title: The effect of snuff (smokeless tobacco) on disease activity and function in rheumatoid arthritis: experiences from the Better Anti-Rheumatic FarmacOTherapy, a longitudinal multicenter study on early rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether snuff (moist smokeless tobacco) affects disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to study the effect of snuff on disease activity and function in Swedish patients with early RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 2005, 2800 adult patients were included in the Better Anti-Rheumatic FarmacOTherapy (BARFOT) early RA study in Sweden. Disease Activity Score 28 joints (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire, visual analog scale for general health, and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up after 1, 2, and 5 years. European League Against Rheumatism response and remission criteria were applied at 1 year. In 2010, a self-completed postal questionnaire was sent to 2102 patients in the BARFOT study enquiring about lifestyle factors such as smoking and use of snuff. Three controls for each patient using snuff were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one patients who used snuff were identified, together with 145 controls. When we adjusted for socioeconomic class, disease duration, and previous antirheumatic medication, the snuff users had lower DAS28 values at up to 6 months of follow-up than patients who had never smoked, and they had lower DAS28 values than previous smokers at up to 2 years of follow-up. No effect of snuff use on European League Against Rheumatism response was seen at up to 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snuff users initially had lower DAS28 levels than never smokers and previous smokers.
authors: Research and Development Center, Spenshult Rheumatology Hospital, Oskarström, Sweden.
authors: Maria L E
authors: ML
authors: Andersson
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Bergman
authors: Maria K
authors: MK
authors: Söderlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*