title: Successful testing and treating of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia depends on the addiction treatment modality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many settings, people who inject drugs (PWID) have limited access to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care which is provided in several hospitals and primary health centers in big cities. Substance abuse treatment (SAT) can be used as the entry-point to HIV programs. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of the PWID who had accessed SAT and determine which SAT modality associates significantly with HIV programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  PWID were recruited by respondent-driven sampling in an urban setting in Java, Indonesia and interviewed with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Blood-Borne Virus Transmission Risk Assessment Questionnaires, and Knowledge Questionnaire on HIV/AIDS. The information regarding the use of substance abuse treatment and HIV program were based on questions in ASI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven percent of 210 PWID had accessed SAT at least once. PWID who had accessed a SAT modality reported more severe drug problems. The most widely used SAT were opioid substitution (57%) and traditional/faith-based treatment (56%). Accessing substitution treatment (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-13.9) or residential drug-free treatment (adjusted OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.4-9.7) was significantly associated with HIV testing, whereas accessing substitution treatment (adjusted OR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.9-7.5) or other medical services (adjusted OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.1-8.7) was significantly associated with HIV treatment. There was no significant association between accessing traditional/faith-based treatment and HIV testing and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts should be made to link HIV services with traditional/faith-based treatment to increase the coverage of HIV programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Padjadjaran University/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia ; Health Research Unit, Medical Faculty, Padjadjaran Univervisity, Bandung, Indonesia ; Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iskandar
authors.forename: Cor Aj
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Teddy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hidayat
authors.forename: Ike Mp
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Siregar
authors.forename: Tri H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Achmad
authors.forename: Reinout
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Crevel
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Ven
keywords: HIV; access to care; addiction treatment; people who inject drugs