title: Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review.
abstract: The family Poxviridae includes several viruses of medical and veterinary importance. Global concerted efforts combined with an intensive mass-vaccination campaign with highly efficaceious live vaccine of vaccinia virus have led to eradication of smallpox. However, orthopoxviruses affecting domestic animals continue to cause outbreaks in several endemic countries. Different kinds of vaccines starting from conventional inactivated/attenuated to recombinant protein-based vaccines have been used for control of poxvirus infections. Live virus homologous vaccines are currently in use for diseases including capripox, parapox, camelpox and fowlpox, and these vaccines are highly effective in eliciting (with the exception of parapoxviruses) long-lasting immunity. Attenuated strains of poxviruses have been exploited as vectored vaccines to deliver heterologous immunogens, many of them being licensed for use in animals. Worthy of note are vaccinia virus, fowlpox virus, capripoxvirus, parapoxvirus and canary pox, which have been successfully used for developing new-generation vaccines targeting many important pathogens. Remarkable features of these vaccines are thermostability and their ability to engender both cellular and humoral immune responses to the target pathogens. This article updates the important vaccines available for poxviruses of livestock and identifies some of the research gaps in the present context of poxvirus research.
authors.affiliation: FMD Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India. bhanu6467@gmail.com
authors.forename: Veerakyathappa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhanuprakash
authors.forename: Madhusudan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosamani
authors.forename: Gnanavel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.forename: Vinayagamurthy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.forename: Revanaiah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogisharadhya
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D011212:Poxviridae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines