title: Global trends, potential mechanisms and early detection of organ damage in SLE.
abstract: Increased longevity of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) leads to chronic organ damage accrual, which reduces the possibility of further survival improvement in patients with the disease. Observations from lupus centres worldwide revealed that the prevalence of damage occurring in the cardiovascular system in patients with SLE has increased over the past four decades. The results of a meta-analysis involving over 70 observational studies demonstrated that lupus-related organ damage involving the neuropsychiatric and renal systems also remains a major factor that limits survival improvement in patients with this disease. While efforts to halt acute lupus-related injury are continuing, through early diagnosis and effective use of immunosuppressive agents, a concomitant strategy to improve survival of patients with SLE would be early detection and timely treatment of lupus-related organ damage with meticulous monitoring. This Review discusses the pattern and trend of organ damage in patients with SLE worldwide, the potential serological and genetic mechanisms of organ damage, and the advances in research on potential tools for early detection of lupus-related organ damage, such as functional brain imaging techniques, measurement of endothelial function, identification of biomarkers from body fluids, and development of risk calculation models.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228. mdcam@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.forename: Chak-Sing
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*