title: Flow-sensitive four-dimensional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging reveals abnormal blood flow patterns in the aorta and pulmonary trunk of patients with transposition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flow profiles are important determinants of fluid-vessel wall interactions. The aim of this study was to assess blood flow profiles in the aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with transposition and different ventriculoarterial connection, and hence different mechanics of the coherent pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 29 patients with operated transposition--concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connection, and no other cardiac malformation--and eight healthy volunteers were assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: n = 17 patients after atrial redirection, with a morphologic right ventricle acting as systemic pump and a morphologic left ventricle connected to the pulmonary trunk, and n = 12 patients after the arterial switch procedure, with physiologic ventriculoarterial connections. Flow-sensitive four-dimensional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging was used to analyse systolic flow patterns in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, relating to helical flow and vortex formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the aorta, overall helicity was present in healthy volunteers, but it was absent in all patients independent on the operation technique. Partial helices were observed in the ascending aorta of 58% of patients after arterial switch. In the pulmonary trunk, mostly parallel flow was seen in healthy volunteers and in patients after arterial switch, whereas vortex formation was present in 88% of patients after atrial redirection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood flow patterns differ substantially between the groups. In addition to varying mechanics of the coherent pumping ventricles, the absent overall helicity in all patients might be explained by the missing looping of the aorta in transposition.
authors: 1 Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Unit of Cardiovascular Imaging, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Eugénie
authors: E
authors: Riesenkampff
authors: 1 Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Unit of Cardiovascular Imaging, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Nordmeyer
authors: 1 Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Unit of Cardiovascular Imaging, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Nadya
authors: N
authors: Al-Wakeel
authors: 2 Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Kropf
authors: 3 Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors: Shelby
authors: S
authors: Kutty
authors: 1 Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Unit of Cardiovascular Imaging, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Berger
authors: 1 Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Paediatric Cardiology, Unit of Cardiovascular Imaging, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Titus
authors: T
authors: Kuehne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult