title: Hospitalisation charges for fibromyalgia in the United States, 1999-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate fibromyalgia (FM) hospitalisation costs (i.e. charges) for patients in the United States from 1999 to 2007; to determine factors associated with variation in costs of FM and non-FM hospitalisations; and to investigate hospital procedures associated with FM hospitalisations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a large database of hospitalisations in the U.S. Over the study period, an estimated 63,772 patients - two-thirds women, one-third men - had been hospitalised for FM (FM criterion was the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code 729.1, Myositis and Myalgia, unspecified). Demographics and hospital characteristics were described with frequencies and mean inflation-adjusted charges. Two multivariable linear regressions (one for FM and a second for non-FM patients), with Consumer Price Index (CPI)-adjusted charges (hospital and related services category) in thousands of dollars as the dependent variable, were performed, excluding cases with masked or missing data. Procedures were categorised with a standard classification scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survey-adjusted total CPI-adjusted charges over the study period were estimated to be approximately $1.0 billion. Hospital procedures and Charlson-Deyo Index (co-morbidity severity) scores were the strongest predictors of charges in bivariate and multivariate analyses (for both FM and non-FM patients). The majority of procedures for FM patients were related to musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular systems. Most FM patients, however, did not have any procedure or a life-threatening co-morbid illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the nine-year period, hospital charges for FM were substantial. Studies of how to reduce or avoid these costs in the treatment of FM need to be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. mhaviland@llu.edu
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Haviland
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Banta
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Przekop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003363:Cost Control; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult