title: The utility of lung epithelium specific biomarkers in cardiac surgery: a comparison of biomarker profiles in on- and off-pump coronary bypass surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite continuous improvements in materials and perfusion techniques, cardiac surgery still causes lung injury and a delay of pulmonary recovery. Currently, there is no gold standard for quantifying cardiac surgery induced lung injury and dysfunction. Adding objective measures, such as plasma biomarkers, could be of great use here. In this study the utility of lung epithelium specific proteins as biomarkers for lung dysfunction was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial measurements of plasma concentrations of Clara cell 16 kD (CC16) protein, Surfactant protein D (SP-D), Elastase and Myeloperoxidase were performed on blood samples from 40 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CABG, n = 20) or without cardiopulmonary bypass (OPCAB, n = 20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase of SP-D and CC16 between pre-operative concentrations and concentrations at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, correlated with the Aa-O2 gradient at 1 hour on the ICU (Rs = 0.409, p = .016 and Rs = 0.343, p = .043, respectively).Furthermore, SP-D and CC16 were higher in CABG than in OPCAB at the end of surgery [8.96 vs. 4.91 ng/mL, p = .042 and 92 vs. 113%, p = .007, respectively]. After 24 h both biomarkers returned to their baseline values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that increases in plasma of SP-D and CC16 correlate with clinical lung injury after coronary artery bypass surgery. Therefore, lung epithelium specific proteins seem to be a useful biomarker for measuring lung injury in the setting of cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: HaemoScan B,V, Groningen, The Netherlands. gerwinengels@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gerwin E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Y John
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Oeveren
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rakhorst
authors.forename: Massimo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Michiel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Erasmus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000097:blood; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D / Q000097:blood; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D014598:Uteroglobin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D037663:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D; C556389:SCGB1A1 protein, human; D014598:Uteroglobin; D009195:Peroxidase; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D010100:Oxygen