title: Socioeconomic changes and adolescent psychopathology in a Brazilian birth cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of socioeconomic changes from birth to 11 years of life on emotional, conduct, and attentional/hyperactivity problems in 15-year-old adolescents, from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original cohort was composed of 5,249 hospital-born children whose mothers answered a questionnaire. We conducted interviews with 87.5% and 85.7% of the original cohort in 2004-2005 and 2008, respectively. We divided family income changes into nine possible categories based on two assessment points (birth and 11 years of age) and three income levels. To assess the psychopathology of the adolescents at 15 years of age, 4,423 mothers answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents who were always poor or who became poor between birth and 11 years of age had greater conduct problems at 15 years of age. There was no consistent association between poverty and emotional and attentional/hyperactivity problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of income change were more specific to conduct problems than to emotional and attentional/hyperactivity problems, similar to what has been previously described in developed countries.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. luanselmi@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.forename: Ana M B
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Pedro C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hallal
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wehrmeister
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors