title: Mining biomarker information in biomedical literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For selection and evaluation of potential biomarkers, inclusion of already published information is of utmost importance. In spite of significant advancements in text- and data-mining techniques, the vast knowledge space of biomarkers in biomedical text has remained unexplored. Existing named entity recognition approaches are not sufficiently selective for the retrieval of biomarker information from the literature. The purpose of this study was to identify textual features that enhance the effectiveness of biomarker information retrieval for different indication areas and diverse end user perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biomarker terminology was created and further organized into six concept classes. Performance of this terminology was optimized towards balanced selectivity and specificity. The information retrieval performance using the biomarker terminology was evaluated based on various combinations of the terminology's six classes. Further validation of these results was performed on two independent corpora representing two different neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current state of the biomarker terminology contains 119 entity classes supported by 1890 different synonyms. The result of information retrieval shows improved retrieval rate of informative abstracts, which is achieved by including clinical management terms and evidence of gene/protein alterations (e.g. gene/protein expression status or certain polymorphisms) in combination with disease and gene name recognition. When additional filtering through other classes (e.g. diagnostic or prognostic methods) is applied, the typical high number of unspecific search results is significantly reduced. The evaluation results suggest that this approach enables the automated identification of biomarker information in the literature. A demo version of the search engine SCAIView, including the biomarker retrieval, is made available to the public through http://www.scaiview.com/scaiview-academia.html.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach presented in this paper demonstrates that using a dedicated biomarker terminology for automated analysis of the scientific literature maybe helpful as an aid to finding biomarker information in text. Successful extraction of candidate biomarkers information from published resources can be considered as the first step towards developing novel hypotheses. These hypotheses will be valuable for the early decision-making in the drug discovery and development process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany.
authors.forename: Erfan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Younesi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toldo
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Christoph M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Novac
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann-Apitius
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fluck
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers; D057225:Data Mining; D006801:Humans; D057386:Search Engine; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers