Aluminum in erythropoietin formulations: lyophilized versus liquid forms.
BACKGROUND
Erythropoietin (EPO) formulations may comprise aluminum (Al) as a contaminant. Due to the toxicity of Al in chronic kidney disease patients, possible sources of Al were investigated. Since EPO formulations are stored in container-closure systems made of glass and rubber, and both contain Al, formulation ingredients may enable its leaching into the solution during shelf-life.


METHODS
Individual solutions of formulation ingredients were stored in new glass vials and in contact with the rubber stopper and kept at 4 ± 2 °C. For 12 months, aliquots of each solution were collected for analysis. Fifteen commercial samples of EPO were analyzed for their Al content. Aluminum was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.


RESULTS
Glass and rubber are sources of Al for EPO formulations. Storage assay showed that citrate and phosphate (used as buffers) extracted high amounts of Al from the container/closure parts. The most important difference, however, was found when comparing liquid and lyophilized samples. While in liquid forms the Al level reached 943 μg/L, in lyophilized forms the level did not exceed 20 μg/L. The container system was also confirmed as a source of Al in reconstituted lyophilized samples. Al in reconstituted samples stored in their own vials increased 19-fold in 12 months. Lyophilized powders stored for 2 years in glass vials contained less Al than in 1 month after dissolution.


CONCLUSIONS
The difference in the Al measured in liquid forms of EPO and in lyophilized powders suggests that the latter would be the best pharmaceutical form for CKD patients.
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Marlei
M
Veiga
Denise
D
Bohrer
Simone
S
Noremberg
Patricia
P
Mattiazzi
Paulo C
PC
do Nascimento
Leandro M
LM
de Carvalho
D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000737:chemistry*; D005612:Freeze Drying
D004921:Erythropoietin; D000535:Aluminum