title: Integrating human factors research and surgery: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a review of human factors research within the context of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed for relevant studies published from the earliest available date through February 29, 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search was performed using the following keywords: human factors, surgery, errors, teamwork, communication, stress, disruptions, interventions, checklists, briefings, and training. Additional articles were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. As 2 human factors specialists, a senior clinician, and a junior clinician, we carefully selected the most appropriate exemplars of research findings with specific relevance to surgical error and safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven articles of relevance were selected and reviewed in detail. Opinion pieces and editorials were disregarded; the focus was solely on articles based on empirical evidence, with a particular emphasis on prospectively designed studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The themes that emerged related to the development of human factors theories, the application of those theories within surgery, a specific interest in the concept of flow, and the theoretical basis and value of human-related interventions for improving safety and flow in surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increased awareness of safety, errors routinely continue to occur in surgical care. Disruptions in the flow of an operation, such as teamwork and communication failures, contribute significantly to such adverse events. While it is apparent that some incidence of human error is unavoidable, there is much evidence in medicine and other fields that systems can be better designed to prevent or detect errors before a patient is harmed. The complexity of factors leading to surgical errors requires collaborations between surgeons and human factors experts to carry out the proper prospective and observational studies. Only when we are guided by this valid and real-world data can useful interventions be identified and implemented.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shouhed
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gewertz
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiegmann
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Catchpole
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012449:Safety; D013597:Systems Analysis