Prognosis in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: external validation of the IMPACT models and the role of extracranial injuries.
BACKGROUND
Several prognostic models to predict outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been developed, but few are externally validated. We aimed to validate the International Mission on Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT) prognostic models in a recent unselected patient cohort and to assess the additional prognostic value of extracranial injury.


METHODS
The Prospective Observational COhort Neurotrauma (POCON) registry contains 508 patients with moderate or severe TBI, who were admitted in 2008 and 2009 to five trauma centers in the Netherlands. We predicted the probability of mortality and unfavorable outcome at 6 months after injury with the IMPACT prognostic models. We studied discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]) and calibration. We added the extracranial component of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) to the models and calculated the increase in AUC.


RESULTS
The IMPACT models had an adequate discrimination in the POCON registry, with AUCs in the external validation between 0.85 and 0.90 for mortality and between 0.82 and 0.87 for unfavorable outcome. Observed outcomes agreed well with predicted outcomes. Adding extracranial injury slightly improved predictions in the overall population (unfavorable outcome: AUC increase of 0.002, p = 0.02; mortality: AUC increase of 0.000, p = 0.37) but more clearly in patients with moderate TBI (unfavorable outcome: AUC increase of 0.008, p < 0.01, mortality: AUC increase of 0.012, p = 0.02) and patients with minor computed tomographic result abnormalities (unfavorable outcome: AUC increase of 0.013, p < 0.01; mortality: AUC increase of 0.001, p = 0.08).


CONCLUSIONS
The IMPACT models performed well in a recent series of TBI patients. We found some additional impact of extracranial injury on outcome, specifically in patients with less severe TBI or minor computed tomographic result abnormalities.


METHODS
Epidemiologic/prognostic study.
Departments of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.lingsma@erasmusmc.nl
Hester
H
Lingsma
Teuntje M J C
TM
Andriessen
Iain
I
Haitsema
Janneke
J
Horn
Joukje
J
van der Naalt
Gaby
G
Franschman
Andrew I R
AI
Maas
Pieter E
PE
Vos
Ewout W
EW
Steyerberg
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results