title: Detoxification and mineralization of Acid Blue 74: study of an alternative secondary treatment to improve the enzymatic decolourization.
abstract: Many reports describe the decolourization of dyes by fungal enzymes. However, these enzymes do not contribute to dye mineralization but only to its biotransformation into less coloured or colourless molecules persisting in solution. Therefore, it is essential to analyse the identity of the metabolites produced during enzymatic treatments and its biodegradation into an appropriate system. The present work examines the decolourization/detoxification of a simulated effluent (containing Acid Blue 74) by fungal enzymes and proposes a secondary treatment using an anaerobic system to improve the enzymatic decolourization through the complete mineralization of the dye. Ligninolytic enzymes were produced by solid culture using the thermo-tolerant fungus Fomes sp. EUM1. The enzymes produced showed a high rate of decolourization (>95 % in 5 h) and were stable at elevated temperature (40 °C) and ionic strength (NaCl, 50 mM). Isatin-5-sulphonic acid was identified via (1)H-NMR as oxidation product; tests using Daphnia magna revealed the non-toxic nature of this compound. To improve the enzymatic degradation and avoid coupling reactions between the oxidation products, the effluent was subjected to an anaerobic (methanogenic) treatment, which achieved high mineralization efficiencies (>85 %). To confirm the mineralization of isatin-5-sulphonic acid, a specific degradation study, which has not been reported before, with this single compound was conducted under the same conditions; the results showed high removal efficiencies (86 %) with methane production as evidence of mineralization. These results showed the applicability of an anaerobic methanogenic system to improve the enzymatic decolourization/detoxification of Acid Blue 74 and achieve its complete mineralization.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, CP 09340 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Méndez-Hernández
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Vives
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solís-Oba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solís-Oba
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sobrino-Figueroa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Loera
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D055453:Coriolaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013783:Textile Industry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical