title: Analysis of the landscape of biologically-derived pharmaceuticals in Europe: dominant production systems, molecule types on the rise and approval trends.
abstract: A thorough sort of the human drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) between its establishment in 1995 until June 2012 is presented herein with a focus on biologically-derived pharmaceuticals. Over 200 (33%) of the 640 approved therapeutic drugs are derived from natural sources, produced via recombinant DNA technology, or generated through virus propagation. A breakdown based on production method, type of molecule and therapeutic category is presented. Current EMA approvals demonstrate that mammalian cells are the only choice for glycoprotein drugs, with Chinese hamster ovary cells being the dominant hosts for their production. On the other hand, bacterial cells and specifically Escherichia coli are the dominant hosts for protein-based drugs, followed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The latter is the dominant host for recombinant vaccine production, although egg-based production is still the main platform of vaccine provision. Our findings suggest that the majority of biologically-derived drugs are prescribed for cancer and related conditions, as well as the treatment of diabetes. The approval rate for biologically-derived drugs shows a strong upward trend for monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins since 2009, while hormones, antibodies and growth factors remain the most populous categories. Despite a clear pathway for the approval of biosimilars set by the EMA and their potential to drive sales growth, we have only found approved biosimilars for three molecules. In 2012 there appears to be a slow-down in approvals, which coincides with a reported decline in the growth rate of biologics sales.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarantos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyriakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: cleo.kontoravdi@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Cleo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kontoravdi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017277:Drug Approval; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005060:Europe; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D015507:Drugs, Investigational