title: Significance of peptide transporter 1 in the intestinal permeability of valacyclovir in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively determine the contribution of PepT1 [peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1)] to the intestinal permeability of valacyclovir, an ester prodrug of the antiviral drug acyclovir. In situ single-pass intestinal perfusions were employed (pH 6.5 × 90 minutes) to assess the effective permeability (P(eff)) of 100 μM [(3)H]valacyclovir in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice. Acyclovir pharmacokinetics was also evaluated after oral administration of 25 nmol/g valacyclovir. In wild-type mice, jejunal uptake of valacyclovir was best described by both saturable (K(m) = 10.2 mM) and nonsaturable components where the saturable pathway accounted for 82% of total transport. Valacyclovir P(eff) was 2.4 × 10(-4) cm/s in duodenum, 1.7 × 10(-4) cm/s in jejunum, 2.1 × 10(-4) cm/s in ileum, and 0.27 × 10(-4) cm/s in colon. In Pept1 knockout mice, P(eff) values were about 10% of that in wild-type animals for these small intestinal segments. Valacyclovir P(eff) was similar in the colon of both genotypes. There were no differences in valacyclovir P(eff) between any of the intestinal segments of PepT1 knockout mice. Valacyclovir P(eff) was significantly reduced by the dipeptide glycylsarcosine and the aminocephalosporin cefadroxil, but not by the amino acids l-valine or l-histidine, the organic acid p-aminohippurate, or the organic base tetraethylammonium (all at 25 mM). PepT1 ablation resulted in 3- to 5-fold reductions in the in vivo rate and extent of valacyclovir absorption. Our findings conclusively demonstrate, using in situ and in vivo validations in genetically modified mice, that PepT1 has a major influence in improving the oral absorption of valacyclovir.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 4742C Medical Sciences II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5633, USA.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001711:Biotransformation; D002434:Cefadroxil / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; D010477:Perfusion; D010539:Permeability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D027981:Symporters / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D014633:Valine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; D000074011:Peptide Transporter 1; C489941:Slc15a1 protein, mouse; D027981:Symporters; D002434:Cefadroxil; C004194:glycylsarcosine; D014633:Valine; D000077483:Valacyclovir; D000212:Acyclovir