title: Grape consumption increases anti-inflammatory markers and upregulates peripheral nitric oxide synthase in the absence of dyslipidemias in men with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: We evaluated the effects of grape consumption on inflammation and oxidation in the presence or absence of dyslipidemias in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Men with MetS (n = 24), 11 with high triglycerides and low HDL and 13 with no dyslipidemia were recruited and randomly allocated to consume daily either 46 g of lyophilized grape powder (GRAPE), equivalent to 252 g fresh grapes, or placebo with an identical macronutrient composition and caloric value as GRAPE for four weeks. After a three-week washout, participants followed the alternate treatment. We measured changes between placebo and GRAPE periods in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers both in circulation and in gene expression. Changes in plasma adiponectin (p < 0.05), interleukin (IL)-10 (p < 0.005) and in mRNA expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)  (p < 0.25) were increased in the GRAPE compared to the placebo period only in those individuals without dyslipidemia. Additionally, plasma IL-10 was negatively correlated with NOX2 expression, a marker of oxidative stress (r = -0.55, p < 0.01), while iNOS expression was positively correlated with the expression of superoxide dismutase 2  (r = 0.642, p < 0.01), a key anti-oxidative enzyme. Grape consumption displayed  anti-oxidative and increased anti-inflammatory markers in the absence of the inflammatory milieu associated with dyslipidemias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. jacqbar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barona
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Blesso
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Youngki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D008571:Men; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D028321:Plant Preparations; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016753:Interleukin-10; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase