title: Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical repair is a common method of treatment of acute Achilles rupture in North America because, despite a higher risk of overall complications, it has been believed to offer a reduced risk of rerupture. However, more recent trials, particularly those using functional bracing with early range of motion, have challenged this belief. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare surgical treatment and conservative treatment with regard to the rerupture rate, the overall rate of other complications, return to work, calf circumference, and functional outcomes, as well as to examine the effects of early range of motion on the rerupture rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Publication bias was assessed with use of the Egger and Begg tests. Heterogeneity was assessed with use of the I2 test, and fixed or random-effect models were used accordingly. Pooled results were expressed as risk ratios, risk differences, and weighted or standardized mean differences, as appropriate. Meta-regression was employed to identify causes of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the effect of early range of motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. If functional rehabilitation with early range of motion was employed, rerupture rates were equal for surgical and nonsurgical patients (risk difference = 1.7%, p = 0.45). If such early range of motion was not employed, the absolute risk reduction achieved by surgery was 8.8% (p = 0.001 in favor of surgery). Surgery was associated with an absolute risk increase of 15.8% (p = 0.016 in favor of nonoperative management) for complications other than rerupture. Surgical patients returned to work 19.16 days sooner (p = 0.0014). There was no significant difference between the two treatments with regard to calf circumference (p = 0.357), strength (p = 0.806), or functional outcomes (p = 0.226).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the meta-analysis demonstrate that conservative treatment should be considered at centers using functional rehabilitation. This resulted in rerupture rates similar to those for surgical treatment while offering the advantage of a decrease in other complications. Surgical repair should be preferred at centers that do not employ early-range-of-motion protocols as it decreased the rerupture risk in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, QEII Health Sciences Center, 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4M8, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soroceanu
authors.forename: Feroze
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sidhwa
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aarabi
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glazebrook
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012421:Rupture / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome