Free breathing real-time cardiac cine imaging with improved spatial resolution at 3 T.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate free-breathing single-shot real-time cine imaging for functional cardiac imaging at 3 T with increased spatial resolution. Special emphasis of this study was placed on the influence of parallel imaging techniques.


METHODS
Gradient echo phantom images were acquired with GRAPPA and modified SENSE reconstruction using both integrated and separate reference scans as well as TGRAPPA and TSENSE. In vivo measurements were performed for GRAPPA reconstruction with an integrated and a separate reference scan, as well as TGRAPPA using balanced steady-state free precession protocols. Three clinical protocols, rtLRInt (Tres = 51.3 milliseconds; voxel, 2.5 × 5.0 × 10 mm³), rtMRSep (Tres = 48.8 milliseconds; voxel, 1.9 × 3.1 × 10 mm³), and rtHRSep (Tres = 48.3 milliseconds; voxel, 1.6 × 2.6 × 10 mm), were investigated on 20 volunteers using GRAPPA reconstruction with internal as well as separate reference scans. End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, peak filling rate, and myocardial mass were evaluated for the left ventricle and compared with an electrocardiogram-triggered segmented readout cine protocol used as standard of reference. All studies were performed at 3 T.


RESULTS
Phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that the combination of GRAPPA reconstruction with a separate reference scan provides an optimal compromise of image quality as well as spatial and temporal resolution. Functional values (P values) for the standard of reference, rtLRInt, rtMRSep, and rtHRSep end-diastolic volume were 141 ± 24 mL, 138 ± 21 mL, 138 ± 19 mL, and 128 ± 33 mL, respectively (P = 0.7, 0.7, 0.4); end-systolic volume, 55 ± 15 mL, 61 ± 14 mL, 58 ± 12 mL, and 55 ± 20 mL, respectively (P = 0.23, 0.43, 0.62); ejection fraction, 61% ± 5%, 57% ± 5%, 58% ± 4%, and 56% ± 8%, respectively (P = 0.01, 0.11, 0.06); peak ejection rate, 481 ± 73 mL/s, 425 ± 62 mL/s, 434 ± 67 mL/s, and 381 ± 86 mL/s, respectively (P = 0.03, 0.04, 0.01); peak filling rate, 555 ± 80 mL/s, 480 ± 70 mL/s, 500 ± 70 mL/s, and 438 ± 108 mL/s, respectively (P= 0.007, 0.05, 0.004); and myocardial mass, 137 ± 26 g, 141 ± 25 g, 141 ± 23 g, and 130 ± 31 g, respectively (P = 0.62, 0.54, 0.99).


CONCLUSIONS
Using a separate reference scan and high acceleration factors up to R = 6, single-shot real-time cardiac imaging offers adequate temporal and spatial resolution for accurate assessment of global left ventricular function in free breathing with short examination times.
Josef Lissner Laboratory for Biomedical Imaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Germany. felix.schwab@med.uni-muenchen.de
Felix
F
Schwab
Florian
F
Schwarz
Olaf
O
Dietrich
Titus
T
Lanz
Frank
F
Resmer
Tobias
T
Wichmann
Bernd J
BJ
Wintersperger
Fabian
F
Bamberg
Konstantin
K
Nikolaou
Maximilian
M
Reiser
Daniel
D
Theisen
D000465:Algorithms; D062485:Breath Holding; D003199:Computer Systems; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity