title: α1-Adrenergic receptors mediate combined signals initiated by mechanical stretch stress and norepinephrine leading to accelerated mouse vein graft atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The molecular mechanism underlying how hypertension with increased norepinephrine (NE) accelerates vascular remodeling is unknown. The present study examined the hypothesis that the additive effects of mechanical stretch stress (SS) and NE on vascular remodeling are mediated by α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro quiescent mouse vascular smooth muscle cells were cultivated on a flexible membrane and treated by mechanical SS (10% elongation) with or without NE (10(-7) mol/L) in the absence or presence of prazosin, a selective antagonist of α1-ARs (Praz; 10(-7) mol/L). In vivo mouse vena cava segments were grafted into carotid arteries, the mice were treated by prazosin (1 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally) or saline for 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and wall thickness of the vein grafts was quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical SS could induce Gαq translocation; increase expression of α1B-ARs, α1D-ARs, and Ki67; and rapidly activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) compared with negative controls (P < .05). However, the peak levels of ERK activation and Ki67 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells were stimulated by combining SS and NE (ratio of phosphorylated ERK [pERK]/β-actin and Ki67 positive rates, SS+NE [1.07 ± 0.04 and 73% ± 3%]; SS [0.83 ± 0.07 and 53% ± 2%]; NE [0.63 ± 0.11 and 42% ± 2%]), which could be partially inhibited by prazosin (ratio of pERK/β-actin and Ki67 positive rates, SS+NE+Praz [0.83 ± 0.08 and 40% ± 7% vs SS+NE; P < .05], SS+Praz [0.60 ± 0.04 and 26% ± 2% vs SS; P < .05], NE+Praz [0.32 ± 0.12 and 23% ± 2% vs NE; P < .05]) or small interfering RNAs of α1B-ARs and α1D-ARs (P < .05 vs siRNA control). Significantly increased wall thickness was seen in the vein grafts (VG2W, 39.20 ± 3.10 μm; VG4W, 60.35 ± 4.94 μm) compared with control veins (negative controls, 9.90 ± 0.38 μm; P < .05). The effect was partially inhibited by prazosin (VGP2W, 26.22 ± 1.84 μm, and VGP4W, 42.17 ± 1.75 μm vs VG2W and VG4W; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that α1-ARs may partially mediate the intracellular signals induced by mechanical SS with or without NE via Gαq protein/ERKs pathway triggering increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and leading to accelerated neointima formation of vein grafts.
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province, China.
authors: Shuying
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Yuhuang
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Zhengyu
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Fukang
authors: F
authors: Xie
authors: Qingbo
authors: Q
authors: Xu
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Huang
authors: Jintao
authors: J
authors: Huang
authors: Chaohong
authors: C
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014680:Veins / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D009638:Norepinephrine