title: Optimized Pan-species and speciation duplex real-time PCR assays for Plasmodium parasites detection in malaria vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An accurate method for detecting malaria parasites in the mosquito's vector remains an essential component in the vector control. The Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay specific for circumsporozoite protein (ELISA-CSP) is the gold standard method for the detection of malaria parasites in the vector even if it presents some limitations. Here, we optimized multiplex real-time PCR assays to accurately detect minor populations in mixed infection with multiple Plasmodium species in the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complementary TaqMan-based real-time PCR assays that detect Plasmodium species using specific primers and probes were first evaluated on artificial mixtures of different targets inserted in plasmid constructs. The assays were further validated in comparison with the ELISA-CSP on 200 field caught Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes collected in two localities in southern Benin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The validation of the duplex real-time PCR assays on the plasmid mixtures demonstrated robust specificity and sensitivity for detecting distinct targets. Using a panel of mosquito specimen, the real-time PCR showed a relatively high sensitivity (88.6%) and specificity (98%), compared to ELISA-CSP as the referent standard. The agreement between both methods was "excellent" (κ=0.8, P<0.05). The relative quantification of Plasmodium DNA between the two Anopheles species analyzed showed no significant difference (P=0, 2). All infected mosquito samples contained Plasmodium falciparum DNA and mixed infections with P. malariae and/or P. ovale were observed in 18.6% and 13.6% of An. gambiae and An. funestus respectively. Plasmodium vivax was found in none of the mosquito samples analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents an optimized method for detecting the four Plasmodium species in the African malaria vectors. The study highlights substantial discordance with traditional ELISA-CSP pointing out the utility of employing an accurate molecular diagnostic tool for detecting malaria parasites in field mosquito populations.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Maurice Marcel
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sandeu
authors.forename: Azizath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moussiliou
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moiroux
authors.forename: Gilles G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Padonou
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massougbodji
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.forename: Nicaise Tuikue
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ndam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D001541:Benin; D009033:Culicidae; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins