title: Geniposidic acid protects against D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic failure in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geniposidic acid (GA) is an iridoid glucoside isolated from Gardeniae jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) that has long been used to treat inflammation, jaundice and hepatic disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the cytoprotective properties of GA against D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of GA (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) 1h before receiving GalN (800 mg/kg)/LPS (40 μg/kg). Liver and blood samples were collected 1 and 8 h after GalN/LPS injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survival rate of the GA group was significantly higher than the control. GalN/LPS increased serum aminotransferase activity, serum tumor necrosis factor-α level and hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased hepatic glutathione content. These changes were attenuated by GA. GA augmented increases in serum interleukin-6 level, heme oxygenase-1 and NF-E2-related factor 2 protein expression. Mice treated with GA decreased cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3 protein expression and showed significantly fewer apoptotic cells. GA increased Bcl-xL protein expression and decreased Bax protein expression. Moreover, GA treatment enhanced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that geniposidic acid alleviates GalN/LPS-induced liver injury by enhancing antioxidative defense system and reducing apoptotic signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: So-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kang-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Juhyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jong-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Yeong Shik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun-Mee
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit; D005688:Galactosamine; D032062:Gardenia; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494827:Bax protein, mouse; D015850:Interleukin-6; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C058966:geniposidic acid; D005688:Galactosamine; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse; D005978:Glutathione