title: Literature review:  patients' and health care providers' perceptions of stressors in critical care units.
abstract: The purpose of this article was to provide a historical review and analysis of the research literature focusing on patients', nurses', and health care providers' perceptions of stressors in the critical care setting. A narrative historical literature review method was used. The inclusion criteria include English-language studies of stressors as perceived by patients and health care providers from 1984 to 2011. Several studies investigated perceptions of stressors using the Environmental Stressors Questionnaire and the findings did not show any significant changes of stress perception over time since 1989 until the present. There is a need to further investigate stress perceptions in the health care setting using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach to provide a more precise description of stressors and stress perceptions in the critical care setting.
authors.affiliation: Hahn School of Nursing and Health Sciences at the University of San Diego, San Diego CA, USA. Alhama@sandiego.edu
authors.forename: Alham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abuatiq
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burkard
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological