title: Psychiatric symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was intended to identify general psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to determine the distribution of these psychiatric symptoms by type of MS and degree of disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two volunteers, 76 MS patients and 76 healthy controls, matched in terms of age, gender, marital status, years spent in education and income, were included. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-R, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Padua Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Eating Attitude Test. Degree of disability was determined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). In addition to being compared between the patient and control groups, scale scores were also compared between groups established on the basis of relapsing-remitting or progressive forms of MS, neurological disability and ambulatory ability. Correlations were determined between EDSS scores and psychiatric scale scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to symptoms of depression, anxiety and sleep impairment in MS patients, we also determined that less studied symptoms such as somatization, obsession, compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, low self-esteem and distorted eating attitudes were also more frequent compared to the healthy controls. Some symptoms were also more prevalent in progressive MS patients compared to relapsing-remitting subjects. Symptoms increase as degree of disability rises and ambulatory capacity declines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive, anxious and sleep impairment symptoms are not the only ones seen in MS patients; other psychiatric symptoms are also common. Further studies are needed to investigate the frequency and causes of these little-investigated symptoms. As seen in patients with a progressive course and greater neurological disability, more psychiatric symptoms develop in patients with more severe disease.
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayis University School of Medicine Samsun/Turkey. gokhansarisoy@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarısoy
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terzi
authors.forename: Kübra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.forename: Ozan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pazvantoğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey