title: Hypertension and the risk of breast cancer in Chilean women: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Although different metabolic factors have been implicated in breast cancer development, the relationship between hypertension and breast cancer has not been elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate hypertension as a risk factor for breast cancer in Chilean women of low and middle socio-economic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an age-matched (1:1) case-control study in 3 hospitals in Santiago, Chile. Breast cancer cases (n=170) were histopathologically confirmed. Controls had been classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System I (negative) or II (benign findings) within 6 months of recruitment. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer and standardized procedures. We used 2 hypertension cut-off points: blood pressures of ≥140/90 mmHg and ≥130/85 mmHg. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were assessed, and anthropometric, sociodemographic, and behavioral information were collected. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for the entire sample and restricted to postmenopausal women using multivariable conditional logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) was significantly higher in cases (37.1%) than controls (17.1%) for the entire sample and in postmenopausal pairs (44.0% compared to 23.8%). In crude and adjusted models, hypertensive women had a 4-fold increased risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.8; 9.6) compared to non-hypertensive women in the entire sample. We found a similar association in the postmenopausal group (adjusted odds ratio: 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.1; 7.4). A significant effect was also observed when hypertension was defined as blood pressure of ≥130/85 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant association was found between hypertension and breast cancer over the entire sample and when restricted to postmenopausal women. Hypertension is highly prevalent in Latin America and may be a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer; therefore, a small association between hypertension and breast cancer may have broad implications.
authors: School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Pereira
authors: Maria Luisa
authors: ML
authors: Garmendia
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: Alvarado
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Albala
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors