title: Detection of component segregation in granules manufactured by high shear granulation with over-granulation conditions using near-infrared chemical imaging.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the high shear granulation process using near-infrared (NIR) chemical imaging technique and to make the findings available for pharmaceutical development. We prepared granules and tablets made under appropriate- and over-granulation conditions with high shear granulation and observed these granules and tablets using NIR chemical imaging system. We found an interesting phenomenon: lactose agglomeration and segregation of ingredients occurred in experimental tablets when over-granulation conditions, including greater impeller rotation speeds and longer granulation times, were employed. Granules prepared using over-granulation conditions were larger and had progressed to the consolidation stage; segregation between ethenzamide and lactose occurred within larger granules. The segregation observed here is not detectable using conventional analytical technologies such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) because the content of the granules remained uniform despite the segregation. Therefore, granule visualization using NIR chemical imaging is an effective method for investigating and evaluating the granulation process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan. koide@nihs.go.jp
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagato
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanou
authors.forename: Kou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natsuyama
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiyama
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D012457:Salicylamides; D013607:Tablets; D007785:Lactose; C018935:ethenzamide