title: Individual and additive effects of mothers' and fathers' chronic pain on health outcomes in young adults with a childhood history of functional abdominal pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effects of mothers' and fathers' chronic pain on health outcomes in adult sons and daughters with a childhood history of functional abdominal pain (FAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults (n = 319; Mean age = 22.09 years) with a childhood history of FAP reported parental history of chronic pain and their own current health (chronic pain, somatic symptoms, disability, use of medication and health care, illness-related job loss).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive histories of maternal and paternal chronic pain were each associated with poorer health in sons and daughters, regardless of child or parent gender. Having 2 parents with chronic pain was associated with significantly poorer health than having 1 or neither parent with chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pain in both mothers and fathers is associated with poor health and elevated health service use in young adults with a childhood history of FAP. Having both parents with chronic pain increases risk for adverse outcomes.
authors: Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, USA.
authors: Amanda L
authors: AL
authors: Sherman
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Bruehl
authors: Craig A
authors: CA
authors: Smith
authors: Lynn S
authors: LS
authors: Walker
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult