title: Tbx1 is required for second heart field proliferation in zebrafish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mammalian outflow tract (OFT) and primitive right ventricle arise by accretion of newly differentiated cells to the arterial pole of the heart tube from multi-potent progenitor cells of the second heart field (SHF). While mounting evidence suggests that the genetic pathways regulating SHF development are highly conserved in zebrafish, this topic remains an active area of investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we extend previous observations demonstrating that zebrafish tbx1 (van gogh, vgo) mutants show ventricular and OFT defects consistent with a conserved role in SHF-mediated cardiogenesis. Surprisingly, we reveal through double in situ analyses that tbx1 transcripts are excluded from cardiac progenitor cells and differentiated cardiomyocytes, suggesting a non-autonomous role in SHF development. Further, we find that the diminutive ventricle in vgo animals results from a 25% decrease in cardiomyocyte number that occurs subsequent to heart tube stages. Lastly, we report that although SHF progenitors are specified in the absence of Tbx1, they fail to be maintained due to compromised SHF progenitor cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies highlight conservation of Tbx1 function in zebrafish SHF biology.
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Nevis
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Obregon
authors: Conor
authors: C
authors: Walsh
authors: Burcu
authors: B
authors: Guner-Ataman
authors: C Geoffrey
authors: CG
authors: Burns
authors: Caroline E
authors: CE
authors: Burns
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C119156:tbr1b protein, zebrafish