title: Predictors and outcome of hypoxemia in severely malnourished children under five with pneumonia: a case control design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is lack of information in the medical literature on predictors of hypoxemia in severely malnourished children with pneumonia, although hypoxemia is common and is often associated with fatal outcome in this population. We explored the predictors of hypoxemia in under-five children who were hospitalized for the management of pneumonia and severe acute malnutrition (SAM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this unmatched case-control design, SAM children of both sexes, aged 0-59 months, admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) with radiological pneumonia and hypoxemia during April 2011 to April 2012 were studied. SAM children with pneumonia and hypoxemia (SpO(2)<90%) constituted the cases (n = 37), and randomly selected SAM children with pneumonia but without hypoxemia constituted controls (n = 111).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case-fatality was significantly higher among the cases than the controls (30% vs. 4%; p<0.001). In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders such as nasal flaring, head nodding, inability to drink, and crackles in lungs, fast breathing (95% CI = 1.09-13.55), lower chest wall in-drawing (95% CI = 2.48-43.41), and convulsion at admission (95% CI = 3.14-234.01) were identified as independent predictors of hypoxemia in this population. The sensitivity of fast breathing, lower chest wall in-drawing and convulsion at admission and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to predict hypoxemia were 84 (67-93)%, 89 (74-96)%, and 19 (9-36)% respectively, and their specificity were 53 (43-63)%, 60 (51-69)% and 98 (93-100)% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast breathing and lower chest wall in-drawing were the best predictors of hypoxemia in SAM children with pneumonia. There thus, in resources poor settings where pulse oximetry is not available, identification of these simple clinical predictors of hypoxemia in such children could be reliably used for early O(2) supplementation in addition to other appropriate management to reduce morbidity and deaths.
authors: Centre for Nutrition & Food Security, International Centre for Diarhoeal Disease Research, icddr,b Dhaka, Bangladesh. chisti@icddrb.org
authors: Mohammod Jobayer
authors: MJ
authors: Chisti
authors: Mohammed Abdus
authors: MA
authors: Salam
authors: Hasan
authors: H
authors: Ashraf
authors: Abu S G
authors: AS
authors: Faruque
authors: Pradip Kumar
authors: PK
authors: Bardhan
authors: Abu S M S B
authors: AS
authors: Shahid
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Shahunja
authors: Sumon Kumar
authors: SK
authors: Das
authors: Tahmeed
authors: T
authors: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011897:Random Allocation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index