title: Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas using 4-dimensional computed tomography: a pictorial essay.
abstract: Accurate preoperative localization is the key to successful parathyroid surgery in the era of minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. This article presents and discusses the embryologic basis of parathyroid gland and ectopic location and different imaging modalities helpful in diagnosing and localizing parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia. We also aim to review the current surgical concepts in treatment of parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia, the utility of 4-dimensional computed tomography for accurate preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, imaging classification of adenomas and/or hyperplasia, and, finally, present some of the limitations of 4-dimensional computed tomography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA. Shehanaz.Ellika@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Shehanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellika
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aho
authors.forename: Horia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010280:Parathyroid Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D010282:Parathyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C054871:ioversol