title: Genetic programs expressed in resting and IL-4 alternatively activated mouse and human macrophages: similarities and differences.
abstract: The molecular repertoire of macrophages in health and disease can provide novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Th2-IL-4–activated macrophages (M2) have been associated with important diseases in mice, yet no specific markers are available for their detection in human tissues. Although mouse models are widely used for macrophage research, translation to the human can be problematic and the human macrophage system remains poorly described. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the transcriptome and proteome of human and murine macrophages under resting conditions (M0) and after IL-4 activation (M2). We provide a resource for tools enabling macrophage detection in human tissues by identifying a set of 87 macrophage-related genes. Furthermore, we extend current understanding of M2 activation in different species and identify Transglutaminase 2 as a conserved M2 marker that is highly expressed by human macrophages and monocytes in the prototypic Th2 pathology asthma.
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Rheumatology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fernando O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Helming
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milde
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varin
authors.forename: Barbro N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Melgert
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Draijer
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crawshaw
authors.forename: Ling Pei
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Nick H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ten Hacken
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cobos Jiménez
authors.forename: Neeltje A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kootstra
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locati
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: Siamon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D015847:Interleukin-4