History of scorpion antivenom: one Arizonan's view.
This paper was originally presented as the Elsevier Lecture in July, 2012 at the International Society on Toxinology/Venom Week combined meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. In it, the author addresses the ancient history of venom and immunity, from the Silurian Era to the 1890s; the development of the first antivenoms; the impact of shifting political and economic pressures; the special case of Arizona; the relative stability of the 1960s through 1990s; the transition to regulatory compliance that took place at the time of the author's own research; and concluding thoughts regarding the instability of apparent success.
Department of Pathology and VIPER Institute, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Room 6131, PO Box 245029, Tucson, AZ 85724-5029, USA. boyer@viper.arizona.edu
Leslie
L
Boyer
D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001130:Arizona; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D012605:Scorpions; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
D000997:Antivenins; D012604:Scorpion Venoms