title: The endangered Iris atropurpurea (Iridaceae) in Israel: honey-bees, night-sheltering male bees and female solitary bees as pollinators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The coastal plain of Israel hosts the last few remaining populations of the endemic Iris atropurpurea (Iridaceae), a Red List species of high conservation priority. The flowers offer no nectar reward. Here the role of night-sheltering male solitary bees, honey-bees and female solitary bees as pollinators of I. atropurpurea is documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breeding system, floral longevity, stigma receptivity, visitation rates, pollen loads, pollen deposition and removal and fruit- and seed-set were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main wild pollinators of this plant are male eucerine bees, and to a lesser extent, but with the potential to transfer pollen, female solitary bees. Honey-bees were found to be frequent diurnal visitors; they removed large quantities of pollen and were as effective as male sheltering bees at pollinating this species. The low density of pollen carried by male solitary bees was attributed to grooming activities, pollen displacement when bees aggregated together in flowers and pollen depletion by honey-bees. In the population free of honey-bee hives, male bees carried significantly more pollen grains on their bodies. Results from pollen analysis and pollen deposited on stigmas suggest that inadequate pollination may be an important factor limiting fruit-set. In the presence of honey-bees, eucerine bees were low removal-low deposition pollinators, whereas honey-bees were high removal-low deposition pollinators, because they removed large amounts into corbiculae and deposited relatively little onto receptive stigmas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though overall, both bee taxa were equally effective pollinators, we suggest that honey-bees have the potential to reduce the amount of pollen available for plant reproduction, and to reduce the amount of resources available to solitary bee communities. The results of this study have potential implications for the conservation of this highly endangered plant species if hives are permitted inside reserves, where the bulk of Oncocyclus iris species are protected.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pollination Ecology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. hummingbird_pe@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sapir
authors.forename: Bosmat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Amots
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dafni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D056727:Endangered Species; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D031323:Iris Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D007557:Israel; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D054817:Pollination; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology