title: Comparative effects of sandalwood seed oil on fatty acid profiles and inflammatory factors in rats.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sandalwood seed oil on fatty acid (FA) profiles and inflammatory factors in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five different dietary groups: 10 % soybean oil (SO), 10 % olive oil (OO), 10 % safflower oil (SFO), 10 % linseed oil (LSO) and 8 % sandalwood seed oil blended with 2 % SO (SWSO) for 8 weeks. The SWSO group had a higher total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels but lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios in both adipose tissue and liver than those in the SO, OO and SFO groups (p < 0.05). Although the SWSO group had a much lower 18:3n-3 level (4.51 %) in their dietary lipids than the LSO group (58.88 %), the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3) in liver lipids and phospholipids of the SWSO group (7.52 and 11.77 %) were comparable to those of the LSO group (7.07 and 13.16 %). Ximenynic acid, a predominant acetylenic FA in sandalwood seed oil, was found to be highly incorporated into adipose tissue (13.73 %), but relatively lower in liver (0.51 %) in the SWSO group. The levels of prostaglandin F(2α), prostaglandin E₂, thromboxane B₂, leukotriene B₄, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in both liver and plasma were positively correlated with the n-6:n-3 ratios, suggesting that increased n-6 PUFA appear to increase the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas n-3 PUFA exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The present results suggest that sandalwood seed oil could increase tissue levels of n-3 PUFA, DHA and reduce the n-6:n-3 ratio, and may increase the anti-inflammatory activity in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Guipu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Yandi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sunderland
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D032123:Santalum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015777:Eicosanoids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D009829:Oleic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C053760:ximenynic acid; C076763:sandalwood oil