title: Indocyanine green videoangiography "in negative": definition and usefulness in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indocyanine green videoangiography (IGV) raises important limitations when we use it in vascular pathology, especially in cases with arterialization of the venous system such as arteriovenous malformations and fistulae.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to provide a simple procedure that overcomes the limitations of conventional IGV. We define IGV in negative (IGV-IN), so-called because, in its first phase, the vessel to analyze is clipped, and we report 3 cases of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae treated with this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011, we applied IGV-IN to 3 patients at our center with Borden type III intracranial arteriovenous fistulae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 3 cases, IGV-IN enabled both diagnosis and post-dural arteriovenous fistula exclusion control in 1 integrated procedure no longer than 1 minute, requiring only 1 visualization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IGV-IN is an improvement over the conventional IGV method and is able to provide more information in a shorter period of time. It is an intuitive and highly visual procedure, and, more importantly, it is reversible. Studies with larger samples are necessary to determine whether IGV-IN can further reduce the need for postoperative digital subtraction angiography.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, HUyP La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. juanantonio.simal@gmail.com
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simal Julián
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda Lloret
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aparici Robles
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beltrán Giner
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Botella Asunción
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green