title: Hedonic tone and its mood and cognitive correlates in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anhedonia has been mainly reported as a symptom of depression and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Here, we investigated whether hedonic tone depends on depression and clarified its relationship with the cognitive performance of PD patients with different mood disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 254 patients, we assessed hedonic tone using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, depression severity using the Beck Depression Inventory, and cognitive performances using the Mental Deterioration Battery. A structural psychiatric interview was used to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD) and minor depressive disorder (MIND), according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD patients with diagnosis of MDD were more anhedonic than those with MIND and those without depressive disorders. Reduced hedonic tone correlated with depression severity in patients with MDD and no depressive disorders. In multivariate models that consider depression severity and cognitive performances together, anhedonia was related to increased depression severity and episodic memory (auditory-verbal learning) impairment, in patients with MDD and with increased depression severity and attention impairment in patients with no depressive disorders. In patients with MIND, anhedonia did not correlate with depression severity or any cognitive performance score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that anhedonia is related to depression severity and specific cognitive performances in patients with MDD and with no depressive disorder. By contrast, the reduced hedonic tone in patients with MIND is independent from depression severity and cognition. Thus, anhedonia in PD is a heterogeneous and multidimensional phenomenon and require investigation at different levels.
authors.affiliation: I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, Rome, Italy. g.spalletta@hsantalucia.it
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spalletta
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fagioli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meco
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierantozzi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
authors.forename: Francesco E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Pontieri
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Assogna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D059445:Anhedonia; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index