title: Why mental arithmetic counts: brain activation during single digit arithmetic predicts high school math scores.
abstract: Do individual differences in the brain mechanisms for arithmetic underlie variability in high school mathematical competence? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we correlated brain responses to single digit calculation with standard scores on the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) math subtest in high school seniors. PSAT math scores, while controlling for PSAT Critical Reading scores, correlated positively with calculation activation in the left supramarginal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, brain regions known to be engaged during arithmetic fact retrieval. At the same time, greater activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during calculation, a region established to be involved in numerical quantity processing, was related to lower PSAT math scores. These data reveal that the relative engagement of brain mechanisms associated with procedural versus memory-based calculation of single-digit arithmetic problems is related to high school level mathematical competence, highlighting the fundamental role that mental arithmetic fluency plays in the acquisition of higher-level mathematical competence.
authors.affiliation: Numerical Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 2K3.
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Michèle M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mazzocco
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ansari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D007206:Individuality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology