title: Ipilimumab  in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab , are a new class of immunotherapeutic agents that have shown significant efficacy in melanoma. A number of ongoing clinical trials are investigating the role of ipilimumab in prostate cancer, either alone or in combination with immunomodulating agents such as radiation and chemotherapy, and in combination with cancer vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the molecular basis, preclinical and clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of ipilimumab in prostate cancer. Medical literature search using MEDLINE and online abstracts database of national meetings form the basis of this article.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of preliminary clinical studies suggest the potential therapeutic utility of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab in prostate cancer. Pending the results of large-scale studies, the rationale of combining ipilimumab with standard anticancer therapeutics such as radiation, cytotoxic chemotherapy and other immunotherapeutic agents can be of great value in reducing mortality and morbidity in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Medical Oncology Branch, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Nishith
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ravi A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gulley
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab