title: Dynamics of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in HIV-exposed young infants in Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation (NPBC) patterns in young Tanzanian HIV-exposed infants and to analyse the influence of maternal NPBC and of the infant's HIV status on the NPBC pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study of neonates born to HIV-infected mothers visiting Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania, between 2005 and 2009. Demographic and clinical data and nasopharyngeal bacterial cultures were obtained at the age of 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, and at one time point, a paired mother-infant nasopharyngeal swab was taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and twenty-two swabs were taken from 338 eligible infants. At 6 weeks of age, colonisation rates were 66% for Staphylococcus aureus, 56% for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 50% for Moraxella catarrhalis and 14% for Haemophilus influenzae. Colonisation with S. aureus diminished over time and was more common in HIV-infected infants. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae colonisation rose over time and was more prevalent in HIV-uninfected children. Co-colonisation of S. pneumoniae with H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis was mostly noticed in HIV-infected infants. S. pneumoniae and M.catarrhalis colonisation of the mother was a risk factor for colonisation in HIV-uninfected infants, while maternal S. aureus colonisation was a risk factor for colonisation in HIV-infected infants. Among the 104 S. pneumoniae isolates, 19F was most prevalent, and 57 (55%) displayed capsular serotypes represented in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPBC was common in Tanzanian HIV-exposed infants. The significant prevalence of pneumococcal vaccine serotypes colonising this paediatric population justifies the use of the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine to reduce the burden of pneumococcal invasive disease.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.
authors: G D
authors: GD
authors: Kinabo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: van der Ven
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Msuya
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Shayo
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Schimana
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ndaro
authors: H A G H
authors: HA
authors: van Asten
authors: W M V
authors: WM
authors: Dolmans
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Warris
authors: P W M
authors: PW
authors: Hermans
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis; D009035:Mothers; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines