title: Lack of compliance of European Public Assessment Reports to guidelines for paediatric drug development before the introduction of paediatric investigation plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for paediatric clinical trials, bridging procedures can be used if disease progression, exposure-response relationships, and clinical endpoints are similar in adults and children. In these circumstances, confirmatory efficacy trials are not necessary; the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety ought to be sufficient for drug approval.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess whether the clinical trials and strategy for market approval authorisation (MAAs) in paediatric indications reflect the guidelines for bridging of adult data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 95 European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) published between 1995 and 2007 were reviewed. From every report, data extraction was performed according to the phase of development, scope of analysis, number of dose levels, dosage form, and demographics of the subjects enrolled in the trial. Data analysis consisted of an initial grouping of the studies by the degree of compliance to bridging guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis reveals that only 66% of the trials (n = 174) can be classified as needed, while 22% of the trials (n = 59) could have been designed and performed differently from the approved protocol (partially required). Moreover, 12% (n = 30) of the studies were deemed completely unnecessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A potential limitation in our study was that the dates of start and completion of the clinical studies were not available. Therefore, some EPARs have been included that may reflect common practice in the period that precedes the introduction of the ICH E11 guidelines. Yet, this should not obscure the points identified with regard to the lack of compliance to guidelines before the introduction of the paediatric legislation and the requirements for a paediatric investigation plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paediatric trials are desirable and necessary to address important unmet medical needs. However, the types of studies supporting regulatory approval do not always reflect the recommendations available in paediatric guidelines, which allow for extrapolation and bridging approaches. This situation may be explained by the lack of awareness about the prerequisites for the use of bridging concepts and of a clear process for evaluating different strategies in paediatric development.
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Piana
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Kliphuis
authors: Oscar
authors: O
authors: Della Pasqua
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003663:Decision Trees; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055808:Drug Discovery; D005060:Europe; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration