title: Are neoclassical canons valid for southern Chinese faces?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proportions derived from neoclassical canons, initially described by Renaissance sculptors and painters, are still being employed as aesthetic guidelines during the clinical assessment of the facial morphology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1. to determine the applicability of neoclassical canons for Southern Chinese faces and 2. to explore gender differences in relation to the applicability of the neoclassical canons and their variants.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-D photographs acquired from 103 young adults (51 males and 52 females) without facial dysmorphology were used to test applicability of four neoclassical canons. Standard anthropometric measurements that determine the facial canons were made on these 3-D images. The validity of the canons as well as their different variants were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neoclassical cannons seldom applied to these individuals, and facial three-section and orbital canons did not apply at all. The orbitonasal canon was most frequently applicable, with a frequency of 19%. Significant sexual dimorphism was found relative to the prevalence of the variants of facial three-section and orbitonasal canons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neoclassical canons did not appear to apply to our sample when rigorous quantitative measurements were employed. Thus, they should not be used as esthetic goals for craniofacial surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yasas S N
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jayaratne
authors.forename: Curtis K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Colman P J
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult