title: Update on results and complications of cyclophotocoagulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review highlights recently published studies on transscleral and endoscopic diode cyclophotocoagulation (TCP, ECP) and summarizes the treatment results and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although both TCP and ECP are efficacious procedures for the treatment of refractory glaucoma, no consensus exists for optimum treatment protocol. TCP has mainly been used as a last-resort treatment for intractable glaucoma with very limited visual potential. Repeated treatment is often required. Serious complications include vision loss, hypotony, and phthisis. High treatment energy per session and underlying abnormality seem risk factors for these complications. Recent growing numbers of investigations are giving promising results for TCP as a primary surgery in eyes with good vision. Although ECP came later into clinical use for glaucoma treatment, it is becoming more accepted and no longer reserved for end-stage cases. ECP is most commonly performed in conjunction with cataract surgery and shows overall good success with relatively low complication rates. Serious complications include hypotony, phthisis, cystoid macular edema, and retinal detachment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent literatures suggest that both TCP and ECP are performed increasingly as the primary surgery for various types and stages of glaucoma. Both treatments are effective procedures, although potential for serious complications exists.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu-shi, Japan. kyoko.ish@gmail.com
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Ishida
mesh_terms: D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012590:Sclera