title: Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin K has been related to glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and diabetes. Because inflammation underlies all these metabolic conditions, it is plausible that the potential role of vitamin K in glucose metabolism occurs through the modulation of cytokines and related molecules. The purpose of the study was to assess the associations between dietary intake of vitamin K and peripheral adipokines and other metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of these associations in 510 elderly participants recruited in the PREDIMED centers of Reus and Barcelona (Spain). We determined 1-year changes in dietary phylloquinone intake estimated by food frequency questionnaires, serum inflammatory cytokines and other metabolic risk markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional analysis at baseline no significant associations were found between dietary phylloquinone intake and the rest of metabolic risk markers evaluated, with exception of a negative association with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. After 1-year of follow-up, subjects in the upper tertile of changes in dietary phylloquinone intake showed a greater reduction in ghrelin (-15.0%), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (-12.9%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (-17.6%), IL-6 (-27.9%), leptin (-10.3%), TNF (-26.9%) and visfatin (-24.9%) plasma concentrations than those in the lowest tertile (all p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that dietary phylloquinone intake is associated with an improvement of cytokines and other markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes, thus extending the potential protection by dietary phylloquinone on chronic inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.
authors.affiliation: Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Martí
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juanola-Falgarona
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Portillo
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Jonatan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulló
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D010837:Vitamin K 1