title: The pathogenesis and management of hypertension in diabetic kidney disease.
abstract: Hypertension commonly coexists with diabetes, and its prevalence is even higher in the presence of diabetic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of hypertension in this population stems from increased extracellular volume and increased vasoconstriction that results from mechanisms that may be attributed to both diabetes and the eventual impairment of renal function. Antihypertensive therapy aimed at reducing blood pressure remains a primary goal in preventing the incidence of diabetic kidney and slowing its progression. Initial therapy should consist of an ACE inhibitor or ARB titrated to the maximally tolerated dose. Using combination RAAS therapy further reduces proteinuria, but the benefits of this strategy compared with the potential risks of hyperkalemia and acute deterioration of renal function are still unknown. Endothelin receptor antagonists also lower proteinuria, but these can be associated with volume overload and edema with no clear long-term benefit on renal function yet identified. Further large clinical trials are needed to better understand how progression to ESRD can be slowed or halted in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8516, USA. Peter.vanburen@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Van Buren
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Toto
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents