title: TRA-1-60+, SSEA-4+, Oct4A+, Nanog+Clones of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Embryonal Carcinomas of the Ovaries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary (ECO), pure or admixed to other tumors, is the deadly gynecological cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The specific aim of this work was identification, isolation, clonal expansion, and molecular profiling of the pluripotent cells in the embryonal carcinomas of the ovaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples were acquired from the patients, who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with the advanced, pure embryonal carcinomas of the ovaries. The cell surface display of the TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4 was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM), immunoblotting (IB), multiphoton fluorescence spectroscopy (MPFS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS), and total reflection x-ray spectroscopy (TRXFS). The transcripts of the Oct4A and Nanog were analyzed by qRTPCR and MPFS and the products by MPFS. The human pluripotent, embryonic stem cells (ESC), human pluripotent, embryonal carcinoma of the testes (ECT), healthy tissues of the ovary (HTO), healthy tissue of testes (HTT), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) served as the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studied embryonal carcinomas of the ovaries (ECOs) contained the cells with the strong surface display of the TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, which was similar to the pluripotent ESC and ECT. Their morphology was consistent with the histopathological diagnosis. Moreover, these cells showed strong expression of the Oct4A and Nanog, which was similar to the pluripotent ESC and ECT. The ECO cells formed embryoid bodies, which differentiated into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These cells were induced to differentiate into muscles, epithelia, and neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Herein, we revealed presence and identified molecular profiles of the clones of the pluripotent stem cells in the embryonal carcinomas of the ovaries. These results should help us with refining molecular diagnoses of these deadly neoplasms and design biomarker-targeted, patient-centered, personalized therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA ; Phoenix Biomolecular Engineering Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malecki
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA ; National Institutes of Health, National Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Bruker AXS, Fitchburg, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beauchaine
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Songwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Bruker Optics, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tombokan
authors.affiliation: San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Raf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malecki
keywords: Cancer of the ovary; embryonal carcinoma of the ovary; germ cell tumor; pluripotent stem cell; stage specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA-4); tumor resistance antigen 1-60 (TRA-1-60); variable fragment antibody