title: Risk mapping of Anopheles gambiae s.l. densities using remotely-sensed environmental and meteorological data in an urban area: Dakar, Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High malaria transmission heterogeneity in an urban environment is basically due to the complex distribution of Anopheles larval habitats, sources of vectors. Understanding 1) the meteorological and ecological factors associated with differential larvae spatio-temporal distribution and 2) the vectors dynamic, both may lead to improving malaria control measures with remote sensing and high resolution data as key components. In this study a robust operational methodology for entomological malaria predictive risk maps in urban settings is developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Tele-epidemiology approach, i.e., 1) intensive ground measurements (Anopheles larval habitats and Human Biting Rate, or HBR), 2) selection of the most appropriate satellite data (for mapping and extracting environmental and meteorological information), and 3) use of statistical models taking into account the spatio-temporal data variability has been applied in Dakar, Senegal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First step was to detect all water bodies in Dakar. Secondly, environmental and meteorological conditions in the vicinity of water bodies favoring the presence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were added. Then relationship between the predicted larval production and the field measured HBR was identified, in order to generate An. gambiae s.l. HBR high resolution maps (daily, 10-m pixel in space).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust operational methodology for dynamic entomological malaria predictive risk maps in an urban setting includes spatio-temporal variability of An. gambiae s.l. larval habitats and An. gambiae s.l. HBR. The resulting risk maps are first examples of high resolution products which can be included in an operational warning and targeting system for the implementation of vector control measures.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Infectiologie de Terrain-Equipe 7 "Maladies émergentes et moustiques"/Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes-URMITE-UMR6236, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées-IRBA, Marseille, France. vanessamachault@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Machault
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vignolles
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.forename: Libasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gadiaga
authors.forename: Yves M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tourre
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaye
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trape
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lacaux
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D008685:Meteorological Concepts; D011156:Population Density; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012675:Senegal; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D014867:Water