title: The management of chronic venous insufficiency with ulceration: the role of minimally invasive perforator interruption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term outcomes associated with interruption of incompetent perforator veins (IPV) using minimally invasive techniques as adjunctive therapies in the management of patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained venous database collected over 6 years (2005-2011). The study cohort included 64 patients with CVI stage C5 or C6 who underwent minimally invasive perforator interruption with subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) or radiofrequency ablation of IPV (RFA-IPV) as part of the management of their CVI. All patients were referred for evaluation after having failed conservative treatment with compression dressings. Relevant patient characteristics and comorbidities were recorded along with symptom resolution, venous ulcer healing, recurrence, and surgical complications. In addition to clinic follow-up examination by a surgical provider, chart notes from other subspecialties were also reviewed. We also conducted telephone assessments in patients who had been lost to clinic follow-up in order to provide complete outcome data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this subset (n = 64) of patients with CVI who had adjunctive IPV treatment, 41 (64%) underwent SEPS and 23 (36%) patients underwent RFA-IPV along with ablation of the greater saphenous vein for C5 or C6 disease. The mean patient follow-up was 37 months. There were no differences in patient demographics or risk factors. Twenty-three (88%) SEPS and 12 (100%) RFA-IPV patients (P = NS) with C6 disease went on to completely heal their venous ulcers after the procedure with an average healing time of 5.2 (SEPS) and 4.4 (RFA-IPV) months (P = NS). Overall, 7 (17%) SEPS and 6 (23%) RFA-IPV patients (P = NS) developed a recurrent ulcer after surgical treatment. Procedural complications were seen in 14 (34%) SEPS and 2 (9%) RFA-IPV patients (P = NS), mostly minor. Major complications only occurred in the SEPS group consisting of 2 major amputations caused by pain from nonhealing ulcers and 1 deep venous thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the premise that in patients with advanced venous disease, there may be a demonstrable benefit directly attributable to perforator interruption. Our recurrent ulceration rates are acceptable, with low complication rates in patients undergoing RFA-IPV, thereby making this procedure more attractive in patients with multiple comorbidities. We support an aggressive approach to patients with C5/C6 disease that includes perforator elimination when appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Scott and White Healthcare and Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76534, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Emilia N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Bittenbinder
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Bohannon
authors.forename: Marvin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing