title: Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between brain structure and psychopathic traits in maximum-security incarcerated male adolescents, and to examine whether the associations between brain volumes in paralimbic and limbic regions and psychopathic traits observed in incarcerated adult men extend to an independent sample of incarcerated male adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of regional gray matter volumes by using voxel-based morphometry in maximum-security incarcerated male adolescents (N = 218) assessed for psychopathic traits using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV). All analyses controlled for effects of age, substance use, and brain size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with hypotheses and the adult literature, psychopathic traits were associated with decreased regional gray matter volumes in diffuse paralimbic regions, including orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral temporal poles, and posterior cingulate cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strengthen the interpretation that paralimbic regions are central for understanding neural dysfunction associated with psychopathic traits and that psychopathy is best conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
authors.affiliation: Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ermer
authors.forename: Lora M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: Prashanth K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nyalakanti
authors.forename: Vince D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Kent A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kiehl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D008032:Limbic System / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D009516:New Mexico; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology