title: Developing strategies in the immunotherapy of leukemias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the current treatment paradigms for leukemias, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is considered the best option with a curative potential although more often than not it simply delays disease progression. Advances are needed, both in current therapies and in the development of new strategies. Partly from studying the nuances of the curative potential of stem cell transplant, we have come to appreciate the relevance of the immune response and the potential of immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article summarizes the recent advances in the field of immunology and immunotherapy for leukemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In passive immunotherapy, recent progress in chimeric T-cell antigen receptor technology has been encouraging. In active immunotherapy, a cancer vaccine may potentially enhance HSCT. An overview of various clinical studies of peptide vaccination strategies focusing on molecular targets such as the Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1), proteinase 3 (PR3), and receptor for hyaluronan acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) is provided. Cell-based vaccination strategies are also briefly explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immune system clearly has the capacity to recognize and react to leukemic cells, and recent evidence directs our attention to the importance of mounting inflammatory and CD4 T-cell responses to complement and support the cytotoxic activity elicited by peptide vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Malignant Hematology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brayer
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinilla-Ibarz
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007938:Leukemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D053146:Myeloblastin / Q000276:immunology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025721:WT1 Proteins / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; D025721:WT1 Proteins; C098946:hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor; D053146:Myeloblastin