title: Yersinia enterocolitica of porcine origin: carriage of virulence genes and genotypic diversity.
abstract: Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen, and pigs are recognized as a major reservoir and potential source of pathogenic strains to humans. A total of 172 Y. enterocolitica recovered from conventional and antimicrobial-free pig production systems from different geographic regions (North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa) were investigated to determine their pathogenic significance to humans. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the isolates was assessed using antibiogram, serogrouping, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Carriage of chromosomal and plasmid-borne virulence genes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 12 antimicrobial resistance patterns were identified. More than two-thirds (67.4%) of Y. enterocolitica were pan-susceptible, and 27.9% were resistant against β-lactams. The most predominant serogroup was O:3 (43%), followed by O:5 (25.6%) and O:9 (4.1%). Twenty-two of 172 (12.8%) isolates were found to carry Yersinia adhesion A (yadA), a virulence gene encoded on the Yersinia virulence plasmid. Sixty-nine (40.1%) isolates were found to carry ail gene. The ystA and ystB genes were detected in 77% and 26.2% of the strains, respectively. AFLP genotyping of isolates showed wide genotypic diversity and were grouped into nine clades with an overall genotypic similarity of 66.8-99.3%. AFLP analysis revealed that isolates from the same production system showed clonal relatedness, while more than one genotype of Y. enterocolitica circulates within a farm.
authors: Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Tadesse
authors: Peter B
authors: PB
authors: Bahnson
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Funk
authors: W E Morgan
authors: WE
authors: Morrow
authors: Melanie J
authors: MJ
authors: Abley
authors: Valeria A
authors: VA
authors: Ponte
authors: Siddhartha
authors: S
authors: Thakur
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Wittum
authors: Fred J
authors: FJ
authors: DeGraves
authors: Paivi J
authors: PJ
authors: Rajala-Schultz
authors: Wondwossen A
authors: WA
authors: Gebreyes
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009657:North Carolina; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012703:Serotyping; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015047:Zoonoses; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D037521:Virulence Factors; D001618:beta-Lactamases