title: The prevalence and impact of deep clefts in the mitral leaflets in mitral valve prolapse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deep clefts are a cause of early failure of mitral valve repair, but it is not known whether clefts represent normal morphology, or whether they occur more frequently in mitral valve prolapse (MVP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deep clefts were defined as indentations extending ≥ 50% of the depth of the mitral valve leaflet. Using trans-oesophageal echo (TOE), 3D zoom images were acquired of the mitral valve in 176 patients: 76 patients with MVP, 43 patients with alternative causes of mitral regurgitation (MR), and 57 controls. Three-dimensional TOE results were corroborated with findings made at surgery for a subset of patients who subsequently underwent mitral valve surgery. An assessment of the proportion of the valve that was prolapsing was documented, and correlated to the number of clefts. The relationship of clefts to the region of prolapse or flail was recorded. Three-dimensional TOE was 93% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting clefts. Clefts were documented in 84% of patients with MVP, but significantly less frequently in patients with alternative MR (16%; P < 0.001) and controls (12%, P < 0.001). Clefts always appear in prolapsing regions or framing them, and the number of clefts increased in patients with more extensive prolapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clefts are frequently seen in MVP, but are uncommon in patients without this diagnosis. They occur in greater numbers as a larger proportion of the valve prolapses. They may play an important role in the development of MVP.
authors.affiliation: Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB23 3RE, UK. liamring@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Bushra S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Siew Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Francis C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 3D TOE; Cardiothoracic surgery; Mitral valve prolapse