title: Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis.
abstract: Parasitological detection of Schistosoma is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis diagnosis in areas of transmission worldwide. However, a steep decrease of sensitivity in low-endemicity areas (LEAs) compromises estimation of schistosomiasis. Despite the restricted utilization of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques, recent improvements and advances have been contributing to change this scenario, especially in LEAs. Nonetheless, the main issue in a new era of diagnosis overcomes technical advances per se and relates to the loss of 'gold standards' in schistosomiasis diagnosis in LEAs. Here, we review and discuss the current role of molecular and immunodiagnostic methods in schistosomiasis management.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Regina H S
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: Magali G M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peralta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012547:Schistosoma / Q000235:genetics; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D018509:DNA, Helminth