title: Non-hodgkin lymphoma and circulating markers of inflammation and adiposity in a nested case-control study: the multiethnic cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because immune dysfunction is thought to underlie the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), obesity and chronic inflammation may be involved in its etiology. We examined the association of prediagnostic inflammatory markers and adipokines with NHL risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control analysis (272 cases and 541 matched controls) within the Multiethnic Cohort. Luminex technology was used to measure a 10-plex panel of cytokines, ELISA assays for adipokines, and an autoanalyzer for C-reactive protein (CRP). ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for tertiles of analytes were estimated by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median time of 2.7 years from phlebotomy to diagnosis, interleukin (IL)-10 was significantly related to NHL risk (ORT3 vs. T1 = 3.07; 95%CI, 2.02-4.66; Ptrend < 0.001). TNF-α and IL-8 showed borderline elevated risks, whereas IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and CRP were not associated with NHL. Leptin but not adiponectin was related to NHL risk (ORT3 vs. T1 = 0.48; 95%CI, 0.30-0.76; Ptrend < 0.001). Adjustment for body mass index did not substantially affect the risk estimates. Stratification by subtype indicated significant associations with IL-10 and leptin for follicular but not for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Excluding cases diagnosed less than 1 year after phlebotomy attenuated all associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-10 was the only cytokine and leptin the only adipokine associated with NHL, but due to the short follow-up time, preclinical effects cannot be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although markers of inflammation and adiposity may provide new insights into the etiology of NHL, they need to be assessed many years before clinical diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding Author: Gertraud Maskarinec, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maskarinec
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Lynne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: Marc T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Brenda Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hernadez
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D020738:Leptin