title: Dose-related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methamphetamine is associated with psychotic phenomena, but it is not clear to what extent this relationship is due to premorbid psychosis among people who use the drug.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the change in the probability of psychotic symptoms occurring during periods of methamphetamine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal prospective cohort study. A fixed-effects analysis of longitudinal panel data, consisting of 4 noncontiguous 1-month observation periods, was used to examine the relationship between changes in methamphetamine use and the risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms within individuals over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sydney and Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 278 participants 16 years of age or older who met DSM-IV criteria for methamphetamine dependence on entry to the study but who did not meet DSM-IV criteria for lifetime schizophrenia or mania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically significant psychotic symptoms in the past month, defined as a score of 4 or more on any of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale items of suspiciousness, hallucinations, or unusual thought content. The number of days of methamphetamine use in the past month was assessed using the Opiate Treatment Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 5-fold increase in the likelihood of psychotic symptoms during periods of methamphetamine use relative to periods of no use (odds ratio [OR], 5.3 [95% CI, 3.4-8.3]; P < .001), this increase being strongly dose-dependent (1-15 days of methamphetamine use vs abstinence in the past month: OR, 4.0 [95% CI, 2.5-6.5]; ≥16 days of methamphetamine use vs abstinence in the past month: OR, 11.2 [95% CI, 5.9-21.1]). Frequent cannabis and/or alcohol use (≥16 days of use in the past month) further increased the odds of psychotic symptoms (cannabis: OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.1-3.5]; alcohol: OR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1-4.2]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a large dose-dependent increase in the occurrence of psychotic symptoms during periods of methamphetamine use among users of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Well-being, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. rebecca.mcketin@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKetin
authors.forename: Dan I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lubman
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dawe
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine