title: A content analysis of preconception health education materials: characteristics, strategies, and clinical-behavioral components.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many health organizations and practitioners in the United States promote preconception health (PCH) to consumers. However, summaries and evaluations of PCH promotional activities are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a content analysis of PCH health education materials collected from local-, state-, national-, and federal-level partners by using an existing database of partners, outreach to maternal and child health organizations, and a snowball sampling technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two materials were included for analysis, based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. A codebook guided coding of materials' characteristics (type, authorship, language, cost), use of marketing and behavioral strategies to reach the target population (target audience, message framing, call to action), and inclusion of PCH subject matter (clinical-behavioral components).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-assessment of PCH behaviors was the most common material (28%) to appear in the sample. Most materials broadly targeted women, and there was a near-equal distribution in targeting by pregnancy planning status segments (planners and nonplanners). "Practicing PCH benefits the baby's health" was the most common message frame used. Materials contained a wide range of clinical-behavioral components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategic targeting of subgroups of consumers is an important but overlooked strategy. More research is needed around PCH components, in terms of packaging and increasing motivation, which could guide use and placement of clinical-behavioral components within promotional materials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Prevention Research Branch, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. igc1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Levis
authors.forename: Kyresa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D016742:Preconception Care; D013664:Teaching Materials / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States