title: Effect of chronic exercise on appetite control in overweight and obese individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of exercise on body mass is likely to be partially mediated through changes in appetite control. However, no studies have examined the effect of chronic exercise on obestatin and cholecystokinin (CCK) plasma concentrations or the sensitivity to detect differences in preload energy in obese individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on 1) fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of obestatin, CCK, leptin, and glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and 2) the accuracy of energy compensation in response to covert preload manipulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a 12-wk supervised exercise program in 22 sedentary overweight/obese individuals. Fasting/postprandial plasma concentrations of obestatin, CCK, leptin, and GIP were assessed before and after the intervention. Energy compensation at a 30-min test meal after a high-energy (607 kcal) or a low-energy (246 kcal) preload and for the rest of the day (cumulative energy intake [EI]) was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in the plasma concentration of fasting plasma GIP and both fasting and postprandial leptin concentrations after the exercise intervention (P < 0.05 for all). No significant changes were observed for CCK or obestatin. A significant preload-exercise interaction (P = 0.011) was observed on cumulative EI and energy compensation for the same period (-87% ± 196% vs 68% ± 165%, P = 0.011). Weight loss (3.5 ± 1.4 kg, P < 0.0001) was not correlated with changes in energy compensation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that exercise improves the accuracy of compensation for previous EI, independent of weight loss. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to GIP and leptin, exercise-induced weight loss had no effect on obestatin or CCK concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. catia.martins@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Catia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Bard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kulseng
authors.forename: Jens F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blundell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010809:Physical Fitness; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D002766:Cholecystokinin