title: [The cognitive development of triplets in school age and its impact on the quality of family life--a follow-up study from a perinatal centre].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the developmental outcome of 7- to 9-year-old triplets and to determine parenting stress and quality of family life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive development (Wechsler intelligence scales for children III, WISC III) and quality of family life (Kansas family life satisfaction scale, KFLSS; parenting stress index, PSI) of 48 triplets born between 1996 and 1998 at a perinatal centre were compared with controls born at a gestational age ≥37 weeks. Index and control children/mothers were matched by age (birthday: ±14 days/maternal age±2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triplets and their families showed a mean IQ score and parenting satisfaction and stress within the normal range. Full IQ score (97 SD 16) as well as verbal and performance IQs (102 SD 16; 92 SD 19) were significantly lower than the controls' corresponding data (full IQ 111 SD 15, p<0.001; verbal IQ 116 SD 21, p<0.001; performance IQ 102 SD 17, p=0.001). Parents of triplets tended to show a higher total PSI score (222 SD 39) than the parents of the controls (205 SD 47). The differences reached statistical significance only in the parent domain (triplets 125 SD 24; controls 111 SD 27; p<0.01). Satisfaction with family life was good in triplet families and did not differ significantly in any of the subscales from control parents' satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a favourable outcome of triplets with respect to their cognitive development and the quality of their families' lives at school age. The difference in children's IQ was statistically, but perhaps not clinically, significant, because the triplets' data were within the normal range.
authors.affiliation: Neonatologie am Perinatalzentrum München- Großhadern,1. Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. sarahmannfeld@yahoo.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mannfeld
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014310:Triplets / Q000523:psychology*; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data