title: Calcium intake and osteoporosis: the influence of calcium intake from dairy products on hip bone mineral density and fracture incidence - a population-based study in women over 55 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of osteoporosis increases with age and is most frequently observed in postmenopausal women. The objective of the present population-based cohort study was to assess the influence of Ca intake from dairy sources on hip bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence in a group of Polish women over 55 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures included: bone mineral density, the number of previous fractures and the reported Ca intake from dairy sources, assessed by a diet questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RAC-OST-POL Study was conducted in the District of Raciborz in the south of Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in a group of 625 women, randomly recruited from the general population of women aged >55 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median Ca intake from dairy products was lower in the group of women with femoral neck T-score ≤-2·5 than in the group with T-score >-2·5 (275 v. 383 mg/d; P = 0·0019). For total hip score, the difference was close to borderline significance (P = 0·0698). Median Ca intake from dairy products was lower in the group of women with previous fractures than in those without fracture history (336 v. 395 mg/d; P = 0·0254). The main dairy source of Ca in the analysed group included milk drinks, rennet cheese and milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher dairy Ca intake is recommended, since a number of the women analysed were unable to satisfy their Ca requirement exclusively from their diet.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Włodarek
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Głąbska
authors.affiliation: 2 Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kołota
authors.affiliation: 3 Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Nephrology, Regional Hospital in Racibórz, Racibórz, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czekajło
authors.affiliation: 5 Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Władysław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grzeszczak
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drozdzowska
authors.affiliation: 7 Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pluskiewicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary