title: Influence of ketamine on the cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine with subsequent reversal with atipamezole in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine (DB) and dexmedetomidine-buprenorphine-ketamine (DBK) in dogs with subsequent reversal with atipamezole.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  5 healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were instrumented for cardiac output (CO) measurement and received DB (15 μg of dexmedetomidine/kg [6.8 μg/lb] and 40 μg of buprenorphine/kg [18.2 μg/lb]) or DBK (DB plus 3 mg of ketamine/kg [1.36 mg/lb]) in randomized order while breathing room air. Atipamezole (150 μg/kg [68.2 μg/lb], IM) was administered 1 hour later. Hemodynamic data were collected in the conscious dogs and then at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after drug administration. Lactate concentration was measured in mixed venous blood samples. Oxygen delivery (Do(2)) and oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]o(2)) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate (HR), CO, and Do(2) decreased after DB and DBK administration. The [Formula: see text]o(2) did not change in the DB group but decreased in the DBK group. The HR was higher in the DBK group than in the DB group throughout the study, but the CO, Do(2), and [Formula: see text]o(2) values were similar for the 2 groups. Blood lactate concentrations remained low (< 1 mmol/L) throughout the study. Arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnea occurred in both groups. Mean arterial blood pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure were markedly increased in both groups, but to a greater extent in the DBK group. After atipamezole administration, HR, CO, and Do(2) returned to the baseline values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding ketamine to the DB combination allowed dogs to maintain a higher HR and delayed the onset of sinus arrhythmias but failed to provide a significantly higher CO because of a reduction in stroke volume.
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. jcko@purdue.edu
authors: Jeff C
authors: JC
authors: Ko
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Barletta
authors: Ismail
authors: I
authors: Sen
authors: Ann B
authors: AB
authors: Weil
authors: Rebecca A
authors: RA
authors: Krimins
authors: Mark E
authors: ME
authors: Payton
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Constable
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D002047:Buprenorphine; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007649:Ketamine; D010100:Oxygen