title: Effects of divided attention and operating room noise on perception of pulse oximeter pitch changes: a laboratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthesiology requires performing visually oriented procedures while monitoring auditory information about a patient's vital signs. A concern in operating room environments is the amount of competing information and the effects that divided attention has on patient monitoring, such as detecting auditory changes in arterial oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured the impact of visual attentional load and auditory background noise on the ability of anesthesia residents to monitor the pulse oximeter auditory display in a laboratory setting. Accuracies and response times were recorded reflecting anesthesiologists' abilities to detect changes in oxygen saturation across three levels of visual attention in quiet and with noise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that visual attentional load substantially affects the ability to detect changes in oxygen saturation concentrations conveyed by auditory cues signaling 99 and 98% saturation. These effects are compounded by auditory noise, up to a 17% decline in performance. These deficits are seen in the ability to accurately detect a change in oxygen saturation and in speed of response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most anesthesia accidents are initiated by small errors that cascade into serious events. Lack of monitor vigilance and inattention are two of the more commonly cited factors. Reducing such errors is thus a priority for improving patient safety. Specifically, efforts to reduce distractors and decrease background noise should be considered during induction and emergence, periods of especially high risk, when anesthesiologists has to attend to many tasks and are thus susceptible to error.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. ryan.andrew.stevenson@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000523:psychology*; D009622:Noise; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology