title: Effects of smoking on the genetic risk of obesity: the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although smoking behavior is known to affect body mass index (BMI), the potential for smoking to influence genetic associations with BMI is largely unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the 'Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE)' Consortium, we investigated interaction between genetic risk factors associated with BMI and smoking for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in genome-wide association studies. We included 6 studies with a total of 56,466 subjects (16,750 African Americans (AA) and 39,716 European Americans (EA)). We assessed effect modification by testing an interaction term for each SNP and smoking (current vs. former/never) in the linear regression and by stratified analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not observe strong evidence for interactions and only observed two interactions with p-values <0.1: for rs6548238/TMEM18, the risk allele (C) was associated with BMI only among AA females who were former/never smokers (β = 0.018, p = 0.002), vs. current smokers (β = 0.001, p = 0.95, p(interaction) = 0.10). For rs9939609/FTO, the A allele was more strongly associated with BMI among current smoker EA females (β = 0.017, p = 3.5 x 10(-5)), vs. former/never smokers (β = 0.006, p = 0.05, p(interaction) = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses provide limited evidence that smoking status may modify genetic effects of previously identified genetic risk factors for BMI. Larger studies are needed to follow up our results.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00000611.
authors: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
authors: Megan D
authors: MD
authors: Fesinmeyer
authors: Kari E
authors: KE
authors: North
authors: Unhee
authors: U
authors: Lim
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Bůžková
authors: Dana C
authors: DC
authors: Crawford
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Haessler
authors: Myron D
authors: MD
authors: Gross
authors: Jay H
authors: JH
authors: Fowke
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Goodloe
authors: Shelley-Ann
authors: SA
authors: Love
authors: Misa
authors: M
authors: Graff
authors: Christopher S
authors: CS
authors: Carlson
authors: Lewis H
authors: LH
authors: Kuller
authors: Tara C
authors: TC
authors: Matise
authors: Ching-Ping
authors: CP
authors: Hong
authors: Brian E
authors: BE
authors: Henderson
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Allen
authors: Rebecca R
authors: RR
authors: Rohde
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Mayo
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Schnetz-Boutaud
authors: Kristine R
authors: KR
authors: Monroe
authors: Marylyn D
authors: MD
authors: Ritchie
authors: Ross L
authors: RL
authors: Prentice
authors: Lawrence N
authors: LN
authors: Kolonel
authors: JoAnn E
authors: JE
authors: Manson
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Pankow
authors: Lucia A
authors: LA
authors: Hindorff
authors: Nora
authors: N
authors: Franceschini
authors: Lynne R
authors: LR
authors: Wilkens
authors: Christopher A
authors: CA
authors: Haiman
authors: Loic
authors: L
authors: Le Marchand
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Peters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C530715:TMEM18 protein, human; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human