title: Impact of robotic assistance on precision of vitreoretinal surgical procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the merits of robotic application for vitreoretinal maneuver in comparison to conventional manual performance using an in-vitro eye model constructed for the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Capability to accurately approach the target on the fundus, to stabilize the manipulator tip just above the fundus, and to perceive the contact of the manipulator tip with the fundus were tested. The accuracies were compared between the robotic and manual control, as well as between ophthalmologists and engineering students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In case of manual control, ophthalmologists were superior to engineering students in all the 3 test procedures. Robotic assistance significantly improved accuracy of all the test procedures performed by engineering students. For the ophthalmologists including a specialist of vitreoretinal surgery, robotic assistance enhanced the accuracy in the stabilization of manipulator tip (from 90.9 µm to 14.9 µm, P = 0.0006) and the perception of contact with the fundus (from 20.0 mN to 7.84 mN, P = 0.046), while robotic assistance did not improve pointing accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was confirmed that telerobotic assistance has a potential to significantly improve precision in vitreoretinal procedures in both experienced and inexperienced hands.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yasuo
authors: Y
authors: Noda
authors: Yoshiki
authors: Y
authors: Ida
authors: Shinichi
authors: S
authors: Tanaka
authors: Taku
authors: T
authors: Toyama
authors: Murilo Felix
authors: MF
authors: Roggia
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Tamaki
authors: Naohiko
authors: N
authors: Sugita
authors: Mamoru
authors: M
authors: Mitsuishi
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Ueta
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D057586:Vitreoretinal Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards