title: Antitumor effects of dietary black and brown rice brans in tumor-bearing mice: relationship to composition.
abstract: METHODS
  Feeding a diet supplemented with 10% (w/w) black and brown rice brans inhibited growth of transplanted tumors in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black and brown rice brans from Oryza sativa LK1-3-6-12-1 and Chuchung cultivars each contained 21 compounds characterized by GC/MS. Mice fed diets with added rice brans for 2 weeks were intracutaneously inoculated with CT-26 mouse cancer cells and fed the same diet for two additional weeks. Tumor mass was 35 and 19% lower in the black and brown bran-fed groups, respectively. Tumor inhibition was associated with increases in cytolytic activity of splenic natural killer (NK) cells; partial restoration of nitric oxide production and phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages; increases in released tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from macrophages; increases in infiltration of leukocyte into the tumor; and reduction in angiogenesis inside the tumor. Proangiogenic biomarkers vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were also reduced in mRNA and protein expression. ELISA of tumor cells confirmed reduced expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX. Reduced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression downregulated vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibited neoangiogenesis inside the tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of NK activity and macrophages and inhibition of angiogenesis seem to contribute to tumor regression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Phil
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sung Phil
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2