title: Hospital outpatients' responses to taking medications with driving warnings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigates the knowledge, intentions, and driving behavior of persons prescribed medications that display a warning about driving. It also examines their confidence that they can self-assess possible impairment, as is required by the Australian labeling system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 358 outpatients in an Australian public hospital pharmacy, representing a well-advised group taking a range of medications including those displaying a warning label about driving. A brief telephone follow-up survey was conducted with a subgroup of the participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample had a median age of 53.2 years and was 53 percent male. Nearly three quarters (73.2%) had taken a potentially impairing class of medication and more than half (56.1%) had taken more than one such medication in the past 12 months. Knowledge of the potentially impairing effects of medication was relatively high for most items; however, participants underestimated the possibility of increased impairment from exceeding the prescribed dose and at commencing treatment. Participants' responses to the safety implications of taking drugs with the highest level of warning varied. Around two thirds (62.8%) indicated that they would consult a health practitioner for advice and around half would modify their driving in some way. However, one fifth (20.9%) would drive when the traffic was thought to be less heavy and over a third (37.7%) would modify their medication regime so that they could drive. The findings from the follow-up survey of a subsample taking target drugs at the time of the first interview were also of concern. Only just over half (51%) recalled seeing the warning label on their medications and, of this group, three quarters (78%) reported following the warning label advice. These findings indicated that there remains a large proportion of people who either did not notice or did not consider the warning when deciding whether to drive. There was a very high level of confidence in this group that they could determine whether they were personally affected by the medication, which may be a problem from a safety perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study involved persons who should have had a very high level of knowledge and awareness of medication warning labeling. Even in this group there was a lack of informed response to potential impairment. A review of the Australian warning system and wider dissemination of information on medication treatment effects would be useful. Clarifying the importance of potential risk in the general community context is recommended for consideration and further research.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. tanya_smyth@hotmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Siskind
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs