title: How load-carrying ants avoid falling over: mechanical stability during foraging in Atta vollenweideri grass-cutting ants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foraging workers of grass-cutting ants (Atta vollenweideri) regularly carry grass fragments larger than their own body. Fragment length has been shown to influence the ants' running speed and thereby the colony's food intake rate. We investigated whether and how grass-cutting ants maintain stability when carrying fragments of two different lengths but identical mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ants carried all fragments in an upright, backwards-tilted position, but held long fragments more vertically than short ones. All carrying ants used an alternating tripod gait, where mechanical stability was increased by overlapping stance phases of consecutive steps. The overlap was greatest for ants carrying long fragments, resulting in more legs contacting the ground simultaneously. For all ants, the projection of the total centre of mass (ant and fragment) was often outside the supporting tripod, i.e. the three feet that would be in stance for a non-overlapping tripod gait. Stability was only achieved through additional legs in ground contact. Tripod stability (quantified as the minimum distance of the centre of mass to the edge of the supporting tripod) was significantly smaller for ants with long fragments. Here, tripod stability was lowest at the beginning of each step, when the center of mass was near the posterior margin of the supporting tripod. By contrast, tripod stability was lowest at the end of each step for ants carrying short fragments. Consistently, ants with long fragments mainly fell backwards, whereas ants carrying short fragments mainly fell forwards or to the side. Assuming that transporting ants adjust neither the fragment angle nor the gait, they would be less stable and more likely to fall over.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In grass-cutting ants, the need to maintain static stability when carrying long grass fragments has led to multiple kinematic adjustments at the expense of a reduced material transport rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. moll.karin.home@gmail.com
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roces
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Federle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005121:Extremities / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D006109:Poaceae; D004856:Postural Balance; D013314:Stress, Mechanical