title: Long-term secular trend of skeletal maturation of Taiwanese children between agricultural (1960s) and contemporary (after 2000s) generations using the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) method is one of the well-known techniques in determining the bone age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  According to the objectivity of TW3, the secular trend was investigated to discover whether the skeletal maturation of Taiwanese children between two generations was different.
  
  
  METHODS
  The large-scale database of Taiwan was collected. The first group, called mid-1960s, included 265 boys and 295 girls in the agricultural generation (between 1966 and 1967). The second group, called mid-2000s, includes 114 boys and 616 girls in the contemporary generation (after 2000s). The bone age was determined by three radiologists using the carpals-only system of the TW3 method and by two physicians using the Greulich and Pyle method. A comparison of the means (independent-samples t-test) was applied by examining the difference of the children's skeletal maturation between the two generations in the same chronological age. The significant difference was considered while the p-value was 0.05 or less (95% confidence interval).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference of the mean bone age (by, on average, three radiologists using the TW3 method) between the mid-1960s and mid-2000s in the same gender and chronological age was presented by the independent-samples t-test (p<0.001 with 95% confidence interval), and the bone age, determined by the TW3 method, of the mid-2000s group was higher than that of the mid-1960s group. This scenario corresponded with the children's bone age determined by pediatricians. Besides, it deserved to notice that the bone age of boys in the mid-2000s was larger than that of the girls in the mid-1960s. Furthermore, by comparing the environmental condition, we suspect that the difference of bone age of children between the two generations was attributed to the discrepancy in nutrition and socioeconomic variation during the four decades in Taiwan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study presents that the secular trend of skeletal maturation of children in the mid-2000s is faster than that in the mid-1960s.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Wen
authors: CW
authors: Hsieh
authors: Tzu-Chiang
authors: TC
authors: Liu
authors: Tai-Lang
authors: TL
authors: Jong
authors: Chui-Mei
authors: CM
authors: Tiu
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D000383:Agriculture; D044466:Asian People; D001846:Bone Development; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004777:Environment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013624:Taiwan