title: Do unequal societies cause death among the elderly? A study of the health effects of inequality in Swedish municipalities in 2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A lively public and academic debate has highlighted the potential health risks of living in regions characterized by inequality. Research provides an ambiguous picture, however, with positive association between income equality and health mainly being found on higher levels of geographical division, such as nations, but rarely at local level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between income inequality (using the Gini coefficient) and all-cause mortality in Swedish municipalities in the 65-74 age group. A multi-level analysis was applied and controlled for by variables including individual income and average income level in the municipality. The analyses were based on individual register data on all residents born between 1932 and 1941, outcomes were measured for the year 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower individual income and lower average income in the municipality of residence were associated with significantly increased mortality. We found an association between income inequality and mortality with excessive deaths in unequal municipalities after controlling for mean income level and personal income. The results from the analysis of individual data differed substantially from the analysis of aggregate data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Income inequality was significantly associated with mortality in the age group 65-74 at municipality level. The association is small compared to many other variables, but is not negligible. Even in a comparatively equal society like Sweden, the potential effects of income inequality on mortality at the local level warrant consideration.
authors: Centre for Population Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Ageing and Living Conditions Programme, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Soren.edvinsson@ddb.umu.se
authors: Sören
authors: S
authors: Edvinsson
authors: Erling Häggström
authors: EH
authors: Lundevaller
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Malmberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Gini index; Sweden; income inequality; mortality; municipality level; old age