title: Cytokine gene expression and prostaglandin production in head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) added different levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.
abstract: Primary head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic cod were isolated to evaluate the use of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by cyclooxygenases and the production of prostaglandins E₂ and E₃. The expression of cyclooxygenase genes and selected interleukin genes like Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and interleukin 10 were monitored. Increasing concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in equal amounts increased cyclooxygenase2 transcription as well as cell secretion of prostaglandin E₂. Even though the ratio of the two fatty acids was 1:1, the ratio between prostaglandin E₂ and E₃ was 50:1. The addition of arachidonic acid alone increased prostaglandin E₂ secretion but did not induce cyclooxygenase2 transcription. However, when the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, maintaining arachidonic acid constant, both prostaglandin E₃ and prostaglandin E₂ production was induced and the prostaglandin E₂ production was higher than in cell cultures only added arachidonic acid. An up-regulation of cyclooxygenase2 transcription was also observed. The addition of the two fatty acids also affected the immune response by alteration of leukocytic cytokines gene expression. According to our results the Cyclooxygenase in cod seem to prefer arachidonic acid as substrate. Therefore, we suggest that the shift from marine oils (rich in n-3 fatty acids) to plant oils (higher in n-6 fatty acids) in the diet of commercially reared Atlantic cod could have negative effects on the whole organism through the increase in the production of prostaglandins belonging to those derived from n-6 fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research-NIFES, P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furne
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holen
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Kai Kristoffer
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moren
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D029941:Fish Proteins; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; C033246:prostaglandin E3; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D000527:Alprostadil; D015232:Dinoprostone