title: Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine.
abstract: The presence of bacteria in human milk has been acknowledged since the seventies. For a long time, microbiological analysis of human milk was only performed in case of infections and therefore the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria was yet unknown. During the last decades, the use of more sophisticated culture-dependent and -independent techniques, and the steady development of the -omic approaches are opening up the new concept of the 'milk microbiome', a complex ecosystem with a greater diversity than previously anticipated. In this review, possible mechanisms by which bacteria can reach the mammary gland (contamination versus active migration) are discussed. In addition, the potential roles of human milk for both infant and maternal health are summarised. A better understanding of the link between the milk microbiome and health benefit, the potential factors influencing this relationship and whether or not it can be influenced by nutrition is required to open new avenues in the field of pregnancy and lactation.
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, P.O. Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Jeurink
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Bergenhenegouwen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: L M J
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Knippels
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D058448:Biota; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D054892:Metagenome; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology*; D011247:Pregnancy