title: Probiotics can alleviate cardiopulmonary bypass-induced intestinal mucosa damage in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is commonly applied to support circulation during heart surgery but frequently causes adverse effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of probiotics to improve small intestinal mucosa barrier function after CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four adult male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated (S), CPB-operated (CPB), and probiotic-fed (Y) groups. Diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and concentrations of D-lactic acid, endotoxin, TNFα, and IL-6 were measured in portal vein blood. IgA concentrations were determined in plasma and the small intestine. Vena cava blood and tissue samples were used to monitor bacterial growth. Intestinal epithelial ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Occludin and ZO-1 expression levels in the intestinal epithelium were detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-lactic acid, endotoxin, TNFα and IL-6 levels, DAO activity, and bacterial translocation rate were increased (P < 0.05) in CPB and Y compared to the S group. The above indices were relatively lower (P < 0.05) in Y than in CPB. Plasma and small intestinal IgA levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in CPB, while in Y they were significantly increased (P < 0.05) but lower than in S (P < 0.05). These results were confirmed by TEM. Consistently, occludin and ZO-1 expression levels were significantly higher in Y than in CPB (P < 0.05) but still lower compared to S (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-administration of probiotics can improve, to some extent, intestinal barrier function after CPB in rats, and this effect is likely related to inhibition of the CPB-induced inflammatory response, improvement in local intestinal immune function, and increased expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Commend, Shenyang, 110840, China.
authors: Ying-Jie
authors: YJ
authors: Sun
authors: Hui-Juan
authors: HJ
authors: Cao
authors: Dan-Dan
authors: DD
authors: Song
authors: Yu-Gang
authors: YG
authors: Diao
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: Tie-Zheng
authors: TZ
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011300:Preoperative Care; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007070:Immunoglobulin A