title: Cervical pedicle screw insertion using the technique with direct exposure of the pedicle by laminoforaminotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the accuracy and safety of cervical pedicle screw insertion using the technique with direct exposure of the pedicle by laminoforaminotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive patients. A total of 104 subaxial cervical pedicle screws in 12 patients had been inserted. We also assessed the clinical and radiological outcomes and analyzed the direction and grade of pedicle perforation (grade 0: no perforation, 1: <25%, 2: 20% to 50%, 3: >50% of screw diameter) on the postoperative vascular-enhanced computed tomography scans. Grade 2 and 3 were considered as incorrect position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correct position was found in 95 screws (91.3%); grade 0-75 screws, grade 1-20 screws and the incorrect position in 9 screws (8.7%); grade 2-6 screws, grade 3-3 screws. There was no neurovascular complication related with cervical pedicle screw insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique (technique with direct exposure of the pedicle by laminoforaminotomy) could be considered relatively safe and easy method to insert cervical pedicle screw.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Dae-Jean
authors: DJ
authors: Jo
authors: Eun-Min
authors: EM
authors: Seo
authors: Ki-Tack
authors: KT
authors: Kim
authors: Sung-Min
authors: SM
authors: Kim
authors: Sang-Hun
authors: SH
authors: Lee
keywords: Cervical pedicle screw; Laminoforaminotomy; Pedicle perforation