title: Introduction to haptics for neurosurgeons.
abstract: Robots are becoming increasingly relevant to neurosurgeons, extending a neurosurgeon's physical capabilities, improving navigation within the surgical landscape when combined with advanced imaging, and propelling the movement toward minimally invasive surgery. Most surgical robots, however, isolate surgeons from the full range of human senses during a procedure. This forces surgeons to rely on vision alone for guidance through the surgical corridor, which limits the capabilities of the system, requires significant operator training, and increases the surgeon's workload. Incorporating haptics into these systems, ie, enabling the surgeon to "feel" forces experienced by the tool tip of the robot, could render these limitations obsolete by making the robot feel more like an extension of the surgeon's own body. Although the use of haptics in neurosurgical robots is still mostly the domain of research, neurosurgeons who keep abreast of this emerging field will be more prepared to take advantage of it as it becomes more prevalent in operating theaters. Thus, this article serves as an introduction to the field of haptics for neurosurgeons. We not only outline the current and future benefits of haptics but also introduce concepts in the fields of robotic technology and computer control. This knowledge will allow readers to be better aware of limitations in the technology that can affect performance and surgical outcomes, and "knowing the right questions to ask" will be invaluable for surgeons who have purchasing power within their departments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: L'Orsa
authors.forename: Chris J B
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Macnab
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
mesh_terms: D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D009048:Motor Skills; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends; D014110:Touch; D014584:User-Computer Interface