title: Parent described pain responses in nonverbal children with intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessing pain for nonverbal children with intellectual disability is challenging. These children are at risk for pain from complex medical conditions and the interventions to treat those conditions. Pain responses are often misunderstood, given that the children are nonverbal and limited by their physical abilities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The general purpose was to examine the words that parents of children with intellectual disability use to describe their child's pain response in order to improve pain recognition and management. Specifically, the aims were to: (1) identify common pain responses as reported by parents; (2) examine relationships between type of pain response and independent variables; (3) compare pain responses to those identified in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design includes: (1) a summative qualitative content analysis of the parent described pain responses; (2) quantitative analysis of the relationships between type of pain response and independent variables and; (3) a comparison of pain responses to those identified in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pediatric hospital in the northeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 50 nonverbal children with intellectual disabilities ages 6-18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-directed summative content analysis identified patterns within 335 parent described pain responses. Chi square analysis was used to examine relationships between type of pain response and selected demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven distinct categories of pain responses were identified. The most commonly reported pain responses were within the categories of: vocalization (39.4%), social behavior (21.8%) and facial expressions (16%). Four types of pain responses: vocalization, social behavior, muscle tone and activity level included opposite responses to pain. There were significant relationships between type of pain response and (1) pain severity; (2) causes of intellectual disabilities and; (3) sex of the child. Pain responses varied with severity. Patients with seizure disorders expressed pain more vocally. Females expressed pain with more social responses and males with more vocalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support evidence that parents can articulate their child's pain responses. The study provides evidence of: (1) extremes of pain responses and (2) a significant relationship between type of responses and severity of pain, cause of intellectual disability and sex of child.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Boston, Pain Treatment Service, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jean.solodiuk@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Solodiuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009511:New England; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*