title: Exploring differential item functioning in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is a widely used patient reported outcome in osteoarthritis. An important, but frequently overlooked, aspect of validating health outcome measures is to establish if items exhibit differential item functioning (DIF). That is, if respondents have the same underlying level of an attribute, does the item give the same score in different subgroups or is it biased towards one subgroup or another. The aim of the study was to explore DIF in the Likert format WOMAC for the first time in a UK osteoarthritis population with respect to demographic, social, clinical and psychological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised a community sample of 763 people with osteoarthritis who participated in the Somerset and Avon Survey of Health. The WOMAC was explored for DIF by gender, age, social deprivation, social class, employment status, distress, body mass index and clinical factors. Ordinal regression models were used to identify DIF items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, two items were identified for the physical functioning subscale as having DIF with age identified as the DIF factor for 2 items, gender for 1 item and body mass index for 1 item. For the WOMAC pain subscale, for people with hip osteoarthritis one item was identified with age-related DIF. The impact of the DIF items rarely had a significant effect on the conclusions of group comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the WOMAC performed well with only a small number of DIF items identified. However, as DIF items were identified in for the WOMAC physical functioning subscale it would be advisable to analyse data taking into account the possible impact of the DIF items when weight, gender or especially age effects, are the focus of interest in UK-based osteoarthritis studies. Similarly for the WOMAC pain subscale in people with hip osteoarthritis it would be worthwhile to analyse data taking into account the possible impact of the DIF item when age comparisons are of primary interest.
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Health Psychology Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. beth.pollard@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors