title: Towards a stakeholders' consensus on patient payment policy: the views of health-care consumers, providers, insurers and policy makers in six Central and Eastern European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although patient charges for health-care services may contribute to a more sustainable health-care financing, they often raise public opposition, which impedes their introduction. Thus, a consensus among the main stakeholders on the presence and role of patient charges should be worked out to assure their successful implementation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the acceptability of formal patient charges for health-care services in a basic package among different health-care system stakeholders in six Central and Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Ukraine).
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative data were collected in 2009 via focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with health-care consumers, providers, policy makers and insurers. The same participants were asked to fill in a self-administrative questionnaire. Qualitative and quantitative data are analysed separately to outline similarities and differences in the opinions between the stakeholder groups and across countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a rather weak consensus on patient charges in the countries. Health policy makers and insurers strongly advocate patient charges. Health-care providers overall support charges but their financial profits from the system strongly affects their approval. Consumers are against paying for services, mostly due to poor quality and access to health-care services and inability to pay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To build consensus on patient charges, the payment policy should be responsive to consumers' needs with regard to quality and equity. Transparency and accountability in the health-care system should be improved to enhance public trust and acceptance of patient payments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.|Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tambor
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavlova
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanisława
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golinowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sowada
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Top Institute Evidence-Based Education Research (TIER), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Groot
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D017144:Focus Groups; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007343:Insurance Carriers; D008297:Male; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Central and Eastern Europe; formal patient charges; health policy; health-care system stakeholders