title: Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose, insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) are markers of insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to compare fasting glucose, fasting insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR in strength of association with incident cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Cochrane Library databases from inception to March, 2011, and screened reference lists. Cohort studies or nested case-control studies that investigated the association between fasting glucose, fasting insulin or HOMA-IR and incident cardiovascular disease, were eligible. Two investigators independently performed the article selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Cardiovascular endpoints were coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke or combined cardiovascular disease. We used fixed and random-effect meta-analyses to calculate the pooled relative risk for CHD, stroke and combined cardiovascular disease, comparing high to low concentrations of glucose, insulin or HOMA-IR. Study heterogeneity was calculated with the I(2) statistic. To enable a comparison between cardiovascular disease risks for glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, we calculated pooled relative risks per increase of one standard deviation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 65 studies (involving 516,325 participants) in this meta-analysis. In a random-effect meta-analysis the pooled relative risk of CHD (95% CI; I(2)) comparing high to low concentrations was 1.52 (1.31, 1.76; 62.4%) for glucose, 1.12 (0.92, 1.37; 41.0%) for insulin and 1.64 (1.35, 2.00; 0%) for HOMA-IR. The pooled relative risk of CHD per one standard deviation increase was 1.21 (1.13, 1.30; 64.9%) for glucose, 1.04 (0.96, 1.12; 43.0%) for insulin and 1.46 (1.26, 1.69; 0.0%) for HOMA-IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative risk of cardiovascular disease was higher for an increase of one standard deviation in HOMA-IR compared to an increase of one standard deviation in fasting glucose or fasting insulin concentration. It may be useful to add HOMA-IR to a cardiovascular risk prediction model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. k.b.gast@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Karin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gast
authors.forename: Nathanja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.forename: Johannes W A
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Olaf M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dekkers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D012307:Risk Factors