title: Transmantle sign in focal cortical dysplasia: a unique radiological entity with excellent prognosis for seizure control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) represents a spectrum of developmental cortical abnormalities and is one of the most common causes of intractable epilepsy in children and young adults. Outcomes after surgery for FCD are highly variable, and prognosticators of seizure freedom are unclear. In a subset of FCDs, a transmantle sign is observed on imaging that focally spans the entire cerebral mantle from the ventricle to the cortical surface. The aim of this study was to characterize seizure control outcomes and prognostic significance of the transmantle sign in FCD epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with the transmantle sign underwent epilepsy surgery for medically refractory epilepsy. Thirteen patients underwent resective surgery and 1 underwent multiple subpial transections with vagus nerve stimulator placement. Patient demographics, MRI, electroencephalography, intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG), and pathology were reviewed. The results of this series were compared with those of 114 previously reported patients with FCD without the transmantle sign.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were found to have childhood seizure onset and concordant MRI and ECoG findings. The primary MRI findings associated with transmantle sign included gray-white junction blurring, appearance of cortical thickening, T2 or FLAIR abnormality, and bottom-of-the-sulcus dysplasia. The transmantle sign was usually a focal finding, typically confined to 1 or several gyri with well-circumscribed epileptic tissue. Correlation of the transmantle sign with FCD histopathological subtypes was highly variable. Patients who underwent complete resection of MRI and ECoG abnormalities (12 of 13 patients) became seizure free. When compared with 114 FCD patients without the transmantle sign, patients with the transmantle sign showed significantly improved seizure-free outcomes after complete resections (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the transmantle sign in patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy is associated with highly favorable seizure control outcomes after surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M779, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Doris D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Abby E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Deans
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tihan
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult