title: [Hybrid, perventricular closure of muscular ventricular septal defects].
abstract: Muscular ventricular septal defects (VSD) located below the trabecula saepto-marginalis are difficult to approach for surgical  closure through the tricuspid valve. We present the hybrid technique of perventricular closure of VSD in 2- and 5-year old  children with complex congenital heart defects, employing an Amplatzer septal occluder, dedicated to muscular type of  VSD. The procedures were performed during cardiopulmonary bypass in one patient and on beating heart in the other one.  The perventricular device technique may be the method of choice for closing hard to reach muscular VSD.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Kardiochirurgii Dziecięcej, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Collegium Medicum, Kraków. t_mroczek@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mroczek
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusa
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kordon
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wójcik
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarosz
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skalski
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D055989:Septal Occluder Device