title: The effect of time of day on cold water ingestion by high-level swimmers in a tropical climate.
abstract: The authors tested the effect of cold water ingestion during high-intensity training in the morning vs the evening on both core temperature (TC) and thermal perceptions of internationally ranked long-distance swimmers during a training period in a tropical climate. Nine internationally ranked long-distance swimmers (5 men and 4 women) performed 4 randomized training sessions (2 in the evening and 2 in the morning) with 2 randomized beverages with different temperatures for 3 consecutive days. After a standardized warm-up of 1000 m, the subjects performed a standardized training session that consisted of 10 x 100 m (start every 1'20″) at a fixed velocity. The swimmers were then followed for the next 3000 m of the training schedule. Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during the 10 x 100 m, whereas TC, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation (TS) were measured before and after each 1000-m session. Before and after each 1000 m, the swimmers were asked to drink 190 mL of neutral (26.5 ± 2.5°C) or cold (1.3 ± 0.3°C) water packaged in standardized bottles. Results demonstrated that cold water ingestion induced a significant effect on TC, with a pronounced decrease in the evening, resulting in significantly lower mean TC and lower mean delta TC in evening cold (EC) than in evening neutral (EN), concomitant with significantly lower TS in EC than in EN and a significant effect on exercise HR. Moreover, although TC increased significantly with time in MN, MC, and EN, TC was stabilized during exercise in EC. To conclude, we demonstrate that a cold beverage had a significant effect on TC, TS, and HR during training in high-level swimmers in a tropical climate, especially during evening training.
authors.affiliation: University of French West Indies and Guyana, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hue
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monjo
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzaro
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baillot
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellard
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marlin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jean-Etienne
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D060766:Drinking Water; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water