title: Treatment options for diffuse diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current management of diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME).
  
  
  METHODS
  Review and discussion of the literature regarding DDME.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diffuse diabetic macular edema is a condition that can be managed by means of several treatment options, including focal/grid laser photocoagulation, intravitreal or periocular corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though there is no randomized clinical trial specifically designed to assess the best treatment approach for DDME, new therapeutic approaches based on intravitreal injections of corticosteroid and anti-VEGF molecules offer new hope for its management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. bandello.francesco@hsr.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandello
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia Parodi
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000379:methods*; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A