title: Vesicoureteral reflux and urodynamic dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) as a consequence of congenital anomaly of vesicoureteral junction has undergone changes owing to the finding that such children may have lower urinary tract dysfunction, which produces high intravesical pressure and consequently a predisposition for VUR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The urodynamics was investigated by pressure-flow-EMG study in 132 children with VUR and 162 refluxing units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 33 (25.0%) patients had normal urodynamic finding. The most frequent pathological finding was overactive bladder (OAB), found in 59 (44.7%) children, followed by dysfunctional voiding (DV) in 25 (18.9%) children. Children with VUR grades I and II had a higher percentage of pathological urodynamic findings than children with VUR grades III and IV. OAB was more frequent in children under 5 years of age with unilateral and lower grade VUR. It was found equally in children with and without uroinfections. DV was more frequent in children older than 5 years, with bilateral VUR, higher grade VUR and uroinfections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with VUR have a high incidence of urodynamic disorders. The results of the study indicate the possible role of urodynamic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of VUR, especially mild one.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, University Children's Hospital, Clinical Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia. danka.batinic@zg.t-com.hr
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Batinic
authors.forename: Danko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miloševic
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topalovic-Grkovic
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nizic
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vrljicak
authors.forename: Danko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Batinic
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turudic
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011312:Pressure; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*