title: Contrast alternatives for iodinated contrast allergy and renal dysfunction: options and limitations.
abstract: Diagnostic angiography and vascular interventions make routine use of iodinated contrast material (ICM). Patients with renal disease or contrast allergy pose limitations on the use of ICM. In such cases, alternative contrast media may be used to carry out the procedure. Current alternatives include carbon dioxide, gadolinium, and dilute ICM. Each of these alternatives has its own unique features and limitations. In the present review article, the current alternatives to ICM are explored, with a focus on the applications and restrictions of each.
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Nadolski
authors.forename: S William
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007455:Iodine; D005682:Gadolinium