title: How emotional traits and affective temperaments relate to cocaine experimentation, abuse and dependence in a large sample.
abstract: The contribution of specific traits in cocaine experimentation, abuse and addiction is not yet clear. Our aim was to evaluate how temperament was associated with cocaine experimentation, abuse and dependence using a recently developed scale for the assessment of emotional traits (e.g. anger, volition) and affective temperaments (e.g. cyclothymic). An anonymous web-survey provides the optimal means to evaluate sensitive issues such as drug related behavior in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data was collected by the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP), which included the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The final sample consisted of 28,587 subjects (26.6% males, mean age=30.8±9.8yrs). Trait analysis was controlled for age, gender, ethanol and marijuana use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For emotional traits, Caution, Coping and Control were significantly lower in the cocaine-using groups when compared to controls, particularly in those with cocaine dependence. Anger and Desire increased in relation to the degree of cocaine involvement. The associations with Emotional Sensitivity and Volition were less robust. For affective temperaments, greater cocaine use was related to a lower proportion of stable types (obsessive, euthymic and hyperthymic) and the anxious type, and to a higher proportion of cyclothymic and euphoric temperaments in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific externalized and unstable traits were associated with cocaine related behavior. Addressing these traits may be important for recovery and prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liane V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Fuscaldo
authors.forename: Luisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Bisol
authors.forename: Diogo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013694:Temperament