title: Implementation and evaluation of an expectation maximization reconstruction algorithm for gamma emission breast tomosynthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We are developing a dual modality tomosynthesis breast scanner in which x-ray transmission tomosynthesis and gamma emission tomosynthesis are performed sequentially with the breast in a common configuration. In both modalities projection data are obtained over an angular range of less than 180° from one side of the mildly compressed breast resulting in incomplete and asymmetrical sampling. The objective of this work is to implement and evaluate a maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstruction algorithm for gamma emission breast tomosynthesis (GEBT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of Monte Carlo simulations and phantom experiments was used to test the MLEM algorithm for GEBT. The algorithm utilizes prior information obtained from the x-ray breast tomosynthesis scan to partially compensate for the incomplete angular sampling and to perform attenuation correction (AC) and resolution recovery (RR). System spatial resolution, image artifacts, lesion contrast, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were measured as image quality figures of merit. To test the robustness of the reconstruction algorithm and to assess the relative impacts of correction techniques with changing angular range, simulations and experiments were both performed using acquisition angular ranges of 45°, 90° and 135°. For comparison, a single projection containing the same total number of counts as the full GEBT scan was also obtained to simulate planar breast scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in-plane spatial resolution of the reconstructed GEBT images is independent of source position within the reconstructed volume and independent of acquisition angular range. For 45° acquisitions, spatial resolution in the depth dimension (the direction of breast compression) is degraded with increasing source depth (increasing distance from the collimator surface). Increasing the acquisition angular range from 45° to 135° both greatly reduces this depth dependence and improves the average depth dimension resolution from 10.8 to 4.8 mm. The 135° acquisition results in a near-isotropic, spatially uniform 3D resolution of approximately 4.3 mm full width at half maximum. Background nonuniformity (cupping) artifacts arise primarily from angular incompleteness for small angular range acquisition but primarily from gamma ray attenuation at larger angular range. However, background artifacts can be largely eliminated if both prior information regularization and AC are applied. An artificial decrease in lesion voxel value with increasing lesion depth can also be substantially reduced through a combination of AC and RR. In experiments using compressible gelatin breast phantoms, lesion contrast and SNR are about 2.6-8.8 times and 2.3-5.6 times higher, respectively, in GEBT than in planar breast scintigraphy depending on the acquisition angle, the gamma camera trajectory, and the lesion location. In addition, the strong reduction in lesion contrast and SNR with increasing lesion depth that is observed in planar breast scintigraphy can be largely overcome in GEBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have demonstrated a promising EM-based reconstruction scheme for use in GEBT. Compared to planar breast scintigraphy GEBT provides superior and less position-dependent lesion contrast, lesion SNR, and spatial resolution as well as more accurate quantification of lesion-to-background activity concentration ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Zongyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klanian
authors.forename: Tushita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*