title: "Candidatus Defluviella procrastinata" and "Candidatus Cyrtobacter zanobii", two novel ciliate endosymbionts belonging to the "Midichloria clade".
abstract: The "Midichloria clade" is a recently discovered but well-established evolutionary lineage clustering inside the order Rickettsiales (Alphaproteobacteria). Not much is known about the biology of these organisms. The best characterized ones are endocellular symbionts of very different eukaryotic hosts, ranging from arthropods to protists. "Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii", the most studied organism of the group, is an interesting object of study because of its unique capability to infect metazoans' mitochondria and the presence of flagellar genes in its genome. With this work, we aim at increasing the knowledge on the biodiversity and phylogeny of the "Midichloria group". We characterized according to the "full cycle rRNA approach" two novel endosymbionts of ciliated protozoa, i.e. Paramecium nephridiatum and Euplotes aediculatus. According to the nomenclatural rules for uncultivated prokaryotes, we established the novel taxa "Candidatus Defluviella procrastinata" and "Candidatus Cyrtobacter zanobii" for the two bacterial symbionts. Our phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirms that the evolutionary histories of "Midichloria clade" representatives and of their hosts are very different. This suggests that the symbiotic processes arose many times independently, perhaps through ways of transmission still not described in Rickettsiales.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Protistology-Zoology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boscaro
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ristori
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verni
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vannini
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016812:Euplotes / Q000382:microbiology*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D010247:Paramecium / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S