title: Ratcheted molecular-dynamics simulations identify efficiently the transition state of protein folding.
abstract: The atomistic characterization of the transition state (TS) is a fundamental step to improve the understanding of the folding mechanism and the function of proteins. From a computational point of view, the identification of the conformations that build out the transition state is particularly cumbersome, mainly because of the large computational cost of generating a statistically sound set of folding trajectories. Here we show that a biasing algorithm, based on the physics of the ratchet-and-pawl, can be used to approximate efficiently the transition state. The basic idea is that the algorithmic ratchet exerts a force on the protein when it is climbing the free-energy barrier, while it is inactive when it is descending. The transition state can be identified as the point of the trajectory where the ratchet changes regime. Besides discussing this strategy in general terms, we test it within a protein model whose transition state can be studied independently by plain molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, we show its power in explicit-solvent simulations, obtaining and characterizing a set of transition-state conformations for Acyl-Coenzyme A-Binding Protein (ACBP) and Chymotrypsin Inhibitor 2 (CI2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Milano, and INFN, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy. tiana@mi.infn.it
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tiana
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camilloni
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D026261:Diazepam Binding Inhibitor / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D026261:Diazepam Binding Inhibitor; D010455:Peptides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012997:Solvents; C093336:chymotrypsin inhibitor 2