title: A survey of antimicrobial usage in animals in South Africa with specific reference to food animals.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to set a benchmark for a monitoring and surveillance  programme on the volumes of antimicrobials available and consumed by animals for the  benefit of animal health in South Africa. This survey was collated from data available from  2002 to 2004. The authorised antimicrobials available in South Africa were firstly reviewed.  The majority of available antimicrobials were registered under the Stock Remedies Act 36 1947.  Secondly, volumes of antimicrobials consumed were then surveyed and it was found that  the majority of consumed antimicrobials were from the macrolide and pleuromutilin classes,  followed by the tetracycline class, the sulphonamide class and lastly the penicillin class.Results showed that 68.5% of the antimicrobials surveyed were administered as in-feed  medications. 17.5% of the total volume of antimicrobials utilised were parenteral antimicrobials,  whereas antimicrobials for water medication constituted 12% of the total and 'other' dosage forms,  for example the topical and aural dosage forms, constituted 1.5% of the total. Intramammary  antimicrobials represented 0.04% of the total.  The surveillance systems for veterinary  antimicrobials used by other countries were scrutinised and compared. It was concluded that  a combination of the surveillance systems applied by Australia and the United Kingdom is the  best model (with modifications) to apply to the animal health industry in South Africa. Such  a surveillance system, of the volumes of veterinary antimicrobials consumed, should ideally  be implemented in conjunction with a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and  monitoring programme. This will generate meaningful data that will contribute to the rational  administration of antimicrobials in order to preserve the efficacy of the existing antimicrobials  in South Africa.
authors: Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. hayley.eagar@boehringer-ingelheim.com
authors: Hayley
authors: H
authors: Eagar
authors: Gerry
authors: G
authors: Swan
authors: Moritz
authors: M
authors: van Vuuren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004363:Drug Utilization; D058751:Livestock; D013019:South Africa; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019155:Veterinary Drugs