title: The effect of skewness and kurtosis on the robustness of linear mixed models.
abstract: This study analyzes the robustness of the linear mixed model (LMM) with the Kenward-Roger (KR) procedure to violations of normality and sphericity when used in split-plot designs with small sample sizes. Specifically, it explores the independent effect of skewness and kurtosis on KR robustness for the values of skewness and kurtosis coefficients that are most frequently found in psychological and educational research data. To this end, a Monte Carlo simulation study was designed, considering a split-plot design with three levels of the between-subjects grouping factor and four levels of the within-subjects factor. Robustness is assessed in terms of the probability of type I error. The results showed that (1) the robustness of the KR procedure does not differ as a function of the violation or satisfaction of the sphericity assumption when small samples are used; (2) the LMM with KR can be a good option for analyzing total sample sizes of 45 or larger when their distributions are normal, slightly or moderately skewed, and with different degrees of kurtosis violation; (3) the effect of skewness on the robustness of the LMM with KR is greater than the corresponding effect of kurtosis for common values; and (4) when data are not normal and the total sample size is 30, the procedure is not robust. Alternative analyses should be performed when the total sample size is 30.
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnau
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bendayan
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blanca
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bono
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size