title: Writing therapy for posttraumatic stress: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Face-to-face psychological treatments have difficulty meeting today's growing mental health needs. For the highly prevalent posttraumatic stress (PTS) conditions, accumulating evidence suggests that writing therapy may constitute an efficient treatment modality, especially when administered through the Internet. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of writing therapies for PTS and comorbid depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using several structured and unstructured strategies, including key word searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PILOTS databases. Six studies met eligibility criteria and were included in the analyses. These studies included a total of 633 participants, of which 304 were assigned to writing therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across 5 direct comparisons of writing therapy to waiting-list control, writing therapy resulted in significant and substantial short-term reductions in PTS and comorbid depressive symptoms. There was no difference in efficacy between writing therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, but we caution that this finding was based on only 2 direct comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Writing therapy is an evidence-based treatment for PTS, and constitutes a useful treatment alternative for patients who do not respond to other evidence-based treatments. Internet adaptations of writing therapy for PTS may be especially useful for reaching trauma survivors in need of evidence-based mental health care who live in remote areas or who prefer to retain their anonymity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.a.p.vanemmerik@uva.nl
authors.forename: Arnold A P
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Emmerik
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reijntjes
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kamphuis
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014956:Writing