title: Stated preferences of doctors for choosing a job in rural areas of Peru: a discrete choice experiment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doctors' scarcity in rural areas remains a serious problem in Latin America and Peru. Few studies have explored job preferences of doctors working in underserved areas. We aimed to investigate doctors' stated preferences for rural jobs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A labelled discrete choice experiment (DCE) was performed in Ayacucho, an underserved department of Peru. Preferences were assessed for three locations: rural community, Ayacucho city (Ayacucho's capital) and other provincial capital city. Policy simulations were run to assess the effect of job attributes on uptake of a rural post. Multiple conditional logistic regressions were used to assess the relative importance of job attributes and of individual characteristics. A total of 102 doctors participated. They were five times more likely to choose a job post in Ayacucho city over a rural community (OR 4.97, 95%CI 1.2; 20.54). Salary increases and bonus points for specialization acted as incentives to choose a rural area, while increase in the number of years needed to get a permanent post acted as a disincentive. Being male and working in a hospital reduced considerably chances of choosing a rural job, while not living with a partner increased them. Policy simulations showed that a package of 75% salary increase, getting a permanent contract after two years in rural settings, and getting bonus points for further specialisation increased rural job uptake from 21% to 77%. A package of 50% salary increase plus bonus points for further specialisation would also increase the rural uptake from 21% to 52%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doctors are five times more likely to favour a job in urban areas over rural settings. This strong preference needs to be overcome by future policies aimed at improving the scarcity of rural doctors. Some incentives, alone or combined, seem feasible and sustainable, whilst others may pose a high fiscal burden.
authors.affiliation: CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diez-Canseco
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lema
authors.forename: Andrés G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lescano
authors.forename: Mylene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blaauw
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huicho
mesh_terms: D002321:Career Choice; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D010568:Peru; D010820:Physicians; D011365:Professional Practice Location; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce