title: Detailed evaluation on the effect of metal ion impurities on complexation of generator eluted 68Ga with different bifunctional chelators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of (68)Ga-based positron emission tomography (PET) to clinical practice using (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator represents a developmental milestone in the field of molecular imaging. Herein, we report a systematic study on (68)Ga complexes with different bifunctional chelators (BFCs) and the effect of metal ion impurities on the radiochemical yields in order to identify the most suitable BFC to be used for the development of (68)Ga-based target specific radiopharmaceuticals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiolabeling of four commonly used BFCs namely p-isothiocyanato benzyl derivatives of diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo [9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-3,6,9-triacetic acid (PCTA) with (68)Ga was studied with respect to optimal radiolabeling conditions, effect of metal ion impurities on radiochemical yield, in vitro stability and in vivo clearance properties in biological system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the four BFCs studied, p-isothiocyanato benzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA-NCS) could be radiolabeled instantly with (68)Ga at room temperature with >98% yield, even in presence of up to 10 ppm of other metal ion impurities (such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Al, Sn and Ti ions). The (68)Ga-complex of NOTA-NCS demonstrated high in vitro stability even in the presence of 1000 times molar excess of metal ions (such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Ca ions). In contrast, other (68)Ga-labeled BFCs (DTPA-NCS, DOTA-NCS and PCTA-NCS) showed reduced radiochemical yields when incubated with the above concentration of metal ions. The biodistribution studies in Swiss mice revealed that (68)Ga-NOTA-NCS cleared rapidly through the kidneys with minimum retention in any major organ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simple and rapid approach for preparation of (68)Ga-radiopharmaceuticals using NOTA based bifunctional chelators would render (68)Ga-radiopharmaceutical chemistry more convenient with minimum interference from other metal ion impurities; and increase the scope of making (68)Ga based agents for PET imaging.
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, India.
authors.forename: Rubel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: M R A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pillai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D051379:Mice; D000442:Octanols / Q000737:chemistry; D011854:Radiochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D000442:Octanols; D014867:Water