title: Stem cell potency and the ability to contribute to chimeric organisms.
abstract: Mouse embryonic chimeras are a well-established tool for studying cell lineage commitment and pluripotency. Experimental chimeras were successfully produced by combining two or more preimplantation embryos or by introducing into host embryo cultured pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Chimera production using genetically modified ESCs became the method of choice for the generation of knockout or knockin mice. Although the derivation of ESCs or ESC-like cells has been reported for other species, only mouse and rat pluripotent stem cells have been shown to contribute to germline-competent chimeras, which is the defining feature of ESCs. Herein, we describe different approaches employed for the generation of embryonic chimeras, define chimera-competent cell types, and describe cases of spontaneous chimerism in humans. We also review the current state of derivation of pluripotent stem cells in several species and discuss outcomes of various chimera studies when such cells are used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Polejaeva
authors.forename: Shoukhrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitalipov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002678:Chimera; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors