Cranberry proanthocyanidins improve intestinal sIgA during elemental enteral nutrition.
BACKGROUND
Elemental enteral nutrition (EEN) decreases gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function, including fewer Peyer's patch lymphocytes and lower levels of the tissue T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and mucosal transport protein polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), leading to lower luminal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. Since we recently demonstrated that cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) maintain the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 when added to EEN, we hypothesized the addition of PACs to EEN would normalize other GALT parameters and maintain luminal levels of sIgA.


METHODS
Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized (12/group) to receive chow, EEN, or EEN + PACs (100 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days, starting 2 days after intragastric cannulation. Ileum tissue was collected to measure IL-4 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, pIgR by Western blot, and phosphorylated STAT-6 by microarray. Intestinal wash fluid was collected to measure sIgA by Western blot.


RESULTS
Compared with chow, EEN significantly decreased tissue IL-4, phosphorylated STAT-6, and pIgR. The addition of PACs to EEN prevented these alterations. Compared with chow, EEN resulted in significantly lower levels of luminal sIgA. The addition of PACs to EEN increased luminal sIgA levels compared with EEN alone.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests the addition of PACs to EEN may support GALT function and maintain intestinal sIgA levels compared with EEN administration alone.
Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
Joseph F
JF
Pierre
Aaron F
AF
Heneghan
Rodrigo P
RP
Feliciano
Dhanansayan
D
Shanmuganayagam
Christian G
CG
Krueger
Jess D
JD
Reed
Kenneth A
KA
Kudsk
D000818:Animals; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019056:Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*
D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D019056:Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494100:Stat6 protein, mouse; D015847:Interleukin-4
JAK-STAT; elemental enteral nutrition; proanthocyanidins; secretory IgA