title: The effects of polymorphisms in IL-2, IFN-γ, TGF-β2, IgL, TLR-4, MD-2, and iNOS genes on resistance to Salmonella enteritidis in indigenous chickens.
abstract: Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and poultry products are the main source of S. Enteritidis contamination for humans. Among the numerous strategies for disease control, improving genetic resistance to S. Enteritidis has been the most effective approach. We investigated the association between S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum, spleen, and liver of young indigenous chickens and seven candidate genes, selected on the basis of their critical roles in immunological functions. The genes included those encoding interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Two Malaysian indigenous chicken breeds were used as sustainable genetic sources of alleles that are resistant to salmonellosis. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the candidate genes. Three different genotypes were observed in all of the candidate genes, except for MD-2. All of the candidate genes showed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the two populations. The IL-2-MnlI polymorphism was associated with S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum and spleen. The TGF-β2-RsaI, TLR-4-Sau 96I, and iNOS-AluI polymorphisms were associated with the caecum S. Enteritidis load. The other candidate genes were not associated with S. Enteritidis load in any organ. The results indicate that the IL-2, TGF-β2, TLR-4, and iNOS genes are potential candidates for use in selection programmes for increasing genetic resistance against S. Enteritidis in Malaysian indigenous chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tohidi
authors.forename: Ismail Bin
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.forename: Jothi Malar
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Panandam
authors.forename: Mohd Hair
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bejo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000235:genetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000382:microbiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96 / Q000235:genetics; D008296:Malaysia; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length / Q000235:genetics*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D007376:Interleukin-2; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II