title: Quantification of 31 illicit and medicinal drugs and metabolites in whole blood by fully automated solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: An efficient method for analyzing illegal and medicinal drugs in whole blood using fully automated sample preparation and short ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) run time is presented. A selection of 31 drugs, including amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines, was used. In order to increase the efficiency of routine analysis, a robotic system based on automated liquid handling and capable of handling all unit operation for sample preparation was built on a Freedom Evo 200 platform with several add-ons from Tecan and third-party vendors. Solid-phase extraction was performed using Strata X-C plates. Extraction time for 96 samples was less than 3 h. Chromatography was performed using an ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA). Analytes were separated on a 100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm Acquity UPLC CSH C(18) column using a 6.5 min 0.1 % ammonia (25 %) in water/0.1 % ammonia (25 %) in methanol gradient and quantified by MS/MS (Waters Quattro Premier XE) in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Full validation, including linearity, precision and trueness, matrix effect, ion suppression/enhancement of co-eluting analytes, recovery, and specificity, was performed. The method was employed successfully in the laboratory and used for routine analysis of forensic material. In combination with tetrahydrocannabinol analysis, the method covered 96 % of cases involving driving under the influence of drugs. The manual labor involved in preparing blood samples, solvents, etc., was reduced to a half an hour per batch. The automated sample preparation setup also minimized human exposure to hazardous materials, provided highly improved ergonomics, and eliminated manual pipetting.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie Kjærgaard
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bjørk
authors.forename: Kirsten Wiese
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: David Wederkinck
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Petur Weihe
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: Stella Rögn
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sigurðardóttir
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linnet
authors.forename: Brian Schou
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations