title: Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 protect scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panax ginseng (family Araliaceae) is traditionally used as a remedy for cancer, inflammation, stress and aging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3, the main constituents of heat-processed ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng), could protect memory deficit.
  
  
  METHODS
  We isolated ginsenosides Rh3 and Rg5 from heated-processed ginseng treated with and without human feces, respectively. Then we investigated their protective effects on memory impairment using the passive avoidance, Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks in mice. Memory deficit was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ginsenosides Rg5 or Rh3 increased the latency time reduced by scopolamine in passive avoidance test. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 or Rh3 significantly reversed the lowered spontaneous alteration induced by scopolamine in Y-maze task. Ginsenoisde Rg5 or Rh3 (10 mg/kg) significantly shortened the escape latencies prolonged by treatment with scopolamine on the last day of training trial sessions in Morris water maze task. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 18.4 and 10.2 μM, respectively. The inhibitory potency of ginsenoside Rh3 is comparable with that of donepezil (IC50=9.9 μM). These ginsenosides also reversed hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation reduced by scopolamine. Of them, ginsenoside Rh3 more potently protected memory deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 may protect memory deficit by inhibiting AChE activity and increasing BDNF expression and CREB activation.
authors: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eun-Jin
authors: EJ
authors: Kim
authors: Il-Hoon
authors: IH
authors: Jung
authors: Thi Kim
authors: TK
authors: Van Le
authors: Jin-Ju
authors: JJ
authors: Jeong
authors: Nam-Jae
authors: NJ
authors: Kim
authors: Dong-Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012601:Scopolamine
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C492004:Creb1 protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C572381:ginsenoside Rg5; C055306:ginsenoside Rh3; D012601:Scopolamine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase