title: Attempting tobacco cessation--an oral physician's perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco use is a global health care problem. Repetitive exposure to nicotine produces neuroadaptation resulting in nicotine dependence. Smoking is associated with a range of diseases, causing high levels of morbidity and mortality and is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, with more than 4.6 million smokers worldwide dying each year from smoking related illnesses. Stopping smoking has major health benefits. Quitting at any age provides both short and long term benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 patients attending the outpatient department at the Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, were randomly allocated to three groups of interventions namely placebo, counseling and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Initially each one was assessed for carbon monoxide levels using a breath analyser (pico smokerlyser bedfont UK). They were followed up for six months and the carbon monoxide levels were again assessed using the same instrument. The paired t test was used to compare the results before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scores before the initiation of intervention and after treatment were compared and all three interventions were found to be statistically significant after six months. It was noticed that patients with very low or low dependence followed by high dependence had good response in the placebo group (68% and 47.6% respectively), in the counseling group maximum response was seen in the medium followed by the very low group (61% and 59% respectively), and maximum response was seen in very high followed by the very low group with NRT (78.7% and 60.5% respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inference that can be drawn from the present study is that non-invasive, non pharmacological methods like placebo and counseling are effective in low to medium groups, and NRT is effective with higher nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine and Radiology, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Shesha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019242:Oral Medicine; D010820:Physicians; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide