The role of the Armanni-Ebstein lesion, hepatic steatosis, biochemical analysis and second generation anti-psychotic drugs in fatal diabetic ketoacidosis.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute severe complication of diabetes and characterized by a complex disordered metabolic state due to an absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leads to hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis and ketonuria. DKA can cause sudden unexpected death and often yields minimal and/or subtle autopsy findings or a negative autopsy and the diagnosis mainly depends upon biochemical analysis of body fluids. This communication highlights the role of Armanni-Ebstein lesion, hepatic steatosis, biochemical analysis and second generation anti-psychotic drugs in 25 adult cases of fatal diabetic ketoacidosis. The study recognises and reconfirms that fatal DKA occurs in both type I and II diabetes. The macroscopic autopsy features observed in this study are non-specific and do not guide the pathologist towards the diagnosis of fatal DKA. Once other possibilities have been excluded, the Armanni-Ebstein lesion alone or the combination of hepatic steatosis and Armanni-Ebstein lesion in an otherwise negative autopsy of a sudden unexpected death should raise the suspicion of DKA as the cause of death and indicate biochemical analysis of body fluids. Our findings also remind forensic pathologists to search for fatal DKA in sudden unexpected death with a negative autopsy, where there is a history of second generation anti-psychotic treatment.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M7A 2G9.
Sarathchandra
S
Kodikara
P
P
Paranitharan
Michael S
MS
Pollanen
D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000473:pathology; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000032:analysis; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000473:pathology*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D005947:Glucose