title: Measuring children's dental anxiety.
abstract: METHODS
  Medline and the Social Science Index Citation databases were searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies had to have used measures of dental anxiety completed by children themselves (≤16 years), been published in English and reported primary data. Non-validated measures, those using proxy measures and non-dentally specific measures were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted independently using a standardised form. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed, and measures were evaluated against a theoretical framework of dental anxiety. A qualitative summary of the measures is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria. These covered seven 'trait' and two 'state' measures of dental anxiety used to assess children's dental anxiety over the past decade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this systematic review can be used to help guide dental academics, clinicians, psychologists and epidemiologists to choose the most appropriate measure of dental anxiety for their intended use. Future work should involve evaluating the content and developmental validity of existing measures with further consideration given to the use of theoretical frameworks to develop this field.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Gerry M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Humphris
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman