title: Early functional treatment in Class II division 1 subjects with mandibular retrognathia using Fränkel II  appliance. A prospective controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This was to clarify dentoalveolar, skeletal and facial profile modifications induced by Fränkel II  functional treatment in Class II division 1 subjects in prepubertal stages CS1-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of  25 caucasian subjects (15 males, 10 females), mean age 8y 11m, in vertebral stages CS1-2. The mean duration of functional  treatment was 1y 11m.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective controlled study. The sample was evaluated at T0, start of treatment, and T1,  end of Fränkel II therapy. Untreated subjects in Class II division 1 were the control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  T-test for paired  data was calculated before and after treatment (P< 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant increase between T0 and T1  was obtained for SNB (p = 0.022), ANB (p <0.001), Mx/Mn differential (p = 0.001), Co-Go-Me (p =  0.014), OJ (p < 0.001), OB (p = 0.042), IMPA (p = 0.021) . OJ (p < 0.001) and OB (p = 0.003) showed  a higher significant change in the Fränkel group compared to control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Fränkel II  appliance produced, in CS1-2 subiects, significant effects in teeth position, skeletal modifications and soft tissue changes,  although the pubertal growth spurt would occur at least two years later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, DISC, University of Genoa, Italy. armando.silvestrini@tin.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silvestrini-Biavati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Silvestrini Biavati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Signori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castaldo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migliorati
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D057887:Overbite / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000473:pathology