title: Health care aides use of time in a residential long-term care unit: a time and motion study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organizational resources such as caregiver time use with older adults in residential long-term care facilities (nursing homes) have not been extensively studied, while levels of nurse staffing and staffing-mix are the focus of many publications on all types of healthcare organizations. Evidence shows that front-line caregivers' sufficient working time with residents is associated with performance, excellence, comprehensive care, quality of outcomes (e.g., reductions in pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, and falls), quality of life, cost savings, and may be affiliated with transformation of organizational culture.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore organizational resources in a long-term care unit within a multilevel residential facility, to measure healthcare aides' use of time with residents, and to describe working environment and unit culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational pilot study was conducted in a Canadian urban 52-bed long-term care unit within a faith-based residential multilevel care facility. A convenience sample of seven healthcare aides consented to participate. To collect the data, we used an observational sheet (to monitor caregiver time use on certain activities such as personal care, assisting with eating, socializing, helping residents to be involved in therapeutic activities, paperwork, networking, personal time, and others), semi-structured interview (to assess caregiver perceptions of their working environment), and field notes (to illustrate the unit culture). Three hundred and eighty seven hours of observation were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings indicate that healthcare aides spent most of their working time (on an eight-hour day-shift) in "personal care" (52%) and in "other" activities (23%). One-to-three minute activities consumed about 35% of the time spent in personal care and 20% of time spent in assisting with eating. Overall, caregivers' time spent socializing was less than 1%, about 6% in networking, and less than 4% in paperwork.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Re-organizing healthcare aides' routine practices may minimize the short one-to-three minute intervals spent on direct care activities, which can be interpreted as interruptions to continuity of care or waste of time. Fewer interruptions may allow healthcare aides to use their time with residents more effectively.
authors: School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: mallidou@uvic.ca.
authors: Anastasia A
authors: AA
authors: Mallidou
authors: Greta G
authors: GG
authors: Cummings
authors: Corinne
authors: C
authors: Schalm
authors: Carole A
authors: CA
authors: Estabrooks
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D009728:Nursing Assistants; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Health care aides; Long-term unit; Older adults; Residential nursing home; Time use