title: Prospective study of alcohol consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome in US men.
abstract: Few studies have evaluated the effects of alcohol consumption on the incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and incident MetS in a population of US men. This is a prospective study of 7483 Caucasian men, who were free of the MetS and CVD at baseline. Information was collected on alcohol consumption, health status and fitness level at an initial clinical examination. Additional health information and determination of incident cases of the MetS were obtained at follow-up clinical examinations between 1979 and 2005. Compared with non-drinkers, the multivariate hazard ratios of the MetS for light (1-3 drinks/week), moderate (4-7 drinks/week), moderate-heavy (8-13 drinks/week) and heavy ( ≥ 14 drinks/week) drinkers were 0.81 (95 % CI 0.68, 0.95), 0.68 (95 % CI 0.57, 0.80), 0.70 (95 % CI 0.59, 0.83) and 0.78 (95 % CI 0.66, 0.91), respectively. This association was seen across age groups, in men with one or more pre-existing MetS risk factors, and those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, and in all alcohol beverage types at most levels of alcohol consumption. An inverse dose-response association between alcohol consumption and low HDL concentrations was observed, while significant associations were observed between high fasting glucose concentrations and moderate, moderate-heavy and heavy levels of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with central obesity, hypertriacylglycerolaemia or hypertension. All levels of alcohol consumption provided significant inverse associations with incidence of the MetS. In particular, this effect was observed in overweight and/or obese individuals, in those who had pre-existing risk factors for the MetS, and extended across all types of alcoholic beverages consumed.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Suite 1014, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Stoutenberg
authors: Duck-chul
authors: DC
authors: Lee
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Sui
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Hooker
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Horigian
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Perrino
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult