title: Decompressive craniectomy, interhemispheric hygroma and hydrocephalus: a timeline of events?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a known risk factor for the development of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The occurrence of subdural hygroma (SH) was also reported in 23-56% of patients after DC and it seemed to precede hydrocephalus in more than 80% of cases. We analyzed the relationship among DC, SH and hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2007 to 2011, 64 patients underwent DC after head trauma. Variables we analyzed were: intaventricular hemorrhage, age, GCS, distance of craniectomy from the midline, evacuation of a hemorrhagic contusion (HC) and infection. Logistic regression was used to assess the independent contribution of the predictive factors to the development of hydrocephalus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients (29.7%) developed hydrocephalus. Interhemispheric SH was present in 8/19 patients with hydrocephalus and temporally preceded the occurrence of ventricular enlargement. Moreover, most patients who developed a interhemispheric SH had been undergone DC whose superior margin was close to the midline. Logistic regression analysis showed that craniectomy closer than 25 mm to the midline was the only factor independently associated with the development of hydrocephalus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniectomy close to the midline can predispose patients to the development of hydrocephalus. SH could be generated with the same mechanism, and these three events could be correlated on a timeline.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Bonis
authors.forename: Carmelo Lucio
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sturiale
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anile
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaudino
authors.forename: Annunziato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangiola
authors.forename: Matia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martucci
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rigante
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pompucci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D002494:Central Nervous System Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003288:Contusions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016015:Logistic Models; D018191:Lymphangioma, Cystic / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CSF; DC; Decompressive craniectomy; GCS; Glasgow Coma Scale; HC; Hydrocephalus; ICP; Interhemispheric hygroma; SH; Subdural hygroma; TBI; Traumatic brain injury; cerebrospinal fluid; decompressive craniectomy; hemorrhagic contusions; intracranial pressure; subdural hygroma; traumatic brain injury