title: 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus.
abstract: The present experiment was designed to study the 2.45 GHz low-level microwave (MW) irradiation-induced stress response and its effect on implantation or pregnancy in female mice. Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to MW radiation (continuous wave for 2 h/day for 45 days, frequency 2.45 GHz, power density=0.033549 mW/cm(2), and specific absorption rate=0.023023 W/kg). At the end of a total of 45 days of exposure, mice were sacrificed, implantation sites were monitored, blood was processed to study stress parameters (hemoglobin, RBC and WBC count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio), the brain was processed for comet assay, and plasma was used for nitric oxide (NO), progesterone and estradiol estimation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes- superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase-were determined in the liver, kidney and ovary. We observed that implantation sites were affected significantly in MW-irradiated mice as compared to control. Further, in addition to a significant increase in ROS, hemoglobin (p<0.001), RBC and WBC counts (p<0.001), N/L ratio (p<0.01), DNA damage (p<0.001) in brain cells, and plasma estradiol concentration (p<0.05), a significant decrease was observed in NO level (p<0.05) and antioxidant enzyme activities of MW-exposed mice. Our findings led us to conclude that a low level of MW irradiation-induced oxidative stress not only suppresses implantation, but it may also lead to deformity of the embryo in case pregnancy continues. We also suggest that MW radiation-induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS production in the body may lead to DNA strand breakage in the brain cells and implantation failure/resorption or abnormal pregnancy in mice.
authors: Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India, shahin07saba@gmail.com.
authors: Saba
authors: S
authors: Shahin
authors: Vineet Prakash
authors: VP
authors: Singh
authors: Ritesh K
authors: RK
authors: Shukla
authors: Alok
authors: A
authors: Dhawan
authors: Ravi Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Gangwar
authors: Surya Pal
authors: SP
authors: Singh
authors: Chandra Mohini
authors: CM
authors: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000528:radiation effects; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008872:Microwaves; D010053:Ovary / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004958:Estradiol; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase