title: Core temperature measurement in therapeutic hypothermia according to different phases: comparison of bladder, rectal, and tympanic versus pulmonary artery methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparisons of bladder, rectal and tympanic temperatures versus pulmonary artery (PA) temperature during different therapeutic hypothermia (TH) phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients admitted to our emergency department (ED) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests were included in this study. For comparison, the temperature of four different sites, urinary bladder (BL), rectal (RE), tympanic membrane (TM) digital thermometers, and a Swan-Ganz catheter were used during TH, which were controlled by a surface cooling method. TH is divided into three phases: induction, maintenance, and rewarming phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the induction phase, the mean differences between PA temperatures and those of the other methods studied were: BL (-0.24 ± 1.30°C), RE (-0.52 ± 1.40°C), and TM (1.11 ± 1.53°C). The mean differences between PA temperatures and those of the other methods in the maintenance phase were BL (0.06 ± 0.79°C), RE (-0.30 ± 1.16°C), and TM (1.12 ± 1.29°C); in the rewarming phase: BL (0.08 ± 0.86°C), RE (-0.03 ± 1.71°C), and TM (0.89 ± 1.62°C); and in the total phase: BL (0.04 ± 0.90°C), RE (-0.22 ± 1.44°C), and TM (1.03 ± 1.47°C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean difference between BL and PA temperatures is lower than those in other sites during TH. On the contrary, there are larger differences between TM and PA temperatures when compared to other sites. The differences between RE and PA temperatures are comparatively less than those between TM and PA. However, RE temperature tends to be higher than the temperature recorded by a BL thermometer or Swan-Ganz catheter during the rapid induction phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. skyshiner@naver.com
authors.forename: Jonghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jinjoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoungjun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Youngho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D017694:Rewarming; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*