title: Assessment of the impact of adjunctive proactive telephone counseling to promote smoking cessation among lung cancer patients' social networks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When a patient is diagnosed with lung cancer, members of his/her social network may be more likely to engage in smoking cessation efforts. Proactive telephone counseling combined with a tailored self-directed intervention may be more effective at promoting smoking cessation than a tailored self-directed intervention alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four clinical sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current smokers who are family members and close friends of patients with lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six counselor-initiated counseling calls using motivational interviewing techniques and focusing on teaching adaptive coping skills based on the transactional model of stress and coping along with tailored self-directed materials (including nicotine patches, if not contraindicated) (n  =  245) vs. tailored self-directed materials (including nicotine patches, if not contraindicated) (n  =  251).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were surveyed at baseline and at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postintervention. The outcome was 7-day point prevalent abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective of this study was to test for arm differences in smoking cessation rates at 2 weeks and 6 months postintervention (primary) and at 12 months postintervention (secondary).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no overall effect of the proactive intervention on cessation rates. Among younger participants (age <50), the cessation rate in the intervention group was higher than in the control group at 2 weeks postintervention (16% vs. 4%, p  =  .046). For older participants (age >50), there were no group differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proactive telephone counseling focusing on adaptive coping skills was difficult to implement among smokers in lung cancer patients' social network. Although this study did not demonstrate any added benefit to cessation rates, this null finding may be a result of an intervention that was weaker than intended, owing to difficulties in completing the counseling phone calls. We discuss lessons learned and areas for future research in this special population.
authors.affiliation: Durham VA, 508 Fulton Street (152), Durham, NC 27705, USA. lori.bastian@va.gov
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: Bercedis L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Andrea K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Biddle
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garst
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lyna
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molner
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bepler
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D018579:Patient Selection; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D012944:Social Support; D013689:Telephone