title: Ultrasound-guided facet joint injection training using Perk Tutor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Facet syndrome is a condition that may cause 15-45 % of chronic lower back pain. It is commonly diagnosed and treated using facet joint injections. This needle technique demands high accuracy, and ultrasound (US) is a potentially useful modality to guide the needle. US-guided injections, however, require physicians to interpret 2-D sonographic images while simultaneously manipulating an US probe and needle. Therefore, US-guidance for facet joint injections needs advanced training methodologies that will equip physicians with the requisite skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Perk Tutor-an augmented reality training system for US-guided needle insertions-in a configuration for percutaneous procedures of the lumbar spine. In a pilot study of 26 pre-medical undergraduate students, we evaluated the efficacy of Perk Tutor training compared to traditional training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Perk Tutor Trained group, which had access to Perk Tutor during training, had a mean success rate of 61.5 %, while the Control group, which received traditional training, had a mean success rate of 38.5 % ([Formula: see text]). No significant differences in procedure times or needle path lengths were observed between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that Perk Tutor provides an improved training environment for US-guided facet joint injections on a synthetic model.
authors: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Moult
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ungi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Welch
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: McGraw
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Fichtinger
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009339:Needles; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*