title: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of the biliary tree in palliative treatment of mechanical jaundice: 17 years of experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced malignant tumours involving the head of the pancreas, gallbladder or extrahepatic bile ducts usually lead to the development of cholestasis. In such cases improvement of the quality of life of patients can be achieved with the decompression of jaundice. Endoscopic implantation of self-expanding or (seldom) rigid plastic stents into the biliary tree constitutes the most common technique allowing for restoration of bile duct patency. In some patients however the use of such a procedure is technically impossible. In this particular group percutaneous drainage of the biliary tree can constitute the only method of management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Presentation of our experience with the use of percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of the biliary tree in patients with mechanical jaundice resulting from malignant tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 852 patients with mechanical jaundice resulting from malignant neoplasms treated in the 2(nd) Chair of Surgery of Jagiellonian University Medical College from January 1994 to December 2010. In 199 of them jaundice was decompressed by means of open - radical or palliative - surgical operations. In 539 patients endoscopic treatment was implemented while in 114 of them percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 5 patients percutaneous drainage was introduced to prepare them for radical surgical treatment, while in the remaining 109 it constituted the definitive way of management. The average hospitalization time for women was 6.5 days (range: 1-22 days) and proved to be twice as short as in men - 12.2 days (range: 1-38 days). The duration of percutaneous drainage prior to surgical treatment averaged 7.2 days (range: 6-10 days). Mean volume of the bile drained during the first day was 370 ml (range: 10-1300 ml), increased to 450 ml (range: 100-1150 ml) during the second day and reached 780 ml (range: 80-1600 ml) during the third day. Mean bilirubin level before the drainage was 320-23 µmol/l (range: 658-130.7 µmol/l) and decreased by half before discharge or before the operation, reaching on average 181.87 µmol/l (range: 14.5-343 µmol/l).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications of the percutaneous ultrasound-guided technique were found sporadically and resulted from leakage of the bile into the peritoneum.
authors.affiliation: 2  Chair of Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bednarek
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Budzyński
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poźniczek
authors.forename: Kazimierz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rembiasz