title: Respiratory viruses in hospitalized children with influenza-like illness during the h1n1 2009 pandemic in Sweden [corrected].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The swine-origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic of 2009 had a slower spread in Europe than expected. The human rhinovirus (HRV) has been suggested to have delayed the pandemic through viral interference. The importance of co-infections over time during the pandemic and in terms of severity of the disease needs to be assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate respiratory viruses and specifically the presence of co-infections with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (H1N1) in hospitalized children during the H1N1 pandemic. A secondary aim was to investigate if co-infections were associated with severity of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed on 502 children with influenza-like illness admitted to inpatient care at a pediatric hospital in Stockholm, Sweden during the 6 months spanning the H1N1 pandemic in 2009. Respiratory samples were analyzed for a panel of 16 viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more viruses were detected in 61.6% of the samples. Of these, 85.4% were single infections and 14.6% co-infections (2-4 viruses). The number of co-infections increased throughout the study period. H1N1 was found in 83 (16.5%) children and of these 12 (14.5%) were co-infections. HRV and H1N1 circulated to a large extent at the same time and 6.0% of the H1N1-positive children were also positive for HRV. There was no correlation between co-infections and severity of disease in children with H1N1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viral co-infections were relatively common in H1N1 infected hospitalized children and need to be considered when estimating morbidity attributed to H1N1. Population-based longitudinal studies with repeated sampling are needed to improve the understanding of the importance of co-infections and viral interference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Solna - Infectious Diseases Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. samuel.rhedin@ki.se
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rhedin
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamrin
authors.forename: Pontus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naucler
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bennet
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotzén-Östlund
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Färnert
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D058873:Pandemics; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000821:virology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors