title: Sotalol as first-line treatment for fetal tachycardia and neonatal follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In fetal tachycardia, pharmacological therapy with digoxin, flecainide and sotalol has been reported to be effective. In a recent retrospective multicenter study, sotalol was considered to be less effective than the other drugs in treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the efficacy and safety of maternally administered sotalol in the treatment of fetal tachycardia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of the records of 30 consecutive fetuses with tachycardia documented on M-mode echocardiography between January 2004 and December 2010 at Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, a tertiary referral university hospital. Patients were subdivided into those diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia and those with atrial flutter (AF) and presence of hydrops was noted. Other variables investigated included QTc interval measured on maternal electrocardiogram before and after initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy, fetal heart rhythm and heart rate pre- and postnatally, oral maternal drug therapy used, time to conversion to sinus rhythm (SR), percentage of fetuses converted following transplacental treatment, maternal adverse effects, presence or absence of tachycardia as noted on postnatal ECG, postnatal therapy or prophylaxis and neonatal outcome. Findings are discussed with reference to the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 patients (18 with SVT, 10 with AF) were treated with sotalol as first-line therapy. Fetal hydrops was present in six patients (five with SVT, one with AF). All hydropic patients converted antenatally to SR (67% with sotalol as a single-drug therapy, 33% after addition of flecainide). Of the non-hydropic patients, 91% converted to SR (90% with sotalol only, 10% after addition of flecainide or digoxin). In 9% (with AF) rate control was achieved. There was no mortality. No serious drug-related adverse events were observed. Postnatally, rhythm disturbances were detected in 10 patients, two of whom still had AF. In eight, SVT was observed within 3 weeks postnatally, and in five of these within 72 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sotalol can be recommended as the drug of first choice for treatment of fetal AF and has been shown to be an effective and safe first-line treatment option for SVT, at least in the absence of hydrops. Postnatal maintenance therapy after successful prenatal therapy is not necessarily indicated, as the risk of recurrence is low beyond 72 hours of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oudijk
authors.forename: G T R
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Manten
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: ter Heide
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pistorius
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Freund
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013015:Sotalol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol
keywords: digoxin; fetal SVT; fetal hydrops; fetal tachycardia; flecainide, sotalol