title: 100% orange juice consumption is associated with better diet quality, improved nutrient adequacy, decreased risk for obesity, and improved biomarkers of health in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of 100% orange juice (OJ) has been positively associated with nutrient adequacy and diet quality, with no increased risk of overweight/obesity in children; however, no one has examined these factors in adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of 100% OJ consumption with nutrient adequacy, diet quality, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a nationally representative sample of adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from adults 19+ years of age (n = 8,861) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 were used. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake (UI) of 100% OJ consumption, selected nutrients, and food groups. Percentages of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or above the Adequate Intake (AI) were determined. Diet quality was measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). Covariate adjusted logistic regression was used to determine if consumers had a lower odds ratio of being overweight or obese or having risk factors of MetS or MetS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Usual per capita intake of 100% OJ was 50.3 ml/d. Among consumers (n = 2,310; 23.8%), UI was 210.0 ml/d. Compared to non-consumers, consumers had a higher (p < 0.05) percentage (% ± SE) of the population meeting the EAR for vitamin A (39.7 ± 2.5 vs 54.0 ± 1.2), vitamin C (0.0 ± 0.0 vs 59.0 ± 1.4), folate (5.8 ± 0.7 vs 15.1 ± 0.9), and magnesium (51.6 ± 1.6 vs 63.7 ± 1.2). Consumers were also more likely to be above the AI for potassium (4.1 ± 0.8 vs 1.8 ± 0.2). HEI-2005 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in consumers (55.0 ± 0.4 vs 49.7 ± 0.3). Consumers also had higher intakes of total fruit, fruit juice, whole fruit, and whole grain. Consumers had a lower (p < 0.05) mean body mass index (27.6 ± 0.2 vs 28.5 ± 0.1), total cholesterol levels (197.6 ± 1.2 vs 200.8 ± 0.75 mg/dL), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (112.5 ± 1.4 vs 116.7 ± 0.93 mg/dL). Finally, compared to non-consumers of 100% OJ, consumers were 21% less likely to be obese and male consumers were 36% less likely to have MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that moderate consumption of 100% OJ should be encouraged to help individuals meet the USDA daily recommendation for fruit intake and as a component of a healthy diet.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 261 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. coneil1@lsu.edu
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Gail C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Rampersaud
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fulgoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D009043:Motor Activity; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D014801:Vitamin A; D005492:Folic Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D008274:Magnesium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid