title: A computational study of influence of helmet padding materials on the human brain under ballistic impacts.
abstract: The results of a computational study of a helmeted human head are presented in this paper. The focus of the work is to study the effects of helmet pad materials on the level of acceleration, inflicted pressure and shear stress in a human brain model subjected to a ballistic impact. Four different closed cell foam materials, made of expanded polystyrene and expanded polypropylene, are examined for the padding material. It is assumed that bullets cannot penetrate the helmet shell. Finite element modelling of the helmet, padding system, head and head components is used for this dynamic nonlinear analysis. Appropriate contacts and conditions are applied between the different components of the head, as well as between the head and the pads, and the pads and the helmet. Based on the results of simulations in this work, it is concluded that the stiffness of the foam has a prominent role in reducing the level of the transferred load to the brain. A pad that is less stiff is more efficient in absorbing the impact energy and reducing the sudden acceleration of the head and consequently lowers the brain injury level. Using the pad with the least stiffness, the influence of the angle of impacts as well as the locations of the ballistic strike is studied.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Engineering , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND 58108-6050 , USA.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salimi Jazi
authors.forename: Asghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: Ghodrat
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karami
authors.forename: Fardad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azarmi
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziejewski
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005389:Firearms; D006257:Head; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: TBI; ballistic impact; finite elements; helmet; pad