title: High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with type 2 diabetes have increased fracture risk despite higher bone mineral density (BMD). Our aim was to examine the influence of glucose control on skeletal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 4,135 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort, were available (mean follow-up 12.2 years). At baseline, 420 participants with type 2 diabetes were classified by glucose control (according to HbA1c calculated from fructosamine), resulting in three comparison groups: adequately controlled diabetes (ACD; n = 203; HbA1c <7.5%), inadequately controlled diabetes (ICD; n = 217; HbA1c ≥ 7.5%), and no diabetes (n = 3,715). Models adjusted for sex, age, height, and weight (and femoral neck BMD) were used to test for differences in bone parameters and fracture risk (hazard ratio [HR] [95% CI]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICD group had 1.1-5.6% higher BMD, 4.6-5.6% thicker cortices, and -1.2 to -1.8% narrower femoral necks than ACD and ND, respectively. Participants with ICD had 47-62% higher fracture risk than individuals without diabetes (HR 1.47 [1.12-1.92]) and ACD (1.62 [1.09-2.40]), whereas those with ACD had a risk similar to those without diabetes (0.91 [0.67-1.23]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes is associated with fracture risk, high BMD, and thicker femoral cortices in narrower bones. We postulate that fragility in apparently "strong" bones in ICD can result from microcrack accumulation and/or cortical porosity, reflecting impaired bone repair.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Oei
authors: M Carola
authors: MC
authors: Zillikens
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Dehghan
authors: Gabriëlle H S
authors: GH
authors: Buitendijk
authors: Martha C
authors: MC
authors: Castaño-Betancourt
authors: Karol
authors: K
authors: Estrada
authors: Lisette
authors: L
authors: Stolk
authors: Edwin H G
authors: EH
authors: Oei
authors: Joyce B J
authors: JB
authors: van Meurs
authors: Joseph A M J L
authors: JA
authors: Janssen
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Hofman
authors: Johannes P T M
authors: JP
authors: van Leeuwen
authors: Jacqueline C M
authors: JC
authors: Witteman
authors: Huibert A P
authors: HA
authors: Pols
authors: André G
authors: AG
authors: Uitterlinden
authors: Caroline C W
authors: CC
authors: Klaver
authors: Oscar H
authors: OH
authors: Franco
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Rivadeneira
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000293:injuries; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin