title: Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The magnitude of lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has radically increased along with the high prevalence of obesity in children. The spotlight is now on dysfunctional adiposity as a precursor for the development of premature CVD. As full-blown CVD is not present in childhood, there is a critical need for surrogate markers to best assess, predict, and treat the children who are vulnerable to developing CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accumulation of excess fat mass can be conceived as a derangement in the balance between energy intake and expenditure. This appears to provoke various structural and metabolic alterations leading to adipocyte dysfunction, with important cardiovascular health consequences. Subclinical inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction appear to play important roles early in the clinical course of obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between biomarkers and noninvasive measures of early atherosclerosis in children continue to emerge and several biomarkers appear to be promising. At present, there are no explicit data to recommend any of these biomarkers as a routine clinical marker of CVD in children. More work is needed to validate these biomarkers and to improve understanding of their role in CVD risk prediction in the pediatric population.
authors: Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32207, USA.
authors: Jose A
authors: JA
authors: Canas
authors: Shawn
authors: S
authors: Sweeten
authors: Prabhakaran Babu
authors: PB
authors: Balagopal
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers