title: Emerging health issues of cyanobacterial blooms.
abstract: This paper describes emerging issue related to cyanobacterial dynamics and  toxicity and human health risks. Data show an increasing cyanobacteria expansion  and dominance in many environments. However there are still few information on the  toxic species fitness, or on the effects of specific drivers on toxin production.  Open research fields are related to new exposure scenario (cyanotoxins in water used  for haemodialysis and in food supplements); to new patterns of co-exposure between cyanotoxins and algal toxins and/or anthropogenic chemicals; to dynamics  affecting toxicity and production of different cyanotoxin variants under environmental  stress; to the accumulation of cyanotoxins in the food web. In addition, many data  gaps exist in the characterization of the toxicological profiles, especially about  long term effects.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ambiente e Connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. maura.manganelli@iss.it
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manganelli
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scardala
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Funari
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vichi
authors.forename: Franca Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Buratti
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Testai
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases; D000818:Animals; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D005068:Eutrophication; D005506:Food Contamination; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins; D011634:Public Health; D017747:Seafood / Q000009:adverse effects; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins