title: A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of hypertension in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laboratory studies have suggested that vitamin D inadequacy may be implicated in development of hypertension. Evidence from epidemiologic studies remains limited. We aim to examine the prospective associations of circulating vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms, and their interaction with risk of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted prospective analyses among 1,211 US men that were free of baseline hypertension and had baseline plasma 25hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) or 1,25dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) measured and VDR BsmI or FokI polymorphisms genotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 15.3-year follow-up, 695 men developed incident hypertension. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % CIs for hypertension across increasing quartiles of plasma vitamin D metabolites were 1.00 (ref), 0.94 (0.69-1.27), 0.69 (0.50-0.96), and 0.82 (0.60-1.13) for 25(OH)D (p, trend: 0.43), and 1.00, 0.92 (0.66-1.27), 1.12 (0.82-1.54), and 1.19 (0.86-1.63) for 1,25(OH)2D (p, trend: 0.16). Compared with carriers of VDR BsmI bb, carriers of bB or BB had a HR of 1.25 (1.04-1.51) for hypertension. For VDR FokI polymorphism, compared with carriers of FF and Ff combined, carriers of ff had a HR of 1.32 (1.03-1.70). The relation between plasma 25(OH)D and risk of hypertension did not differ by VDR BsmI and FokI polymorphisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a prospective cohort of men, we found suggestive evidence for an inverse association between plasma 25(OH)D and risk of hypertension. We also found associations between VDR BsmI and FokI polymorphisms with hypertension risk. More research is needed to further determine the role of vitamin D in hypertension prevention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA, luwang@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Joann E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Sesso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D