title: Impact of early postnatal androgen exposure on voice development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of early postnatal androgen exposure on female laryngeal tissue may depend on certain characteristics of this exposure. We assessed the impact of the dose, duration, and timing of early androgen exposure on the vocal development of female subjects who had been treated for adrenocortical tumor (ACT) in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The long-term effects of androgen exposure on the fundamental vocal frequency (F0), vocal pitch, and final height and the presence of virilizing signs were examined in 9 adult (age, 18.4 to 33.5 years) and 10 adolescent (13.6 to 17.8 years) female ACT patients. We also compared the current values with values obtained 0.9 years to 7.4 years after these subjects had undergone ACT surgery, a period during which they had shown normal androgen levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 19 subjects, 17 (89%) had been diagnosed with ACT before 4 years of age, 1 (5%) at 8.16 years, and 1 (5%) at 10.75 years. Androgen exposure (2 to 30 months) was sufficiently strong to cause pubic hair growth in all subjects and clitoromegaly in 74% (14/19) of the subjects, but did not reduce their height from the target value. Although androgen exposure induced a remarkable reduction in F0 (132 Hz) and moderate pitch virilization in 1 subject and partial F0 virilization, resulting in F0 of 165 and 169 Hz, in 2 subjects, the majority had normal F0 ranging from 189 to 245 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female laryngeal tissue is less sensitive to androgen exposure between birth and adrenarche than during other periods. Differential larynx sensitivity to androgen exposure in childhood and F0 irreversibility in adulthood are age-, concentration-, duration-, and timing-dependent events that may also be affected by exposure to inhibitory or stimulatory hormones. Further studies are required to better characterize each of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grisa
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Leonel
authors.forename: Maria I R
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pletsch
authors.forename: Elis R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sade
authors.forename: Gislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Custódio
authors.forename: Ivete P S
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Zagonel
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Longui
authors.forename: Bonald C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors; D014831:Voice / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens