title: Acceptance and use of eight arsenic-safe drinking water options in Bangladesh.
abstract: Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a serious public health threat. In Bangladesh, eight major safe water options provide an alternative to contaminated shallow tubewells: piped water supply, deep tubewells, pond sand filters, community arsenic-removal, household arsenic removal, dug wells, well-sharing, and rainwater harvesting. However, it is uncertain how well these options are accepted and used by the at-risk population. Based on the RANAS model (risk, attitudes, norms, ability, and self-regulation) this study aimed to identify the acceptance and use of available safe water options. Cross-sectional face-to-face interviews were used to survey 1,268 households in Bangladesh in November 2009 (n = 872), and December 2010 (n = 396). The questionnaire assessed water consumption, acceptance factors from the RANAS model, and socioeconomic factors. Although all respondents had access to at least one arsenic-safe drinking water option, only 62.1% of participants were currently using these alternatives. The most regularly used options were household arsenic removal filters (92.9%) and piped water supply (85.6%). However, the former result may be positively biased due to high refusal rates of household filter owners. The least used option was household rainwater harvesting (36.6%). Those who reported not using an arsenic-safe source differed in terms of numerous acceptance factors from those who reported using arsenic-safe sources: non-users were characterized by greater vulnerability; showed less preference for the taste and temperature of alternative sources; found collecting safe water quite time-consuming; had lower levels of social norms, self-efficacy, and coping planning; and demonstrated lower levels of commitment to collecting safe water. Acceptance was particularly high for piped water supplies and deep tubewells, whereas dug wells and well-sharing were the least accepted sources. Intervention strategies were derived from the results in order to increase the acceptance and use of each arsenic-safe water option.
authors: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Department of System Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Dübendorf, Switzerland. jennifer.inauen@eawag.ch
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Inauen
authors: Mohammad Mojahidul
authors: MM
authors: Hossain
authors: Richard B
authors: RB
authors: Johnston
authors: Hans-Joachim
authors: HJ
authors: Mosler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001290:Attitude; D001459:Bangladesh; D003710:Demography; D004326:Drinking; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D061005:Ponds; D011891:Rain; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis; D060986:Water Wells / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic