title: The effect of long-term storage on the physiochemical and bactericidal properties of electrochemically activated solutions.
abstract: Electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS) are generated by electrolysis of NaCl solutions, and demonstrate broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and high environmental compatibility. The biocidal efficacy of ECAS at the point of production is widely reported in the literature, as are its credentials as a "green biocide." Acidic ECAS are considered most effective as biocides at the point of production and ill suited for extended storage. Acidic ECAS samples were stored at 4 °C and 20 °C in glass and polystyrene containers for 398 days, and tested for free chlorine, pH, ORP and bactericidal activity throughout. ORP and free chlorine (mg/L) in stored ECAS declined over time, declining at the fastest rate when stored at 20 °C in polystyrene and at the slowest rate when stored at 4 °C in glass. Bactericidal efficacy was also affected by storage and ECAS failed to produce a 5 log(10) reduction on five occasions when stored at 20 °C. pH remained stable throughout the storage period. This study represents the longest storage evaluation of the physiochemical parameters and bactericidal efficacy of acidic ECAS within the published literature and reveals that acidic ECAS retain useful bactericidal activity for in excess of 12 months, widening potential applications.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences,  University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK. darren.reynolds@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thorn
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D004356:Drug Storage; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012996:Solutions; D002713:Chlorine