title: Bayesian methods to determine performance differences and to quantify variability among centers in multi-center trials: the IHAST trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To quantify the variability among centers and to identify centers whose performance are potentially outside of normal variability in the primary outcome and to propose a guideline that they are outliers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Novel statistical methodology using a Bayesian hierarchical model is used. Bayesian methods for estimation and outlier detection are applied assuming an additive random center effect on the log odds of response: centers are similar but different (exchangeable). The Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial (IHAST) is used as an example. Analyses were adjusted for treatment, age, gender, aneurysm location, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale, Fisher score and baseline NIH stroke scale scores. Adjustments for differences in center characteristics were also examined. Graphical and numerical summaries of the between-center standard deviation (sd) and variability, as well as the identification of potential outliers are implemented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the IHAST, the center-to-center variation in the log odds of favorable outcome at each center is consistent with a normal distribution with posterior sd of 0.538 (95% credible interval: 0.397 to 0.726) after adjusting for the effects of important covariates. Outcome differences among centers show no outlying centers. Four potential outlying centers were identified but did not meet the proposed guideline for declaring them as outlying. Center characteristics (number of subjects enrolled from the center, geographical location, learning over time, nitrous oxide, and temporary clipping use) did not predict outcome, but subject and disease characteristics did.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bayesian hierarchical methods allow for determination of whether outcomes from a specific center differ from others and whether specific clinical practices predict outcome, even when some centers/subgroups have relatively small sample sizes. In the IHAST no outlying centers were found. The estimated variability between centers was moderately large.
authors: Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. emine-bayman@uiowa.edu
authors: Emine O
authors: EO
authors: Bayman
authors: Kathryn M
authors: KM
authors: Chaloner
authors: Bradley J
authors: BJ
authors: Hindman
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: Todd
mesh_terms: D000783:Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome