title: Regional inequality and vaccine uptake: a multilevel analysis of the 2007 Welfare Monitoring Survey in Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant part of childhood mortality can be prevented given the existence of a well functioning health care system that can deliver vaccines to children during their first year of life. This study assesses immunization differentials between regions in Malawi, and attempts to relate regional disparities in immunization to factors on individual, household and village level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 2007 Welfare Monitoring Survey which includes 18 251 children ages 10-60 months. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major differences in full vaccine coverage (children receiving all of the 9 recommended vaccines) were documented between the 27 official regions, called districts, of Malawi. The vaccine coverage among regions varied from 2% to 74% when all children 10 - 60 months old were included. Vaccine coverage was significantly higher for women that had their delivery attended by a midwife/nurse, or gave birth at a hospital or maternity clinic. Regions with a high percentage of deliveries attended by health personnel were also characterized by a higher coverage. Characteristics of health care utilization on the individual level could in part account for the observed regional variations in coverage.Several factors related to socio-demographic characteristics of individuals and households were significantly correlated with coverage (child's age, illiteracy, income, water and sanitary conditions), implying a lower coverage among the most vulnerable parts of the population. However, these factors could only to a minor extent account for the regional variation in coverage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The persistent regional inequalities suggest that the low immunization coverage in Malawi is less likely to be a result of geographical clustering of social groups with difficult level-of living conditions. Although the mean vaccine coverage in Malawi is low, some regions have succeeded in reaching a relatively high proportion of their children. The relative success of some regions implies that there is a substantial potential for political intervention to improve vaccine coverage. One important negative implication of regional inequality is the presence of clusters with under-vaccinated children, leading to an increased vulnerability during outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.
authors.affiliation: NOVA - Norwegian Social Research, Munthesgate, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Dawit Shawel
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abebe
authors.forename: Vibeke Oestreich
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Jon Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Finnvold
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D012041:Regional Medical Programs; D012946:Social Welfare; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*