title: Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarise evidence on the association between intake of dietary sugars and body weight in adults and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  OVID Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and Web of Science (up to December 2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies reported the intake of total sugars, intake of a component of total sugars, or intake of sugar containing foods or beverages; and at least one measure of body fatness. Minimum duration was two weeks for trials and one year for cohort studies. Trials of weight loss or confounded by additional medical or lifestyle interventions were excluded. Study selection, assessment, validity, data extraction, and analysis were undertaken as specified by the Cochrane Collaboration and the GRADE working group. For trials, we pooled data for weight change using inverse variance models with random effects. We pooled cohort study data where possible to estimate effect sizes, expressed as odds ratios for risk of obesity or β coefficients for change in adiposity per unit of intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30 of 7895 trials and 38 of 9445 cohort studies were eligible. In trials of adults with ad libitum diets (that is, with no strict control of food intake), reduced intake of dietary sugars was associated with a decrease in body weight (0.80 kg, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 1.21; P<0.001); increased sugars intake was associated with a comparable weight increase (0.75 kg, 0.30 to 1.19; P=0.001). Isoenergetic exchange of dietary sugars with other carbohydrates showed no change in body weight (0.04 kg, -0.04 to 0.13). Trials in children, which involved recommendations to reduce intake of sugar sweetened foods and beverages, had low participant compliance to dietary advice; these trials showed no overall change in body weight. However, in relation to intakes of sugar sweetened beverages after one year follow-up in prospective studies, the odds ratio for being overweight or obese increased was 1.55 (1.32 to 1.82) among groups with the highest intake compared with those with the lowest intake. Despite significant heterogeneity in one meta-analysis and potential bias in some trials, sensitivity analyses showed that the trends were consistent and associations remained after these studies were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among free living people involving ad libitum diets, intake of free sugars or sugar sweetened beverages is a determinant of body weight. The change in body fatness that occurs with modifying intakes seems to be mediated via changes in energy intakes, since isoenergetic exchange of sugars with other carbohydrates was not associated with weight change.
authors: Departments of Human Nutrition and Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Te Morenga
authors: Simonette
authors: S
authors: Mallard
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Mann
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose