title: Analgesic effects of stem bark extracts of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) JJ De Wilde.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various parts of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn) JJ De Wilde (Fam. Meliaceae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions. The present study examined the analgesic properties of the petroleum ether (PEE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and the hydro-ethanolic (HAE) extract of the stem bark of the plant in murine models.
  
  
  METHODS
  PEE, EAE, and HAE were assessed in chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (hot plate test), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pain models. The possible mechanisms of the antinociceptive action were also examined with various antagonists in the formalin test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAE, EAE, and PEE, each at doses of 10-100 mg/kg orally, and the positive controls (morphine and diclofenac) elicited significant dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in the chemical (acetic acid abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (hot plate test), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pain models in rodents. The antinociceptive effect of HAE was partly or wholly reversed by systemic administration of atropine, naloxone, and glibenclamide. The antinociceptive effects of EAE and PEE were inhibited by atropine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extracts HAE, EAE, and PEE caused dose-related antinociception in chemical, thermal, and mechanical models of pain in animals. The mechanism of action of HAE involves an interaction with muscarinic cholinergic, adenosinergic, opioidergic pathways, and ATP-sensitive K+ channels while that of EAE and PEE involve the muscarinic cholinergic system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woode
authors.forename: Ama Kyeraa
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Amoh-Barimah
authors.forename: Wonder Kofi Mensah
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Abotsi
authors.forename: George Kwaw
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Ainooson
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Owusu
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D029582:Meliaceae; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid