title: Bambi and Sp8 expression mark digit tips and their absence shows that chick wing digits 2 and 3 are truncated.
abstract: An often overlooked aspect of digit development is the special nature of the terminal phalanx, a specialized structure with characteristics distinct from other phalanges, for example the presence of ectodermal derivatives such as nails and claws. Here, we describe the unique ossification pattern of distal phalanges and characteristic gene expression in the digit tips of chick and duck embryos. Our results show that the distal phalanx of chick wing digit 1 is a genuine tip with a characteristic ossification pattern and expression of Bambi and Sp8; however, the terminal phalanx of digits 2* and 3 is not a genuine tip, and these are therefore truncated digits. Bambi and Sp8 expression in the chick wing provides a direct molecular assessment of digit identity changes after experimental manipulations of digit primordia. In contrast, digits 1 and 2 of the duck wing both possess true tips. Although chick wing-tip development was not rescued by application of Fgf8, this treatment induced the development of extra phalanges. Grafting experiments show that competence for tip formation, including nails, is latent in the interdigital tissue. Our results deepen understanding of the mechanisms of digit tip formation, highlighting its developmental autonomy and modular nature, with implications for digit reduction or loss during evolution. * Numbering of wing digits is 1, 2, 3 from anterior to posterior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Badia-Careaga
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sanz-Ezquerro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004372:Ducks; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors