title: The association between calcium channel blocker use and prostate cancer outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies indicate that calcium channel blocker (CCB) use is inversely related to prostate cancer (PCa) incidence. The association between CCB use and PCa aggressiveness at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) and outcome after RP was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication use, PCa aggressiveness and post-RP outcome were retrieved from a prospectively populated database that contains clinical and outcome for RP patients at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) from 1993 to 2010. The database was queried for anti-hypertensive medication use at diagnosis for patients with ≥1 year follow-up. Recurrence was defined using NCCN guidelines. Chi-Square tests assessed the relationship between CCB use and PCa aggressiveness. Cox regression models compared the distribution of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with adjustment for covariates. Results for association between CCB usage and PCa aggressiveness were validated using data from the population-based North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  48%, 37%, and 15% of RPCI's RP patients (n = 875) had low, intermediate, and high aggressive PCa, respectively. 104 (11%) had a history of CCB use. Patients taking CCBs were more likely to be older, have a higher BMI and use additional anti-hypertensive medications. Diagnostic PSA levels, PCa aggressiveness, and margin status were similar for CCB users and non-users. PFS and OS did not differ between the two groups. Tumor aggressiveness was associated with PFS. CCB use in the PCaP study population was not associated with PCa aggressiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCB use is not associated with PCa aggressiveness at diagnosis, PFS or OS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Poch
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mehedint
authors.forename: Dawn J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Payne-Ondracek
authors.forename: Elizabeth T H
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Fontham
authors.forename: Jeannette T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bensen
authors.forename: Kristopher
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Attwood
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Wilding
authors.forename: Khurshid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Guru
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.forename: Hannelore V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Heemers
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers