title: Management of stones in renal transplant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasingly, screening of both deceased and living donor organs has led to the early detection of kidney stones prior to donation. A number of transplant recipients will still present with donor-gifted and de-novo stones. A range of treatment modalities is available in the management of renal transplant stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stones can be pretreated in the (living) donor prior to transplantation, managed at the time of transplantation or treated in the recipient post-transplant. The options include conservative management, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy or open surgery depending on the size and location of the stone(s). Various techniques to deal with a transplant kidney are described. Ex-vivo ureteroscopy or pyeloscopy can safely render a kidney-stone free prior to transplantation and in living donors this means without subjecting the living donor to an additional stone removing procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cause of renal transplant lithiasis is multifactorial. More research is needed to understand the factors associated with de-novo stone formation. Early detection of donor-gifted stones can allow stones to be removed at the time of transplantation. Close follow up of both living donors and transplant recipients is necessary to ensure long-term safety is maintained.
authors.affiliation: Renal Transplant and Urology Department, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kathie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jonathon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olsburgh
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008096:Lithotripsy; D019520:Living Donors; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D018666:Ureteroscopy