title: Presynaptic leptin action suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that can act in the brain to suppress feeding and maintain energy homeostasis. Additionally, leptin activates its receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a critical site for neuroadaptations to rewarding stimuli, to modulate reward-seeking behaviors. Although leptin can decrease intrinsic excitability of dopamine neurons in the VTA, it is unknown whether leptin can modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in this brain region. Because plasticity of glutamatergic synapses onto VTA neurons can encode predictive information about reward, we hypothesized that leptin can decrease excitatory synaptic transmission onto dopamine neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in mouse midbrain slices, we tested the effects of leptin on evoked α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) onto VTA dopamine neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin depressed both AMPAR and NMDAR EPSCs in VTA dopamine neurons and reduced frequency but not amplitude of mini EPSCs. Bath application of the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 did not alter leptin-induced suppression of AMPAR EPSCs. However, external, but not internal, application of the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors abolished leptin-induced synaptic depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that leptin causes a presynaptic inhibition of the probability of glutamate release onto VTA dopamine neurons. This synaptic inhibition requires Jak2 and PI3K activation. Leptin-induced weakening of synaptic strength onto dopamine cells may underlie its inhibitory effects on appetitive behavior for rewarding stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Borgland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020738:Leptin; D009570:Nitriles; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C113580:U 0126