title: Analysis of lumbar plexopathies and nerve injury after lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach: diagnostic standardization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach has become an increasingly popular means of fusion. The most frequent complication is related to lumbar plexus nerve injuries; these can be diagnosed based on distribution of neurological deficit following the motor and/or sensory nerve injury. However, the literature has failed to provide a clinically relevant description of these complications. With accurate clinical diagnosis, spine practitioners can provide more precise prognostic and management recommendations to include observation, nerve blocks, neurodestructive procedures, medications, or surgical repair strategies. The purpose of this study was to standardize the clinical findings of lumbar plexopathies and nerve injuries associated with minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas lumbar fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough literature search of the MEDLINE database up to June 2012 was performed to identify studies that reported lumbar plexus and nerve injuries after the minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach. Included studies were assessed for described neurological deficits postoperatively. Studies that did attempt to describe nerve-related complications clinically were excluded. A clinically relevant assessment of lumbar plexus nerve injury was derived to standardize early diagnosis and outline prognostic implications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 studies were selected with a total of 2310 patients; 304 patients were reported to have possible plexus-related complications. The incidence of documented nerve and/or root injury and abdominal paresis ranged from 0% to 3.4% and 4.2%, respectively. Motor weakness ranged from 0.7% to 33.6%. Sensory complications ranged from 0% to 75%. A lack of consistency in the descriptions of the lumbar plexopathies and/or nerve injuries as well as a lack of diagnostic paradigms was noted across studies reviewed. Sensory dermal zones were established and a standardized approach was proposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is underreporting of postoperative lumbar plexus nerve injury and a lack of standardization of clinical findings of neural complications related to the minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach. The authors provide a diagnostic paradigm that allows for an efficient and accurate classification of postoperative lumbar plexopathies and nerve injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmadian
authors.forename: Armen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Deukmedjian
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dakwar
authors.forename: Juan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uribe
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*