title: Verbal and Visual Memory Impairments in Bipolar I and II Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare verbal and visual memory performances between patients with bipolar I disorder (BD I) and patients with bipolar II disorder (BD II) and to determine whether memory deficits were mediated by impaired organizational strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performances on the Korean-California Verbal Learning Test (K-CVLT) and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) in 37 patients with BD I, 46 patients with BD II and 42 healthy subjects were compared. Mediating effects of impaired organization strategies on poor delayed recall was tested by comparing direct and mediated models using multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients groups recalled fewer words and figure components and showed lower Semantic Clustering compared to controls. Verbal memory impairment was partly mediated by difficulties in Semantic Clustering in both subtypes, whereas the mediating effect of Organization deficit on the visual memory impairment was present only in BD I. In all mediated models, group differences in delayed recall remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that memory impairment may be one of the fundamental cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders and that executive dysfunctions can exert an additional influence on memory impairments.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Clinic & Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Ji Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Ju Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Her
authors.forename: Hyun Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Tae Sung
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Soon Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kyooseob
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ha