title: Ethical challenges in advanced heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced heart failure (AHF) is an increasingly important field. Both the population of AHF patients and the therapeutic and diagnostic interventions available are expanding, creating a host of difficult ethical challenges. This article discusses these important issues and proposes an approach to caring for AHF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent guidelines and clinical trials describe the benefits of costly and invasive therapies for AHF, such as ventricular assist devices and cardiac resynchronization therapy which prolong life and improve symptoms but may create burdens and conflict over deactivation at the end of life. Prognostication, informed consent, and early involvement of palliative care are central to addressing the decision-making challenges raised by these devices. Societal concerns such as cost-effectiveness and distributive justice will play an increasingly important role in the dissemination of these devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research, increased end-of-life education, emphasis on advance directives, a more comprehensive informed consent process, and a true multidisciplinary approach are needed to provide optimal care for patients with AHF.
authors: Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Vinay
authors: V
authors: Kini
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012923:Social Class