title: Feed restriction during pregnancy/lactation induces programmed changes in lipid, adiponectin and leptin levels with gender differences in rat offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of fetal undernutrition during pregnancy/lactation on visceral fat, lipid profiles, leptin and adiponectin, and examined the gender differences between males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 10 d to term gestation and through lactation, control pregnant rats were fed ad libitum (AdLib) food, whereas study rats were 50% food restricted (FR). Cross-fostering techniques were used to examine the effects of FR during pregnancy and lactation periods. Lipid profiles, leptin and adiponectin were determined in offspring at ages 3 weeks and 6 months. We also measured the amount of visceral fat in the offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of visceral fat in the 6-month-old FR/AdLib offspring was higher than that in the control (p < 0.05). Among the 6-month-old offspring, triglyceride and leptin levels were higher in FR/AdLib offspring than those in the controls (p < 0.05). The female offspring had higher levels of triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and adiponectin and the male offspring had higher levels of LDL cholesterol and leptin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal undernutrition only during pregnancy resulted in obese offspring, higher levels of plasma triglyceride and leptin with gender differences.
authors: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Sangmi
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Kyung A
authors: KA
authors: Lee
authors: Gyu Yeon
authors: GY
authors: Choi
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Desai
authors: Sun Hwa
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: Myung-Geol
authors: MG
authors: Pang
authors: Inho
authors: I
authors: Jo
authors: Young Ju
authors: YJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids