title: Hemodynamic and oxidative mechanisms of tourniquet-induced muscle injury: near-infrared spectroscopy for the orthopedics setting.
abstract: During orthopedic procedures, the tourniquets used to maintain bloodless surgical fields cause ischemia and then reperfusion (I/R), leading to oxidative muscle injury. Established methods exist neither for monitoring orthopedic I/R nor for predicting the extent of tourniquet-associated oxidative injury. To develop a predictive model for tourniquet-associated oxidative muscle injury, this study combined real-time near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of I/R with Western blotting (WB) for oxidized proteins. We hypothesized strong correlations between NIRS-derived I/R indices and muscle protein oxidation. In 17 patients undergoing ankle fracture repair, a thigh tourniquet was inflated on the injured limb (300 mmHg). Using a continuous-wave (CW) NIRS setup, oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), and total (tHb) hemoglobin were monitored bilaterally (tourniquet versus control) in leg muscles. Leg muscle biopsies were collected unilaterally (tourniquet side) immediately after tourniquet inflation (pre) and before deflation (post). Average ischemia duration was 43.2 ± 14.6 min. In post-compared to pre-biopsies, muscle protein oxidation (quantified using WB) increased 172.3%± 145.7% (P<0.0005). Changes in O2Hb and tHb were negatively correlated with protein oxidation (respectively: P=0.040, R2=0.25 and P=0.003, R2=0.58). Reoxygenation rate was positively correlated with protein oxidation (P=0.041, R2=0.25). These data indicate that using CW NIRS, it is possible to predict orthopedic tourniquet-associated muscle oxidative injury noninvasively.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia Hospital, Unit 1B-Room F329, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L8, Canada. shadgan@alumni.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shadgan
authors.forename: W Darlene
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: R Luke
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Siavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009124:Muscle Proteins