title: Anti-inflammatory properties of fruit juices enriched with pine bark extract in an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium: the effect of gastrointestinal digestion.
abstract: Enrichment of fruit juices with pine bark extract (PBE) could be a strategy to compensate for phenolic losses during the gastrointestinal digestion. A coculture system with Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages was established as an in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium for evaluating the anti-inflammatory capacity of fruit juices enriched with PBE (0.5 g L(-1)) before and after in vitro digestion. The digestion of both PBE-enriched pineapple and red fruit juice led to significant changes in most of the analysed phenolic compounds. The in vitro inflammatory state showed cell barrier dysfunction and overproduction of IL-8, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the inflamed cells, incubation with nondigested samples reduced (P<0.05) the production of IL-8 and NO compared with digested samples. ROS production increased in the inflamed cells exposed to digested commercial red fruit juice (86.8±1.3%) compared with fresh juice (77.4±0.8%) and increased in the inflamed cells exposed to digested enriched red fruit juice (82.6±1.6%) compared with the fresh enriched juice (55.8±6%). The anti-inflammatory properties of PBE-enriched fruit juices decreased after digestion; further research on the bioavailability of the assayed compounds is needed to properly assess their usefulness for the treatment of gut inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain. carmenfr@um.es
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frontela-Saseta
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Nicolás
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González-Bermúdez
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Graciá
authors.forename: Gaspar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ros-Berruezo
mesh_terms: D031230:Ananas / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004063:Digestion / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D028223:Pinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016209:Interleukin-8; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide