title: Self-management experiences among men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to better understand differences in diabetes self-management, specifically needs, barriers and challenges among men and women living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  35 participants were recruited from a diabetes education center (DEC) in Toronto, Canada. Five focus groups and nine individual interviews were conducted to explore men and women's diabetes self-management experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of participants was 57 years and just over half (51.4%) were female. Analyses revealed five themes: disclosure and identity as a person living with diabetes; self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG); diet struggles across varying contexts; utilization of diabetes resources; and social support. Women disclosed their diabetes more readily and integrated management into their daily lives, whereas men were more reluctant to tell friends and family about their diabetes and were less observant of self-management practices in social settings. Men focused on practical aspects of SMBG and experimented with various aspects of management to reduce reliance on medications whereas women focused on affective components of SMBG. Women restricted foods from their diets perceived as prohibited whereas many men moderated their intake of perceived unhealthy foods, except in social situations. Women used socially interactive resources, like education classes and support groups whereas men relied more on self-directed learning but also described wanting more guidance to help navigate the healthcare system. Finally, men and women reported wanting physician support for both affective and practical aspects of self-management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the differences in needs and challenges of diabetes self-management among men and women, which may inform gender-sensitive diabetes, care, counseling and support.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ontario School of Medicine, East Campus, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada. rmathew@nosm.ca
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gucciardi
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Melo
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barata
mesh_terms: D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D014342:Truth Disclosure