title: ADCYAP1R1 and asthma in Puerto Rican children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic and/or genetic variation in the gene encoding the receptor for adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (ADCYAP1R1) has been linked to post-traumatic stress disorder in adults and anxiety in children. Psychosocial stress has been linked to asthma morbidity in Puerto Rican children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether epigenetic or genetic variation in ADCYAP1R1 is associated with childhood asthma in Puerto Ricans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of 516 children ages 6-14 years living in San Juan, Puerto Rico. We assessed methylation at a CpG site in the promoter of ADCYAP1R1 (cg11218385) using a pyrosequencing assay in DNA from white blood cells. We tested whether cg11218385 methylation (range, 0.4-6.1%) is associated with asthma using logistic regression. We also examined whether exposure to violence (assessed by the Exposure to Violence [ETV] Scale in children 9 yr and older) is associated with cg11218385 methylation (using linear regression) or asthma (using logistic regression). Logistic regression was used to test for association between a single nucleotide polymorphism in ADCYAP1R1 (rs2267735) and asthma under an additive model. All multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, household income, and principal components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EACH 1% increment in cg11218385 methylation was associated with increased odds of asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.6; P = 0.03). Among children 9 years and older, exposure to violence was associated with cg11218385 methylation. The C allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs2267735 was significantly associated with increased odds of asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.67; P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epigenetic and genetic variants in ADCYAP1R1 are associated with asthma in Puerto Rican children.
authors: Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Nadia
authors: N
authors: Boutaoui
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Brehm
authors: Yueh-Ying
authors: YY
authors: Han
authors: Cassandra
authors: C
authors: Schmitz
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Cressley
authors: Edna
authors: E
authors: Acosta-Pérez
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Alvarez
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Colón-Semidey
authors: Andrea A
authors: AA
authors: Baccarelli
authors: Daniel E
authors: DE
authors: Weeks
authors: Jay K
authors: JK
authors: Kolls
authors: Glorisa
authors: G
authors: Canino
authors: Juan C
authors: JC
authors: Celedón
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
chemical_list: C495503:ADCYAP1R1 protein, human; D051237:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I