title: Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: the PREDIMED study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological data have shown an inverse association between the consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and the risk of cardiovascular disease or overall mortality. A comprehensive estimation of individual polyphenol intake in nutritional cohorts is needed to gain a better understanding of this association. The aim of this study was to estimate the quantitative intake of polyphenols and the major dietary sources in the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) cohort using individual food consumption records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PREDIMED study is a large, parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, controlled 5-year feeding trial aimed at assessing the effects of the Mediterranean diet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A total of 7200 participants, aged 55-80 years, completed a validated 1-year food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. Polyphenol consumption was calculated by matching food consumption data from the FFQ with the recently developed Phenol-Explorer database on polyphenol content in foods. The mean total polyphenol intake was 820 ± 323 mg day⁻¹ (443 ± 218 mg day⁻¹ of flavonoids and 304 ± 156 mg day⁻¹ of phenolic acids). Hydroxycinnamic acids were the phenolic group with the highest consumption and 5-caffeoylquinic acid was the most abundantly ingested individual polyphenol. The consumption of olives and olive oil was a differentiating factor in the phenolic profile of this Spanish population compared with other countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Mediterranean countries, such as Spain, the main dietary source of polyphenols is coffee and fruits, but the most important differentiating factor with respect to other countries is the consumption of polyphenols from olives and olive oil.
authors: Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Madrid, Spain; RETICS RD06/0045, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tresserra-Rimbau
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Medina-Remón
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Pérez-Jiménez
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Martínez-González
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Covas
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Corella
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Salas-Salvadó
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Gómez-Gracia
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lapetra
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Arós
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fiol
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Ros
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Serra-Majem
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Pintó
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Muñoz
authors: G T
authors: GT
authors: Saez
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Ruiz-Gutiérrez
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Warnberg
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Estruch
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Lamuela-Raventós
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D003069:Coffee; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; D010938:Plant Oils; D059808:Polyphenols; D011801:Quinic Acid; C473200:5-caffeoylquinic acid
keywords: Consumption; Mediterranean diet; Olive oil; PREDIMED study; Phenol-Explorer database; Polyphenols