title: Gender influence on left ventricular structure and function in metabolic syndrome. Are women at greater risk?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of metabolic syndrome (MS) on left ventricular (LV) structure and function depending on gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 235 never-treated MS subjects and 138 controls. MS was defined as the presence of three or more National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. All the subjects underwent laboratory blood tests and complete two-dimensional, pulsed, and tissue Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LV structure, diastolic function, and global function were significantly impaired in all MS subjects. Multivariate analysis of individual MS factors showed that increased blood pressure (BP) and impaired fasting glucose were independently associated with LV hypertrophy in women, whereas the only independent predictor in men was increased BP. The same analysis revealed that the combination of impaired glucose level, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia was associated with LV hypertrophy only in women. Higher BP, impaired fasting glucose, and triglycerides level were independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in women, whereas higher BP was the only independent predictor in men. The combination of increased BP, fasting glucose, and dyslipidemia was independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction only in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different MS factors are responsible for LV remodeling in women and men. The metabolic sequence of MS is more important for LV remodeling in women.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Cardiology, Koste Todorovic 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marijana V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Tadic
authors.forename: Branislava A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ivanovic
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Celic
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neskovic
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: diastolic dysfunction; echocardiography; gender; hypertrophy; left ventricle; metabolic syndrome