title: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks.
abstract: Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature on the safety and efficacy of the use of energy drinks (ED) or energy shots (ES). The ISSN has concluded the following. 1. Although ED and ES contain a number of nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrate and/or caffeine. 2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. 3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance. 4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and mental performance. 5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a small amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. 6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load carbohydrates on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as the effects of caffeine and other stimulants on motor skill performance. 7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with parental approval after consideration of the amount of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients contained in the ED or ES and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. 8. Indiscriminant use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day is consumed, may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects. 9. Diabetics and individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should avoid use of ED and/or ES unless approved by their physician.
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Dept. of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilborn
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: La Bounty
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA.
authors.forename: Lem
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance, University of St.Thomas, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA.
authors.forename: Mike T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843-4243, USA.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, 44224, USA.
authors.forename: Tim N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ziegenfuss
authors.affiliation: The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, 44224, USA.
authors.forename: Hector L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
authors.forename: Jay R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Medical Surveillance and Risk Management, Shire HGT, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Collins, McDonald & Gann, PC, Mineola, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Miami Research Associates, Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, 6141 Sunset Drive - Suite 301, Miami, FL, 33143, USA.
authors.forename: Doug S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kalman
authors.affiliation: Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.affiliation: Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843-4243, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kreider