title: The frequency of peri-implant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The peri-implant diseases, namely peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, have been extensively studied. However, little is known about the true magnitude of the problem, owing mainly to the lack of consistent and definite diagnostic criteria used to describe the condition. The objective of the present review is to systematically estimate the overall frequency of peri-implant diseases in general and high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The systematic review is prepared according to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Studies were searched in four electronic databases, complemented by manual searching. The quality of the studies was assessed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology, and the data were analyzed using statistical software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 504 studies identified, nine studies with 1,497 participants and 6,283 implants were included. The summary estimates for the frequency of peri-implant mucositis were 63.4% of participants and 30.7% of implants, and those of peri-implantitis were 18.8% of participants and 9.6% of implants. A higher frequency of occurrence of peri-implant diseases was recorded for smokers, with a summary estimate of 36.3%. Supportive periodontal therapy seemed to reduce the rate of occurrence of peri-implant diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peri-implant diseases are not uncommon following implant therapy. Long-term maintenance care for high-risk groups is essential to reduce the risk of peri-implantitis. Informed consent for patients receiving implant treatment must include the need for such maintenance therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Implantology Research Group, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Momen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Atieh
authors.forename: Nabeel H M
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Alsabeeha
authors.forename: Clovis Mariano
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Faggion
authors.forename: Warwick J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants