title: Leishmania donovani develops resistance to drug combinations.
abstract: Drug combinations for the treatment of leishmaniasis represent a promising and challenging chemotherapeutic strategy that has recently been implemented in different endemic areas. However, the vast majority of studies undertaken to date have ignored the potential risk that Leishmania parasites could develop resistance to the different drugs used in such combinations. As a result, this study was designed to elucidate the ability of Leishmania donovani to develop experimental resistance to anti-leishmanial drug combinations. The induction of resistance to amphotericin B/miltefosine, amphotericin B/paromomycin, amphotericin B/Sb(III), miltefosine/paromomycin, and Sb(III)/paromomycin was determined using a step-wise adaptation process to increasing drug concentrations. Intracellular amastigotes resistant to these drug combinations were obtained from resistant L. donovani promastigote forms, and the thiol and ATP levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential of the resistant lines were analysed. Resistance to drug combinations was obtained after 10 weeks and remained in the intracellular amastigotes. Additionally, this resistance proved to be unstable. More importantly, we observed that promastigotes/amastigotes resistant to one drug combination showed a marked cross-resistant profile to other anti-leishmanial drugs. Additionally, the thiol levels increased in resistant lines that remained protected against the drug-induced loss of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential. We have therefore demonstrated that different resistance patterns can be obtained in L. donovani depending upon the drug combinations used. Resistance to the combinations miltefosine/paromomycin and Sb(III)/paromomycin is easily obtained experimentally. These results have been validated in intracellular amastigotes, and have important relevance for ensuring the long-term efficacy of drug combinations.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Hernández
authors.forename: José Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castanys
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gamarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations