title: Progression of small, irregular opacities in chest radiographs of former asbestos workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary parenchymal changes appear many years after the start of exposure to asbestos and their progression has been observed to continue many years after cessation of the exposure. The aim of the present analysis is to assess the risk of progression of radiological changes in the respiratory system, based on long-term follow-up of groups of workers occupationally exposed to asbestos dust.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis included 3144 individuals voluntarily applying for a medical examination in 2000-2010, who had performed at least two radiographs of the chest. Probability of progression in subsequent studies was based on the evaluation of radiographs for the presence of small, irregular type s, t, u opacities in the parenchymal lung tissue with profusion categories as specified in the classification of ILO, 1980. Multistate hidden Markov model was used in the statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group of patients, small irregular opacities with a profusion of 1/1 or higher occurred in 640 (20%) patients in the first examination, and in 918 (29%) patients in the last examination. No parenchymal changes were observed in 1360 (43%) patients in the first examination (opacity profusion category 0/0), and in 645 (20%) patients in the last examination. The risk of progression of radiographic changes in former workers of asbestos processing plants is higher in smokers, from profusion category 0 to 1 - by 30% (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15-1.47), from profusion category 1 to 2 - by 50% (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.92-2.45). The risk of progression of parenchymal changes decreases in the workers employed in subsequent calendar years: for category changes from 1 to 2, the decrease is nearly 40% for every 10 years of subsequent employment (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45-0.80). The probability of the progression increases with longer latency period: for change of category from 1 to 2, the increase is about 20% (HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00-1.42) per 10 years of employment for blue collar workers. The risk of the 1 to 2 category progression is significant, nearly 2.5-fold higher in the workers employed in the asbestos-processing textile industry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the risk of progression of pulmonary parenchymal fibrotic processes was higher in the smokers, workers employed during the earlier calendar years of the discussed period, those with longer latency period, blue collar workers involved directly in the production processes, and employees of the asbestos cement and/or textile industries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland. beata_sn@imp.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Świątkowska
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sobala
authors.forename: Zuzanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szubert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001195:Asbestosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011859:Radiography; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001194:Asbestos