title: Chronic kidney disease, a useful trigger for proactive primary care? Mortality results from a large U.K. cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much of the emphasis for primary care management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has focused on cardiovascular risk; however, many patients die of other causes. Aim. In order to guide future primary care management of CKD, we report the causes of death from a large U.K. CKD cohort linked to health care administrative data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Grampian Laboratory Outcomes Mortality and Morbidity Study (GLOMMS-1) is a community cohort of people with established CKD, identified in 2003 and followed up for 6 years. Causes of death were available from death certificates. The relative likelihood of different causes of death was compared to the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When standardized for age and sex, mortality was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 4.5-4.9) times higher in GLOMMS-1 than the general population. Non-cardiovascular diseases accounted for 1076 (50.9%) of deaths, 3.7 times more common than in the age- and sex-matched general population. For those with stages 3 and 4 CKD, without cardiovascular disease at baseline, a non-cardiovascular cause accounted for almost two-thirds of deaths. In those 75 years and older, dementia and falls were among the main non-cardiovascular causes of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality in those with CKD is high, with non-cardiovascular diseases accounting for more than half of all deaths. While there is evidence that intervention may benefit those at risk of cardiovascular death, most of the non-cardiovascular causes of death identified were not readily amenable to prevention. A mechanism to identify which patients may benefit from intervention to prevent cardiovascular disease or renal disease progression is needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Angharad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McAteer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murchie
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fluck
authors.forename: W Cairns S
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gordon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Corri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011315:Preventive Medicine; D011320:Primary Health Care; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000401:mortality*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology