title: Ischemia-reperfusion injury:  beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Organ transplantation and other major surgeries are impacted by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) recently became an attractive alternative therapeutic tool to combat IRI. The present review highlights the effects of MSCs in the preclinical animal models of IRI and clinical trials, and explains their potential modes of action based on the pathophysiological IRI cascade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of MSCs in animal models of IRI show anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, particularly for damage to the kidneys, heart and lungs. The mechanism of MSC action remains unclear, but may involve paracrine factors which could include the transfer of microvesicles, RNA or mitochondria. Although few clinical trials have reached completion, adverse effects appear minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSCs show promise in protecting against IRI-induced damage. They appear to help recovery mainly by affecting the levels of inflammation and apoptosis during the organ repair process. In addition, they may mediate immunomodulatory effects on the innate and adaptive immune processes triggered during reperfusion and reduce fibrosis. Success in preclinical animal models has led to the initiation of ongoing clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Naima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Souidi
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifert
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D055031:Primary Graft Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods