title: Quantitation of MRI sensitivity to quasi-monodisperse microbubble contrast agents for spatially resolved manometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The direct in-vivo measurement of fluid pressure cannot be achieved with MRI unless it is done with the contribution of a contrast agent. No such contrast agents are currently available commercially, whilst those demonstrated previously only produced qualitative results due to their broad size distribution. Our aim is to quantitate then model the MR sensitivity to the presence of quasi-monodisperse microbubble populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipid stabilised microbubble populations with mean radius 1.2 ± 0.8 μm have been produced by mechanical agitation. Contrast agents with increasing volume fraction of bubbles up to 4% were formed and the contribution the bubbles bring to the relaxation rate was quantitated. A periodic pressure change was also continuously applied to the same contrast agent, until MR signal changes were only due to bubble radius change and not due to a change in bubble density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MR data compared favourably with the prediction of an improved numerical simulation. An excellent MR sensitivity of 23 % bar(-1) has been demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work opens up the possibility of generating microbubble preparations tailored to specific applications with optimised MR sensitivity, in particular MRI based in-vivo manometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bencsik
authors.forename: Amgad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Rwaili
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fairhurst
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mundell
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKendry
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D045423:Microbubbles; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C042852:perflutren