title: Current options for drug delivery to the spinal cord.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord disorders (SCDs) are among the most devastating neurological diseases, due to their acute and long-term health consequences, the reduced quality of life and the high economic impact on society. Here, drug administration is severely limited by the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) that impedes to reach the cord from the bloodstream. So, developing a suitable delivery route is mandatory to increase medical chances.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides an overview of drug delivery systems used to overcome the inaccessibility of the cord. On one side, intrathecal administration, either with catheters or with biomaterials, represents the main route to administer drugs to the spinal cord; on the other side, more recent strategies involve chemical or electromagnetic disruption of the barrier and synthesis of novel functionalized compounds as nanoparticles and liposomes able to cross BSCB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the multifactorial pathological progression and the restricted access of therapeutic drugs to the spine are probably the main reasons behind the absence of efficient therapeutic approaches for SCDs. Hence, very recent highlights suggest the use of original strategies to overcome the BSCB, and new multidrug delivery systems capable of local controlled release of therapeutic agents have been developed. These issues can be addressed by using nanoparticles technology and smart hydrogel drug delivery systems, providing an increased therapeutic compound delivery in the spinal cord environment and multiple administrations able to synergize treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perale
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forloni
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veglianese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents