title: Optimization of photolysis of diclofenac using a response surface methodology.
abstract: This study investigates the effects of environmental parameters such as UV intensity (X(1), 2.1 ∼ 6.3 mW/cm(2)), Fe(III) (X(2), 0 ∼ 0.94 mg/L), NO(3)(-) (X(3), 0 ∼ 20 mg/L) and humic acid (X(4), 0 ∼ 30 mg/L) on the removal efficiency of diclofenac (DCF, Y), and optimization using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). According to analysis of variance and t-test results (p < 0.001), the proposed quadratic BBD model based on a total of 29 experimental runs fitted well to the experimental data. Moreover, the determination coefficient (R(2) = 0.990) and adjusted determination coefficient (R(a)(2) = 0.981) indicated that this model is adequate with a high goodness-of-fit. Variables of X(1), X(2) and X(3) had significant positive contributions (p < 0.001), while X(4) had significant negative contribution to the DCF removal (p < 0.001). A Pareto analysis showed that X(4) was the most important factor (57.18%) in DCF photolytic removal. The predicted and observed DCF removal were 94.98 and 94.2% under optimal conditions (X(1) = 6.29 mW/cm(2), X(2) = 0.75 mg/L, X(3) = 15.65 mg/L and X(4) = zero), respectively. The RSM not only gives valuable information on the interactions between these photoreactive species (UV intensity, Fe(III), NO(3)(-), and humic acid) that influence DCF removal, but also identifies the optimal conditions for effective DCF removal in water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Moon-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Duk
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Zoh
mesh_terms: D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010782:Photolysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac