title: Insulin-like growth factor-II is produced by, signals to and is an important survival factor for the mature podocyte in man and mouse.
abstract: Podocytes are crucial for preventing the passage of albumin into the urine and, when lost, are associated with the development of albuminuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Podocytes have limited capacity to regenerate, therefore pro-survival mechanisms are critically important. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a potent survival and growth factor; however, its major function is thought to be in prenatal development, when circulating levels are high. IGF-II has only previously been reported to continue to be expressed in discrete regions of the brain into adulthood in rodents, with systemic levels being undetectable. Using conditionally immortalized human and ex vivo adult mouse cells of the glomerulus, we demonstrated the podocyte to be the major glomerular source and target of IGF-II; it signals to this cell via the IGF-I receptor via the PI3 kinase and MAPK pathways. Functionally, a reduction in IGF signalling causes podocyte cell death in vitro and glomerular disease in vivo in an aged IGF-II transgenic mouse that produces approximately 60% of IGF-II due to a lack of the P2 promoter of this gene. Collectively, this work reveals the fundamental importance of IGF-II in the mature podocyte for glomerular health across mammalian species.
authors.affiliation: Academic and Children's Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Perks
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hurcombe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hers
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mathieson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeansson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hardouin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Coward
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D050199:Podocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C035170:IGF2 protein, human; C513121:IGF2 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II