title: Prostaglandin E(2) enhances proliferation, dedifferentiation and stem-like properties of rat retinal Müller glial cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differences of gene expression in rat retinal Müller glial cells after basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment, and to explore the function of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the proliferation and dedifferentiation of rat retinal Müller glial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A gene expression profile in rat retinal Müller glial cells after bFGF treatment, matching untreated cells, was conducted using gene array technology. The candidate gene selection was performed on GenMAPP/MAPPFinder. The functional effects of PGE(2) on the proliferation and dedifferentiation of Müller cells were further investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene array analysis identified that 298 genes were upregulated and 293 genes were downregulated. The GenMAPP/MAPPFinder results showed that the PG biosynthetic process had the highest correlation (Z score 8.803) with the stem cell characteristics of Müller cells. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that PGE(2) can significantly upregulate the expression of cyclin D(1) in Müller cells. Also, the bromodeoxyuridine and flow cytometry results showed that PGE(2) can significantly increase the proportion of Müller cells in S phase. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of nestin (a marker of neural stem/precursor cells) and Pax6 (a marker of retinal stem/precursor cells) were significantly upregulated by PGE(2) stimulation, and similar results were obtained by immunofluorescence staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGE(2) may enhance the proliferation, dedifferentiation, and stem-like properties of rat retinal Müller glial cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, 85th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064231:Nestin; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C530106:Ccnd1 protein, rat; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C577486:Nes protein, rat; D064231:Nestin; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; C000605733:Pax6 protein, rat; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019938:Cyclin D1; D015232:Dinoprostone