title: Silodosin inhibits noradrenaline-activated transcription factors Elk1 and SRF in human prostate smooth muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transcription factors Elk1 and serum response factor (SRF) are central regulators of cell cycle and phenotype in various cell types. Elk1 is activated by phosphorylation (serine-383), while activation of SRF requires its co-factor, myocardin. Activation of Elk1 and SRF results in binding to specific DNA sequences in promoter regions, and may be induced by adrenergic receptor activation in different organs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of adrenergic stimulation on Elk1 and SRF in the human prostate and the ability of the highly selective α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, silodosin, on transcription factor activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate tissue was obtained from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Expression of Elk1, SRF, and myocardin was estimated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Colocalizations were studied by double immunofluorescence staining. Noradrenaline- (NA-) and phenylephrine- (PE-) induced phosphorylation of Elk1 was assessed by Western blot analysis using a phospho-specific antibody. NA-induced activation of Elk1 and SRF was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoreactivity for Elk1, SRF, and myocardin was observed in stromal cells of tissues from each patient. In fluorescence stainings, SRF colocalized with myocardin and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Stimulation of prostate tissues with PE (10 µM) or NA (30 µM) increased the phosphorylation of Elk1 at serine-383. NA-induced Elk1 activation was confirmed by EMSA, where a NA-induced binding of Elk1 to the DNA sequence TTTGCAAAATGCAGGAATTGTTTTCACAGT was observed. Similarly, NA caused SRF binding to the SRF-specific DNA sequence CCATATTAGGCCATATTAGG. Application of silodosin (3 µM) to prostate tissues reduced the activity of Elk1 and SRF in NA-stimulated tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silodosin blocks the activation of the two transcription factors, Elk1 and SRF, which is induced by noradrenaline in the human prostate. A role of α1-adrenoceptors beyond smooth muscle contraction may be considered, which includes a function in transcriptional regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hennenberg
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Strittmatter
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: Claudius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Füllhase
authors.forename: Raphaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waidelich
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gratzke
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099251:Myocardin
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009638:Norepinephrine; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D026362:Serum Response Factor; D015534:Trans-Activators; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D000099251:Myocardin; C494112:ELK1 protein, human; C095285:silodosin