title: Developmental outcome in Pierre Robin sequence: a longitudinal and prospective study of a consecutive series of severe phenotypes.
abstract: Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a congenital condition with a heterogeneous and imprecise developmental prognosis. We conducted a longitudinal prospective study analyzing the long-term developmental outcome of a consecutive series of 39 children with PRS who had an a priori good prognosis (isolated PRS or PRS associated with a Stickler syndrome) but severe neonatal disorders (respiratory and feeding difficulties). Psychomotor and cognitive levels, speech, and eating behavior were assessed at 15 months of age and 3 and 6 years of age; 24 of the oldest children were interviewed at age 11 or 12 years. Results were analyzed by diagnosis, extent of respiratory and feeding disorders, and treatment modalities. Cognitive scores were within normal ranges and increased over time, from 90.5 at 15 months of age to 109.1 at 6 years. The 24 oldest children were enrolled in the appropriate junior high school grade at the normal age. For children 15 months of age, language scores were below the average, as were scores for vocabulary at 3 years for half of the patients. At 6 years, children's speech showed persistent rhinolalia, which was mild (47%), moderate (11%), or major (11%). At 15 months of age, 74% of the children had satisfactory eating behavior, and 15% had serious difficulties. At 3 and 6 years, 18% and 6% of the children, respectively, had eating problems. Treatment modalities had no significant effect on long-term outcome. Global developmental quotient scores were lower but not significantly for children with an associated Stickler syndrome than those with isolated PRS. Children with isolated PRS showed good prognosis.
authors.affiliation: General Pediatrics Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thouvenin
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Djadi-Prat
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chalouhi
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierrot
authors.forename: Stanislas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyonnet
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Couly
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Abadie
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D010641:Phenotype; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome