title: Indications for treatment of recurrent carotid stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is significant variation in the indications for intervention in patients with recurrent carotid artery stenosis. The aim of the present study was to describe these indications in a contemporary cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a systematic review of all peer-reviewed studies reporting on the indications for carotid intervention in patients with recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) that were published between 1990 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 50 studies reporting on a total of 3524 patients undergoing a carotid procedure; of these, 3478 underwent CEA as the initial intervention. Reintervention was by CEA in 2403 patients and by CAS in 1121. Only 54·7 per cent of the patients were treated for any symptoms and, importantly, just 444 (23·1 per cent of 1926 symptomatic patients) underwent intervention for documented ipsilateral symptoms. None of the studies reported whether the patients were evaluated for other sources of emboli. The remaining 45·3 per cent of patients had asymptomatic restenosis and in the majority of the studies were treated when the degree of stenosis exceeded 80 per cent. The time to repeat intervention was significantly longer in patients with recurrent atherosclerosis, in asymptomatic patients and in patients undergoing CEA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported criteria for retreatment of carotid stenosis were not rigorous and there is still significant ambiguity surrounding the indications for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekelis
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Missios
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
mesh_terms: D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology