title: Detecting performance invalidity in children: not quite as easy as A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 but automatized sequences appears promising.
abstract: In adult populations, embedded performance validity indicators are well established, as they are time efficient, resistant to coaching, and allow for more continuous monitoring of effort than standalone measures. Although several recent studies have demonstrated the appropriateness of using standalone validity tests with school-age children, a paucity of pediatric work has examined embedded indicators. The present study investigated the value of a simple automatized sequences task to detect performance invalidity in 439 clinically referred patients with mild head injury aged 8 through 17 years. Sixteen percent of the participants failed the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT). Thirteen percent failed the MSVT and also performed below established cutoffs on either the Test of Memory Malingering or Wechsler Digit Span subtest. The group classified as providing invalid data performed significantly worse than the group passing the MSVT across all sequencing conditions. Sensitivity and specificity for the total time on the sequencing task compared favorably to data produced for many respected adult-based embedded indicators (i.e., sensitivity around 50% when specificity ≥ 90%). Classification statistics for any embedded performance validity test can be expected to be worse in more severely affected populations; however, the current sequencing task appears to have value in detecting invalid performance in relatively high-functioning older children and adolescents. The fact that the task takes less than a couple of minutes to administer makes it especially appealing.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , University of Colorado-Denver, School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora , Colorado.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Connery
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors