title: Environmental quality standards for mixtures: a case study with a herbicide mixture tested in outdoor mesocosms.
abstract: Traces of pesticides are frequently detected in surface waters. As a consequence, specific environmental quality criteria (EQS) for a set of single pesticides in surface waters were defined by the environmental authorities in several countries. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate if the sum of the five percentile hazard concentration (ΣHC(5-95 percent), meaning that 5 percent of the aquatic assemblage remains affected considering a 95 percent confidence interval) of three herbicides with the same mode of action derived from a species sensitivity distribution based on acute toxicity data (EC(50) values) of the most sensitive taxonomic group is a suitable EQS for surface water addressing the occurrence of herbicide mixtures as common exposure scenario. Therefore, an outdoor mesocosm study was performed with three replicates per treatment for a period of 173 days. Results demonstrated that a constant long-term exposure over 35 days to the HC(5-95 percent) of a mixture of three PSII inhibitors did not lead to adverse effects on the aquatic community in this field mesocosm study. Neither adverse effects on very sensitive functional endpoints such as photosynthesis measurements of algae and macrophytes nor adverse effects on structural endpoints such as abundance data and species composition were determined. In contrast and as a positive control, the HC(30) treatment affected statistically significant all investigated endpoints and it was demonstrated that the PSII inhibitors acted additive on various level of organization (Knauert et al., 2008). This study is filling the gap that no empirical evidence is published indicating that the chronic exposure at the HC(5-95 percent) estimate is leading to no adverse effects for the aquatic community and is therefore a suitable EQS for surface waters in the agriculture landscape.
authors.affiliation: University of Basel, Program Sustainability Research, Klingelbergstr 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. katja.knauer@blw.admin.ch
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knauer
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hommen
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000187:drug effects*; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water