title: High lipophilicity and high daily dose of oral medications are associated with significant risk for drug-induced liver injury.
abstract: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug failure in clinical trials and a major reason for drug withdrawals from the market. Although there is evidence that dosages of ≥100 mg/day are associated with increased risk for hepatotoxicity, many drugs are safe at such dosages. There is an unmet need to predict risk for DILI more reliably, and lipophilicity might be a contributing factor. We analyzed the combined factors of daily dose and lipophilicity for 164 US Food and Drug Administration-approved oral medications and observed high risk for hepatotoxicity (odds ratio [OR], 14.05; P < 0.001) for drugs given at dosages ≥100 mg/day and octanol-water partition coefficient (logP) ≥3. This defined the "rule-of-two." Similar results were obtained for an independent set of 179 oral medications with 85% of the rule-of-two positives being associated with hepatotoxicity (OR, 3.89; P < 0.01). Using the World Health Organization's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, the rule-of-two performed best in predicting DILI in seven therapeutic categories. Among 15 rule-of-two positives, 14 were withdrawn from hepatotoxic drugs, and one was over-the-counter medication labeled for liver injury. We additionally examined drug pairs that have similar chemical structures and act on the same molecular target but differ in their potential for DILI. Again, the rule-of-two predicted hepatotoxicity reliably. Finally, the rule-of-two was applied to clinical case studies to identify hepatotoxic drugs in complex comedication regimes to further demonstrate its use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from dose, lipophilicity contributes significantly to risk for hepatotoxicity. Applying the rule-of-two is an appropriate means of estimating risk for DILI compared with dose alone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Minjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borlak
authors.forename: Weida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D000442:Octanols / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D056737:Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals; D012995:Solubility; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D000442:Octanols; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations