title: Injury to the anteroinferior glenohumeral capsule during anterior dislocation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glenohumeral dislocation commonly results in permanent deformation of the glenohumeral capsule. Knowing the location and extent of tissue damage may aid in improving diagnostic and repair procedures for shoulder dislocations. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the strain in the anteroinferior capsule at dislocation and (2) the location and extent of injury to the anteroinferior capsule due to dislocation by quantifying the resulting non-recoverable strain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system was used to anteriorly dislocate six cadaveric shoulders. The magnitude of the maximum principle strain at dislocation and the resulting non-recoverable strain due to dislocation in the anteroinferior capsule were measured by tracking the change in the location of a grid of strain markers from a reference position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glenoid side of the capsule experienced higher strains at dislocation than the humeral side. The greatest strains at dislocation were found on the glenoid side of the anterior band (strain ratio of 0.60), but the greatest non-recoverable strains were found in the posterior axillary pouch (strain ratio of 0.34 on the glenoid side and 0.31 on the humeral side).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that even though the glenoid side of the anterior band undergoes more deformation during anterior dislocation, the most permanent deformation occurs in the posterior axillary pouch, and surgeons should consider also plicating the posterior axillary pouch when performing repair procedures following anterior dislocation. In the future, the mechanical properties of the normal and injured glenohumeral capsules will be compared.
authors: Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: Browe
authors: Carrie A
authors: CA
authors: Rainis
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: McMahon
authors: Richard E
authors: RE
authors: Debski
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000293:injuries*; D012371:Robotics; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical