title: Sorafenib induces autophagy and suppresses activation of human macrophage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor approved for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma and other malignancies, has been shown as a modulator for dendritic cells. This study was designed to examine the effects of sorafenib on macrophages, the major ontogeny of innate immunity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macrophages were derived from sorted CD14(+) monocytes of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell viability and surface antigens were examined by trypan blue analysis. Autophagy was characterized by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for morphology, Western blotting for microtubule associated light chain protein 3B (LC-3B) I lipidation, and acridine orange staining for acidic component vacuoles. Soluble factors contained in culture medium and serum were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that sorafenib inhibited the viability of macrophages accompanied by morphological changes characteristic of autophagy. This autophagy-inducing effect was validated by LC3B-I lipidation and autophagosome accumulation. The surface antigen expression and the function of activated macrophages were inhibited by sorafenib, including the expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD80, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species. The secretion of IL-10, but not IL-6, TNF-α nor TGF-β, was reduced by sorafenib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sorafenib, in addition to being a cancer targeted therapeutic agent, can induce autophagy and modulate the function of human macrophages.
authors: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jiunn-Chang
authors: JC
authors: Lin
authors: Chien-Liang
authors: CL
authors: Liu
authors: Jie-Jen
authors: JJ
authors: Lee
authors: Tsang-Pai
authors: TP
authors: Liu
authors: Tsan-Pai
authors: TP
authors: Liu
authors: Wen-Chin
authors: WC
authors: Ko
authors: Yu-Chuen
authors: YC
authors: Huang
authors: Chih-Hsiung
authors: CH
authors: Wu
authors: Yu-Jen
authors: YJ
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000077157:Sorafenib
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib