title: Sex hormones and sarcopenia in older persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial process involving the decline of androgens, including dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and testosterone. The aim of this review is to highlight the effects of DHEAS and testosterone treatment to counteract sarcopenia, especially in older men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DHEAS and, more importantly, testosterone treatment are associated with increased muscle mass, whereas the effects on muscle function and physical performance are less clear. The results of recent randomized placebo controlled trials with DHEAS in older men and women and testosterone in men with mobility limitation are discussed. The novel current and future scenarios to attenuate the detrimental effects and to optimize the efficacy of sex hormone treatment are also addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DHEAS and testosterone are important options in the armamentarium of sarcopenia treatment in older men. Future studies are needed to address new approaches by using selective compounds, targeting the correct form and dosage, tailoring the correct patient to treat, and taking into account the multifactorial origin and the new definition of sarcopenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. marcellomaggio2001@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lauretani
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Ceda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000728:Androgens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate