title: Soil to rice transfer factors for (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Pb, (40)K and (137)Cs: a study on rice grown in India.
abstract: India is the second largest producer of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world and rice is an essential component of the diet for a majority of the population in India. However, detailed studies aimed at the evaluation of radionuclide transfer factors (F(v)) for the rice grown in India are almost non-existent. This paper presents the soil to rice transfer factors for natural ((226)Ra, (228)Ra, (40)K, and (210)Pb) and artificial ((137)Cs) radionuclides for rice grown in natural field conditions on the West Coast of India. A rice field was developed very close to the Kaiga nuclear power plant and the water required for this field was drawn from the cooling water discharge canal of the power plant. For a comparative study of the radionuclide transfer factors, rice samples were also collected from the rice fields of nearby villages. The study showed that the (226)Ra and (228)Ra activity concentrations were below detection levels in different organs of the rice plant. The soil to un-hulled rice grain (40)K transfer factor varied in the range of 6.5 × 10(-1) to 2.9 with a mean of 0.15 × 10(1), and of (210)Pb varied in the range of <1.2 × 10(-2) to 8.1 × 10(-1) with a mean of 1.4 × 10(-1), and of (137)Cs varied in the range of 6.6 × 10(-2) to 3.4 × 10(-1) with a mean of 2.1 × 10(-1). The mean values of un-hulled grain to white rice processing retention factors (F(r)) were 0.12 for (40)K, 0.03 for (210)Pb, and 0.14 for (137)Cs. Using these processing retention factors, the soil to white rice transfer factors were estimated and these were found to have mean values of 1.8 × 10(-1), 4.2 × 10(-3), and 3.0 × 10(-2) for (40)K, (210)Pb, and (137)Cs, respectively. The study has shown that the transfer of (40)K was higher for above the ground organs than for the root, but (210)Pb and (137)Cs were retained in the root and their transfer to above the ground organs of the rice plant is significantly lower.
authors.affiliation: University Science Instrumentation Centre, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore, Karnataka 574199, India. karunakara_n@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karunakara
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ujwal
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yashodhara
authors.forename: Sudeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumara
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ravi
mesh_terms: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007194:India; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism*; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D011883:Radium