title: Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: regression-based norms for the Portuguese population.
abstract: The main goal of this study was to produce adjusted normative data for the Portuguese population on two verbal fluency measures: the semantic fluency test (animals category) and the phonemic fluency test (letters M, R, and P). The study included 950 community-dwelling individuals (624 women and 326 men) aged between 18 and 98 (mean = 57.8, SD = 19.0), who had educational backgrounds ranging from 0 to 20 years (mean = 8.8, SD = 5.2). The results showed that age and education were significantly associated with semantic fluency and phonemic fluency performance. These demographic characteristics accounted for 42% of the semantic fluency and between 23% and 31% of the phonemic fluency performance variance. No significant sex effects were found. The normative data are presented as regression-based algorithms to adjust test scores for age and education, with subsequent correspondence between adjusted scores and percentile distribution.
authors: Laboratório de Neurobiologia do Comportamento Humano, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto 4099-001, Portugal. saramscavaco@gmail.com
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Cavaco
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Gonçalves
authors: Cláudia
authors: C
authors: Pinto
authors: Eduarda
authors: E
authors: Almeida
authors: Filomena
authors: F
authors: Gomes
authors: Inês
authors: I
authors: Moreira
authors: Joana
authors: J
authors: Fernandes
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Teixeira-Pinto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D011174:Portugal; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012660:Semantics; D014705:Verbal Behavior