title: Evaluation of [18F]Nifene biodistribution and dosimetry based on whole-body PET imaging of mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [(18)F]Nifene is a novel radiotracer specific to the nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2 receptor class. In preparation for using this tracer in humans we have performed whole-body PET studies in mice to evaluate the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of [(18)F]Nifene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven BALB/c mice (3 males, 4 females) received IV tail injections of [(18)F]Nifene and were scanned for 2 h in an Inveon dedicated PET scanner. Each animal also received a high resolution CT scan using an Inveon CT. The CT images were used to draw volume of interest (VOI) on the following organs: brain, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, bone, spleen, testes, thymus, uterus and urinary bladder. All organ time activity curves had the decay correction reversed and were normalized to the injected activity. The area under the normalized curves was then used to compute the residence times in each organ. The absorbed doses in mouse organs were computed using the RAdiation Dose Assessment Resource (RADAR) animal models for dose assessment. The residence times in mouse organs were converted to human values using scale factors based on differences between organ and body weights. OLINDA 1.1 software was used to compute the absorbed human doses in multiple organs for both female and male phantoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest mouse residence times were found in urinary bladder, liver, bone, small intestine and kidneys. The largest doses in mice were found in urinary bladder and kidneys for both females and males. The elimination of radiotracer was primarily via kidney and urinary bladder with the urinary bladder being the limiting organ. The projected human effective doses were 1.51E-02 mSv/MBq for the adult male phantom and 1.65E-02 mSv/MBq for the adult female model phantom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the whole-body mouse imaging can be used as a preclinical tool for initial estimation of the absorbed doses of [(18)F]Nifene in humans.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Imaging, Department Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences B, B-140, Irvine, CA 92697-5000, USA. constant@uci.edu
authors.forename: Cristian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Constantinescu
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mirbolooki
authors.forename: Min-Liang
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jogeshwar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D013045:Species Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: D011725:Pyridines; D011758:Pyrroles; C515562:nifene