title: Clinical phenotypes and prognostic full-field electroretinographic findings in Stargardt disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships between clinical and full-field electroretinographic (ERG) findings and progressive loss of visual function in Stargardt disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of data from 198 patients with Stargardt disease. Measures of visual function over time, including visual acuity, quantified Goldmann visual fields, and full-field ERG data were recorded. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software. Subgroup analyses were performed on 148 patients with ERG phenotypic data, 46 patients with longitudinal visual field data, and 92 patients with identified ABCA4 mutations (46 with 1 mutation, and 47 with 2 or more mutations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 46 patients with longitudinal visual field data, 8 patients with faster central scotoma progression rates had significantly worse scotopic B-wave amplitudes at their initial assessment than 20 patients with stable scotomata (P = .014) and were more likely to have atrophy beyond the arcades (P = .047). Overall, 47.3% of patients exhibited abnormal ERG results, with rod-cone dysfunction in 14.2% of patients, cone-rod dysfunction in 17.6% of patients, and isolated cone dysfunction in 15.5% of patients. Abnormal values in certain ERG parameters were associated significantly with (maximum-stimulation A- and B-wave amplitudes) or tended toward (photopic and scotopic B-wave amplitudes) a higher mean rate of central scotoma progression compared with those patients with normal ERG values. Scotoma size and ERG parameters differed significantly between those with a single mutation versus those with multiple mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Full-field ERG examination provides clinically relevant information regarding the severity of Stargardt disease, likelihood of central scotoma expansion, and visual acuity deterioration. Patients also may exhibit an isolated cone dystrophy on ERG examination.
authors.affiliation: Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
authors.forename: Sarwar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.forename: Thiran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jayasundera
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rhoades
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Branham
authors.forename: Naheed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Leslie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Niziol
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Musch
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Heckenlively
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000145:classification / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012607:Scotoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000080362:Stargardt Disease; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C056475:ABCA4 protein, human; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters