title: [Establishment of a short-form screening test for cognitive decline as part of a newly developed comprehensive geriatric assessment initiative named 'Dr. Superman'].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The assessment of cognitive function is important in comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), and several standardized screening tests for dementia such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) are available. However, it takes 5 to 20 minutes to perform the MMSE. We have developed a CGA initiative named 'Dr. Superman' which is designed to accomplish CGA within 10 minutes. In this study, we evaluated a short-form screening test for cognitive decline preceding the MMSE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MMSE and a question on episodic memory, ("What kind of food did you have last night?") were administered to 90 elderly outpatients with various diseases. They were divided into 2 groups according to their MMSE scores: a normal group (MMSE score≥24) and an abnormal group (MMSE score≤23). Within these groups, each domain (D) (D1: time orientation, D2: place orientation, D3: immediate memory, D4: calculation, D5: recall, D6: language, and D7: spatial cognition) and episodic memory was separately scored and the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predicative value of each were calculated. Based on these data, the best combination of the domains was evaluated for practical use as an assessment tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MMSE scores ranged from 10 to 30, and 42 cases were classified into the normal group. High sensitivity, specificity, or positive predicative value was observed in D1, D2, D4, D5 and episodic memory categories. On the basis of the characteristics of each item in these domains in order to make a short-form assessment, a combination of "What is this year" in D1, "Serial 7's twice" in D4, and a question on episodic memory was found to be superior to other combinations (sensitivity: 93.8%; specificity: 71.4%; positive predicative value: 78.9%). Using this combination for 50 outpatients with 2 raters, it took 32 to 55 seconds to accomplish the assessment with good inter-rater reliability (κ=0.861).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of "What is this year?", "Serial 7's twice", and "What kind of food did you have last night?" was the best and most valuable short-form screening test for cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanetaka
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity