title: Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children.
abstract: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between gross motor coordination (MC) and academic achievement (AA) in a sample of Portuguese children aged 9-12 years. The study took place during the 2009/2010 school year and involved 596 urban children (281 girls) from the north of Portugal. AA was assessed using the Portuguese Language and Mathematics National Exams. Gross MC was evaluated with the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder. Cardiorespiratory fitness was predicted by a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle-run test of the Fitnessgram Test Battery. Body weight and height were measured following standard procedures. Socio-economic status was based on annual family income. Logistic Regression was used to analyze the association of gross MC with AA. 51.6% of the sample exhibited MC disorders or MC insufficiency and none of the participants showed very good MC. In both genders, children with insufficient MC or MC disorders exhibited a higher probability of having low AA, compared with those with normal or good MC (p<.05 for trend for both) after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and socio-economic status.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre on Child Studies (CIEC). Institute of Education, University of Minho, Portugal. luis.iec.um@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Rute
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Vítor P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors