title: Personalized management in low-risk prostate cancer: the role of biomarkers.
abstract: Current criteria to predict low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) are still subject to discussion as a substantial number of PCa patients who progress to a more aggressive disease seem to be missed, using these criteria. The main challenge in PCa diagnosis, therefore, is to distinguish patients with low-risk PCa who will show slow progression of disease from patients at risk for progression to a more aggressive cancer. The current discovered biomarkers could potentially guide in this management and improve detection, staging, and prognosis. This paper provides an overview of the current available serum-, urine-, and tissue-based biomarkers in PCa and evaluates the clinical usefulness of these biomarkers in the detection and management of low-risk PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert-Grooteplein Zuid 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Siebren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: Agus Rizal A H
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Gisèle H J M
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Leyten
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken