title: Choice to view cocaine images predicts concurrent and prospective drug use in cocaine addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying variables that predict drug use in treatment-seeking drug addicted individuals is a crucial research and therapeutic goal. This study tested the hypothesis that choice to view cocaine images is associated with concurrent and prospective drug use in cocaine addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  To establish choice-concurrent drug use associations, 71 cocaine addicted subjects (43 current users and 28 treatment seekers) provided data on (A) choice to view cocaine images and affectively pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images [collected under explicit contingencies (when choice was made between two fully visible side-by-side images) and under more probabilistic contingencies (when choice was made between pictures hidden under flipped-over cards)]; and (B) past-month cocaine and other drug use. To establish choice-prospective drug use associations, 20 of these treatment-seeking subjects were followed over the next 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline cocaine-related picture choice as measured by both tasks positively correlated with subjects' concurrent cocaine and other drug use as driven by the actively-using subjects. In a subsequent multiple regression analysis, choice to view cocaine images as compared with affectively pleasant images (under probabilistic contingencies) was the only predictor that continued to be significantly associated with drug use. Importantly, this same baseline cocaine>pleasant probabilistic choice also predicted the number of days drugs were used (cocaine, alcohol, and marijuana) over the next 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated cocaine choice - especially when probabilistic and when compared with other positive reinforcers - may provide a valid laboratory marker of current and future drug use in cocaine addiction.
authors.affiliation: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Nicasia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beebe-Wang
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Woicik
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Konova
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maloney
authors.forename: Rita Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies