title: Expression of dual oxidases and secreted cytokines in chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The airway epithelium generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a first line of defense. Dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2) are the H2 O2 -producing isoforms of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family in the airway epithelium. The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular expression, function, and regulation of DUOXs in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human nasal tissue samples and nasal secretions were collected from 3 groups of patients undergoing sinus surgery (normal, n = 7; CRS with polyposis [CRSwP], n = 6; CRS without polyposis [CRSsP], n = 6). Nasal secretions were studied for cytokine and H2 O2 content. Tissue samples were used to determine DUOX mRNA and protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DUOX1 mRNA level (80.7 ± 60.5) was significantly increased in CRSwP compared to normal (2.7 ± 1.2) and CRSsP (2.3 ± 0.5, p = 0.042). DUOX2 mRNA levels were increased in both CRSwP (18.6 ± 9.9) and CRSsP (4.0 ± 1.3) compared to normal (1.1 ± 0.3; p = 0.008). DUOX protein was found in the apical portion of the nasal epithelium and protein expression was increased in CRSwP and CRSsP. H2 O2 production was significantly higher in CRSwP (160.9 ± 59.4 nM) and CRSsP (81.7 ± 5.6 nM) compared to normal (53.5 ± 11.5 nM, p = 0.032). H2 O2 content of nasal secretions correlated tightly with DUOX expression (p < 0.001). Cytokines (eotaxin, monokine-induced by interferon γ [MIG], tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-8) showed significantly higher levels in nasal secretions from CRSwP compared to normal (p < 0.05). Levels of eotaxin, MIG, and TNF-α correlated closely with DUOX expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DUOX1 and DUOX2 were identified as factors upregulated in CRS. Close correlations between DUOX expression and H2 O2 release, and correlation between key inflammatory cytokines and DUOX expression, indicate DUOX in the inflammatory response in CRS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Do-Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jayakar V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Dawn T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Edward
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Illek
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000074623:Dual Oxidases; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000074623:Dual Oxidases; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C431513:DUOX1 protein, human; C431515:DUOX2 protein, human