title: Metacognitive therapy in treatment-resistant psychosis: a multiple-baseline study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More effective psychological treatments for psychosis are required. Case series data and pilot trials suggest metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a promising treatment for anxiety and depression. Other research has found negative metacognitive beliefs and thought-control strategies may be involved in the development and maintenance of hallucinations and delusions. The potential of MCT in treating psychosis has yet to be investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to find out whether a short number of MCT sessions would be associated with clinically significant and sustained improvements in delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, depression and subjective recovery in patients with treatment-resistant long-standing psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three consecutively referred patients, each with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and continuing symptoms, completed a series of multiple baseline assessments. Each then received between 11 and 13 sessions of MCT and completed regular assessments of progress, during therapy, post-therapy and at 3-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two out of 3 participants achieved clinically significant reductions across a range of symptom-based outcomes at end-of-therapy. Improvement was sustained at 3-month follow-up for one participant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using MCT with people with medication-resistant psychosis. MCT was acceptable to the participants and associated with meaningful change. Some modifications may be required for this population, after which a controlled trial may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, and University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, and University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester West Mental Health Foundation NHS Trust, and University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, UK, and NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents