title: Am(m)ines make the difference: organoruthenium am(m)ine complexes and their chemistry in anticancer drug development.
abstract: With the aim of systematically studying fundamental structure-activity relationships as a basis for the development of Ru(II) arene complexes (arene = p-cymene or biphenyl) bearing mono-, bi-, or tridentate am(m)ine ligands as anticancer agents, a series of ammine, ethylenediamine, and diethylenetriamine complexes were prepared by different synthetic routes. Especially the synthesis of mono-, di-, and triammine complexes was found to be highly dependent on the reaction conditions, such as stoichiometry, temperature, and time. Hydrolysis and protein-binding studies were performed to determine the reactivity of the compounds, and only those containing chlorido ligands undergo aquation or form protein adducts. These properties correlate well with in vitro tumor-inhibiting potency of the compounds. The complexes were found to be active in anticancer assays when meeting the following criteria: stability in aqueous solution and low rates of hydrolysis and binding to proteins. Therefore, the complexes least reactive to proteins were found to be the most cytotoxic in cancer cells. In general, complexes with biphenyl as arene ligand inhibited the growth of tumor cells more effectively than the cymene analogues, consistent with the increase in lipophilicity. This study highlights the importance of finding a proper balance between reactivity and stability in the development of organometallic anticancer agents.
authors: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Maria V
authors: MV
authors: Babak
authors: Samuel M
authors: SM
authors: Meier
authors: Anton A
authors: AA
authors: Legin
authors: Mahsa S
authors: MS
authors: Adib Razavi
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Roller
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Jakupec
authors: Bernhard K
authors: BK
authors: Keppler
authors: Christian G
authors: CG
authors: Hartinger
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005029:Ethylenediamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005029:Ethylenediamines; D008024:Ligands; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C031234:ethylenediamine; D012428:Ruthenium; D004247:DNA; D002945:Cisplatin