title: The effects of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam on the intraocular pressure and pupil diameter of the dog's eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of 10% ketamine hydrochloride and 0.5% diazepam on intraocular pressure (IOP) and horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) in the canine eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy dogs for each treatment group were used in this study. In the first group, 20 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride was injected intravenously; in the second, 0.5 mg/kg diazepam was similarly injected; and in the third, a control group, 0.9% saline was used. In all groups, IOP and HPD were measured every 5 min for 35 min in the first group, and 60 min in the second and third group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A maximum increase in IOP was obtained 5 min after ketamine injection, with IOP of 23.2 ± 5.8 mmHg (a 45.0% increase compared to baseline) in the right eye and 22.9 ± 5.9 mmHg (a 43.5% increase) in the left eye (both significant at P < 0.01). A significant IOP increase was observed throughout the research period of 35 min. Statistically significant increases in HPD (P < 0.05) were observed only at 5 and 25 min after ketamine injection. A significant increase in IOP was obtained 10 min after diazepam injection, showing a maximum IOP 20 ± 5.0 mmHg in the right eye (9.3% increase) and 19.9 ± 5.1 mmHg (8.7% increase) in the left eye (both significant at P < 0.05). HPD decreased during the study period, reaching the lowest level 30 min post-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a substantial increase in IOP after ketamine injection and a less substantial, but still significant increase after diazepam injection. These findings should be taken into consideration when using these drugs in dogs with fragile corneas, or in dogs predisposed or affected by glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, Jelgava, LV - 3004, Latvia.
authors.forename: Liga
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovalcuka
authors.forename: Edite
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birgele
authors.forename: Dace
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandere
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam