title: Chlorella vulgaris treatment ameliorates the suppressive effects of single and repeated stressors on hematopoiesis.
abstract: The reports regarding the mutual influence between the central nervous system and the immune system constitute a vast and somewhat controversial body of literature. Stress is known to disturb homeostasis, impairing immunological functions. In this study, we investigated the hematopoietic response of Chlorella vulgaris (CV)-treated mice exposed to single (SST) and repeated stress (RST). We observed a reduction in the numbers of hematopoietic progenitors (HP) in the bone marrow and long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) using flow cytometry and a coinciding decrease in the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies (CFU-GM) after treatment with both stressors, but SST caused a more profound suppression. We observed a proportional increase in the colony-stimulating activity (CSA) of the serum of animals subjected to SST or RST. In the bone marrow, SST and RST induced a decrease in both mature myeloid and lymphoid populations but did not affect pluripotent hematopoietic progenitors (Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+), LSK), and again, a more profound suppression was observed after SST. We further quantified the levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the number of myeloid cells in LTBMC. Both SST and RST reduced the levels of these cytokines to similar degrees. The myeloid population was also reduced in LTBMC, and SST induced a more intense suppression. Importantly, CV treatment prevented the changes produced by SST and RST in all of the parameters evaluated. Together, our results suggest that CV treatment is an effective tool for the prophylaxis of myelosuppression caused by single or repeated stressors.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Grupo de pesquisa em Neuroimunomodulação, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souza Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christiano M V
authors.initials: CMV
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bincoletto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edgar J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Paredes-Gamero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Souza Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Grupo de pesquisa em Neuroimunomodulação, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil. Electronic address: jpalermo@usp.br.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palermo Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000502:physiology*; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor