title: Study of the risk of heavy metal transfer to homoeopathic mother tinctures.
abstract: To assess the risk of heavy metal contamination of homoeopathic mother tinctures, 9 plant species and 1 fungus used in the manufacture of homoeopathic medicaments were investigated. Mother tinctures were prepared according to the manufacturing procedures described in the European Pharmacopoeia. The original herbal drug and the material processed during production were analysed for their cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) content. The plant components were harvested from 2 sites contaminated by different heavy metal exposure pathways and compared with reference material from Deutsche Homöopathie-Union (DHU). It was confirmed that in all cases a significant depletion of all heavy metals studied occurred during manufacture of the mother tincture, regardless of the starting material used. In all cases, most of the heavy metal content was retained in the press cake; low levels only were detected in the mother tincture. None of the mother tinctures of plant origin exceeded the required limits, not even those of plant starting materials originating from highly contaminated sites. Substantial heavy metal concentrations could only be detected in the mother tincture of the fungus Amanita muscaria, calculated from the dry weight of the starting material. According to the results obtained, a risk-based approach to heavy metal assessment is suggested where permanent control is focused on the heavy metals accumulating in organisms such as fungi.
authors: Deutsche Homöopathie-Union GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany. joachim.busch@dhu.de
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Busch
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Werner
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Huwer
mesh_terms: D000545:Amanita / Q000737:chemistry*; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005060:Europe; D008419:Materia Medica / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D010603:Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic as Topic; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D008419:Materia Medica; D019216:Metals, Heavy