title: Ulnar nerve innervation of the triceps muscle: real or apparent? An anatomic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the 18th century, the existence of ulnar nerve innervation of the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle has been controversial. The evidence for or against such innervation has been based on macroscopic dissection, an unsuitable method for studying intraneural topography or intramuscular branching. The study of smaller specimens (embryos or fetuses) by means of serial histologic sections may resolve the controversy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using fetal specimens and histology we determined the contributions of the ulnar and radial nerves to innervation of the triceps brachii muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We histologically examined 15 embryonic and fetal arms. Radial nerve branches obtained from six adult arms were analyzed immunohistochemically to determine motor fiber content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medial head of the triceps brachii muscle was always innervated by the radial nerve (ulnar collateral branch). The branches seeming to leave the ulnar nerve at elbow level were the continuation of the radial nerve that had joined the ulnar nerve sheath via a connection in the axillary region. Immunohistochemistry revealed motor and nonmotor fibers in this radial nerve branch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A connection between the radial and ulnar nerves sometimes may exist, resulting in an apparent ulnar nerve origin of muscular branches to the medial head of the triceps, even though in all our specimens the fibers could be traced back to the radial nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before performing or suggesting new muscle and nerve transpositions using this apparent ulnar innervation, the real origin should be confirmed to avoid failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology I, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Aran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Font
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sañudo
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Niedenführ
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002102:Cadaver; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000196:embryology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation*; D011826:Radial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers