title: Preparation and efficacy of a live newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by pathogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Live NDV vaccines are administered by drinking water, eyedrops or coarse aerosol spray. To further enhance mucosal immune responses, chitosan nanoparticles were developed for the mucosal delivery of a live NDV vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lentogenic live-virus vaccine (strain LaSota) against NDV encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were developed using an ionic crosslinking method. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the lentogenic live-virus vaccine against NDV (NDV-CS-NPs) were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 371.1 nm, an encapsulation rate of 77% and a zeta potential of +2.84 mV. The Western blotting analysis showed that NDV structural proteins were detected in NDV-CS-NPs. The virus release assay results of NDV-CS-NPs indicated that NDV was released from NDV-CS-NPs. Chickens immunized orally or intranasally with NDV-CS-NPs were fully protected whereas one out of five chickens immunized with the LaSota live NDV vaccine and three out of five chickens immunized with the inactivated NDV vaccine were dead after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NDV-CS-NPs induced better protection of immunized specific pathogen free chickens compared to the live NDV vaccine strain LaSota and the inactivated NDV vaccine. This study lays a foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China. zk395@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xing-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Feng-Qiang
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xianlan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yun-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D048271:Chitosan