title: Effect of a national programme of men's health delivered in English Premier League football clubs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of a national programme of men's health delivered in/by English Premier League (EPL) football clubs on health profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health promotion interventions were delivered to male supporters with heightened health risks, and hard-to-engage men who were not using primary care and health information services. Interventions included educational activities on match days and weekly lifestyle classes at the football stadia/training venues. Activities were led by the health trainers in 16 EPL football clubs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and post-intervention, men completed validated self-report measures for demographics and health behaviours. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed alongside a standard per-protocol (PP) analysis based on pre- vs post-intervention differences over 3 months. Descriptive statistics were used to show demographics pre-intervention and changes in the health profiles of participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predominantly, recruits were White British men aged 18-44 years. Most men (78%, 909/1159) did not see themselves as having health problems. Around 35% (364/1044) never consulted a general practitioner (GP), while 57% (591/1040) reported that they never used health advice services. In men providing pre-intervention responses, the proportions who failed to meet the recommendations for healthy behaviours were as follows: physical activity, 85% (1106/1301); sitting time, 68% (623/907); consumption of fruit/vegetables, 88% (948/1072); smoking, 33% (422/1262); alcohol consumption, 30% (203/679); and body mass index (BMI), 63.8% (570/893). ITT and PP analyses demonstrated the significant increases in weekly physical activity (P < 0.001) and daily consumption of fruit and vegetables (P < 0.001), and significant decreases in daily sitting time (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol consumption (P < 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A national programme of men's health delivered in EPL football clubs reached men failing to meet health guidelines. Interventions engaged men who neither consulted a GP nor used health information services. Positive changes were found for an array of activity-related and other health behaviours on PP analysis and the more stringent evaluation condition of ITT analysis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Metropolitan University, Fairfax Hall 212, Headingley Campus, Leeds LS63QS, UK. a.pringle@leedsmet.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zwolinsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daly-Smith
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D009313:National Health Programs; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011633:Public Facilities; D057566:Self Report; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult