title: Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury: a cross-cultural comparison between Australians and Singaporeans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beliefs and expectations are thought to influence outcome following whiplash injury. Studies have proposed a link between rates of chronic whiplash and laypersons' expectations about outcome following a motor vehicle accident. The prevalence of chronic whiplash is relatively high in Australia and apparently low in Singapore. This study's objectives were to compare laypersons' beliefs and expectations of recovery of whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore and to assess the effect of demographic factors on whiplash beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using online surveys was conducted on adult Internet users in Brisbane (Australia) and Singapore. The 14-item whiplash beliefs questionnaire (WBQ) was used to evaluate whiplash beliefs. Two additional items assessed expectations of recovery. Individual items of WBQ, WBQ score and expectations of recovery were analysed. Stratified analysis was performed to adjust for sampling bias due to quota sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 402 participants from Singapore and 411 participants from Brisbane, Australia, completed the survey. While participants from Singapore demonstrated slightly more negative whiplash beliefs than participants from Brisbane [t(811)  = -5.72; p < 0.0001], participants from both samples were similar in their expectations of quick recovery and return to normal activities following whiplash injury. Only gender had a significant effect on whiplash beliefs [estimated marginal means of WBQ score for men = 21.5; standard error (SE) = 0.20; women = 22.5; SE = 0.20; F(1,810)  = 11.2; p = 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore were generally similar and mostly positive. Our results demonstrate that cultural differences reflected by laypersons' beliefs may not reflect the differences in prevalence of chronic whiplash between countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bostick
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchbinder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vicenzino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sterling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D001315:Australia; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies / Q000379:methods; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult