title: Simulator-based crew resource management training for interhospital transfer of critically ill patients by a mobile ICU.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transporting critically ill ICU patients by standard ambulances, with or without an accompanying physician, imposes safety risks. In 2007 the Dutch Ministry of Public Health required that all critically ill patients transferred between ICUs in different hospitals be transported by a mobile ICU (MICU). Since March 2009 a specially designed MICU and a retrieval team have served the region near University Medical Center Groningen, in the northeastern region of the Netherlands. The MICU transport program includes simulator-based crew resource management (CRM) training for the intensivists and ICU nurses, who, with the drivers, constitute the MICU crews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Training entails five pivotal aspects: (1) preparation, (2) teamwork, (3) new equipment, (4) mobility, and (5) safety. For example, the training accustoms participants to working in the narrow, moving ambulance and without benefit of additional manpower. The scenario-based team training, which takes about four hours, occurs in a training facility, with its reconstructed ICU, and then in the MICU itself. A "wireless" patient simulator that is able to mimic hemodynamic and respiratory patterns and to simulate lung and heart sounds is used. All scenarios can be adjusted to simulate medical, logistic, or technical problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since the start of MICU training in 2009, more than 70 training sessions, involving 100 team members, have been conducted. Quality issues identified include failure to anticipate possible problems (such as failing to ask for intubation of a respiratory-compromised patient at intake); late responses to alarms of the ventilator, perfusor pump, or monitor; and not anticipating a possible shortage of medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Setting up and implementing simulator-based CRM training provides feasible and helpful preparation for an MICU team.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. j.m.droogh@umcg.nl
authors.forename: Joep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Droogh
authors.forename: Hanneke L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Jack J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ligtenberg
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006295:Health Resources / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008952:Mobile Health Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009426:Netherlands; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration