title: Hippocampal damage and alterations of inflammatory cytokine expression in mice caused by exposure to cerium chloride.
abstract: Rare earth element (REE) exposure has been shown to induce central nerve system intoxication, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. In this study, cerium (Ce), in the form of CeCl3, was administered by way of gavage to mice for 90 consecutive days, and cytokine expression, associated with neuroinflammation of hippocampus, as well as spatial memory were increased in mice. Significant Ce accumulation in hippocampus, which led to neuroinflammation and decreased spatial memory of mice, was observed. Furthermore, CeCl3 remarkably increased levels of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, tumor necrosis factor-α, nucleic IκB kinase, factor-κB-inducible kinase, nucleic factor-κB, and p52 and p65 expression as well as significantly decreased levels of IκB and interleukin-2 expression. These results showed that neuroinflammation and damaged hippocampal function may be associated with CeCl3-induced neuerotoxicity. Our findings suggest the need for workers and consumers to exercise caution when handling REEs.
authors: Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
authors: Xiaochun
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Junju
authors: J
authors: Su
authors: Liyuan
authors: L
authors: Zhu
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Guan
authors: Xuezi
authors: X
authors: Sang
authors: Yuguan
authors: Y
authors: Ze
authors: Xiaoyang
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Sheng
authors: Suxin
authors: S
authors: Gui
authors: Qingqing
authors: Q
authors: Sun
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Fashui
authors: F
authors: Hong
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002563:Cerium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; C491366:Nfkbie protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D002563:Cerium; C026690:cerous chloride