title: Virulence regulation of phytopathogenic fungi by pH.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Postharvest pathogens can start its attack process immediately after spores land on wounded tissue, whereas other pathogens can forcibly breach the unripe fruit cuticle and then remain quiescent for months until fruit ripens and then cause major losses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Postharvest fungal pathogens activate their development by secreting organic acids or ammonia that acidify or alkalinize the host ambient surroundings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These fungal pH modulations of host environment regulate an arsenal of enzymes to increase fungal pathogenicity. This arsenal includes genes and processes that compromise host defenses, contribute to intracellular signaling, produce cell wall-degrading enzymes, regulate specific transporters, induce redox protectant systems, and generate factors needed by the pathogen to effectively cope with the hostile environment found within the host. Further, evidence is accumulating that the secreted molecules (organic acids and ammonia) are multifunctional and together with effect of the ambient pH, they activate virulence factors and simultaneously hijack the plant defense response and induce program cell death to further enhance their necrotrophic attack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global studies of the effect of secreted molecules on fruit pathogen interaction, will determine the importance of these molecules on quiescence release and the initiation of fungal colonization leading to fruit and vegetable losses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Espeso
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prusky
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors