title: Osteology of the coronoid process with clinical correlation to coronoid fractures in terrible triad injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Terrible triad complex elbow fracture-dislocations are represented by elbow dislocations associated with fractures of the coronoid and radial head. Published literature has focused on classifying coronoid fractures by their radiographic morphology on plain x-ray images and computed tomography imaging. No study has specifically related native coronoid osteology to in situ fracture morphology. We identified 3 distinct bony regions of the coronoid, (medial, intermediate, and lateral ridges) with correlation to common fracture patterns associated with terrible triad injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronoid osteology in 8 fresh frozen cadaveric elbows was examined, and three distinct ridges were identified and dimensions measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurements were compared with retrospective intraoperative measurements taken of coronoid fracture fragments being stabilized during terrible triad injury repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Classification of native coronoid process anatomy into functional ridges (medial, intermediate, lateral) may improve our understanding of coronoid fracture patterns in unstable terrible triad injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic Science, Anatomic Study, Cadaver and In Vivo.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. leereichel@gmail.com
authors: Lee M
authors: LM
authors: Reichel
authors: Graham S
authors: GS
authors: Milam
authors: Cody D
authors: CD
authors: Hillin
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Reitman
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000092464:Elbow Injuries