title: Antimicrobial susceptibility and multi-drug resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars in Sudan.
abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica recovered from human, food, water, and animal samples collected in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 64 Salmonella isolates belonging to 28 different serovars were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. The majority of isolates (98.4 %) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Isolates were frequently resistant to ampicillin (90.6 %), cephalexin (50.0 %), nalidixic acid (25.0 %), streptomycin (21.9 %), kanamycin (18.8 %), gentamicin (17.2 %), and co-trimoxazole and trimethoprim (12.5 %). The most common pattern of multiple drug resistance included resistance to ampicillin and cephalexin. Most isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol (98.4 %), ciprofloxacin (93.8 %), and norfloxacin (90.6 %). Two chicken- and the two human-origin S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. All S. Kentucky isolates and the one S. Rissen isolate demonstrated multi-drug resistance. The results indicate the significance of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from chickens and other animals and foods as sources for multi-drug-resistant Salmonella in humans in Sudan.
authors.affiliation: Emirates College of Technology, Millennium Tower Sheikh Hamdan Street, P.O. Box: 41009, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Mayha Mohammed Ali Nor
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elmadiena
authors.forename: Adil Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El Hussein
authors.forename: Catherine Anne
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Muckle
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: Ketna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005399:Fishes; D005516:Food Microbiology; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D060766:Drinking Water