title: Turning randomness into meaning at the molecular level using Muller's morphs.
abstract: While evolutionary theory follows from observable facts and logical inferences (Mayr, 1985), historically, the origin of novel inheritable variations was a major obstacle to acceptance of natural selection (Bowler, 1992; Bowler, 2005). While molecular mechanisms address this issue (Jablonka and Lamb, 2005), analysis of responses to the Biological Concept Inventory (BCI) (Klymkowsky et al., 2010), revealed that molecular biology majors rarely use molecular level ideas in their discourse, implying that they do not have an accessible framework within which to place evolutionary variation. We developed a "Socratic tutorial" focused on Muller's categorization of mutations' phenotypic effects (Muller, 1932). Using a novel vector-based method to analyzed students' essay responses, we found that a single interaction with this tutorial led to significant changes in thinking toward a clearer articulation of the effects of mutational change. We suggest that Muller's morphs provides an effective framework for facilitating student learning about mutational effects and evolutionary mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of Colorado ,  Boulder, CO 80309 ,  USA ; Present address: Miss Porter's School, 60 Main Street, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: Melanie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Klymkowsky