title: Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine outcomes at age 3 years in babies born before 27 completed weeks' gestation in 2006, and to evaluate changes in outcome since 1995 for babies born between 22 and 25 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective national cohort studies, EPICure and EPICure 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital and home based evaluations, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  1031 surviving babies born in 2006 before 27 completed weeks' gestation. Outcomes for 584 babies born at 22-25 weeks' gestation were compared with those of 260 surviving babies of the same gestational age born in 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival to age 3 years, impairment (2008 consensus definitions), and developmental scores. Multiple imputation was used to account for the high proportion of missing data in the 2006 cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 576 babies evaluated after birth in 2006, 13.4% (n=77) were categorised as having severe impairment and 11.8% (n=68) moderate impairment. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairment was significantly associated with length of gestation, with greater impairment as gestational age decreased: 45% at 22-23 weeks, 30% at 24 weeks, 25% at 25 weeks, and 20% at 26 weeks (P<0.001). Cerebral palsy was present in 83 (14%) survivors. Mean developmental quotients were lower than those of the general population (normal values 100 (SD 15)) and showed a direct relation with gestational age: 80 (SD 21) at 22-23 weeks, 87 (19) at 24 weeks, 88 (19) at 25 weeks, and 91 (18) at 26 weeks. These results did not differ significantly after imputation. Comparing imputed outcomes between the 2006 and 1995 cohorts, the proportion of survivors born between 22 and 25 weeks' gestation with severe disability, using 1995 definitions, was 18% (95% confidence interval 14% to 24%) in 1995 and 19% (14% to 23%) in 2006. Fewer survivors had shunted hydrocephalus or seizures. Survival of babies admitted for neonatal care increased from 39% (35% to 43%) in 1995 to 52% (49% to 55%) in 2006, an increase of 13% (8% to 18%), and survival without disability increased from 23% (20% to 26%) in 1995 to 34% (31% to 37%) in 2006, an increase of 11% (6% to 16%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival and impairment in early childhood are both closely related to gestational age for babies born at less than 27 weeks' gestation. Using multiple imputation to account for the high proportion of missing values, a higher proportion of babies admitted for neonatal care now survive without disability, particularly those born at gestational ages 24 and 25 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Academic Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London WC1E 6AU, UK.
authors.forename: Tamanna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Enid M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Draper
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Costeloe
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marlow
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D016015:Logistic Models; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors