title: Efficacy and safety of intraoperative intravenous methadone during general anaesthesia for caesarean delivery: a retrospective case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients undergoing caesarean delivery with general anaesthesia require systemic opioid administration. Due to its rapid onset and long duration of action, intravenous methadone may make it suitable for analgesia after caesarean delivery. Intraoperative methadone combined with postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl or morphine has recently been introduced in our unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study of 25 patients who had received methadone was performed. Fifty control patients undergoing elective or emergency caesarean delivery were matched for the use of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Exclusion criteria included preoperative neuraxial analgesia or pre-delivery opioid consumption greater than 10 mg of intravenous morphine equivalents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the methadone group had lower pain scores and were less likely to require intravenous opioid supplementation in the post-anaesthetic care unit (P<0.001). Opioid consumption over 48 h was significantly lower in the methadone group. Delayed discharge from the post-anaesthesia care unit was due to sedation in one patient in the methadone group compared to three control patients in whom it was due to sedation and inadequate analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single intraoperative bolus of intravenous methadone appeared to provide effective analgesia with an acceptable side-effect profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia. twain.russell@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paech
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pavy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl