title: Characterization of human brown adipose tissue by chemical-shift water-fat MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize human brown adipose tissue (BAT) with chemical-shift water-fat MRI and to determine whether trends and differences in fat-signal fractions and T2(*) relaxation times between BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) are consistently observed postmortem and in vivo in infants, adolescents, and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postmortem body and eight patients were studied. A six-echo spoiled gradient-echo chemical-shift water-fat MRI sequence was performed at 3 T to jointly quantify fat-signal fraction and T2(*) in interscapular-supraclavicular BAT and subcutaneous WAT. To confirm BAT identity, biopsy and histology served as the reference in the postmortem study and PET/CT was used in five of the eight patients who required examination for medical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat-signal fractions and T2(*) times were lower in BAT than in WAT in the postmortem example and in seven of eight patients. With the exception of one case, nominal comparisons between brown and white adipose tissues were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Between subjects, a large range of fat-signal fraction values was observed in BAT but not in WAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that fat-signal fractions and T2(*) values jointly derived from chemical-shift water-fat MRI are lower in BAT than in WAT likely because of differences in cellular structures, triglyceride content, and vascularization. The two metrics can serve as complementary biomarkers in the detection of BAT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS #81, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. hhu@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: Houchun H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gilsanz
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed