title: Inflammatory markers and haptoglobin polymorphism in Saudi with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism associated with clinical evolution of several inflammatory diseases and considered as a predictive factor for development of diabetes complications. We designed the present study to investigate the frequency distribution of Hp phenotypes among Saudi with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared to healthy nondiabetic subjects. Moreover, we explored the possibility of relationship between serum levels of inflammatory markers (namely, high-sensitive C-reactive proteins "hs-CRP", interleukin (IL)-6, and Hp) and Hp phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present case-control study, we enrolled 60 type 2 diabetic patients as the study group and 60 healthy subjects as the control group. We assayed serum levels of Hp and hs-CRP by immunoturbidimetric method; while IL-6 was measured by ELISA. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used for determination of Hp phenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In type 2 diabetics, serum concentrations of IL-6, hs-CRP, and Hp were significantly elevated and correlated to body mass index. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between plasma glucose level and Hp (r = 0.577, p = 0.000), IL-6 (r = 0.448, p = 0.000), and hs-CRP (r = 0.380, p = 0.001). In addition, data demonstrated a positive correlation between HbA1c and Hp (r = 0.521, p = 0.000), IL-6 (r = 0.420, p = 0.001), and hs-CRP (r = 0.353, p = 0.008). Hp 2-1 phenotype predominated among subjects in both study and control groups. No significant association between Hp phenotypes with any of the investigated inflammatory markers was documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation may represent the link between type 2 diabetes and obesity. Hp 2-1 was the predominant phenotype among Saudi type 2 diabetics as well as healthy subjects. In addition to Hp; other possible genetic polymorphisms like CRP may have its effect on diabetes through different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia. mabdelmarouf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Abdelmarouf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohieldein
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alzohairy
authors.forename: Marghoob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Amjad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006242:Haptoglobins; D015850:Interleukin-6