title: HIV among MSM in a large middle-income country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct the first national biological and behavioral surveillance survey for HIV among MSM in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional surveillance study utilizing Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) in 10 cities, following formative research. Planned sample: 350 MSM reporting sex with another man in the last 12 months, at least 18 years of age, and residing in the city of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional RDS recruitment. Results were calculated for each city using RDSAT 5.6. For the national estimate, a new individual weight using a novel method was calculated. The 10 cities were aggregated, treated as strata and analyzed using STATA11.0. Self-reported HIV status and logistic regression was used to impute missing values for serostatus, an important issue for RDSAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3859 MSM were interviewed. Sample was diverse, most self-identified as mulatto or black, were social class C or below, and had relatively low levels of education. More than 80% reported more than one partner in the last 6 months. Only 49% had ever tested for HIV. HIV prevalence among MSM ranged from 5.2 to 23.7% in the 10 cities (3.7-16.5% without imputation) and was 14.2% for all cities combined with imputation. The overall prevalence was two and three times higher than that estimated for female sex workers and drug users, respectively, in Brazil. Half of those who tested HIV positive were not aware of their infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AIDS epidemic in Brazil is disproportionately concentrated among MSM, as has been found in other countries. Renewed efforts to encourage testing, prevention and treatment are required.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ligia R F S
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Rosa S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Adriana de A
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Maeve B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Mark D C
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benzaken
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rutherford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D047568:Unsafe Sex; D055815:Young Adult