title: The proteome of exudates from germinating Lupinus albus seeds is secreted through a selective dual-step process and contains proteins involved in plant defence.
abstract: The general knowledge of defence activity during the first steps of seed germination is still largely incomplete. The present study focused on the proteins released in the exudates of germinating white lupin seeds. During the first 24 h, a release of proteins was observed. Initially (i.e. during the first 12 h), the proteins found in exudates reflected the composition of the seed, indicating a passive extrusion of pre-formed proteins. Subsequently, when the rate of protein release was at its highest, the composition of the released proteome changed drastically. This transition occurred in a short time, indicating that more selective and regulated events, such as secretory processes, took place soon after the onset of germination. The present study considered: (a) the characterization of the proteome accumulated in the germinating medium collected after the appearance of the post-extrusion events; (b) the biosynthetic origin and the modalities that are the basis of protein release outside the seeds; and (c) an assessment of antifungal activity of these exudates. The most represented protein in the exudate was chitinase, which was synthesized de novo. The other proteins are involved in the cellular mechanisms responding to stress events, including biotic ones. This exudate was effectively able to inhibit fungal growth. The results of the present study indicate that seed exudation is a dual-step process that leads to the secretion of selected proteins and thus is not a result of passive leakage. The released proteome is involved in protecting the spermosphere environment and thus may act as first defence against pathogens.
authors: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. alessio.scarafoni@unimi.it
authors: Alessio
authors: A
authors: Scarafoni
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Ronchi
authors: Bhakti
authors: B
authors: Prinsi
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Espen
authors: Gemma
authors: G
authors: Assante
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Venturini
authors: Marcello
authors: M
authors: Duranti
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002688:Chitinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018525:Germination; D031297:Lupinus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053147:Plant Exudates / Q000378:metabolism*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012639:Seeds / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D053147:Plant Exudates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D002688:Chitinases; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases