title: Waterpipe smoking and dependence are associated with chronic bronchitis: a case-control study in Lebanon.
abstract: Waterpipe smoking and its association with chronic bronchitis has not been assessed in Lebanon. This case-control study in Beirut in 2009/2010 evaluated this relationship: 274 cases of chronic bronchitis and 559 controls without the condition aged > or = 40 years were enrolled. Data were collected by questionnaire on: sociodemographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, smoking (waterpipe and cigarette) and nicotine dependence. ANOVA, Student, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were used when applicable and logistic regression analysis was carried out. Previous waterpipe smoking (OR = 6.4), previous mixed smoking (OR = 38.03) and current mixed smoking (OR = 7.68) were significantly associated with chronic bronchitis (P < 0.001 for all) but current exclusive waterpipe smokingwas not (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 0.74-4.72). Current waterpipe dependence was significantly associated with chronic bronchitis (OR = 3.74, P < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates/confounders, ever waterpipe smoking > 20 WP-years (P < 0.001) was significantly associated with chronic bronchitis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University Beirut, Lebanon. psalameh@ul.edu.lb
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waked
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akiki
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abou Abbass
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dramaix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution