title: Distribution of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in a German zoological garden determined by IS900 semi-nested and quantitative real-time PCR.
abstract: Little data concerning the distribution of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in zoological gardens is available. The presence of MAP in captured wildlife might provide further information on non-ruminant hosts and expand the list of animals susceptible to MAP being potential sources of MAP transmission. Therefore, a German zoological garden with recent history of clinical paratuberculosis in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) and an alpaca (Lama pacos) was selected to estimate the distribution of MAP infections in 21 mammalian and avian species. Pooled faecal samples from individual animals of each species were tested for the presence of MAP. A previously developed IS900 semi-nested PCR (snPCR) assay, amplifying a 587 bp and a 278 bp fragment, was used for the detection of MAP-DNA. Based on this snPCR, in 14 out of the 21 pooled faecal samples MAP-DNA was detected. MAP positive snPCR results were observed in ruminants and camelids as well as in non-ruminants such as equines, primates, rodents, and birds. Moreover, a quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the concentration of MAP-DNA was within the range of 2.2 × 10(3)-9.6 × 10(6) MAP-DNA equivalents per gram faeces. The highest amount was shed by primates such as Black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) and Cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). This is the first survey investigating the presence of MAP in a German zoo, which includes non-ruminants. The results of the present study confirm the wide host range of MAP and demonstrate that MAP occurs more frequently in zoo animals than expected. In order to restrict further spread of MAP in European zoos, additional investigations regarding the existing transmission pathways of MAP in zoos are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Münster
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fechner
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Völkel
authors.forename: Aloys
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Buchholz
authors.forename: Claus-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Czerny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000382:microbiology*; D001717:Birds; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D058507:Host Specificity; D008322:Mammals; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial