Associations between HIV-related stigma, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and depression among HIV-positive African, Caribbean, and Black women in Ontario, Canada.
Abstract   African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) women are greatly overrepresented in new HIV infections in comparison with Canada's general population. Social and structural factors such as HIV-related stigma, gender discrimination, and racial discrimination converge to increase vulnerability to HIV infection among ACB women by reducing access to HIV prevention services. Stigma and discrimination also present barriers to treatment, care, and support and may contribute to mental health problems. We administered a cross-sectional survey to HIV-positive ACB women (n=173) across Ontario in order to examine the relationships between HIV-related stigma, gender discrimination, racial discrimination, and depression. One-third of participants reported moderate/severe depression scores using the Beck Depression Inventory Fast-Screen guidelines. Hierarchical block regression, moderation, and mediation analyses were conducted to measure associations between independent (HIV-related stigma, gender discrimination, racial discrimination), moderator/mediator (social support, resilient coping), and dependent (depression) variables. Findings included: (1) HIV-related stigma was associated with increased depression; (2) resilient coping was associated with reduced depression but did not moderate the influence of HIV-related stigma on depression; and (3) the effects of HIV-related stigma on depression were partially mediated through resilient coping. HIV-related stigma, gender discrimination, and racial discrimination were significantly correlated with one another and with depression, highlighting the salience of examining multiple intersecting forms of stigma. Generalizability of findings may be limited due to nonrandom sampling. Findings emphasize the importance of multi-component interventions, including building resilient coping skills, mental health promotion and assessment, and stigma reduction programs.
Department of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. clogie@ucalgary.ca
Carmen
C
Logie
Llana
L
James
Wangari
W
Tharao
Mona
M
Loutfy
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011209:Power, Psychological; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D063507:Sexism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health