title: Genotyping using whole-genome sequencing is a realistic alternative to surveillance based on phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates is essential for clinical diagnosis, to detect emerging problems and to guide empirical treatment. Current phenotypic procedures are sometimes associated with mistakes and may require further genetic testing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) may soon be within reach even for routine surveillance and clinical diagnostics. The aim of this study was to evaluate WGS as a routine tool for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance compared with current phenotypic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 200 isolates originating from Danish pigs, covering four bacterial species. Genomic DNA was purified from all isolates and sequenced as paired-end reads on the Illumina platform. The web servers ResFinder and MLST (www.genomicepidemiology.org) were used to identify acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and MLST types (where MLST stands for multilocus sequence typing). ResFinder results were compared with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values and MLST types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3051 different phenotypic tests were performed; 482 led to the categorizing of isolates as resistant and 2569 as susceptible. Seven cases of disagreement between tested and predicted susceptibility were observed, six of which were related to spectinomycin resistance in Escherichia coli. Correlation between MLST type and resistance profiles was only observed in Salmonella Typhimurium, where isolates belonging to sequence type (ST) 34 were more resistant than ST19 isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High concordance (99.74%) between phenotypic and predicted antimicrobial susceptibility was observed. Thus, antimicrobial resistance testing based on WGS is an alternative to conventional phenotypic methods.
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ea
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zankari
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasman
authors.forename: Rolf Sommer
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaas
authors.forename: Anne Mette
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seyfarth
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agersø
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Mette Voldby
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Aarestrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology