title: Further evidence for slow binocular rivalry rate as a trait marker for bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Binocular rivalry refers to a situation where contradictory information is presented simultaneously to the same location of each eye. This leads to the alternation of images every few seconds. The rate of alternation between images has been shown to be slower in euthymic participants with bipolar disorder than in healthy controls. The alternation rate is not uniformly slowed in bipolar disorder patients and may be influenced by clinical variables. The present study examined whether bipolar disorder patients have slower alternation rates, examined the influence of depression and explored the role of clinical variables and cognitive functions on alternation rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six patients with bipolar disorder and 24 control participants took part in the study. Current mood status and binocular rivalry performance were analysed with nonparametric tests. A slow and a normal alternation group were created by median split. We subsequently explored the distribution of several clinical variables across these groups. Further, we investigated associations between alternation rate and various cognitive functions, such as visual processing, memory, attention and general motor speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median alternation rate was significantly slower for participants with bipolar disorder type I (0.39 Hz) and for participants with bipolar spectrum disorder (0.43 Hz) than for control participants (0.47 Hz). Depression had no effect on alternation rate. There were no differences between participants with bipolar disorder type I and type II and in regard to medication regime and predominance of one rivalry image. There were also no differences in regard to the clinical variables and no significant associations between alternation rate and the cognitive functions explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We replicated a slowing in alternation rate in some bipolar disorder participants. The alternation rate was not affected by depressed mood or any of the other factors explored, which supports views of binocular rivalry rates as a trait marker in bipolar disorder.
authors: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. esther.vierck@otago.ac.nz
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Vierck
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Porter
authors: Sue E
authors: SE
authors: Luty
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Moor
authors: Marie T
authors: MT
authors: Crowe
authors: Janet D
authors: JD
authors: Carter
authors: Maree L
authors: ML
authors: Inder
authors: Peter R
authors: PR
authors: Joyce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*