title: Live/Real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the ability of live/real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) in measuring (1) atrial septal defect (ASD) maximum dimension, area, and adjacent rim size, (2) ASD occluder left and right atrial disk size, (3) length of contact between the left atrial (LA) disk and the aorta, and in (4) assessing device related complications such as residual shunt, device embolization, and device encroachment upon adjacent cardiac structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  3DTEE images acquired during percutaneous ASD closure by the Amplatzer Septal Occluder in 15 adult patients were retrospectively analyzed. Offline analysis was done using both the Philips 5500 ultrasound system and Philips QLAB software. 3D color flow Doppler images were used to assess residual ASD shunting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Philips 5500 and Philips QLAB measurements correlated well for ASD maximum dimension and area measurements. The Philips QLAB 3DTEE disk size measurements also correlated well with the manufacturer obtained sizes. The aortic rim was deficient in 7 of the 15 patients, and the mean ASD occluder device size was 4 mm greater than the mean ASD maximum dimension. The LA occluder disk was in contact with the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle in 12 of the 15 patients, and the LA occluder disk size correlated significantly with the contact length with the aorta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the patients demonstrated contact between the LA occluder disk and the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle. 3DTEE may be useful in identifying patients at greater risk for aortic erosion.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA. nanda@uab.edu
authors: Maneesha
authors: M
authors: Bhaya
authors: Ferit Onur
authors: FO
authors: Mutluer
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Mahan
authors: Luke
authors: L
authors: Mahan
authors: Ming C
authors: MC
authors: Hsiung
authors: Wei-Hsian
authors: WH
authors: Yin
authors: Jeng
authors: J
authors: Wei
authors: Shen-Kou
authors: SK
authors: Tsai
authors: Guang-Yu
authors: GY
authors: Zhao
authors: Wei-Hsian
authors: WH
authors: Yin
authors: Manish
authors: M
authors: Pradhan
authors: Rajesh
authors: R
authors: Beniwal
authors: Deepak
authors: D
authors: Joshi
authors: Fatemeh
authors: F
authors: Nabavizadeh
authors: Amitoj
authors: A
authors: Singh
authors: Navin C
authors: NC
authors: Nanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003199:Computer Systems; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult