title: The effects of birth order and birth interval on the phenotypic expression of autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: A rise in the prevalence of diagnosed cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported in several studies in recent years. While this rise in ASD prevalence is at least partially related to increased awareness and broadened diagnostic criteria, the role of environmental factors cannot be ruled out, especially considering that the cause of most cases of ASD remains unknown. The study of families with multiple affected children can provide clues about ASD etiology. While the majority of research on ASD multiplex families has focused on identifying genetic anomalies that may underlie the disorder, the study of symptom severity across ASD birth order may provide evidence for environmental factors in ASD. We compared social and cognitive measures of behavior between over 300 first and second affected siblings within multiplex autism families obtained from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange dataset. Measures included nonverbal IQ assessed with the Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, verbal IQ assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and autism severity assessed with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), an instrument established as a quantitative measure of autism. The results indicated that females were more severely impacted by ASD than males, especially first affected siblings. When first and second affected siblings were compared, significant declines in nonverbal and verbal IQ scores were observed. In addition, SRS results demonstrated a significant increase in autism severity between first and second affected siblings consistent with an overall decline in function as indicated by the IQ data. These results remained significant after controlling for the age and sex of the siblings. Surprisingly, the SRS scores were found to only be significant when the age difference between siblings was less than 2 years. These results suggest that some cases of ASD are influenced by a dosage effect involving unknown epigenetic, environmental, and/or immunological factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Graduate Psychology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA. lamartin@apu.edu
authors.forename: Loren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Narges L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Horriat
mesh_terms: D001721:Birth Intervals; D001722:Birth Order; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000473:pathology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010641:Phenotype; D035781:Siblings; D012919:Social Behavior