Polish 2012 growth references for preschool children.
Growth references are useful in monitoring a child's growth, which is an essential part of child care. The aim of this paper is to provide updated growth references for Polish preschool children and to assess how well children in Poland match or diverge from the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards/references and recent German height-for-age references. The height-, weight-, body mass index-for-age, and weight-for-height references were constructed with the LMS method using data from a recent, large, population-representative sample of 4,941 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years (the OLA study). In the case of boys, the third, 50th, and 97th height percentiles of new Polish and German references overlap almost completely, whereas the WHO growth standards/references percentiles are systematically lower. In the case of girls, comparison between the new Polish and German height references showed conformity on the third and 50th percentile, whereas body height values of the WHO standards/references are shorter. Polish children aged 3 to 6 years from for the nation representative sample, had significantly greater than zero mean z scores of height-, weight-, and BMI-for-age and weight-for-height, relative to the WHO growth standards/references. The number of children in the sample with height-for-age below -2 SD was significantly lower than expected and number of children with height-for-age above +2 SD was significantly higher than expected.


CONCLUSIONS
The OLA study growth references can be recommended as national references for preschool children in Poland.
Public Health Department, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland. z.kulaga@czd.pl
Zbigniew
Z
Kułaga
Aneta
A
Grajda
Beata
B
Gurzkowska
Magdalena
M
Góźdź
Małgorzata
M
Wojtyło
Anna
A
Swiąder
Agnieszka
A
Różdżyńska-Świątkowska
Mieczysław
M
Litwin
D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D057238:Growth Charts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011044:Poland; D014944:World Health Organization