title: Evaluation of the diving reflex in response to nonterminal submersion of White Pekin ducks in water-based foam.
abstract: The mass depopulation of production birds remains an effective means of controlling fast-moving, highly infectious diseases such as avian influenza and virulent Newcastle disease. Water-based fire-fighting foam is a conditionally approved method of depopulating floor-reared gallinaceous poultry such as chickens and turkeys; however, ducks have physiological mechanisms that may make them more resistant to this method of depopulation. The following experiment was designed to assess the physiological responses of White Pekin ducks to nonterminal submersion in water-based foam compared with water. The hypothesis of this experiment was that submersion of ducks in water or water-based foam would trigger the diving reflex and lead to bradycardia. All treatments led to pronounced bradycardia. Heart rate was not significantly different between treatments during the final 30 s of the 60-s treatment period. Heart rate dropped significantly faster for the water dip and foam dip treatments and rose significantly faster than the foam pour treatment after the termination of the 60-s treatment period. Duration of bradycardia approached significance for the foam pour treatment, leading to a longer duration of bradycardia compared with the water pour, water dip, and foam dip treatments. The results of this experiment demonstrated that apnea and bradycardia as a result of the diving reflex can occur as a result of submersion in foam, which may have an impact on the time it takes White Pekin ducks to reach unconsciousness and death during water-based foam depopulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Alphin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pritchett
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hougentogler
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D004242:Diving; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D006339:Heart Rate; D007101:Immersion; D011897:Random Allocation; D012018:Reflex; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water