title: Assessment of Anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. In sub-Saharan Africa, most malaria transmission is due to Anopheles funestus s.s and to Anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis). Several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. The aim of this study was to assess the use of secreted salivary proteins as specific biomarkers of exposure to An. gambiae and/or An. funestus bites.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, salivary gland proteins 6 (SG6) and 5'nucleotidases (5'nuc) from An. gambiae (gSG6 and g-5'nuc) and An. funestus (fSG6 and f-5'nuc) were selected and produced in recombinant form. The specificity of the IgG response against these salivary proteins was tested using an ELISA with sera from individuals living in three Senegalese villages (NDiop, n = 50; Dielmo, n = 38; and Diama, n = 46) that had been exposed to distinct densities and proportions of the Anopheles species. Individuals who had not been exposed to these tropical mosquitoes were used as controls (Marseille, n = 45).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IgG responses against SG6 recombinant proteins from these two Anopheles species and against g-5'nucleotidase from An. gambiae, were significantly higher in Senegalese individuals compared with controls who were not exposed to specific Anopheles species. Conversely, an association was observed between the level of An. funestus exposure and the serological immune response levels against the f-5'nucleotidase protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed an Anopheles salivary antigenic protein that could be considered to be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. The epidemiological interest of such species-specific antigenic markers is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche en biologie et épidémiologie parasitaires, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, antenne Marseille, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 avenue de la corse, Marseille cedex 02, France.
authors.forename: Zakia M I
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Mahfoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakli
authors.forename: Albin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: Nawal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bakkali
authors.forename: Vinh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vu Hai
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Audebert
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boublik
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoué
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogier
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraisier
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almeras
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D000941:Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019476:Insect Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase