title: Higher maternal body mass index is associated with an increased risk for later type 2 diabetes in offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the body mass index (BMI) of a child's mother is associated with an increased future risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of genetic risk or childhood metabolic, behavioral, and environmental factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses were based on the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study including 1835 individuals aged 3-18 years at baseline with data on maternal BMI, childhood metabolic factors, as well as 34 newly identified type 2 diabetes susceptibility alleles. These subjects were then followed-up over 21-27 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal BMI (OR for 1-SD increase 1.54 [95% CI 1.12-2.11], P = .008) and child's systolic blood pressure (1.54 [1.01-2.35], P = .04) were significantly associated with increased odds for later type 2 diabetes, in a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, type 2 diabetes genetic risk score, childhood BMI, insulin, lipids, dietary factors, socioeconomic status, and mother's age, and history of type 2 diabetes. A risk prediction model, which included maternal BMI status outperformed one which utilized only child's BMI data (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.720 vs 0.623, P = .02). The inclusion of genetic risk score and other baseline risk variables did not additionally improve prediction (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.720 vs 0.745, P = .40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal BMI is a useful variable in determining offspring risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. markus.juonala@utu.fi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jääskeläinen
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutri-Kähönen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taittonen
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Costan G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires