title: Indoor air pollution and risk of lung cancer among Chinese female non-smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate indoor particulate matter (PM) level and various indoor air pollution exposure, and to examine their relationships with risk of lung cancer in an urban Chinese population, with a focus on non-smoking women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study in Taiyuan, China, consisting of 399 lung cancer cases and 466 controls, of which 164 cases and 218 controls were female non-smokers. Indoor PM concentrations, including PM(1), PM(2.5), PM(7), PM(10), and TSP, were measured using a particle mass monitor. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals after adjusting for age, education, annual income, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among non-smoking women, lung cancer was strongly associated with multiple sources of indoor air pollution 10 years ago, including heavy exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work (aOR = 3.65), high frequency of cooking (aOR = 3.30), and solid fuel usage for cooking (aOR = 4.08) and heating (aOR(coal stove) = 2.00). Housing characteristics related to poor ventilation, including single-story, less window area, no separate kitchen, no ventilator, and rarely having windows open, are associated with lung cancer. Indoor medium PM(2.5) concentration was 68 μg/m(3), and PM(10) was 230 μg/m(3). PM levels in winter are strongly correlated with solid fuel usage for cooking, heating, and ventilators. PM(1) levels in cases are more than 3 times higher than that in controls. Every 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM(1) is associated with 45 % increased risk of lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoor air pollution plays an important role in the development of lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese women.
authors: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. ln_mu2000@yahoo.com
authors: Lina
authors: L
authors: Mu
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Rungui
authors: R
authors: Niu
authors: Baoxing
authors: B
authors: Zhao
authors: Jianping
authors: J
authors: Shi
authors: Yanli
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Mya
authors: M
authors: Swanson
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Scheider
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Su
authors: Shen-Chih
authors: SC
authors: Chang
authors: Shunzhang
authors: S
authors: Yu
authors: Zuo-Feng
authors: ZF
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution