title: Multiplex biotoxin surface plasmon resonance method for marine biotoxins in algal and seawater samples.
abstract: A multiplex surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor method for the detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, okadaic acid (and analogues) and domoic acid was developed. This method was compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Seawater samples (n=256) from around Europe were collected by the consortia of an EU project MIcroarrays for the Detection of Toxic Algae (MIDTAL) and evaluated using each method. A simple sample preparation procedure was developed which involved lysing and releasing the toxins from the algal cells with glass beads followed by centrifugation and filtering the extract before testing for marine biotoxins by both multi-SPR and ELISA. Method detection limits based on IC20 values for PSP, okadaic acid and domoic acid toxins were 0.82, 0.36 and 1.66 ng/ml, respectively, for the prototype multiplex SPR biosensor. Evaluation by SPR for seawater samples has shown that 47, 59 and 61 % of total seawater samples tested positive (result greater than the IC20) for PSP, okadaic acid (and analogues) and domoic acid toxins, respectively. Toxic samples were received mainly from Spain and Ireland. This work has demonstrated the potential of multiplex analysis for marine biotoxins in algal and seawater samples with results available for 24 samples within a 7 h period for three groups of key marine biotoxins. Multiplex immunological methods could therefore be used as early warning monitoring tools for a variety of marine biotoxins in seawater samples.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK, s.mcnamee@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McNamee
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delahaut
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005060:Europe; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D058086:Microalgae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning; D013030:Spain; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid