title: High opioid dosage rapid detoxification of cancer patient in palliative care with the Raffaeli model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic opioid administration can induce adverse drug-dependent events and tolerance and/or hyperalgesia development. Opioid rotation is the treatment option in this case; however, it can expose patients to long periods of ineffectiveness and/or development of withdrawal syndrome, overdose, or adverse events. To overcome this issue, a method of rapid detoxification from opioids has been developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess feasibility and efficacy of our opioid detoxification protocol in patients affected from chronic cancer pain. SETTINGS/PATIENTS: We studied 15 patients, with chronic cancer pain, who were afferent to Hospice of Rimini, Italy, were in therapy with high doses of opioid and needed opioid rotation or a therapeutic variation because of opioid toxicity, inefficacy, tolerance, or hyperalgesia. Each patient received a fixed dose of endovenous morphine and clonidine plus oral ketoprofen or ibuprofen, and oral lorazepam, if required, for at least 3 days, suspending the previous opioid therapy. We monitored withdrawal symptoms, pain intensity, type, and intensity of adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Withdrawal symptoms were experienced by four (26.6 percent) patients. The average Numerical Rating Scale for pain decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 8.3 ± 1.57 to 3.6 ± 1.4 at the end of the detoxification and to 2.4 ± 1 at the end of the rotation or therapeutic adjustment. Average duration of the detoxification was 6.86 ± 6.4 days (range 3-22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that the detoxification protocol may be effective in preventing withdrawal signs in patients needing a therapeutic change because of opioid-induced tolerance, hyperalgesia, or toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Pain Therapy and Pallitive Care Unit, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monterubbianesi
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capuccini
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferioli
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tassinari
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarti
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Raffaeli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid