title: Procedural pain in neonates: the state of the art in the implementation of national guidelines in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  National and international guidelines have been published on pain control and prevention in the newborn, but data on compliance with these guidelines are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document current hospital practices for analgesia at neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) 5 years after national guidelines were published in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based questionnaire was sent to all registered Italian level II and level III NICUs to investigate their routine pain control practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analgesia and sedation currently used for invasive procedures as compared with best practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was returned by 103 of the 118 NICUs (87.3%), most of which (85.4%) knew of the national guidelines on procedural pain control and prevention, and used some analgesic measures during invasive procedures. One or more nonpharmacological interventions were only used routinely by 64.1% of the NICUs for heel pricks and venipuncture, 56.0% for percutaneous insertion of central catheters, 69.7% for nasal CPAP, and 62.4% for eye tests to screen for retinopathy of prematurity. Pain medication was routinely administered at 34.3% NICUs for tracheal intubation, 46.6% for mechanical ventilation (MV), 12.9% for tracheal aspiration, 71.4% for chest tube insertion, 33.0% for lumbar puncture, and 64.0% for postoperative pain. Pain was routinely monitored at only 22.7% of the units during MV, 12.1% for nCPAP, and 21.8% postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey showed that most Italian NICUs provide some form of analgesia and sedation for invasive procedures in accordance with national guidelines, but their routine adherence to best practices for pain control and monitoring is still suboptimal.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padova, Padova, Italy. lago@pediatria.unipd.it
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garetti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boccuzzo
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merazzi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirelli
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pieragostini
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piga
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuttini
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ancora
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires