title: MRSA nasal carriage patterns and the subsequent risk of conversion between patterns, infection, and death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patterns of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage over time and across the continuum of care settings are poorly characterized. Knowledge of prevalence rates and outcomes associated with MRSA nasal carriage patterns could help direct infection prevention strategies. The VA integrated health-care system and active surveillance program provides an opportunity to delineate nasal carriage patterns and associated outcomes of death, infection, and conversion in carriage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all patients admitted to 5 acute care VA hospitals between 2008-2010 who had nasal MRSA PCR testing within 48 hours of admission and repeat testing within 30 days. The PCR results were used to define a baseline nasal carriage pattern of never, intermittently, or always colonized at 30 days from admission. Follow-up was up to two years and included acute, long-term, and outpatient care visits. Among 18,038 patients, 91.1%, 4.4%, and 4.6% were never, intermittently, or always colonized at the 30-day baseline. Compared to non-colonized patients, those who were persistently colonized had an increased risk of death (HR 2.58; 95% CI 2.18;3.05) and MRSA infection (HR 10.89; 95% CI 8.6;13.7). Being in the non-colonized group at 30 days had a predictive value of 87% for being non-colonized at 1 year. Conversion to MRSA colonized at 6 months occurred in 11.8% of initially non-colonized patients. Age >70 years, long-term care, antibiotic exposure, and diabetes identified >95% of converters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of patients are not nasally colonized with MRSA at 30 days from acute hospital admission. Conversion from non-carriage is infrequent and can be risk-stratified. A positive carriage pattern is strongly associated with infection and death. Active surveillance programs in the year following carriage pattern designation could be tailored to focus on non-colonized patients who are at high risk for conversion, reducing universal screening burden.
authors: The National Center for Occupational Health and Infection Control COHIC, Office of Public Health, Department of Veterans Affairs, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. Kalpana.gupta@va.gov
authors: Kalpana
authors: K
authors: Gupta
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Martinello
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Young
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Strymish
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Cho
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Lawler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors