title: Pitfalls associated with the use of current recommendations for fluoroscopy-guided common femoral artery access.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular access complications remain the leading cause of morbidity after cardiac catheterization procedures. Fluoroscopy-guided vascular access has been recommended to reduce these complications. However, the use of current recommendations still results in arterial access above the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) (high stick) or below the common femoral artery (CFA) bifurcation (low stick).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of patient characteristics like age, body mass index, and pelvic anatomy on current recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected clinical, anatomic, and angiographic data on 631 consecutive patients who underwent coronary and noncoronary procedures via CFA access. Anatomic location of IEA loop, CFA bifurcation, public tubercle (PT), and anterior superior iliac spine were identified in relationship to the femoral head Location of IEA loop was used as a surrogate for inguinal ligament (IL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 12% of patients had a low-lying IEA loop (group B). These patients had a significantly higher BMI compared with patients with IEA loop above the centerline of femoral head (group A) (P = 0.018). The anatomic location of PT was below the lower border of femoral head significantly more frequently in group B compared to group A (P < 0.0001). Fifteen percent of patients had a high CFA bifurcation. On clinical follow-up during index hospitalization, there was no significant difference between the two groups, in terms of complications including retroperitoneal hemorrhage, access site hematoma >5 cm, bleeding requiring transfusion or pseudoaneurysm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomic location of PT on fluoroscopy can be used as an additional surrogate to predict the location of IL. Patients with high BMI have a low lying IL, which may predispose them to "high sticks." The location of IEA cannot be used as a surrogate for IL in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Newark Beth Israel Medical Centre, Newark, New Jersey 07112, USA.
authors.forename: Vamsee
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yaganti
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mejevoi
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Najam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wasty
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000209:etiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019074:Epigastric Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000592:standards; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011677:Punctures; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors