title: Tic-related cognition, sensory phenomena, and anxiety in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tourette syndrome is a protoypical example of developmental psychopathology, with the varying expressions of the disorder and its consequences appearing over time. Sensory urges typically appear after age 10 and are often followed by anxiety and depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the associations among tic-related cognitions, premonitory urges, and tic severity in children with Tourette syndrome at different stages of the illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven consecutive patients referred to a tic disorders clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of instruments was completed: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and Child Depression Inventory. To examine cognitions, a new measure was developed: the Beliefs About Tics Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong correlations were found between tic-related beliefs and both premonitory urges and tic-related impairments (as measured by the Yale Global Scale). Tic-related beliefs were also strongly correlated with depression in children older than 13 years but not in younger children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant correlations between tic-related cognitions, premonitory urges, and tic-related impairments in children emphasize the important role of psychological and sensory factors in the understanding of Tourette syndrome and in its treatment.
authors: Matta and Harry Freund Neuropsychiatric Tourette Clinic, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Israel.
authors: Tamar
authors: T
authors: Steinberg
authors: Adva
authors: A
authors: Harush
authors: Meirav
authors: M
authors: Barnea
authors: Rueven
authors: R
authors: Dar
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Piacentini
authors: Doug
authors: D
authors: Woods
authors: Sharona
authors: S
authors: Shmuel-Baruch
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Apter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology