title: Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of 3'-Aza-2'-[(18)F]fluorofolic acid: a novel PET radiotracer for folate receptor targeting.
abstract: The folate receptor (FR) has been identified as a valuable target for the imaging of cancer and activated macrophages, involved in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via positron emission tomography (PET). Therefore, conjugates of folic acid have been synthesized by coupling of a radiolabeled prosthetic group to the glutamate part of folic acid (pendent approach). In this work, we present a novel class of folates, where the phenyl ring of folic acid was isosterically replaced by a pyridine moiety for direct labeling with [(18)F]fluoride (integrated approach). 3'-Azafolic acid and its 2'-halogenated derivatives (2'-chloro and 2'-fluoro) were evaluated in vitro to determine their binding affinity. 3'-Aza-2'-[(18)F]fluorofolic acid ([(18)F]6) was obtained, starting from N(2)-acetyl-3'-aza-2'-chlorofolic acid di-tert-butylester (2), in a maximum decay corrected radiochemical yield of about 9% in ≥98% radiochemical purity and high specific activities of 35-127 GBq/μmol. Binding affinity to the FR was high (IC(50) = 0.8 ± 0.2 nM), and the radiotracer was stable in human plasma over 4 h at 37 °C. No degradation or defluorination was detected after incubation of the radiotracer for 1 h at 37 °C with human and murine liver microsomes and human S9-fraction. In vivo PET imaging and biodistribution studies with mice demonstrated a high and specific uptake in FR-positive KB tumor xenografts (12.59 ± 1.77% ID/g, 90 min p.i.). A high and specific accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the kidneys (57.33 ± 8.40% ID/g, 90 min p.i.) and salivary glands (14.09 ± 0.93% ID/g, 90 min p.i.), which are known to express the FR and nonspecific uptake found in the liver (10.31 ± 2.37% ID/g, 90 min p.i.). Preinjection of folic acid resulted in a >85% reduced uptake of [(18)F]6 in FR-positive tissues (xenografts, kidneys, and salivary glands). Furthermore, no radioactive metabolites were detected in the blood, urine, or tumor tissue, 30 min p.i. These characteristics indicate that this new (18)F-labeled 3'-azafolate is an appropriate tool for imaging FR-positive (malignant) tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Betzel
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Groehn
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Josefine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reber
authors.forename: Cindy R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Stefanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schibli
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ametamey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored / Q000032:analysis*; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D058973:Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005492:Folic Acid