title: ADHD Undetected in Criminal Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess whether adults with ADHD in a forensic sample had received the diagnosis earlier and to investigate reasons for missing the diagnosis earlier.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 1, 2007 until March 5, 2009, all patients from an outpatient clinic for forensic mental health care who were suspected of having ADHD were seen by a psychiatrist who assessed presence and severity of ADHD symptoms and other psychiatric disorders in a standardized way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADHD diagnosis was missed previously in life in 59 of 106 male adults (56%). ADHD diagnosis was missed more often in older men, in those with hyperactive/impulsive or combined subtype of ADHD, in those who reported fewer symptoms of ADHD in childhood or adolescence, in those with a comorbid mood disorder in adulthood, and in those who had never received mental health care before. Even in those who had previously received mental health care, the diagnosis had been missed in 42% of the cases. Prior contacts with police or court also predicted missing the diagnosis, an effect that was mediated by a lower chance to be referred to mental health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General and forensic mental health care workers should be alert for the fact that ADHD is missed very often in individuals who have problems with delinquency and should realize that ADHD may be masked by various factors.
authors.affiliation: De Waag, De Forensische Zorgspecialisten, Utrecht, Netherlands nbuitelaar@dewaagnederland.nl.
authors.forename: Nannet J L
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: GGZ Delfland, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ferdinand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data