title: Towards an early warning system for Rhodesian sleeping sickness in savannah areas: man-like traps for tsetse flies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the savannahs of East and Southern Africa, tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) transmit Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which causes Rhodesian sleeping sickness, the zoonotic form of human African trypanosomiasis. The flies feed mainly on wild and domestic animals and are usually repelled by humans. However, this innate aversion to humans can be undermined by environmental stresses on tsetse populations, so increasing disease risk. To monitor changes in risk, we need traps designed specifically to quantify the responsiveness of savannah tsetse to humans, but the traps currently available are designed to simulate other hosts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Zimbabwe, two approaches were made towards developing a man-like trap for savannah tsetse: either modifying an ox-like trap or creating new designs. Tsetse catches from a standard ox-like trap used with and without artificial ox odor were reduced by two men standing nearby, by an average of 34% for Glossina morsitans morsitans and 56% for G. pallidipes, thus giving catches more like those made by hand-nets from men. Sampling by electrocuting devices suggested that the men stopped flies arriving near the trap and discouraged trap-entering responses. Most of human repellence was olfactory, as evidenced by the reduction in catches when the trap was used with the odor of hidden men. Geranyl acetone, known to occur in human odor, and dispensed at 0.2 mg/h, was about as repellent as human odor but not as powerfully repellent as wood smoke. New traps looking and smelling like men gave catches like those from men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catches from the completely new man-like traps seem too small to give reliable indices of human repellence. Better indications would be provided by comparing the catches of an ox-like trap either with or without artificial human odor. The chemistry and practical applications of the repellence of human odor and smoke deserve further study.
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom. valeglyn@gmail.com
authors.forename: Glyn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chamisa
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000469:parasitology*; D015030:Zimbabwe; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology*