title: [Classification and clinical observation of rhinoliths in the adult patients].
abstract: This paper reports 3 cases of rhinoliths 20, 14, and 45 years in duration respectively observed during the last 3 years. Rhinoliths caused difficulty of nasal breathing on the side of their localization accompanied by serous discharge from the nose and atrophy of turbinate bones; moreover, they provoked the development of maxilloethmoidal sinusitis, nasal polyps, and deviation of the nasal septum. The surgical removal of the rhinoliths promoted elimination of these complications. A new classification of rhinoliths distinguishing between 4 groups of these stone-like structures is proposed.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Bobrov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D013492:Suppuration / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome