title: Safety of bronchial arterial embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate in a swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and gelatin sponge particles (GSPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy female swine were divided into two groups to be treated with BAE using NBCA-lipiodol (NBCA-Lp) and using GSPs. The occlusive durability, the presence of embolic materials, the response of the vessel wall, and damage to the bronchial wall and pulmonary parenchyma were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No animals experienced any major complication. Two days later, no recanalization of the bronchial artery was observed in the NBCA-Lp group, while partial recanalization was seen in the GSP group. Embolic materials were not found in the pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein. NBCA-Lp was present as a bubble-like space in bronchial branch arteries of 127-1240 μm, and GSPs as reticular amorphous substance of 107-853 μm. These arteries were in the adventitia outside the bronchial cartilage but not in the fine vessels inside the bronchial cartilage. No damage to the bronchial wall and pulmonary parenchyma was found in either group. Red cell thrombus, stripping of endothelial cells, and infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in vessels embolized with NBCA-Lp or GSP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBCA embolization is more potent than GSP with regard to bronchial artery occlusion, and both materials were present in bronchial branch arteries ≥ 100 μm diameter.
authors: Takami Tanaka, Nobuyuki Kawai, Morio Sato, Akira Ikoma, Kouhei Nakata, Hiroki Sanda, Hiroki Minamiguchi, Motoki Nakai, Tetsuo Sonomura, Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayamashi, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan.
authors: Takami
authors: T
authors: Tanaka
authors: Nobuyuki
authors: N
authors: Kawai
authors: Morio
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Ikoma
authors: Kouhei
authors: K
authors: Nakata
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Sanda
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Minamiguchi
authors: Motoki
authors: M
authors: Nakai
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Sonomura
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Mori
keywords: Bronchial artery embolization; Embolic materials; Gelatin sponge; Lipiodol; N-butyl cyanoacrylate