title: Externalizing problems in late childhood as a function of prenatal cocaine exposure and environmental risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) predicts externalizing problems in late childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Externalizing problems were assessed using caregiver, teacher, and child ratings and a laboratory task when children (N = 179; 74 cocaine exposed) were aged 8-10 years. PCE, environmental risk, sex, neonatal health, other prenatal exposures, and foster care history were examined as predictors of externalizing problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analyses indicated that PCE, environmental risk, and male sex explained significant variance in externalizing problems in late childhood. Models varied by source of information. PCE predicted externalizing problems for child laboratory behavior and interacted with sex because males with PCE reported more externalizing problems. PCE did not predict caregiver or teacher ratings of externalizing problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of PCE on externalizing problems may persist into late childhood. The findings highlight the potential importance of including child-based measures of externalizing problems in studies of prenatal exposure.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA. david.bennett@drexelmed.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Berzenski
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine