title: Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling from nonclinical to clinical development: a case study of anticancer drug, crizotinib.
abstract: Attrition risk related to efficacy is still a major reason why new chemical entities fail in clinical trials despite recently increased understanding of translational pharmacology. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) analysis is key to translating in vivo drug potency from nonclinical models to patients by providing a quantitative assessment of in vivo drug potency with mechanistic insight of drug action. The pharmaceutical industry is clearly moving toward more mechanistic and quantitative PKPD modeling to have a deeper understanding of translational pharmacology. This paper summarizes an anticancer drug case study describing the translational PKPD modeling of crizotinib, an orally available, potent small molecule inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET), from nonclinical to clinical development. Overall, the PKPD relationships among crizotinib systemic exposure, ALK or MET inhibition, and tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in human tumor xenograft models were well characterized in a quantitative manner using mathematical modeling: the results suggest that 50% ALK inhibition is required for >50% TGI whereas >90% MET inhibition is required for >50% TGI. Furthermore, >75% ALK inhibition and >95% MET inhibition in patient tumors were projected by PKPD modeling during the clinically recommended dosing regimen, twice daily doses of crizotinib 250 mg (500 mg/day). These simulation results of crizotinib-mediated ALK and MET inhibition appeared consistent with the currently reported clinical responses. In summary, the present paper presents an anticancer drug example to demonstrate that quantitative PKPD modeling can be used for predictive translational pharmacology from nonclinical to clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. shinji.yamazaki@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000077547:Crizotinib; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D000077547:Crizotinib; C000626173:ALK protein, human; C000626174:Alk protein, mouse; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; C491743:MET protein, human; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases