title: Biological contributions to addictions in adolescents and adults: prevention, treatment, and policy implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biological bases of addictions, these disorders continue to represent a huge public health burden that is associated with substantial personal suffering. Efforts to target addictions require consideration of how the improved biological understanding of addictions may lead to improved prevention, treatment, and policy initiatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we provide a narrative review of current biological models for addictions with a goal of placing existing data and theories within a translational and developmental framework targeting the advancement of prevention, treatment, and policy strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data regarding individual differences, intermediary phenotypes, and main and interactive influences of genetic and environmental contributions in the setting of developmental trajectories that may be influenced by addictive drugs or behavior indicate complex underpinnings of addictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consideration and further elucidation of the biological etiologies of addictions hold significant potential for making important gains and reducing the public health impact of addictions.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Electronic address: marc.potenza@yale.edu.
authors: Marc N
authors: MN
authors: Potenza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult