title: (-) Epicatechin attenuates mitochondrial damage by enhancing mitochondrial multi-marker enzymes, adenosine triphosphate and lowering calcium in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats.
abstract: Cardiac mitochondrial damage plays an important role in the pathology of myocardial infarction. The protective effects of (-) epicatechin on cardiac mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction were evaluated in rats. Rats were pretreated with (-) epicatechin (20 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 21 days. After the pretreatment period, isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously into rats twice at an interval of 24 h to induce myocardial infarction. Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats showed a significant increase in the levels of cardiac diagnostic markers, heart mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, calcium, and a significant decrease in the activities/levels of heart mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, isocitrate, succinate, malate, α-ketoglutarate and NADH-dehydrogenases, cytochrome-C-oxidase and adenosine triphosphate. (-) Epicatechin pretreatment showed significant protective effects on all the biochemical parameters evaluated. The in vitro study revealed the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of (-) epicatechin. The possible mechanisms for the beneficial effects of (-) epicatechin on cardiac mitochondria could be attributed to scavenging of free radicals, decreasing calcium, increasing multi-enzymes (antioxidant, tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain enzymes), reduced glutathione and adenosine triphosphate. Thus, (-) epicatechin attenuated mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India. ps_mainzenprince@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanely Mainzen Prince
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007523:Isocitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008293:Malates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D007523:Isocitrates; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D008293:Malates; D019210:Troponin I; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C030298:malic acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002392:Catechin; C034219:isocitric acid; D019802:Succinic Acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005978:Glutathione; D007545:Isoproterenol; D002118:Calcium