title: Anti-inflammatory effect of protocatechuic aldehyde on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, in which inflammatory response plays a vital role, is frequently encountered in clinical practice. The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and the possible mechanism of protocatechuic aldehyde (PAl) on MI/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. The rat model of MI/R injury was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, followed by 3-h reperfusion, and pretreatment with PAl could protect the heart from MI/R injury by reducing myocardial infarct size and the activities of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) in serum. Also, PAl administration markedly reduced cellular injury induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which was evidenced by increased cell viability, reduced lactate dehydrogenase and cTn-I activities in the culture medium, and greatly decreased percentage of cell apoptosis. Moreover, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, phosphorylated IκB-α, and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were all evidently decreased by PAl both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these observations suggested that PAl could exert great protective effects against MI/R injury in rats and SI/R injury in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and the cardioprotective mechanism might be involved in the suppression of inflammatory response via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Miaomiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Aidong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002396:Catechols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002396:Catechols; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D019210:Troponin I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C005581:protocatechualdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form