Gut hormone activity of children born to women with and without gestational diabetes.
What is already known about this subject Children born to women with gestational diabetes have greater risk for obesity. Obesity in adults and children is associated with blunted postprandial gut hormone responses. What this study adds Children of women with gestational diabetes have a blunted postprandial response of GLP-1. Children of women with gestational diabetes have high fasting PYY concentrations.


BACKGROUND
Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases risk for obesity. Obesity is associated with a blunted postprandial gut hormone response, which may impair satiety and thereby contribute to weight gain. The postprandial response of gut hormones among children of women with GDM has not previously been investigated.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether children of women with GDM have suppressed peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), and higher concentrations of ghrelin, following a meal challenge. A secondary objective was to investigate associations of these hormones with children's free-living energy intake.


METHODS
Children (n = 42) aged 5-10 years were stratified into two groups: offspring of GDM mothers (OGD) and of non-diabetic mothers (CTRL). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and circulating PYY, GLP-1 and total ghrelin were measured during a liquid meal challenge. Energy intake was assessed by three 24-h diet recalls.


RESULTS
Between-groups analyses of fasting and incremental area under the curve (AUC) found no differences in ghrelin. Incremental AUC for GLP-1 was greater among the CTRL vs. OGD (P < 0.05), and fasting PYY, but not incremental AUC, was higher among OGD vs. CTRL (P < 0.01). Associations of fasting and incremental AUC for each gut hormone with children's usual energy intake did not differ significantly by group.


CONCLUSIONS
Further research is needed to more fully examine the potential role of postprandial GLP-1 suppression and high-fasting PYY concentrations on the feeding behaviour and risk for obesity among children exposed to GDM in utero.
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
P C
PC
Chandler-Laney
N C
NC
Bush
D J
DJ
Rouse
M S
MS
Mancuso
B A
BA
Gower
D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
GLP-1; Ghrelin; PYY; obesity