title: Women at risk for cardiovascular disease lack knowledge of heart attack symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk level is related to knowledge of the leading cause of death of women or heart attack symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Women with higher CVD risk estimated by Framingham Risk Score (FRS) or metabolic syndrome (MS) have lower CVD knowledge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women visiting primary care clinics completed a standardized behavioral risk questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist size, fasting glucose, and lipid profile were assessed. Women were queried regarding CVD knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (N = 823) were Hispanic women (46%), non-Hispanic white (37%), and non-Hispanic black (8%). FRS was determined in 278: low (63%), moderate (29%), and high (8%); 24% had ≥3 components of MS. The leading cause of death was answered correctly by 54%, heart attack symptoms by 67%. Knowledge was lowest among racial/ethnic minorities and those with less education (both P< 0.001). Increasing FRS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (low 72%, moderate 68%, high 45%, P = 0.045). After multivariable adjustment, moderate/high FRS was inversely associated with knowing symptoms (moderate odds ratio [OR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.98; high OR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11-0.81), but not the leading cause of death. MS was inversely associated with knowing the leading cause of death (P< 0.001) or heart attack symptoms (P = 0.018), but not after multivariable adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with higher FRS were less likely to know heart attack symptoms. Efforts to target those at higher CVD risk must persist, or the most vulnerable may suffer disproportionately, not only because of risk factors but also inadequate knowledge.
authors: Center for Women's Health, Division of Cardiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Laura E
authors: LE
authors: Flink
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Sciacca
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Bier
authors: Juviza
authors: J
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Elsa-Grace V
authors: EG
authors: Giardina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D016387:Women's Health