Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing's disease.
BACKGROUND
Factors influencing the outcome of surgical treatment of pediatric Cushing's disease (CD) have not been fully established.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine features influencing the outcome of surgery for pediatric CD.


METHODS
In this prospective observational study, the clinical, imaging, endocrinological, and operative outcomes were analyzed in consecutive patients treated at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 1982 through 2010.


METHODS
The study was conducted in a tertiary referral center.


RESULTS
Two hundred CD patients (106 females, 94 males) were included. Mean age at symptom development was 10.6 ± 3.6 years (range, 4.0 to 19.0 y). Mean age at NIH operation was 13.7 ± 3.7 years. Twenty-seven patients (13%) had prior surgery at another institution. Magnetic resonance imaging identified adenomas in 97 patients (50%). When positive, magnetic resonance imaging accurately defined a discrete adenoma in 96 of the 97 patients (99%), which was more accurate than the use of ACTH ratios during inferior petrosal sinus sampling to determine adenoma lateralization (accurate in 72% of patients without prior surgery). A total of 195 of the 200 patients (98%) achieved remission after surgery (189 [97%] were hypocortisolemic; 6 [3%] were eucortisolemic postoperatively). Factors associated with initial remission (P < .05) included identification of an adenoma at surgery, immunohistochemical ACTH-producing adenoma, and noninvasive ACTH adenoma. Younger age, smaller adenoma, and absence of cavernous sinus wall or other dural invasion were associated with long-term remission (P < .05). A minimum morning serum cortisol of less than 1 μg/dl after surgery had a positive predictive value for lasting remission of 96%.


CONCLUSIONS
With rare disorders, such as pediatric CD, enhanced outcomes are obtained by evaluation and treatment at centers with substantial experience. Resection of pituitary adenomas in pediatric CD in that setting can be safe, effective, and durable. Early postoperative endocrine testing predicts lasting remission. Because lasting remission is associated with younger age at surgery, smaller adenomas, and lack of dural invasion, early diagnosis should improve surgical outcome.
Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Russell R
RR
Lonser
Joshua J
JJ
Wind
Lynnette K
LK
Nieman
Robert J
RJ
Weil
Hetty L
HL
DeVroom
Edward H
EH
Oldfield
D000236:Adenoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
D006728:Hormones