title: Review article: practical current issues in perioperative patient safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This brief review provides an overview and, importantly, a context perspective of relevant current practical issues in perioperative patient safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dramatic improvement in anesthesia patient safety over the last 30 years was not initiated by electronic monitors but, rather, largely by a set of behaviours known as "safety monitoring" that were then made decidedly more effective by extending the human senses through electronic monitoring, for example, capnography and pulse oximetry. In the highly developed world, this current success is threatened by complacency and production pressure. In some areas of the developing/underdeveloped world, the challenge is implementing the components of anesthesia practice that will bring safety improvements to parallel the overall current success, for instance, applying the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) "International Standards for A Safe Practice of Anaesthesia". Generally, expanding the current success in safety involves many practical issues. System issues involve research, effective reporting mechanisms and analysis/broadcasting of results, perioperative communication (including "speaking up to power"), and checklists. Monitoring issues involve enforcing existing published monitoring standards and also recognizing the risk of danger to the patient from hypoventilation during procedural sedation and from postoperative intravenous pain medications. Issues of clinical care include medication errors in the operating room, cerebral hypoperfusion (especially in the head-up position), dangers of airway management, postoperative residual weakness from muscle relaxants, operating room fires, and risks specific in obstetric anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the issues outlined here and empowerment of all anesthesia professionals, from the most senior professors and administrators to the newest practitioners, should help maintain, solidify, and expand the improvements in anesthesia and perioperative patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, N-202, UKMC, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY, 40536-0293, USA. jeichhorn@uky.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods