title: Perceived stress and stress-related parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate, using a questionnaire developed by our research group, whether occupational exposure to physical, chemical and psychosocial urban stressors can lead to alterations in perceived stress in a group of both male and female outdoor workers. The study also examines possible correlations between the levels of stress as inferred from the scores of the questionnaire and the levels of certain stress-related parameters (prolactin levels, consumption of coffee, chocolate, alcohol and cigarette smoking).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a final sample of 480 subjects (342 male and 138 female). All workers included in the study were divided into three groups on the basis of scores of the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 60% of workers showed a moderate or severe stress condition, with a statistically significant prevalence of female workers and younger subjects. There was a statistically significant correlation between the questionnaire score and the mean levels of stress-related parameters. The increase of perceived stress increases significantly the mean levels of prolactin and the consumption of coffee, chocolate and cigarettes. There was no statistically significant differences for alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that exposure to chemical physical and psycho-social urban stressors can influence perceived stress in outdoor workers. The questionnaire used in our research could be an useful instruments for physicians during the health surveillance visits
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. franc.tomei@alice.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sancini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capozzella
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caciari
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gioffrè
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marrocco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Sio
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciarrocca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002099:Cacao; D003069:Coffee; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016495:Police; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003069:Coffee; D011388:Prolactin