title: Substance use, gender, socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome among adults in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study had two purposes: (1) To explore the mediating effects of substance use-as indicated by alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and betel-nut chewing-on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and metabolic syndrome; and (2) to examine the way gender moderates any mediating effects of substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional national dataset. The data from 3,107 males and 3,081 females of Taiwanese were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, education level, occupation, age, body weight, body height, and behaviors were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In male subjects, SES had no direct effect on metabolic syndrome; however, cigarette smoking and betel-nut chewing, but not alcohol consumption, were found to have mediating effects on SES and metabolic syndrome. In females, SES was found to have a direct effect on metabolic syndrome; however, substance use had no mediating effects on the relationship between SES and metabolic syndrome. These differences, in males and females indicated that the mediating effect of substance use on the relationship between SES and metabolic syndrome is moderated by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that health care providers may need to provide gender-specific health promotion programs to prevent metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lee-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Yu-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Ta-Chen
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Wen-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001114:Areca; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001835:Body Weight; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology