title: Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) and Bacillus sphaericus against Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) leaf extract and Bacillus sphaericus (B. sphaericus) against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi).
  
  
  METHODS
  The larvicidal and pupicidal activity was assayed against An. stephensi at various concentrations ranging from (75-375 ppm) under the laboratory as well as field conditions. The LC(50) and LC(90) value of the E. hirta leaf extract was determined by probit analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plant extract showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval mortality was found in the methanol extract of E. hirta against the first to fourth instars larvae and pupae of values LC(50)= 137.40, 172.65, 217.81, 269.37 and 332.39 ppm; B. sphaericus against the first to fourth instars larvae and pupae of values LC(50)= 44.29, 55.83, 68.51, 82.19 and 95.55 ppm, respectively. Moreover, combined treatment of values of LC(50)= 79.13, 80.42, 86.01, 93.00 and 98.12 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest methanol leaf extracts of E. hirta and B. sphaericus have potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the malarial vector, An. stephensi as target species of vector control programs. This study provides the first report on the combined mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of this plant crude extract and bacterial toxin against An. stephensi mosquitoes.
authors: DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Panneerselvam
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Murugan
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kovendan
authors: P Mahesh
authors: PM
authors: Kumar
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Subramaniam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001407:Bacillus; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019665:Euphorbiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva; D000432:Methanol; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011679:Pupa
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000432:Methanol