title: Do episodic migraineurs selectively attend to headache-related visual stimuli?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess pain-related attentional biases among individuals with episodic migraine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have examined whether chronic pain patients selectively attend to pain-related stimuli in the environment, but these studies have produced largely mixed findings and focused primarily on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Limited research has implicated attentional biases among chronic headache patients, but no studies have been conducted among episodic migraineurs, who comprise the overwhelming majority of the migraine population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control, experimental study. Three hundred and eight participants (mean age = 19.2 years [standard deviation = 3.3]; 69.5% female; 36.4% minority), consisting of 84 episodic migraineurs, diagnosed in accordance with International Classification of Headache Disorders (2(nd) edition) criteria using a structured diagnostic interview, and 224 non-migraine controls completed a computerized dot probe task to assess attentional bias toward headache-related pictorial stimuli. The task consisted of 192 trials and utilized 2 emotional-neutral stimulus pairing conditions (headache-neutral and happy-neutral).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No within-group differences for reaction time latencies to headache vs happy conditions were found among those with episodic migraine or among the non-migraine controls. Migraine status was unrelated to attentional bias indices for both headache (F [1,306] = 0.56, P = .45) and happy facial stimuli (F [1,306] = 0.37, P = .54), indicating a lack of between-group differences. Lack of within- and between-group differences was confirmed with repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of the large sample size and prior pilot testing of presented images, results suggest that episodic migraineurs do not differentially attend to headache-related facial stimuli. Given modest evidence of attentional biases among chronic headache samples, these findings suggest potential differences in attentional processing between chronic and episodic headache subforms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: A Brooke
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Smitherman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D015982:Bias; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011930:Reaction Time; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult