title: Fluoxetine alters adult freshwater mussel behavior and larval metamorphosis.
abstract: We used acute and partial-lifecycle tests to examine the effects of the pharmaceutical fluoxetine on freshwater mussels (Unionida). In acute tests lasting 24-48 h, we determined median effective concentrations (EC50s) for fluoxetine with larval (glochidia viability) and juvenile (survival) life-stages of fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea) and black sandshell (Ligumia recta). In a 28-d behavioral test we exposed brooding adult female wavy-rayed lampmussels (Lampsilis fasciola) to 0.37 and 29.3 μg/L fluoxetine to determine effects on adult behavior (foot protrusion, mantle lure display and glochidia parturition). We also assessed the effects of 24-h exposure of 1 and 100 μg/L fluoxetine on glochidia viability duration and metamorphosis success for the wavy-rayed lampmussel. Fluoxetine EC50s ranged from 62 μg/L for juveniles (96 h) to 293 μg/L for glochidia (24 h). In adults, statistically significant increases were observed in foot protrusion at 0.37 and 29.3 μg/L fluoxetine and lure display rates at 29.3 μg/L; glochidia parturition was not significantly affected at any test concentration. Twenty-four hour exposure of glochidia to fluoxetine did not affect viability duration, but likelihood of metamorphosis to the juvenile stage significantly increased with 1 and 100 μg/L treatments. Our results demonstrated effects of fluoxetine to unionid mussels at concentrations less than previously reported and approaching concentrations measured in surface waters.
authors: University of Georgia, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, 180 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2152, USA.
authors: Peter D
authors: PD
authors: Hazelton
authors: W Gregory
authors: WG
authors: Cope
authors: Shad
authors: S
authors: Mosher
authors: Tamara J
authors: TJ
authors: Pandolfo
authors: Jason B
authors: JB
authors: Belden
authors: M Christopher
authors: MC
authors: Barnhart
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Bringolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D049876:Unionidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005473:Fluoxetine