title: The construction of power in family medicine bedside teaching: a video observation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bedside teaching is essential for helping students develop skills, reasoning and professionalism, and involves the learning triad of student, patient and clinical teacher. Although current rhetoric espouses the sharing of power, the medical workplace is imbued with power asymmetries. Power is context-specific and although previous research has explored some elements of the enactment and resistance of power within bedside teaching, this exploration has been conducted within hospital rather than general practice settings. Furthermore, previous research has employed audio-recorded rather than video-recorded observation and has therefore focused on language and para-language at the expense of non-verbal communication and human-material interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative design was adopted employing video- and audio-recorded observations of seven bedside teaching encounters (BTEs), followed by short individual interviews with students, patients and clinical teachers. Thematic and discourse analyses of BTEs were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Power is constructed by students, patients and clinical teachers throughout different BTE activities through the use of linguistic, para-linguistic and non-verbal communication. In terms of language, participants construct power through the use of questions, orders, advice, pronouns and medical/health belief talk. With reference to para-language, participants construct power through the use of interruption and laughter. In terms of non-verbal communication, participants construct power through physical positioning and the possession or control of medical materials such as the stethoscope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this paper as a trigger for discussion, we encourage students and clinical teachers to reflect critically on how their verbal and non-verbal communication constructs power in bedside teaching. Students and clinical teachers need to develop their awareness of what power is, how it can be constructed and shared, and what it means for the student-patient-doctor relationship within bedside teaching.
authors: Centre for Medical Education, Medical Education Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. c.rees@dundee.ac.uk
authors: Charlotte E
authors: CE
authors: Rees
authors: Rola
authors: R
authors: Ajjawi
authors: Lynn V
authors: LV
authors: Monrouxe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011209:Power, Psychological; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012380:Role; D014743:Videotape Recording; D055815:Young Adult