title: Spoligotyping of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Ethiopia.
abstract: METHODS
  St Peter Tuberculosis (TB) Specialized Hospital and the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To genotype multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates and assess the magnitude of their clustering.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 183 consecutive MDR-TB isolates collected between September 2009 and February 2012 were characterised using molecular typing. Prior to the study, the isolates were confirmed as MDR-TB using GenoType MTBDRplus. Recent transmission index was used to analyse the clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spoligotyping identified 43 different patterns, of which 17 consisted of at least two isolates forming clusters, while 26 had only a single isolate. The most frequent patterns were spoligo international typing (SIT) number 21 and 149. Twenty-four patterns did not match existing patterns in the SpolDB4 database. The strains belonged to three lineages, the predominant lineages being Euro-American and Indo-Oceanic, each consisting of 65 isolates. High proportions (86%) of patients were infected with clustered strains, suggesting probable recent transmission of MDR-TB in the study area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation of cluster formation of the spoligotype patterns of MDR-TB isolates could suggest transmission of MDR-TB strains among the population, thus warranting further attention.
authors: St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Diriba
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Berkessa
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mamo
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Tedla
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Ameni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial