title: The effect of chronic smoking on the pupil and photostress recovery time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of chronic smoking on the pupil and photostress recovery time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular adaptation to photostress condition, and mesopic and photopic pupillary responses were measured using automated perimetry (Humprey®), and an OPD device (Nidek), respectively. Forty heavy smokers (smoking ≥1 box/day for the past 5 years at least), and 40 age- and sex-matched nonsmokers were enrolled. All the subjects had full vision and no ocular problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline foveal threshold value (FTV) before photostress was similar in both groups (p = 0.75). Although photostress recovery times (7.1 ± 1.1 and 7.4 ± 1.3 min) were similar in smokers and nonsmokers (p = 0.30), FTV measured at the first minute after photostress was statistically higher in smokers (36.05 ± 0.98 dB) than nonsmokers (34.7 ± 1.03 dB; p = 0.018). Scotopic pupil sizes in smokers (6.73 ± 0.82 mm) and nonsmokers (6.55 ± 0.62 mm) were similar (p = 0.28); however, photopic pupil size in smokers (5.36 ± 0.73 mm) was different from nonsmokers (4.73 ± 0.58 mm; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic smoking may dilate the pupil, and increases macular FTV immediately after photostress.
authors.affiliation: Gülhane Military Medical Academy and Medical School, Etlik, Turkey. gsobaci@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Güngör
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sobacı
authors.forename: Uzeyir
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Fatih Ç
authors.initials: FÇ
authors.lastname: Gundogan
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musayev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014794:Visual Fields; D055815:Young Adult