Emotional sequelae among survivors of critical illness:  a long-term retrospective study.
BACKGROUND
Treatment in an ICU can be stressful and traumatic for patients, and can lead to various physical, psychological and cognitive sequelae.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the social, economic and working status of individuals in regard to long-term anxiety and depression among ICU convalescents.


METHODS
Retrospective, cross-sectional, 5-year survey between 2005 and 2009.


METHODS
The general ICUs of two hospitals in Lublin (Poland): the Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lublin and the District Hospital.


METHODS
All adults surviving an ICU stay of more than 24 h were eligible. In December 2010, 533 questionnaires were sent to discharged ICU survivors, and 195 (36.6%) were returned. One hundred and eighty-six patients were enrolled in the study. Patients with brain injuries were excluded.


METHODS
The questionnaire consisted of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); questions defining social, economic and working status before and after intensive care stay, health status before intensive care stay, as well as questions about memories and readmissions to intensive care were included.


RESULTS
According to HADS, 34.4% patients had an anxiety disorder and 27.4% were depressed. There was a strong positive correlation between anxiety and depression (r = +0.726, P<0.001). Better material and housing conditions correlated with lower anxiety and depression rates. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores on admission positively correlated with both anxiety (r =+0.187; P=0.011) and depression (r = +0.239; P=0.001). A negative correlation between health status before intensive care admission and HADS scores was observed (anxiety rs = -0.193; P=0.008; depression rs = -0.227; P=0.002); better health resulted in less anxiety and depression disorders.


CONCLUSIONS
Adverse social and economic status is associated with higher rates of anxiety and depression following ICU stay.
1st Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. michalkowalczyk@vp.pl
Michał
M
Kowalczyk
Andrzej
A
Nestorowicz
Anna
A
Fijałkowska
Magdalena
M
Kwiatosz-Muc
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011044:Poland; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors