title: Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects mouse cerebral pericytes from high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.
abstract: Diabetes-associated complications in the microvasculature of the brain are caused by oxidative stress, generated by overproduction of reactive oxygen species from hyperglycemia-induced accelerated oxidative metabolism of glucose. Pericytes, essential for the viability of the microvasculature, are especially susceptible to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases, regulators of the oxidative metabolism of glucose, determine the rate of reactive oxygen species production and inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases rescues glucose-induced pericyte loss in the diabetic mouse brain. We hypothesized that high glucose induces intracellular oxidative stress and pericyte apoptosis and that inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects pericytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. To validate our hypothesis, conditionally immortalized cerebral pericyte (IPC) cultures were established from Immortomice to investigate the effect of high glucose on oxidative stress and pericyte apoptosis. The IPCs expressed pericyte markers and induced high transendothelial electrical resistance and low permeability in brain endothelial cell monolayers comparable with pericytes in primary cultures. The IPCs also secreted cytokines constitutively and in response to lipopolysaccharide similar to pericytes. High glucose caused oxidative stress and apoptosis of these cells, with both oxidative stress and apoptosis significantly reduced after mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase inhibition. These results provide the first evidence that pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases attenuates pericyte apoptosis caused by high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have a long history of safe clinical use and can be immediately evaluated for this new indication in translational research. Thus, mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases may provide a new therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related illnesses of the brain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, DRC 315 St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. shahgn@slu.edu
authors.forename: Gul N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Tulin O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morofuji
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.forename: Nuran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ercal
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: Eui S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheibani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D020286:Pericytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D005947:Glucose