title: Association of CYP2C9 polymorphisms with phenytoin toxicity in Indian patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 can lead to wide inter-individual variations in drug metabolism. Decreased metabolism leads to higher plasma levels, causing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Polymorphic alleles CYP2C9 FNx01 2 and CYP2C9 FNx01 3 occur in the Indian population and this may serve as the basis for using genotyping as a tool to predict phenytoin toxicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between the presence of polymorphic alleles CYP2C9 FNx01 2 and FNx013 and phenytoin toxicity in Indian patients with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study with cases defined as those who had plasma phenytoin concentrations above 20 μg/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 259 patients with epilepsy on phenytoin. Phenotyping was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Those with plasma phenytoin levels above 20 μg/ml were taken as cases and the rest as controls. Genotyping was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numerical data between groups was compared using unpaired-'t' test. Between-group comparison of categorical data was done using Chi square for trend with crude odds ratio (OR). Adjusted OR was calculated using binary logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 40 cases and 219 controls. Mean phenytoin dosage between groups was not statistically significant. Of the 40 cases, 25 (62.5%) cases had wild alleles versus 178 (81.3%) controls. We found a significant association between polymorphic alleles CYP2C9 FNx01 2 and FNx013 and toxic phenytoin levels. After adjusting for age, sex and dose, a significant association between polymorphic alleles and phenytoin toxicity was still found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows significant association between polymorphic alleles and phenytoin toxicity in this study population. However, until technology for genotyping becomes cost-effective, we would recommend Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to guide dosing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Akanksha N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: Shital R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bendkhale
authors.forename: Santosh R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taur
authors.forename: Nithya J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Gogtay
authors.forename: Urmila M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Thatte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 / Q000235:genetics*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000009:adverse effects; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9