title: Early history of the recognition of molecular biochirality.
abstract: This opening chapter recalls the history of the discoveries that led to the appreciation of the nature and importance of molecular chirality in biology, as well as the development of stereochemistry as an interdisciplinary field connecting chemistry and biology. The discoveries described cover roughly the period of ca. 1840-1940, although certain relevant events of earlier or later times are also addressed. A large number of chiral substances occur in nature in unichiral (i.e., single-enantiomer) form, and for centuries many such substances were used in crude extracts for relief from diseases. For the science of biochirality, the first milestone was the discovery of molecular chirality by Louis Pasteur in 1848. Thereafter, fundamental advances were made, beginning in 1857 with Pasteur's discovery of biological enantioselectivity, in the metabolism of (±)-tartaric acid. With the advances in organic chemistry during the second half of the nineteenth century, the structures of many organic molecules were elucidated and new chiral compounds synthesized, and by the turn of the twentieth century studies of stereoselectivity in the biological activity or enzymatic transformations of natural or synthetic substances were proliferating, and chiroselectivity was often found. Among the names associated with important discoveries in biochirality appear Pasteur, Piutti, Fischer, Cushny, Easson and Stedman, and others. The findings soon prompted attempts to explain the phenomenon of enantioselectivity in biological action, beginning with Pasteur's proposal to account for enantioselectivity in the metabolism of tartaric acid. In 1894 Fischer announced his "lock-and-key" metaphor to explain enantioselectivity in enzyme-substrate interactions and in 1933 Easson and Stedman advanced the first chemical-structure-based model, the three-point-attachment paradigm, to rationalize enantioselectivity at adrenergic receptors. This model has been generalized as the simplest basis for enantioselectivity in biological activity. Today molecular chirality is widely recognized as an important modulator of the effects of chiral substances in a variety of branches of biology and medicine.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Hospital, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop A-022, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA, Joe.Gal@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gal
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cintas
mesh_terms: D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000737:chemistry; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013644:Tartrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D013644:Tartrates; C029768:tartaric acid