title: Speciation of gadolinium in surface water samples and plants by hydrophilic interaction chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was optimized for speciation analysis of gadolinium-based contrast agents in environmental samples, in particular surface river waters and plants. Surface water samples from the Teltow channel, near Berlin, were investigated over a distance of 5 km downstream from the influx of a wastewater treatment plant. The total concentration of gadolinium increased significantly from 50 to 990 ng L(-1) due to the influx of the contrast agents. After complete mixing with the river water, the concentration remained constant over a distance of at least 4 km. Two main substances [Dotarem(®) (Gd-DOTA) and Gadovist(®) (Gd-BT-DO3A)] have been identified in the river water using standards. A gadolinium-based contrast agent, possibly Gd-DOTA (Dotarem(®)), was also detected in water plant samples taken from the Teltow channel. Therefore, uptake of contrast agents [Gadovist(®) (Gd-BTDO3A), Magnevist(®) (Gd-DTPA), Omniscan(®) (Gd-DTPA-BMA), Dotarem(®) (Gd-DOTA), and Multihance(®) (Gd-BOPTA)] by plants was investigated in a model experiment using Lepidium sativum (cress plants). HILIC-ICP-MS was used for identification of different contrast agents, and a first approach for quantification using aqueous standard solutions was tested. For speciation analysis, all investigated contrast agents could be extracted from the plant tissues with a recovery of about 54 % for Multihance(®) (Gd-BOPTA) up to 106 % for Gadovist(®) (Gd-BT-DO3A). These experiments demonstrate that all contrast agents investigated are transported from the roots to the leaves where the highest content was measured.
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lingott
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Panne
mesh_terms: D002845:Chromatography; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000737:chemistry; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D008536:Meglumine; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D062065:Wastewater; C064572:gadobenic acid; C090600:gadobutrol