title: The spectrum of nonmotor symptoms in early Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are common in patients with established Parkinson disease (PD) but their frequency in early PD has not been extensively studied. Our aim was to determine the frequency of NMS in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 159 patients with early PD and 99 healthy controls participated in this study. NMS were screened for using the nonmotor symptom questionnaire. Other assessments included measures of motor disability (Movement Disorders Society-revised unified Parkinson's disease rating scale [MDS-UPDRS]), disease severity (Hoehn & Yahr staging), depression (geriatric depression scale), and global cognitive function (Mini-mental state examination and Montreal cognitive assessment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PD group reported a significantly greater number of NMS compared with controls (8.4 [4.3] vs. 2.8 [2.6]). In the PD group, the most commonly experienced NMS were excessive saliva, forgetfulness, urinary urgency, hyposmia, and constipation. Patients with higher MDS-UPDRS III scores and those with the postural instability gait subtype experienced a greater number of NMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMS are common in early PD and reflect the multisystem nature of the disorder. Even in the earliest stages of PD, NMS may be detrimental to patients' functional status and sense of well-being.
authors: Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors: Tien K
authors: TK
authors: Khoo
authors: Alison J
authors: AJ
authors: Yarnall
authors: Gordon W
authors: GW
authors: Duncan
authors: Shirley
authors: S
authors: Coleman
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: O'Brien
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Brooks
authors: Roger A
authors: RA
authors: Barker
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Burn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa