title: Risk factors for increased left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been established as a predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD), the relationship between the prevalence of LVH and CKD stage during the predialysis period has not been fully examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in a cross-sectional cohort of participants in the Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort (CKD-JAC) study in order to identify factors that are associated with increased LVMI in patients with stage 3-5 CKD. LVH was defined as LVMI>125 g/m2 in male patients and >110 g/m2 in female patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed baseline characteristics in 1185 participants (male 63.7%, female 36.3%). Diabetes mellitus was the underlying disease in 41.3% of patients, and mean age was 61.8±11.1 years. LVH was detected in 21.7% of patients at baseline. By multivariate logistic analysis, independent risk factors for LVH were past history of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 0.574; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.360-0.916; P=0.020), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.179; 95% CI 1.021-1.360; P=0.025), body mass index (OR 1.135; 95% CI 1.074-1.200; P<0.001), and serum calcium level (OR 0.589; 95% CI 0.396-0.876; P=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectional baseline data from the CKD-JAC study shed light on the association between LVH and risk factors in patients with decreased renal function. Further longitudinal analyses of the CKD-JAC cohort are needed to evaluate the prognostic value of LVH in CKD patients.
authors: Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. knitta@kc.twmu.ac.jp.
authors: Kosaku
authors: K
authors: Nitta
authors: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Iimuro
authors: Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Enyu
authors: E
authors: Imai
authors: Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Seiichi
authors: S
authors: Matsuo
authors: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Hirofumi
authors: H
authors: Makino
authors: Department of Nephrology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Tadao
authors: T
authors: Akizawa
authors: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Ohashi
authors: Yaizu City Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Hishida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index