title: Monitoring trace elements generated by automobiles: air pollutants with possible health impacts.
abstract: Major transformations in the environmental composition are principally attributable to the combustion of fuels by automobiles. Motorized gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA) are potential source of air pollution in south Asia and produce toxic amount of particulate matter (PM) to the environment. In this study, we attempted to characterize elemental pollutants from the PM of TSA and FSA using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The observations of the existing investigation recognized significant increase in Al (P < 0.05), P (P < 0.01), and Zn (P < 0.01) from the PM samples of FSA. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and S were also observed exceeding the recommended National Institute for Environmental Studies limits. On the contrary, increased concentration of Sr and V were observed in the PM samples from TSA. It is generally believed that FSA generates smaller amount of PM but data obtained from FSA are clearly describing that emissions from FSA comprised potentially more toxic substances than TSA. The current research is specific to metropolitan population and has evidently revealed an inconsistent burden of exposure to air pollutants engendered by FSA in urban communities, which could lead to the disruption of several biological activities and may cause severe damage to entire ecological system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Abdul Qadir Jilani Road, Lahore, Pakistan 54600.
authors.forename: Khaleeq
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejaz
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Nisar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Aqeel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javeed
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001336:Automobiles; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D010154:Pakistan; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter