title: Genetic and phenotypic determinants of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors (GAPP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of elevated blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in the population and their progression over time is still incompletely understood, especially in young and healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genetic and phenotypic determinants of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors (GAPP) study is a population-based prospective cohort study involving a representative sample of healthy adults aged 25-41 years in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Exclusion criteria are any cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, daily intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a body mass index >35 kg/m². Examinations include detailed assessment of personal, medical, lifestyle and nutritional factors, standardised assessment of weight, height and waist circumference, blood pressure measurement (clinic and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring), electrocardiography (12-lead and 24-hour Holter monitoring), bioimpedance analysis, blood, urinary and genetic sampling, spirometry and sleep pulse oximetry with nasal flow measurement. Baseline examination is still ongoing. Follow-up examinations are scheduled every 3-5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since June 2010, 1,333 participants have been enrolled. Mean age of the participants was 36.7 ± 4.9 years and 47.5% of all participants were male. Mean body mass index was 26.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2 in men and 23.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2 in women. The prevalence of hypertension and prediabetes was 24.7% and 32.1% in men and 6% and 23% in women respectively. Mean LDL levels were 3.34 ± 0.9 mmol/l in men and 2.75 ± 0.7 mmol/l in women. Median hsCRP was 0.9 (0.5; 1.8) mg/l with no gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAPP affords an excellent opportunity to assess genetic and phenotypic predictors of cardiovascular risk factors and their progression over time in young and healthy adults from the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. conend@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conen
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aeschbacher
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Frehner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Risch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics; D008015:Liechtenstein; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry; D010641:Phenotype; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires