title: The role of Kupffer cells in the morphogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis - ultrastructural findings. The first report in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Until now studies concerning the involvement of hepatic nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), particularly Kupffer cells/macrophages (KCs/MPs), in the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been limited to adult patients; there are no similar reports referring to children. This study aimed to explore, based on ultrastructural analysis, the role of KCs/MPs in the morphogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrastructural investigations of KCs were conducted on liver bioptates obtained from 10 children, aged 2-14 years, with clinicopathologically diagnosed NASH. Bioptatic material was fixed in solution of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, routinely processed for transmission-electron microscopic analysis and examined using an Opton EM microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current ultrastructural study revealed within the hepatic sinusoids the presence of numerous enlarged KCs with increased phagocytic activity, which reduced or blocked vascular lumen. Interestingly, the activated KCs not only contained primary and secondary lysosomes, altered mitochondria, and well-developed Golgi apparatus, but also absorbed fragments of erythrocytes. Such macrophages were frequently seen very close to the transformed hepatic stellate cells (T-HSCs) and progenitor/oval cells. Intensive fibrosis was observed in the vicinity of activated KCs/MPs. Bundles of collagen fibers were seen directly adhering to these cells and to other NPCs, especially T-HSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KCs are involved in the morphogenesis and development of pediatric NASH. Engulfment of erythrocytes by hepatic macrophages may lead to the accumulation of iron derived from hemoglobin in liver and play a role in triggering the generation of oxidative stress in the disease course.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lotowska
authors.forename: Maria Elzbieta
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sobaniec-Lotowska
authors.forename: Dariusz Marek
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lebensztejn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen