title: Coverage and use of cancer therapies in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.
abstract: This study was designed to assess the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) use on nonpharmaceutical medical spending for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and estimate the association between cost-sharing and the TKI medication possession ratio (MPR).
  
  
  
  The retrospective study covered the 13 years from 1997 to 2009.
  
  
  
  Analyses were conducted using a large administrative health insurance claims database covering 45 large employers. From this database, 995 unique patients with CML were identified, with 3,765 patient-years; of these patients, 415 (or 1,689 patientyears) were TKI users. We estimated the association of TKI use with total pharmaceutical spending and total non-pharmaceutical medical spending. In addition, we characterized plan-level cost-sharing rules for TKIs and assessed whether these were associated with the MPR for TKI therapy among CML patients.
  
  
  
  TKI users averaged $26,406 in annual non-pharmaceutical medical spending, compared with $38,194 for non-users; this was a difference of approximately 30%, which was statistically significant at the 5% level. The median patient out-ofpocket payment was $25, which increased to $63 at the 75th percentile and to $122 at the 95th percentile. MPRs were 94.8 at the median cost-sharing level and 100.0 at the 75th percentile and higher. There was no statistically significant association between cost-sharing and MPR.
  
  
  
  Use of TKIs was associated with a 30% reduction in non-pharmaceutical medical spending for CML patients. This difference is approximately equal to 40% of the incremental pharmaceutical cost associated with using TKI therapy. The net annual cost of TKI therapy is roughly $15,000. An informal calculation suggests that this is well within the range of conventional cost-effectiveness thresholds. On balance, coverage of TKIs is relatively generous, with the vast majority of patients exhibiting high levels of adherence to therapy.
authors: Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, 3335 S Figueroa St, Unit A, Los Angeles, CA 90089-7273, USA.
authors: Theodore
authors: T
authors: Darkow
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Maclean
authors: Geoffrey F
authors: GF
authors: Joyce
authors: Dana
authors: D
authors: Goldman
authors: Darius N
authors: DN
authors: Lakdawalla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017047:Cost Sharing; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors