title: In vitro interaction between alginate lyase and amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm determined by different methods.
abstract: Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms represent a problematic clinical entity, especially because of their recalcitrance to antifungal drugs, which poses a number of therapeutic implications for invasive aspergillosis, the most difficult-to-treat Aspergillus-related disease. While the antibiofilm activities of amphotericin B (AMB) deoxycholate and its lipid formulations (e.g., liposomal AMB [LAMB]) are well documented, the effectiveness of these drugs in combination with nonantifungal agents is poorly understood. In the present study, in vitro interactions between polyene antifungals (AMB and LAMB) and alginate lyase (AlgL), an enzyme degrading the polysaccharides produced as extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) within the biofilm matrix, against A. fumigatus biofilms were evaluated by using the checkerboard microdilution and the time-kill assays. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image and quantify the effects of AlgL-antifungal combinations on biofilm-growing hyphal cells. On the basis of fractional inhibitory concentration index values, synergy was found between both AMB formulations and AlgL, and this finding was also confirmed by the time-kill test. Finally, AFM analysis showed that when A. fumigatus biofilms were treated with AlgL or polyene alone, as well as with their combination, both a reduction of hyphal thicknesses and an increase of adhesive forces were observed compared to the findings for untreated controls, probably owing to the different action by the enzyme or the antifungal compounds. Interestingly, marked physical changes were noticed in A. fumigatus biofilms exposed to the AlgL-antifungal combinations compared with the physical characteristics detected after exposure to the antifungals alone, indicating that AlgL may enhance the antibiofilm activity of both AMB and LAMB, perhaps by disrupting the hypha-embedding EPSs and thus facilitating the drugs to reach biofilm cells. Taken together, our results suggest that a combination of AlgL and a polyene antifungal may prove to be a new therapeutic strategy for invasive aspergillosis, while reinforcing the EPS as a valuable antibiofilm drug target.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bugli
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torelli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maiorana
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paroni Sterbini
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Posteraro
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Spirito
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D025301:Hyphae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D000666:Amphotericin B; C059765:amphotericin B, deoxycholate drug combination; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases; C016158:poly(beta-D-mannuronate) lyase