title: A novel protein mixture containing vegetable proteins renders enteral nutrition products non-coagulating after in vitro gastric digestion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-coagulation of protein from enteral nutrition (EN) in the stomach is considered to improve gastric emptying and may result in reduced upper gastrointestinal complications such as reflux and aspiration pneumonia. For the development of a new EN protein mixture with reduced gastric coagulation, the coagulating properties of individual proteins, a novel blend of four proteins (P4 protein blend) and commercial EN products were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-dynamic, computer controlled setup was developed to mimic gastric digestion. The coagulation behaviour of 150 ml protein solutions and EN products was investigated. These were heat-treated calcium caseinate, sodium caseinate, whey, soy and pea protein, and the P4 protein blend comprising of the latter four (all solutions 6% w/v protein), four new enteral nutrition product varieties (New Nutrison® .0 or 1.5 kcal/ml, with and without MultiFibre MF6™) based on the P4 protein blend and two other commercially available casein dominant EN products (T1 and T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium caseinate and sodium caseinate yielded a total wet coagulate of 43.5 ± 0.7 g and 52.7 ± 6.2 g, respectively. Whey, soy, pea and the P4 protein blend did not produce any measurable coagulate. T1 and T2 resulted in a total wet coagulate of 37.5 ± 0.8 g and 57.3 ± 0.8 g, respectively, while all new EN product varieties based on the P4 protein blend did not produce any measurable coagulate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The P4 protein blend renders EN product varieties non-coagulating after in vitro gastric digestion.
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, PO Box 7005, 6700 CA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudia C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van den Braak
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klebach
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abrahamse
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: Zandrie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D002364:Caseins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004063:Digestion; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019648:Foods, Specialized / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008954:Models, Biological; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011015:Pneumonia, Aspiration / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D059748:Proteolysis; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013270:Stomach; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins