title: Off-highway vehicle parks: combining environment, knowledge, and enforcement for all-terrain vehicle injury prevention.
abstract: The number of off-highway vehicle (OHV) parks continues to grow to meet the recreational needs of ATV enthusiasts and the increasing popularity of the vehicle. Little is known about how OHV park regulations and enforcement affect ATV safety among their users. This study was designed to determine whether there were differences in crash mechanisms and/or compliance with ATV safety laws and regulations when comparing off-road ATV crashes inside and outside state OHV parks. Relative to outside the parks, a smaller percentage of park victims were under the age of sixteen, a lower percentage were passengers, and a dramatically higher percentage were helmeted. Mean injury severity scores were not different inside and outside the parks, but 5% of outside victims had severe brain injuries, as compared to no park victims. Overall, park victims exhibited better compliance with ATV safety laws and regulations and suffered less severe brain injury outcomes. However, park crashes involved more jump-related injuries, suggesting that additional approaches are needed to improve park safety. These findings support the hypothesis that riding environments with safety regulations and effective enforcement can promote safe behaviors and may prevent injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. gerene-denning@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Gerene M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jennissen
authors.forename: Karisa K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Harland
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Buresh
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult