title: Effect of apical size and taper on volume of irrigant delivered at working length with apical negative pressure at different root curvatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect that apical preparation size and preparation taper have on the volume of irrigant delivered at the working length for different canal curvatures using apical negative pressure irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-five human teeth (55 maxillary canines and 100 mandibular molars) were used in this study. Root canals were prepared with rotary instruments to a size 35.04 and separated into 3 experimental groups according to their degree of curvature: group A (n = 50) included canal curvatures ranging from 0° to 10°, group B (n = 50) from 11° to 30°, and group C (n = 50) from 31° to 65°. Samples of each curvature group were further randomized to experimental subgroups according to the apical size and taper as follow: 35.06, 40.04, 40.06, 45.04, and 45.06. The apical third was irrigated using a microcannula and the volume of NaOCl suctioned at the working length under negative pressure was measured over a period of 30 seconds using a fluid recovery trap. Positive controls consisted of measuring the maximum volume of 5.25% NaOCl capable of being suctioned by the microcannula from an open glass vial over 30 seconds. Negative control was the volume of irrigant aspirated by the microcannula with a preparation size of 25.04 over 30 seconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of irrigant was significantly greater when the apical preparation size increased from 35.06 to 40.04. As the apical preparation taper increased further from 40.04 to 40.06, the volume of irrigant significantly improved in group B, but it was not significant in group A. Apical preparation sizes greater than 40.06 did not show an increase of the volume of irrigant aspirated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of root canal curvature decreased the volume of irrigant at the working length for a given apical size and taper. An apical preparation of 40.06 significantly increased the volume and exchange of irrigant at the working length regardless of curvature.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. cesargre@me.com
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Gregorio
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oltra
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cohenca
mesh_terms: D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011312:Pressure; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite