title: Chronology of early embryonic development and embryo uterine migration in alpacas.
abstract: The objectives were to: (1) describe the chronology of early embryonic development from ovulation to entry into the uterus; and (2) to determine the timing of embryo migration to the left uterine horn when ovulation occurred from the right ovary. The experiment was conducted in Peru. Females (n = 132) were randomly assigned to 15 experimental groups. All females were mated to an intact male, given 50 μg GnRH im (Cystorelin) and ovulation time determined by transrectal ultrasonography, conducted every 6 hours, starting 24 hours postmating. Animals were slaughtered at a specific intervals postovulation and reproductive tracts were recovered and subjected to oviductal and uterine flushing for females slaughtered between 1 and 6 days postovulation (dpo; Day 0 = ovulation) and uterine flushing for females slaughtered from 7 to 15 dpo for recovery of oocytes/embryos. Season of mating did not influence the interval from mating to ovulation (winter: 29 ± 6 hours vs. summer: 30 ± 6 hours; P = 0.49). Ovulation rates for females mated during winter and summer were 92% versus 100%, respectively (P = 0.05). Fertilization rates for winter and summer mated females were 72% and 82% (P = 0.29). Unfertilized ova were not retained in the uterine tube. All embryos collected were in the uterine tube ipsilateral to the side of ovulation between 1 and 5 dpo. Embryos reached the uterus on 6 dpo. Embryos began to elongate on 9 dpo; at this time, 83% of embryos derived from right-ovary ovulations were collected from the left uterine horn. Embryos occupied the entire uterine cavity by 10 dpo. In conclusion, we characterized early embryo development and location of embryo during its early developmental stages in alpaca. This was apparently the first report regarding chronology of embryo development and migration to the left horn in alpaca which merits further investigation regarding its role in maternal recognition of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Picha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tibary
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasimanickam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000196:embryology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005865:Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation; D010061:Ovulation Detection / Q000662:veterinary; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000662:veterinary; D014599:Uterus