title: Reconstruction of the thumb amputation at the carpometacarpal joint level by groin flap and second toe transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic loss of thumb at the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint level is very disabling to an individual. Pollicisation is the recommended technique of reconstruction for loss of thumb at this level. On occasions, injury to the rest of the hand or amputation of additional fingers may make pollicisation an impossible option. Microsurgical transfer of second toe is an option in such situations. Although many large series of toe transfers are available in the literature, no series deals exclusively with this subset of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients who had amputation of the thumb at or proximal to the CMC joint level were reconstructed by second toe transfer by us in the period 2002-2011. All had preliminary groin flap cover in the area of the thumb during the acute stage of treatment. Second toe with the metatarsal was transferred for thumb reconstruction after a mean duration of 3 months after flap cover. Patients were assessed for their ability to pinch, hold large objects and opposition achieved by Kapandji score. Average follow up is 4 years and 6 months with a minimum of 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All toe transfers survived. They reached their maximum functional potential by 1 year. All patients actively used the reconstructed thumb for day to day activities. Pinch was possible in all patients except two patients who did not have any fingers. Six of them registered grip strength of at least 50% of the opposite hand. When fingers were present, opposition was possible in all patients with Kapandji scores ranging from 5 to 8. Extent of usage was less in patients who did not have good function in other fingers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Second toe transfer is a viable option for reconstruction of thumb loss at or proximal to the CMC joint level. Proper planning of the preliminary flap cover determines the length of the thumb reconstruction. Strategic position of the transferred toe of adequate length and the functional status of the other fingers are important determinants of functional outcome.
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, 313 Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India. Electronic address: rajahand@vsnl.com.
authors: S Raja
authors: SR
authors: Sabapathy
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, 313 Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India.
authors: Hari
authors: H
authors: Venkatramani
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, 313 Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, 641043, India.
authors: Praveen
authors: P
authors: Bhardwaj
mesh_terms: D000673:Amputation, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D052737:Carpometacarpal Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006119:Groin / Q000098:blood supply*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D013933:Thumb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D014034:Toes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome