title: Outbreak of hepatitis B virus infections associated with assisted monitoring of blood glucose in an assisted living facility-Virginia, 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In January 2010, the Virginia Department of Health received reports of 2 hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (1 acute, 1 chronic) among residents of a single assisted living facility (ALF). Both infected residents had diabetes and received assisted monitoring of blood glucose (AMBG) at the facility. An investigation was initiated in response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent and mechanism of HBV transmission among ALF residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ALF that primarily housed residents with neuropsychiatric disorders in 2 adjacent buildings in Virginia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents of the facility as of March 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  HBV serologic testing, relevant medical history, and HBV genome sequences. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to identify risk factors for HBV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HBV serologic status was determined for 126 (91%) of 139 residents. Among 88 susceptible residents, 14 became acutely infected (attack rate, 16%), and 74 remained uninfected. Acute HBV infection developed among 12 (92%) of 13 residents who received AMBG, compared with 2 (3%) of 75 residents who did not (RR  = 35; 95% CI, 8.7, 137). Identified infection control breaches during AMBG included shared use of fingerstick devices for multiple residents. HBV genome sequencing demonstrated 2 building-specific phylogenetic infection clusters, each having 99.8-100% sequence identity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transfer of residents out of the facility prior to our investigation might have contributed to an underestimate of cases. Resident interviews provided insufficient information to fully assess behavioral risk factors for HBV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to adhere to safe practices during AMBG resulted in a large HBV outbreak. Protection of a growing and vulnerable ALF population requires improved training of staff and routine facility licensing inspections that scrutinize infection control practices.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA. thomas.john.bender@dm.duke.edu
authors.forename: Thomas John
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Okey
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Utah
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: Umid
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sharapov
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drobeniuc
authors.forename: Yury
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khudyakov
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fricchione
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: White-Comstock
authors.forename: Nicola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Priti R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D040561:Assisted Living Facilities; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004279:DNA, Viral