title: The cost-effectiveness of mandatory folic acid fortification in Australia.
abstract: The Australian government recently introduced mandatory folic acid fortification of bread to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). The economic evaluation of this policy contained a number of limitations. This study aimed to address the limitations and to reconsider the findings. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to assess the cost and benefits of mandatory versus voluntary folic acid fortification. Outcomes measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), life-years gained (LYG), avoided NTD cases, and additional severe neuropathy cases. Costs considered included industry costs and regulatory costs to the government. It was estimated that mandatory fortification would prevent 31 NTDs, whereas an additional 14 cases of severe neuropathy would be incurred. Overall, 539 LYG and 503 QALYs would be gained per year of mandatory compared with voluntary fortification. Mandatory fortification was cost-effective at A$10,723 per LYG and at A$11,485 per QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that at A$60,000 and A$151,000 per QALY, the probability that mandatory fortification was the most cost-effective strategy was 79% and 85%, respectively. Threshold analysis of loss of consumer choice indicated that with a compensation value above A$1.21 [assuming a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of A$60,000 per QALY] or A$3.19 (assuming a WTP threshold of A$151,000 per statistical life-year) per capita per year mandatory fortification would not be cost-effective. Mandatory fortification was found to be cost-effective; however, inclusion of the loss of consumer choice can change this result. Even with mandatory fortification, mean folate intake will remain below the recommended NTD preventive level.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. rabovskaja@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rabovskaja
authors.forename: Bonny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goodall
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001939:Bread / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006078:Government Programs / Q000191:economics; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D037141:Mandatory Programs / Q000191:economics; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D035141:Voluntary Programs / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid