title: Anatomic sites of patient colonization and environmental contamination with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae at long-term acute care hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine anatomic sites of colonization in patients and to assess environmental contamination with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional microbiologic survey of 33 patients and their environments at 6 long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) in metropolitan Chicago. Swab samples of anatomic sites and inanimate surfaces in patients' rooms and common areas were cultured. bla(KPC) was verified by polymerase chain reaction. Patient charts were reviewed for covariates known to be associated with colonization and environmental contamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 66 years. Median length of stay prior to surveillance was 50 days. Thirty (91%) patients were mechanically ventilated, 32 (97%) were bedbound, and 27 (82%) had fecal incontinence. Of the 24 patients with KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from 1 or more anatomic sites, 23 (96%) had KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae detected at 1 or more skin sites. Skin colonization was more common in patients with positive rectal/stool swab cultures or positive clinical cultures ([Formula: see text]). Rectal/stool swab was the single most sensitive specimen for detecting KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization (sensitivity, 88%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68%-97%); addition of inguinal skin swab culture resulted in detection of all colonized patients (sensitivity, 100%; 95% CI, 86%-100%). Only 2 (0.5%) of 371 environmental specimens grew KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture of more than 1 anatomic site was required to detect all KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae-colonized patients. Skin colonization was common, but environmental contamination was rare. These results can guide development of multimodal interventions for control of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in LTACHs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thurlow
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabaker
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lolans
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase