title: In-tube extraction and GC-MS analysis of volatile components from wild and cultivated sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. Carpatica) berry varieties and juice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The health benefits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) are well documented due to its rich content in bioactive phytochemicals (pigments, phenolics and vitamins) as well as volatiles responsible for specific flavours and bacteriostatic action. The volatile compounds are good biomarkers of berry freshness, quality and authenticity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a fast and efficient GC-MS method including a minimal sample preparation technique (in-tube extraction, ITEX) for the discrimination of sea buckthorn varieties based on their chromatographic volatile fingerprint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve sea buckthorn varieties (wild and cultivated) were collected from forestry departments and experimental fields, respectively. The extraction of volatile compounds was performed using the ITEX technique whereas separation and identification was performed using a GC-MS QP-2010. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate the differences among sample composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using GC-MS analysis, from the headspace of sea buckthorn samples, 46 volatile compounds were separated with 43 being identified. The most abundant derivatives were ethyl esters of 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and butanoic acid, as well as 3-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate, 3-methylbutyl 2-methylbutanoate and benzoic acid ethyl ester (over 80% of all volatile compounds). Principal component analysis showed that the first two components explain 79% of data variance, demonstrating a good discrimination between samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reliable, fast and eco-friendly ITEX/GC-MS method was applied to fingerprint the volatile profile and to discriminate between wild and cultivated sea buckthorn berries originating from the Carpathians, with relevance to food science and technology.
authors: University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur St., 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors: Sonia A
authors: SA
authors: Socaci
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Socaciu
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Tofană
authors: Ioan V
authors: IV
authors: Raţi
authors: Adela
authors: A
authors: Pintea
mesh_terms: D002087:Butyrates / Q000032:analysis; D002208:Caproates / Q000032:analysis; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012383:Romania; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D002208:Caproates; D004952:Esters; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C037652:hexanoic acid; C019475:2-methylbutanoic acid