title: Multiplex real-time PCR method for detection and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to three different genera.
abstract: Cereal crop plants are colonized by many fungal species such as Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, which produce ochratoxins, and Fusarium graminearum, which produces trichothecene mycotoxins. A multiplex real-time PCR method using TaqMan probes was developed to simultaneously detect and quantify these mycotoxigenic Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus species in cereal grains. Primers and probes used in this method were designed targeting the trichothecene synthase (Tri5) gene in trichothecene-producing Fusarium, rRNA gene in Penicillium verrucosum, and polyketide synthase gene (Pks) in Aspergillus ochraceus. The method was highly specific in detecting fungal species containing these genes and was sensitive, detecting up to 3 pg of genomic DNA. These PCR products were detectable over five orders of magnitude (3 pg to 30 ng of genomic DNA). The method was validated by evaluating sixteen barley culture samples for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi. Among the barley culture samples tested, 9 were positive for Fusarium spp, 5 tested positive for Penicillium spp, and 2 tested positive for Aspergillus spp. Results were confirmed by traditional microbiological methods. These results indicate that DON- and OTA-producing fungi can be detected and quantified in a single reaction tube using this multiplex real-time PCR method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method would be helpful in detecting and quantifying the mycotoxin producing fungi such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium in cereal grains and cereal-based foods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. Anuradha.Vegi@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vegi
authors.forename: Charlene E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wolf-Hall
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009793:Ochratoxins; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D014255:Trichothecenes; C025589:ochratoxin A; C007262:deoxynivalenol