title: Involvement of cholinergic receptors in the different stages of memory measured in the modified elevated plus maze test in mice.
abstract: METHODS
  Several lines of evidence support a strong relationship between cholinergic pathways and memory. The aim of our experiments was to examine the mechanisms involved in the formation of different memory stages, to evaluate the impact of substances, which affect the cholinergic system in mice, with an employment of the modified elevated plus maze (mEPM) test. This test allows examining different processes of memory (acquisition, consolidation and retrieval), depending on the time of drug treatment. The time period, necessary for mice to move from the opened arm to the enclosed arm (i.e., transfer latency, TL) was used as an index of memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings revealed that in both memory acquisition and consolidation, nicotine, an agonist of cholinergic receptors (0.035 and 0.175 mg/kg, free base, sc), reduced TL on the second day of the experiment (TL2), thus improving memory. In turn, scopolamine, an antagonist of cholinergic receptors (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, ip), significantly increased TL2 values, impairing cognition. Subsequently, we evaluated the influence of mecamylamine, a non-selective antagonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) and of varenicline, an a4b2 partial nAChRs agonist, on memory-related behaviors induced by nicotine and scopolamine. Acute injections of mecamylamine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, ip) and varenicline (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, ip), prior to the injections of nicotine (0.035 mg/kg) or scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg), significantly suppressed nicotine-induced memory improvement or scopolamine-induced memory impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies indicate that the cholinergic system plays a crucial role in memory processes. Pharmacological manipulation of cholinergic transmission can be the base to develop more effective pharmacotherapies for these memory disturbances in which cholinergic receptors are involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland. marta.kruk@umlub.pl
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruk-Słomka
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budzyńska
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biała
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000502:physiology*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D012601:Scopolamine; D000068580:Varenicline