title: Neural pathways involved in sacral neuromodulation of reflex bladder activity in cats.
abstract: This study examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of sacral neuromodulation on reflex bladder activity in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Bladder activity was recorded during cystometrograms (CMGs) or under isovolumetric conditions. An S1-S3 dorsal (DRT) or ventral root (VRT) was electrically stimulated at a range of frequencies (1-30 Hz) and at intensities relative to threshold (0.25-2T) for evoking anal/toe twitches. Stimulation of DRTs but not VRTs at 1T intensity and frequencies of 1-30 Hz inhibited isovolumetric rhythmic bladder contractions. A 5-Hz DRT stimulation during CMGs was optimal for increasing (P < 0.05) bladder capacity (BC), but stimulation at 15 and 30 Hz was ineffective. Stimulation of the S1 DRT was more effective (increases BC to 144% and 164% of control at 1T and 2T, respectively) than S2 DRT stimulation (increases BC to 132% and 150% of control). Bilateral transection of the hypogastric or pudendal nerves did not change the inhibitory effect induced by S1 DRT stimulation. Repeated stimulation of S1 and S2 DRTs during multiple CMGs elicited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in BC (to 155 ± 11% of control) that persisted after termination of the stimulation. These results in cats suggest that the inhibition of reflex bladder activity by sacral neuromodulation occurs primarily in the central nervous system by inhibiting the ascending or descending pathways of the spinobulbospinal micturition reflex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shouguo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dwight E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roppolo
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: de Groat
authors.forename: Changfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D060525:Pudendal Nerve / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000628:therapy*