title: Transmit B1+ field inhomogeneity and T1 estimation errors in breast DCE-MRI at 3 tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify B1+ variation across the breasts and to evaluate the accuracy of precontrast T1 estimation with and without B1+ variation in breast MRI patients at 3 Tesla (T).
  
  
  METHODS
  B1+ and variable flip angle (VFA) T1 mapping were included in our dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) breast imaging protocol to study a total of 25 patients on a 3.0T GE MR 750 system. We computed precontrast T1 relaxation in fat, which we assumed to be consistent across a cohort of breast imaging subjects, with and without compensation for B1+ variation. The mean and standard deviation of B1+ and T1 values were calculated for statistical data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our measurements showed a consistent B1+ field difference between the left and right breasts. The left breast has an average 15.4% higher flip angle than the prescribed flip angle, and the right breast has an average 17.6% lower flip angle than the prescribed flip angle. This average 33% flip angle difference, which can be vendor and model specific, creates a 52% T1 estimation bias in fat between breasts using the VFA T1 mapping technique. The T1 variation is reduced to 7% by including B1+ correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that severe B1+ variation over the breasts can cause a substantial error in T1 estimation between the breasts, in VFA T1 maps at 3T, but that compensating for these variations can considerably improve accuracy of T1 measurements, which can directly benefit quantitative breast DCE-MRI at 3T.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 90095, USA. ksung@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kyunghyun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: B1 field inhomogeneity; T1 mapping; breast imaging; high-field MRI; quantitative DCE-MRI