title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects of a small molecule, 2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butenal in Tg2576 Alzheimer's disease mice model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils within the brain and activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. In this study, we examined anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects of 2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butenal (HPB242), an anti-inflammatory compound produced by the tyrosine-fructose Maillard reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  12-month-old Tg2576 mice were treated with HPB242 (5 mg/kg) for 1 month and then cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. In addition, western blot analysis, Gel electromobility shift assay, immunostaining, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA and enzyme activity assays were used to examine the degree of Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice. The Morris water maze task was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Otherwise were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of HPB242 (5 mg/kg for 1 month) significantly attenuated cognitive impairments in Tg2576 transgenic mice. HPB242 also prevented amyloidogenesis in Tg2576 transgenic mice brains. This can be evidenced by Aβ accumulation, BACE1, APP and C99 expression and β-secretase activity. In addition, HPB242 suppresses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. Furthermore, activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) in the brain was potently inhibited by HPB242.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, these results suggest that HPB242 might be useful to intervene in development or progression of neurodegeneration in AD through its anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Young-Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Heon Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jin Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006224:Cricetinae; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C580808:2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butenal; D000447:Aldehydes; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010636:Phenols; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42)