title: Estimation of blood glucose by non-invasive infrared thermography for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an alternative for blood sample extraction.
abstract: The present study aims to estimate and validate the glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) using non-contact infrared thermography. The diagnostic threshold was set as (HbA(1c)≥48 mmol/mol). The optimal regression model [r=0.643, p=0.000] was achieved from the significant variables correlating with the HbA(1c) and the validation was performed against the bio-chemical assay to indicate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and with an accuracy of [90%, 55%, 65%, 85% and 72%] respectively. The non-invasive core body temperature measurement at the inner canthi of eye [r=-0.462, p<0.01] indicated negative correlation with HbA(1c), that signifies the early metabolic changes. In type 2 diabetes, the core body temperature decreases with a decrease in the body metabolism. Thereby, a truly non-invasive infrared thermography could be used for obtaining the accurate HbA(1c) with no blood sample extraction; further, it could be used as the preferred diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India. sivanandam.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivanandam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anburajan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menaka
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin