title: The pattern of depressive symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes: a prospective community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to identify and describe longitudinal patterns of depression in a community sample of people with type 2 diabetes in Quebec, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective community based study in Quebec, Canada, was carried out between 2008 and 2011. Participants with diabetes were assessed at baseline and at 1, 2 and 3 years follow-up (n=1388). Depression was assessed using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longitudinal latent class analysis yielded four clusters representing different longitudinal patterns of depression: cluster 1 ("no depression"; 67%): participants had neither minor nor major depression over time. Cluster 2 ("slowly increasing prevalence of minor and major depression over time"; 20%): participants had low levels of depression at baseline but increasing levels of minor and major depression over time; while most of the Cluster 3 ("increasing major depression"; 6%) participants had high and increasing levels of major depression over time. Participants in cluster 4 ("improved depression"; 7%) started with high levels of depression but progressed to low levels of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide important evidence of different longitudinal patterns of depression in people with type 2 diabetes. Identification of four distinct groups of participants might improve our understanding of the course of depression and may provide a basis of classification for intervention.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. norbert.schmitz@mcgill.ca
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Schmitz
authors: Geneviève
authors: G
authors: Gariépy
authors: Kimberley J
authors: KJ
authors: Smith
authors: Ashok
authors: A
authors: Malla
authors: Jianli
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Boyer
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Strychar
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Lesage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires