title: The Quality Indicator Survey: background, implementation, and widespread change.
abstract: The Quality Indicator Survey (QIS) is the most comprehensive regulatory change to the nursing home survey process since the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA-87). In this article we describe the policy evolution that led to the QIS, summarize the QIS method and implementation, and profile the QIS survey results. Following over a decade of development, in 2007 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began the national rollout of QIS. The intent was to improve consistency in the nursing home survey and to render the survey process more resident-centered and aligned with the intent of OBRA-87. We reviewed policy reports and firsthand accounts from the lead developer of the QIS methodology and leader of the national training contract for QIS. Changes in survey findings are profiled based on analysis of the publicly available Nursing Home Compare database from 2004 to 2010. Nineteen states implemented the QIS between 2007 and 2010, with nearly 20% of U.S. nursing homes receiving QIS surveys in 2010. Nursing homes surveyed with the QIS received more survey deficiencies on average than in the traditional survey; however, average numbers of deficiencies across states became more similar over the early implementation of QIS, with lower-than-average geographic areas experiencing increases and higher-than-average geographic areas experiencing decreases in survey deficiencies. The explicit and structured questioning of residents in the QIS is associated with increases in deficiencies related to choice, dignity, dental care, and nurse staffing. We describe ways in which the QIS affected the regulatory agencies, providers, and resident communities, although these effects are difficult to quantify. CMS's implementation of QIS is a significant step toward a more resident-centered, comprehensive, and consistent survey process. Substantial changes, however, are required not only among regulators but also among nursing homes. We argue that these new expectations and norms surrounding quality assessment and quality assurance are an important component of achieving culture change in U.S. nursing homes.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. linm@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014487:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. / Q000458:organization & administration; D003625:Data Collection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003729:Dental Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D033161:Government Regulation; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D028723:Personhood; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration; D057766:Policy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014481:United States