title: Determination of maximal lactate steady state in healthy adults: can NIRS help?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) can be accurately determined in healthy subjects based on measures of deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb), an index of oxygen extraction measured noninvasively by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two healthy men (mean ± SD age = 48 ± 17 yr, range = 23-74 yr) performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion and square wave tests for MLSS determination. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured bbb and deoxyHb was monitored noninvasively on the right vastus lateralis with a quantitative NIRS device. The individual values of V˙O2 and HR corresponding to the MLSS were calculated and compared to the NIRS-derived MLSS (NIRSMLSS) that was, in turn, determined by double linear function fitting of deoxyHb during the incremental exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  V˙O2 and HR at MLSS were 2.25 ± 0.54 L·min (76% ± 9% V˙O2max) and 133 ± 14 bpm (81% ± 7% HRmax), respectively. Muscle O2 extraction increased as a function of exercise intensity up to a deflection point, NIRSMLSS, at which V˙O2 and HR were 2.23 ± 0.59 L·min (76% ± 9% V˙O2max) and 136 ± 17 bpm (82% ± 8% HRmax), respectively. For both V˙O2 and HR, the difference of NIRSMLSS from MLSS values was not significant and the measures were highly correlated (r = 0.81 and r = 0.76). The Bland-Altman analysis confirmed a nonsignificant bias for V˙O2 and HR (-0.015 L·min and 3 bpm, respectively) and a small imprecision of 0.26 L·min and 8 bpm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A plateau in muscle O2 extraction was demonstrated in coincidence with MLSS during an incremental cycling exercise, confirming the hypothesis that this functional parameter can be accurately estimated with a quantitative NIRS device. The main advantages of NIRSMLSS over lactate-based techniques are the noninvasiveness and the time/cost efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Exercise Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellotti
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calabria
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pogliaghi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D019344:Lactic Acid; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin