title: The etiologic role of human papillomavirus in penile cancers: a study in Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the aetiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 120 penile squamous cell carcinomas (PSCCs) from Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human papillomavirus DNA was detected by PCR using SPF10 primers and a primer set targeting HPV-16 E6. The INNO-LiPA HPV genotyping kit was used to determine genotype. Human papillomavirus-16 viral load and physical status were determined by real-time PCR. P16(INK4A) protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 27 of 120 (23%) PSCCs. The most frequently detected genotype was HPV-16 (24 of 27 cases, 89%). In 16 of 18 (89%) HPV-16-positive cases, the HPV DNA was considered to be integrated into the host genome. The geometric mean of the HPV-16 viral load was 0.4 copies per cell. P16(INK4A) overexpression was significantly related to PSCCs infected with high-risk HPV (P=0.018) and HPV-16 copy numbers (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human papillomavirus-16 DNA integration and p16(INK4A) overexpression in high-risk HPV detected PSCCs suggested an aetiologic role of high-risk HPV in the development of PSCCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: H T T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koriyama
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanekura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akiba
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D014744:Vietnam; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins