title: Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering--Part I: recapitulation of native tissue healing and variables for the design of delivery systems.
abstract: The potential of growth factors to stimulate tissue healing through the enhancement of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation is undeniable. However, critical parameters on the design of adequate carriers, such as uncontrolled spatiotemporal presence of bioactive factors, inadequate release profiles, and supraphysiological dosages of growth factors, have impaired the translation of these systems onto clinical practice. This review describes the healing cascades for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral interface, highlighting the role of specific growth factors for triggering the reactions leading to tissue regeneration. Critical criteria on the design of carriers for controlled release of bioactive factors are also reported, focusing on the need to provide a spatiotemporal control over the delivery and presentation of these molecules.
authors.affiliation: 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vítor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Santo
authors.forename: Manuela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: João F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.forename: Rui L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001842:Bone and Bones; D002356:Cartilage; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016348:Osseointegration
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins