title: Goldfish can recover after short-term exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate: use of blood parameters as vital biomarkers.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide, on the metabolism of goldfish, Carassius auratus, using only vital (non-lethal) approaches. After 96 h exposure to 1, 10 or 100 mg/L of 2,4-D selected hematological (total hemoglobin and hematocrit) and biochemical (glucose content, aspartate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase activities) parameters were unchanged in blood of exposed fish. At 100 mg/L of 2,4-D lymphocyte numbers decreased by 8%, whereas promyelocyte and metamyelocyte numbers increased by 7- and 2-fold, respectively. Exposure to 100 mg/L of 2,4-D also elevated carbonyl protein levels (by 2-fold), triglyceride content (by 43%) and alanine transaminase activity (by 46%) in goldfish plasma. All of these hematological and biochemical parameters reverted to control values after a 96 h recovery period. These data indicate that 2,4-D has toxicological effects on goldfish that can be monitored with multiple diagnostic tests using non-lethal blood testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76025, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Olga I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Kubrak
authors.forename: Tetiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Atamaniuk
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Volodymyr I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Lushchak
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000097:blood; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005618:Fresh Water; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014280:Triglycerides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase