title: Small open reading frames associated with morphogenesis are hidden in plant genomes.
abstract: It is likely that many small ORFs (sORFs; 30-100 amino acids) are missed when genomes are annotated. To overcome this limitation, we identified ∼8,000 sORFs with high coding potential in intergenic regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. However, the question remains as to whether these coding sORFs play functional roles. Using a designed array, we generated an expression atlas for 16 organs and 17 environmental conditions among 7,901 identified coding sORFs. A total of 2,099 coding sORFs were highly expressed under at least one experimental condition, and 571 were significantly conserved in other land plants. A total of 473 coding sORFs were overexpressed; ∼10% (49/473) induced visible phenotypic effects, a proportion that is approximately seven times higher than that of randomly chosen known genes. These results indicate that many coding sORFs hidden in plant genomes are associated with morphogenesis. We believe that the expression atlas will contribute to further study of the roles of sORFs in plants.
authors: Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. kohanada@psc.riken.jp
authors: Kousuke
authors: K
authors: Hanada
authors: Mieko
authors: M
authors: Higuchi-Takeuchi
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Okamoto
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Yoshizumi
authors: Minami
authors: M
authors: Shimizu
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Nakaminami
authors: Ranko
authors: R
authors: Nishi
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Ohashi
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Iida
authors: Maho
authors: M
authors: Tanaka
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Horii
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Kawashima
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Matsui
authors: Tetsuro
authors: T
authors: Toyoda
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Shinozaki
authors: Motoaki
authors: M
authors: Seki
authors: Minami
authors: M
authors: Matsui
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010641:Phenotype; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D018749:RNA, Plant