title: Approaches to chronic disease management evaluation in use in Europe: a review of current methods and performance measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An overview was produced of approaches currently used to evaluate chronic disease management in selected European countries. The study aims to describe the methods and metrics used in Europe as a first to help advance the methodological basis for their assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A common template for collection of evaluation methods and performance measures was sent to key informants in twelve European countries; responses were summarized in tables based on template evaluation categories. Extracted data were descriptively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approaches to the evaluation of chronic disease management vary widely in objectives, designs, metrics, observation period, and data collection methods. Half of the reported studies used noncontrolled designs. The majority measure clinical process measures, patient behavior and satisfaction, cost and utilization; several also used a range of structural indicators. Effects are usually observed over 1 or 3 years on patient populations with a single, commonly prevalent, chronic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is wide variation within and between European countries on approaches to evaluating chronic disease management in their objectives, designs, indicators, target audiences, and actors involved. This study is the first extensive, international overview of the area reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. annalijn.conklin@mrcepid.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Annalijn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Hubertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vrijhoef
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005060:Europe; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D012107:Research Design