title: Comparative genomic study of gastric epithelial cells co-cultured with Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify genes potentially involved in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  GES-1 cells were co-cultured with H. pylori strains isolated from patients with gastric carcinoma (GC, n = 10) or chronic gastritis (CG, n = 10) for in vitro proliferation and apoptosis assays to identify the most and least virulent strains. These two strains were cagA-genotyped and used for further in vivo carcinogenic virulence assays by infecting Mongolian gerbils for 52 wk, respectively; a broth free of H. pylori was lavaged as control. Genomic profiles of GES-1 cells co-cultured with the most and least virulent strains were determined by microarray analysis. The most differentially expressed genes were further verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in GES-1 cells infected with the most and least virulent strains, and by immunohistochemistry in H. pylori positive CG, precancerous diseases, and GC biopsy specimens in an independent experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC-derived H. pylori strains induced a potent proliferative effect in GES-1 cells in co-culture, whereas CG-derived strains did not. The most (from a GC patient) and least (from a CG patient) virulent strains were cagA-positive and negative, respectively. At week 52, CG, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and GC were observed in 90.0%, 80.0%, 80.0%, 90%, and 60.0%, respectively, of the animals lavaged with the most virulent strain. However, only mild CG was observed in 90% of the animals lavaged with the least virulent strain. On microarray analysis, 800 differentially expressed genes (49 up- and 751 down-regulated), involving those associated with cell cycle regulation, cell apoptosis, cytoskeleton, immune response, and substance and energy metabolisms, were identified in cells co-cultured with the most virulent strain as compared with those co-cultured with the least virulent strain. The six most differentially expressed genes (with a betweenness centrality of 0.1-0.2) were identified among the significant differential gene profile network, including JUN, KRAS, BRCA1, SMAD2, TRAF1, and HDAC6. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses verified that HDAC6 and TRFA1 mRNA expressions were significantly more up-regulated in GES-1 cells co-cultured with the most virulent strain than in those co-cultured with the least virulent strain. Immunohistochemistry of gastric mucosal specimens from H. pylori-positive patients with CG, intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia, and GC showed that moderately positive and strongly positive HDAC6 expression was detected in 21.7% of CG patients, 30.0% of IM patients, 54.5% of dysplasia patients, and 77.8% of GC patients (P < 0.001). The up-regulation of TRAF1 expressions was detected in 34.8%, 53.3%, 72.7%, and 88.9% specimens of CG, IM, dysplasia, and GC, respectively (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overexpression of HDAC6 and TRAF1 in GES-1 cells co-cultured with the GC-derived strain and in H. pylori-positive dysplasia and GC suggests that HDAC6 and TRAF1 may be involved in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors: Fen
authors: F
authors: Wang
authors: Li-Dan
authors: LD
authors: Luo
authors: Jian-Hua
authors: JH
authors: Pan
authors: Li-Hua
authors: LH
authors: Huang
authors: Hong-Wei
authors: HW
authors: Lv
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Guo
authors: Can-Xia
authors: CX
authors: Xu
authors: Shou-Rong
authors: SR
authors: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001706:Biopsy; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000166:cytology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D005849:Gerbillinae; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence
keywords: Gastric carcinoma; Genomic profiles; Helicobacter pylori; Proliferation