title: Ferrate(VI) oxidation of propranolol: kinetics and products.
abstract: The oxidation of propranolol (PPL), a β-blocker by ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) was studied by performing kinetics, stoichiometry, and analysis of the reaction products. The rate law for the oxidation of PPL by Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to each reactant. The dependence of second-order rate constants of the reaction of Fe(VI) and PPL on pH was explained using acid-base equilibrium of Fe(VI) and PPL. The required molar stoichiometry for the complete removal of PPL was determined to be 6:1 ([Fe(VI)]:[PPL]). The identified products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were oxidized product (OP)-292, OP-308, and OP-282. The formed OPs could possibly compete with the parent molecule to react with Fe(VI) and thus resulted in a non-linear relationship between degradation of PPL and the added amount of Fe(VI). Rate and removal studies indicate the Fe(VI) is able to oxidize PPL and hence can also oxidize other β-blockers, e.g., atenolol and metoprolol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center of Ferrate Excellence, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
authors.forename: George A K
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Anquandah
authors.forename: Virender K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Venkata R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Panditi
authors.forename: Piero R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gardinali
authors.forename: Hyunook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oturan
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011433:Propranolol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C017311:ferrate ion; D011433:Propranolol; D007501:Iron