Dynamic large-scale chromosomal rearrangements fuel rapid adaptation in yeast populations.
Large-scale genome rearrangements have been observed in cells adapting to various selective conditions during laboratory evolution experiments. However, it remains unclear whether these types of mutations can be stably maintained in populations and how they impact the evolutionary trajectories. Here we show that chromosomal rearrangements contribute to extremely high copper tolerance in a set of natural yeast strains isolated from Evolution Canyon (EC), Israel. The chromosomal rearrangements in EC strains result in segmental duplications in chromosomes 7 and 8, which increase the copy number of genes involved in copper regulation, including the crucial transcriptional activator CUP2 and the metallothionein CUP1. The copy number of CUP2 is correlated with the level of copper tolerance, indicating that increasing dosages of a single transcriptional activator by chromosomal rearrangements has a profound effect on a regulatory pathway. By gene expression analysis and functional assays, we identified three previously unknown downstream targets of CUP2: PHO84, SCM4, and CIN2, all of which contributed to copper tolerance in EC strains. Finally, we conducted an evolution experiment to examine how cells maintained these changes in a fluctuating environment. Interestingly, the rearranged chromosomes were reverted back to the wild-type configuration at a high frequency and the recovered chromosome became fixed in less selective conditions. Our results suggest that transposon-mediated chromosomal rearrangements can be highly dynamic and can serve as a reversible mechanism during early stages of adaptive evolution.
Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Shang-Lin
SL
Chang
Huei-Yi
HY
Lai
Shu-Yun
SY
Tung
Jun-Yi
JY
Leu
D005075:Biological Evolution; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005828:Genetics, Population; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D042822:Genomic Instability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D007557:Israel; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D028081:Proton-Phosphate Symporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056916:Segmental Duplications, Genomic; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
C500769:CUP1-1 protein, S cerevisiae; C060256:CUP2 protein, S cerevisiae; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C105495:PHO84 protein, S cerevisiae; D028081:Proton-Phosphate Symporters; C078718:SCM4 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein