title: Liver exhibits thermal variations according to the stage of fibrosis progression: A novel use of modulated-differential scanning calorimetry for research in hepatology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Liver fibrosis results in a disproportion of the hepatic composition and architecture, characterized by a progressive accumulation of fibrillar proteins at the liver parenchyma. Modulated-differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) is an experimental methodology able to determine the specific thermal signature from any biological substance, based on the variation in heat flow and heat capacity. As these physicochemical properties are directly influenced by compositional and structural changes, we decided to study the thermal behavior of the liver during fibrosis using mDSC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation or carbon tetrachloride administration. Degree of liver fibrosis was determined by histological examination using the Masson-trichrome stain, accompanied by hepatic expression of α-smooth muscle actin. The thermal analysis was performed in a modulated-differential scanning calorimeter using 20 mg of fresh liver mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The liver showed a characteristic thermal signature in control animals, which progressively differed among mild (F1), moderate (F2) and advanced (F3-F4) liver fibrosis. For heat flow, the hepatic thermal signature from F3-F4 rats exhibited significant differences when compared with F1, F2 and controls. In terms of heat capacity, liver specimens provided a specific thermal signature for each stage of disease, characterized by a transition temperature onset at 95°C for controls, whereas in F1, F2 and F3-F4 animals this temperature significantly decreased to 93°C, 84°C and 75°C, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the liver shows a differential thermal signature according to the degree of fibrosis, mDSC could be a novel tool in the study of liver fibrosis progression.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Mexico, México D.F., México; Laboratory for Liver, Pancreas and Motility, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, General Hospital of Mexico, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Galileo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arjona-Román
authors.forename: Rosalía
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meléndez-Pérez
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suárez-Álvarez
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guzmán
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguirre-García
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Reyes
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vivas
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varela-Fascinetto
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Romero
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robles-Díaz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kershenobich