title: Nonmotor symptoms in drug-induced parkinsonism and drug-naïve Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical manifestations of drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) and Parkinson disease (PD) are nearly indistinguishable, making it difficult to differentiate DIP from PD, especially in the early stages. We compared non-motor symptoms between patients with DIP and those with drug-naïve PD in the early stages using the Non Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with DIP, 35 patients with drug-naïve PD, and 32 controls with no history of neurological diseases or related medical problems. We investigated demographic characteristics, medical and drug history, parkinsonian motor symptoms, and non-motor symptoms. We used the NMSS to evaluate non-motor symptoms in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total NMSS scores were higher in patients with PD than those with DIP, as were the scores for certain domains, including the cardiovascular, sleep/fatigue, urinary, sexual, and miscellaneous domains. When controlling for age and gender, the correlation analysis revealed that scores for urinary symptoms (urgency, frequency and nocturia), sleep disturbances (daytime sleep, restless legs), concentration, taste or smell were significantly associated with PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that non-motor symptoms, particularly urinary symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless leg syndrome, attention deficit and hyposmia may be helpful to differentiate between DIP and PD in the early stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jinyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Hyeeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jin Whan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology*