title: Compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous measurements of atmospheric N2O and CO using a quantum cascade laser.
abstract: A compact and portable open-path sensor for simultaneous detection of atmospheric N(2)O and CO has been developed with a 4.5 μm quantum cascade laser (QCL). An in-line acetylene (C(2)H(2)) gas reference cell allows for continuous monitoring of the sensor drift and calibration in rapidly changing field environments and thereby allows for open-path detection at high precision and stability. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is used to detect simultaneously both the second and fourth harmonic absorption spectra with an optimized dual modulation amplitude scheme. Multi-harmonic spectra containing atmospheric N(2)O, CO, and the reference C(2)H(2) signals are fit in real-time (10 Hz) by combining a software-based lock-in amplifier with a computationally fast numerical model for WMS. The sensor consumes ~50 W of power and has a mass of ~15 kg. Precision of 0.15 ppbv N(2)O and 0.36 ppbv CO at 10 Hz under laboratory conditions was demonstrated. The sensor has been deployed for extended periods in the field. Simultaneous N(2)O and CO measurements distinguished between natural and fossil fuel combustion sources of N(2)O, an important greenhouse gas with poorly quantified emissions in space and time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: M Amir
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zondlo
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007834:Lasers; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide