title: Comparison of routine urinalysis and urine Gram stain for detection of bacteriuria in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the utility of performing urine Gram stain for detection of bacteriuria compared to routine urine sediment examination and bacterial aerobic urine culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples acquired via cystocentesis through convenience sampling from 103 dogs presenting to a tertiary referral institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples underwent routine urinalysis, including sediment examination, as well as urine Gram stain and quantitative bacterial aerobic urine culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urine Gram stain demonstrated improved sensitivity (96% versus 76%), specificity (100% versus 77%), positive predictive value (100% versus 83%), and negative predictive value (93% versus 69%) when identifying bacteriuria, compared to routine urine sediment examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urine Gram stain is highly sensitive and specific when detecting the presence of bacteria in canine urine samples. Gram staining should be considered when bacteriuria is highly suspected and requires rapid identification while bacterial culture is pending.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors: Leilani Ireland
authors: LI
authors: Way
authors: Lauren A
authors: LA
authors: Sullivan
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Johnson
authors: Paul S
authors: PS
authors: Morley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D010619:Phenazines / Q000652:urine*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D005840:Gentian Violet