title: [Cost-benefit analysis of primary prevention programs for mental health at the workplace in Japan].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cost-benefits of primary prevention programs for mental health at the workplace, we conducted a meta-analysis of published studies in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the literature, published as of 16 November 2011, using the Pubmed database and relevant key words. The inclusion criteria were: conducted in the workplace in Japan; primary prevention focus; quasi-experimental studies or controlled trials; and outcomes including absenteeism or presenteeism. Four studies were identified: one participatory work environment improvement, one individual-oriented stress management, and two supervisor education programs. Costs and benefits in yen were estimated for each program, based on the description of the programs in the literature, and additional information from the authors. The benefits were estimated based on each program's effect on work performance (measured using the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire in all studies), as well as sick leave days, if available. The estimated relative increase in work performance (%) in the intervention group compared to the control group was converted into labor cost using the average bonus (18% of the total annual salary) awarded to employees in Japan as a base. Sensitive analyses were conducted using different models of time-trend of intervention effects and 95% confidence limits of the relative increase in work performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the participatory work environment improvement program, the cost was estimated as 7,660 yen per employee, and the benefit was 15,200-22,800 yen per employee. For the individual-oriented stress management program, the cost was 9,708 yen per employee, and the benefit was 15,200-22,920 yen per employee. For supervisor education programs, the costs and benefits were respectively 5,209 and 4,400-6,600 yen per employee, in one study, 2,949 and zero yen per employee in the other study. The 95% confidence intervals were wide for all these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the point estimates based on these cases, the participatory work environment improvement program and the individual-oriented stress management program showed better cost-benefits. For the supervisor education programs, the costs were almost equal to or greater than the benefits. The results of the present study suggest these primary prevention programs for mental health at the workplace are economically advantageous to employers. Because the 95% confidence intervals were wide, further research is needed to clarify if these interventions yield statistically significant cost-benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. yoshimura-cib@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Akizumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsusumi
authors.forename: Akiomi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Ayano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics*; D006266:Health Education / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000191:economics*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*