title: Xenon preconditioning: molecular mechanisms and biological effects.
abstract: Xenon is one of noble gases and has been recognized as an anesthetic for more than 50 years. Xenon possesses many of the characteristics of an ideal anesthetic, but it is not widely applied in clinical practice mainly because of its high cost. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that xenon as an anesthetic can exert neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects in different models. Moreover, xenon has been applied in the preconditioning, and the neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects of xenon preconditioning have been investigated in a lot of studies in which some mechanisms related to these protections are proposed. In this review, we summarized these mechanisms and the biological effects of xenon preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diving Medicine, Secondary Medical University, No 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenwu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Diving Medicine, Secondary Medical University, No 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.|Department of Pathology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, 411 Hospital, No 15 Dongjiangwan Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200081, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Diving Medicine, Secondary Medical University, No 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Diving Medicine, Secondary Medical University, No 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.|Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226019, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hengyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Diving Medicine, Secondary Medical University, No 800 Xiangyin Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun