title: Primary cilia attenuate hedgehog signalling in neoplastic chondrocytes.
abstract: Primary cilia can act as either a negative or positive regulator of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Many cartilage tumors are characterized by abnormal activation of the Hh pathway. Here, we report that the presence of primary cilia occurs at a low frequency (12.4%) in neoplastic chondrocytes from malignant human chondrosarcomas, compared with chondrocytes from normal articular cartilage (67.7%). To determine the function of primary cilia in cartilaginous neoplasia, we studied benign cartilage tumors that are formed in mice by chondrocyte-specific overexpression of Gli2, a downstream transcriptional activator of the Hh pathway. Col2A1-Gli2 mice were crossed with Ift88+/- mice, which display a partial loss of ciliogenesis. Surprisingly, cartilage tumors developed in Ift88+/- mice that were phenotypically similar to those that arise in Col2A1-Gli2 mice. Further activation of the Hh pathway was observed in Col2A1-Gli2; Ift88+/- mice compared with either Col2A1-Gli2 or Ift88+/- mice, which was associated with an increased incidence of cartilage tumors. Chondrosarcomas were established in explant cultures, and treated with choral hydrate, which disrupts the functional primary cilia. Thus, treatment resulted in hyperactivity of the Hh signaling pathway, as well as cellular changes that could promote tumor growth. Primary cilia functions to inhibit Hh signaling in neoplastic chondrocytes. The activation of Hh signaling is sufficient to induce benign cartilage tumors without another oncogenic initiating event. Moreover, as primary cilia suppress Hh pathway activation in chondrosarcoma, cellular mechanisms inhibiting proper cilia function may be important in maintaining the neoplastic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Jazrawe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wunder
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Alman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2
chemical_list: C447413:Col2a1 protein, mouse; D024043:Collagen Type II; C000618551:Gli2 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C490898:Tg737Rpw protein, mouse; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000075746:Zinc Finger Protein Gli2