title: Methods for evaluation of helium/oxygen delivery through non-rebreather facemasks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of low-density helium/oxygen mixtures has been used both to lower the airway resistance and work of breathing of patients with obstructive lung disease and to transport pharmaceutical aerosols to obstructed lung regions. However, recent clinical investigations have highlighted the potential for entrainment of room air to dilute helium/oxygen mixtures delivered through non-rebreather facemasks, thereby increasing the density of the inhaled gas mixture and limiting intended therapeutic effects. This article describes the development of benchtop methods using face models for evaluating delivery of helium/oxygen mixtures through facemasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four face models were used: a flat plate, a glass head manikin, and two face manikins normally used in life support training. A mechanical test lung and ventilator were employed to simulate spontaneous breathing during delivery of 78/22 %vol helium/oxygen through non-rebreather facemasks. Based on comparison of inhaled helium concentrations with available clinical data, one face model was selected for measurements made during delivery of 78/22 or 65/35 %vol helium/oxygen through three different masks as tidal volume varied between 500 and 750 ml, respiratory rate between 14 and 30 breaths/min, the inspiratory/expiratory ratio between 1/2 and 1/1, and the supply gas flow rate between 4 and 15 l/min. Inhaled helium concentrations were measured both with a thermal conductivity analyzer and using a novel flow resistance method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Face models borrowed from life support training provided reasonably good agreement with available clinical data. After normalizing for the concentration of helium in the supply gas, no difference was noted in the extent of room air entrainment when delivering 78/22 versus 65/35 %vol helium/oxygen. For a given mask fitted to the face in a reproducible manner, delivered helium concentrations were primarily determined by the ratio of supply gas flow rate to simulated patient minute ventilation, with the inspiratory/expiratory ratio playing a secondary role. However, the functional dependence of helium concentration on these two ratios depended on the mask design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large differences in mask performance were identified. With continued refinement, the availability of reliable benchtop methods is expected to assist in the development and selection of patient interfaces for delivery of helium/oxygen and other medical gases.
authors.affiliation: Delaware Research and Technology Center, American Air Liquide, Newark, DE, 19702, USA. andrew.martin@airliquide.com.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ira M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Yonatan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Terzibachi
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caillibotte
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Texereau