title: Linguistic and psychometric validation of the Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale in U.K. English for adults with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a linguistically and psychometrically validated U.K. English (U.K./Ireland) version of the Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale (DSQOLS) for adults with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted independent forward and backward translation of the validated German DSQOLS. An iterative interview study with health professionals (n = 3) and adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 8) established linguistic validity. The DSQOLS was included in three Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) studies (total N = 1,071). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was undertaken to examine questionnaire structure. Concurrent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and reliability were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EFA indicated a six-factor structure for the DSQOLS (social aspects, fear of hypoglycemia, dietary restrictions, physical complaints, anxiety about the future, and daily hassles). High internal consistency reliability was found for these factors and the weighted treatment satisfaction scale (α = 0.85-0.94). All subscales were moderately, positively correlated with the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality-of-Life (ADDQoL) measure, demonstrating evidence of concurrent validity. Lower DSQOLS subscale scores [indicating impaired quality of life (QoL)] were associated with the presence of diabetes-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSQOLS captures the impact of detailed aspects of modern type 1 diabetes management (e.g., carbohydrate counting and flexible insulin dose adjustment) that are now routine in many parts of the U.K. and Ireland. The U.K. English version of the DSQOLS offers a valuable tool for assessing the impact of treatment approaches on QoL in adults with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Care, University of Surrey, Surrey, U.K. d.cooke@surrey.ac.uk
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Mary Clare
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beinart
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Marca
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dinneen
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Speight
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom