title: Low NDRG1 mRNA expression predicts a poor prognosis in neuroblastoma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) markedly reduces metastasis of numerous tumors. However, NDRG1's function in malignant tumors has not been fully determined. Therefore, we investigated the association of NDRG1 expression with clinical outcomes in neuroblastoma (NB) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained total RNA from residual cancer cells using microdissection from NB patients. Furthermore, we examined the expression of NDRG1 in NB patients using immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 48 patients observed, low NDRG1 expression was associated with poor prognostic factors such as primary tumor size and MYCN amplification. Low expression of NDRG1 was associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.001) and multivariate analysis identified low expression of NDRG1 as an independent risk factor for predicting poor prognosis in NB patients. Furthermore, in the MYCN non-amplification group (n = 33), low expression of NDRG1 was associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed NDRG1 expression at the plasma membranes of NB cells. NDRG1 expression levels were also correlated with expression of NDRG1 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that low NDRG1 expression is a significant and independent prognostic indicator in NB by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, NDRG1 may be a novel prognostic marker in MYCN non-amplification NB patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saigusa
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yuhki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otake
authors.forename: Mikihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusunoki
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000071447:N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein; C459801:MYCN protein, human