATIENT POPULATION: A total of 23 941 Medicare beneficiaries with exudative AMD newly diagnosed during 1992-2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current Procedural Technology (CPT-4) billing codes were used to identify use of diagnostic tests (optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus photography) and therapeutic interventions (argon laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, intravitreal corticosteroids, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] agents) used by these beneficiaries during the first year following diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of use of study diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diffusion was rapid for each successive new diagnostic and treatment modality, with use of newer procedures quickly replacing existing ones. The number of beneficiaries treated with anti-VEGF agents for exudative AMD was considerably greater than for prior innovations, rising from use in 4.0% of beneficiaries in 2004-05 to 62.7% in 2009-10. In each year from first diagnosis years 2006-2009 and in different practice settings, use of bevacizumab exceeded that of ranibizumab (60%-78% vs 33%-47%, respectively). Rates of diffusion of the various therapies were relatively similar in communities throughout the United States irrespective of presence of a major teaching hospital in the vicinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newer, more effective therapeutic interventions for exudative AMD diffused rapidly throughout the United States, quickly replacing older, less effective interventions. Although improving patient outcomes, rapid diffusion raises important public policy issues for Medicare and other payers to consider.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hanrahan
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sloan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D010781:Photography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D058471:Subretinal Fluid; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014481:United States; D057135:Wet Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids