title: Hydrophobic flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis induce colorectal             cancer cell apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway.
abstract: Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SbE) has been shown to exert chemopreventive effects on several types of cancer. Baicalin, a hydrophilic flavonoid found in SbE, may have opposing effects that decrease the antitumor potential of SbE against colorectal cancer. In this study, after removing baicalin, we prepared an aglycone-rich fraction (ARF) of SbE and evaluated its anti-proliferative activity and mechanisms of action. The flavonoids found in ARF, baicalin fraction (BF) and SbE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of ARF, BF, SbE and representative flavonoids on the proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells were determined by an MTS assay. The cell cycle, the expression of cyclins A and B1 and cell apoptosis were assayed using flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related gene expression was visualized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated following staining with JC-1. HPLC analysis showed that ARF contained two hydrophobic flavonoids, baicalein and wogonin, and that BF contained only baicalin. SbE had little anti-proliferative effect on the colorectal cancer cells; cancer cell growth was even observed at certain concentrations. ARF exerted potent anti-proliferative effects on the cancer cells. By contrast, BF increased cancer cell growth. ARF arrested cells in the S and G2/M phases, increased the expression of cyclins A and B1, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Multiple genes in the mitochondrial pathway are involved in ARF-induced apoptosis, and subsequent cellular functional analysis validated the involvement of this pathway. These results suggest that removing baicalin from SbE produces an ARF that significantly inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a role in hydrophobic flavonoid-induced apoptosis.
authors: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. cwang@dacc.uchicago.edu
authors: Chong-Zhi
authors: CZ
authors: Wang
authors: Tyler D
authors: TD
authors: Calway
authors: Xiao-Dong
authors: XD
authors: Wen
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Smith
authors: Chunhao
authors: C
authors: Yu
authors: Yunwei
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Sangeeta R
authors: SR
authors: Mehendale
authors: Chun-Su
authors: CS
authors: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018890:Chemoprevention; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059807:S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D031364:Scutellaria baicalensis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D019925:Cyclin A; D056744:Cyclin B1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D039823:Iridoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; C499814:Scutellaria baicalensis extract; C038044:baicalin; C085514:wogonin