title: Human hemato-lymphoid system mice: current use and future potential for medicine.
abstract: To directly study complex human hemato-lymphoid system physiology and respective system-associated diseases in vivo, human-to-mouse xenotransplantation models for human blood and blood-forming cells and organs have been developed over the past three decades. We here review the fundamental requirements and the remarkable progress made over the past few years in improving these systems, the current major achievements reached by use of these models, and the future challenges to more closely model and study human health and disease and to achieve predictive preclinical testing of both prevention measures and potential new therapies.
authors: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Rongvaux
authors: Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Takizawa
authors: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
authors: Till
authors: T
authors: Strowig
authors: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Willinger
authors: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
authors: Elizabeth E
authors: EE
authors: Eynon
authors: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; richard.flavell@yale.edu.
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Flavell
authors: Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Markus G
authors: MG
authors: Manz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000276:immunology*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous