title: Excretion masses and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in typical swine and dairy cattle farms in China.
abstract: This paper evaluated the excretion masses and environmental occurrence of 11 classes of 50 antibiotics in six typical swine and dairy cattle farms in southern China. Animal feeds, wastewater and solid manure samples as well as environmental samples (soil, stream and well water) were collected in December 2010 from these farms. Twenty eight antibiotics, including tetracyclines, bacitracin, lincomycin, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, ceftiofur, trimethoprim, macrolides, and florfenicol, were detected in the feeds, animal wastes and receiving environments. The normalized daily excretion masses per swine and cattle were estimated to be 18.2mg/day/swine and 4.24 mg/day/cattle. Chlortetracycline (11.6 mg/day/swine), bacitracin (3.81 mg/day/swine), lincomycin (1.19 mg/day/swine) and tetracycline (1.04 mg/day/swine) were the main contributors to the normalized daily excretion masses of antibiotics per swine, while chlortetracycline (3.66 mg/day/cattle) contributed 86% of the normalized daily excretion masses of antibiotics per cattle. Based on the survey of feeds and animal wastes from the swine farms and interview with the farmers, antibiotics excreted by swine were mainly originated from the feeds, while antibiotics excreted by dairy cattle were mainly from the injection route. If we assume that the swine and cattle in China excrete the same masses of antibiotics as the selected livestock farms, the total excretion mass by swine and cattle per annum in China could reach 3,080,000 kg/year and 164,000 kg/year. Various antibiotics such as sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluroquinolones, macrolides, trimethoprim, lincomycin and florfenicol were detected in well water, stream and field soil, suggesting that livestock farms could be an important pollution source of various antibiotics to the receiving environments.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guang-Guo
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rui-Quan
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hua-Jie
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Zhi-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chang-Gui
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002417:Cattle; D002681:China; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical