title: The push-pull tactic for mitigation of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage in lodgepole and whitebark pines.
abstract: In an attempt to improve semiochemical-based treatments for protecting forest stands from bark beetle attack, we compared push-pull versus push-only tactics for protecting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.)  stands from attack by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in two studies. The first was conducted on replicated 4.04-ha plots in lodgepole pine stands (California, 2008) and the second on 0.81-ha plots in whitebark pine stands (Washington, 2010). In both studies,  D. ponderosae population levels were moderate to severe. The treatments were 1) push-only (D. ponderosae antiaggregant semiochemicals alone); 2) push-pull (D. ponderosae antiaggregants plus perimeter traps placed at regular intervals, baited with four-component  D. ponderosae aggregation pheromone); and 3) untreated controls. We installed monitoring traps baited with two-component D. ponderosae lures inside each plot to assess effect of treatments on beetle flight. In California, fewer beetles were collected in push-pull treated  plots than in control plots, but push-only did not have a significant effect on trap catch. Both treatments significantly reduced the rate of mass and strip attacks by D. ponderosae, but the difference in attack rates between push-pull and push-only was not significant. In Washington,  both push-pull and push-only treatments significantly reduced numbers of beetles caught in traps. Differences between attack rates in treated and control plots in Washington were not significant, but the push-only treatment reduced attack rates by 30% compared with both the control  and push-pull treatment. We conclude that, at these spatial scales and beetle densities, push-only may be preferable for mitigating D. ponderosae attack because it is much less expensive, simpler, and adding trap-out does not appear to improve efficacy.
authors: USDA Forest Service, Pacific SW Research Station, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA. ngillette2@fs.fed
authors: Nancy E
authors: NE
authors: Gillette
authors: Constance J
authors: CJ
authors: Mehmel
authors: Sylvia R
authors: SR
authors: Mori
authors: Jeffrey N
authors: JN
authors: Webster
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Wood
authors: Nadir
authors: N
authors: Erbilgin
authors: Donald R
authors: DR
authors: Owen
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D002140:California; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D028223:Pinus; D011156:Population Density; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D010675:Pheromones; D013729:Terpenes; C052875:verbenone