title: Thrombin-induced TGF-β1 pathway: a cause of communicating hydrocephalus post subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: The mechanism of communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage             (SAH) remains unclear. Revealing a signaling cascade may provide significant insights             into the molecular etiology of the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in             cerebral compartments during SAH. To investigate the mechanism of the communicating             hydrocephalus following SAH, we infused CSF with thrombin (TH), resulting in proinflammatory             and proliferative responses in rat meninges of SAH. The effect of TH could be             completely blocked by a transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) inhibitor, SB-431542,             suggesting that TH-stimulated proliferation of meninges is through the TGF-β1             signaling pathway. The cascade of TGF β1-Smad3 was significantly upregulated by             TH, which, in turn, stimulated the proliferation of subarachnoid meninges. TH-induced             overexpression of TGF-β1 and activation of its downstream factors might be a mechanism             of communicating hydrocephalus after SAH.
authors: Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, PR China.
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Yuan
authors: Dongliang
authors: D
authors: Zhao
authors: Yueqin
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Xinzhong
authors: X
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000209:etiology*; D007249:Inflammation; D008578:Meninges / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C459179:4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide; D001549:Benzamides; D004149:Dioxoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497787:Smad3 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D013917:Thrombin