title: Expatriates ill after travel: results from the Geosentinel Surveillance Network.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expatriates are a distinct population at unique risk for health problems related to their travel exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed GeoSentinel data comparing ill returned expatriates with other travelers for demographics, travel characteristics, and proportionate morbidity (PM) for travel-related illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study included 2,883 expatriates and 11,910 non-expatriates who visited GeoSentinel clinics ill after travel. Expatriates were more likely to be male, do volunteer work, be long-stay travelers (>6 months), and have sought pre-travel advice. Compared to non-expatriates, expatriates returning from Africa had higher proportionate morbidity (PM) for malaria, filariasis, schistosomiasis, and hepatitis E; expatriates from the Asia-Pacific region had higher PM for strongyloidiasis, depression, and anxiety; expatriates returning from Latin America had higher PM for mononucleosis and ingestion-related infections (giardiasis, brucellosis). Expatriates returning from all three regions had higher PM for latent TB, amebiasis, and gastrointestinal infections (other than acute diarrhea) compared to non-expatriates. When the data were stratified by travel reason, business expatriates had higher PM for febrile systemic illness (malaria and dengue) and vaccine-preventable infections (hepatitis A), and volunteer expatriates had higher PM for parasitic infections. Expatriates overall had higher adjusted odds ratios for latent TB and lower odds ratios for acute diarrhea and dermatologic illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ill returned expatriates differ from other travelers in travel characteristics and proportionate morbidity for specific diseases, based on the region of exposure and travel reason. They are more likely to present with more serious illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Disease & Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. pllim@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Poh-Lian
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Lin H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Prativa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: DeVon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlagenhauf
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loutan
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: Xiaohong M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult