title: In vitro physical, chemical, and biological evaluation of commercially available metal orthodontic brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological properties of commercially available metal orthodontic brackets in South Korea, because national standards for these products are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  FOUR BRACKET BRANDS WERE TESTED FOR DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY, (MANUFACTURING ERRORS IN ANGULATION AND TORQUE), CYTOTOXICITY, COMPOSITION, ELUTION, AND CORROSION: Archist (Daeseung Medical), Victory (3M Unitek), Kosaka (Tomy), and Confidence (Shinye Odontology Materials).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tested rackets showed no significant differences in manufacturing errors in angulation, but Confidence brackets showed a significant difference in manufacturing errors in torque. None of the brackets were cytotoxic to mouse fibroblasts. The metal ion components did not show a regular increasing or decreasing trend of elution over time, but the volume of the total eluted metal ions increased: Archist brackets had the maximal Cr elution and Confidence brackets appeared to have the largest volume of total eluted metal ions because of excessive Ni elution. Confidence brackets showed the lowest corrosion resistance during potentiodynamic polarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study could potentially be applied in establishing national standards for metal orthodontic brackets and in evaluating commercially available products.
authors: GIO Dental Clinic, Gimpo, Korea.
authors: Joo Hyoung
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Jung Yul
authors: JY
authors: Cha
authors: Chung Ju
authors: CJ
authors: Hwang
keywords: Corrosion; Cytotoxicity; Elution; Orthodontic brackets