Special education and later academic achievement.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether grade at entry to special education is associated with improved reading achievement in children with reading disorders (RD) and whether the effect of grade at entry to special education differs by socioeconomic status (SES).


METHODS
The authors conducted a secondary data analysis using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative cohort of children followed longitudinally from kindergarten through eighth grade (1998-2007). Using data from the fifth grade wave of ECLS-K, the authors identified children with RD (n = 290). The outcome of interest was change in score on the reading achievement test, which was developed by ECLS-K staff, between first and fifth grade. Using multiple linear regression, the authors modeled outcome as a function of a child's grade at entry to special education, controlling for several covariates.


RESULTS
Early entry to special education (by first grade vs second or third grade) was associated with larger gains in reading achievement between first and fifth grade (p < .0001). Children who entered special education by first grade versus second grade gained 4.5 more points on the reading achievement test (p < .0001). Children who entered special education by first grade versus third grade gained 1.7 more points on the reading achievement test (p < .0001). There was no difference in the magnitude of gains associated with early entry to special education between children from families of low and higher SES.


CONCLUSIONS
For children with RD, early entry to special education is associated with improved reading achievement during elementary school.
Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 ,USA. jennifer.ehrhardt@cchmc.org
Jennifer
J
Ehrhardt
Noelle
N
Huntington
Janine
J
Molino
William
W
Barbaresi
D000124:Achievement; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004519:Education, Special / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors