title: An analysis of adaptive design variations on the sequential parallel comparison design for clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, a growing placebo response rate has been observed in clinical trials for antidepressant drugs, a phenomenon that has made it increasingly difficult to demonstrate efficacy. The sequential parallel comparison design (SPCD) is a clinical trial design that was proposed to address this issue. The SPCD theoretically has the potential to reduce the sample-size requirement for a clinical trial and to simultaneously enrich the study population to be less responsive to the placebo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because the basic SPCD already reduces the placebo response by removing placebo responders between the first and second phases of a trial, the purpose of this study was to examine whether we can further improve the efficiency of the basic SPCD and whether we can do so when the projected underlying drug and placebo response rates differ considerably from the actual ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three adaptive designs that used interim analyses to readjust the length of study duration for individual patients were tested to reduce the sample-size requirement or increase the statistical power of the SPCD. Various simulations of clinical trials using the SPCD with interim analyses were conducted to test these designs through calculations of empirical power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the simulations, we found that the adaptive designs can recover unnecessary resources spent in the traditional SPCD trial format with overestimated initial sample sizes and provide moderate gains in power. Under the first design, results showed up to a 25% reduction in person-days, with most power losses below 5%. In the second design, results showed up to a 8% reduction in person-days with negligible loss of power. In the third design using sample-size re-estimation, up to 25% power was recovered from underestimated sample-size scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the numerous possible test parameters that could have been chosen for the simulations, the study's results are limited to situations described by the parameters that were used and may not generalize to all possible scenarios. Furthermore, dropout of patients is not considered in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to make an already complex design such as the SPCD adaptive, and thus more efficient, potentially overcoming the problem of placebo response at lower cost. Ultimately, such a design may expedite the approval of future effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Betensky
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos