title: Evaluation of material heterogeneity dosimetric effects using radiochromic film for COMS eye plaques loaded with (125)I seeds (model I25.S16).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To measure absolute dose distributions in eye phantom for COMS eye plaques with (125)I seeds (model I25.S16) using radiochromic EBT film dosimetry. (2) To determine the dose correction function for calculations involving the TG-43 formalism to account for the presence of the COMS eye plaque using Monte Carlo (MC) method specific to this seed model. (3) To test the heterogeneous dose calculation accuracy of the new version of Plaque Simulator (v5.3.9) against the EBT film data for this seed model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using EBT film, absolute doses were measured for (125)I seeds (model I25.S16) in COMS eye plaques (1) along the plaque's central axis for (a) uniformly loaded plaques (14-20 mm in diameter) and (b) a 20 mm plaque with single seed, and (2) in off-axis direction at depths of 5 and 12 mm for all four plaque sizes. The EBT film calibration was performed at (125)I photon energy. MC calculations using MCNP5 code for a single seed at the center of a 20 mm plaque in homogeneous water and polystyrene medium were performed. The heterogeneity dose correction function was determined from the MC calculations. These function values at various depths were entered into PS software (v5.3.9) to calculate the heterogeneous dose distributions for the uniformly loaded plaques (of all four sizes). The dose distributions with homogeneous water assumptions were also calculated using PS for comparison. The EBT film measured absolute dose rate values (film) were compared with those calculated using PS with homogeneous assumption (PS Homo) and heterogeneity correction (PS Hetero). The values of dose ratio (film∕PS Homo) and (film∕PS Hetero) were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The central axis depth dose rate values for a single seed in 20 mm plaque measured using EBT film and calculated with MCNP5 code (both in ploystyrene phantom) were compared, and agreement within 9% was found. The dose ratio (film∕PS Homo) values were substantially lower than unity (mostly between 0.8 and 0.9) for all four plaque sizes, indicating dose reduction by COMS plaque compared with homogeneous assumption. The dose ratio (film∕PS Hetero) values were close to unity, indicating the PS Hetero calculations agree with those from the film study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial heterogeneity effect on the (125)I dose distributions in an eye phantom for COMS plaques was verified using radiochromic EBT film dosimetry. The calculated doses for uniformly loaded plaques using PS with heterogeneity correction option enabled were corroborated by the EBT film measurement data. Radiochromic EBT film dosimetry is feasible in measuring absolute dose distributions in eye phantom for COMS eye plaques loaded with single or multiple (125)I seeds. Plaque Simulator is a viable tool for the calculation of dose distributions if one understands its limitations and uses the proper heterogeneity correction feature.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University Medicine Faculty, Oncology Institute, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. hilalacar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Sou-Tung
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chiu-Tsao
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozbay
authors.forename: Gonul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kemikler
authors.forename: Samuray
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuncer
mesh_terms: D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods*; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008545:Melanoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes