title: Relationship between changes in selected thrombotic and inflammatory factors, echocardiographic parameters and the incidence of venous thrombosis after pacemaker implantation based on our own observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombosis (VTh) is a rare dangerous complication of pacemaker implantation (PM). The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of change in selected thrombotic and inflammatory factors after PM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 81 patients (30 female, mean age: 71.1 years) with PM, divided into two groups. Group A (71 patients) consisted of patients without VTh, whereas group B (10 patients) comprised the patients with VTh. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and a venous ultrasound (VU) examination were performed. The levels of D-dimers, fibrinogen, tissue factor (TF), factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined in the venous blood. After PM, the TTE and VU examinations were repeated at 6 and 12 months, and blood analyses were performed within 7 days after PM, and subsequently at 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 10 patients of group B, symptomatic VTh occurred at a mean time of 13.06 months after PM. Initially, the levels of IL-6, hsCRP, D-dimers, fibrinogen, TF, VII factor and PAI-1 were considerably higher in group B than in group A. In all patients the levels of these factors kept on increasing for up to 7 days after the procedure. In group A they subsequently decreased, whereas in group B they continued to rise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of inflammatory and thrombotic factors were observed in patients with VTh before and after PM. The factors of highest risk of VTh occurrence were D-dimers, fibrinogen and TF.
authors: Department of Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, The John Paul II Hospital, School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Lelakowski
authors: Teresa Barbara
authors: TB
authors: Domagała
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Rydlewska
authors: Rafał
authors: R
authors: Januszek
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Kotula-Horowitz
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Majewski
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Ząbek
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Małecka
keywords: cardiac pacing; inflammatory and thrombotic factors; venous thrombosis