title: Fibrin clot extension on zirconia surface for dental implants: a quantitative in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The surface chemical and physical properties of materials used for implants have a major influence on blood clot organization. This study aims to evaluate the blood clot extension (bce) on zirconia and titanium. bce was measured in association to surface roughness (Ra) and static contact angle (θ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty disk-shaped samples of sandblasted yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (sb-YTZP), machined titanium (m-Ti), and sandblasted, high-temperature, acid-etched titanium (p-Ti) were used in the present study. About 0.2 mL of human blood, immediately dropped onto the specimen's surface and left in contact for 5 minutes at room temperature, was used to measure the bce. Specimens were observed under confocal scanning laser and scanning electron microscopes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bce (mean × 10(7)  ± standard deviation [SD] × 10(6)  μm(2) ) was 2.97 ± 6.68 for m-Ti, 5.64 ± 6.83 for p-Ti, and 3.61 ± 7.67 for sb-YTZP. p-Ti samples showed a significantly higher bce. Ra (mean ± SD [μm]) was 0.56 ± 0.7 for m-Ti, 3.78 ± 0.8 for p-Ti, and 2.68 ± 0.6 for sb-YTZP. The difference was not significant between sb-YTZP and p-Ti. θ (mean ± SD) was 55.6 ± 5.6 for m-Ti, 48.7 ± 2.8 for sb-YTZP, and 38.0 ± 2.2 for p-Ti. The difference was not significant between m-Ti and sb-YTZP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sb-YTZP demonstrated a significantly lesser amount of bce compared with p-Ti specimens, notwithstanding that any significant difference was present between Ra and θ.
authors: Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Department of Dentistry, San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute University, Milano, Italy.
authors: Tonino
authors: T
authors: Traini
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Caputi
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Gherlone
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Degidi
authors: Adriano
authors: A
authors: Piattelli
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood; D015921:Dental Implants; D005337:Fibrin; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties; D013927:Thrombosis; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D005337:Fibrin; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: blood-material interaction; dental/endosteal implant; fibrin; surface characterization