title: The status of dental and jaw bones in children and adolescents after kidney and liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic complications in patients after renal or liver transplantation may be localized in the oral cavity. Calcium-phosphate disturbances may affect the structure and metabolism of mandible bones, promote calcification of dental pulp, and in children may cause developmental defects of teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of dental and bone abnormalities in children and adolescents after kidney and liver transplantation with respect to the type of the transplanted organ and maintenance immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 23 kidney and 25 liver recipients (mean age: 13.95±4.2 yrs) were evaluated. Twenty patients received ciclosporin A (CsA) and 28 tacrolimus (TAC). Twenty-one kidney and 14 liver recipients were treated with steroids. Mean time after transplantation was 3.62±2.98 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity of caries and percentage of odontogenic abnormalities (76.0% vs. 60.86%) was higher in liver transplant recipients. Positive correlations were found between discoloration of the deciduous teeth and liver transplantation, between enamel hypoplasia and kidney transplantation, and between treatment with CsA and its dose and blood concentration (p<0.05). Pulp stones were present in 13.04% of kidney vs. 8.0% in liver recipients, more often in those treated with CsA than with TAC. Jaw bone abnormalities were present in 30.43% kidney recipients vs. 12% liver recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both kidney and liver recipients present dental and bone abnormalities. The incidence of specific types of oral lesions is different in renal and liver graft recipients; however, it is also correlated with specific immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. do-k@o2.pl
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olczak-Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozdowski
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawłowska
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grenda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000209:etiology; D003784:Dental Pulp Calcification / Q000209:etiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D007571:Jaw Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000209:etiology; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus