Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanisms, and mutations to malignancies.
The potential protective effects of vitamin D against cutaneous carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. The inhibition, by vitamin D, of various cancers in in vitro and in vivo models has triggered detailed investigation of vitamin D effects on neoplastic behavior. Recent studies highlight that such neoplastic features as the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, DNA mutagenesis, and apoptosis are all connected to vitamin D metabolic pathways. This review discusses these connections. Vitamin D modulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis via its receptors (VDRs) may have a suppressive effect on skin cancer as some studies suggest. The regulation of multiple tumor signaling pathways by vitamin D may have an implication in cutaneous carcinogenesis and tumor progression to malignancy.
School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia.
Natalie
N
Nemazannikova
Kiriakos
K
Antonas
Crispin R
CR
Dass
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
D020011:Protective Agents; D014807:Vitamin D
NMSC; angiogenesis; cancer; tumor; vitamin D