title: Transfemoral biopsy--a routine procedure after orthotopic heart transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava and hypoplastic right superior vena cava.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing number of end stage heart failure patients has caused a high number of transplant candidates, including patients with concomitant other cardiac abnormalities. Congenital heart failure can exhibit changes in a variety of anatomic landmarks, and performing heart transplantation in this setting can be challenging. Monitoring for possible rejection is done via intramyocardial biopsies. Here the difficulties arise from variations in anatomic structures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We present a case of a persistent left superior vena cava discovered intraoperatively during heart transplantation. The patient was a 45-year-old man who underwent transplantation for a severely reduced left ventricular function, along with a high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and and end stage heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In previous cases, the biopsy was performed by means of left-sided transjugular venous access. Bearing the well-known complications in mind, we chose the transfemoral access so we could take biopsies postoperatively. Biopsies in patients with persistent left vena cava should routinely be performed using the transfemoral access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghodsizad
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bordel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zugck
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruhparwar
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*