title: The adult retinal stem cell is a rare cell in the ciliary epithelium whose progeny can differentiate into photoreceptors.
abstract: Self-renewing, multipotential retinal stem cells (RSCs) reside in the pigmented ciliary epithelium of the peripheral retina in adult mammals. RSCs can give rise to rhodopsin positive-cells, which can integrate into early postnatal retina, and represent a potentially useful option for cellular therapy. The ability to purify a stem cell population and direct the differentiation toward a particular cell lineage is a challenge facing the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Here we use cell sorting to prospectively enrich mouse RSCs based on size, granularity and low expression of P-cadherin and demonstrate that only rare cells with defined properties proliferate to form colonies. We show that clonally-derived mouse and human RSC progeny are multipotent and can differentiate into mature rhodopsin-positive cells with high efficiency using combinations of exogenous culture additives known to influence neural retinal development, including taurine and retinoic acid. This directed RSC differentiation follows the temporal sequence of photoreceptor differentiation in vivo, and the cells exhibit morphology, protein and gene expression consistent with primary cultures of rods in vitro. These results demonstrate that the RSC, an adult stem cell, can be enriched and directed to produce photoreceptors as a first step toward a targeted cell replacement strategy to treat retinal degenerative disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle ,  Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 ,  Canada.
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ballios
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Brenda L K
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Coles
authors.forename: Molly S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shoichet
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Der Kooy