title: Signal intensity and T2 time of extraocular muscles in assessment of their physiological status in MR imaging in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lack of standardised orbital MR protocols leads to a situation, when each institution/centre may arbitrarily choose sequence parameters. Therefore, the results obtained and published by the authors may not be compared freely, and what is most important may not be considered fully reliable. Signal intensity (IS) and T2 time (T2) are important parameters in estimation of inflammatory processes of extraocular muscles in the clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine the reference values (i.e. cut-off values) for absolute signal intensity and T2 relaxation time in healthy subjects, their relativised values to white matter (WM) and temporal muscles (TM) and to evaluate the correlation between those parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The orbital examination was performed in healthy volunteers according to the protocol prepared in the Radiology-Imaging Diagnostic Department of the Medical University of Lodz for patients with suspected/diagnosed thyroid orbitopathy. Using two of the standard sequences IS and T2 time were calculated for the muscles and two relativisation tissues in realtion to WM and TM. Subsequently cut-off values for healthy volunteers were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences between muscles for IS, IS MAX, IS/TM, IS/WM, IS MAX/TM, IS MAX/WM and T2 MAX/WM were not statistically significant. Therefore one cut-off value of these parameters for all the rectus muscles was calculated. T2-relaxation time and T2 relativised to white matter had to be calculated separately for each muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No statistical correlation was found between IS and T2-time for extraocular muscles in healthy volunteers. We calculated the reference ranges (cut-off values) for absolute IS and T2-time values and relativised parameters. In the clinical practice the objectification of IS and T2-time values should be done to WM, than to IS or T2 of the temporal muscle. The T2 MAX/WM seems to have the highest clinical utility for the assessment of the pathophysiological status of extraocular muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology - Diagnostic Imaging Medical University, ŁódŸ, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pająk
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loba
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wieczorek-Pastusiak
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antosik-Biernacka
authors.forename: Ludomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefańczyk
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majos