title: Epidemiology and risk factors of amniotic band syndrome, or ADAM sequence.
abstract: Amniotic band sequence (ABS) is the term applied to a wide range of congenital anomalies, most typically limb and digital amputations and constriction rings, that occur in association with fibrous bands (1). These alterations may be associated or not with cutaneous and visceral abnormalities.This work, which is a literature review, examines several studies that relate to cases of amniotic band syndrome (SBA). In particular, our attention was focused on the causes and pathogenesis of the SBA. These for the most part are still unknown, but from what we observe in different jobs, are due to a mechanism of vascular damage. Therefore in this paper we examine chemical risk factors, like smoking, drug use, maternal hyperglycemia, mechanical risk factors such as the puncture of the amniotic sac after amniocentesis. We also speak of the altitude as a risk factor related to blood pressure, of the increased incidence of disease in primigravid, in women with a low level of education, in which the pregnancy was not planned, and then we talk of a higher incidence in young fathers and of the role of familiarity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Artemisia Fetal-Maternal Medical Center, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cignini
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giorlandino
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Padula
authors.forename: Nella
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dugo
authors.forename: Ester Valentina
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Cafà
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spata