title: Fingolimod reduces hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment in a mouse thromboembolic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist fingolimod reduces infarct size in rodent models of stroke and enhances blood-brain barrier integrity. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that combination of fingolimod with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) would reduce the risk of hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed administration of tPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effects of fingolimod in a mouse model of thromboembolic stroke, in which both the beneficial effect of reperfusion associated with early tPA treatment and hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed administration mimic clinical observations in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that fingolimod treatment attenuates the neurological deficit and reduces infarct volume after in situ thromboembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Combination of fingolimod and tPA improves the neurological outcome of the thrombolytic therapy and reduces the risk of hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed administration of tPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the protective efficacy of fingolimod as a treatment against ischemic stroke in another rodent model of stroke (thromboembolic occlusion), and suggests that fingolimod could potentially be used in combination with tPA to reduce the risk of brain hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Ji Hae
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Eng H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waeber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine