title: The role of safety-seeking behaviours in maintaining threat appraisals in psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the interaction between appraisals and safety behaviours in the maintenance of psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study recruited a population who had persistent psychotic experiences but who had no 'need-for-care' (Persistence group; n = 39) as well as a population who had a diagnosed psychotic disorder and were receiving current treatment (Impairment group; n = 28). The participants were assessed on semi-structured interviews of appraisals and safety behaviours and on anxiety and depression questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups did not differ in total or first rank psychotic experiences, but the Persistence group showed less anomaly-related distress, depression and anxiety than the Impairment group. As predicted, the Impairment group displayed more threat appraisals and safety behaviours than the Persistence group, with a greater frequency of safety behaviours being related to higher levels of threat appraisals and anomaly-related distress. Threat appraisals mediated the relationship between safety behaviours and anomaly-related distress, suggesting that threat appraisals may maintain distress, a defining feature of Impairment status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide support for the cognitive model of psychosis in suggesting that cognitive and behavioural factors are key in differentiating non-clinical anomalous experiences from clinical psychotic status. These data suggest that therapy should target threat appraisals and safety-seeking behaviours in order to decrease distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK. keith.gaynor@gmail.com
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garety
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult