title: Active cognitive lifestyle is associated with positive cognitive health transitions and compression of morbidity from age sixty-five.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three factors commonly used as measures of cognitive lifestyle are education, occupation, and social engagement. This study determined the relative importance of each variable to long term cognitive health in those with and without severe cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from 12,470 participants from a multi-centre population-based cohort (Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study). Respondents were aged 65 years and over and were followed-up over 16 years. Cognitive states of no impairment, slight impairment, and moderate/severe impairment were defined, based on scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination. Multi-state modelling was used to investigate links between component cognitive lifestyle variables, cognitive state transitions over time, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher educational attainment and a more complex mid-life occupation were associated with a lower risk of moving from a non-impaired to a slightly impaired state (hazard ratios 0.5 and 0.8), but with increased mortality from a severely impaired state (1.3 and 1.1). More socially engaged individuals had a decreased risk of moving from a slightly impaired state to a moderately/severely impaired state (0.7). All three cognitive lifestyle variables were linked to an increased chance of cognitive recovery back to the non-impaired state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In those without severe cognitive impairment, different aspects of cognitive lifestyle predict positive cognitive transitions over time, and in those with severe cognitive impairment, a reduced life-expectancy. An active cognitive lifestyle is therefore linked to compression of cognitive morbidity in late life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. riccardo.marioni@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Riccardo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Marioni
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Ardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019456:Health Transition; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations