title: Maximal endurable time states and the standard gamble: more preference reversals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The time trade off (TTO) method is not sensitive to maximal endurable time preferences, as preference reversals occur. The standard gamble (SG) method has not been tested regarding its sensitivity to maximal endurable time preferences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether preference reversals occur for the SG method as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine respondents stated for several migraine health states their preference for living 10 or 20 years in that state. A migraine state was selected for which a respondent preferred 10-20 years, a maximal endurable time preference. Two probability equivalent gambles were obtained for the migraine states lasting 10 and 20 years, respectively. Preference reversals occurred when the gamble, equivalent to the longer duration, was preferred to the gamble equivalent to the shorter duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 59 respondents, 48 had maximal endurable time preferences. Of these 48 respondents, 34 (71%) showed a preference reversal. This percentage differed significantly from chance, that is 50% (P = 0.004), indicating that preference reversals occurred reliably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed reversal rate for the standard gamble is similar to rates observed previously with the TTO method. Utility measurement of poor health states is problematic, both with the TTO and standard gamble methods.
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, HEV 133, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, P.Stalmeier@ebh.umcn.nl.
authors.forename: P F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Stalmeier
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verheijen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D057240:Patient Preference; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors