title: Evidence for the use of Levomepromazine for symptom control in the palliative care setting: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levomepromazine is an antipsychotic drug that is used clinically for a variety of distressing symptoms in palliative and end-of-life care. We undertook a systematic review based on the question "What is the published evidence for the use of levomepromazine in palliative symptom control?".
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the level of evidence for the use of levomepromazine in palliative symptom control, and to discover gaps in evidence, relevant studies were identified using a detailed, multi-step search strategy. Emerging data was then scrutinized using appropriate assessment tools, and the strength of evidence systematically graded in accordance with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's 'levels of evidence' tool. The electronic databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsychInfo and Ovid Nursing, together with hand-searching and cross-referencing provided the full research platform on which the review is based.
  
  
  RESULTS
  33 articles including 9 systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria: 15 on palliative sedation, 8 regarding nausea and three on delirium and restlessness, one on pain and six with other foci. The studies varied greatly in both design and sample size. Levels of evidence ranged from level 2b to level 5, with the majority being level 3 (non-randomized, non-consecutive or cohort studies n = 22), with the quality of reporting for the included studies being only low to medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levomepromazine is widely used in palliative care as antipsychotic, anxiolytic, antiemetic and sedative drug. However, the supporting evidence is limited to open series and case reports. Thus prospective randomized trials are needed to support evidence-based guidelines.
authors: Clinic for Anaesthesiology HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany. Isabel.Dietz@helios-kliniken.de.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Dietz
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Schmitz
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Lampey
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Schulz