title: Measurements of RF heating during 3.0-T MRI of a pig implanted with deep brain stimulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present preliminary, in vivo temperature measurements during MRI of a pig implanted with a deep brain stimulation (DBS) system.
  
  
  METHODS
  DBS system (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN) was implanted in the brain of an anesthetized pig. 3.0-T MRI was performed with a T/R head coil using the low-SAR GRE EPI and IR-prepped GRE sequences (SAR: 0.42 and 0.39 W/kg, respectively), and the high-SAR 4-echo RF spin echo (SAR: 2.9 W/kg). Fluoroptic thermometry was used to directly measure RF-related heating at the DBS electrodes, and at the implantable pulse generator (IPG). For reference the measurements were repeated in the same pig at 1.5 T and, at both field strengths, in a phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3.0T, the maximal temperature elevations at DBS electrodes were 0.46 °C and 2.3 °C, for the low- and high-SAR sequences, respectively. No heating was observed on the implanted IPG during any of the measurements. Measurements of in vivo heating differed from those obtained in the phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3.0-T MRI using GRE EPI and IR-prepped GRE sequences resulted in local temperature elevations at DBS electrodes of no more than 0.46 °C. Although no extrapolation should be made to human exams and much further study will be needed, these preliminary data are encouraging for the future use 3.0-T MRI in patients with DBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. gorny.krzysztof@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Krzysztof R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gorny
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: Stephan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goerss
authors.forename: Sun C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Dong-Pyo
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Inyong
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hoon-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Yunhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Favazza
authors.forename: Kendall H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*