Ketamine and atropine for pediatric sedation: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Sedation in children can be a challenge for emergency physicians, which demands for selecting an effective medication with few complications and good analgesic effects. This study has been performed to evaluate the adverse effects of ketamine while using either atropine or placebo in emergency departments.


METHODS
This is a prospective randomized controlled trial involving 200 patients with age ranging between 2 and 15 years, who need a painful procedure. Participants randomly were divided into 2 groups both treated by ketamine (1 mg/kg intravenously administered); group 1 received excessive intravenous atropine (0.01 mg/kg), whereas distilled water was given to group 2 as placebo. Adverse effects and duration of the treatments were recorded.


RESULTS
From March to September 2010, 200 of 218 eligible patients were enrolled. The mean (SD) age of patients in the intervention group was 7.0 (3.6) years that showed no statistical difference with the control group (age range, 2-15 years; mean, 7.1 [3.8] years). The mean procedure and sedation time between the intervention and placebo groups were not significantly different (P = 0.919 and 0.783, respectively). Several differences between the intervention and placebo groups were noted including nausea and vomiting, but only the difference in hypersalivation was statistically significant (12% vs 28%). Low oxygen saturation was reported only in 2% of the participants, whereas none of the children experienced apnea or laryngospasm during the sedation process.


CONCLUSIONS
Atropine added to ketamine significantly reduces hypersalivation without producing any adverse effects on the procedure duration or success rate.
Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Payman
P
Asadi
Hamed-Basir
HB
Ghafouri
Mohammadreza
M
Yasinzadeh
Seid Mohamad Hosseini
SM
Kasnavieh
Ehsan
E
Modirian
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine; D001285:Atropine