title: The chromene sargachromanol E inhibits ultraviolet A-induced ageing of skin in human dermal fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin ageing is influenced by environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The effects of UV radiation on skin functions should be investigated using human in vitro models to understand the mechanisms of skin ageing. Additionally, marine algae provide a valuable source for identifying and extracting biologically active substances.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, sargachromanol E was isolated from a marine brown alga, Sargassum horneri, and its inhibitory effect on skin ageing was investigated using UVA-irradiated dermal fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation induced by UVA irradiation were investigated in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sargachromanol E did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity or phototoxicity in UVA-exposed dermal fibroblasts. Additionally, sargachromanol E suppressed intracellular formation of ROS, membrane protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and expression of collagenases such as MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9, all of which are caused by UVA exposure. It was further found that these inhibitions were related to an increase in the expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) genes, TIMP1 and TIMP2. Moreover, we have shown that the transcriptional activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) signalling caused by UVA irradiation was inhibited by treatment with sargachromanol E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that UVA irradiation modulates MMP expression via the transcriptional activation of AP-1 signalling, whereas treatment with sargachromanol E protected cell damage caused by UVA irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea.
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: B-N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D044647:Sargassum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; C584330:sargachromanol E