title: Increasing incidence of malaria in children despite insecticide-treated bed nets and prompt anti-malarial therapy in Tororo, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The burden of malaria has decreased in parts of Africa following the scaling up of control interventions. However, similar data are limited from high transmission settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 100 children, aged six weeks to 10 months of age, were enrolled in an area of high malaria transmission intensity and followed through 48 months of age. Children were given a long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN) at enrolment and received all care, including monthly blood smears and treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for uncomplicated malaria, at a dedicated clinic. The incidence of malaria was estimated by passive surveillance and associations between malaria incidence and age, calendar time and season were measured using generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported compliance with LLINs was 98% based on monthly routine evaluations. A total of 1,633 episodes of malaria were observed, with a median incidence of 5.3 per person-year (PPY). There were only six cases of complicated malaria, all single convulsions. Malaria incidence peaked at 6.5 PPY at 23 months of age before declining to 3.5 PPY at 48 months. After adjusting for age and season, the risk of malaria increased by 52% from 2008 to 2011 (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10-2.09). Asymptomatic parasitaemia was uncommon (monthly prevalence <10%) and rarely observed prior to 24 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Tororo, despite provision of LLINs and prompt treatment with ACT, the incidence of malaria is very high and appears to be rising. Additional malaria control interventions in high transmission settings are likely needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials Identifier NCT00527800.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. jagannathanp@medsfgh.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Muhindo
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakuru
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arinaitwe
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenhouse
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaharuza
authors.forename: Moses R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorsey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; C031327:artemisinin