title: Preparation and characterization of anionic oligopeptide-modified tissue plasminogen activator for triggered delivery: an approach for localized thrombolysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study sought to synthesize anionic peptide-conjugated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for its targeted/triggered delivery, where tPA's activity would be masked in the circulation and regenerated at the thrombus site by a commonly used anticoagulant, heparin, to minimize tPA associated bleeding complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  tPA was conjugated to Polyglutamate, and the activity of oligoanion-modified tPA was tested by fibrinolytic assay. Separately human serum albumin (HSA) was conjugated to protamine and the formation of its electrostatic complex with anionic peptide was monitored by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). The masking of tPA-activity via steric hindrance created by albumin, and subsequent regeneration with therapeutic dose of heparin was tested by enzymatic assay. Stability of 'camouflaged-tPA' was determined in human plasma. Using fluorescence microscope, binding of camouflaged-tPA with activated platelets was monitored. Heparin modulated clot-lysis was evaluated in human blood clot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anionic tPA retained ~97% activity of the unmodified-tPA. FRET experiments confirmed the electrostatic interaction between polyglutamate and protamine which was subsequently reversed by heparin. Complexation with HSA-protamine masked ~60% of tPA activity which was fully regenerated by heparin. The complex retained its prodrug character in human plasma after incubation at 37°C. Fluorescence microscopic study confirmed binding of the construct with activated platelets. In lysing human clot, the camouflage could mask tPA-activity until it was triggered at a heparin level of 0.4U/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oligoanion-modified tPA could be used for targeted/triggered delivery where its enzymatic activity could be masked by HSA-protamine conjugate and successfully regenerated by therapeutic dose of heparin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter St, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States.
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Absar
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Fakhrul
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Everardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cobos
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Young M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000276:immunology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D013696:Temperature; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000838:Anions; D010455:Peptides; D011355:Prodrugs; D011479:Protamines; D012709:Serum Albumin; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator