title: Different types of alcoholic beverages and incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components in a Mediterranean cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively assessed the association between alcohol consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in a Mediterranean cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 8103 (mean age: 35.4 years) University graduates free of any MS criteria and followed-up during ≥6 years. Alcohol consumption was collected with a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire. New-onset cases of MS were defined according to the updated harmonizing criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 341 incident cases of MS. Consumers of ≥7 drinks/wk presented a significantly higher risk of developing MS (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.22-2.66; p < 0.001) compared with non-drinkers. In addition, alcohol drinkers (≥7 drinks/wk) had higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia (aOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.46-2.93) and impaired fasting glucose (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.16-2.04). Beer consumption was associated with higher risk for MS (p for trend = 0.027) and higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia (aOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.02-3.20), but with lower risk of low HDL-cholesterol criterion (aOR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.89) for ≥7 drinks/wk versus no consumption. Non-significant association was observed between wine or liquor consumption and MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of at least seven alcoholic drinks per week was associated with a higher risk of developing MS among subjects initially free of any MS criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Barrio-Lopez
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sayon-Orea
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Lopez
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Montero
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D052456:Hypoalphalipoproteinemias / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015994:Incidence; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL
keywords: AHA/NHLBI; ATP-III; Adult treatment panel III; Alcohol consumption; America Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; BMI; CI; CVD; Cohort; DBP; FFQ; IDF; Incidence; International Diabetes Federation; MS; Metabolic syndrome; Q0; Q6; SBP; SUN; Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra. Follow-up University of Navarra; TG; aOR; adjusted odds ratio; baseline questionnaire; body mass index; cardiovascular disease; confidence interval; diastolic blood pressure; food frequency questionnaire; metabolic syndrome; questionnaire after 6 years of follow-up; systolic blood pressure; triglycerides