β-Arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor trafficking.
Arrestins are adaptor proteins that function to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and trafficking. There are four mammalian members of the arrestin family, two visual and two nonvisual. The visual arrestins (arrestin-1 and arrestin-4) are localized in rod and cone cells, respectively, and function to quench phototransduction by inhibiting receptor/G protein coupling. The nonvisual arrestins (β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, a.k.a. arrestin-2 and arrestin-3) are ubiquitously expressed and function to inhibit GPCR/G protein coupling and promote GPCR trafficking and arrestin-mediated signaling. Arrestin-mediated endocytosis of GPCRs requires the coordinated interaction of β-arrestins with clathrin, adaptor protein 2, and phosphoinositides such as PIP(2)/PIP(3). These interactions are facilitated by a conformational change in β-arrestin that is thought to occur upon binding to a phosphorylated activated GPCR. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the reagents and techniques used to study β-arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Dong Soo
DS
Kang
Xufan
X
Tian
Jeffrey L
JL
Benovic
D000818:Animals; D019390:Arrestins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D004705:Endocytosis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting / Q000379:methods; D008958:Models, Molecular; D021381:Protein Transport; D034622:RNA Interference; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
D019390:Arrestins; D002966:Clathrin; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000071557:beta-Arrestins