title: Glyphosate resistance in Sorghum halepense and Lolium rigidum is reduced at suboptimal growing temperatures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glyphosate resistance in populations of the C(4) perennial Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) and C(3) annual Lolium rigidum (rigid ryegrass) has evolved and been documented in many cropping areas around the globe. In S. halepense and in the majority of reported cases in L. rigidum the glyphosate resistance trait has been associated with a mechanism that reduces glyphosate translocation within plants. Here, the significant decrease in the glyphosate resistance level when resistant plants of S. halepense and L. rigidum are grown at suboptimal cool temperature conditions is reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lowering temperature from 30 to 19 °C in S. halepense and from 19 to 8 °C in L. rigidum significantly reduced both plant survival and above-ground biomass produced by glyphosate-resistant plants. Thus, glyphosate resistance parameters significantly decreased when glyphosate-treated resistant plants of both species were grown under non-optimal temperature conditions. The results suggest that the resistance mechanism against glyphosate damage is less efficient at sub-optimal [corrected] growing temperatures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to increase the control of glyphosate-resistant S. halepense and L. rigidum populations by treatment with glyphosate during growing conditions at suboptimal low temperatures. Conversely, glyphosate failure will continue to occur on glyphosate-resistant populations treated during periods of higher temperatures
authors.affiliation: IFEVA-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. vila@ifeva.edu.ar
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vila-Aiub
authors.forename: Pedro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gundel
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Powles
mesh_terms: D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053209:Herbicide Resistance; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D045868:Sorghum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate