title: Cannabinoid receptor 1 inhibition improves the intestinal microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairment of the intestinal microcirculation in endotoxemia may cause a deterioration of the mucosal barrier function thus releasing intraluminal bacteria and their toxins into the systemic circulation. In clinical sepsis this mechanism may influence disease severity and outcome. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) modulation within the intestinal microcirculation with regard to leukocyte activation and capillary perfusion, and on intestinal histology in experimental endotoxemia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endotoxemia was induced by intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We studied 5 groups of animals: controls (CON), LPS, LPS + CB1R agonist (ACEA, 2.5 mg/kg), LPS + CB1R antagonist (AM281, 2 mg/kg) and LPS + CB1R agonist (ACEA, 2.5 mg/kg) + CB1R antagonist (AM281, 2 mg/kg). Intestinal intravital microscopy (IVM) was performed two hours following LPS/placebo administration. Intestinal leukocyte adhesion in submucosal venules and functional capillary density (FCD) of the intestinal wall was quantified using IVM. Histological changes were assessed using a standardized injury score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After two hours of endotoxemia, we observed a significant increase of leukocyte adhesion in intestinal submucosal venules. Administration of the CB1R antagonist in endotoxemic animals significantly reduced the number of adhering leukocytes (p < 0.05). The CB1R agonist did not further increase leukocyte adhesion. FCD was significantly improved by the CB1R antagonist (p < 0.05). Administration of the CB1R agonist, ACEA, reversed the beneficial effect of the CB1R antagonist, AM281.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CB1R inhibition significantly improved intestinal microcirculation by reducing leukocyte adhesion and increasing FCD in acute endotoxemia in rats. The data supports the involvement of the CB1R signaling in leukocyte activation during sepsis. Drugs targeting the CB1R may have therapeutic potential in systemic inflammation, such as sepsis.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Mandana
authors: M
authors: Kianian
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Melanie E M
authors: ME
authors: Kelly
authors: Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Orlando
authors: O
authors: Hung
authors: Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Cerny
authors: Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Geoffrey
authors: G
authors: Rowden
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002186:Cannabinoids; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids
keywords: Sepsis; cannabinoid receptor; endotoxemia; intestine; intravital microscopy; leukocyte adherence; microcirculation