title: The contributions of muscarinic receptors and changes in plasma aldosterone levels to the anti-hypertensive effect of Tulbaghia violacea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is used to treat various ailments, including hypertension (HTN) in South Africa. This study aims to evaluate the contributions of muscarinic receptors and changes in plasma aldosterone levels to its anti-hypertensive effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the acute experiments, methanol leaf extracts (MLE) of T. violacea (30-120 mg/kg), muscarine (0.16 -10 μg/kg), and atropine (0.02 - 20.48 mg/kg), and/or the vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and normal saline (NS)) were respectively and randomly administered intravenously in a group of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) weighing 300 to 350 g and aged less than 5 months. Subsequently, T. violacea (60 mg/kg) or muscarine (2.5 μg/kg) was infused into eight SHRs, 20 min after atropine (5.12 mg/kg) pre-treatment. In the chronic (21 days) experiments, the SHRs were randomly divided into three groups, and given the vehicle (0.2 ml/day of DMSO and NS), T. violacea (60 mg/kg/day) and captopril (10 mg/kg/day) respectively into the peritoneum, to investigate their effects on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and plasma aldosterone levels. Systolic BP and HR were measured using tail-cuff plethysmography during the intervention. BP and HR were measured via a pressure transducer connecting the femoral artery and the Powerlab at the end of each intervention in the acute experiment; and on day 22 in the chronic experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the acute experiments, T. violacea, muscarine, and atropine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced BP dose-dependently. T. violacea and muscarine produced dose-dependent decreases in HR, while the effect of atropine on HR varied. After atropine pre-treatment, dose-dependent increases in BP and HR were observed with T. violacea; while the BP and HR effects of muscarine were nullified. In the chronic experiments, the T. violacea-treated and captropril-treated groups had signicantly lower levels of aldosterone in plasma when compared to vehicle-treated group. Compared to the vehicle-treated group, significant reduction in BP was only seen in the captopril-treated group; while no difference in HR was observed among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in this study suggest that stimulation of the muscarinic receptors and a reduction in plasma aldosterone levels contribute to the anti-hypertesive effect of T. violacea.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. ismailaraji@gmail.com
authors: Ismaila
authors: I
authors: Raji
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Mugabo
authors: Kenechukwu
authors: K
authors: Obikeze
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D000490:Allium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009116:Muscarine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010991:Plethysmography; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D000450:Aldosterone; D001285:Atropine; D009116:Muscarine; D002216:Captopril