title: Reduction of tyramine by addition of Schizandra chinensis baillon in Cheonggukjang.
abstract: This study was performed to examine the microorganisms responsible for the high tyramine content of Cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soy food, and to establish a technology for controlling the growth of these microorganisms. The tyramine content in 13 collected Cheonggukjang samples averaged 604.9 mg/kg. Since the tyramine content measured from most samples was sufficient to cause harm to the human body, it is necessary to control its production in food. Enterococci were confirmed to be the bacterial species producing most of the tyramine through the microbial examination and were present in high numbers from not detected (<10(1)) to 7.0 × 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/g. To control the growth of enterococci, various plant extracts with antimicrobial activity, common salts, and variable temperature conditions were tested. It was found that 4 samples among the 159 plant extracts had a strong antimicrobial activity in Cheonggukjang, especially against Enterococcus faecium, showing viable cell counts of <10(1)-10(3) CFU/g after 24 h of ripening, which were significantly lower values compared to the control (10(9)-10(11) CFU/g). The Cheonggukjang with the addition of the four plant extracts showed ∼83%-95% lower concentrations of tyramine compared to the control. Cheonggukjang prepared with the Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract had the lowest tyramine content without sacrificing the sensory quality. Not only was the bacterial species of E. faecium reduced more remarkably, by up to 10(3) CFU/g compared to the 10(9)-10(11) CFU/g shown in the control, but it also decreased the tyramine content by up to 91%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jae-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: Jin-Hyo
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Wan
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Han-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002611:Cheese; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D032141:Schisandra / Q000737:chemistry*; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000382:microbiology*; D013649:Taste; D014439:Tyramine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D014439:Tyramine