title: Can the Griess Nitrite Test and a Urinary Pus Cell Count of ≥5 Cells Per Micro Litre of Urine in Pregnant Women be Used for the Screening or the Early Detection of Urinary Tract Infections in Rural India?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common problem in pregnancy due to the morphological and the physiological changes that take place in the genitourinary tract during pregnancy. Screening methods may be useful, because a full bacteriological analysis could be reserved for those patients who are symptomatic or those who have positive screening test results. The exact prevalence of UTI in rural, pregnant women is unknown. The present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of UTI in pregnant women and for ascertaining the utility of the Griess Nitrite test and the Urinary Pus Cell Count of ≥5 cells per micro litre test for the screening or the early detection of UTI in them at primary health care clinics. Occurrence of urinary complaints was compared in UTI and non UTI women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a study on 300 randomly selected, pregnant women from rural areas. Urine cultures, pus-cell counts and the Griess nitrite test were used for diagnosis of UTI. The screening tests for UTI were evaluated in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and the percentage of correctly classified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, the prevalence of UTI was found to be 29/300 (9.6%, 95% confidence interval 9.57-9.63). The specificities of the two screening tests were comparable (97.05% and 94.47%). Also, the negative predictive values of the two tests were almost similar (97.77% and 96.96%). The percentage of correctly classified by the Griess nitrite test and the urine pus cell count were found to be 95.33% and 92.33% respectively. The proportion of the women with various urinary complaints was significantly higher (P<0.00) in the UTI subjects as compared to that in the non-UTI subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine culture remains the gold standard for the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The Nitrite test of uncentrifuged urine was observed to be the best among the screening tests which were evaluated in terms of their efficiency and validity.
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Preventive and Social Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Sushama S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Thakre
authors.forename: Supriya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhakne
authors.forename: Subhash B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thakre
authors.forename: Amol D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Thakre
authors.forename: Suresh M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ughade
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kale
keywords: Griess Nitrite test; Pregnancy; Rural; Screening tests; UTI; Urinary Pus cell Test; Urine Culture