title: Uprighting of severely impacted mandibular second molars: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of mandibular first and second molar impaction is increasing but still recorded as rare. Treatment methods involving uprighting, extraction, or autologous tooth transplantation have been described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study describes the uprighting of 3 impacted mandibular second molars presenting with eruptive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The application of limited and appropriate orthodontic therapy completed treatment in 11 months, 5 months, and 2 years and 3 months, respectively. Although no absolute anchorage in the form of miniscrews was required, no significant anchorage demands were considered necessary. Although the third molar tooth germs were identified and preserved in each case, no adverse influence on the uprighting of the second molars was encountered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The favourable molar repositioning results were likely due to the youth of the 3 patients as the third molars were in early development and bone remodelling was marked. Furthermore, no problems related to anchorage or alveolar bone loss were identified after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated the benefits of limited orthodontic treatment and early intervention for the uprighting of impacted mandibular second molars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. seven@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirakura
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuka
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology*; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D009972:Orthodontics, Interceptive; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014083:Tooth Germ / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium