title: Normal and shear strain imaging using 2D deformation tracking on beam steered linear array datasets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous publications have reported on the use of one-dimensional cross-correlation analysis with beam-steered echo signals. However, this approach fails to accurately track displacements at larger depths (>4.5 cm) due to lower signal-to-noise. In this paper, the authors present the use of adaptive parallelogram shaped two-dimensional processing blocks for deformation tracking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beam-steered datasets were acquired using a VFX 9L4 linear array transducer operated at a 6 MHz center frequency for steered angles from -15 to 15° in increments of 1°, on both uniformly elastic and single-inclusion tissue-mimicking phantoms. Echo signals were acquired to a depth of 65 mm with the focus set at 40 mm corresponding to the center of phantom. Estimated angular displacements along and perpendicular to the beam direction are used to compute axial and lateral displacement vectors using a least-squares approach. Normal and shear strain tensor component are then estimated based on these displacement vectors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Their results demonstrate that parallelogram shaped two-dimensional deformation tracking significantly improves spatial resolution (factor of 7.79 along the beam direction), signal-to-noise (5 dB improvement), and contrast-to-noise (8-14 dB improvement) associated with strain imaging using beam steering on linear array transducers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parallelogram shaped two-dimensional deformation tracking is demonstrated in beam-steered radiofrequency data, enabling its use in the estimation of normal and shear strain components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. hxu26@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Varghese
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004548:Elasticity; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013314:Stress, Mechanical