title: A comparison of the inflammatory and proteolytic effects of dung biomass and cigarette smoke exposure in the lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomass is the energy source for cooking and heating for billions of people worldwide. Despite their prevalent use and their potential impact on global health, the effects of these fuels on lung biology and function remain poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed human small airway epithelial cells and C57BL/6 mice to dung biomass smoke or cigarette smoke to compare how these exposures impacted lung signaling and inflammatory and proteolytic responses that have been linked with disease pathogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro exposure and siRNA studies demonstrated that biomass and cigarette smoke activated ERK to up regulate IL-8 and MMP-1 expression in human airway epithelial cells. In contrast to cigarette smoke, biomass also activated p38 and JNK within these lung cells and lowered the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Similarly, in the lungs of mice, both biomass and cigarette smoke exposure increased macrophages, activated ERK and p38 and up regulated MMP-9 and MMP-12 expression. The main differences seen in the exposure studies was that mice exposed to biomass exhibited more perivascular inflammation and had higher G-CSF and GM-CSF lavage fluid levels than mice exposed identically to cigarette smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomass activates similar pathogenic processes seen in cigarette smoke exposure that are known to result in the disruption of lung structure. These findings provide biological evidence that public health interventions are needed to address the harm associated with the use of this fuel source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hardigan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foronjy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008372:Manure; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059748:Proteolysis; D012906:Smoke; D062789:Tobacco Products
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D012906:Smoke