title: Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the large number of studies on the behavioural effects of caffeine, an unequivocal conclusion had not been reached. In this review, we seek to disentangle a number of questions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Whereas there is a general consensus that caffeine can improve performance on simple tasks, it is not clear whether complex tasks are also affected, or if caffeine affects performance of the three attention networks (alerting, orienting and executive control). Other questions being raised in this review are whether effects are more pronounced for higher levels of caffeine, are influenced by habitual caffeine use and whether there effects are due to withdrawal reversal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review of double-blind placebo controlled studies that assessed acute effects of caffeine on attention tasks in healthy adult volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeine improves performance on simple and complex attention tasks, and affects the alerting, and executive control networks. Furthermore, there is inconclusive evidence on dose-related performance effects of caffeine, or the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on the performance effects of caffeine. Finally, caffeine's effects cannot be attributed to withdrawal reversal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence shows that caffeine has clear beneficial effects on attention, and that the effects are even more widespread than previously assumed.
authors.affiliation: Sensation, Perception and Behaviour, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, PO Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. suzanne.einother@unilever.com
authors.forename: Suzanne J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Einöther
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine