title: Deep brain stimulation in children with dystonia: experience from a tertiary care center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy and safety of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in children with dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of patients (≤21 years) with dystonia who underwent GPi DBS. Outcome measures were assessed by the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating (BFMDR) movement and disability scales pre- and post-DBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients underwent DBS; mean age of onset was 7.5 ± 4.8 years (7 were male). Mean age at DBS was 14.1 ± 4.6 years. Etiology of dystonia was primary in 6 patients and secondary in 2. There was significant improvement of BFMDR movement as well as BFMDR disability scales in 6 patients with primary dystonia with modest improvement in those scales in 2 patients with secondary dystonia. Hardware-related problems were observed in 2 and infection was noted in 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GPi DBS is an effective and safe therapy in pediatric patients with primary as well as selected cases of secondary dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Center, Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Partha S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Andre G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deogaonkar
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome