title: Cigarette smoking among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in routine clinical settings, 1999-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking and the quantity of cigarettes consumed by individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and by those with no psychiatric disorder in the period 1999-2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 991 individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or no psychiatric illness provided information about their cigarette smoking at recruitment into a research study for which they were selected without regard to their smoking status. Differences among groups and trends over time among new enrollees were examined with multivariate models. Regression analyses were used to compare smoking between the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were marked differences in the prevalence of smoking and in the quantity of cigarettes consumed among the diagnostic groups. Overall, 64% of individuals with schizophrenia, 44% with bipolar disorder, and 19% without psychiatric illness reported that they were current smokers. These group differences remained fairly constant over the observation period, and there were no statistically significant time trends in smoking or cigarette consumption after adjustment for demographic covariates. Within the psychiatric illness groups, smoking and cigarette consumption were significantly associated with less education, a history of substance abuse, longer illness duration, Caucasian race, and schizophrenia diagnosis but not with psychiatric symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of smoking has remained alarmingly high among individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in routine psychiatric settings. Concerted efforts are urgently needed to promote smoking cessation in these groups.
authors.affiliation: Stanley Research Center, Sheppard Pratt Health System, 6501 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21204, USA. fdickerson@sheppardpratt.org
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Origoni
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khushalani
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology