title: Residue levels and efficacy of fludioxonil and thiabendazole in controlling postharvest green mold decay in citrus fruit when applied in combination with sodium bicarbonate.
abstract: The curative and protective activity of sodium bicarbonate (SBC) at 1% alone or in combination with fludioxonil (FLU), thiabendazole (TBZ), or FLU and TBZ together, between 50 and 600 mg/L, was evaluated on fruit of different citrus species and cultivars. Fruits were either artificially inoculated with a resistant (TBZ-r) or sensitive (TBZ-s) strain of  Penicillium digitatum  or not inoculated and incubated at 20 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 7 days (incubated fruit) or stored at 1.5 °C for 21 days plus 7 days of simulated marketing conditions at 20 °C and 60% RH. The effectiveness of these treatments was related with treatment-induced changes of epicuticular wax morphology, the mode of distribution of SBC, TBZ, and FLU on the fruit surface, and FLU and TBZ fruit residue levels. SBC alone showed a weak activity against both strains of P. digitatum. Both TBZ and FLU were very effective at all rates used, and their activity markedly increased when combined together or with SBC, even at concentrations of 50-150 mg/L. Fruit treated with SBC either alone or in combination with TBZ and/or FLU increased weight loss, although no treatment damage was detected. Residue levels of TBZ generally increased when TBZ was combined with FLU and/or SBC, whereas those of FLU slightly increased only in treatment where FLU was combined with TBZ and SBC. Initial residues of TBZ and FLU when applied at 600 mg/L were around 2 and 1 mg/kg, respectively, several times below the lowest MRLs set by most important citrus-producing countries. In treatments with SBC or SBC plus TBZ or FLU, SEM observation of the fruit surface showed a smoothing of cuticular wax platelets' surface, whereas ESEM micrographs showed irregular spots of salt deposits of roundish to irregular shape. The apparently uneven distribution of SBC or SBC plus TBZ or FLU or SBC plus TBZ and FLU on fruit might in part reduce the potential beneficial effects of SBC or of fungicide-SBC mixtures.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, 07100 Sassari, Italy. salvatore.daquino@ispa.cnr.it
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Aquino
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angioni
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schirra
mesh_terms: D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005506:Food Contamination; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D061353:Food Storage; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007558:Italy; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013827:Thiabendazole / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004149:Dioxoles; D005520:Food Preservatives; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011758:Pyrroles; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; C108339:fludioxonil; D013827:Thiabendazole