title: Safety and efficacy of 12-week or longer indacaterol treatment in moderate-to-severe COPD patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is a meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of indacaterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with treatment duration of ≥12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported in English (to September 30, 2012) were identified from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, websites, reference lists, and manual searches. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the trials and extracted information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five RCTs were eligible. Five involved indacaterol, two salmeterol, one formoterol, and one tiotropium. Four studies had placebos. Using trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s as a measure of therapeutic effect, indacaterol was superior to the other β2-agonists, tiotropium, and placebo at weeks 12, 26, and 52. Indacaterol had a greater effect on the transition dyspnoea index compared with placebo, formoterol, and salmeterol, but not open-label tiotropium. In reducing the as-needed use of salbutamol, indacaterol were superior to placebo, tiotropium, and formoterol, but not salmeterol (5, 95 % confidence interval (CI), -2.15, 12.15). Indacaterol improved St George's Respiratory Questionnaire scores more than placebo and open-label tiotropium, but not formoterol. Indacaterol seemed to cause more adverse events than placebo only at a dose of 600 μg daily and a duration of 52 weeks (risk ratio 1.15; 95 % CI, 1.04, 1.26). The total and serious adverse events and adverse events leading to discontinuation were comparable with open-label tiotropium and the β2-agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indacaterol is effective and well-tolerated as a bronchodilator for the maintenance of moderate to severe COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Fa-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zong-An
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Qiao-Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Rong-Chun
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D007189:Indans; D015363:Quinolones; C510790:indacaterol