title: Stokes shift spectroscopic analysis of multifluorophores for human cancer detection in breast and prostate tissues.
abstract: Stokes shift spectroscopy (S3) offers a novel and simpler way to rapidly recognize spectral fingerprints of multiple fluorophores in complex media such as in tissue. This spectroscopic technique can be used as an effective approach to detect cancer in tissue. The alterations of the measured S3 spectra between cancerous and normal tissues were observed in human breast and prostate samples. In order to obtain the optimal Stokes shift interval, Δλi, for the purpose of breast/prostate cancer detection using S3, the S3 spectra of a mixed aqueous solution of tryptophan, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and flavin were measured with different Δλi values. The experimental results analyzed using nonnegative least square method show that there is a reduced contribution from collagen and an increased contribution from tryptophan to the S3 signal of the cancerous tissue as compared with those of the normal tissue. This study indicates that the changes of relative contents of tryptophan and collagen in tissue shown by the S3 spectra may present potential native biomarkers for breast and prostate cancer detection. S3 has the potential to be a new armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: City College of the City University of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Departments of Electric Engineering and Physics, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA. puyang@sci.ccny.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: Wubao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Alfano
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009243:NAD / Q000032:analysis; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009243:NAD; D014364:Tryptophan; D003094:Collagen