title: Human vitreous: MR imaging of oxygen partial pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging approach to noninvasively image quantitative Po(2) in the human vitreous.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human studies were approved by the institutional review board with informed consent obtained from all subjects and were HIPAA compliant. Animal studies were performed with animal care committee approval. An MR imaging method to measure the longitudinal relaxation rate, or R1, of water was implemented with a 3.0-T MR imager. R1 was calibrated in water phantoms at multiple Po(2) and temperature conditions (n = 10) and in ex vivo animal vitreous (n = 2). Vitreous Po(2) was imaged in three human volunteers (age range, 26-28 years) in multiple sessions on separate days to evaluate reproducibility. The effects of temperature and ambient air were evaluated by acquiring data with the eye open and closed. Statistical analysis consisted of t tests, with P less than .05 indicating significant difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calibrations of phantoms and ex vivo vitreous yielded an R1 association with oxygen of 0.209 sec(-1) + Po(2) ⋅ 2.07 × 10(-4) sec(-1)/mm Hg at 37°C, and an association with temperature (Δ[1/R1]/ΔTemperature) of 0.106 sec/°C ± 0.009 (standard deviation). A difference in R1 was found between the phantoms and vitreous. If uncorrected, vitreal Po(2) would be significantly overestimated (P < .001). In vivo human vitreous Po(2) maps were spatially heterogeneous, with a whole vitreous Po(2) of 16.7 mm Hg ± 6.5 (eye closed). Measurements between open and closed eyes showed spatially dependent R1 differences, which translated to temperature differences of 0.34°-0.83°C across the eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study established an MR imaging protocol to image quantitative vitreous Po(2) noninvasively and evaluated effects from vitreal macromolecules, temperature gradients, and ambient air on vitreal Po(2) values. Measurement of vitreous Po(2) with MR imaging has the potential to be used to study eye diseases noninvasively.
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: San Emeterio Nateras
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D011817:Rabbits; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen