title: Effects of instrumental and psychological support on levels of depressive symptoms for hospitalized older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of four types of support (psychological support, instrumental support, supervision of instrumental support, and explanation of medical care) on the level of depressive symptoms among hospitalized older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 468 older adults admitted to the internal medicine units of a large tertiary care medical center in northern Israel. Respondents filled out self-report questionnaires upon admission and discharge. Information regarding severity of illness, chronic health status, and length of hospital stay was gathered from their medical records. Multivariate regression was used to test the association between the four types of caregiving support and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychological support from informal caregivers was found to be negatively related to depressive symptoms, and instrumental support to be positively related to depressive symptoms among respondents who were more independent in their functioning before the hospitalization. These relationships remained significant after controlling for previously-identified precursors of depressive symptoms: age, gender, education, widowhood, functional and cognitive status, severity of illness, co-morbidities, and length of hospital stay. Supervision of instrumental support and explanation of medical care were not related to depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study suggest that functional status, the kind of support, and the setting in which it is given are important in understanding the influence of informal support on the well-being of older adults. The potentially positive as well as negative consequences of various types of support in the hospital setting should be recognized and addressed.
authors: The Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. ngur@univ.haifa.ac.il
authors: Nurit
authors: N
authors: Gur-Yaish
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Zisberg
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Sinoff
authors: Efrat
authors: E
authors: Shadmi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers