title: Disorders of sex development among Sudanese children: 5-year experience of a pediatric endocrinology clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The birth of a child with disorders of sex development (DSDs) is considered a medical and psychosocial emergency. Management of these cases requires facilities and a multidisciplinary team. In developing countries, this is made difficult by the lack of facilities in addition to sociocultural and religious factors that can affect management. This is the first experience to be published from Sudan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to see the prevalence, etiological factors, management, and problems faced in handling these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective descriptive study reviewing the records of all cases referred to a pediatric endocrinology clinic over a 5-year period. Cases were managed by a multidisciplinary team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-six cases were seen, of which 122 were included in the study. A total of 79 (64.8%) were born at home, whereas 59 (52.2%) of the cases were not observed at birth by health-care providers. The average cost of investigating a case was $250-300. The investigations showed that 69 had XX DSD and 45 had XY DSD. The most common cause of XX DSD was congenital adrenal hyperplasia and that of XY DSD was androgen insensitivity syndrome. Twenty-three (19%) needed sex reassignment. There was a preference for the male sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSDs are not uncommon in Sudan. Because of lack of awareness and sociocultural reasons cases are referred late. Investigating these cases is expensive and has to be supported, and more multidisciplinary teams have to be trained to make services accessible and affordable.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Divison of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum-Amarrat Post Office Box 15146, Khartoum 12217, Sudan. mohamedabdullah@hotmail.com
authors: Mohamed Ahmed
authors: MA
authors: Abdullah
authors: Umsalama
authors: U
authors: Saeed
authors: Asjjad
authors: A
authors: Abass
authors: Karib
authors: K
authors: Lubna
authors: Arabi
authors: A
authors: Weam
authors: Abdelbassit S
authors: AS
authors: Ali
authors: Imad F
authors: IF
authors: Elmwla
mesh_terms: D058489:46, XX Disorders of Sex Development / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D013734:Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058490:Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D057830:Gender-Affirming Surgery; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology