title: Inactivation of foodborne pathogens in ground beef by cooking with highly controlled radio frequency energy.
abstract: The consumer demand for fresh tasting, high quality, low salt, preservative-free meals which require minimal preparation time magnifies the safety concern and emphasizes the need to use innovative technologies for food processing. A modern technique to uniformly heat and cook foods is based on a combination of convection and controlled radio frequency (RF) energy. However any advantage conferred on meat cooked by this method would be lost if application of the technology results in decreased safety. Our main goal was to study the inactivation efficacy of this method of cooking against pathogens in ground meat in comparison to standard convection cooking. Meat balls were artificially inoculated with GFP expressing Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes as well as spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis and cooked by convection heating (220°C, 40 min), by using energy generated from frequencies in the RF bandwidth (RF cooking, 7.5 min) or by combined heating (5.5 min), until the center temperature of each sample reached 73°C. The mean reductions in total indigenous bacteria obtained by RF and convection were 2.8 and 2.5 log CFU/g, respectively. Cooking of meat balls with convection reduced the E. coli population (8 log CFU/g) by 5.5 log CFU/g, whilst treatment with RF reduced E. coli population to undetectable levels. The mean reductions of S. Typhimurium obtained by RF and convection were 5.7 and 6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. The combined treatment reduced the Salmonella population to undetectable levels. In contrast, L. monocytogenes was poorly affected by RF cooking. The mean reduction of L. monocytogenes obtained by RF energy was 0.4 log CFU/g, while convection cooking resulted in undetectable levels. Interestingly, the combined treatment also resulted with undetectable levels of Listeria although time of cooking was reduced by 86%. One-step cooking had negligible effects on the Bacillus spores and therefore a 2-step treatment of RF or convection was applied. This 2-step treatment proved to be efficient with 4.5 log CFU/g reduction for both RF and convection. In conclusion, here we show that combination of RF with convection cooking resulted in similar or even better effects on selected foodborne pathogens compared to convection only, while the time required for safe cooking is cut down by up to 86%. The equal or better results in the levels of all investigated pathogens using RF with convection compared with convection only suggest that this technology looks promising and safe for ground beef cooking.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Dov B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Schlisselberg
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kler
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalily
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kisluk
authors.forename: Ohad
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karniel
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011846:Radio Waves; D013997:Time Factors