title: Can neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin help depict early contrast material-induced nephropathy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in depicting an event of contrast material-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients who received iodinated contrast media, gadoterate meglumine, or radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) and to evaluate the protective effect exerted by isotonic saline infusion, sodium bicarbonate administration, or N-acetylcysteine administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional ethics committee approval was given, and informed consent was obtained. One hundred twenty patients were enrolled in a prospective study and divided into three groups: iomeprol group, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging group (gadoterate meglumine), and renal scintigraphy group ((99m)Tc). They randomly received N-acetylcysteine, physiologic saline, or sodium bicarbonate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the MR imaging and renal scintigraphy groups, there were significant changes in serum creatinine and NGAL levels, and there were no cases of CIN. In the iomeprol group, an early rise in NGAL was found, while serum creatinine level changes occurred 24 hours after contrast material administration. At ROC analysis, NGAL showed high sensitivity and specificity (serum NGAL: area under the curve, 0.995; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.868, 0.992; urinary NGAL: area under the curve, 0.992; 95% CI: 0.925, 1.000) in identifying CIN 8 hours after iomeprol administration. Regression analysis showed that NGAL independently predicted CIN. Administration of N-acetylcysteine, sodium bicarbonate, or physiologic saline did not influence NGAL level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGAL depicted CIN in patients who received iodinated contrast material within 8 hours of contrast material administration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12120578/-/DC1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Via Salita Villa Contino 30, 98100 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacquaniti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buemi
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupica
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giardina
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murè
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Visalli
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldari
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aloisi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buemi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D054834:Lipocalins; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C057937:iomeprol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008536:Meglumine; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D003404:Creatinine; D018093:Gelatinases; D007479:Iopamidol; C072417:gadoterate meglumine; D000111:Acetylcysteine