title: Reverse-Bayes analysis of two common misinterpretations of significance tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Misunderstanding of significance tests and P values is widespread in clinical research and elsewhere.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the implications of two common mistakes in the interpretation of statistical significance tests. The first one is the misinterpretation of the type I error rate as the expected proportion of false-positive results among all those called significant, also known as the false-positive report probability (FPRP). The second is the misinterpretation of a P value as (posterior) probability of the null hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A reverse-Bayes approach is used to calculate a lower bound on the proportion of truly effective treatments that would ensure the FPRP to be equal or below the type I error rate. A reverse-Bayes approach using minimum Bayes factors (BFs) yields upper bounds on the prior probability of the null hypothesis that would justify the interpretation of the P value as the posterior probability of the null hypothesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a typical clinical trials setting, more than 50% of the treatments need to be truly effective to justify equality of the type I error rate and the FPRP. To interpret the P value as posterior probability, the difference between the corresponding prior probability and the P value cannot exceed 12.4 percentage points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first analysis requires that the (one-sided) type I error rate is smaller than the type II error rate. The second result is valid under different scenarios describing how to transform P values to minimum BFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two misinterpretations imply strong and often unrealistic assumptions on the prior proportion or probability of truly effective treatments.
authors: Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. leonhard.held@ifspm.uzh.ch
authors: Leonhard
authors: L
authors: Held
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design