title: Attenuation of adjuvant-induced arthritis by dietary sesamol via modulation of inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and antioxidant status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dietary sesamol is one of the important constituent of sesame seed that has been mainly claimed to combat cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which are the major secondary complications of arthritis. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and anti-stress potentials of sesamol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arthritis was induced using Freund's complete adjuvant to hind paw of experimental rats. The physical and biochemical alterations and its recovery by sesamol were assessed by measuring enzymatic and non-enzymatic mediators. Arthritis-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and their protective by sesamol were measured by determining the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, sesamol was demonstrated to alleviate arthritis-induced cartilage degeneration by mitigating augmented serum levels of hyaluronidase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-13, MMP-3 and MMP-9). It also protected bone resorption by reducing the elevated levels of bone joint exoglycosidases, cathepsin D and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatases. Sesamol also abrogated the non-enzymatic inflammatory markers (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, PGE2, ROS, and H2O2,) effectively. In addition, sesamol neutralizes arthritis-induced oxidative stress by restoring the levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid and hydro peroxides and sustained antioxidant homeostasis by re-establishing altered activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-s-transferase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the study demonstrated the anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and chondro-protective potentials of sesamol in vivo. Thus, sesamol could be a single bullet that can fight arthritis as well as the secondary complications of arthritis such as cardio vascular disorders and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore-06, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mahadevappa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemshekhar
authors.forename: Ram Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thushara
authors.forename: Sadashivaiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jnaneshwari
authors.forename: Sannaningaiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devaraja
authors.forename: Kempaiah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kemparaju
authors.forename: Kesturu Subbaiah
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Girish
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010636:Phenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C025583:sesamol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507083:Mmp13 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat