title: The dynamics of reproductive rate, offspring survivorship and growth in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810.
abstract: Seahorses are the vertebrate group with the embryonic development occurring within a special pouch in males. To understand the reproductive efficiency of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 under controlled breeding experiments, we investigated the dynamics of reproductive rate, offspring survivorship and growth over births by the same male seahorses. The mean brood size of the 1-year old pairs in the 1(st) birth was 85.4±56.9 per brood, which was significantly smaller than that in the 6(th) birth (465.9±136.4 per brood) (P<0.001). The offspring survivorship and growth rate increased with the births. The fecundity was positively correlated with the length of brood pouches of males and trunk of females. The fecundity of 1-year old male and 2-year old female pairs was significantly higher than that from 1-year old couples (P<0.001). The brood size (552.7±150.4) of the males who mated with females that were isolated for the gamete-preparation, was larger than those (467.8±141.2) from the long-term pairs (P<0.05). Moreover, the offspring from the isolated females had higher survival and growth rates. Our results showed that the potential reproductive rate of seahorses H. erectus increased with the brood pouch development.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resource Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ,  Guangzhou 510301 ,  P. R. China ; Vero Beach Marine Laboratory, Florida Institute of Technology ,  Vero Beach, FL 32963 ,  USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Junda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Liangmin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hushan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peiyong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feng