title: Truck drivers' opinion on road safety in Tanzania--a questionnaire study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Even though the traffic fatality risk (fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants) in Tanzania is quite low, the fatality rate (fatalities per 10,000 vehicles) is one of the highest in the world. With increasing vehicle density this means that the number of people dying in traffic will increase dramatically in the near future. Therefore, it is important to implement measures to increase traffic safety as soon as possible, and in order to be able to do this in an efficient way, it is important to investigate where the main problems lie.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the European Union (EU) project ASSET-Road a questionnaire study on road safety was conducted with 250 truck drivers in Tanzania. The study was done to increase the knowledge about the situation of the Tanzanian truckers, who are the most frequent road users in the country. The drivers were interviewed in 3 different towns in southern Tanzania, and participation was voluntary. The questionnaire treated demographics, the state of the drivers' vehicles, the frequency of breakdowns, and the maintenance of the vehicles. Further questions concerned driver behavior, crash involvement, crash risk, and crash mitigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drivers who participated in the study were predominantly male and their average age was 36 years. Truck drivers reported driving 10.6 h without a break on average, with several drivers reporting that they had to drive 24 h without rest. Around 40 percent of the trucks did not have any seat belts installed, with a larger share of older trucks lacking belts. Most of the drivers who had seat belts reported using them, however. Almost 40 percent of the drivers reported being involved in at least one crash, and 45 percent of those drivers had experienced fatal crashes. This underlines that the crash frequency per vehicle is very high, and the results are often severe, especially when heavy vehicles are involved. When asked what the 3 most common crash causations were, driver-related causes were named frequently. Drivers were said to be reckless, and further crash causations named were drunkenness, inattention, and sleepiness. One of the most frequently mentioned crash mitigation strategies was driver education, followed by improvement of the roads and the vehicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that countermeasures should be implemented in an integrated fashion, taking into account aspects such as driver, vehicle, infrastructure, legislature, and other road users.
authors.affiliation: VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute), Linköping, Sweden. katja.kircher@vti.se
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011639:Public Opinion; D036301:Qualitative Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania; D055815:Young Adult