title: Evaluation of the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections in a large academic medical center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) among hospitalized patients. Clinicians need to differentiate between VRE-associated urinary colonization, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and UTIs to determine the need for treatment and length of therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the diagnosis and management of VRE from urinary sources, including compliance with institutional treatment guidelines, and identify risk factors associated with clinical failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective, single-center, cohort study among patients with VRE-positive cultures from urinary sources over a 3-year study period (July 2008-September 2011). Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate demographics, diagnostics, guideline compliance, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes. Risk factors associated with clinical failure were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred sixty-nine distinct episodes of VRE met inclusion criteria among 252 patients. Forty-seven percent and 77% of episodes occurred in patients admitted to an intensive care unit and hospitalized for 7 or more days, respectively. Fifty-eight percent of the episodes were classified as asymptomatic bacteriuria or colonization. Compliance with institutional treatment guidelines for the appropriate drug, dose, and duration occurred in approximately 70% of the cases. Among noncompliant cases (n = 83), 48 (58%) were overtreated, and 35 (42%) were undertreated. Clinical failure among all cases was common, including mortality (17.1%). Factors independently associated with clinical failure determined on multivariate analysis included weight 100 kg or more (OR 5.30; 95% CI 1.42-12.21; p = 0.014), renal disease (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.02-6.47; p = 0.048), indwelling catheter (OR 4.62; 95% CI 1.05-18.24; p = 0.046), and VRE bloodstream infection (OR 15.71; 95% CI 2.9-128.7; p < 0 .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved education is needed to minimize cases of overtreatment and undertreatment of VRE-associated UTIs and decrease inappropriate drug-related costs and clinical failure rates. Risk factors for clinical failure can be used to risk stratify VRE-associated UTIs and further guide treatment decisions.
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Brett H
authors: BH
authors: Heintz
authors: Stacey
authors: S
authors: Cho
authors: Akina
authors: A
authors: Fujioka
authors: Jenny
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Jenana
authors: J
authors: Halilovic
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents