title: Virtual and actual: relative accuracy of on-site and web-based instruments in auditing the environment for physical activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative accuracy and usefulness of web tools in evaluating and measuring street-scale built environment characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A well-known audit tool was used to evaluate 84 street segments at the urban edge of metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, using on-site visits and three web-based tools. The assessments were compared to evaluate their relative accuracy and usefulness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Web-based audits, based-on Google Maps, Google Street View, and MS Visual Oblique, tend to strongly agree with on-site audits on land-use and transportation characteristics (e.g., types of buildings, commercial destinations, and streets). However, the two approaches to conducting audits (web versus on-site) tend to agree only weakly on fine-grain, temporal, and qualitative environmental elements. Among the web tools used, auditors rated MS Visual Oblique as the most valuable. Yet Street View tends to be rated as the most useful in measuring fine-grain features, such as levelness and condition of sidewalks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While web-based tools do not offer a perfect substitute for on-site audits, they allow for preliminary audits to be performed accurately from remote locations, potentially saving time and cost and increasing the effectiveness of subsequent on-site visits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Studies and Planning, School of Architecture+Planning, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. 10-485, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ebj@mit.edu
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Joseph
authors.forename: Jae Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ellen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Cromley
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laden
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Troped
mesh_terms: D004779:Environment Design; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000592:standards*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data