title: Additive inhibition of human α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors by mixtures of commonly used drugs of abuse.
abstract: Yearly, exposure to drugs of abuse results in ∼1 million emergency department visits in the US. In ∼50% of the visits, stimulant drugs like cocaine and amphetamine-like substances (e.g. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, the main active ingredient of ecstasy)) are involved, whereas in ∼60% multiple drugs are involved. These drugs induce higher dopamine and serotonin levels resulting in drug-induced toxicity. Since GABA receptors (GABA-R) provide the main inhibitory input on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, drug-induced inhibition of GABA-R could contribute to higher neurotransmitter levels and thus toxicity. We therefore investigated the effects of combinations of commonly abused stimulant drugs (cocaine, MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)) on the function of the human α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor (hGABAA-R), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. These drugs concentration-dependently inhibited the GABA-evoked current (mCPP>cocaine>MDMA>MDA). Most drug combinations decreased the GABA-evoked current stronger than the single drug. Additivity was observed during combined exposure to low concentrations of cocaine and mCPP as well as during combined exposure to MDA with cocaine or mCPP. However, combinations containing MDMA mainly resulted in sub-additivity or no additivity. At drug concentrations relevant for clinical toxicology, co-exposure to ≥2 drugs can decrease the GABA-evoked current in an additive manner. Thus, in patients exposed to multiple drugs, inhibitory GABA-ergic input is reduced more prominently, likely resulting in higher brain dopamine levels. As this will increase the risk for drug-induced toxicity, treatment of drug-intoxicated patients with drugs that enhance GABA-ergic input should be further optimized.
authors.affiliation: National Poisons Information Center (NVIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. L.Hondebrink@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hondebrink
authors.forename: Sijie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Regina G D M
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: van Kleef
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meulenbelt
authors.forename: Remco H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Westerink
mesh_terms: D015104:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; C546240:GABRA1 protein, human; C495710:GABRB2 protein, human; C546279:GABRG2 protein, human; D010879:Piperazines; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D015104:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; D003042:Cocaine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; C015068:1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine