title: Effects of methamphetamine self-administration on actigraphy-based sleep parameters in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disorders and substance abuse are highly comorbid. Although methamphetamine is a very commonly abused drug, to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated its effects on sleep during drug use and abstinence under well-controlled conditions in laboratory animals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the effects of methamphetamine self-administration on sleep-like measures in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta; n = 4) self-administered methamphetamine (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg/injection, i.v.) under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement (60-min sessions once a day, 5 days per week) for 5 weeks. Sleep-like measures were evaluated with Actiwatch monitors before, during, and after each period of drug self-administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both doses of methamphetamine reliably maintained self-administration. Methamphetamine (0.03 mg/kg) increased derived measures of latency to sleep onset and sleep fragmentation, and decreased sleep efficiency compared to abstinence, and higher methamphetamine intake predicted worse sleep quality. However, sleep normalized immediately after the discontinuation of methamphetamine self-administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methamphetamine markedly disrupted sleep-like measures; however, methamphetamine self-administration did not disrupt sleep quality during subsequent periods of drug abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Maylen P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Murnane
authors.forename: Leonard L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D012646:Self Administration; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine