title: Inhibition of p21-activated kinase 4 expression suppresses the proliferation             of Hep-2 laryngeal carcinoma cells via activation of the ATM/Chk1/2/p53 pathway.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of the p21-activated kinase 4 (Pak4) gene on Hep-2 laryngeal carcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro. The expression of Pak4 was downregulated using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The downregulation of Pak4 decreased the proliferation and increased apoptosis and S phase arrest in Hep-2 cells in vitro. In further experiments, we determined that the S/G(2) transition was obstructed by the downregulation of Pak4 using 5‑chloro-2'‑deoxyuridine (CldU) and 5‑iodo‑2'‑deoxyuridine (IdU) double staining. A xenografted Hep-2 tumor mouse model was created by inducing human tumors with a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 5x10(6) Hep-2 cells into the dorsal flank region of nu/nu mice. The downregulation of Pak4 in established xenografted tumors decreased tumor size and weight. The survival rate of the mice with tumors that did not express Pak4 was significantly higher compared to the mice with tumors expressing Pak4. These results confirm the role of Pak4 as an oncogene in laryngeal carcinoma cells. To identify the mechanism of the cell cycle arrest induced by Pak4, immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect changes in cell cycle‑related proteins. The results demonstrated that p53 was activated following the downregulation of Pak4. The levels of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), the upstream protein of checkpoint kinase (Chk)1 and Chk2, also increased. Therefore, we confirmed that the mechanisms of the Pak4-induced cell cycle arrest invovlve the activation of the ATM/Chk1/2/p53 pathway. These results may prove helpful for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital, China                     Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen-Yue
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000235:genetics; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D011494:Protein Kinases; C116367:PAK4 protein, human; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C000605867:CHEK1 protein, human; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; C000605869:Chek1 protein, mouse; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases