title: Synergistic effects caused by atrazine and terbuthylazine on chlorpyrifos toxicity to early-life stages of the zebrafish Danio rerio.
abstract: This study examined the effects of three widely used pesticides that have been previously detected in aquatic systems neighbouring agricultural fields on the early-life stages of the zebrafish Danio rerio. Tests involving single exposures and binary combinations of the s-triazine herbicides (atrazine and terbuthylazine) and the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos were performed. Several endpoints, such as swimming behaviour, morphological abnormalities and mortality, were studied. In addition, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was investigated in order to evaluate the mode of action and toxicity of chlorpyrifos in the presence of these herbicides. Results indicate that both binary mixtures elicited synergistic responses on the swimming behaviour of zebrafish larvae. Moreover, although the herbicides were not effective inhibitors of the AChE on their own, a synergistic inhibition of the enzyme activity was obtained by exposure to mixtures with chlorpyrifos. We observed a correlation between impairment of swimming behaviour of the larvae and inhibition of AChE activity. This study supports previous studies concerning the risk assessment of mixtures since the toxicity may be underestimated when looking only at the single toxicants and not their mixtures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. joanne@ua.pt
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D013550:Swimming; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014227:Triazines; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C037565:terbutylazine; D001280:Atrazine