title: Iodine and iron status of pregnant women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adequate iodine and Fe intakes are imperative during pregnancy to prevent fetal defects, but such data are not available in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We aimed to assess iodine and Fe status in pregnant women from Lubumbashi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. We measured urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in random urine samples using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff digestion method; the WHO reference medians were used to classify iodine intake as deficient, adequate, more than adequate or excessive. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured by immunoenzymatic assay and considered insufficient when ,12 ng/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternity units from rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty-five randomly selected pregnant women attending prenatal consultation, seventy-five postpartum women and seventy-five non-pregnant women as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall median UIC in pregnant women was 138 (interquartile range: 105–172) mg/l, indicating iodine deficiency, whereas postpartum and nonpregnant women had adequate iodine intake: median UIC5144mg/l and 204mg/l,respectively. Median UIC values were lower in late pregnancy than in early pregnancy: in the first, second and third trimester respectively 255mg/l, 70mg/l and 88mg/l in the rural area; 306mg/l, 166mg/l and 68mg/l in the semi-urban area; and 203mg/l, 174mg/l and 99mg/l in the urban area. Fe was insufficient in 39% of pregnant women compared with 21% of non-pregnant and postpartum women. In the third trimester, deficiencies in both iodine and Fe were high: 40%, 12% and 18% in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that pregnant women are at risk of iodine and Fe deficiencies in Lubumbashi. Country policies fighting against iodine and Fe deficiencies during pregnancy should be reinforced.
authors: Université Catholique de Louvain, Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique Brussels, Ecole de Santé Publique, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30, EPID B1.30.13, BE-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium. laurence.habimana@uclouvain.be
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Habimana
authors: Kabange E
authors: KE
authors: Twite
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Wallemacq
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: De Nayer
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Daumerie
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Donnen
authors: Muenze K
authors: MK
authors: Kalenga
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Robert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency / Q000652:urine*; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005293:Ferritins; D007455:Iodine