title: In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa methanol extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. is a representative Thai medicinal plant traditionally used in South Asian countries to relieve various inflammatory symptoms. However, no systematic studies on its anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms have been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of the methanol extract from the leaves of this plant (Rt-ME) on the production of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] and the molecular mechanism of Rt-ME-mediated inhibition, including target enzymes, were studied with RAW264.7, peritoneal macrophage, and HEK293 cells. Additionally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of this extract was evaluated with mouse gastritis and colitis models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rt-ME clearly inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. According to RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation analyses and a kinase assay with mRNA, whole cell extract, and nucleus lysates from RAW264.7 cells and mice, it was revealed that Rt-ME was capable of suppressing the activation of both nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways by directly targeting Syk/Src and IRAK1/IRAK4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rt-ME could have anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing Syk/Src/NF-kB and IRAK1/IRAK4/AP-1 pathways and will be further developed as a herbal remedy for preventive and/or curative purposes in various inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Woo Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Gyeongsug
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Deok Hyo
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hyung Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Sukchan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae Woong
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gi-Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Jae Youl
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol; D005756:Gastritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D027822:Myrtaceae; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D000432:Methanol