title: What changed in the management of pediatric stones after the introduction of minimally invasive procedures? A single-center experience over 24 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of new technology on the management of pediatric urolithiasis by analyzing our local practice over the past 24 years, and determining the role of open surgery at the present time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 768 children (783 procedures) who underwent surgical treatment for urolithiasis between June 1987 and October 2010. Data were analyzed with respect to patient characteristics and changing patterns of treatment with time. We compared the type of procedures performed between four time periods: the first was before ESWL, the second was after the introduction of ESWL, the third was after introduction of PCNL, and the fourth was our experienced period with a pediatric urologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the children was 7.50 years (range 9 months-17 years). There were 495 renal, 228 ureteral, 21 bladder, 11 urethral stones, and the remaining 13 had stones in multiple locations. Of the 783 procedures performed, 75.9% were open surgery during the first period (1987-1992), 29.7% during the second period (1993-1998), 6.1% during the third period (1999-2004) and 0.2% during the fourth period (2005-2010). The number of children who underwent urinary stone treatment increased significantly (p = 0.001) and the age of the children at the time of surgery decreased (9.09-6.08 years) (p = 0.001) with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of stones in children can be managed using endourological procedures. Additionally, technological advances and improved surgical skills have greatly reduced the number of children requiring open surgery, which is mainly used for those with complex urinary calculi presenting with anatomic abnormalities. Minimally invasive techniques allow us to treat stones at an earlier age.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: bulonal@yahoo.com.
authors: Bulent
authors: B
authors: Onal
authors: Sinharib
authors: S
authors: Citgez
authors: Nejat
authors: N
authors: Tansu
authors: Gulnaz
authors: G
authors: Emin
authors: Oktay
authors: O
authors: Demirkesen
authors: Zubeyr
authors: Z
authors: Talat
authors: Veli
authors: V
authors: Yalcin
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Erozenci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Endourology; Open; Pediatric; Surgery; Urolithiasis