title: Randomized placebo-controlled intervention with n-3 LC-PUFA-supplemented yoghurt: effects on circulating eicosanoids and cardiovascular risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the value of n-3 LC-PUFA-enriched yogurt as means of improving cardiovascular health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty three mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects (TAG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L) participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel designed study. The subjects consumed 1) control yoghurt; 2) yoghurt enriched with 0.8 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d; or 3) yoghurt enriched with 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA/d for a period of 10 wks. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and the end of the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following daily intake of 3 g n-3 LC-PUFA for 10 weeks, n-3 LC-PUFA levels increased significantly in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) with concomitant increase in the EPA-derived mediators (PGE₃, 12-, 15-, 18-HEPE) in plasma whilst cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL, TAG, AA/EPA ratio, and n-3 index were improved (P < 0.05); the decrease of TAG and increase in HDL were associated with the CD36 genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed increase of n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC and plasma lipids due to intake of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched yoghurt resulted in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory mediators showing that daily consumption of n-3 PUFA enriched yoghurt can be an effective way of supplementing the daily diet and improving cardiovascular health.
authors: Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Dawczynski
authors: Karen A
authors: KA
authors: Massey
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Ness
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Kiehntopf
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Stepanow
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Platzer
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Grün
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Nicolaou
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Jahreis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D015777:Eicosanoids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL
keywords: 17S-HDHA; 17S-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid; AA; ALA; BF(3); Blood lipids; CAD; CHD; CLA; COX; CRP; CYP450; Cytokines; DGLA; DHA; Dairy products; EPA; Eicosanoids; FAME; FFP; Food Frequency Protocol; HDL; HEPE; HETE; HETrE; HODE; IFN; IL; LA; LDL; LOX; LPS; LT; MUFA; OC; PG; PL; PPAR; RBC; RRs; Rv; SFA; SNPs; SREBPs; TAG; TBX; TC; TLC; TNFα; VLDL; arachidonic acid; boron trifluoride; c-reactive protein; conjugated linoleic acids; coronary artery diseases; coronary heart disease; cyclooxygenase; cytochrome P450 monooxygenases; dihomo-γ-linolenic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; fatty acid methyl esters; high density lipoprotein; hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid; hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid; hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid; hydroxy-octadecaenoic acid; interferon; interleukin; leukotrienes; linoleic acid; lipopolysaccharide; lipoxygenase; low density lipoprotein; monounsaturated fatty acids; n-3 LC-PUFA; n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; osteoclast; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; plasma lipids; prostaglandins; red blood cells; relative ratios; resolvin; saturated fatty acids; single nucleotide polymorphisms; sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; thin layer chromatography; thromboxanes; total cholesterol; triacylglycerides; tumor necrosis factor alpha; very low density lipoprotein; α-linolenic acid