The plasma membrane channel ORAI1 mediates detrimental calcium influx caused by endogenous oxidative stress.
The mouse hippocampal cell line HT22 is an excellent model for studying the consequences of endogenous oxidative stress. Addition of extracellular glutamate depletes the cells of glutathione (GSH) by blocking the glutamate-cystine antiporter system x(c)(-). GSH is the main antioxidant in neurons and its depletion induces a well-defined program of cell death called oxytosis, which is probably synonymous with the iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death termed ferroptosis. Oxytosis is characterized by an increase of reactive oxygen species and a strong calcium influx preceding cell death. We found a significant reduction in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in glutamate-resistant HT22 cells caused by downregulation of the Ca(2+) channel ORAI1, but not the Ca(2+) sensors STIM1 or STIM2. Pharmacological inhibition of SOCE mimicked this protection similarly to knockdown of ORAI1 by small interfering RNAs. Long-term calcium live-cell imaging after induction of the cell death program showed a specific reduction in Ca(2+)-positive cells by ORAI1 knockdown. These results suggest that dysregulated Ca(2+) entry through ORAI1 mediates the detrimental Ca(2+) entry in programmed cell death induced by GSH depletion. As this detrimental Ca(2+) influx occurs late in the course of the cell death program, it might be amenable to therapeutic intervention in diseases caused by oxidative stress.
Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
N
N
Henke
P
P
Albrecht
I
I
Bouchachia
M
M
Ryazantseva
K
K
Knoll
J
J
Lewerenz
E
E
Kaznacheyeva
P
P
Maher
A
A
Methner
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D000071740:ORAI1 Protein; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000071737:Stromal Interaction Molecule 1; D000071738:Stromal Interaction Molecule 2
D000975:Antioxidants; D015220:Calcium Channels; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000071740:ORAI1 Protein; C520430:Orai1 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C100757:Stim1 protein, mouse; C525024:Stim2 protein, mouse; D000071737:Stromal Interaction Molecule 1; D000071738:Stromal Interaction Molecule 2; D005978:Glutathione; D002118:Calcium