title: In vitro assessment of Function Graded (FG) artificial Hip joint stem in terms of bone/cement stresses: 3D Finite Element (FE) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress shielding in the cemented hip prosthesis occurs due to the mismatching in the mechanical properties of metallic stem and bone. This mismatching in properties is considered as one of the main reasons for implant loosening. Therefore, a new stem material in orthopedic surgery is still required. In the present study, 3D finite element modeling is used for evaluating the artificial hip joint stem that is made of Function Graded (FG) material in terms of joint stress distributions and stem length.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D finite element models of different stems made of two types of FG materials and traditional stems made of Cobalt Chromium alloy (CoCrMo) and Titanium alloy (Ti) were developed using the ANSYS Code. The effects on the total artificial hip joint stresses (Shear stress and Von Mises stresses at bone cement, Von Mises stresses at bone and stem) due to using the proposed FG materials stems were investigated. The effects on the total artificial hip joint system stresses due to using different stem lengths were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using FG stem (with low stiffness at stem distal end and high stiffness at its proximal end) resulted in a significant reduction in shear stress at the bone cement/stem interface. Also, the Von Mises stresses at the bone cement and stem decrease significantly when using FG material instead of CoCrMo and Ti alloy. The stresses' distribution along the bone cement length when using FG material was found to be more uniform along the whole bone cement compared with other stem materials. These more uniform stresses will help in the reduction of the artificial hip joint loosening rate and improve its short and long term performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FE results showed that using FG stem increases the resultant stresses at the femur bone (reduces stress shielding) compared to metallic stem. The results showed that the stem length has significant effects on the resultant shear and Von Mises stresses at bone, stem and bone cement for all types of stem materials.
authors: FRCSC, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Fawzi F
authors: FF
authors: Al-Jassir
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Fouad
authors: Othaman Y
authors: OY
authors: Alothman
mesh_terms: D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D014025:Titanium