title: The risk of resting heart rate on vascular events and mortality in vascular patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resting heart rate (RHR) reflects sympathetic nerve activity and is independently related to the occurrence of cardiovascular events and death in healthy subjects, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and patients with cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated and compared the risk of RHR on the occurrence of cardiovascular events and death in patients with CAD, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were used from a prospective cohort study of 4272 patients with manifest vascular disease: CAD (n=2244), CVD (n=930), PAD (n=823) or AAA (n=275). RHR was obtained at baseline from an electrocardiogram. The median follow-up time was 4.4 (interquartile range 2.1-7.4) years. The relation between RHR and the occurrence of cardiovascular events and death was estimated by Cox proportional hazard analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each increase in RHR of 10 beats/min was related to an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.21) and vascular mortality (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.06-1.25), but not for myocardial infarction (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.94-1.14) or ischemic stroke (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.92-1.20). The relation between an increased RHR and increased risk for all-cause mortality was present irrespective of beta-blocker use and irrespective of the location of vascular disease: CAD (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.05-1.44), CVD (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05-1.33) and PAD/AAA (HR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated RHR is associated with increased risk for mortality but not for myocardial infarction or stroke in patients with manifest vascular diseases irrespective of location of vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Remy H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bemelmans
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: Hendrik M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Nathoe
authors.forename: Annemarie M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wassink
authors.forename: Joris W P
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vernooij
authors.forename: Wilko
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spiering
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Visseren
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Mortality risk; Resting heart rate; Sympathetic nerve system; Vascular disease; Vascular events