title: Mass carbon monoxide poisoning at an ice-hockey game: initial approach and long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A mass carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication during an ice-hockey game is described. Two hundred and thirty-five patients were seen in different hospitals, 88 of them the same night at the nearby emergency department. To evaluate long-term implications and to identify relevant indicators, a follow-up study was organized 1 year after the incident.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apart from the file data from the emergency departments, a 1-year follow-up mailing was sent to all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ninety-one patients returned their questionnaire (86%). The mean age of the patients was 28 years, with 61% men. The mean carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was 9.9%. COHb levels were significantly higher for individuals on the ice (referee, players and maintenance personnel). There was a significant relationship with the initial presence of dizziness, fatigue and the COHb level. Headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting were not significantly related to the COHb levels. The relationship between symptoms and CO level, however, should be interpreted with caution as there was a wide range between exposure and blood tests. 5.2% of patients had residual complaints, all including headache, with a significant higher incidence with high COHb levels. Only two patients had an abnormal neurological control (one slightly disturbed electroencephalography and one persistent encephalopathic complaint). Work incapacity was also significantly related to COHb levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO mass poisonings remain a risk in indoor sporting events. Although it causes an acute mass casualty incident, it is limited in time and delayed problems are scarce. Symptomatology is a poor tool for triage. The best prevention is the use of nonmineral energy sources such as for example electricity.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Emergency Medicine, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp bUZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mortelmans
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Populaire
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desruelles
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sabbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001530:Belgium; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006688:Hockey; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult