title: Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis reveal underlying pathways of infection associated histologic chorioamnionitis in pPROM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pPROM). Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new biomarkers revealing these conditions. The objective of this study is to identify possible biomarkers and their underlying biofunctions in pPROM pregnancies with and without MIAC and HCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 women with pPROM were recruited. Only women with both MIAC and HCA (n = 19) and all women without these complications (n = 19) having the same range of gestational ages at sampling were included in the study. Samples of amniotic fluid were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis, processed and analyzed using quantitative shotgun proteomics. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to identify molecular networks that involve altered proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Network interaction identified by ingenuity pathway analysis revealed immunological disease and the inflammatory response as the top functions and disease associated with pPROM in the presence of MIAC and HCA. The proteins involved in these pathways were significantly altered between the groups with and without the presence of both MIAC and HCA. Proteins involved included histones H3, H4, H2B, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, myeloperoxidase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, matrix metalloproteinase-9, peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 and neutrophil defensin 1, all of which were found to be up-regulated in the presence of MIAC and HCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioinformatic analysis of proteomics data allowed us to project likely biomolecular pathology resulting in pPROM complicated by MIAC and HCA. As inflammation is not a homogeneous phenomenon, we provide evidence for oxidative-stress-associated DNA damage and biomarkers of reactive oxygen species generation as factors associated with inflammation and proteolysis.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tambor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacerovsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lenco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019295:Computational Biology; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D040901:Proteomics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006657:Histones; D018836:Inflammation Mediators