Proboscis lateralis.
BACKGROUND
Proboscis lateralis is a rare congenitally acquired facial abnormality characterized by a soft-tissue tube- or trunk-like appendage projecting from the surface of the face, most frequently rooted in the medial canthal region. Proboscis lateralis is generally associated with a wide range of concomitant craniofacial anomalies, giving rise to multiple theories describing the embryological pathogenesis and various classification systems to account for the pathological associations.


CONCLUSIONS
This paper provides a literature review of the rare manifestations of proboscis lateralis and represents a summary of current literature related to embryological pathogenesis, definitive diagnosis, and surgical management approaches.
Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.
S
S
Martin
E
E
Hogan
E P
EP
Sorenson
A A
AA
Cohen-Gadol
R S
RS
Tubbs
M
M
Loukas
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology