Is it all the X: familial learning dysfunction and the impact of behavioral aspects of the phenotypic presentation of XXY?
The behavioral phenotype of children with XXY has not been extensively studied until recently and this research has been confounded by insufficient study populations and ascertainment biases. The aim of the study was to expand the behavioral aspect of the XXY phenotype as well as investigate the role of existing familial learning disabilities (FLD) on behavioral problems. Behavioral phenotype of XXY includes social anxiety, ADHD, social communication, and atypical peer interactions. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) were completed by the parents of 54 boys with XXY who had not received hormonal replacement prior to participation. Our findings suggest fewer behavioral deficits and lower severity in the general 47,XXY population than previously published and found significant differences between the groups with a positive FLD on the behavioral assessments. Findings demonstrate that boys with FLD exhibit an increased incidence and severity of behavioral problems. Our study expands on the findings of Samango-Sprouse et al. [Samango-Sprouse et al. (2012b) J Intellect Disabil Res] and the significant influence that FLD has on not only neurodevelopment, but also behavioral deficits. Our study suggests that part of the XXY phenotypic profile may be modulated by FLD. Further study is underway to examine the interaction between the many salient factors effecting behavioral and neurodevelopmental progression in XXY and variant forms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurodevelopmental Diagnostic Center for Young Children, Crofton, MD 21114, USA. cssprouse@aol.com
Carole A
CA
Samango-Sprouse
Emily
E
Stapleton
Teresa
T
Sadeghin
Andrea L
AL
Gropman
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D058533:Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult