title: Breast density measurements with ultrasound tomography: a comparison with film and digital mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of the whole-breast sound speed measurement as a marker of breast density (BD), a known risk factor for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an ongoing study of breast cancer detection, 249 patients were scanned with a clinical prototype that operates on the principles of ultrasound tomography. Typically, 40-100 sound speed tomograms were reconstructed from the scan data, corresponding to the entire volume of the breast of each patient. The data were used to estimate the volume averaged sound speed (VASS) of the breast for each patient. The corresponding mammograms were used to calculate mammographic percent density (MPD) using CUMULUS software. Film mammograms were available for 164 patients while 85 digital mammograms were available for the remaining patients. Standard statistical techniques were used to determine associations of breast sound speed with a variety of mammographic measures such as percent density, area of dense tissue, and area of nondense tissue. Furthermore, associations of breast sound speed with continuous variables such as age and weight and dichotomous variables such as parity and menopausal status were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VASS was found to be significantly associated with MPD. The Spearman correlation coefficient (r(s)) between VASS and MPD was found to be 0.77 and 0.71 for film and digital mammography, respectively. VASS was positively correlated with dense areas by mammography, both digital (r(s) = 0.46) and film (r(s) = 0.56). VASS was negatively associated with nondense area by mammography, both digital (r(s) = -0.58) and film (r(s) = -0.63). BD by all methods was less in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. The MPD was lower in the postmenopausal group (by 6.6%, p < 0.08, for the digital group and 7.73%, p < 0.007, for the film group). The VASS was also lower in the postmenopausal group (by 15 m∕s, p < 0.001 for the digital group and 8 m∕s, p < 0.08, for the film group). The association of MPD with age was characterized with r(s) = -0.06 (p < 0.6) for digital mammography and r(s) = -0.53 (p < 0.002) for film mammography. For weight, the MPD associations were characterized by r(s) = -0.53 (p < 0.0001) for digital mammography and -0.38 (p < 0.0001) for film mammography. The association of VASS with age was r(s) = -0.33 (p < 0.002) for the digital group and -0.17 (p < 0.03) for the film group. For weight, the relationship was characterized with r(s) = -0.45 (p < 0.001) for the digital group and -0.37 (p < 0.0001) for the film group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between VASS and MPD is strong for both film and digital mammography, suggesting that VASS is a viable measure of breast density. This result sets the stage for future work that will focus on directly testing the association of VASS with breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. duric@karmanos.org
authors.forename: Neb
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duric
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Littrup
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sak
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myc
authors.forename: Cuiping
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authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Erik
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authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Sal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minkin
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faiz
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melnichouk
authors.forename: Qing
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authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Teri
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authors.lastname: Albrecht
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*