title: SEM investigation on casein phosphopeptides capability in contrasting cola drinks enamel erosion: an in vitro  preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erosion of dental hard tissues induced by acidic dietary components is a high-prevalence finding, especially among children and adolescents. Acidic soft drinks are frequently implicated in dental erosion. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess if CPP-ACP preparation is capable of reducing enamel erosion caused by a cola-type drink.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five sound human permanent premolars, extracted for orthodontic reasons in patients of 12-16 years old, were used. The roots were removed and the crowns were sectioned in order to obtain 3 enamel sections from each tooth. The specimens were immersed in: (A) cola-type drink; (B) cola-type drink plus CPP-ACP; (C) deionised water (control) for: 48 h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h and 3 h, respectively. pH values were constantly monitored. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. The enamel samples were evaluated for surface changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimens subjected to cola-type drink (treatment A) showed wide areas of enamel dissolution, while the treatment B specimens showed a few areas of little enamel erosion, different from control samples. Adding CPP-ACP to the cola-type drinks influenced pH levels of the solutions, but always in the acidity range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPP-ACP provides protection against dental erosion from cola-type drinks in vitro. Therefore, further studies are necessary to evaluate if adding casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complex to acidic cola drinks could reduce their erosive potential in vivo as well.
authors.affiliation: University of Naples 'Federico II', School of Dentistry, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Naples (Italy). gianmariafabrizio@yahoo.it
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ferrazzano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cantile
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sangianantoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ingenito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013997:Time Factors; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex