title: Endometrial biopsy: a karyometric and stereological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of premalignant endometrial lesions is a major challenge to pathologists. The D-score system is more reproducible than the WHO scheme, however it is not widely available, this study attest a simple custom-made workstation for estimation of the "D-score".
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen endometriam with low grade hyperplasia, fifteen proliferative and eight secretory phase endometria were analyzed by light microscopy and stereology. We determined the volume and surface density glands & stroma. karyometric parameters of the endometrial glandular epithelial cells were estimated. D-score was calculated from some architectural & karyometric parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of stroma (VPS) was significantly higher in proliferative than secretory and hyperplastic endometria. The glandular surface density were higher in secretory endometria than proliferative and hyperplastic endometria, however, the differences was statistically insignificant. The ratio of longest nuclear axis to shortest nuclear axis was significantly less in secretory than proliferative and hyperplastic endometria. Secretory endometria also have significantly lower mean values of shape factor & significantly higher mean values of contour index than proliferative and secretory endometria. 67% of hyperplastic endometria show D-score values < 0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems feasible to estimate D-score using a semi-automated workstation based on the simple stereologic and morphometric principles.
authors: Department of Pathology, Tikrit college of Medicine, University of Tikrit, Iraq.
authors: Aiad
authors: A
authors: Abdullah Abdulrazak
keywords: D-score.; premalignant endometrial lesions; stereological study