title: Influence of the middle ear anatomy on the performance of a membrane sensor in the incudostapedial joint gap.
abstract: There is a great demand for implantable microphones for future generations of implantable hearing aids, especially Cochlea Implants. An implantable middle ear microphone based on a piezoelectric membrane sensor for insertion into the incudostapedial gap is investigated. The sensor is designed to measure the sound-induced forces acting on the center of the membrane. The sensor mechanically couples to the adjacent ossicles via two contact areas, the sensor membrane and the sensor housing. The sensing element is a piezoelectric single crystal bonded on a titanium membrane. The sensor allows a minimally invasive and reversible implantation without removal of ossicles and without additional sensor fixation in the tympanic cavity. This study investigates the implantable microphone sensor and its implantation concept. It intends to quantify the influence of the sensor's insertion position on the achievable microphone sensitivity. The investigation considers anatomical and pathological variations of the middle ear geometry and its space limitations. Temporal bone experiments on a laboratory model show that anatomical and pathological variations of the middle ear geometry can prevent the sensor from being placed optimally within the incudostapedial joint. Beyond scattering of transfer functions due to anatomic variations of individual middle ears there is the impact of variations in the sensor position within the ossicular chain that has a considerable effect on the transfer characteristics of the middle ear microphone. The centering of the sensor between incus and stapes, the direction of insertion (membrane to stapes or to incus) and the effect of additional contact points with surrounding anatomic structures affect the signal yield of the implanted sensor. The presence of additional contact points has a considerably impact on the sensitivity, yet the microphone sensitivity is quite robust against small changes in the positioning of the incus on the sensor. Signal losses can be avoided by adjusting the position of the sensor within the joint. The findings allow the development of an improved surgical insertion technique to ensure maximally achievable signal yield of the membrane sensor in the ISJ and provides valuable knowledge for a future design considerations including sensor miniaturization and geometry. Measurements of the implanted sensor in temporal bone specimens showed a microphone sensitivity in the order of 1 mV/Pa. This article is part of a special issue entitled "MEMRO 2012".
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Medicine, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Universitätsklinik Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Haus 5, Germany. martin.koch@uniklinikum-dresden.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seidler
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bornitz
authors.forename: Nikoloz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lasurashvili
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahnert
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D002102:Cadaver; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000379:methods; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004867:Equipment Design; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006801:Humans; D007188:Incus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008307:Malleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013199:Stapes / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014159:Transducers