title: Porcine intestinal epithelial barrier disruption by the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin promotes transepithelial passage of doxycycline and paromomycin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gastrointestinal tract is the first target for the potentially harmful effects of mycotoxins after intake of mycotoxin contaminated food or feed. With deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and zearalenone (ZEA) being important Fusarium toxins in the northern hemisphere, this study aimed to investigate in vitro the toxic effect of these mycotoxins on intestinal porcine epithelial cells derived from the jejunum (IPEC-J2 cells). Viability of IPEC-J2 cells as well as the proportion of apoptotic and necrotic IPEC-J2 cells was determined by flow cytometry after 72 h of exposure to the toxins. Correlatively, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer was studied using Transwell(®) inserts, in which the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and passage of the antibiotics doxycycline and paromomycin were used as endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that the percentage of Annexin-V-FITC and PI negative (viable) cells, Annexin-V-FITC positive and PI negative (apoptotic) cells and Annexin-V-FITC and PI positive (necrotic) IPEC-J2 cells showed a mycotoxin concentration-dependent relationship with T-2 toxin being the most toxic. Moreover, the ratio between Annexin-V-FITC positive and PI negative cells and Annexin-V-FITC and PI positive cells varied depending on the type of toxin. More Annexin-V-FITC and PI positive cells could be found after treatment with T-2 toxin, while more Annexin-V-FITC positive and PI negative cells were found after exposure to DON. Consistent with the cytotoxicity results, both DON and T-2 decreased TEER and increased cellular permeability to doxycycline and paromomycin in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that Fusarium mycotoxins may severely disturb the intestinal epithelial barrier and promote passage of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. Joline.Goossens@ugent.be
authors.forename: Joline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasmans
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verbrugghe
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vandenbroucke
authors.forename: Siegrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Baere
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Backer
authors.forename: Siska
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Croubels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010303:Paromomycin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D057705:Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration / Q000187:drug effects; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; D010303:Paromomycin; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C007262:deoxynivalenol; D004318:Doxycycline