title: Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of early breast cancer in a resection specimen: lessons for further research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in breast cancer, using different histopathologic staining methods to evaluate tissue viability.
  
  
  METHODS
  In twenty patients with unifocal small (≤1, 5 cm) invasive ductal carcinoma, ultrasound-guided RFA was performed immediately after surgery. Cell viability was assessed using cytokeratin 8 (CK 8) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADHD) in addition to hematoxylin-eosin (HE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At histopathological examination, ex vivo RFA resulted in complete cell death of the target lesion in 17/20 patients. In two cases viable ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was found just outside the completely ablated lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFA of small invasive breast cancer seems to be a feasible treatment option. Both NADHD and CK 8 demonstrate a clear and comparable demarcation between viable and non-viable tissue. A high level of accuracy is required in proper positioning of the needle electrode and a "hot retraction" is mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, PO Box 90153, 5200 ME 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. dl.tielgroenestege@gmail.com
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kreb
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Looij
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: M J C M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: J F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pruijt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosscha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002470:Cell Survival; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008408:Mastectomy; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*