title: Association between habitual dietary intake and lipoprotein subclass profile in healthy young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nutritional epidemiology is increasingly shifting its focus from studying single nutrients to the exploration of the whole diet utilizing dietary pattern analysis. We analyzed associations between habitual diet (including macronutrients, dietary patterns, biomarker of fish intake) and lipoprotein particle subclass profile in young adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete dietary data (food-frequency questionnaire) and lipoprotein subclass profile (via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were available for 663 subjects from the population-based FinnTwin12 study (57% women, age: 21-25 y). The serum docosahexaenoic to total fatty acid ratio was used as a biomarker of habitual fish consumption. Factor analysis identified 5 dietary patterns: "Fruit and vegetables", "Meat", "Sweets and desserts", "Junk food" and "Fish". After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol intake, the "Junk food" pattern was positively related to serum triglycerides (r = 0.12, P = 0.002), a shift in the subclass distribution of VLDL toward larger particles (r = 0.12 for VLDL size, P < 0.001) and LDL toward smaller particles (r = -0.15 for LDL size, P < 0.001). In addition, higher scores on this pattern were positively correlated with concentrations of small, dense HDL (r = 0.16, P < 0.001). Habitual fish intake associated negatively with VLDL particle diameter ("Fish" pattern and biomarker) and positively with HDL particle diameter (biomarker).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that in young adults, higher habitual fish consumption is related to favorable subclass distributions of VLDL and HDL, while junk food intake is associated with unfavorable alterations in the distribution of all lipoprotein subclasses independent of adiposity and other lifestyle factors.
authors: The Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: leonie-helen.bogl@helsinki.fi.
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Bogl
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Pietiläinen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rissanen
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Kangas
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Soininen
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Rose
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ala-Korpela
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kaprio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005399:Fishes; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010316:Particle Size; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008074:Lipoproteins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids
keywords: Dietary patterns; Junk food; Lipoprotein particle profile; Macronutrient intake; Serum fatty acids