title: Low-intensity laser irradiation at 660 nm stimulates transcription of genes involved in the electron transport chain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) has been shown to stimulate cellular functions leading to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of LILI on genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC, complexes I-IV) and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthase).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four human skin fibroblast cell models were used in this study: normal non-irradiated cells were used as controls while wounded, diabetic wounded, and ischemic cells were irradiated. Cells were irradiated with a 660 nm diode laser with a fluence of 5 J/cm(2) and gene expression determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LILI upregulated cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb polypeptide 2 (COX6B2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc (COX6C), and pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 (PPA1) in diabetic wounded cells; COX6C, ATP synthase, H+transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit B1 (ATP5F1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 11 (NDUFA11), and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 7 (NDUFS7) in wounded cells; and ATPase, H+/K+ exchanging, beta polypeptide (ATP4B), and ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9) (ATP5G2) in ischemic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LILI at 660 nm stimulates the upregulation of genes coding for subunits of enzymes involved in complexes I and IV and ATP synthase.
authors.affiliation: Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Roland T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Masha
authors.forename: Nicolette N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Houreld
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abrahamse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000528:radiation effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000528:radiation effects*; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I