title: A gender-based analysis of high school athletes using computerized electrocardiogram measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The addition of the ECG to the preparticipation examination (PPE) of high school athletes has been a topic for debate. Defining the difference between the high school male and female ECG is crucial to help initiate its implementation in the High School PPE. Establishing the different parameters set for the male and female ECG would help to reduce false positives. We examined the effect of gender on the high school athlete ECG by obtaining and analyzing ECG measurements of high school athletes from Henry M. Gunn High School.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011 and 2012, computerized Electrocardiograms were recorded and analyzed on 181 athletes (52.5% male; mean age 16.1 ± 1.1 years) who participated in 17 different sports. ECG statistics included intervals and durations in all 3 axes (X, Y, Z) to calculate 12 lead voltage sums, QRS Amplitude, QT interval, QRS Duration, and the sum of the R wave in V5 and the S Wave in V2 (RS Sum).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By computer analysis, we demonstrated that male athletes had significantly greater QRS duration, Q-wave duration, and T wave amplitude. (P<0.05). By contrast, female athletes had a significantly greater QTc interval. (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in ECG measurements in high school athletes are strongly associated with gender. However, body size does not correlate with the aforementioned ECG measurements. Our tables of the gender-specific parameters can help facilitate the development of a more large scale and in-depth ECG analysis for screening high school athletes in the future.
authors.affiliation: Henry M Gunn High School, Palo Alto, California, United States of America. nikhilkumar1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Froelicher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D056352:Athletes; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D012016:Reference Values; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires