title: Resistance in pediatric patients experiencing virologic failure with first-line and second-line antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: We examined HIV-1 resistance in children failing first-line and second-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa, all with clade C virus. Those exposed to full-dose ritonavir had multiple protease resistance mutations. Nineteen percent had wild-type virus. Appropriate antiretroviral therapy sequencing in sub-Saharan African children is essential for prolong treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa. catherine.orrell@hiv-research.org.za
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orrell
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levison
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciaranello
authors.forename: Linda-Gail
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freedberg
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013019:South Africa; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019438:Ritonavir