title: Characterization of chemical composition of bee pollen in China.
abstract: Bee pollen has been praised for its good nutrition and therapeutic values. China is the largest producer in the world. Twelve common varieties of monofloral bee pollen collected from China's main producing regions were selected for nutritional composition analysis, including proximate contents, dietary fibers, amino acid distribution, fatty acid composition, and mineral elements. The proximate compositions mostly met the specifications regulating pollen load quality of China. Proline and glutamic acids were found to be the predominant amino acids in the form of both total amino and free amino acids. Lysine was the relative limiting amino acid. The percentage of total essential amino acids (TEAA) to total amino acids (TAA) reached the nutrition recommendation of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The major fatty acids, presented as mean values, were C18:3 (25.1%), C16:0 (19.6%), C18:1 (17.3%), C18:2 (8.78%), C22:0 (4.07%), and C18:0 (2.96%) acids. The proportions of C18:3 were generally higher than those of C18:2, and the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids (TUS) to total saturated fatty acids (TS) was >1.0, except for  Nelumbo nucifera  Gaertn. pollen for the characteristic absence of C18:3 acids. High levels of beneficial elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn. and Cu were observed in pollen samples. The contents of detrimental trace elements of Cd, Pb, and Hg were primarily lower or not detected. However, more attention should be paid to a large amount of Al, with a concentration of >100 mg/kg DW in most samples. There were some significant differences between samples. On the whole, the Chinese bee pollen was evaluated as a good complement to diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xingqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jianchu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Peilong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014131:Trace Elements