Public-private partnerships as driving forces in the quest for innovative medicines.
BACKGROUND
Despite progress in translational research, we are still falling short in developing the innovative medicines required to address major public health needs. Furthermore, the failure rate, time, and cost required for registration of a new drug are pushing the economics of the industry to the breaking point. New models of drug development based on collaborative endeavours are badly needed to improve this dire situation.


RESULTS
In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) introduced the Critical Path Initiative with the intent of modernizing drug development by implementing public-private partnerships (PPP) to share data, expertise, and resources. In response to FDA's initiative, in the following year the non-profit Critical Path Institute (C-Path) was formed. At the same time, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Public-Private Partnership program was established. In Europe, the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) supported jointly by the European Union and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations was launched in 2008. These independent efforts have a common long-term objective, namely to facilitate the emergence of innovative medicines by developing new tools for drug discovery, new indicators for drug efficacy or safety, and new approaches for patient stratification. Herein, we present evidence that PPP already exert a positive impact on the drug development process.


CONCLUSIONS
Public-private partnerships represent attractive means to leverage resources dispersed across industry, academia, and voluntary health organizations in order to address multiple challenges of drug development in an era of constrained resources and increased regulatory pressure.
Innovative Medicines Initiative, TO 56, Office 6/4, Brussels, 1049, Belgium. michel.goldman@imi.europa.eu.
Michel
M
Goldman
Carolyn
C
Compton
Barbara B
BB
Mittleman