title: Perinatal brain injury, visual motor function and poor school outcome of regional low birth weight survivors at age nine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between perinatal brain injury, visual motor function (VMF) and poor school outcome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the status and underlying mechanism of poor school outcome as experienced by low birth weight survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a secondary data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The parental study recruited 1104 low birth weight (LBW) infants weighing ≤ 2000 g from three medical centres of Central New Jersey between 1984 and 1987. Seven hundred and seventy-seven infants survived the neonatal period, and their developmental outcomes had been following up regularly until now. The development data of the survivors were used to achieve the research aims. Initial school outcome assessment was carried out in 9-year-old, using the Woodcock-Johnson Academic Achievement Scale. The severity and range of perinatal brain injury was determined by repeated neonatal cranial ultrasound results obtained at 4 hours, 24 hours and 7 days of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen and a half per cent of the sample experienced poor school performance at age 9 as defined by lower than one standard deviation (SD) of average performance score. Children with the most severe injury, PL/VE, had the lowest mathematics (F = 14·54, p = 0·000) and reading (anova results: F = 11·56, p = 0·000) performances. Visual motor function had a significant effect on children's overall school performance (Hotelling's trace value was 0·028, F = 3·414, p = 0·018), as well as subtest scores for reading (p = 0·006) and mathematics (p = 0·036). However, visual motor function was not a mediator in the association of perinatal brain injury and school outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perinatal brain injury had a significant long-term effect on school outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low birth weight infants with history of perinatal brain injury need be closely monitored to substantially reduce the rates of poor school outcome and other neurodevelopmental disabilities.
authors.affiliation: HOPE School of Nursing, Wuhan University HOPE, Wuhan, China. catherinezhang2010@126.com
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ashley Darcy
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pinto-Martin
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012574:Schools; D017741:Survivors; D014785:Vision, Ocular
keywords: academic achievement; low birth weight; perinatal brain injury; school outcome; visual motor function