title: Pregnancy ambivalence and contraceptive use among young adults in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy ambivalence, or conflicted desire about having a baby, has been associated with decreased contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy. However, prior studies have neither included men nor focused on young adults, even though people in their 20s have the highest rates of unintended pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative data from 2008-2009 were used to examine pregnancy ambivalence and its association with contraceptive practices among 774 respondents who were 18-29 years old and in current sexual relationships. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed relationships between pregnancy ambivalence, contraceptive use, gender and other social, demographic and psychosocial variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five percent of respondents exhibited pregnancy ambivalence. The proportion was higher among men than among women (53% vs. 36%), and the difference remained significant in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 2.9). Ambivalence was associated with lowered likelihood of contraceptive use, but this relationship was statistically significant only for men: Compared with men with clear intentions to avoid pregnancy, ambivalent men were less likely to have used any method of contraception in the last month (0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between men's pregnancy ambivalence and contraceptive practices suggests that women should not remain the sole targets of pregnancy prevention programs. Further research should explore whether clinical interventions that assess and address pregnancy ambivalence for both women and men could lead to improved contraceptive counseling and use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. jenny.a.higgins@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Ronna A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Popkin
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Santelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult