title: Potent immunomodulating effects of bran extracts of traditional Japanese millets on nitric oxide and cytokine production of macrophages (RAW264.7) induced by lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: To estimate the potent immunomodulating effects of different types of traditional Japanese millet, we analyzed the effect of bran extracts of foxtail millet (Awa in Japanese), barnyard millet (Hie) and proso millet (Mochi-kibi) on nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells). All methanol extracts of these millet brans showed suppressive activities against the production of NO and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages, which were not responsible for their cytotoxic activities. These immunosuppressive activities were roughly proportional to the contents of the phenolic compounds in their extracts. Especially, the extract of proso millet exhibited the strongest immunosuppressing effect, which was associated with the highest content of phenolic compound. However, the extracts did not exhibit significant suppressive effects on the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in the same macrophage culture system. These results suggest that traditional Japanese millets have potent immunomodulating activities against the production of NO and cytokine production in activated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Nutrition, Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosoda
authors.forename: Yasuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okai
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Masatomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snhimizu
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.forename: Kiyoka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashi-Okai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D031747:Echinochloa; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide