title: In vivo genetic manipulation of cortical progenitors in gyrencephalic carnivores using in utero electroporation.
abstract: Brain structures such as the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) and the inner fiber layer (IFL) in the developing cerebral cortex are especially prominent in higher mammals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the OSVZ are still largely unknown, mainly because genetic manipulations that can be applied to the OSVZ in higher mammals had been poorly available. Here we developed and validated a rapid and efficient genetic manipulation technique for germinal zones including the OSVZ using in utero electroporation in developing gyrencephalic carnivore ferrets. We also determined the optimal conditions for using in utero electroporation to express transgenes in germinal zones. Using our electroporation procedure, the morphology of GFP-positive cells in the OSVZ was clearly visible even without immunostaining, and multiple genes were efficiently co-expressed in the same cells. Furthermore, we uncovered that fibers, which seemed to correspond to those in the IFL of monkeys, also existed in ferrets, and were derived from newly generated cortical neurons. Our technique promises to be a powerful tool for investigating the fundamental mechanisms underlying the formation and abnormalities of the cerebral cortex in higher mammals.
authors: Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo ,  Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 ,  Japan ; Global COE Program "Comprehensive Center of Education and Research for Chemical Biology of the Diseases", The University of Tokyo ,  Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 ,  Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Kawasaki
authors: Tomohisa
authors: T
authors: Toda
authors: Kaori
authors: K
authors: Tanno
keywords: Cerebral cortex; Ferret; In utero electroporation; Inner fiber layer; Outer radial glia; Outer subventricular zone