title: Effect of dietary sodium restriction on body water, blood pressure, and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a prospective randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence suggests an association between body volume overload and inflammation in chronic kidney diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary sodium reduction in body fluid volume, blood pressure (BP), and inflammatory state in hemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective controlled study, adult patients on HD for at least 90 days and those with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels ≥ 0.7 mg/dl were randomly allocated into two groups: group A, which included 21 patients treated with 2 g of sodium restriction on their habitual diet; and group B, which included 18 controls. Clinical, inflammatory, biochemical, hematological, and nutritional markers were assessed at baseline and after 8 and 16 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups. Group A showed a significant reduction in serum concentrations of CRP, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 during the study period, while BP and extracellular water (ECW) did not change. In group B, there were no changes in serum concentrations of inflammatory markers, BP, and ECW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary sodium restriction is associated with the attenuation of the inflammatory state, without changes in BP and ECW, suggesting inhibition of a salt-induced inflammatory response.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-000, Brazil.
authors: Lidiane Silva
authors: LS
authors: Rodrigues Telini
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: de Carvalho Beduschi
authors: Jacqueline Costa Teixeira
authors: JC
authors: Caramori
authors: João Henrique
authors: JH
authors: Castro
authors: Luis Cuadrado
authors: LC
authors: Martin
authors: Pasqual
authors: P
authors: Barretti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001834:Body Water; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D045604:Extracellular Fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein