title: Developmentally regulated expression and complex processing of barley pri-microRNAs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression via mRNA cleavage or translation inhibition. In spite of barley being a cereal of great economic importance, very little data is available concerning its miRNA biogenesis. There are 69 barley miRNA and 67 pre-miRNA sequences available in the miRBase (release 19). However, no barley pri-miRNA and MIR gene structures have been shown experimentally. In the present paper, we examine the biogenesis of selected barley miRNAs and the developmental regulation of their pri-miRNA processing to learn more about miRNA maturation in barely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the organization of barley microRNA genes, nine microRNAs - 156g, 159b, 166n, 168a-5p/168a-3p, 171e, 397b-3p, 1120, and 1126 - were selected. Two of the studied miRNAs originate from one MIR168a-5p/168a-3p gene. The presence of all miRNAs was confirmed using a Northern blot approach. The miRNAs are encoded by genes with diverse organizations, representing mostly independent transcription units with or without introns. The intron-containing miRNA transcripts undergo complex splicing events to generate various spliced isoforms. We identified miRNAs that were encoded within introns of the noncoding genes MIR156g and MIR1126. Interestingly, the intron that encodes miR156g is spliced less efficiently than the intron encoding miR1126 from their specific precursors. miR397b-3p was detected in barley as a most probable functional miRNA, in contrast to rice where it has been identified as a complementary partner miRNA*. In the case of miR168a-5p/168a-3p, we found the generation of stable, mature molecules from both pre-miRNA arms, confirming evolutionary conservation of the stability of both species, as shown in rice and maize. We suggest that miR1120, located within the 3' UTR of a protein-coding gene and described as a functional miRNA in wheat, may represent a siRNA generated from a mariner-like transposable element.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven of the eight barley miRNA genes characterized in this study contain introns with their respective transcripts undergoing developmentally specific processing events prior to the dicing out of pre-miRNA species from their pri-miRNA precursors. The observed tendency to maintain the intron encoding miR156g within the transcript, and preferences in splicing the miR1126-harboring intron, may suggest the existence of specific regulation of the levels of intron-derived miRNAs in barley.
authors: Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Kruszka
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Pacak
authors: Aleksandra
authors: A
authors: Swida-Barteczka
authors: Agnieszka K
authors: AK
authors: Stefaniak
authors: Elzbieta
authors: E
authors: Kaja
authors: Izabela
authors: I
authors: Sierocka
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Karlowski
authors: Artur
authors: A
authors: Jarmolowski
authors: Zofia
authors: Z
authors: Szweykowska-Kulinska
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D012326:RNA Splicing; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D035683:MicroRNAs; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012322:RNA Precursors; D018749:RNA, Plant