title: Microbial metabolic exchange in 3D.
abstract: Mono- and multispecies microbial populations alter the chemistry of their surrounding environments during colony development thereby influencing multicellular behavior and interspecies interactions of neighboring microbes. Here we present a methodology that enables the creation of three-dimensional (3D) models of a microbial chemotype that can be correlated to the colony phenotype through multimodal imaging analysis. These models are generated by performing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) on serial cross-sections of microbial colonies grown on 8 mm deep agar, registering data sets of each serial section in MATLAB to create a model, and then superimposing the model with a photograph of the colonies themselves. As proof-of-principle, 3D models were used to visualize metabolic exchange during microbial interactions between Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces coelicolor, as well as, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resulting models were able to capture the depth profile of secreted metabolites within the agar medium and revealed properties of certain mass signals that were previously not observable using two-dimensional MALDI-TOF IMS. Most significantly, the 3D models were capable of mapping previously unobserved chemical distributions within the array of sub-surface hyphae of C. albicans and how this chemistry is altered by the presence of P. aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen known to alter virulence of C. albicans. It was determined that the presence of C. albicans triggered increased rhamnolipid production by P. aeruginosa, which in turn was capable of inhibiting embedded hyphal growth produced beneath the C. albicans colony at ambient temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeramie D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Watrous
authors.forename: Vanessa V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Cheng-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wilna J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Moree
authors.forename: Brendan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alexandrov
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D025301:Hyphae / Q000378:metabolism; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D048372:Streptomyces coelicolor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media