title: Evaluation of common anesthetic and analgesic techniques for tail biopsy in mice.
abstract: Tail biopsy in mice is a common procedure in genetically modified mouse colonies. We evaluated the anesthetic and analgesic effects of various agents commonly used to mitigate pain after tail biopsy. We used a hot-water immersion assay to evaluate the analgesic effects of isoflurane,  ice-cold ethanol, ethyl chloride, buprenorphine, and 2-point local nerve blocks before studying their effects on mice receiving tail biopsies. Mice treated with ethyl chloride spray, isoflurane and buprenorphine, and 2-point local nerve blocks demonstrated increased tail-flick latency compared  with that of untreated mice. When we evaluated the behavior of adult and preweanling mice after tail biopsy, untreated mice demonstrated behavioral changes immediately after tail biopsy that lasted 30 to 60 min before returning to normal. The use of isoflurane, isoflurane and buprenorphine,  buprenorphine, 2-point nerve block, or ethyl chloride spray in adult mice did not significantly improve their behavioral response to tail biopsy. Similarly, the use of buprenorphine and ethyl chloride spray in preweanling mice did not improve their behavioral response to tail biopsy compared  with that of the untreated group. However, immersion in bupivacaine for 30 s after tail biopsy decreased tail grooming behavior during the first 30 min after tail biopsy. The anesthetic and analgesic regimens tested provide little benefit in adult and preweanling mice. Given that tail biopsy  results in pain that lasts 30 to 60 min, investigators should carefully consider the appropriate anesthetic or analgesic regimen to incorporate into tail-biopsy procedures for mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Carissa P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.forename: Lon V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005018:Ethyl Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006120:Grooming / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D013623:Tail / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000777:Anesthetics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D005018:Ethyl Chloride; D007530:Isoflurane; D002045:Bupivacaine