title: Primary headaches in children: clinical findings on the association with other conditions.
abstract: The aim of the present study is to report on the frequency of some comorbidities in primary headaches in childhood. Two hundred and eighty children (175 males and 105 females; ratio 1.7:1), aged 4 to 14 years, affected by primary headaches were consecutively enrolled in this study. In direct interviews, parents and children gave information about the association of their headaches with different conditions including asthma and allergic disorders, convulsive episodes, sleep disorders and increased body weight, affections some time associated in the literature to headache as comorbidities . In addition, anxiety and depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tics, learning disabilities and obsessive-compulsive disorders, using psycho-diagnostic scales were evaluated. Two hundred and eighty children matched for age, sex, race and socio-economic status, were used as controls. No significant association of primary headaches was found with asthma and allergic disorders, convulsive episodes, sleep disorders and increased body weight. Overall behavioral disorders were more common in children who experienced headache than in controls. A significant association of primary headache was found with anxiety and depression (p value &#60; 0.001), but not with the other psychiatric disorders. Primary headaches in children are not associated with most of the psychiatric and systemic conditions herein investigated. On the contrary, there was a significant association with anxiety and depression, as frequently reported in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy. ppavone@unict.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verrotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falsaperla
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pratico
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pavone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications; D012923:Social Class