title: n-3 fatty acids modulate adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may be related to a number of chronic metabolic abnormalities, including metabolic syndrome. This review presents an update on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on risk factors of metabolic syndrome, especially adipose tissue inflammation, oxidative stress and underlying mechanisms of these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-inflammatory actions of n-3 PUFAs are thought to be mediated by the formation of their active metabolites (eicosanoids and other lipid mediators) as well as their regulation of the production of inflammatory mediators (e.g., adipocytokines, cytokines) and immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue. n-3 PUFAs mediate these effects by modulating several pathways, such as those involving nuclear factor-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and Toll-like receptors. The antioxidative effects of n-3 PUFAs in adipocytes appear to inhibit reactive oxygen species production and alter mitochondrial function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review summarizes the evidence for beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress. More studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects and to relate this topic to human health.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chaonan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Hylde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zirpoli
authors.forename: Kemin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D015777:Eicosanoids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors