title: Production of aroma compounds by cryotolerant Saccharomyces species and hybrids at low and moderate fermentation temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among the most important factors influencing wine quality are yeast strains and fermentation temperature. Fermentation at low temperature is presently used in winemaking to improve both aroma formation and retention. In this study, we have analysed the oenological characteristics of Tempranillo wines produced at 12 and 28°C by different Saccharomyces species and hybrids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low temperature had a strong influence on yeasts fermentation kinetics, increasing fermentation times to more than 2 weeks. In some strains, glycerol production seemed to be positively influenced by low fermentation temperature. Analysis of the aroma composition of wines produced by different Saccharomyces species and hybrids revealed large differences depending on fermentation temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher alcohols production seemed to be dependent on the strain. Production of acetate esters seemed to be favoured at 28°C, whereas production of ethyl esters was apparently preferred at low fermentation temperatures. The best aroma producers at 28°C were Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, whereas Saccharomyces uvarum and some hybrids excelled at 12°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that fermentation temperature and yeast species are of crucial importance for production of metabolites influencing wine aroma.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamero
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tronchoni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Querol
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belloch
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002678:Chimera / Q000378:metabolism; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D009812:Odorants; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D004952:Esters; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D005990:Glycerol; D019342:Acetic Acid