title: Cloning of a novel insulin-regulated ghrelin transcript in prostate cancer.
abstract: Ghrelin is a multifunctional hormone, with roles in stimulating appetite and regulating energy balance, insulin secretion and glucose homoeostasis. The ghrelin gene locus (GHRL) is highly complex and gives rise to a range of novel transcripts derived from alternative first exons and internally spliced exons. The wild-type transcript encodes a 117 amino acid preprohormone that is processed to yield the 28 amino acid peptide ghrelin. Here, we identified insulin-responsive transcription corresponding to cryptic exons in intron 2 of the human ghrelin gene. A transcript, termed in2c-ghrelin (intron 2-cryptic), was cloned from the testis and the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. This transcript may encode an 83 amino acid preproghrelin isoform that codes for ghrelin, but not obestatin. It is expressed in a limited number of normal tissues and in tumours of the prostate, testis, breast and ovary. Finally, we confirmed that in2c-ghrelin transcript expression, as well as the recently described in1-ghrelin transcript, is significantly upregulated by insulin in cultured prostate cancer cells. Metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinaemia have been associated with prostate cancer risk and progression. This may be particularly significant after androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, which induces hyperinsulinaemia, and this could contribute to castrate-resistant prostate cancer growth. We have previously demonstrated that ghrelin stimulates prostate cancer cell line proliferation in vitro. This study is the first description of insulin regulation of a ghrelin transcript in cancer and should provide further impetus for studies into the expression, regulation and function of ghrelin gene products.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seim
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lubik
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Eliza J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Whiteside
authors.forename: Adrian C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Herington
authors.forename: Colleen C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chopin
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D023061:Gene Order; D056426:Genetic Loci; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin