title: No change in antibiotic susceptibility patterns in the neonatal ICU over two decades.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify trends in early-onset sepsis and late-onset sepsis neonatal rates and to evaluate the appropriateness of the empirical antibiotic protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-yr (1993-2009) analysis of positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two neonatal ICUs at the Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this period, 991 infants had at least one episode of either bacteremia or meningitis. The overall incidence of early-onset sepsis was 0.64 per 1,000 live births with a nonsignificant trend over the study period (p = 0.37). The overall incidence of late-onset sepsis was 7.5 per 100 admissions with a significant positive trend in the incidence rates (p = 0.021). The incidence of late-onset sepsis was 7.5 per 100 admissions with a significant positive trend in the prevalence rates (p = 0.021). The prevalence of early-onset group B Streptococcus bacteremia decreased significantly throughout the study period. Among late-onset sepsis, Gram-positive and fungi infection rates were stable over time, while Gram-negative infection rates showed a significant positive trend (p = 0.007). No significant change in the susceptibility rate of the isolated Gram-negative bacteria in late-onset sepsis for the common antibacterial drugs was found. About 85% and 90% of the isolated organisms were susceptible to our early-onset sepsis (ampicillin and gentamicin) and late-onset sepsis (vancomycin and cefotaxime) protocols, respectively, and these rates were stable over the study period (p = .1 and .55, respectively). Sepsis-related mortality was higher among Gram- negative sepsis cases resistant to our empiric antibiotic protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our empiric antibiotic protocols are appropriate despite their continuous use over the last 17 yrs. This may have been achieved by the use of a controlled antibiotic program and infection control efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. zivanit@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: Zivanit
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ergaz
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benenson
authors.forename: Matan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bar-Oz
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D001724:Birth Weight; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000639:trends*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents