title: Nicotinuric acid: a potential marker of metabolic syndrome through a metabolomics-based approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome is a multiplex disorder and puts patients on the road to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, a surrogate biomarker in plasma or urine in fully reflecting features of metabolic syndrome has not been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine metabolomics has potential utility in metabolic profiling because urine metabolites analysis reflects global outflux of metabolic change. Accordingly, we collected data on subjects (n = 99) with overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension or impaired glucose tolerance and took a metabolomics approach to analyze the metabolites of urine revealed in metabolic syndrome by high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and elicit potential biomarkers to picture metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed that the urine nicotinuric acid value of subjects with diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or those receiving diabetes medications) (n = 25) was higher than subjects without diabetes (n = 37) (221 ± 31 vs. 152 ± 13 × 10(3) mAU, P = 0.0268). Moreover, urinary nicotinuric acid level was positively correlated with body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, but negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study, to our knowledge, to propose that nicotinuric acid represents an important pathogenic mechanism in process from metabolic syndrome to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chun-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Chuang-Ye
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ming-Shi
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shiao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000652:urine*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; C002477:nicotinuric acid