title: Effects of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and other factors on kidney haemodynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney flow assessment and its haemodynamic surrogates, namely resistive index and renal flow reserve, may improve our understanding of the natural history of kidney dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature on the common and differential effects of traditional risk factors such as essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, smoking, obesity and metabolic syndrome on human kidney haemodynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aging, duration of a prevalent single cardiovascular risk factor and co-existence of multiple risk factors may further accelerate the deterioration of kidney haemodynamics. Sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis activation is implicated in the pathophysiology leading to kidney function decline. Prevention of kidney disease progression includes the blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, lipid lowering drugs, smoking cessation and glycaemic control as well as novel interventional methods like transluminal kidney sympathetic denervation.
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsioufis
authors.forename: Iraklis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tatsis
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomopoulos
authors.forename: Cristopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kordalis
authors.forename: Niki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsiki
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Papademetriou
authors.affiliation: 3 Kolokotroni Street, 15236, P.Penteli, Athens, Greece. ktsioufis@hippocratio.gr.
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology