title: Pseudoephedrine and preexercise feeding: influence on performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the influence of preexercise food intake on plasma pseudoephedrine (PSE) concentrations and subsequent high-intensity exercise. In addition, urinary PSE concentrations were measured under the same conditions and compared with the present threshold of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten highly trained male cyclists and triathletes (age = 30.6 ± 6.6 yr, body mass [BM] = 72.9 ± 5.1 kg, and V˙O2max = 64.8 ± 4.5 mL·kg·min; mean ± SD) undertook four cycling time trials (TT), each requiring the completion of a set amount of work (7 kJ·kg BM) in the shortest possible time. Participants were randomized into a fed or nonfed condition and orally ingested 2.8 mg·kg BM of PSE or a placebo (PLA) 90 min before exercise; in the fed trials, they consumed a meal providing 1.5 g·kg BM of CHO. Venous blood was sampled at 30, 50, and 70 min and pre-warm-up and postexercise for the analysis of plasma PSE and catecholamine concentrations, and urine was also collected for the analysis of PSE concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of the preexercise meal, 2.8 mg·kg BM of PSE did not significantly improve cycling TT performance. The fed trials resulted in lower plasma PSE concentrations at all time points compared with the nonfed trials. Both plasma epinephrine and blood lactate concentrations were higher in the PSE compared with the PLA trials, and preexercise and postexercise urinary PSE concentrations were significantly higher than the threshold (150 μg·mL) used by WADA to determine illicit PSE use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrespective of the preexercise meal, cycling TT performance of approximately 30 min was not improved after PSE supplementation. Furthermore, 2.8 mg·kg BM of PSE taken 90 min before exercise, with or without food, resulted in urinary PSE concentrations exceeding the present WADA threshold.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. pritchardkellie@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kellie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Pritchard-Peschek
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Taaffe
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control; D005080:Exercise Test; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D054199:Pseudoephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D054199:Pseudoephedrine