title: The vector of quadriceps pull is directed from the patella to the femoral neck.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quadriceps is the primary extensor of the knee. Its vector, which is perpendicular to the flexion axis of the knee, is important in understanding knee function and properly aligning total knee components. Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging enables evaluation using a 3-D model of each quadriceps component.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We calculated the direction and magnitude of the quadriceps vector (QV) and the precision of the measurement, and asked whether the QV bears a constant relationship to the femur and is aligned with an anatomically based axis on the femur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using CT data of 14 subjects, we created a 3-D solid model of each quadriceps muscle component. Vectors (3-D direction and length) for each quadriceps component were determined using principal component analysis for muscle direction and volume for magnitude; vector addition established the directional vector of the combined muscle. The combined vector originating in the center of the patella was compared with the shaft, mechanical, and spherical (center femoral head to center medial side of the knee) axes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The QV passed from the patella center proximally crossing the femoral neck between the femoral head and greater trochanter and was most closely aligned with the spherical axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QV axis may be an important reference for alignment of total knee components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spherical axis can be used in aligning total knee components to the flexion axis of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, 2912 Taubman Center, Box 0328, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanifuji
authors.forename: John David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010329:Patella / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed