title: Gender differences in clinical manifestations and outcomes among hospitalized patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify whether hospitalized patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) show gender differences in manifested symptoms and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review study of patients hospitalized from April 2006 to March 2008 for the treatment of BPSD was conducted. We evaluated the prevalence of symptoms in each of 7 clusters constituting a subscale of the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale and the incidence of favorable discharge, defined as discharge to the patient's own home or care facility. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort comprised 122 men and 170 women. The men were more likely than the women to present with aggressiveness (78% vs 52%, P < .001) and diurnal rhythm disturbances (89% vs 79%, P < .05) and less likely to present with paranoid, delusional ideation (12% vs 41%, P < .001); hallucination (7% vs 29%, P < .001); affective disturbances (20% vs 40%, P < .001); and anxieties and phobias (15% vs 44%, P < .001). Incidence of favorable discharge was lower in the men (58% vs 77%, P = .001). Even after matching for age, sociodemographic factors, and physical and cognitive functions, the differences in these symptoms persisted, with the exception of diurnal rhythm disturbances. Incidence of favorable discharge was lower in the men (60% vs 77%, P = .0173).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrated gender differences in BPSD and outcomes among hospitalized patients. The findings should be considered when deciding on the optimal management plan for patients with BPSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ishikawa Prefectural Takamatsu Hospital, Kahoku-City, Ishikawa, Japan. matukaze@pure.ocn.ne.jp
authors.forename: Tatsuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Shoryoku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurata
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors