title: Why is spiritual care infrequent at the end of life? Spiritual care perceptions among patients, nurses, and physicians and the role of training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors contributing to the infrequent provision of spiritual care (SC) by nurses and physicians caring for patients at the end of life (EOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a survey-based, multisite study conducted from March 2006 through January 2009. All eligible patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy and oncology physician and nurses at four Boston academic centers were approached for study participation; 75 patients (response rate = 73%) and 339 nurses and physicians (response rate = 63%) participated. The survey assessed practical and operational dimensions of SC, including eight SC examples. Outcomes assessed five factors hypothesized to contribute to SC infrequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients with advanced cancer had never received any form of spiritual care from their oncology nurses or physicians (87% and 94%, respectively; P for difference = .043). Majorities of patients indicated that SC is an important component of cancer care from nurses and physicians (86% and 87%, respectively; P = .1). Most nurses and physicians thought that SC should at least occasionally be provided (87% and 80%, respectively; P = .16). Majorities of patients, nurses, and physicians endorsed the appropriateness of eight examples of SC (averages, 78%, 93%, and 87%, respectively; P = .01). In adjusted analyses, the strongest predictor of SC provision by nurses and physicians was reception of SC training (odds ratio [OR] = 11.20, 95% CI, 1.24 to 101; and OR = 7.22, 95% CI, 1.91 to 27.30, respectively). Most nurses and physicians had not received SC training (88% and 86%, respectively; P = .83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients, nurses, and physicians view SC as an important, appropriate, and beneficial component of EOL care. SC infrequency may be primarily due to lack of training, suggesting that SC training is critical to meeting national EOL care guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Balboni
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Adaugo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amobi
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zollfrank
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peteet
authors.forename: Holly G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Prigerson
authors.forename: Tyler J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vanderweele
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Balboni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001900:Boston; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D009726:Nurses; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D010166:Palliative Care; D010327:Pastoral Care; D010820:Physicians; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D012938:Social Perception; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data