Antinociceptive effects of tramadol hydrochloride after intravenous administration to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
OBJECTIVE
To determine the antinociceptive and sedative effects of tramadol in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) following IV administration.


METHODS
11 healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots of unknown sex.


METHODS
Tramadol hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, IV) and an equivalent volume (≤ 0.34 mL) of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were administered to parrots in a complete crossover study design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 30 to 60 minutes before (baseline) and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after treatment administration; agitation-sedation scores were determined for parrots at each of those times.


RESULTS
The estimated mean changes in temperature from the baseline value that elicited a foot withdrawal response were 1.65° and -1.08°C after administration of tramadol and saline solution, respectively. Temperatures at which a foot withdrawal response was elicited were significantly higher than baseline values at all 5 evaluation times after administration of tramadol and were significantly lower than baseline values at 30, 120, and 240 minutes after administration of saline solution. No sedation, agitation, or other adverse effects were observed in any of the parrots after administration of tramadol.


CONCLUSIONS
Tramadol hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, IV) significantly increased the thermal nociception threshold for Hispaniolan Amazon parrots in the present study. Sedation and adverse effects were not observed. These results are consistent with results of other studies in which the antinociceptive effects of tramadol after oral administration to parrots were determined.
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Saskia
S
Geelen
David
D
Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
Marcy J
MJ
Souza
Sherry
S
Cox
Nicholas S
NS
Keuler
Joanne R
JR
Paul-Murphy
D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D046708:Amazona / Q000502:physiology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol