title: Acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) against larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the species with the largest worldwide distribution and is proven to be involved in the transmission of pathogens such as Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia conorii, among others. Studies have demonstrated acquisition of resistance to some of the active principles used in commercial formulations of acaricides. Tagetes patula (Asteraceae) is a plant with highlighted economic and commercial importance due to the production of secondary metabolites with insecticide and acaricide potential, mainly flavonoids, thiophenes and terpenes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro acaricide action of the ethanolic 70% extract from aerial parts of T. patula, obtained by percolation, was evaluated against larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus by immersion test for 5 minutes. The chemical characterization of this extract was done by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), using direct injection of sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite T. patula not proving lethal to adults in any of the concentrations tested, at 50.0 mg/mL oviposition rate decreased by 21.5% and eliminated 99.78% of the larvae. Also it was determined that the best results were obtained with 5 minutes of immersion. From the chromatographic analysis twelve O-glycosylated flavonoids were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of T. patula extract against Rh. sanguineus. If we consider the application of the product in the environment, we could completely eliminate the larval stage of development of the ixodid Rh. sanguineus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 01, SP, Araraquara, CEP 14801-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Augusto Sanches
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Politi
authors.forename: Glyn Mara
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.forename: Andréa Mendez
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Bruno Rodrigues
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Sampieri
authors.forename: Maria Izabel Camargo
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: Matias Pablo Juan
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.forename: Gervásio Henrique
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: Lourdes Campaner
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Wagner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vilegas
authors.forename: Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pietro
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects*; D031686:Tagetes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D010636:Phenols; D000431:Ethanol