title: Approximate number sense, symbolic number processing, or number-space mappings: what underlies mathematics achievement?
abstract: In this study, the performance of typically developing 6- to 8-year-old children on an approximate number discrimination task, a symbolic comparison task, and a symbolic and nonsymbolic number line estimation task was examined. For the first time, children's performances on these basic cognitive number processing tasks were explicitly contrasted to investigate which of them is the best predictor of their future mathematical abilities. Math achievement was measured with a timed arithmetic test and with a general curriculum-based math test to address the additional question of whether the predictive association between the basic numerical abilities and mathematics achievement is dependent on which math test is used. Results revealed that performance on both mathematics achievement tests was best predicted by how well childrencompared digits. In addition, an association between performance on the symbolic number line estimation task and math achievement scores for the general curriculum-based math test measuring a broader spectrum of skills was found. Together, these results emphasize the importance of learning experiences with symbols for later math abilities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Subfaculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven Kulak, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium. delphine.sasanguie@kuleuven-kulak.be
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sasanguie
authors.forename: Silke M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Göbel
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Karolien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reynvoet
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001530:Belgium; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D013561:Symbolism