title: From an urologist view: are we safe with endoscopic surgery? Overview of ergonomic problems encountered by the urologist during video endoscopic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of minimally invasive surgery in urology has constantly increased in the last 20 years. Endoscopic resection of prostate and bladder tumors is actually a gold standard with many advantages for patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the problems related to the ergonomic conditions faced by urologist during video endoscopic surgery by review of the recent literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  All evidence-based experimental ergonomic studies conducted in the fields of urology endoscopic surgery and applied ergonomics for other professions working with a display were identified by PubMed searches. Data from ergonomic studies were evaluated in terms of efficiency as well as comfort and safety aspects. Constraint postures for urologists are described and ergonomic requirements for optimal positions are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ergonomics of urological endoscopic surgery place urologists at risk for potential injury. The amount of neck flexion or extension, the amount of shoulder girdle adduction or abduction used, and stability of the upper extremities during surgery; which are maintained in a prolonged static posture; are the main risk factors. All these constraints may lead to muscle and joint fatigue, pain, and eventual musculoskeletal injury. Moreover, these issues may impact surgical accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urologist posture, operating period, training are important ergonomic factor during video surgery to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, La Rabta Hospital-University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis - El Manar, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Sallami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sataa
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benzarti
authors.forename: Abdelmajid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben Jemaa
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D014572:Urology; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery