title: Controlled delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride through skin using modulated iontophoresis and microneedles.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modulated current application using iontophoresis- and microneedle-mediated delivery on transdermal permeation of ropinirole hydrochloride. AdminPatch® microneedles and microchannels formed by them were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dye staining and confocal microscopy. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using Franz diffusion cells, and skin extraction was used to quantify drug in underlying skin. Effect of microneedle pore density and ions in donor formulation was studied. Active enhancement techniques, continuous iontophoresis (74.13 ± 2.20 µg/cm(2)) and microneedles (66.97 ± 10.39 µg/cm(2)), significantly increased the permeation of drug with respect to passive delivery (8.25 ± 2.41 µg/cm(2)). Modulated iontophoresis could control the amount of drug delivered at a given time point with the highest flux being 5.12 ± 1.70 µg/cm(2)/h (5-7 h) and 5.99 ± 0.81 µg/cm(2)/h (20-22 h). Combination of modulated iontophoresis and microneedles (46.50 ± 6.46 µg/cm(2)) showed significantly higher delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride compared to modulated iontophoresis alone (84.91 ± 9.21 µg/cm(2)). Modulated iontophoresis can help in maintaining precise control over ropinirole hydrochloride delivery for dose titration in Parkinson's disease therapy and deliver therapeutic amounts over a suitable patch area and time.
authors: College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors: Neha D
authors: ND
authors: Singh
authors: Ajay K
authors: AK
authors: Banga
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007211:Indoles; D007477:Ions; C046649:ropinirole