title: Gingival crevicular fluid levels of human beta-defensins 1 and 3 in subjects with periodontitis and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human β-defensins (hBDs) have a strong antibacterial action against various microorganisms, especially periodontal pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare the total levels of hBD-1 and hBD-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy patients with gingivitis (HG), healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (HP), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and gingivitis (DM2G) and patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (DM2P).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 patients were included: 20 HG, 20 HP, 20 DM2G and 20 DM2P. The levels of hBD-1 and hBD-3 in gingival crevicular fluid were measured using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DM2P group had significantly higher periodontal clinical parameters at sites from which gingival crevicular fluid was collected compared with the other groups. The HG group had significantly lower periodontal clinical parameters within the gingival crevicular fluid-collected sites than did the HP, DM2G and DM2P groups. The gingival crevicular fluid of the DM2P group had significantly higher levels of total hBD-1 and hBD-3 than did that of the other groups; the hBD-1 and hBD-3 levels were significantly higher in the gingival crevicular fluid of the DM2G group than in that of the the non-DM type 2 groups (HG and HP). The gingival crevicular fluid of the HP group had significantly higher levels of total hBD-1 and hBD-3 in comparison with that of the HG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result of the observed vascular and cell activity changes that occur within patients diagnosed with DM, periodontal diseases become more severe. These changes hinder the migration and the ability of chemotactic factors and leukocytes to protect periodontal tissues from the effects of microorganisms. In order to eliminate microorganisms, the epithelial cells in patients with DM may release more hBD-1 and hBD-3 into the gingival crevicular fluid. Determining the amount of hBD-1 and hBD-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with and without DM will help to elucidate the relationship among hBD-1, hBD-3, DM and periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. ertugrulseckin@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ertugrul
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dikilitas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alpaslan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bozoglan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tekin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; D023083:beta-Defensins