title: The value of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy in challenging clinical settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the wider potential scope of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT), outside of the "standard" indications for IMRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine challenging clinical cases were selected. All were treated with radical intent, although it was accepted that in several of the cases the probability of cure was low. IMRT alone was not adequate owing to the close proximity of the target to organs at risk, the risk of geographical miss, or the need to tighten planning margins, making image-guided radiotherapy an essential integral part of the treatment. Discrepancies between the initial planning scan and the daily on-treatment megavoltage CT were recorded for each case. The three-dimensional displacement was compared with the margin used to create the planning target volume (PTV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but one patient achieved local control. Three patients developed metastatic disease but benefited from good local palliation; two have since died. A further patient died of an unrelated condition. Four patients are alive and well. Toxicity was low in all cases. Without daily image guidance, the PTV margin would have been insufficient to ensure complete coverage in 49% of fractions. It was inadequate by >3 mm in 19% of fractions, and by >5 mm in 9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IG-IMRT ensures accurate dose delivery to treat the target and avoid critical structures, acting as daily quality assurance for the delivery of complex IMRT plans. These patients could not have been adequately treated without image guidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IG-IMRT can offer improved outcomes in less common clinical situations, where conventional techniques would provide suboptimal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Treece
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukesh
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tudor
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jefferies
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Burnet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult