title: Synergistic actions of formamidine insecticides on the activity of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: Formamidines are unique insecticides and acaricides that elicit multiple effects in controlling insects. Here, we tested two formamidines, amitraz, and chlordimeform, for their synergistic actions on type II pyrethroids and neonicotinoids to increase their larvicidal actions on the fourth instars of Aedes aegypti L. An organophosphate insecticide was used as a negative control. After 24 h, the synergism of formamidines was highest on imidacloprid, followed by two type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and fenvalerate. After 48 h, the synergism of formamidines on imidacloprid decreased, remained unchanged on type II pyrethroids, and increased noticeably on two of the newer type neonicotinoids, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam. By 72 h, synergism of formamidines on dinotefuran reached the maximum, while that on imidacloprid was at a minimum. Both formamidines did not show synergistic effects on permethrin or fenitrothion. In all cases, the synergistic effects of amitraz on the two major classes of larvicides were greater than for chlordimeform. These results indicate that amitraz is a promising synergist that shows the potential to increase the efficacy of certain members of type II pyrethroids as well as neonicotinoids to control Ae. aegypti larvae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology University of California Davis, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: M A I
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matsumura
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000578:Amidines; D000818:Animals; D002742:Chlorphenamidine; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014052:Toluidines
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D007306:Insecticides; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014052:Toluidines; C014983:amitraz; C077922:formamidine; D002742:Chlorphenamidine