title: Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring.
abstract: Gestational diabetes, occurring during the hyperglycemic period of pregnancy in maternal life, is a pathologic state that increases the incidence of complications in both mother and fetus. Offspring thus exposed to an adverse fetal and early postnatal environment may manifest increased susceptibility to a number of chronic diseases later in life. Compelling evidence for the role of epigenetic transmission in these complications has come from comparison of siblings born before and after the development of maternal diabetes, exposure to this intrauterine diabetic environment being shown to cause alterations in fetal growth patterns which predispose these infants to developing overweight and obesity later in life. Diabetes of the offspring is also mainly the consequence of exposure to the diabetic intrauterine environment, in addition to genetic susceptibility. Since obesity and diabetes are known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular sequelae in the offspring of diabetic mothers are virtually inevitable. Research data also suggest that exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment during pregnancy is associated with an increase in dyslipidemia, subclinical vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction processes in the offspring, all of which are linked with development of cardiovascular disease later in life. The main underlying mechanisms involve persistent hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece. nvrachnis@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vrachnis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Antonakopoulos
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iliodromiti
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dafopoulos
authors.forename: Charalambos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siristatidis
authors.forename: Kalliopi I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Efthymios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deligeoroglou
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vitoratos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose