title: Sodium density and obesity; the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear whether the amount of sodium consumed and the degree of saltiness of food is associated with obesity. We examined the association between sodium intake and obesity using the concept of sodium density.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 5025 children (7-18 years) and 20586 adults (≥ 19 years) who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES), 2007-2010. We defined sodium density(mg/g) as the ratio of daily dietary sodium intake (mg/day) and daily food weight consumed (g/day). We examined the association between sodium density and obesity, and abdominal obesity in children and adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalences of obesity and abdominal obesity were 31.4 and 24.5%, respectively, in adults and 4.5 and 6.5%, respectively, in children. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for obesity in adults with the highest quintile of sodium density compared with the lowest quintile was 1.18 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.35), and a significant dose-response association (P for trend=0.002) was observed. The OR for abdominal obesity in adults with the highest quintile of sodium density was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounding factors, but showed a significant dose-response association (P for trend=0.043). In children, OR values for obesity and abdominal obesity in the highest quintile of sodium density were 1.78 (95% CI, 1.13-2.80) and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.16-3.91), respectively, and both showed significant dose-response associations (P for trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that high sodium intake may be a potential risk factor for weight gain independent of calorie intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium