title: [Prevalence of new designer drugs and their legal status in Japan].
abstract: In recent years, many analogs of narcotics have been widely distributed as easily available psychotropic substances and have become a serious problem in Japan. To counter the spread of these non-controlled substances, the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan was amended in 2006 to establish a new category; Designated Substances in order to more strictly control these substances. In April 2007, 31 compounds and 1 plant were first controlled as Designated Substances. Before 2007, the major compounds distributed in the Japanese illegal drug market were tryptamines, phenethylamines and piperazines. Alkyl nitrites, such as isobutyl nitrite and isopentyl nitrite, were also widely distributed. After they were listed as Narcotics or Designated Substances in 2007, these compounds, especially the tryptamines, quickly disappeared from the market. In their place, cathinone derivatives have been widely distributed, as well as different phenethylamines and piperazines. Additionally, in recent years, new herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids have appeared globally. As at July 2012, 78 substances (including 1 plant; Salvia divinorum) were listed in the category of Designated Substances. They were 13 tryptamines, 17 phenethylamines, 11 cathinones, 4 piperazines, 23 synthetic cannabinoids, 6 alkyl nitrites, 3 other compounds and 1 plant. In this review, we show our survey of the spread of new designer drugs in Japan, focusing especially on synthetic cannabinoids and cathinone derivatives. Also, the prevalence and legal status of these substances in other countries will be presented.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan. kikura@nihs.go.jp
authors.forename: Ruri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikura-Hanajiri
authors.forename: Nahoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goda
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D000680:Amyl Nitrite / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000737:chemistry; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009573:Nitrites; D010627:Phenethylamines; D010879:Piperazines; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000737:chemistry; D014363:Tryptamines
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009573:Nitrites; D010627:Phenethylamines; D010879:Piperazines; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D014363:Tryptamines; C023665:cathinone; C048958:isoamyl nitrite; D000680:Amyl Nitrite; C018086:isobutyl nitrite