title: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome has been identified as a condition of childhood relatively recently. The aim in this study was to describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children allowing for differences in metabolic syndrome definitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a systematic review of the OVID, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases, capturing details of overall prevalence and prevalence within groups categorized by obesity, gender, age, and ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 378 studies published since 2003 were identified, and of these 85 papers were included in the present review. When all studies were considered, the median prevalence of metabolic syndrome in whole populations was 3.3% (range 0%-19.2%), in overweight children was 11.9% (range 2.8%-29.3%), and in obese populations was 29.2% (range 10%-66%). Within-study analyses confirmed higher prevalence for obese compared to overweight (P=0.012) and obese compared to nonobese, nonoverweight children (P<0.001). Within-study analyses also revealed higher median metabolic syndrome prevalence for boys compared to girls (5.1% versus 3.0%, P<0.001) and also in older compared with younger children (5.6% versus 2.9%, P=0.001). Limited evidence was found to suggest differences between ethnic groups, and there were insufficient studies to determine whether metabolic syndrome prevalence was increasing over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first systematic review of all of the relevant literature. It describes the magnitude of associations between metabolic syndrome and obesity, age, and gender. We find evidence that ethnicity and geography may be important to metabolic syndrome prevalence in children and these associations require further study.
authors.affiliation: Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.forename: Leone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult