title: C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein response in pigs simultaneously infected with H1N1 swine influenza virus and Pasteurella multocida.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by swine influenza virus (SIV). Swine influenza is generally characterized by acute onset of fever and respiratory symptoms. The most frequent complications of influenza are secondary bacterial pneumonia. The objective of this work was to study the acute phase proteins (APP) responses after coinfection of piglets with H1N1 swine influenza virus (SwH1N1) and Pasteurella multocida (Pm) in order to identify whether the individual APP response correlate with disease severity and whether APP could be used as markers of the health status of coinfected pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all coinfected pigs clinical sings, including fever, coughing and dyspnea, were seen. Viral shedding was observed from 2 to 7 dpi. The mean level of antibodies against Pm dermonecrotoxin in infected piglets increase significantly from 7 dpi. Anti-SwH1N1 antibodies in the serum were detected from 7 dpi. The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) increased significantly at 1 dpi as compared to control pigs, and remained significantly higher to 3 dpi. Level of serum amyloid A (SAA) was significantly higher from 2 to 3 dpi. Haptoglobin (Hp) was significantly elevated from 3 dpi to the end of study, while pig major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) from 3 to 7 dpi. The concentrations of CRP, Hp and SAA significantly increased before specific antibodies were detected. Positive correlations were found between serum concentration of Hp and SAA and lung scores, and between clinical score and concentrations of Pig-MAP and SAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of current study confirmed that monitoring of APP may revealed ongoing infection, and in this way may be useful in selecting clinically healthy pigs (i.e. before integration into an uninfected herd). Present results corroborated our previous findings that SAA could be a potentially useful indicator in experimental infection studies (e.g. vaccine efficiency investigations) or as a marker for disease severity, because of correlation observed between its concentration in serum and disease severity (lung scores, clinical scores).
authors: Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Pulawy 24-100, Poland. mpomorska@piwet.pulawy.pl
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Pomorska-Mól
authors: Iwona
authors: I
authors: Markowska-Daniel
authors: Krzysztof
authors: K
authors: Kwit
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Stępniewska
authors: Zygmunt
authors: Z
authors: Pejsak
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010326:Pasteurella Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D016979:Pasteurella multocida; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D006242:Haptoglobins; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein