title: Genetic comparison of the head of Henri IV and the presumptive blood from Louis XVI (both Kings of France).
abstract: A mummified head was identified in 2010 as belonging to Henri IV, King of France. A putative blood sample from the King Louis XVI preserved into a pyrographically decorated gourd was analyzed in 2011. Both kings are in a direct male-line descent, separated by seven generations. We have retrieved the hypervariable region 1 of the mitochondrial DNA as well as a partial Y-chromosome profile from Henri IV. Five STR loci match the alleles found in Louis XVI, while another locus shows an allele that is just one mutation step apart. Taking into consideration that the partial Y-chromosome profile is extremely rare in modern human databases, we concluded that both males could be paternally related. The likelihood ratio of the two samples belonging to males separated by seven generations (as opposed to unrelated males) was estimated as 246.3, with a 95% confidence interval between 44.2 and 9729. Historically speaking, this forensic DNA data would confirm the identity of the previous Louis XVI sample, and give another positive argument for the authenticity of the head of Henri IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University Hospital R. Poincaré (AP-HP, UVSQ), 104 R. Poincaré boulevard, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charlier
authors.forename: Iñigo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olalde
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Babelon
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Galland
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calafell
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lalueza-Fox
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005197:Famous Persons; D005602:France; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial