title: Respiratory viral infections among children with community-acquired pneumonia and pleural effusion.
abstract: Pleural effusion (PE), a complication of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), is usually attributed to a bacterial infection. Nonetheless, viral infections have not been investigated routinely. We searched for bacterial and viral infections among 277 children hospitalized with CAP. Among these children 206 (74%) had radiographic confirmation, of whom 25 (12%) had PE. The aetiology was established in 18 (72%) PE cases: bacterial (n = 5; 28%), viral (n = 9; 50%), and viral-bacterial (n = 4; 22%) infections were found. Infection by rhinovirus (n = 3), enterovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 2 each), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 1 each) were detected as probable sole infections. Parainfluenza virus 1/3 + influenza A virus and RSV + influenza A virus (n = 1 each) were identified as mixed viral-viral infections. Probable viral non-bacterial infection was identified in a third of the cases with CAP and PE. It is advisable to investigate viral as well as bacterial infections among children with CAP and PE.
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics Department, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. nascimentocarvalho@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cristiana M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nascimento-Carvalho
authors.forename: Juliana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Maria-Regina A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Araújo-Neto
authors.forename: Aldina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barral
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saukkoriipi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paldanius
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vainionpää
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ruuskanen
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*