title: Dual mode single agent thermochemical ablation by simultaneous release of heat energy and acid: hydrolysis of electrophiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate two readily available electrophilic reagents, acetyl chloride (AcCl), and acetic anhydride (Ac(2)O), for their potential in tissue ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reagents were diluted in diglyme as solutions up to 8 mol/L and tested in a gel phantom with NaOH solutions and ex vivo in porcine liver. Temperature, pH, and volume measurements were obtained. Infrared and gross pathological images were obtained in bisected specimens immediately after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AcCl was much more reactive than Ac(2)O and AcCl was therefore used in the tissue studies. Temperature increases of up to 37°C were noted in vitro and 30°C in ex vivo tissues using 4 mol/L AcCl solutions. Experiments at 8 mol/L were abandoned due to the extreme reactivity at this higher concentration. A change in pH of up to 4 log units was noted with 4 mol/L solutions of AcCl with slight recovery over time. Ablated volumes were consistently higher than injected volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reaction of electrophiles in tissues shows promise as a new thermochemical ablation technique by means of only a single reagent. Further studies in this area are warranted.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. cress013@umn.edu
authors: Erik N K
authors: EN
authors: Cressman
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Jahangir
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D000085:Acetates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000089:Acetic Anhydrides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000089:Acetic Anhydrides; D002712:Chlorides; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D008738:Methyl Ethers; C031800:acetic anhydride; C007391:diglyme; D019342:Acetic Acid; C081124:acetyl chloride