title: Re-directed T cells for the treatment of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-positive malignant pleural mesothelioma (FAPME-1).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asbestos is the main cause of MPM in industrialized countries. Even since asbestos is banned in most developed countries, the peak wave of MPM incidence is anticipated for the next years due to the long latency of asbestos induced MPM. MPM patients not eligible for surgical procedures like decortication or pleuro-pneumectomie have a median survival of 12 months with palliative chemotherapy. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are of crucial need in this clinical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a phase I trial for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma with pleural effusion testing the safety of a fixed single dose of 1x106 adoptively transferred FAP-specific re-directed T cells given directly in the pleural effusion. Lymphocytes will be taken 21 days before transfer from peripheral blood. CD8 positive T cells will be isolated and re-programmed by retroviral transfer of a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing FAP which serves as target structure in MPM. At day 0 of the protocol, re-directed T cells will be injected in the pleural effusion and patients will be monitored for 48h under intermediate care conditions. AE, SAE, SADR and SUSAR will be monitored for 35 days and evaluated by an independent safety board to define any dose limiting toxicity (DLT). No further patient can be treated before the previous patient passed day 14 after T cell transfer. The protocol will be judged as save when no DLT occurred in the first 3 patients, or 1 DLT in 6 patients. Secondary objectives are feasibility and immune monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adoptive T cell transfer is a new and rapidly expanding branch of immunotherapies focusing on cancer treatment. Recently, objective responses could be observed in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia treated with adoptively transferred CD19-specific re-directed T cells. The choice of the target antigen determines the possible on-target off-tissue toxicity of such approaches. There are reports of severe toxicity in patients who received T cells intravenously due to unexpected expression of the target antigen (on-target) in other tissues than the tumor (off-tissue). To minimize the risk of on-target off-tissue toxicity and to maximize the on-target anti-tumor effect we propose a clinical protocol with loco-regional administration of re-directed T cells. FAP-specific T cells will be directly injected in the pleural effusion of patients with MPM.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01722149).
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistr, 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland. ulf.petrausch@usz.ch
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Petrausch
authors.forename: Petra C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Schuberth
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soltermann
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomaszek
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stahel
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weder
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult; D000099167:Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010450:Endopeptidases; D018093:Gelatinases; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000099167:Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha