Food insecurity, food assistance and weight status in US youth: new evidence from NHANES 2007-08.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate food assistance participation as a risk factor for overweight and obesity in youth, and food insecurity as an effect modifier.


METHODS
The sample included youth ages 4-17, in families ≤200% of the federal poverty line in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1321). Food insecurity was measured with the US Department of Agriculture survey module. Food assistance participation was assessed for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and school meals. Body size was classified by age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile, BMI z-score and waist circumference percentile. Regression models with direct covariate adjustment and programme-specific propensity scores, stratified by food insecurity, estimated associations between food assistance participation and body size.


RESULTS
Food assistance participation was not associated with increased body size among food-insecure youth in models with direct covariate adjustment or propensity scores. Compared with low-income, food-secure youth not participating in food assistance, BMI z-scores were higher among participants in models with direct covariate adjustment (0.27-0.38 SD and 0.41-0.47 SD, for boys and girls, respectively). Using propensity scores, results were similar for boys, but less so for girls.


CONCLUSIONS
Food assistance programme participation is associated with increased body size in food-secure youth, but not food-insecure youth. Using both direct covariate adjustment and a propensity score approach, self-selection bias may explain some, but not all, of the associations. Providing healthy food assistance that improves diet quality without contributing to excessive intake remains an important public health goal.
Maternal and Child Health Program, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Services, Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
M J
MJ
Kohn
J F
JF
Bell
H M G
HM
Grow
G
G
Chan
D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D011632:Public Assistance; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016885:United States Department of Agriculture
Food assistance; food insecurity; propensity score; youth overweight.