title: Effect of gradient on cycling gross efficiency and technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gradient on cycling gross efficiency and pedaling technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen trained cyclists were tested for efficiency, index of pedal force effectiveness (IFE), distribution of power production during the pedal revolution (dead center size [DC]), and timing and level of muscle activity of eight leg muscles. Cycling was performed on a treadmill at gradients of 0% (level), 4%, and 8%, each at three different cadences (60, 75, and 90 rev·min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Efficiency was significantly decreased at a gradient of 8% compared with both 0% and 4% (P < 0.05). The relationship between cadence and efficiency was not changed by gradient (P > 0.05). At a gradient of 8%, there was a larger IFE between 45° and 225° and larger DC, compared with 0% and 4% (P < 0.05). The onset of muscle activity for vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and gastrocnemius medialis occurred earlier with increasing gradient (all P < 0.05), whereas none of the muscles showed a change in offset (P > 0.05). Uphill cycling increased the overall muscle activity level (P < 0.05), mainly induced by increased calf muscle activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that uphill cycling decreases cycling gross efficiency and is associated with changes in pedaling technique.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, England, UK. marco.arkesteijn@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arkesteijn
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jobson
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopker
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Passfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D004526:Efficiency / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*