title: Whole genome characterization, phylogenetic and genome signature analysis of human pandemic H1N1 virus in Thailand, 2009-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three waves of human pandemic influenza occurred in Thailand in 2009-2012. The genome signature features and evolution of pH1N1 need to be characterized to elucidate the aspects responsible for the multiple waves of pandemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty whole genome sequences and 584 partial sequences of pH1N1 circulating in Thailand, divided into 1(st), 2(nd) and 3(rd) wave and post-pandemic were characterized and 77 genome signatures were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees of concatenated whole genome and HA gene sequences were constructed calculating substitution rate and d(N)/d(S) of each gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed a distinct pattern of pH1N1 circulation in Thailand, with the first two isolates from May, 2009 belonging to clade 5 while clades 5, 6 and 7 co-circulated during the first wave of pH1N1 pandemic in Thailand. Clade 8 predominated during the second wave and different proportions of the pH1N1 viruses circulating during the third wave and post pandemic period belonged to clades 8, 11.1 and 11.2. The mutation analysis of pH1N1 revealed many adaptive mutations which have become the signature of each clade and may be responsible for the multiple pandemic waves in Thailand, especially with regard to clades 11.1 and 11.2 as evidenced with V731I, G154D of PB1 gene, PA I330V, HA A214T S160G and S202T. The substitution rate of pH1N1 in Thailand ranged from 2.53×10(-3)±0.02 (M2 genes) to 5.27×10(-3)±0.03 per site per year (NA gene).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All results suggested that this virus is still adaptive, maybe to evade the host's immune response and tends to remain in the human host although the d(N)/d(S) were under purifying selection in all 8 genes. Due to the gradual evolution of pH1N1 in Thailand, continuous monitoring is essential for evaluation and surveillance to be prepared for and able to control future influenza activities.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jarika
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Makkoch
authors.forename: Kamol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suwannakarn
authors.forename: Sunchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Payungporn
authors.forename: Slinporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prachayangprecha
authors.forename: Thaweesak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cheiocharnsin
authors.forename: Piyada
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Linsuwanon
authors.forename: Apiradee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theamboonlers
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poovorawan
mesh_terms: D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology