title: Craniofacial syndromes and surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After studying this article, the participant should be able to: (1) Understand craniofacial dysmorphology and identify basic pediatric craniofacial syndromes. (2) Understand the functional concerns associated with these syndromes. (3) Achieve familiarity with the management protocols for the treatment of pediatric craniofacial syndromes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of infants and children with craniofacial syndromes. Treatment protocols from The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Seattle, Wash. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; the Center for Craniofacial Care and Research; the Division of Plastic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children; the Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine; and the Division of Plastic Surgery and the Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers