title: The comparison of spontaneous breathing and muscle paralysis in two different severities of experimental lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The benefits of spontaneous breathing over muscle paralysis have been proven mainly in mild lung injury; no one has yet evaluated the effects of spontaneous breathing in severe lung injury. We investigated the effects of spontaneous breathing in two different severities of lung injury compared with muscle paralysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University animal research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight New Zealand white rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were randomly divided into the mild lung injury (surfactant depletion) group or severe lung injury (surfactant depletion followed by injurious mechanical ventilation) group and ventilated with 4-hr low tidal volume ventilation with spontaneous breathing or without spontaneous breathing (prevented by a neuromuscular blocking agent). Inspiratory pressure was adjusted to control tidal volume to 5-7 mL/kg, maintaining a plateau pressure less than 30 cm H2O. Dynamic CT was used to evaluate changes in lung aeration and the regional distribution of tidal volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mild lung injury, spontaneous breathing improved oxygenation and lung aeration by redistribution of tidal volume to dependent lung regions. However, in severe lung injury, spontaneous breathing caused a significant increase in atelectasis with cyclic collapse. Because of the severity of lung injury, this group had higher plateau pressure and more excessive spontaneous breathing effort, resulting in the highest transpulmonary pressure and the highest driving pressure. Although no improvements in lung aeration were observed, muscle paralysis with severe lung injury resulted in better oxygenation, more even tidal ventilation, and less histological lung injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In animals with mild lung injury, spontaneous breathing was beneficial to lung recruitment; however, in animals with severe lung injury, spontaneous breathing could worsen lung injury, and muscle paralysis might be more protective for injured lungs by preventing injuriously high transpulmonary pressure and high driving pressure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pneumologia LIM09, Faculdade de Medicina da University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. takeshiyoshida@hp-icu.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Nariaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashimo
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujino
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004315:Doxapram / Q000494:pharmacology; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000473:pathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D019141:Respiratory System Agents; D004315:Doxapram; D010197:Pancuronium