title: Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for assessment of hamstring injury: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic literature review.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of a hamstring injury has traditionally relied on various clinical measures (eg, palpation, swelling, manual resistance), as well as the use of diagnostic imaging. But a few studies have suggested the use of specific clinical tests that may be helpful for the diagnostic process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the current literature on the diagnostic accuracy of orthopaedic special tests for hamstring injuries and to determine their clinical utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-assisted literature search of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase databases (along with a manual search of grey literature) was conducted using key words related to diagnostic accuracy of hamstring injuries. To be considered for inclusion in the review, the study required (1) patients with hamstring or posterior thigh pain; (2) a cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional design; (3) inclusion of at least 1 clinical examination test used to evaluate hamstring pathology; (4) comparison against an acceptable reference standard; (5) reporting of diagnostic accuracy of the measures (sensitivity [SN], specificity [SP], or likelihood ratios); and (6) publication in English. SN, SP, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for each diagnostic test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy identified 602 potential articles, of which only 3 articles met the inclusion criteria, with only 1 of these 3 articles being of high quality. Two of the studies investigated a single special test, whereas the third article examined a composite clinical assessment employing various special tests. The SN values ranged from 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46, 0.69) for the active range-of-motion test to 1.00 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.00) for the taking-off-the-shoe test. The SP values ranged from 0.03 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.22) for the composite clinical assessment to 1.00 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.00) for the taking-off-the-shoe test, active range-of-motion test, passive range-of-motion test, and resisted range-of-motion test. The use of a single special test demonstrated stronger SP than SN properties, whereas the composite clinical assessment demonstrated stronger SN than SP properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very few studies have investigated the utilization of clinical special tests for the diagnosis of hamstring injuries. Further studies of higher quality design are suggested prior to advocating independent clinical utilization of these special tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis, level 3b.
authors: Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA. reiman.michael@gmail.com
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Reiman
authors: Janice K
authors: JK
authors: Loudon
authors: Adam P
authors: AP
authors: Goode
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D013848:Thigh / Q000293:injuries; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000094143:Case Reports as Topic