title: Prevalence and associated behavioral symptoms of depression in mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical concept that categorizes subjects who are in an intermediate cognitive state between normal aging and dementia. The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of significant depressive symptoms in MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and to characterize the behavior associated with significant depressive symptoms in MCI and AD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on behavioral symptoms of dementia and MCI was performed. The study population consisted of 270 MCI and 402 AD patients. Behavioral assessment was performed by means of Middelheim Frontality Score, Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (Behave-AD) and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. The presence of significant depressive symptoms was defined as a Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia total score >7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms in AD patients (25%) was higher compared with MCI patients (16%) (p = 0.005). Patients with significant depressive symptoms showed an increased severity of frontal lobe symptoms, behavioral symptoms and agitation (Middelheim Frontality Score, Behave-AD and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory total scores; p < 0.001). Also, most of the individual frontal lobe and behavioral symptoms were more prevalent and severe, resulting in higher Behave-AD global scores. Mild cognitive impairment patients with depressive symptoms showed more severe behavioral symptoms and more severe verbally agitated behavior than AD patients without depressive symptoms (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal lobe and behavioral symptoms are more prevalent and severe in MCI and AD patients with significant depressive symptoms as compared with patients without depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Mussele
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekelaar
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Bastard
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vermeiren
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saerens
authors.forename: Nore
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mariën
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goeman
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelborghs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales