title: Elimination disorders in persons with Prader-Willi and Fragile-X syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elimination disorders are common in typically developing children. Only few studies have addressed elimination disorders in persons with intellectual disability (ID)-and even fewer studies in those with specific syndromes. The aim of the study was to investigate the rates of elimination disorders and behavioral symptoms in persons with Prader-Willi (PWS) and Fragile-X syndromes (FXS) in a large sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred fifty-seven persons with PWS or FXS were recruited through parent self-help groups. A questionnaire regarding elimination symptoms, as well as the child behavior checklist (CBCL)/young adult behavior checklist (YABCL) were filled out by parents or caregivers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample included 191 persons with PWS (54.5% male) with a mean age of 20.0 years and 166 persons with FXS (92.2% male) with a mean age of 15.4 years. Persons with FXS were significantly more often affected by elimination disorders. 29.3% of persons with PWS and 48.8% of persons with FXS had at least one elimination disorder. Persons with FXS also had more often DUI (29.5% vs. 12.0%) and FI (28.9% vs. 12.6%). Rates of NE were similar in both groups (22.0% in PWS vs. 28.9% in FXS). Young adults with PWS had more behavioral symptoms in the clinical range (70.8% vs. 48.3%). Incontinence and behavioral symptoms were significantly associated in persons with FXS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NE, DUI, and FI are very common in persons with FXS and PWS and are associated with other behavioral symptoms in persons with FXS. They persist into adulthood. Early assessment and treatment are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. monika.equit@uniklinikum-saarland.de
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Equit
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piro-Hussong
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niemczyk
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Curfs
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D057189:Checklist; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D053207:Diurnal Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014039:Toilet Training; D055815:Young Adult