title: Examining the role of oral contraceptive users as an experimental and/or control group in athletic performance studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to examine the effect of oral contraceptives on endogenous reproductive hormone levels in order to assess the suitability of oral contraceptive users as experimental and/or control groups in human performance studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five females who were taking a variety of oral contraceptives (2 types and 11 brands) were recruited. A single blood sample was analysed for endogenous concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences (p<.05) in circulating oestradiol and progesterone as a result of oral contraceptive type and brand. Overall, oral contraceptive use resulted in low levels of oestradiol and progesterone and large variation in hormone concentration when multiple brands were analysed together.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that future studies should employ a single pill type and brand when using oral contraceptive users as either a control or experimental group and that comparison between oral contraceptive users as a control group and the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle as an experimental group should be reconsidered.
authors: School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. kirsty.elliottsale@ntu.ac.uk
authors: Kirsty Jayne
authors: KJ
authors: Elliott-Sale
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Smith
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bacon
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Clayton
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: McPhilimey
authors: Georgios
authors: G
authors: Goutianos
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Hampson
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Sale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D035061:Control Groups; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Athletic performance; Control group; Estrogen; Experimental group; Progesterone