title: A continuous-time adaptive particle filter for estimations under measurement time uncertainties with an application to a plasma-leucine mixed effects model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When mathematical modelling is applied to many different application areas, a common task is the estimation of states and parameters based on measurements. With this kind of inference making, uncertainties in the time when the measurements have been taken are often neglected, but especially in applications taken from the life sciences, this kind of errors can considerably influence the estimation results. As an example in the context of personalized medicine, the model-based assessment of the effectiveness of drugs is becoming to play an important role. Systems biology may help here by providing good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. Inference on these systems based on data gained from clinical studies with several patient groups becomes a major challenge. Particle filters are a promising approach to tackle these difficulties but are by itself not ready to handle uncertainties in measurement times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this article, we describe a variant of the standard particle filter (PF) algorithm which allows state and parameter estimation with the inclusion of measurement time uncertainties (MTU). The modified particle filter, which we call MTU-PF, also allows the application of an adaptive stepsize choice in the time-continuous case to avoid degeneracy problems. The modification is based on the model assumption of uncertain measurement times. While the assumption of randomness in the measurements themselves is common, the corresponding measurement times are generally taken as deterministic and exactly known. Especially in cases where the data are gained from measurements on blood or tissue samples, a relatively high uncertainty in the true measurement time seems to be a natural assumption. Our method is appropriate in cases where relatively few data are used from a relatively large number of groups or individuals, which introduce mixed effects in the model. This is a typical setting of clinical studies. We demonstrate the method on a small artificial example and apply it to a mixed effects model of plasma-leucine kinetics with data from a clinical study which included 34 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparisons of our MTU-PF with the standard PF and with an alternative Maximum Likelihood estimation method on the small artificial example clearly show that the MTU-PF obtains better estimations. Considering the application to the data from the clinical study, the MTU-PF shows a similar performance with respect to the quality of estimated parameters compared with the standard particle filter, but besides that, the MTU algorithm shows to be less prone to degeneration than the standard particle filter.
authors: Fraunhofer-Institut für Techno- und Wirtschaftsmathematik (ITWM; Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics), Kaiserslautern, Germany. krengel@mathematik.uni-kl.de.
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Krengel
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Hauth
authors: Marja-Riitta
authors: MR
authors: Taskinen
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Adiels
authors: Mats
authors: M
authors: Jirstrand
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000097:blood*; D008954:Models, Biological; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D007930:Leucine