title: Low expression of glucocorticoid receptors in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 10-20 % of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) are steroid-resistant (SR). Low expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) has been associated with poor response to steroids in a variety of autoimmune diseases. This study was done to assess the expression of cytoplasmic GRs for CD3 and CD14 in children with NS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of cytoplasmic GRs in lymphocytes (CD3(+)/GR) and monocytes (CD14(+)/GR) in the peripheral blood were assessed in 51 children with NS before the start of therapy by flow cytometry. Patients were divided into two groups: 30 children who were steroid-sensitive (SSNS) and 21 children who had initial steroid resistance (SRNS). Twenty age- and sex-matched healthy children served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of CD3(+)/GR was significantly lower in SRNS in comparison to SSNS patients and controls (p < 0.0001). Similarly, expression of CD14(+)/GR was significantly lower in SRNS in comparison to SSNS patients (p < 0.0001) and controls (p = 0.002). CD3(+)/GR and CD14(+)/GR expression were not significantly different in SSNS patients compared with controls (p = 0.06 and 0.07 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with initial SRNS showed decreased GR expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before starting therapy, and this low expression may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of steroid resistance in these children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.forename: Sohier
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yahia
authors.forename: Mona Samy
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gouida
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakr
authors.forename: Reham M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: El-farahaty
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000151:congenital* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017252:CD3 Complex; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid