title: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Diospyros bipindensis (Gürke) extracts and its main constituents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diospyros bipindensis (Gürke) stem bark is used in Cameroon by Baka Pygmies for the treatment of respiratory disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of constituents from the bark extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts, fractions and pure compounds was assessed through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediator nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and nitric oxide (NO) production. DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays were used for determining the antioxidant properties. The activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was evaluated on the basis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by the macrodilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The water extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. pneumoniae (MIC: 300 μg/ml) and S. pyogenes (MIC: 300 μg/ml). The dichloromethane extract efficiently inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity and NO production and exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the ORAC assay. An interesting activity was also found against S. pneumoniae (MIC: 200 μg/ml), S. aureus (MIC: 400 μg/ml) and S. pyogenes (MIC: 200 μg/ml). The phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract afforded plumbagin, canaliculatin, ismailin, betulinic acid and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin as the main constituents. Plumbagin and ismailin were found to be responsible for the main biological activities observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may provide a rational support for the traditional use of Diospyros bipindensis stem bark in the treatment of respiratory disorders, since the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds isolated from the dichloromethane extract were also present in the traditional water extract.
authors: Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Cesari
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hoerlé
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Simoes-Pires
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Grisoli
authors: E F
authors: EF
authors: Queiroz
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Dacarro
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Marcourt
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Moundipa
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Carrupt
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cuendet
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Caccialanza
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Wolfender
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Brusotti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D029788:Diospyros; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D024301:Plant Bark; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C014758:plumbagin; D000094062:Betulinic Acid