title: Species differences in drug transporters and implications for translating preclinical findings to humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, and excretion (ADE) of many drugs. In the last several years it has become increasingly clear that there are significant differences between rodents, dog, monkey, and human in the substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and relative abundance of transporters. These differences complicate cross-species extrapolations, which is important when attempting to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) of drug candidates and assess risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  This article provides an overview of species differences for the major transporters involved in drug disposition. Specifically, the article looks at a number of efflux and uptake transporters including multidrug resistance protein MDR1 P-glycoprotein (Pgp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), members of the multidrug resistance and toxic extrusion protein (MATE) family, as well as members of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), and organic cation transporters (OCTs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative knowledge of species differences of transporters, especially at the protein and functional level is still limited. The current challenge is to extrapolate and integrate data from both preclinical species and humans to quantitatively predict the impact of transporters on drug absorption, disposition, and drug-drug interactions. Increased understanding of species differences in transporter expression and functional activity is needed in order to translate findings from preclinical species to humans. Ultimately, high quality in vitro and in vivo data will aid in the establishment of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which will improve the capability to predict PK characteristics of drug candidates in humans.
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co., Inc., Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. xiaoyan_chu@merck.com
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bleasby
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins