The intended and unintended consequences of communication systems on general internal medicine inpatient care delivery: a prospective observational case study of five teaching hospitals.
BACKGROUND
Effective clinical communication is critical to providing high-quality patient care. Hospitals have used different types of interventions to improve communication between care teams, but there have been few studies of their effectiveness.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the effects of different communication interventions and their problems.


METHODS
Prospective observational case study using a mixed methods approach of quantitative and qualitative methods.


METHODS
General internal medicine (GIM) inpatient wards at five tertiary care academic teaching hospitals.


METHODS
Clinicians consisting of residents, attending physicians, nurses, and allied health (AH) staff working on the GIM wards.


METHODS
Ethnographic methods and interviews with clinical staff (doctors, nurses, medical students, and AH professionals) were conducted over a 16-month period from 2009 to 2010.


RESULTS
We identified four categories that described the intended and unintended consequences of communication interventions: impacts on senders, receivers, interprofessional collaboration, and the use of informal communication processes. The use of alphanumeric pagers, smartphones, and web-based communication systems had positive effects for senders and receivers, but unintended consequences were seen with all interventions in all four categories.


CONCLUSIONS
Interventions that aimed to improve clinical communications solved some but not all problems, and unintended effects were seen with all systems.
Centre for Innovation in Complex Care, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Robert.Wu@uhn.ca
Robert C
RC
Wu
Vivian
V
Lo
Dante
D
Morra
Brian M
BM
Wong
Robert
R
Sargeant
Ken
K
Locke
Rodrigo
R
Cavalcanti
Sherman D
SD
Quan
Peter
P
Rossos
Kim
K
Tran
Mark
M
Cheung
D002170:Canada; D040421:Cell Phone; D003142:Communication; D006747:Hospital Communication Systems; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D005791:Patient Care; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D011446:Prospective Studies
Evaluation; Hospital communication; Intended and unintended consequences; Knowledge transfer; smartphones