title: A comprehensive analysis of flowering transition in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton by using transcriptomic and proteomic techniques.
abstract: Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral initiation in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. Samples of stem apexes were collected at three different time points including the vegetative, induced, and reproductive period. A total of 374 transcript-derived fragments and 72 proteins showed significant differential expression between the samples. The largest proportion of the identified genes and proteins are involved in metabolism, followed by signal transduction, protein fate, cellular transport, and biogenesis of cellular components. A large number of these genes and proteins were upregulated during the induced and reproductive stages. Their expression profiles demonstrate that carbohydrate metabolism provides nutrients foundation for floral initiation in Agapanthus. Furthermore, a transcription factors GAI (GA insensitive protein) that negatively regulates gibberellin signaling, auxin receptor protein TIR1 (Transport inhibitor response 1), a key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis SAMS (S-adenosylmethionine synthase), and ethylene receptor protein ETR were isolated and identified. Expression patterns of these proteins, in combination with the results of quantitative phytohormone and immunolocalization analyses, indicated that GA, indole-acetic acid (IAA), and ethylene regulate floral morphogenesis and flowering. In conclusion, these data provide novel insight into the early regulatory steps of flowering in Agapanthus.
authors: Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
authors: Di
authors: D
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Ren
authors: Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
authors: Jian-Hua
authors: JH
authors: Yue
authors: Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Ornamental Plants and Horticulture, College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China. Electronic address: zhuolihuan@263.net.
authors: Li-Huan
authors: LH
authors: Zhuo
authors: Department of Landscape Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China. Electronic address: shenxh62@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors: Xiao-Hui
authors: XH
authors: Shen
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008716:Methionine Adenosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D020543:Proteome; D008716:Methionine Adenosyltransferase