title: FOX gene cluster defects in alveolar capillary dysplasia associated with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to report two new patients with the diagnosis of alveolar capillary dysplasia and congenital heart disease, to describe the associated cardiac defects seen in these cases and in the literature, and to consider recent genetic advances concerning the FOX transcription factor gene cluster in chromosome 16q24.1q24.2.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed the records of all patients with congenital heart disease and alveolar capillary dysplasia seen in the Pediatric Cardiology Department between 2005 and 2010. We reviewed all literature published in the English language relating to cases of alveolar capillary dysplasia and congenital heart disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two infants with alveolar capillary dysplasia and cardiac malformation were identified: one had an atrioventricular septal defect and a de novo balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;16)(q32;q24), the second infant had a ventricular septal defect. Analysis of 31 cases of the literature including these new cases showed a predominant association of alveolar capillary dysplasia with obstructive left heart disease (35%), as well as an atrioventricular septal defect (29%). FOX gene cluster defects were identified in eight of these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic background of alveolar capillary dysplasia is discussed in the light of the balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;16)(q32;q24) identified in the first child of this report. Alveolar capillary dysplasia should be suspected in neonates with congenital heart disease and unexpectedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistances, especially in cases of obstructive left heart disease or atrioventricular septal defect. Detecting FOX gene cluster defects should be considered in infants with alveolar capillary dysplasia with or without congenital heart disease.
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence Malformations cardiaques Congénitales Complexes-M3C, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Laux
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Malan
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Bajolle
authors: Younes
authors: Y
authors: Boudjemline
authors: Jeanne
authors: J
authors: Amiel
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Bonnet
mesh_terms: D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors