title: Reducing risk of harm from extravasation: a 3-tiered evidence-based list of pediatric peripheral intravenous infusates.
abstract: Extravasation of medications during peripheral intravenous (PIV) therapy can result in harm to pediatric patients. These medications have physical and/or biologic factors that cause tissue damage. To assist in clinical decisions when using these infusates, an evidence-based table of medications stratified by their relative risk of causing harm if extravasated was developed. Local data and experience, a systematic review of the pediatric literature, and measured pH and osmolality of common pediatric preparations of PIV infusates were used to create a 3-tiered table of PIV infusates categorized by relative risk of causing harm if extravasated.
authors.affiliation: Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Eloise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Giambra
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hingl
authors.forename: Darcy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doellman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tofani
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior