title: Toxic effects of environment-friendly antifoulant nonivamide on Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
abstract: Nonivamide, a synthetic derivate of natural capsaicin, has an effective antifouling activity. However, the poor understanding of the toxicity mechanism limits the application of nonivamide in antifouling paints. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects and toxicity mechanism of nonivamide on Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Under a 1.5 × 10(5) cells/ml of initial algal density (IAD), the effective concentration causing 50% inhibition at 4- d (4 d-EC50) value of nonivamide was 5.1 mg/L. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was significantly increased in nonivamide-treated algae. Algal antioxidants, including catalases (CAT), peroxidases (POD), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), were all stimulated by the ROS burst. The excessive ROS substances led to the loss of algal photosynthetic pigments and also damage to the integrity of the lipid membrane. Furthermore, ROS-related genes, including psbA, psbD, psaB, rbcL, nad1, and cob, were found to be suppressed in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of nonivamide-treated algae, and the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) , an important regulator of chloroplast and mitochondrion, was elevated. The present study demonstrates that nonivamide could cause peroxidative damages to P. tricornutum by inducing ROS overproduction, which may be initiated by the suppression of ROS-related genes in algal chloroplasts and mitochondria.
authors: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong, China.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: Cuiyun
authors: C
authors: Yang
authors: Jianhua
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Pengcheng
authors: P
authors: Sun
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Fan
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Tian
authors: Sujing
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Chuanhai
authors: C
authors: Xia
mesh_terms: D002211:Capsaicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017377:Diatoms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010544:Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D002211:Capsaicin; C040937:nonivamide