Recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors.
Foreign nucleic acids, the essential signature molecules of invading pathogens that act as danger signals for host cells, are detected by endosomal nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13. These TLRs have evolved to recognize 'non-self' nucleic acids within endosomal compartments and rapidly initiate innate immune responses to ensure host protection through induction of type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory molecules and maturation of immune cells. In this review, we highlight our understanding of the recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acids and activation of corresponding signaling pathways through endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9, and 13 for an enormous diversity of pathogens, with particular emphasis on their compartmentalization, intracellular trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, autophagy, and regulatory programs.
State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
Xiaobing
X
He
Huaijie
H
Jia
Zhizhong
Z
Jing
Dingxiang
D
Liu
D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011992:Endosomes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000276:immunology*; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
D009696:Nucleic Acids; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9