title: High-risk human papilloma virus infection of the foreskin in asymptomatic boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and genotypes of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the foreskin in asymptomatic boys before first sexual intercourse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 50 consecutive foreskin specimens after radical circumcision. Indication for surgery was phimosis. High-risk HPV status was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59. Immunohistochemistry for p16(INK4a) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age at the time of surgery was 5.5 years (range, 5 months-15 years). High-risk HPV was detected in 6 of 50 foreskins (12%). All positive samples showed HPV16. No association with age or grade of phimosis was observed. Two samples were focally positive for p16(INK4a), both of which were HPV-negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a significant proportion of boys, subclinical high-risk HPV infections are found in the foreskin, which could be a reservoir for HPV-associated diseases. Our study generates the hypothesis that nonsexual routes play significant roles in HPV transmission. Because the human foreskin represents a high-risk HPV reservoir, vaccination may be also advised in boys.
authors: Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: de Martino
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Haitel
authors: Fritz
authors: F
authors: Wrba
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Schatzl
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Klatte
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Waldert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral; D052816:Foreskin / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral