title: Intraoral treatment of veneering porcelain chipping of fixed dental restorations: a review and clinical application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Every dental ceramic system can experience failure of the veneering porcelain. However, the increasing popularity of all-ceramic crowns and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) seems to have led to an increasing need to repair chipped veneering porcelain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared different methods to repair fractured ceramic restorations (porcelain-fused-to-metal and all-ceramic) and explain the basic principles of adhesion in these systems. They also evaluated the frequency and causes of failure in dental ceramic systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on the results of PubMed and Google Scholar searches, as well as on a hand search of the scientific literature, resulting in 300 articles from 1977 to 2012. The authors used multiple key words (ceramic, repair, bonding, hydrofluoric acid, air abrasion, silane, phosphates, silicon dioxide) and different strategies (connecting different key words with OR, NOR and AND and truncation of the stem of words) to search the databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of differences in the material composition of ceramic systems (composed of metal, alumina or zirconia, glass-ceramics and feldspathic ceramics), different treatments are required for the exposed material surfaces after chipping. Use of hydrofluoric acid etching, air abrasion, tribochemical coating, silanization and metal primers or zirconia primers seem to be the most successful conditioning methods for durable bonding and repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoral repair of a restoration offers a satisfying option for the patient when the restoration cannot be removed or replaced. Its success depends largely on the conditioning methods used for the fractured surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry and Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimmich
authors.forename: Christian F J
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Stappert
mesh_terms: D003442:Crowns; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D017269:Dental Prosthesis Repair; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003801:Dental Veneers; D003780:Denture Repair; D003830:Denture, Partial, Fixed; D006801:Humans; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain