title: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as a pseudotumour in a 5-year-old boy.
abstract: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) is a rare, severe and atypical form of chronic pyelonephritis. It is characterised by destruction of the renal parenchyma and replacement with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate and lipid-laden macrophages resulting in a non-functional kidney. The authors report a case of a 5-year-old boy presented with a history of abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia and weight loss for 2 months. Physical examination revealed a large flank mass and the child was directed to the oncology unit on suspicion of renal tumour. Based on clinical examination and imaging, the presumptive diagnosis of XGPN of the left kidney was made. A left transperitoneal nephrectomy was performed and the histology confirmed the diagnosis. Although rare, XGPN is a clinically important entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an atypical-appearance renal mass in paediatric age.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Funchal, Portugal. albertobereguer@netmadeira.com
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenguer
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pilar
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D011705:Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous / Q000175:diagnosis*