title: Metabolic evaluation in patients with nephrolithiasis: A report from Isfahan, Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrolithiasis is a major public health problem worldwide. In recent years, growing evidence suggest that this disease may originate from underlying metabolic disorders. This is the first study that reports the frequency of different metabolic abnormalities among patients with nephrolithiasis in Isfahan, a large central province of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the time period between March 2009 and August 2010, 437 nephrolithiasis patients in Isfahan province enrolled in this study. Metabolic evaluation was performed by obtaining a 24-hours urine sample and fasting venous blood draw. We analyzed urine samples for volume, creatinine, calcium, citrate, oxalate, uric acid, sodium, and cystine. Fasting blood samples were assessed for serum calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, uric acid, albumin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 46 ± 13.8 years (rang: 18-87). Nearly 50% were first time stone formers. The most common metabolic abnormalities were hypocitraturia (40.5%) and hypernatriuria (31.8%) that was followed by hyperoxaluria (28.8%). Hypercalciuria was detected only in 9.2% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although, high calcium excretion was the most frequent metabolic derangement in several similar studies, in our province with considerably high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, it is not frequent among nephrolithiasis patients. Instead, other metabolic risk factors were in higher frequencies.
authors: Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Department of Nephrology, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Afsoon
authors: A
authors: Emami-Naini
authors: Amid
authors: A
authors: Eshraghi
authors: Shahrzad
authors: S
authors: Shahidi
authors: Mojgan
authors: M
authors: Mortazavi
authors: Shiva
authors: S
authors: Seyrafian
authors: Peyman
authors: P
authors: Roomizadeh
authors: Seyed-Hossein
authors: SH
authors: Abtahi
authors: Hamed-Basir
authors: HB
authors: Ghafoori
keywords: Iran; Isfahan; Metabolic abnormalities; hypercalciuria; nephrolithiasis