title: Alterations in ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association among nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic function, and cardiac function in obese adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (5-hour oral glucose tolerance test with mathematical modeling), and left ventricular function (speckle tracking echocardiography) were determined in 3 groups of age, sex, and Tanner matched adolescents: (1) lean (n=14, body mass index [BMI]=20±2 kg/m2); (2) obese with normal (2.5%) IHTG content (n=15, BMI=35±3 kg/m2); and (3) obese with increased (8.7%) IHTG content (n=15, BMI=37±6 kg/m2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The disposition index (β-cell function) and insulin sensitivity index were ∼45% and ∼70% lower, respectively, and whole body insulin resistance, calculated by homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), was ∼60% greater, in obese than in lean subjects, and ∼30% and ∼50% lower and ∼150% greater, respectively, in obese subjects with NAFLD than those without NAFLD (P<.05 for all). Left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain and early diastolic strain rates were significantly decreased in obese than in lean subjects, and in obese subjects with NAFLD than those without NAFLD (P<.05 for all), and were independently associated with HOMA-IR (β=0.634). IHTG content was the only significant independent determinant of insulin sensitivity index (β=-0.770), disposition index (β=-0.651), and HOMA-IR (β=0.738).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the presence of NAFLD in otherwise asymptomatic obese adolescents is an early marker of cardiac dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Gautam K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Bernadette E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Vitola
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekarski
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Faidon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magkos
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides