title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by extreme levels of inattention-disorganization and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria required impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. With DSM-5 publication imminent in 2013, further evaluation of impairment in ADHD is timely. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on health-related impairments of ADHD, including smoking, drug abuse, accidental injury, sleep, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and suicidal behavior. It concludes by suggesting the need for new avenues of research on mechanisms of association and the potential for ADHD to be an early warning sign for secondary prevention of some poor health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States. niggj@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nigg
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology