title: Risk factors for infection/colonization caused by resistant Gram negative bacilli in critically ill patients (an observational study of 1633 critically ill patients).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to identify risk factors associated with multi-resistant Gram negative (RGNB) infection and colonization among critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of all patients aged 21-90 admitted for more than 24 hours in Medical and Surgical intensive care units (ICU) at a large teaching hospital in Singapore for the period of Aug '07-Dec '09 was conducted. Patient demographics, comorbidities, antibiotics, invasive devices, and culture results were collected. Forward stepwise logistic regression analyses were done to identify risk factors associated with RGNB infection and colonization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1373 patients included in the analysis, 13.5% developed RGNB infection. A logistic regression analysis including variables with a p value of <0.2 in the univariate analysis showed that recent surgery (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.6), renal impairment (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.4), liver disease (OR: 3.8, 95% CI 1.7-8.8), central line (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.01-3.4) were independently associated with RGNB infection in the ICU. Surgery (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.7-5.7), third-line antibiotics (carbapenem, vancomycin, linezolid) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.9) were independently associated with RGNB infection during their hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major risk factors identified for RGNB infection and colonization in the ICU were mainly patient dependent. However, broad spectrum initial antibiotic treatment remains an important independent modifiable risk factor. Interventions aimed at reducing initial broad spectrum antibiotics are clearly needed to help control the spread of these difficult to treat infections.
authors.affiliation: NUHS, Infectious disease, Medicine, Singapore. Anupama_Vasudevan@nuhs.edu.sg
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.forename: Amartya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Eugene Yu-Yuen
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jialiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Paul Ananth
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tambyah
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents