title: Inner capillary diameter of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of female rat increases during lactation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of the endothelial cell (EC) in blood flow regulation within the central nervous system has been little studied. Here, we explored EC participation in morphological changes of the anterior hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) microvasculature of female rats at two reproductive stages with different metabolic demand (virginity and lactation). We measured the inner capillary diameter (ICD) of 800 capillaries from either the magnocellular or parvocellular regions. The space occupied by neural (somas, dendrites and axons) and glial, but excluding vascular elements of the neurovascular compartment was also measured in 100-μm2 sample fields of both PVN subdivisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PVN of both groups of animals showed ICDs that ranged from 3 to 10 microns. The virgin group presented mostly capillaries with small ICD, whereas the lactating females exhibited a significant increment in the percentage of capillaries with larger ICD. The space occupied by the neural and glial elements of the neurovascular compartment did not show changes with lactation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that during lactation the microvasculature of the PVN of female rats undergoes dynamic, transitory changes in blood flow as represented by an increment in the ICD through a self-cytoplasmic volume modification reflected by EC changes. A model of this process is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr, Luis Castelazo s/n Col, Industrial Las Animas, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91190, México. csolb@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Albertina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cortés-Sol
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lara-Garcia
authors.forename: Mayvi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berbel
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacheco
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002196:Capillaries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar