[Targeted epigenetic therapy of cancer. Achievements and perspectives].
In this review, we provide an overview of the physiological and pathophysiological epigenetic changes of normal cells and cancer cells, and emphasize the achievements and the perspectives of cancer epigenetic therapy. Cancer epigenetic alterations correspond foremost to hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes promotors, global DNA hypomethylation, and overexpression and activity of histone deacetylases. The purpose of epigenetic therapy is to revert the epigenetic alterations in cancer cells and obtain the "normal epigenome" restoration. Epigenetic targets in cancer therapy have focused on HDACs and DNMTs inhibition. The azacitidine and the decitabine, the vorinostat and the romidepsin were approved by US-FDA for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, respectively. Epigenetic and epigenomic changes in single or multiple genes have showed potential impact in cancer as early detection, prognosis and predictive marks. The epigenetic revolution has arrived for biology. The significant progress in epigenetic studies have allowed us, to understand new looks in the physiology and pathophysiology of embryonic development, cancer and other chronic diseases. Specific molecular epigenetic alterations in different cancer types, give us new strategies to design improved cancer therapy. The challenge for epigenetic investigators is design more specific epidrugs with lesser side effects.
Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México D. F.,  México. vvaldespinog@yahoo.com.mx.
Víctor Manuel
VM
Valdespino-Gómez
Víctor Edmundo
VE
Valdespino-Castillo
D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000187:drug effects; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000187:drug effects; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D035683:MicroRNAs; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases