title: Assessment of a custom-built Raman spectroscopic probe for diagnosis of early oesophageal neoplasia.
abstract: We evaluate the potential of a custom-built fiber-optic Raman probe, suitable for in vivo use, to differentiate between benign, metaplastic (Barrett's oesophagus), and neoplastic (dysplastic and malignant) oesophageal tissue ex vivo on short timescales. We measured 337 Raman spectra (λ(ex)=830 nm; P(ex)=60 mW; t=1 s) using a confocal probe from fresh (298) and snap-frozen (39) oesophageal tissue collected during surgery or endoscopy from 28 patients. Spectra were correlated with histopathology and used to construct a multivariate classification model which was tested using leave one tissue site out cross-validation in order to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the probe system. The Raman probe system was able to differentiate, when tested with leave one site out cross-validation, between normal squamous oesophagus, Barrett's oesophagus and neoplasia with sensitivities of (838% to 6%) and specificities of (89% to 99%). Analysis of a two group model to differentiate Barrett's oesophagus and neoplasia demonstrated a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 87% for classification of neoplastic disease. This fiber-optic Raman system can provide rapid, objective, and accurate diagnosis of oesophageal pathology ex vivo. The confocal design of this probe enables superficial mucosal abnormalities (metaplasia and dysplasia) to be classified in clinically applicable timescales paving the way for an in vivo trial.
authors.affiliation: Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Trust, Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucester, Gloucestershire GL1 3NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L Max
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Almond
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: John C C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Oliver A C
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers