title: Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review data from randomized controlled studies on the effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring (HBPT) versus usual care with respect to improvement of BP control, healthcare resources utilization and costs, patient's quality of life and adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases were searched for publications in English. The benefit and relative risk (RR) were estimated applying a random-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three randomized controlled trials with a high level of heterogeneity were selected (7037 patients). Compared to usual care, HBPT improved office SBP by 4.71 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.18, 3.24; P < 0.001] and DBP by 2.45 mmHg (3.33, 1.57; P < 0.001). A larger proportion of patients achieved office BP normalization (<140/90 mmHg nondiabetic patients and <130/80 mmHg diabetic patients) in the intervention group [RR: 1.16 (1.04, 1.29); P < 0.001]. HBPT led to a significantly larger prescription of antihypertensive medications [+0.40 (+0.17,+0.62), P < 0.001], but to therapeutic adherence and rate of office consultations similar to usual care. Healthcare costs were significantly (P < 0.001) larger in the HBPT group [+662.92 (+540.81, +785.04) euros per patient], but were similar to those of the usual care when only medical costs were considered [-12.4 (-930.52, +906.23) euros; P = 0.767]. Use of HBPT helped improving the physical component of quality of life [SF-12 or SF-36 questionnaire: +2.78 (+1.15, +4.41) P < 0.001]. No difference was observed in the risk of adverse events [RR: 1.22 (0.86, 1.71); P = 0.111].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBPT may represent a useful tool to improve hypertension control and associated healthcare outcomes, although it is still more costly compared with usual care.
authors.affiliation: Italian Institute of Telemedicine, Varese, Italy. stefano.omboni@iitelemed.org
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omboni
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carabelli
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parati
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017216:Telemedicine