title: 'Just give me the best quality of life questionnaire': the Karnofsky scale and the history of quality of life measurements in cancer trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use the history of the Karnofsky Performance Scale as a case study illustrating the emergence of interest in the measurement and standardisation of quality of life; to understand the origins of current-day practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles referring to the Karnofsky scale and quality of life measurements published from the 1940s to the 1990s were identified by searching databases and screening journals, and analysed using close-reading techniques. Secondary literature was consulted to understand the context in which articles were written.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Karnofsky scale was devised for a different purpose than measuring quality of life: as a standardisation device that helped quantify effects of chemotherapeutic agents less easily measurable than survival time. Interest in measuring quality of life only emerged around 1970.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When quality of life measurements were increasingly widely discussed in the medical press from the late 1970s onwards, a consensus emerged that the Karnofsky scale was not a very good tool. More sophisticated approaches were developed, but Karnofsky continued to be used. I argue that the scale provided a quick and simple, approximate assessment of the 'soft' effects of treatment by physicians, overlapping but not identical with quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. carsten.timmermann@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Timmermann
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status / Q000266:history*; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents