title: Analysing Syntactic Regularities and Irregularities in SNOMED-CT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this paper we demonstrate the usage of RIO; a framework for detecting syntactic regularities using cluster analysis of the entities in the signature of an ontology. Quality assurance in ontologies is vital for their use in real applications, as well as a complex and difficult task. It is also important to have such methods and tools when the ontology lacks documentation and the user cannot consult the ontology developers to understand its construction. One aspect of quality assurance is checking how well an ontology complies with established 'coding standards'; is the ontology regular in how descriptions of different types of entities are axiomatised? Is there a similar way to describe them and are there any corner cases that are not covered by a pattern? Detection of regularities and irregularities in axiom patterns should provide ontology authors and quality inspectors with a level of abstraction such that compliance to coding standards can be automated. However, there is a lack of such reverse ontology engineering methods and tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RIO framework allows regularities to be detected in an OWL ontology, i.e. repetitive structures in the axioms of an ontology. We describe the use of standard machine learning approaches to make clusters of similar entities and generalise over their axioms to find regularities. This abstraction allows matches to, and deviations from, an ontology's patterns to be shown. We demonstrate its usage with the inspection of three modules from SNOMED-CT, a large medical terminology, that cover "Present" and "Absent" findings, as well as "Chronic" and "Acute" findings. The module sizes are 5 065, 20 688 and 19 812 asserted axioms. They are analysed in terms of their types and number of regularities and irregularities in the asserted axioms of the ontology. The analysis showed that some modules of the terminology, which were expected to instantiate a pattern described in the SNOMED-CT technical guide, were found to have a high number of regularity deviations. A subset of these were categorised as "design defects" by verifying them with past work on the quality assurance of SNOMED-CT. These were mainly incomplete descriptions. In the worst case, the expected patterns described in the technical guide were followed by only 5% of the axioms in the module.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to automatically detect regularities and then inspect irregularities in an ontology. We argue that RIO is a tool to find and report such matches and mismatches, for evaluations by the domain experts. We have demonstrated that standard clustering techniques from machine learning can offer a tool in the drive for quality assurance in ontologies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://riotool.sourceforge.net/
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://eleni.mikroyannidi@manchester.ac.uk, http://robert.stevens@manchehster.ac.uk.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK. mikroyannidi@cs.manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mikroyannidi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iannone
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rector