title: The effects of diabetes, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, and stroke on quality-adjusted life expectancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) is a summary measure that combines mortality and health-related quality of life across different stages of life. The objective of this study was to estimate QALE loss due to five chronic diseases-diabetes mellitus, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, and stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health-related quality of life scores were from the 1993-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Using age-specific deaths from the Compressed Mortality File, this study constructed life tables to calculate losses in life expectancy and QALE due to each of the five diseases from 1993 through 2009 and for 50 US states and the District of Columbia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2009, the individual-level QALE loss for diabetic people, compared with nondiabetic people, was 11.1 years; for those with hypertension, 6.3 years; for those with asthma, 7.0 years; for those with heart disease, 10.3 years; and for those with stroke, 12.4 years. At the population level, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, and stroke contributed 1.9, 2.2, 0.8, 1.2, and 0.8 years of population QALE loss at age 18 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persons with each of the five diseases had significantly lower life expectancy and QALE. Because the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension has increased significantly in the United States in the last two decades, the burdens of these two conditions, measured by population QALE losses, had increased 83% and 29% from 1993 to 2009, respectively. Also, by examining changes in population QALE loss at different ages, policymakers can identify age groups most affected by particular diseases and develop the most cost-effective interventions by focusing on these groups.
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health and School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. hj2198@columbia.edu
authors: Haomiao
authors: H
authors: Jia
authors: Matthew M
authors: MM
authors: Zack
authors: William W
authors: WW
authors: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D040343:Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult