title: Improving the quality of educational strategies in postgraduate dental education using student and graduate feedback: findings from a qualitative study in New Zealand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research suggests that students' perceptions should be considered in any discussion of their education. However, to date, there has been no systematic examination of New Zealand postgraduate dental students' learning processes in both the research and clinical settings. This study aimed to obtain in-depth qualitative insights into student and graduate perspectives of effective and ineffective learning experiences during their postgraduate dental education.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in 2010 using semi-structured individual interviews. Participants included 2010 final-year students and 2009 graduates of the University of Otago Doctor of Clinical Dentistry programme. Using the Critical Incident Technique, participants were asked to describe at least one effective and one ineffective learning experience in detail. Interview transcripts were analysed using a general inductive approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Broad themes which emerged included supervisory approaches, characteristics of the learning process and characteristics of the physical learning environment. The focus of this article is to report and discuss the learning processes that participants identified as promoting and precluding effective learning experiences in the clinical and research settings. Students and graduates in the study had largely similar perspectives of learning processes likely to result in effective clinical and research learning. These included self-directed and collaborative learning; timely, constructive and detailed feedback with directions for further improvement; and discreet clinical feedback. Learning processes that precluded effective learning included unsupported and isolated learning, delayed and overly critical/destructive feedback and open criticism in the clinical context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in-depth findings of this study contribute to the scientific literature that identifies learning process characteristics which facilitate effective learning from New Zealand postgraduate students' and graduates' perspectives. Additional cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (both qualitative and quantitative) would lead to a better understanding of what constitutes effective teaching in postgraduate dental education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. jram.subramanian@gmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Morgaine
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004499:Education, Dental, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D005179:Faculty, Dental / Q000592:standards*; D009520:New Zealand; D015279:Organizational Culture; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013335:Students, Dental; D013663:Teaching