title: History of medically treated diabetes and risk of Alzheimer disease in a nationwide case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes in midlife or late life increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), and type 1 diabetes has been associated with a higher risk of detrimental cognitive outcomes, although studies from older adults are lacking. We investigated whether individuals with AD were more likely to have a history of diabetes than matched controls from the general aged population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on reimbursed diabetes medication (including both type 1 and 2 diabetes) of all Finnish individuals with reimbursed AD medication in 2005 (n = 28,093) and their AD-free control subjects during 1972-2005 was obtained from a special reimbursement register maintained by the Social Insurance Institute of Finland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diabetes was 11.4% in the whole study population, 10.7% (n = 3,012) among control subjects, and 12.0% (n = 3,372) among AD case subjects. People with AD were more likely to have diabetes than matched control subjects (unadjusted OR 1.14 [95% CI 1.08-1.20]), even after adjusting for cardiovascular diseases (OR 1.31 [1.22-1.41]). The associations were stronger with diabetes diagnosed at midlife (adjusted OR 1.60 [1.34-1.84] and 1.25 [1.16-1.36] for midlife and late-life diabetes, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with clinically verified AD are more likely to have a history of clinically verified and medically treated diabetes than the general aged population, although the difference is small.
authors: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. anna-maija.tolppanen@uef.fi
authors: Anna-Maija
authors: AM
authors: Tolppanen
authors: Piia
authors: P
authors: Lavikainen
authors: Alina
authors: A
authors: Solomon
authors: Miia
authors: M
authors: Kivipelto
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Uusitupa
authors: Hilkka
authors: H
authors: Soininen
authors: Sirpa
authors: S
authors: Hartikainen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult