title: Optimizing working space in porcine laparoscopy: CT measurement of the effects of intra-abdominal pressure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several factors may affect volume and dimensions of the working space in laparoscopic surgery. The precise impact of these factors has not been well studied. In a porcine model, we used computed tomographic (CT) scanning for measuring working space volume and distances. In a first series of experiments, we studied the relationship between intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and working space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven 20 kg pigs were studied under standardized anesthesia and volume-controlled ventilation. Cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored continuously, and blood gas samples were taken at different IAP levels. Respiratory rate was increased when ETCO₂ exceeded 7 kPa. Breath-hold CT scans were made at IAP levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mmHg. Insufflator volumes were compared to CT-measured volumes. Maximum dimensions of pneumoperitoneum were measured on reconstructed CT images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory rate had to be increased in three animals. Mild hypercapnia and acidosis occurred at 15 mmHg IAP. Peak inspiratory pressure rose significantly at 10 and 15 mmHg. CT-measured volume increased relatively by 93 % from 5 to 10 mmHg IAP and by 19 % from 10 to 15 mmHg IAP. Comparing CT volumes to insufflator volumes gave a bias of 76 mL. The limits of agreement were -0.31 to +0.47, a range of 790 mL. The internal anteroposterior diameter increased by 18 % by increasing IAP from 5 to 10 mmHg and by 5 % by increasing IAP from 10 to 15 mmHg. At 15 mmHg, the total relative increase of the pubis-diaphragm distance was only 6 %. Abdominal width did not increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT allows for precise calculation of the actual CO₂ pneumoperitoneum volume, whereas the volume of CO₂ released by the insufflator does not. Increasing IAP up to 10 mmHg achieved most gain in volume and in internal anteroposterior diameter. At an IAP of 10 mmHg, higher peak inspiratory pressure was significantly elevated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands. john.vlot@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vlot
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wijnen
authors.forename: Robert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stolker
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bax
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000502:physiology; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003187:Compliance; D006339:Heart Rate; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D007327:Insufflation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000662:veterinary*; D009929:Organ Size; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011312:Pressure; D015742:Propofol; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D017409:Sufentanil; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017409:Sufentanil; D015742:Propofol