title: Mechatronic design of a fully integrated camera for mini-invasive surgery.
abstract: This paper describes the design features of an innovative fully integrated camera candidate for mini-invasive abdominal surgery with single port or transluminal access. The apparatus includes a CMOS imaging sensor, a light-emitting diode (LED)-based unit for scene illumination, a photodiode for luminance detection, an optical system designed according to the mechanical compensation paradigm, an actuation unit for enabling autofocus and optical zoom, and a control logics based on microcontroller. The bulk of the apparatus is characterized by a tubular shape with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 35 mm. The optical system, composed of four lens groups, of which two are mobile, has a total length of 13.46 mm and an effective focal length ranging from 1.61 to 4.44 mm with a zoom factor of 2.75×, with a corresponding angular field of view ranging from 16° to 40°. The mechatronics unit, devoted to move the zoom and the focus lens groups, is implemented adopting miniature piezoelectric motors. The control logics implements a closed-loop mechanism, between the LEDs and photodiode, to attain automatic control light. Bottlenecks of the design and some potential issues of the realization are discussed. A potential clinical scenario is introduced.
authors: Politecnico di Milano University, Milan 20133, Italy. cynthia.zazzarini@mail.polimi.it
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Zazzarini
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Patete
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Baroni
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cerveri
mesh_terms: D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*