title: Pain over speed bumps in diagnosis of acute appendicitis: diagnostic accuracy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of pain on travelling over speed bumps for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective questionnaire based diagnostic accuracy study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary care surgical assessment unit at a district general hospital in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  101 patients aged 17-76 years referred to the on-call surgical team for assessment of possible appendicitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for pain over speed bumps in diagnosing appendicitis, with histological diagnosis of appendicitis as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis included 64 participants who had travelled over speed bumps on their journey to hospital. Of these, 34 had a confirmed histological diagnosis of appendicitis, 33 of whom reported increased pain over speed bumps. The sensitivity was 97% (95% confidence interval 85% to 100%), and the specificity was 30% (15% to 49%). The positive predictive value was 61% (47% to 74%), and the negative predictive value was 90% (56% to 100%). The likelihood ratios were 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) for a positive test result and 0.1 (0.0 to 0.7) for a negative result. Speed bumps had a better sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio than did other clinical features assessed, including migration of pain and rebound tenderness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of pain while travelling over speed bumps was associated with an increased likelihood of acute appendicitis. As a diagnostic variable, it compared favourably with other features commonly used in clinical assessment. Asking about speed bumps may contribute to clinical assessment and could be useful in telephone assessment of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK. helen.ashdown@phc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Ashdown
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Diallah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harnden
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001336:Automobiles; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel; D055815:Young Adult