title: Pulmonary complications after spine surgery.
abstract: Spine surgery is one of the fastest growing branches of orthopedic surgery. Patients often present with a relatively high acuity and, depending on surgical approach, morbidity and mortality can be comparatively high. Among the most prevalent and most frequently fatality-bound perioperative complications are those affecting the pulmonary system; evidence of clinical or subclinical lung injury triggered by spine surgical procedures is emerging. Increasing burden of comorbidity among the patient population further increases the likelihood of adverse outcome. This review is intended to give an overview over some of the most important causes of pulmonary complications after spine surgery, their pathophysiology and possible ways to reduce harm associated with those conditions. We discuss factors surrounding surgical trauma, timing of surgery, bone marrow and debris embolization, transfusion associated lung injury, and ventilator associated lung injury.
authors.affiliation: Ottokar Stundner, Stavros G Memtsoudis, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Ottokar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stundner
authors.forename: Fadi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taher
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.forename: Stavros G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Memtsoudis
keywords: Complications; Pulmonary; Pulmonary embolism; Spine surgery; Transfusion-associated lung injury; Ventilator-associated lung injury