title: Therapeutic hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest trials:  the vanguard phase experience and implications for other trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an 18-month vanguard phase, in the Therapeutic Hypothermia after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest trials, confirmed study feasibility and patient safety, a prerequisite to continued funding by the sponsor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care and pediatric cardiac care units in 15 clinical sites in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 48 hrs to 18 yrs of age, with return of circulation after cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic hypothermia vs. therapeutic normothermia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first 15 of 20 potential sites to obtain Institutional Review Board and subcontract approvals were selected as vanguard sites. Institutional Review Board approvals were obtained 92 days (median, interquartile range 65-114) and subcontracts signed 34 days (interquartile range 20-48) after distribution. Sites screened subjects at 13 days (interquartile range 9-21) and enrolled the first subjects 64 days (interquartile range 13-154) after study launch. The recruitment milestone was reached 4 months ahead of schedule, with no safety concerns identified. Overall recruitment in this ongoing trial remains on target.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Therapeutic Hypothermia after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest vanguard phase proved beneficial for the investigators and funding agency. Because complex multicenter trials are rarely ready to launch when grant funds are received, the vanguard allowed time to refine the protocol and recruitment approaches. Competition for vanguard positions led to expedient Institutional Review Board and subcontract completion. Early success and sustained momentum contributed to recruitment at or above goals. Financial risks to the sponsor were minimized by tying funding for the full trial to achieving prespecified milestones. A vanguard phase may be a desirable strategy for the successful conduct of other complex clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. pembertonv@nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Brittan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Moler
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D033282:Parental Consent; D018579:Patient Selection; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors