title: The relationship between the extent of collaboration of general practitioners and pharmacists and the implementation of recommendations arising from medication review: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have investigated the effect of medication review on a variety of outcomes, but the elements of the interventions have been quite diverse. Moreover, implementation rates of recommendations also vary widely between studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate how the extent of collaboration between the general practitioner (GP) and the pharmacist impacts on the implementation of recommendations arising from medication review.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 2000 and April 2012. Keywords included medication review, medication therapy management, pharmaceutical services and drug utilization review. Sixteen articles (describing 14 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) out of 620 titles met the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria for the review were medication review, RCT design, involvement of both pharmacist and GP, and home-dwelling patients (mean age >70 years) who had not been recently discharged. After quality assessment of the article, the presence of the following eight key elements reflecting collaboration were scored for each intervention: pharmacist with clinical experience, own pharmacist involved, sharing of medical records, patient interview by pharmacist, invitation of patients by GP, case conference between GP and pharmacist, action plan, follow-up. The primary outcome was the implementation rate of recommendations. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the association between the implementation rate and the number of key elements present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve RCTs were included after quality assessment. The mean number of key elements within the intervention was 5.2 (range 1-8). The mean implementation rate of recommendations was 50 % (range 17-86). The association between the number of key elements present in the intervention and the implementation rate of recommendations was significant: β = 0.085 (95 % CI 0.052-0.128; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review shows a significant association between the number of key elements of the intervention reflecting collaborative aspects in medication review and the implementation rate of recommendations.
authors: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.f.kwint@uu.nl
authors: Henk-Frans
authors: HF
authors: Kwint
authors: Lynette
authors: L
authors: Bermingham
authors: Adrianne
authors: A
authors: Faber
authors: Jacobijn
authors: J
authors: Gussekloo
authors: Marcel L
authors: ML
authors: Bouvy
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D058005:General Practitioners; D006801:Humans; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D010595:Pharmacists