title: [Metabolomic study of flower buds of Tussilago farfara in different development stages by GC-MS].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plant metabolomics combined with GC-MS was used to investigate metabolic fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara at different growth stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dried Samples were extracted by two-phase solvent system to obtain polar and nonpolar parts, which were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Metabolites were identified by NIST data base search and comparison with the authentic standards. The data were introduced into SIMCA-P 11.0 software package for multivariate analysis after pretreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four metabolites were identified, including 35 polar metabolites and 19 nonpolar compounds. The score plot for PCA showed clear separation of the different development stages of flower buds of T. farfara, showing a trend of gradual change. Samples of October, November, December were in close proximity on the plot, indicating that the metabolome of these three periods was similar, samples from September (early development) and March (after flowering) were far away, showing big chemical differences. Content comparison results of some representative metabolites reveals that, the content of proline, lysine and linoleic acid increased gradually to the highest in the medium term, but sharply decreased to the lowest after flowering; the content of malic acid and citric acid were the lowest in the medium term; sucrose content decreased gradually, and then reached the lowest level after blooming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is obvious that metabolites of the early development and flowering stage were quite different with those of the traditional harvest time, suggesting that they can not be used as traditional medicine. This study will provide a research basis for harvest time determination and bioactive compounds of T. farfara.
authors.affiliation: Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
authors.forename: Shui-yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Xue-jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hai-feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Li-zeng
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xue-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Zhen-yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D031207:Tussilago / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*