title: Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictor of the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease mostly occurring in preterm infants. The pathogenesis of BPD involves early inflammation and remodeling of the premature lung.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To search for the novel predictive marker of BPD development, we studied serum levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an innate immune mediator, in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum NGAL concentrations at birth were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The reference levels were determined in 52 infants having no anomalies or inherited diseases. The levels and clinical variables were assessed in association with BPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geometric means (95%CI) of serum NGAL levels at birth of infants having no underlying diseases were 32.4 (22.1-47.5), 58.6 (47.9-71.8), and 126.2 (99.0-168.7) ng/mL for <31, 31-36 and >36 gestational weeks (GW), respectively (p<0.001). These levels positively correlated with neutrophil (p<0.0001) or monocyte counts (p<0.0001). The median NGAL levels (307.8 ng/mL) and neutrophil counts (4141/μL) at birth of 16 preterm infants (<31 GW) who developed BPD were higher than those (42.9 ng/mL and 1357/μL) of 20 infants (<31 GW) who did not (p<0.0001 and p=0.012), respectively. In multivariable analysis for 36 infants born less than 31 GW, higher NGAL levels (≥ 82 ng/mL) but not neutrophil counts at birth had a significant association with developing BPD (gestational-age adjusted odds ratio [OR]=37.45 [3.08-455.49], p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High serum levels of NGAL at birth could be an early sensitive marker for BPD in preterm infants, because their levels were physiologically low.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Hirosuke
authors: H
authors: Inoue
authors: Shouichi
authors: S
authors: Ohga
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Kusuda
authors: Junko
authors: J
authors: Kitajima
authors: Tadamune
authors: T
authors: Kinjo
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Ochiai
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Takahata
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Honjo
authors: Toshiro
authors: T
authors: Hara
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins