title: Dissemination of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance fosA3 among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from livestock and other animals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance related to fosA3 in Escherichia coli isolates collected from different animals in Hong Kong, China, 2008-2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2106 faecal specimens from 210 cattle, 214 pigs, 460 chickens, 398 stray cats, 368 stray dogs and 456 wild rodents were cultured. The faecal colonization rates of fosfomycin-resistant E. coli were as follows: 11.2% in pigs, 8.6% in cattle, 7.3% in chickens, 2.4% in dogs, 0.8% in cats and 1.5% in rodents. The cultures yielded 1693 isolates of which 831 were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers. Fosfomycin-resistant isolates were more likely than fosfomycin-susceptible isolates to be producers of ESBL and to have resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin and tetracycline. Of the 101 fosfomycin-resistant isolates, 97 (96.0%) isolates were fosA3 positive and 94 (93.1%) were bla(CTX) (-M) positive. PCR mapping showed that the fosA3-containing regions were flanked by IS26, both upstream and downstream in 81 (83.5%) isolates, and by an upstream bla(CTX-M-14) -containing transposon-like structure (ΔISEcp1-bla(CTX-M-14) -ΔIS903 or ISEcp1-IS10 -bla(CTX-M-14) -ΔIS903) and a downstream IS26 in 14 (14.4%) isolates. For the remaining two isolates, fosA3 was flanked by a downstream IS26 but the upstream part cannot be defined. In a random subset of 18 isolates, fosA3 was carried on transferable plasmids with sizes of 50-200 kb and the following replicons: F2:A-B- (n = 3), F16:A1:B- (n = 2), F24:A-B- (n = 1), N (n = 1), B/O (n = 1) and untypeable (n = 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the emergence of fosA3-mediated fosfomycin resistance among multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from various animals. IS26 transposon-like structures might be the main vehicles for dissemination of fosA3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. plho@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005578:Fosfomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006723:Hong Kong; D058751:Livestock; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012377:Rodentia; D013552:Swine; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005578:Fosfomycin; D001618:beta-Lactamases