title: Why myotoxin-containing snake venoms possess powerful nucleotidases?
abstract: The venom of the snake Bothrops asper causes muscle necrosis, pain and inflammation. This venom contains myotoxins which cause an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and release of K(+) and ATP from myotubes. ATP is a key danger molecule that triggers a variety of reactions, including activation of the innate immune response. Here, using ATP-luciferase bioluminescence imaging technique, we show for the first time in vivo, that the purified myotoxins induce rapid release of ATP, whilst the complete venom of B. asper does at a very small extent. This apparent contradiction is explained by the finding that the venom contains powerful nucleotidases that in vivo convert ATP into ADP, AMP and Adenosine. These findings indicate that high concentrations of adenosine are generated by the double action of the venom and provide the experimental basis to the suggestion that in situ generated adenosine plays an important role in envenomation via its hypotensive, paralyzing and anti-coagulant activities.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, and Istituto di Neuroscienze-CNR Sezione di Padova, Padova 35121, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caccin
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pellegatti
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vono
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cintra-Francischinelli
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lomonte
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Virgilio
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montecucco
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000201:enzymology*; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009708:Nucleotidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D030162:Reptilian Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D030162:Reptilian Proteins; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D054501:Group II Phospholipases A2; C076780:myotoxin I; C061056:myotoxin II, Bothrops asper; D009708:Nucleotidases; D000241:Adenosine