title: Persistent left superior vena cava, absence of the innominate vein, and upper sinus venosus defect : a rare anomaly detected using bubbles.
abstract: Superior vena cava anomalies are rare malformations that are typically seen with other congenital cardiac defects. Although a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common anomaly of the systemic venous return in the thorax, its combination with an upper sinus venosus defect and absence of the innominate vein is extremely rare. Here, we report a patient diagnosed with these anomalies based on a bubble study and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Bulent Ecevit University, 67600, Kozlu/Zonguldak, Turkey. dr.ibrahimakpinar@gmail.com
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Akpinar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sayin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karabag
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Gudul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aydin
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D045423:Microbubbles; D008875:Middle Aged; D035583:Rare Diseases; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media