title: Is there an association between peripheral immune markers and structural/functional neuroimaging findings?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is mounting evidence that inflammatory processes play a key role in emotional as well as cognitive dysfunctions. In this context, research employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MR spectroscopy) suggests a possible link between structural/functional anomalies in the brain and an increase of circulating inflammation markers. The present paper reviews this research, with particular focus on major depressive disorder (MDD), cognitive impairment in older adults, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MDD, cognitive impairment and AD, inflammatory processes have been found to be associated with both structural and functional anomalies, perhaps under the influence of environmental stress. Not enough research can suggest similar considerations in schizophrenia, although studies in mice and non-human primates support the belief that inflammatory responses generated during pregnancy can affect brain development and contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review suggests a link between inflammatory processes and MRI detected anomalies in the brain of individuals with MDD, older adults with cognitive impairment as well as of individuals with AD and schizophrenia.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Adelaide and Meath incorporating the National's Children Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: frodlt@tcd.ie.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Frodl
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Amico
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: (11)C-(R)-PK11195; (R)-N-(11)C-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl) isoquinoline-3-carboxamide ((11)C-(R)-PK11195); ACC; AD; AI; Aging; Alzheimer's disease; BG; C-reactive protein; CA; CA3; CA4; CC; CNS; CRP; CSF; DTI; FA; GAD; GILZ; GM; GMV; HPA; IL-1; IL-10; IL-12; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-8; IgG; Inflammation; LPS; LTP; M-CSF; MCI; MCP-1; MDD; MIP-1; MPIO; MR spectroscopy; MRI; Major depression; N-methyl-d-aspartate; NMDA; NO; OFC; OMPFC; PFC; SGK; Schizophrenia; VBM; VCAM-1; WM; WMH; WMV; anterior cingulate cortex; anterior insula; basal ganglia; central nervous system; cerebrospinal fluid; cingulate cortex; cornu ammonis; cornu ammonis region 3; cornu ammonis region 4; cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase; dACC; diffusion tensor imaging; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; fMRI; fractional anisotropy; functional magnetic resonance imaging; glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper; glutamic acid decarboxylase; gray matter; gray matter volume; hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; iNOS; immunoglobulin-G; interleukin-1; interleukin-10; interleukin-12; interleukin-1β; interleukin-6; interleukin-8; lipopolysaccharide; long-term potentiation; macrophage colony-stimulating factor; macrophage inflammatory peptide-1alpha; magnetic resonance imaging; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; major depressive disorder; micro-sized particles of iron oxide; mild cognitive impairment; monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; nitric oxide; orbito medial prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; prefrontal cortex; pro-IL-1β; pro-interleukin-1beta; sACC; sIL-4R; serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase; soluble interleukin-4 receptor; subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; voxel-based morphometry; white matter; white matter hyperintensity; white matter volume