title: Evaluation of chemical composition and efficacy of Chinese propolis extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propolis as a natural remedy has maintained its popularity over long periods of time. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition in terms of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in Chinese propolis and to carry out an in vitro evaluation of its antimicrobial activity and the minimal inhibitory concentrations for Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa).
  
  
  METHODS
  From the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, flavones and flavonols by the modified aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and flavanones by the 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) method. Agar well diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of propolis against Pg and Aa. The minimum inhibitory concentration of propolis against the two bacteria was determined using serial tube dilution technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total concentration of phenol in the EEP was 19.44%, flavones and flavonols 2.616%, and flavanones 16.176%. The inhibitory zone depicting antimicrobial activity ranged from 18 to 25 mm for Pg and from 12 to 14 mm for Aa. The concentration range of Chinese propolis that is sensitive to inhibit the growth of Pg was 0.1-0.0125 μg/ml and for Aa it was 0.1-0.025 μg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that Chinese propolis has potent antimicrobial activity against the two periodontopathogens, suggesting its possible use as a natural alternative to the widely used synthetic antibiotics for periodontal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka State, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Gayathri G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Vemanaradhya
authors.forename: Dhoom S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mehta
keywords:  antimicrobial; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; flavonoids; minimal inhibitory concentration; phenolic compounds; propolis