title: Occupational exposures to aluminum and iron and risk of lung epithelium atypia in sudan.
abstract: This study investigated the risk of lung cytological atypical changes in regards to occupational exposure to aluminum and iron. Detailed job histories were elicited from 130 incident cases with confirmed exposure to aluminum (50) or iron (80) and 157 population controls (nonexposed). Cytological atypia in sputum (dysplasia) was identified in four cases and none of controls (RR =10.8550; 95% CI = 0.5898 to 199.7815, P = 0.1086), hence, metaplasia was observed among 15 (11.5%) of the cases and 10 (6%) of controls (RR = 1.8115; 95% CI = 0.8424-3.8956; P = 0.1283). Evidences of viral infection were observed in 18 (14%) of the cases and 8 (5%) of controls (RR = 2.7173; 95% CI = 1.2213-6.0460; P = 0.0143). Moniliasis was observed in 28 (22%) of the cases and 19 (12%) of controls (RR = 1.6632; 95% CI = 0.9728-2.8435; P = 0.06). Cross-categorizations of aluminum exposure and iron use suggest greater risk associated with iron exposure than aluminum in these workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. hussaingad1972@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hussain Gadelkarim
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Tagreed Ahmed
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ginawi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004391:Dust; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D004391:Dust; D058085:Iron Compounds