title: Organotins: a review of their reproductive toxicity, biochemistry, and environmental fate.
abstract: The review purposes are to (1) evaluate the experimental evidence for adverse effects on reproduction and metabolism and (2) identify the current knowledge of analytical procedures, biochemistry and environmental aspects relating to organotins. Organotins are pollutants that are used as biocides in antifouling paints. They produce endocrine-disrupting effects in mollusks, such as imposex. In rodents, organotin exposure induces developmental and reproductive toxicity as well as alteration of metabolic homeostasis through its action as an obesogen. The adverse effects that appear in rodents have raised concerns about organotins' potential health risk to humans in relation to organotin exposure. At present, triorganotin, such as tributyltin, have been demonstrated to produce imposex, and mammalian reproductive and metabolic toxicity. For most mammals, triorganotin exposure predominantly occurs through the ingestion, and this compound can cross the placenta. With these risks in mind, it is important to improve our knowledge of organotins' effects on environmental health.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Morphology, UFES-Federal University of Espirito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil. jbgraceli@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jones Bernardes
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Graceli
authors.forename: Gabriela Cavati
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.forename: Pedro Francisco Iguatemy
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Gabriela Carvalho
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zamprogno
authors.forename: Mércia Barcellos
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Ana Flavia Locateli
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Godoi
authors.forename: Dayana Moscardi
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Mary Rosa Rodrigues
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Marchi
authors.forename: Marcos Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D000922:Immunotoxins; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C011559:tributyltin