title: A quantitative comparison of regional myocardial motion in mice, rabbits and humans using in-vivo phase contrast CMR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically manipulated animals like mice or rabbits play an important role in the exploration of human cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore important to identify animal models that closely mimic physiological and pathological human cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-vivo phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was used to measure regional three-directional left ventricular myocardial motion with high temporal resolution in mice (N=18), rabbits (N=8), and humans (N=20). Radial, long-axis, and rotational myocardial velocities were acquired in left ventricular basal, mid-ventricular, and apical short-axis locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regional analysis revealed different patterns of motion: 1) In humans and rabbits, the apex showed slower radial velocities compared to the base. 2) Significant differences within species were seen in the pattern of long-axis motion. Long-axis velocities during systole were fairly homogeneously distributed in mice, whereas humans showed a dominant component in the lateral wall and rabbits in the base. 3) Rotational velocities and twist showed the most distinct patterns in both temporal evolution and relative contribution of base, mid-ventricle and apex, respectively. Interestingly, a marked difference in rotational behavior during early-systole was found in mice, which exhibited clockwise rotation in all slice locations compared to counter-clockwise rotation in rabbits and humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase contrast CMR revealed subtle, but significantly different regional myocardial motion patterns in mice, rabbits and humans. This finding has to be considered when investigating myocardial motion pattern in small animal models of heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. bernd.jung@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Katja E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Odening
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dall'Armellina
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Föll
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menza
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.forename: Jürgen E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011817:Rabbits; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left