title: Normal variation of magnetic resonance T1 relaxation times in the human population at 1.5 T using ShMOLLI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantitative T1-mapping is rapidly becoming a clinical tool in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to objectively distinguish normal from diseased myocardium. The usefulness of any quantitative technique to identify disease lies in its ability to detect significant differences from an established range of normal values. We aimed to assess the variability of myocardial T1 relaxation times in the normal human population estimated with recently proposed Shortened Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (ShMOLLI) T1 mapping technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 342, 50% females, age 11-69 years) from 3 clinical centres across two countries underwent CMR at 1.5T. Each examination provided a single average myocardial ShMOLLI T1 estimate using manually drawn myocardial contours on typically 3 short axis slices (average 3.4 ± 1.4), taking care not to include any blood pool in the myocardial contours. We established the normal reference range of myocardial and blood T1 values, and assessed the effect of potential confounding factors, including artefacts, partial volume, repeated measurements, age, gender, body size, hematocrit and heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Native myocardial ShMOLLI T1 was 962 ± 25 ms. We identify the partial volume as primary source of potential error in the analysis of respective T1 maps and use 1 pixel erosion to represent "midwall myocardial" T1, resulting in a 0.9% decrease to 953 ± 23 ms. Midwall myocardial ShMOLLI T1 was reproducible with an intra-individual, intra- and inter-scanner variability of ≤2%. The principle biological parameter influencing myocardial ShMOLLI T1 was the female gender, with female T1 longer by 24 ms up to the age of 45 years, after which there was no significant difference from males. After correction for age and gender dependencies, heart rate was the only other physiologic factor with a small effect on myocardial ShMOLLI T1 (6ms/10bpm). Left and right ventricular blood ShMOLLI T1 correlated strongly with each other and also with myocardial T1 with the slope of 0.1 that is justifiable by the resting partition of blood volume in myocardial tissue. Overall, the effect of all variables on myocardial ShMOLLI T1 was within 2% of relative changes from the average.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Native T1-mapping using ShMOLLI generates reproducible and consistent results in normal individuals within 2% of relative changes from the average, well below the effects of most acute forms of myocardial disease. The main potential confounder is the partial volume effect arising from over-inclusion of neighbouring tissue at the manual stages of image analysis. In the study of cardiac conditions such as diffuse fibrosis or small focal changes, the use of "myocardial midwall" T1, age and gender matching, and compensation for heart rate differences may all help to improve the method sensitivity in detecting subtle changes. As the accuracy of current T1 measurement methods remains to be established, this study does not claim to report an accurate measure of T1, but that ShMOLLI is a stable and reproducible method for T1-mapping.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. s_k_piechnik@yahoo.co.uk
authors: Stefan K
authors: SK
authors: Piechnik
authors: Vanessa M
authors: VM
authors: Ferreira
authors: Adam J
authors: AJ
authors: Lewandowski
authors: Ntobeko A B
authors: NA
authors: Ntusi
authors: Rajarshi
authors: R
authors: Banerjee
authors: Cameron
authors: C
authors: Holloway
authors: Mark B M
authors: MB
authors: Hofman
authors: Daniel M
authors: DM
authors: Sado
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Maestrini
authors: Steven K
authors: SK
authors: White
authors: Merzaka
authors: M
authors: Lazdam
authors: Theodoros
authors: T
authors: Karamitsos
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Moon
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Neubauer
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Leeson
authors: Matthew D
authors: MD
authors: Robson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016477:Artifacts; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009426:Netherlands; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D055815:Young Adult