title: Nicotine delivery to rats via lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol technology produces blood pharmacokinetics resembling human smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine is a heavily used addictive drug acquired through smoking tobacco. Nicotine in cigarette smoke is deposited and absorbed in the lungs, which results in a rapidly peaked slowly declining arterial concentration. This pattern plays an important role in initiation of nicotine addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A method and device were developed for delivering nicotine to rodents with lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol technology. The dose of delivery can be controlled by the nicotine aerosol concentration and duration of exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data showed that, in the breathing zone of the nose-only exposure chamber, the aerosol droplet size distribution was within the respirable diameter range. Rats were exposed to nicotine aerosol for 2 min. The arterial blood nicotine concentration reached 43.2 ± 15.7 ng/ml (mean ± SD) within 1-4 min and declined over the next 20 min, closely resembling the magnitude and early pharmacokinetics of a human smoking a cigarette. The acute inhalation toxicity of nicotine: LC50 = 2.3mg/L was determined; it was affected by pH, suggesting that acidification decreases nicotine absorption and/or bioavailability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A noninvasive method and toolkit were developed for delivering nicotine to rodents that enable rapid delivery of a controllable amount of nicotine into the systemic circulation and brain-inducing dose-dependent pharmacological effects, even a lethal dose. Aerosol inhalation can produce nicotine kinetics in both arterial and venous blood resembling human smoking. This method can be applied to studies of the effects of chronic intermittent nicotine exposure, nicotine addiction, toxicology, tobacco-related diseases, teratogenicity, and for discovery of pharmacological therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. mshao@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Xuesi M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Xinmin Simon
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yifang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D009538:Nicotine