title: A Case of Candida albicans Endophthalmitis with No Predisposing Risk Factors and a Distant Source of Infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of Candida albicans endophthalmitis with no identifiable predisposing risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 57-year-old male presented with a 3-day history of worsening floaters and reduced visual acuity. Fundoscopy and optical coherence tomography showed presence of fluffy white preretinal and intraretinal infiltrates. With no past medical history or evidence of immunosuppression but having travelled abroad and suffered from diarrhoea, fungal aetiology was thought to be unlikely and as a result, treatment was commenced for toxoplasma. Despite treatment, his vision did not improve. Initial investigations including inflammatory markers, serology for toxoplasmosis, blood culture, chest radiograph and aqueous sampling could not identify a source of infection. However, polymerase chain reaction results from vitreous sampling revealed C. albicans. As a result, the patient was treated with intravenous voriconazole and intravitreal amphotericin B. As initial clinical improvement was limited, a vitrectomy was performed with further intravitreal amphotericin B. Clinical improvement was rapid following vitrectomy. After repeated Gram staining and culture of infected toenails, Gram-positive yeast cells were isolated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although C. albicans is a frequent cause of endogenous endophthalmitis, patients often have one or more predisposing systemic condition assisting the diagnosis. The present case illustrates that (1) even in the absence of any predisposing risk factors, C. albicans should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in recalcitrant uveitis, and (2) endogenous candida endophthalmitis can be a result of fungal infections from distant sites such as the toenails.
authors.affiliation: Wolverhampton Eye Infirmary, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Randhir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chavan
authors.forename: Mohammad Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Nirodhini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narendran
authors.forename: Shoaib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarin
authors.forename: Yit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Endophthalmitis; Voriconazole