title: Immediate and long-term effects of meditation on acute stress reactivity, cognitive functions, and intelligence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the current globalization of the world's economy and demands for enhanced performance, stress is present universally. Life's stressful events and daily stresses cause both deleterious and cumulative effects on the human body. The practice of meditation might offer a way to relieve that stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The research team intended to study the effects of meditation on stress-induced changes in physiological parameters, cognitive functions, intelligence, and emotional quotients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team conducted the study in two phases, with a month between them. Each participant served as his own control, and the first phase served as the control for the second phase. In phase 1, the research team studied the effects of a stressor (10 minutes playing a computer game) on participants' stress levels. In phase 2, the research team examined the effects of meditation on stress levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team conducted the study in a lab setting at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 34 healthy, male volunteers who were students.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the effects of long-term meditation on stress levels, intelligence, emotional quotients, and cognitive functions participants meditated daily for 1 month, between phases 1 and 2. To study the immediate effects of meditation on stress levels, participants meditated for 15 minutes after playing a computer game to induce stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team measured galvanic skin response (GSR), heart rate (HR), and salivary cortisol and administered tests for the intelligence and emotional quotients (IQ and EQ), acute and perceived stress (AS and PS), and cognitive functions (ie, the Sternberg memory test [short-term memory] and the Stroop test [cognitive flexibility]). Using a pre-post study design, the team performed this testing (1) prior to the start of the study (baseline); (2) in phase 1, after induced stress; (3) in part 1 of phase 2, after 1 month of daily meditation, and (4) in part 2 of phase 2, after induced stress, both before and after 15 minutes of meditation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induced stress from the computer game resulted in a significant increase in physiological markers of stress such as GSR and HR. In the short term, meditation was associated with a physiological relaxation response (significant decrease in GSR) and an improvement in scores on the Stroop test of reaction times. In the long-term, meditation brought significant improvements in IQ and scores for cognitive functions, whereas participants' stress levels (GSR and AS) decreased. EQ, salivary cortisol, and HR showed no significant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The practice of meditation reduced psychological stress responses and improved cognitive functions, and the effects were pronounced with practice of meditation for a longer duration (1 month).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ratna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talwar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult