title: The impact of immediate reporting on interpretive discrepancies and patient referral pathways within the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an immediate reporting service for musculoskeletal trauma reduces interpretation errors and positively impacts on patient referral pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial was undertaken. 1502 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to an immediate or delayed reporting arm and treated according to group assignment. Assessment was made of concordance in image interpretation between emergency department (ED) clinicians and radiology; discharge and referral pathways; and patient journey times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1688 radiographic examinations were performed (1502 patients). 91 discordant interpretations were identified (n=91/1688; 5.4%) with a greater number of discordant interpretations noted in the delayed reporting arm (n=67/849, 7.9%). In the immediate reporting arm, the availability of a report reduced, but did not eliminate, discordance in interpretation (n=24/839, 2.9%). No significant difference in number of patients discharged, referred to hospital clinics or admitted was identified. However, patient ED recalls were significantly reduced (z=2.66; p=0.008) in the immediate reporting arm, as were the number of short-term inpatient bed days (5 days or less) (z=3.636; p<0.001). Patient journey time from ED arrival to discharge or admission was equivalent (z=0.79, p=0.432).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate reporting significantly reduced ED interpretive errors and prevented errors that would require patient recall. However, immediate reporting did not eliminate ED interpretative errors or change the number of patients discharged, referred to hospital clinics or admitted overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to consider the wider impact of immediate reporting on the ED patient pathway as a whole and hospital resource usage.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Studies-Horton A, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK. M.L.Hardy1@bradford.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Snaith
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scally
mesh_terms: D019091:Critical Pathways / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011859:Radiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*