title: Identification of conductive hearing loss in young infants using tympanometry and wideband reflectance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tympanometry and wideband reflectance (WBR) in detecting conductive hearing loss (CHL) in young infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type of hearing loss was determined using auditory brainstem response using air- and bone-conducted tone bursts in 84 ears from 70 infants (median age = 10 weeks). Of these 84 ears, 60 are included in the current analysis: 43 with normal hearing (NH) and 17 with CHL. Tympanometry was measured using probe tone frequencies of 226, 678, and 1000 Hz. Tympanograms were evaluated in two ways: (1) Acoustic middle ear admittance (Ya, in millimhos); and (2) two-category classification (normal/abnormal), as described by Baldwin (2006). Measures of Ya were evaluated in two ways: by admittance-magnitude tympanograms and calculated admittance magnitude from subcomponents (conductance and susceptance). WBR was measured in response to a chirp stimulus after probe calibration. WBR was analyzed into thirteen 1/3 octave bands. Tests for statistical differences for two-category classification were analyzed using Chi-squared and Ya, and WBR were analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variances. Cohen's d and likelihood ratios were computed for comparison with statistically significant differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ya measured with 678- and 1000 Hz probe tones was significantly different between ears with CHL and NH. Two-category classification of tympanograms using a 1000 Hz probe tone was significantly different between ears with CHL and NH. Neither two-category classification nor Ya was significantly different between ears identified with CHL and NH using a 226 Hz probe tone. WBR was significantly higher in the frequency bands 800 to 2500 Hz and in the frequency band centered at 6300 Hz in infants with CHL. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were greater than 2 for several WBR frequency bands and Ya measured with 1000 Hz probe tones. The results were similar for calculations of Ya from admittance-magnitude and subcomponent tympanograms. Positive likelihood ratios for WBR ranged between 8.1 and 38, and those for Ya using 1000 Hz ranged between 12.5 and 32.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHL in young infants can be detected well with WBR or tympanometry using probe frequencies of 678 and 1000 Hz.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. baprieve@syr.edu
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Prieve
authors.forename: Kathy R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Vander Werff
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Georgantas
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods*; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity