title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation after spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the basic principles and techniques of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and provide information and evidence regarding its applications in spinal cord injury clinical rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the available current and historical literature regarding TMS was conducted, and a discussion of its potential use in spinal cord injury rehabilitation is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMS provides reliable information about the functional integrity and conduction properties of the corticospinal tracts and motor control in the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of various neurological disorders. It allows one to follow the evolution of motor control and to evaluate the effects of different therapeutic procedures. Motor-evoked potentials can be useful in follow-up evaluation of motor function during treatment and rehabilitation, specifically in patients with spinal cord injury and stroke. Although studies regarding somatomotor functional recovery after spinal cord injury have shown promise, more trials are required to provide strong and substantial evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMS is a promising noninvasive tool for the treatment of spasticity, neuropathic pain, and somatomotor deficit after spinal cord injury. Further investigation is needed to demonstrate whether different protocols and applications of stimulation, as well as alternative cortical sites of stimulation, may induce more pronounced and beneficial clinical effects.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Basem I
authors: BI
authors: Awad
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Margaret A
authors: MA
authors: Carmody
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Xiaoming
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Vernon W
authors: VW
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: MSteinmetz@metrohealth.org.
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injury; Transcranial magnetic stimulation