title: Complications of pedicle screws in children 10 years or younger: a case control study.
abstract: METHODS
  Case control study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine complications associated with pedicle screw use and screw accuracy in children 10 years or younger.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pedicle screws are frequently used for the treatment of spine deformity in children, but, for young patients, this is only by physician-directed use. Thus, we sought to determine the rates of screw-related complications and screw malposition in patients 10 years or younger compared with a series of matched controls greater than 10 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000-2011, 265 screws were placed in 33 consecutive patients undergoing a total of 35 procedures for a variety of spine deformities. Mean age at surgery was 7 years (range, 2-10) with a mean time to follow-up of 3.3 ± 2.4 years. Congenital spine deformity was the most common surgical indication. Primary outcome measures were screw-related complication or return to surgery for screw malposition. Patients were matched by diagnosis/fusion level to 66 control patients greater than 10 years of age. Available computed tomographic scans in young children were reviewed to assess screw accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients 10 years or younger, 2 out of 265 screws (0.75%) resulted in a screw-related complication. No patient required revision surgery due to screw malposition. No patients older than 10 years in the matched controls had a screw-related complication or revision surgery due to screw malposition. Computed tomograpic data was available for 10 young patients, which was compared with data from the larger cohort of 81 older children. No difference was found in the rates of severe asymptomatic screw malposition, but moderate screw malposition was more common in the younger cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this limited series, 265 pedicle screws were placed in 33 patients 10 years or younger with 0.75% of pedicle screws resulting in a complication. The rates of screw malposition revealed on computed tomographic scan were similar to those of adolescent children. These data support the use of pedicle screws in children 10 years or younger for the treatment of complex spinal deformity.
authors: Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Yaser M K
authors: YM
authors: Baghdadi
authors: A Noelle
authors: AN
authors: Larson
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: McIntosh
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Shaughnessy
authors: Mark B
authors: MB
authors: Dekutoski
authors: Anthony A
authors: AA
authors: Stans
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D065634:Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*