title: Neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps and interleukin-17 associate with the organisation of thrombi in acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: Neutrophils are important cellular sources of interleukin (IL) 17A and -F. Moreover, upon activation neutrophils are able to excrete chromatin embedded with components from their cytoplasmic granules to form 'neutrophil extracellular traps' (NETs). Recent studies suggested that NETs contribute to thrombosis by promoting fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. IL17A may also promote thrombosis by enhancing platelet aggregation. In the present study we investigated the presence of neutrophils, NETs and IL17A and -F in coronary thrombosuction specimens obtained from patients after acute myocardial infarction. Neutrophils and NETs were identified using histochemical (HE, Feulgen procedure) and immunohistochemical stainings (Histone H1, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase) in 15 fresh, 15 lytic and 15 organised thrombi. The presence and distribution of IL17A and -F was studied using (immuno)histochemical double staining and spectral image analysis, rtPCR and Western blot. High numbers of neutrophils are present (10-30% of the thrombus mass) in fresh and lytic, but not in organized thrombus.  NETs were frequently observed in fresh (4/15) and lytic (12/15), but never in organised thrombus specimens. Double staining combining the Feulgen reaction with Histone-H1, MPO or neutrophil elastase confirmed colocalisation with DNA. Cytoplasmatic IL17A/F staining was found in the majority of the neutrophils, extracellularly and in NETs. Western blotting confirmed the presence of IL17A and IL17F in thrombus specimens. In conclusion, a large burden of neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps and IL17A and -F are important constituents of fresh and lytic thrombus after acute myocardial infarction. The specific colocalisation of these indicates a role during thrombus stabilisation and growth.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. o.j.deboer@amc.nl
authors.forename: Onno J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teeling
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mackaay
authors.forename: Hanneke J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ploegmakers
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Loos
authors.forename: Mat J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daemen
authors.forename: Robbert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.forename: Allard C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Wal
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006657:Histones / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000032:analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D017131:Thrombectomy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C007722:Feulgen stain; D006657:Histones; C508717:IL17A protein, human; C440021:IL17F protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D009195:Peroxidase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase