title: Intimate partner violence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to estimate the association between intimate partner violence, a prevalent psychosocial stressor, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2001, 68,376 Nurses' Health Study II participants answered questions on physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence in adulthood (age ≥18 years) and reported the years in which any abuse occurred. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the associations between intimate partner violence exposures and incidence of type 2 diabetes from 2001 to 2007. We also estimated effects of duration and time since intimate partner violence on type 2 diabetes incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 68,376 respondents, 64,732 met inclusion criteria at the 2001 baseline; of these, 23% reported lifetime physical intimate partner violence, 11% reported lifetime sexual intimate partner violence, and 8% reported moderate and <2% reported severe psychological intimate partner violence. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for type 2 diabetes, adjusted for potential confounders, were 1.18 (1.00-1.39) and 1.08 (0.86-1.35) for more than one lifetime episode of physical and sexual intimate partner violence, respectively, and 1.78 (1.21-2.61) for severe psychological abuse. Addition of updated BMI and other diabetes risk factors reduced the physical intimate partner violence HR to 1.12 (0.94-1.33) and the psychological intimate partner violence HR to 1.61 (1.09-2.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical intimate partner violence is modestly associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes in this population. Severe psychological violence may substantially increase type 2 diabetes risk.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. n2sma@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Eileen N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Hibert
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Janet W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rich-Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*