title: Dietary intake of Sudanese women: a comparative assessment of nutrient intake of displaced and non-displaced women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the daily intake of essential micro- and macronutrients in Sudanese women, with specific focus on dietary fat and essential fatty acids, and compare the dietary intakes of internally displaced women with those of the non-displaced population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes of displaced southern (n=44) and non-displaced southern (n=30) and northern (n=39) Sudanese women were obtained by single 24-hour recall method, and daily nutrient intakes were calculated using 'Foodbase' nutritional software. The displaced women were recruited from Mayo and Soba Aradi camps, south of Khartoum city; and non-displaced southern and northern Sudanese women were recruited from antenatal clinics, universities, hospitals and the community in Khartoum city and Omdurman, Sudan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbohydrates provided over 60% of dietary energy for all the Sudanese women groups. The displaced women had significantly lower intake of energy (1744 ± 344 kcal/d), starch (p<0.001) and carbohydrates (312 ± 11 g/d, p<0.01) than both non-displaced southern (1972 ± 229 kcal/d energy, 358 ± 56 g/d carbohydrates) and northern Sudanese women (1988 ± 226 kcal/d energy, 357 ± 56g/d carbohydrates). Fat intake was also lower in the displaced group (34.1 ± 11.9 g/d) than in the non-displaced counterpart (38.5 ± 10.2 g/d) (p<0.05), but was not significantly different from northern Sudanese women (37.6 ± 10.6, p>0.05). Intakes of iodine (33.60-56.96 µg/d), zinc (7.12-9.92 mg/d), retinol (226.1-349.7 µg/d), riboflavin (0.44-0.70 mg/d) and docosahexaenoic acid (11.70-33.49 mg/d) amongst Sudanese women were very low compared with recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Sudanese diet was less diverse and differences in energy and nutrients intakes between groups were due to the amounts of food consumed. This view is supported by a lack of significant differences when intakes were expressed as proportion of whole energy between all groups of women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London Metropolitan University, London, UK. kbn0006@londonmet.c.uk
authors.forename: Kot B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Nyuar
authors.forename: A K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063426:Human Migration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D018977:Micronutrients