title: Effect of flaxseed supplementation rate and processing on the production, fatty acid profile, and texture of milk, butter, and cheese.
abstract: Health and nutrition professionals advise consumers to limit consumption of saturated fatty acids and increase the consumption of foods rich in n-3 fatty acids. Researchers have previously reported that feeding extruded flaxseed, which is high in C18:3n-3, improves the fatty acid profile of milk and dairy products to less saturated fatty acids and to more C18:3n-3. Fat concentrations in milk and butter decreased when cows were fed higher concentrations of extruded flaxseed. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of flaxseed supplementation for improving the fatty acid profile without decreasing production characteristics of milk and dairy products. By using a double 5 × 5 Latin square design, 10 mid- to late-lactation Holstein cows were fed extruded (0, 0.91, 1.81, and 2.72 kg/d) and ground (1.81 kg/d) flaxseed as a top dressing for 2-wk periods each. At the end of each 2-wk treatment period, milk and serum samples were taken. Milk was subsequently manufactured into butter and fresh Mozzarella cheese. Increasing supplementation rates of extruded flaxseed improved the fatty acid profile of milk, butter, and cheese gradually to less saturated and atherogenic fatty acids and to more C18:3n-3 by increasing concentrations of C18:3n-3 in serum. The less saturated fatty acid profile was associated with decreased hardness and adhesiveness of refrigerated butter, which likely cause improved spreadability. Supplementation rates of extruded flaxseed did not affect dry matter intake of the total mixed ration, milk composition, and production of milk, butter, or cheese. Flaxseed processing did not affect production, fatty acid profile of milk, or texture of butter and cheese. Feeding up to 2.72 kg/d of extruded flaxseed to mid- to late-lactation Holstein cows may improve nutritional and functional properties of milk fat without compromising production parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Oeffner
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Just
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quezada
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramsing
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cherian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goddick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bobe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002079:Butter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D063427:Food Quality; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D002079:Butter