title: Intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract induced emphysema, and injury of cardiac and skeletal muscles in BALB/C mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive, airway disease. In order to recognize mechanisms of COPD, various types of COPD animal models have been established, and the pathogenesis are different. The present study was designed to establish a COPD animal model by intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in BALB/C mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were injected intraperitoneally with PBS/CSE and sacrificed at day 28. Pulmonary function, pathology of lung tissue, morphology of hearts and skeletal muscle, leukocytes count and antioxidant activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), pulmonary parenchymal apoptosis index (AI), expression of cleaved caspase-3, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA, and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in lung tissue were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraperitoneal injection of CSE induced pulmonary parenchymal destruction, pulmonary function reduction, leukocytes count, injury of cardiac and peripheral muscles, and increased pulmonary parenchymal AI, cleaved caspase-3 protein, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA, activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in lung tissue, and suppressed antioxidant activity in BALF (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraperitoneal injection of CSE produced emphysema, pulmonary parenchymal apoptosis, and injury of cardiac and skeletal muscles in mice. All pathobiologically relevant mechanisms in this model are shared with the COPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Shang-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004646:Emphysema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012906:Smoke; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9