title: Correlates of prescription opioid initiation and long-term opioid use in veterans with persistent pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about how opioid prescriptions for chronic pain are initiated. We sought to describe patterns of prescription opioid initiation, identify correlates of opioid initiation, and examine correlates of receipt of chronic opioid therapy (COT) among veterans with persistent noncancer pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Veterans Affairs administrative data, we identified 5961 veterans from the Pacific Northwest with persistent elevated pain intensity scores who had not been prescribed opioids in the prior 12 months. We compared veterans not prescribed opioids over the subsequent 12 months with those prescribed any opioid and to those prescribed COT (>90 consecutive days).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study year, 35% of the sample received an opioid prescription and 5% received COT. Most first opioid prescriptions were written by primary care clinicians. Veterans prescribed COT were younger, had greater pain intensity, and high rates of psychiatric and substance use disorders compared with veterans in the other 2 groups. Among patients receiving COT, 29% were prescribed long-acting opioids, 37% received 1 or more urine drug screens, and 24% were prescribed benzodiazepines. Adjusting for age, sex, and baseline pain intensity, major depression [odds ratio 1.24 (1.10-1.39); 1.48 (1.14-1.93)], and nicotine dependence [1.34 (1.17-1.53); 2.02 (1.53-2.67)] were associated with receiving any opioid prescription and with COT, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid initiations are common among veterans with persistent pain, but most veterans are not prescribed opioids long-term. Psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders are associated with receiving COT. Many Veterans receiving COT are concurrently prescribed benzodiazepines and many do not receive urine drug screening; additional study regarding practices that optimize safety of COT in this population is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, OR 97239, USA. steven.dobscha@va.gov
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dobscha
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Morasco
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Duckart
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Macey
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Deyo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs