title: Exercise treatment for postconcussion syndrome: a pilot study of changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, physiology, and symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation patterns during a cognitive task, exercise capacity, and symptoms in postconcussion syndrome (PCS) patients who received exercise treatment (n = 4) with a PCS placebo stretching group (n = 4) and a healthy control group (n = 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects completed a math processing task during fMRI and an exercise treadmill test before (time 1) and after approximately 12 weeks (time 2). Exercise subjects performed aerobic exercise at 80% of the heart rate (HR) attained on the treadmill test, 20 minutes per day with an HR monitor at home, 6 days per week. The program was modified as the HR for symptom exacerbation increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At time 1, there was no difference in fMRI activation between the 2 PCS groups but healthy controls had significantly greater activation in the posterior cingulate gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cerebellum versus all PCS subjects (P < .05, corrected for multiple comparisons). At time 2, exercise PCS did not differ from healthy controls whereas placebo stretching PCS had significantly less activity in the cerebellum (P < .05 corrected) and in the anterior cingulate gyrus and thalamus (P < .001, uncorrected) versus healthy controls. At time 2, exercise PCS achieved a significantly greater exercise HR (P < .001) and had fewer symptoms (P < .0004) than placebo stretching PCS. Cognitive performance did not differ by group or time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlled aerobic exercise rehabilitation may help restore normal cerebral blood flow regulation, as indicated by fMRI activation, in PCS patients. The PCS symptoms may be related to abnormal cerebral blood flow regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and University Sports Medicine, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA. leddy@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Leddy
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wack
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pendergast
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult