Effect of Long-term Smoking on Whole-mouth Salivary Flow Rate and Oral Health.
OBJECTIVE
Change in the resting whole-mouth salivary flow rate (SFR) plays a significant role in patho-genesis of various oral conditions. Factors such as smoking may affect SFR as well as the oral and dental health. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking on SFR, and oral and dental health.


METHODS
One-hundred smokers and 100 non-tobacco users were selected as case and control groups, respectively. A questionnaire was used to collect the demographic data and smoking habits. A previously used questionnaire about dry mouth was also employed. Then, after a careful oral examination, subjects' whole saliva was collected in the resting condition. Data was analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS 15.


RESULTS
The mean (±SD) salivary flow rate were 0.38 (± 0.13) ml/min in smokers and 0.56 (± 0.16) ml/min in non-smokers. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.00001). Also, 39% of smokers and 12% of non-smokers reported experiencing at least one xerostomia symptom, with statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.0001). Oral lesions including cervical caries, gingivitis, tooth mobility, calculus and halitosis were significantly higher in smokers.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicated that long-term smoking would significantly reduce SFR and increase oral and dental disorders associated with dry mouth, especially cervical caries, gingivitis, tooth mobility, calculus, and halitosis.
Member of Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Specialist of Oral Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Maryam
M
Rad
Shahla
S
Kakoie
Fateme
F
Niliye Brojeni
Nasim
N
Pourdamghan
Oral health; saliva; smoking; tobacco; xerostomia