title: Uptake of home-based voluntary HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improving access to HIV testing is a key priority in scaling up HIV treatment and prevention services. Home-based voluntary counselling and testing (HBT) as an approach to delivering wide-scale HIV testing is explored here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies published between 1 January 2000 and 24 September 2012 that reported on uptake of HBT in sub-Saharan Africa, to assess the proportion of individuals accepting HBT and receiving their test result. Our initial search yielded 1,199 articles; 114 were reviewed as full-text articles, and 19 publications involving 21 studies (n = 524,867 individuals offered HBT) were included for final review and meta-analysis. The studies came from five countries: Uganda, Malawi, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia. The proportion of people who accepted HBT (n = 474,377) ranged from 58.1% to 99.8%, with a pooled proportion of 83.3% (95% CI: 80.4%-86.1%). Heterogeneity was high (τ(2) = 0.11). Sixteen studies reported on the number of people who received the result of HBT (n = 432,835). The proportion of individuals receiving their results out of all those offered testing ranged from 24.9% to 99.7%, with a pooled proportion of 76.7% (95% CI: 73.4%-80.0%) (τ(2) = 0.12). HIV prevalence ranged from 2.9% to 36.5%. New diagnosis of HIV following HBT ranged from 40% to 79% of those testing positive. Forty-eight percent of the individuals offered testing were men, and they were just as likely to accept HBT as women (pooled odds ratio = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.56-1.26) (τ(2) = 0.33). The proportion of individuals previously tested for HIV among those offered a test ranged from 5% to 66%. Studies in which <30% of individuals had been previously tested, local HIV prevalence was <10%, incentives were provided, or HBT was offered to household members of HIV-positive individuals showed higher uptake of testing. No evidence was reported of negative consequences of HBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBT could substantially increase awareness of HIV status in previously undiagnosed individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, with over three-quarters of the studies in this review reporting >70% uptake. It could be a valuable tool for treatment and prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. kalpana.sabapathy@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sabapathy
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D003376:Counseling; D003906:Developing Countries; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*