title: Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in children: imaging features on multi-slice computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively analyze the imaging features of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in children on dynamic contrast-enhanced multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 1999 to April 2012, a total of 218 cases of hepatic FNH were confirmed by either surgical resection or biopsy in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and the Cancer center of Sun Yat-sen University, including 12 cases (5.5%) of FNH in children (age ≤ 18 years old). All the 12 pediatric patients underwent MSCT. We retrospectively analyzed the imaging features of FNH lesions, including the number, location, size, margin, density of FNH demonstrated on pre-contrast and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning, central scar, fibrous septa, pseudocapsule, the morphology of the feeding arteries and the presence of draining vessels (portal vein or hepatic vein).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the 12 pediatric cases of FNH had solitary lesion. The maximum diameter of the lesions was 4.0-12.9 cm, with an average diameter of 5.5 ± 2.5 cm. The majority of the FNH lesions (10/12, 83.3%) had well-defined margins. Central scar (10/12, 83.3%) and fibrous septa (11/12, 91.7%) were commonly found in children with FNH. Central scar was either isodense (n = 7) or hypodense (n = 3) on pre-contrast CT images and showed progressive enhancement in 8 cases in the equilibrium phase. Fibrous septa were linear hypodense areas in the arterial phase and isodense in the portal and equilibrium phases. Pseudocapsule was very rare (1/12, 8.3%) in pediatric FNH. With the exception of central scars and fibrous septa within the lesions, all 12 cases of pediatric FNH were homogeneously enhanced on the contrast-enhanced CT images, significantly hyperdense in the arterial phase (12/12, 100.0%), and isodense in the portal venous phase (7/12, 58.3%) and equilibrium phase (11/12, 91.7%). Central feeding arteries inside the tumors were observed on CTA images for all 12 cases of FNH, whereas no neovascularization of malignant tumors was noted. In 9 cases (75.0%), there was a spoke-wheel shaped centrifugal blood supply inside the tumors. The draining hepatic vein was detected in 8 cases of pediatric FNH. However, the draining vessels in the other 4 cases could not be detected. No associated hepatic adenoma or hemangioma was observed in the livers of the 12 pediatric cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characteristic imaging appearances of MSCT and CTA may reflect the pathological and hemodynamic features of pediatric FNH. Dynamic multi-phase MSCT and CTA imaging is an effective method for diagnosing FNH in children.
authors: Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China. liu.qingyu@163.com
authors: Qing-Yu
authors: QY
authors: Liu
authors: Wei-Dong
authors: WD
authors: Zhang
authors: Dong-Ming
authors: DM
authors: Lai
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Ou-Yang
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Gao
authors: Xiao-Feng
authors: XF
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D020518:Focal Nodular Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Benign hepatic lesions; Children; Computed tomography; Focal nodular hyperplasia; Liver; X-ray