title: Bacterially induced calcium carbonate precipitation and strontium coprecipitation in a porous media flow system.
abstract: Strontium-90 is a principal radionuclide contaminant in the subsurface at several Department of Energy sites in the Western U.S., causing a threat to groundwater quality in areas such as Hanford, WA. In this work, we used laboratory-scale porous media flow cells to examine a potential remediation strategy employing coprecipitation of strontium in carbonate minerals. CaCO(3) precipitation and strontium coprecipitation were induced via ureolysis by  Sporosarcina pasteurii  in two-dimensional porous media reactors. An injection strategy using pulsed injection of calcium mineralization medium was tested against a continuous injection strategy. The pulsed injection strategy involved periods of lowered calcite saturation index combined with short high fluid velocity flow periods of calcium mineralization medium followed by stagnation (no-flow) periods to promote homogeneous CaCO(3) precipitation. By alternating the addition of mineralization and growth media the pulsed strategy promoted CaCO(3) precipitation while sustaining the ureolytic culture over time. Both injection strategies achieved ureolysis with subsequent CaCO(3) precipitation and strontium coprecipitation. The pulsed injection strategy precipitated 71-85% of calcium and 59% of strontium, while the continuous injection was less efficient and precipitated 61% of calcium and 56% of strontium. Over the 60 day operation of the pulsed reactors, ureolysis was continually observed, suggesting that the balance between growth and precipitation phases allowed for continued cell viability. Our results support the pulsed injection strategy as a viable option for ureolysis-induced strontium coprecipitation because it may reduce the likelihood of injection well accumulation caused by localized mineral plugging while Sr coprecipitation efficiency is maintained in field-scale applications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States.
authors.forename: Ellen G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lauchnor
authors.forename: Logan N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugni
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Alfred B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerlach
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003460:Crystallization; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D013324:Strontium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D013324:Strontium