title: Bronchoscopic assessment of airway involvement in children presenting with clinically significant airway obstruction due to tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of complicated lymph node disease in tuberculosis (TB) in children less than 15 years of age varies from 8% to 38%. There are few published studies on the bronchoscopic appearance and severity of airway obstruction caused by lymph node involvement of the airways resulting from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The primary aim of the study was to describe the flexible bronchoscopic findings of lymph node involvement of the airways caused by MTB in children with severe airway obstruction. The secondary aim was to compare the degree of airway involvement in HIV negative to HIV positive children as well the airway involvement caused by drug susceptible and drug resistant MTB.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children between 1 month and 13 years of age presenting with clinical and radiological signs of significant airway obstruction suspected of being the result of MTB infection were studied. In addition to routine examination for MTB disease a flexible bronchoscope and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for MTB culture were performed on all the children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty children (16% HIV positive) were studied. Median age was 14 months and the median weight 8.5 kg. MTB was cultured from 78% (n = 194) of children with the BAL positive in 44%. The BAL culture yield was significantly higher in children with radiological evidence of pneumonia when compared to children with airway involvement alone (P = 0.004). The bronchial tree was obstructed on the right in 85% (n = 212), the left in 66% (n = 164), and both sides in 53% (n = 132) of cases. The commonest sites of obstruction were bronchus intermedius (72%) and left main bronchus (62%). Drug resistance was present in 16% (n = 28). There was no difference in the site or severity of obstruction when comparing drug susceptible to drug resistant cases or HIV positive to HIV negative children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchus intermedius and left main bronchus were the commonest sites of airway obstruction. The MTB culture yield from BAL was higher in children with pneumonia when compared to those with airway involvement alone. HIV positive or children with drug resistant TB did not have more severe airway obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Departments of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, and Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goussard
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gie
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andronikou
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: Gawie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roussouw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications*
keywords: airway obstruction; bronchoalveolar lavage; flexible bronchoscope; lymph node disease; tuberculosis