title: The antinociceptive properties of the novel compound (±)-trans-4-hydroxy-6-propyl-1-oxocyclohexan-2-one in acute pain in mice.
abstract: The compound (±)-trans-4-hydroxy-6-propyl-1-oxocyclohexan-2-one [(±)-δ-lactone] was isolated from the plant Vitex cymosa Bertero, and determined to be the active principle. The present study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of (±)-δ-lactone and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Mice were subjected to in-vivo models of acute pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests) and the open-field test. (±)-δ-Lactone, administered orally (6-900 µmol/kg), exerted a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. (±)-δ-Lactone administered by the intrathecal (i.t.) and subplantar (s.p.) routes (10-600 nmol) exerted concentration-dependent antinociceptive effects in the formalin test, showing its spinal and peripheral activity, respectively. In the hot-plate test, (±)-δ-lactone was also active when administered i.t., confirming its spinal effect. The previous intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of naloxone, yohimbine, mecamylamine or glibenclamide did not alter the effect produced by the i.t. administration of (±)-δ-lactone, whereas the previous application of atropine and L-arginine significantly reduced its effects in the formalin and hot-plate tests. The previous i.p. application of L-NAME enhanced the antinociceptive effect of the i.t. administration of (±)-δ-lactone in the formalin and hot-plate tests. The previous i.p. application of L-NAME and L-arginine increased and decreased, respectively, the activity of (±)-δ-lactone administered by s.p. administration. These results indicate that (±)-δ-lactone has significant spinal and peripheral antinociceptive activity, and that its effects are at least partially mediated by a reduced nitric oxide production/release, most likely through mechanisms involving the cholinergic system.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology of Inflammation and Nitric Oxide Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bl. J, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BR-RJ, Brazil. brunomarinho@ufrrj.br
authors.forename: Bruno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Marinho
authors.forename: Leandro S M
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Jerônimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da S Costa
authors.forename: Suzana G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.forename: Mário L A A
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.forename: Vera L P
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D059329:Cholinergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007783:Lactones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020950:Vitex / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D007783:Lactones; C581289:trans-4-hydroxy-6-propyl-1-oxocyclohexan-2-one; D009569:Nitric Oxide