title: Plasma vitamin D and parathormone are associated with obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low concentrations of plasma vitamin D (25(OH)D) have been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to quantify the associations between 25(OH)D and parathormone (PTH) plasma levels and obesity, the presence of MetS, diabetes or atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) in a large sample of individuals with different degrees of adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of all patients who had attended the obesity clinics in a Spanish hospital between 2009 and 2011, and whose concentrations of PTH, 25(OH)D, calcium and alkaline phosphatase had been determined (n=316, 75.9% women). Individuals were categorized by degree of adiposity, presence of MetS, and other comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTH increased but 25(OH)D and calcium decreased with increasing adiposity. The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency increased with obesity (<10% when BMI<45kg/m(2), and 26% when >50). The prevalence of hyperparathyroidism increased from 12% in non-obese to 47.5% in morbidly obese individuals with BMI>50 kg/m2. Low plasma 25(OH)D and high PTH concentrations were associated with an increased risk of MetS and AD. These associations disappeared, except in the case of AD for 25(OH)D when adjusting for BMI. Regression analysis revealed that BMI and age or seasonality were independent predictors of PTH and 25(OH)D levels, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMI was the variable most strongly associated with plasma 25(OH)D and PTH concentrations in our study. Low 25(OH)D and high PTH concentrations were not independently associated with an increased risk of MetS, or diabetes. Our data support a possible contribution of plasma 25(OH)D to the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia and AD through inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guasch
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulló
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabassa
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonada
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Del Castillo
authors.forename: Fàtima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sabench
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C470125:PTH protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium