title: Normal electrocardiographic findings: recognising physiological adaptations in athletes.
abstract: Electrocardiographic changes in athletes are common and usually reflect benign structural and electrical remodelling of the heart as a physiological adaptation to regular and sustained physical training (athlete's heart). The ability to identify an abnormality on the 12-lead ECG, suggestive of underlying cardiac disease associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD), is based on a sound working knowledge of the normal ECG characteristics within the athletic population. This document will assist physicians in identifying normal ECG patterns commonly found in athletes. The ECG findings presented as normal in athletes were established by an international consensus panel of experts in sports cardiology and sports medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. jdrezner@uw.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Drezner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.forename: Jordan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prutkin
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schmied
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mathew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Michael John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Euan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Asplund
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baggish
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Börjesson
authors.forename: Bryan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: DiFiori
authors.forename: Kimberly G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbuchel
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Vetter
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044383:Black People; D059267:Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced / Q000502:physiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*