title: Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks.
abstract: The biotic recovery from Earth's most severe extinction event at the Permian-Triassic boundary largely reestablished the preextinction structure of marine trophic networks, with marine reptiles assuming the predator roles. However, the highest trophic level of today's marine ecosystems, i.e., macropredatory tetrapods that forage on prey of similar size to their own, was thus far lacking in the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. Here we report a top-tier tetrapod predator, a very large (>8.6 m) ichthyosaur from the early Middle Triassic (244 Ma), of Nevada. This ichthyosaur had a massive skull and large labiolingually flattened teeth with two cutting edges indicative of a macropredatory feeding style. Its presence documents the rapid evolution of modern marine ecosystems in the Triassic where the same level of complexity as observed in today's marine ecosystems is reached within 8 My after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and within 4 My of the time reptiles first invaded the sea. This find also indicates that the biotic recovery in the marine realm may have occurred faster compared with terrestrial ecosystems, where the first apex predators may not have evolved before the Carnian.
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde,  Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin,  Germany.
authors.forename: Nadia B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Fröbisch
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fröbisch
authors.forename: P Martin
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rieppel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D020387:Food Chain; D005580:Fossils; D049690:History, Ancient; D008386:Marine Biology; D010163:Paleontology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012104:Reptiles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology