title: Cross-tolerance in amphibians: wood frog mortality when exposed to three insecticides with a common mode of action.
abstract: Insecticide tolerance and cross-tolerance in nontarget organisms is often overlooked despite its potential to buffer natural systems from anthropogenic influence. We exposed wood frog tadpoles from 15 populations to three acetylcholine esterase-inhibiting insecticides and found widespread variation in insecticide tolerance and evidence for cross-tolerance to these insecticides. Our results demonstrate that amphibian populations with tolerance to one pesticide may be tolerant to many other pesticides.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. jeh115@pitt.edu
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Hua
authors: Rickey
authors: R
authors: Cothran
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Stoler
authors: Rick
authors: R
authors: Relyea
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology*; D008294:Malathion / Q000633:toxicity; D011898:Ranidae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D012721:Carbaryl; D008294:Malathion