title: Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little national evidence is available on spatial disparities in distributions of parks and green spaces in the USA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines ecological associations of spatial access to parks and green spaces with percentages of black, Hispanic, and low-income residents across the urban-rural continuum in the conterminous USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Census tract-level park and green space data were linked with data from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2006-2010 American Community Surveys. Linear mixed regression models were performed to examine these associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poverty levels were negatively associated with distances to parks and percentages of green spaces in urban/suburban areas while positively associated in rural areas. Percentages of blacks and Hispanics were in general negatively linked to distances to parks and green space coverage along the urban-rural spectrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Place-based race-ethnicity and poverty are important correlates of spatial access to parks and green spaces, but the associations vary across the urbanization levels.
authors: Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ming.wen@soc.utah.edu
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Wen
authors: Xingyou
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Carmen D
authors: CD
authors: Harris
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Holt
authors: Janet B
authors: JB
authors: Croft
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D003625:Data Collection; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data