title: Rare types of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and induced by a large number of etiopathogenic conditions. Beside type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which account for almost 90% of all cases, practitioners may encounter patients with more infrequent forms of diabetes, as those induced by mutations of a single gene, atypical immune disorders or neonatal diabetes. Monogenic diabetes is represented by genetic disorders in the structure of the beta-cell (the MODY syndromes and the mutations of mitochondrial DNA) or in the insulin's action (type A insulin resistance syndrome, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, leprechaunism, lipodystrophies). The rare forms of immune diabetes are determined by antibodies against insulin or insulin receptor or appear as a component of the "stiff man syndrome". Neonatal diabetes is induced by mutations in genes that control beta-cell development and function and may have a transient or permanent nature. Knowledge of the uncommon forms of diabetes mellitus enables physicians to apply the optimal treatment, to estimate the evolution of the patient and to apply a complete family screening in order to diagnose all other blood relatives as soon as possible.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iaşi School of Medicine.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mihai
authors.forename: Cătălina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mihai
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cijevschi-Prelipcean
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lăcătuşu
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D056731:Donohue Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D035583:Rare Diseases; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011972:Receptor, Insulin