title: Therapeutic Modalities in Diabetic Nephropathy: Future Approaches.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end stage renal disease and is responsible for more than 40% of all cases in the United States. Several therapeutic interventions for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy have been developed and implemented over the past few decades with some degree of success. However, the renal protection provided by these therapeutic modalities is incomplete. More effective approaches are therefore urgently needed. Recently, several novel therapeutic strategies have been explored in treating DN patients including Islet cell transplant, Aldose reductase inhibitors, Sulodexide (GAC), Protein Kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) inhibitors, Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) inhibitors and bardoxolone. The benefits and risks of these agents are still under investigation. This review aims to summarize the utility of these novel therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: William Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Bishal B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.forename: Emaad M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Rahman
authors.forename: Alaa S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Awad