title: Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis can be adapted for minority ethnic groups: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is recommended in treatment guidelines for psychotic symptoms (NICE, 2009) but clients from some minority groups have been shown to have higher dropout rates and poorer outcomes. A recent qualitative study in ethnic minority groups concluded that CBT would be acceptable and may be more effective if it was culturally adapted to meet their needs (Rathod et al., 2010).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the effectiveness of a culturally adapted CBT for psychosis (CaCBTp) in Black British, African Caribbean/Black African and South Asian Muslim participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised controlled trial was conducted in two centres in the UK (n=35) in participants with a diagnosis of a disorder from the schizophrenia group. Assessments were conducted at three time points: baseline, post-therapy and at 6 months follow-up, using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and Insight Scale. Outcomes on specific subscales of CPRS were also evaluated. Participants in the treatment arm completed the Patient Experience Questionnaire (PEQ) to measure satisfaction with therapy. Assessors blind to randomisation and treatment allocation conducted administration of outcome measures. In total, n=33 participants were randomly allocated to CaCBTp arm (n=16) and treatment as usual (TAU) arm (n=17) after (n=2) participants were excluded. CaCBTp participants were offered 16 sessions of CaCBTp with trained therapists and the TAU arm continued with their standard treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis was based on the principles of intention to treat (ITT). This was further supplemented with secondary sensitivity analyses. Post-treatment, the intervention group showed statistically significant reductions in symptomatology on overall CPRS scores, CaCBTp Mean (SD)=16.23 (10.77), TAU=18.60 (14.84); p=0.047,with a difference in change of 11.31 (95% CI:0. 14 to 22.49); Schizophrenia change: CaCBTp=3.46 (3.37); TAU=4.78 (5.33) diff 4.62 (95% CI: 0.68 to 9.17); p=0.047 and positive symptoms (delusions; p=0.035, and hallucinations; p=0.056). At 6 months follow-up, MADRAS change=5.6 (95% CI: 2.92 to 7.60); p<0.001. Adjustment was made for age, gender and antipsychotic medication. Overall satisfaction was significantly correlated with the number of sessions attended (r=0.563; p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants in the CaCBTp group achieved statistically significant results post-treatment compared to those in the TAU group with some gains maintained at follow-up. High levels of satisfaction with the CaCBTp were reported.
authors.affiliation: Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK. shanayarathod@nhs.net
authors.forename: Shanaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phiri
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thagadur
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Padmanabi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kingdon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult