title: Pre-invasion history and demography shape the genetic variation in the insecticide resistance-related acetylcholinesterase 2 gene in the invasive Colorado potato beetle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive pest species offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of genetic architecture, demography and selection on patterns of genetic variability. Invasive Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) populations have experienced a rapid range expansion and intense selection by insecticides. By comparing native and invasive beetle populations, we studied the origins of organophosphate (OP) resistance-associated mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE2) gene, and the role of selection and demography on its genetic variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of three Mexican, two US and five European populations yielded a total of 49 haplotypes. Contrary to the expectations all genetic variability was associated with a point mutation linked to insecticide resistance (S291G), this mutation was found in 100% of Mexican, 95% of US and 71% of European beetle sequences analysed. Only two susceptible haplotypes, genetically very differentiated, were found, one in US and one in Europe. The genetic variability at the AChE2 gene was compared with two other genes not directly affected by insecticide selection, diapause protein 1 and juvenile hormone esterase. All three genes showed reduction in genetic variability indicative of a population bottleneck associated with the invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stochastic effects during invasion explain most of the observed patterns of genetic variability at the three genes investigated. The high frequency of the S291G mutation in the AChE2 gene among native populations suggests this mutation is the ancestral state and thus, either a pre-adaptation of the beetle for OP resistance or the AChE2 is not the major gene conferring OP resistance. The long historical association with host plant alkaloids together with recombination may have contributed to the high genetic variation at this locus. The genetic diversity in the AChE2 locus of the European beetles, in turn, strongly reflects founder effects followed by rapid invasion. Our results suggest that despite the long history of insecticide use in this species, demographic events together with pre-invasion history have been strongly influential in shaping the genetic diversity of the AChE2 gene in the invasive beetle populations.
authors: Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. saija.p.piiroinen@jyu.fi
authors: Saija
authors: S
authors: Piiroinen
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Lindström
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Lyytinen
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Mappes
authors: Yolanda H
authors: YH
authors: Chen
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Izzo
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Grapputo
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017344:Genes, Insect; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D058865:Introduced Species; D009154:Mutation; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011198:Solanum tuberosum
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase