title: Ptaquiloside reduces NK cell activities by enhancing metallothionein expression, which is prevented by selenium.
abstract: Pteridium aquilinum, one of the most important poisonous plants in the world, is known to be carcinogenic to animals and humans. Moreover, our previous studies showed that the immunosuppressive effects of ptaquiloside, its main toxic agent, were prevented by selenium in mouse natural killer (NK) cells. We also verified that this immunosuppression facilitated development of cancer. Here, we performed gene expression microarray analysis in splenic NK cells from mice treated for 14 days with ptaquiloside (5.3 mg/kg) and/or selenium (1.3 mg/kg) to identify gene transcripts altered by ptaquiloside that could be linked to the immunosuppression and that would be prevented by selenium. Transcriptome analysis of ptaquiloside samples revealed that 872 transcripts were expressed differentially (fold change>2 and p<0.05), including 77 up-regulated and 795 down-regulated transcripts. Gene ontology analysis mapped these up-regulated transcripts to three main biological processes (cellular ion homeostasis, negative regulation of apoptosis and regulation of transcription). Considering the immunosuppressive effect of ptaquiloside, we hypothesized that two genes involved in cellular ion homeostasis, metallothionein 1 (Mt1) and metallothionein 2 (Mt2), could be implicated because Mt1 and Mt2 are responsible for zinc homeostasis, and a reduction of free intracellular zinc impairs NK functions. We confirm these hypotheses and show increased expression of metallothionein in splenic NK cells and reduction in free intracellular zinc following treatment with ptaquiloside that were completely prevented by selenium co-treatment. These findings could help avoid the higher susceptibility to cancer that is induced by P. aquilinum-mediated immunosuppressive effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. andreia.latorre@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andreia O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Latorre
authors.forename: Beatriz D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Caniceiro
authors.forename: Heidge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukumasu
authors.forename: Dale R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Fabricio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Harry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wysochi
authors.forename: Tereza C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Mitsue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
authors.forename: Fabiana F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.forename: Silvana L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Górniak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007189:Indans / Q000633:toxicity*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D032498:Pteridium / Q000737:chemistry; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D059467:Transcriptome; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D007189:Indans; C491054:Mt2 protein, mouse; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D008668:Metallothionein; C043680:ptaquiloside; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc