title: Serum galectin-9 levels are elevated in the patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces apoptosis in activated T helper 1 (TH1) cells as a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3). Gal-9 also inhibits the G1 phase cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy in db/db mice, the hallmark of early diabetic nephropathy, by reversing the high glucose-induced up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors such as p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the serum levels of Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes and various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=182).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum Gal-9 levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes were 131.9 ± 105.4 pg/ml and Log(10)Gal-9 levels significantly and positively correlated with age (r=0.227, p=0.002), creatinine (r=0.175, p=0.018), urea nitrogen (r=0.162, p=0.028) and osmotic pressure (r=0.187, p=0.014) and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r=-0.188, p=0.011). Log(10)Gal-9 levels increased along with the progression of GFR categories of G1 to G4, and they were statistically significant by Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p=0.012). Log(10)Gal-9 levels remained similar levels in albuminuria stages of A1 to A3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevation of serum Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes is closely linked to GFR and they may be related to the alteration of the immune response and inflammation of the patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD.
authors: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Kurose
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Wada
authors: Motoko
authors: M
authors: Kanzaki
authors: Sanae
authors: S
authors: Teshigawara
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Nakatsuka
authors: Kazutoshi
authors: K
authors: Murakami
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Inoue
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Terami
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Katayama
authors: Mayu
authors: M
authors: Watanabe
authors: Chigusa
authors: C
authors: Higuchi
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Eguchi
authors: Nobuyuki
authors: N
authors: Miyatake
authors: Hirofumi
authors: H
authors: Makino
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D037161:Galectins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D037161:Galectins; C105032:LGALS9 protein, human