title: Contemporary open aortic arch repair with selective cerebral perfusion in the era of endovascular aortic repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With the recent advance of endovascular aortic repair, conventional open repair for aortic arch lesions should be reassessed. We reviewed our contemporary open arch repair with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion by way of the axillary artery with deep or moderate hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2001 to 2011, 1007 patients (median age, 72 years) underwent open arch repair with selective cerebral perfusion through the right axillary artery and hypothermic circulatory arrest: deep (<25 °C) in 48% and moderate (25 °-28 °C) in 52%. Of the 1007 patients, 73% underwent total arch replacement and 26% emergent surgery for aneurysm rupture or acute aortic dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early mortality was 4.7% for all patients. Permanent and temporary neurologic dysfunction occurred in 3.5% and 6.7%, respectively. No spinal cord injury occurred, even with moderate hypothermia. The independent predictors of in-hospital mortality included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, and concomitant coronary artery bypass. The independent predictors of permanent neurologic dysfunction included cerebrovascular disease, emergency surgery, and concomitant coronary artery bypass. The cumulative survival rate was 80.4% and 71.2% at 5 and 8 years, respectively. Freedom from reoperation related to the initial arch repair was 98.0% and 96.9% at 5 and 8 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional open arch repair yielded satisfactory outcomes and should remain the standard therapy, with good long-term durability in all but high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan. iba@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iba
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minatoya
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Junjiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001366:Axillary Artery; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004630:Emergencies; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010477:Perfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult