title: Pepsin is nitrated in the rat stomach, acquiring antiulcerogenic activity: a novel interaction between dietary nitrate and gut proteins.
abstract: Dietary nitrate is reduced to nitrite and nitric oxide ((•)NO) in the gut, producing reactive species able to nitrate proteins and lipids. We investigated intragastric production of (•)NO and nitrating agents in vivo by examining selective nitration of pepsinogen and pepsin. We further addressed the functional impact of nitration on peptic activity by evaluating the progression of secretagogue-induced ulcers. Pepsinogen nitration was assessed in healthy and diclofenac-induced ulcerated rat stomachs. Both groups were fed nitrite or water by oral gavage. Protein nitration was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. In parallel experiments, pentagastrin was administered to rats and nitrite was then instilled intragastrically. (•)NO levels were measured before and after nitrite administration by chemiluminescence. Macroscopic damage was assessed and nitrated pepsin was examined in the margin of ulcers. Protein nitration was detected physiologically in the stomach of healthy animals. Nitrite had a dual effect on intragastric nitration: overall nitration was decreased under physiological conditions but enhanced by acute inflammation. Pepsin and pepsinogen were also nitrated via a nitrite-dependent pathway. Nitration of both pepsin and its zymogen led to decreased peptic activity in response to classical substrates (e.g., collagen). Under conditions of acute ulceration, nitrite-dependent pepsin nitration prevented the development of gastric ulcers. Dietary nitrite generates nitrating agents in the stomach in vivo, markedly decreasing peptic activity. Under inflammatory and ulcerogenic conditions pepsin nitration attenuates the progression of gastric ulceration. These results suggest that dietary nitrite-dependent nitration of pepsin may have a novel antiulcerogenic effect in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bárbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gago
authors.forename: Rui M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Jon O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Giovanni E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radi
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laranjinha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D011506:Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010434:Pepsin A