title: Hyperglycemia control of the nil per os patient in the intensive care unit: introduction of a simple subcutaneous insulin algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and either nil per os, on enteral feedings, or on total parenteral nutrition are often treated with sliding-scale insulin (despite lack of evidence showing benefit) or intravenous insulin (IVI) infusion, a nursing intensive procedure requiring hourly glucose measurements, and insulin rate adjustments. We introduced a subcutaneous insulin algorithm (SQIA) that would equal the glucose goals for IVI but have the simplicity of q4 hour adjustable sliding-scale insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a quality improvement project, we developed a simple SQIA that titrates insulin to the requirements of the individual patient. Glucoses were monitored q4 h and SQ rapid-acting insulin administered based on both the previous insulin dose and current glucose level. Fourteen consecutive hyperglycemic patients admitted to ICU-A were placed on the SQIA. Glucose and insulin data were also obtained on 18 patients in an identical ICU-B who were treated with the usual IVI protocol, which is q1-2 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration on the SQIA was 4.5 ± 0.6 days (range 0.8-7) and on IVI 1.9 ± 0.6 days (range 0.25-9). Due to difference in length on protocols, only data for the first 3 days could be statistically compared. During this time, the mean ± standard error of glucoses for the SQ and IV groups were 157.3 ± 3.8 and 157.0 ± 2.2 (not significant). No differences were seen in hypoglycemia rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple SQIA allows insulin doses to be adjusted to the individual patient's needs and meet current ICU goals for glycemic control. Its adoption may reduce the workload of nurses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rushakoff
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Heidemarie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Windham
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016638:Critical Illness; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin