Lead roles for supporting actors: critical functions of inner ear supporting cells.
Many studies that aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of hearing loss or balance disorders focus on the hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons of the inner ear. Fewer studies have examined the supporting cells that contact both of these cell types in the cochlea and vestibular end organs. While the roles of supporting cells are still being elucidated, emerging evidence indicates that they serve many functions vital to maintaining healthy populations of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Here we review recent studies that highlight the critical roles supporting cells play in the development, function, survival, death, phagocytosis, and regeneration of other cell types within the inner ear. Many of these roles have also been described for glial cells in other parts of the nervous system, and lessons from these other systems continue to inform our understanding of supporting cell functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Annual Reviews 2013".
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 5 Research Court, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. elyssa.monzack@nih.gov
Elyssa L
EL
Monzack
Lisa L
LL
Cunningham
D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D002470:Cell Survival; D003051:Cochlea / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010587:Phagocytosis; D012038:Regeneration; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology
BDNF; ERK 1/2; FGF; GLAST; HSP70; IHC; ISC; NRG; NT3; PS; SGN; T-cell restricted intracellular antigen-related protein; TEM; TIAR; brain-derived neurotrophic factor; extracellularly regulated kinases 1 and 2; fibroblast growth factor; glutamate aspartate transporter; heat shock protein 70; inner hair cell; inner supporting cell; neuregulin; neurotrophin-3; phosphatidylserine; spiral ganglion neuron; transmission electron microscopy