Lower health related quality of life and psychosocial difficulties in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis--is snoring a marker of severity?
OBJECTIVE
Sleep disordered breathing in children is linked to numerous negative psychosocial consequences, including lower health related quality of life, increased behavioral problems and impaired neuropsychological functioning. We examined whether snoring, which is the least severe form of sleep disordered breathing, or health related quality of life could account for the increased rate of psychosocial difficulty in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.


METHODS
Patients diagnosed with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis seen at an outpatient pediatric urology clinic completed measures of health related quality of life (Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome-18-Item Questionnaire), sleep disordered breathing (Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire) and psychosocial difficulty (Pediatric Symptom Checklist). Patients were categorized into 2 groups (snoring vs no snoring) based on the Pediatric Symptom Checklist snoring subscale score.


RESULTS
Included in the study were 62 males and 45 females with a mean ± SD age of 9.09 ± 2.58 years and a mean body mass index of 21.00 ± 6.93 kg/m(2) (range 13 to 49). The sample was evenly split between 56 snorers (52.3%) and 51 nonsnorers (47.7%). Compared to children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis who did not snore, MANCOVA results revealed that patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis who snored had significantly more externalizing problems and total psychosocial problems, in addition to significantly more impairment in all areas of health related quality of life.


CONCLUSIONS
Snoring in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis puts them at increased risk for behavioral and psychosocial problems, in addition to impaired health related quality of life. These findings support the need for future studies of the neurological links between sleep disordered breathing and monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan. Electronic address: cbwolfe@dmc.org.
Cortney
C
Wolfe-Christensen
Larisa G
LG
Kovacevic
Jelena
J
Mirkovic
Yegappan
Y
Lakshmanan
D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012913:Snoring; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
ADHD; BMI; HRQOL; MNE; OSA; OSAS-18; Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome-18 Item Questionnaire; PSC; PSQ; Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire; Pediatric Symptom Checklist; SDB; attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; body mass index; health related quality of life; monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis; nocturnal enuresis; obstructive sleep apnea; psychology; quality of life; sleep disordered breathing; snoring; urinary bladder