title: Photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a well-known exacerbating factor for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), with photosensitivity comprising one of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, discerning true photosensitivity in this population is difficult due to the broad language utilized by the ACR and the delayed-onset nature of photosensitive lupus lesions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this report is to provide a review of photosensitivity, photoprovocation, and phototherapy in the context of CLE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review in PubMed was conducted using the terms 'ultraviolet light,' 'lupus erythematosus,' 'photoprovocation,' or 'photosensitivity.'
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-patient reporting of photosensitivity and the broad definition of photosensitivity have led to the wide range of photosensitivity rates in CLE patients. Photoprovocation testing provides a more objective method to measure photosensitivity, but even these trials demonstrate significant differences due to protocol variations. Despite UVR's deleterious effect on lupus patients, ultraviolet A (UVA)-1 may have therapeutic benefits as shown by observations on murine models and human lupus subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurately discerning photosensitivity has diagnostic implications for SLE and provides motivation for greater patient adherence to photoprotective methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75309-9069, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*