[French validation of the Anger Rumination Scale].
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to propose a French version of the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS). The main contribution of this scale is to evaluate cognitive responses involved in rumination experience related to anger. The rumination experience is assessed through four scales: angry afterthoughts, thoughts of revenge, angry memories and understanding of causes. Because anger rumination is related to anger experience, it is usually understood to be a dysfunctional or unconstructive behavior. However, because the rumination involves cognitive activity, it can be assimilated as a cognitive strategy to cope with a negative event in a specific context. The ARS seems to be useful in understanding the rumination effects both on anger experience as well as on aggressive behaviors.


METHODS
The original scale was translated following scientific recommendations for cultural adaptation of questionnaires. Six hundred and seventeen voluntary undergraduate students were asked to complete the ARS-French version. Among these 617 students: 305 completed the French ARS version twice over a 1-month period to test the reliability of the French version; 361 filled out both the French ARS version and the STAXI-II; 342 filled out both the French ARS version and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). The Total Sample was randomly split into two groups. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with group I's data. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with group II's data.


RESULTS
The EFA revealed a four factors solution close to the original version. The CFA confirmed a good model fit for the original four factors solution (χ(2)146: 302.14 CFI: 0.96 RMSEA: 0.058). A one factor model was tested, but was not retained. The ARS's internal consistency coefficients replicated those of the literature: alpha coefficients ranged from 0.60 to 0.86, and test-retest correlation coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.70. External validity indices conformed to previous studies, both for gender differences and for relationship with STAXI-II and AQ.


CONCLUSIONS
Results of the present study support the validity and the reliability of the French version of the ARS. This validation provides a multifactorial scale for assessing anger rumination. This scale could be used, for example, to explore processes leading to aggressive behavior in several contexts in which overt behavior is prohibited or detrimental to performance.
Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur le sport, université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, 27-29, boulevard du 11-Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne, France. Electronic address: eric.reynes@univ-lyon1.fr.
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Reynes
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Berthouze-Aranda
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Guillet-Descas
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Chabaud
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Deflandre
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
Anger rumination; Anger rumination scale (ARS); Rumination de colère; Structural equation modeling; Validation; Échelle de rumination de colère (ERC); Équation structurelle