title: Seven diverse human embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic clonal embryonic progenitor cell lines display site-specific cell fates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcriptomes of seven diverse clonal human embryonic progenitor cell lines with chondrogenic potential were compared with that of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell lines 4D20.8, 7PEND24, 7SMOO32, E15, MEL2, SK11 and SM30 were compared with MSCs using immunohistochemical methods, gene expression microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the undifferentiated progenitor state, each line displayed unique combinations of site-specific markers, including AJAP1, ALDH1A2, BMP5, BARX1, HAND2, HOXB2, LHX1, LHX8, PITX1, TBX15 and ZIC2, but none of the lines expressed the MSC marker CD74. The lines showed diverse responses when differentiated in the presence of combinations of TGF-β3, BMP2, 4, 6 and 7 and GDF5, with the lines 4D20.8, SK11, SM30 and MEL2 showing osteogenic markers in some differentiation conditions. The line 7PEND24 showed evidence of regenerating articular cartilage and, in some conditions, markers of tendon differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scalability of site-specific clonal human embryonic stem cell-derived embryonic progenitor cell lines may provide novel models for the study of differentiation and methods for preparing purified and identified cells types for use in therapy.
authors.affiliation: BioTime, Inc., 1301 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA.
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.forename: Jianjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinon
authors.forename: Isaac E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Walter D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Karen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: C Thomas
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Vangsness
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002999:Clone Cells; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; D024043:Collagen Type II; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta