title: Reference ranges for the urinary steroid profile in a Latin-American population.
abstract: The urinary steroid profile has been used in clinical endocrinology for the early detection of enzyme deficiencies. In the field of doping, its evaluation in urine samples is used to diagnose the abuse of substances prohibited in sport. This profile is influenced by sex, age, exercise, diet, and ethnicity, among others; laboratories own reference ranges might compensate for ethnic differences among population and inter-laboratory biases. This paper shows the reference ranges obtained in the Antidoping Laboratory of Havana for the following steroid profile parameters: ten androgens (testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol, dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrosterone and 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone), three estrogens (estradiol, estriol and estrone), two pregnanes (pregnanediol and pregnanetriol) and two corticosteroids (cortisol and tetrahydrocortisol). The urine samples (male: n = 2454 and female: n = 1181) and data obtained are representative of population from Latin-American countries like Cuba, Venezuela, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Chile. Urine samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction with an organic solvent in basic conditions. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Reference ranges were established for each sex, allowing the determination of abnormal profiles as a first diagnostic tool for the detection of the abuse of androgenic anabolic steroids. The comparison with the Caucasian population confirms that the urinary steroid profile is influenced by ethnicity.
authors: Antidoping Laboratory, Sport Medicine Institute, Havana, Cuba. dayamin.cu1@gmail.com
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Martínez-Brito
authors: M T
authors: MT
authors: Correa Vidal
authors: X
authors: X
authors: de la Torre
authors: V
authors: V
authors: García-Mir
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Ledea Lozano
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Granda Fraga
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000652:urine; D000728:Androgens / Q000652:urine; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004967:Estrogens / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000652:urine; D011279:Pregnanetriol / Q000652:urine; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013256:Steroids / Q000652:urine*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D013256:Steroids; D011279:Pregnanetriol; D011276:Pregnanediol
keywords: GC-MS; doping control; ethnicity; non-parametric statistics; reference range; steroid profile