title: Differential release of β-NAD(+)  and ATP upon activation of enteric motor neurons in primate and murine colons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purinergic component of enteric inhibitory neurotransmission is important for normal motility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Controversies exist about the purine(s) responsible for inhibitory responses in GI muscles: ATP has been assumed to be the purinergic neurotransmitter released from enteric inhibitory motor neurons; however, recent studies demonstrate that β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD(+)) and ADP-ribose mimic the inhibitory neurotransmitter better than ATP in primate and murine colons. The study was designed to clarify the sources of purines in colons of Cynomolgus monkeys and C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to analyze purines released by stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and serotonergic 5-HT(3) receptors (5-HT(3)R), known to be present on cell bodies and dendrites of neurons within the myenteric plexus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or 5-HT(3)R agonists increased overflow of ATP and β-NAD(+) from tunica muscularis of monkey and murine colon. The agonists did not release purines from circular muscles of monkey colon lacking myenteric ganglia. Agonist-evoked overflow of β-NAD(+), but not ATP, was inhibited by tetrodotoxin (0.5 μmol L(-1)) or ω-conotoxin GVIA (50 nmol L(-1)), suggesting that β-NAD(+) release requires nerve action potentials and junctional mechanisms known to be critical for neurotransmission. ATP was likely released from nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia and not from nerve terminals of motor neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the conclusion that ATP is not a motor neurotransmitter in the colon and are consistent with the hypothesis that β-NAD(+), or its metabolites, serve as the purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0575, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Durnin
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Mutafova-Yambolieva
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003106:Colon / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009243:NAD; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate