title: Lineage mapping and characterization of the native progenitor population in cellular allograft.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gold standard for bone grafting remains the autograft. However, the attractiveness of autograft is counterbalanced by donor site morbidity. To mimic autograft-and its fundamental properties of osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and osteogenicity-novel bone grafting materials such as cellular allograft (Osteocel Plus) are composed of allograft in which the progenitor cells are preserved. However, the true identity of these cells remains obscure largely due to the lack of specific bona fide antigenic markers for stem versus progenitor cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the stem and progenitor population in cellular allograft, Osteocel Plus.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether cells endogenous to a cellular allograft undergo extensive self-renewal (a functional hallmark of stem cells), we employed a novel use of lineage mapping using a modern and refined replication incompetent lentiviral library with high complexity to uniquely label single cells with indelible genetic tags faithfully passed on to all progeny, allowing identification of highly proliferative clones. We used genetic and proteomic profiling as well as functional assays to show that these cells are capable of multipotential differentiation (the second functional hallmark of stem cells). Use of these two functional hallmarks enabled us to establish the existence of a stem and progenitor cell population in cellular allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specifically, we employed (1) cellular dissociation and (2) in vitro expansion and differentiation capacity of cells released from cellular allograft. We determined differential gene expression profiling of a bona fide human mesenchymal stem cell line and cells from cellular allograft using focused PCR arrays mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and osteogenesis associated. Proteomic profiling of cells from cellular allograft was performed using (1) immunofluorescence for BMP-2, Runx2 SMADs, CD44, Stro-1, Collagen, RANKL, Osterix Osteocalcin, and Ki67; (2) flow cytometry for Ki67, CD44, Stro-1, Thy1, CD146, and Osteocalcin; and (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for BMP-2, Osteocalcin, RANKL, Osteoprotegrin, and Osteocalcin. Clonal analysis of cells from cellular allograft was performed utilizing advance lentivirus lineage mapping techniques and massive parallel sequencing. Alizarin Red, Alcian Blue, and Oil red O staining assessed tripotential differentiation capacity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serial trypsinization of allograft cellular bone matrix yielded approximately 1×105 cells per mL with viability greater than 90%. Cells expressed a panel of 84 MSC-associated genes in a pattern similar to but not identical to pure MSCs; specifically, 59 of 84 genes showed less than a 2.5-fold change in both cell types. Protein analysis showed that cellular allograft -derived cells maintained in nondifferentiation media expressed the early osteo-progenitor markers BMP-2, SMADs, and Runx2. Corresponding flow cytometry data for MSC markers revealed the presence of Stro-1 (49%), CD44 (99%), CD90 (42%), and CD146 (97%). Lineage mapping indicated that 62% of clones persisted and generated progeny through 10 passages, strongly suggesting the presence of bona fide stem cells. Passage 10 clones also exhibited tri-lineage differentiation capacity into osteogenic (Alizarin Red with H&E counterstain), chondrogenic (Alcian Blue), and adipogenic (Oil red O). Cells that did not proliferate through 10 passages presumably differentiated along an osteo-progenitor lineage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that cellular allograft (Osteocel Plus) contains a heterogeneous population of cells with most cells demonstrating the capacity for extensive self-renewal and multipotential differentiation, which are hallmarks of stem cells. Whether stem cell-enriched allografts function comparably to autograft will require further studies, and their efficacy in facilitating arthrodesis will depend on randomized clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: City of Hope National Medical Center Division of Neurosurgery, MOB 2001 1500 East Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neman
authors.affiliation: City of Hope National Medical Center Division of Neurosurgery, MOB 2001 1500 East Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duenas
authors.affiliation: Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Division of Molecular Medicine 1500 East Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kowolik
authors.affiliation: New York University Langone Medical Center and School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hambrecht
authors.affiliation: City of Hope National Medical Center Division of Neurosurgery, MOB 2001 1500 East Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: City of Hope National Medical Center Division of Neurosurgery, MOB 2001 1500 East Duarte Road Duarte, CA 91010.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jandial
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers