State of affairs of tuberculosis in prison facilities: a systematic review of screening practices and recommendations for best TB control.
BACKGROUND
Prisoners are at high risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), causing morbidity and mortality. Prison facilities encounter many challenges in TB screening procedures and TB control. This review explores screening practices for detection of TB and describes limitations of TB control in prison facilities worldwide.


METHODS
A systematic search of online databases (e.g., PubMed and Embase) and conference abstracts was carried out. Research papers describing screening and diagnostic practices among prisoners were included. A total of 52 articles met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of TB prevalence in prison facilities by screening and diagnostic tools was performed.


RESULTS
The most common screening tool was symptom questionnaires (63·5%), mostly reporting presence of cough. Microscopy of sputum with Ziehl-Neelsen staining and solid culture were the most frequently combined diagnostic methods (21·2%). Chest X-ray and tuberculin skin tests were used by 73·1% and 50%, respectively, as either a screening and/or diagnostic tool. Median TB prevalence among prisoners of all included studies was 1,913 cases of TB per 100,000 prisoners (interquartile range [IQR]: 332-3,517). The overall annual median TB incidence was 7·0 cases per 1000 person-years (IQR: 2·7-30·0). Major limitations for successful TB control were inaccuracy of diagnostic algorithms and the lack of adequate laboratory facilities reported by 61·5% of studies. The most frequent recommendation for improving TB control and case detection was to increase screening frequency (73·1%).


CONCLUSIONS
TB screening algorithms differ by income area and should be adapted to local contexts. In order to control TB, prison facilities must improve laboratory capacity and frequent use of effective screening and diagnostic tools. Sustainable political will and funding are critical to achieve this.
Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. natalie.melchers@gmail.com
Natalie V S
NV
Vinkeles Melchers
Sabine L
SL
van Elsland
Joep M A
JM
Lange
Martien W
MW
Borgdorff
Jan
J
van den Hombergh
D003371:Cough / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011330:Prisons / Q000191:economics*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D000078329:Workforce