title: Localization of Wolbachia-like gene transcripts and peptides in adult Onchocerca flexuosa worms indicates tissue specific expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most filarial species in the genus Onchocerca depend on Wolbachia endobacteria to successfully carry out their life cycle. O. flexuosa is a Wolbachia-free species, but its genome contains Wolbachia-like sequences presumably obtained from Wolbachia via horizontal gene transfer. Proteogenomic studies have shown that many of these Wolbachia-like sequences are expressed in adult worms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Wolbachia-like sequences in O. flexuosa were chosen for further study based on their sequence conservation with Wolbachia genes, length of predicted open reading frames, and expression at the RNA and/or protein levels. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical labeling were used to localize Wolbachia-like transcripts and peptides in adult worm tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RNA probes representing three of the six target sequences produced hybridization signals in worm tissues. These probes bound to transcripts in the intestine and lateral chords of both sexes, in the hypodermis, median chords and uteri in females, and in sperm precursor cells in males. Antibodies raised to three peptides corresponding to these transcripts bound to specific bands in a soluble extract of adult O. flexuosa by Western blot that were not labeled by control antibodies in pre-immune serum. Two of the three antibodies produced labeling patterns in adult worm sections that were similar to those of the RNA probes, while the third produced a different pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subset of the Wolbachia-like sequences present in the genome of the Wolbachia-free filarial species O. flexuosa are transcribed in tissues where Wolbachia reside in infected filarial species. Some of the peptides and/or proteins derived from these transcripts appear to be concentrated in the same tissues while others may be exported to other regions of the worm. These results suggest that horizontally transferred Wolbachia genes and gene products may replicate important Wolbachia functions in uninfected filarial worms.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. smcnulty@genome.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Samantha N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Kurt C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Norbert W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Brattig
authors.forename: Peter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009854:Onchocerca / Q000382:microbiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins