title: Pediatric radiation dose and risk from bone density measurements using a GE Lunar Prodigy scanner.
abstract: Effective radiation doses associated with bone mineral density examinations performed on children using a GE Lunar Prodigy fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner were found to be comparable to doses from pencil-beam DXA devices, i.e., lower than 1 μSv. Cancer risks associated with acquisitions obtained in this study are negligible.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No data were found in the literature on radiation doses and potential risks following pediatric DXA performed on GE Lunar DXA scanners. This study aimed to estimate effective doses and associated cancer risks involved in pediatric examinations performed on a GE Lunar Prodigy scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four physical anthropomorphic phantoms representing newborn, 1-, 5-, and 10-year-old patients were employed to simulate DXA exposures. All acquisitions were carried out using the Prodigy scanner. Dose measurements were performed for spine and dual femur using the phantoms simulating the 5- and 10-year-old child. Moreover, doses associated with whole-body examinations were measured for the four phantoms used in the current study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gender-average effective dose for spine and hip examinations were 0.65 and 0.36 μSv, respectively, for the phantom representing the 5-year-old child and 0.93 and 0.205 μSv, respectively, for the phantom representing the 10-year-old child. Effective doses for whole-body examinations were 0.25, 0.22, 0.19, and 0.15 μSv for the neonate, 1-, 5-, and 10-year old child, respectively. The estimated lifetime cancer risks were negligible, i.e., 0.02-0.25 per million, depending on the sex, age, and type of DXA examination. A formula is presented for the estimation of effective dose from examinations performed on GE Lunar Prodigy scanners installed in other institutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective doses and potential cancer risks associated with pediatric DXA examinations performed on a GE Lunar Prodigy fan-beam scanner were found to be comparable to doses and risks reported from pencil-beam DXA devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. damilaki@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solomou
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karantanas
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000379:methods