title: Replication of swine and human influenza viruses in juvenile and layer turkey hens.
abstract: Since the first reported isolation of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in turkeys in the 1980s, transmission of SIVs to turkeys was frequently documented. Recently, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, that was thought to be of swine origin, was detected in turkeys with a severe drop in egg production. In this study, we assessed the infectivity of different mammalian influenza viruses including swine, pandemic H1N1 and seasonal human influenza viruses in both juvenile and layer turkeys. In addition, we investigated the potential influenza virus dissemination in the semen of experimentally infected turkey toms. Results showed that all mammalian origin influenza viruses tested can infect turkeys. SIVs were detected in respiratory and digestive tracts of both juvenile and layer turkeys. Variations in replication efficiencies among SIVs were observed especially in the reproductive tract of layer turkeys. Compared to SIVs, limited replication of seasonal human H1N1 and no detectable replication of recent human-like swine H1N2, pandemic H1N1 and seasonal human H3N2 viruses was noticed. All birds seroconverted to all tested viruses regardless of their replication level. In turkey toms, we were able to detect swine H3N2 virus in semen and reproductive tract of infected toms by real-time RT-PCR although virus isolation was not successful. These data suggest that turkey hens could be affected by diverse influenza strains especially SIVs. Moreover, the differences in the replication efficiency we demonstrated among SIVs and between SIV and human influenza viruses in layer turkeys suggest a possible use of turkeys as an animal model to study host tropism and pathogenesis of influenza viruses. Our results also indicate a potential risk of venereal transmission of influenza viruses in turkeys.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yassine
authors.forename: Olusegun O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Awe
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Yehia M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.forename: Chang-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D057221:Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000821:virology; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D014422:Turkeys; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*