Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with urolithiasis.
OBJECTIVE
The NAFLD is related to metabolic disorders and is negatively associated with kidney function. Renal stone disease (urolithiasis) is an increasing form of a common renal disease that is a multifactorial disorder influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic, mainly environmental factors. The association between the fatty liver and renal calculi, as a specific underlying risk factor, has received no attention, so far. Therefore, in this study, a possible relationship between fatty liver with renal calculi and urolithiasis is investigated.


METHODS
In a cross sectional study, a total of 11245 ultrasonography reports revealing the condition of fatty liver, kidney stones (urolithiasis), or a combination of both of them, were categorized and evaluated statistically. Descriptive statistics determined the number (frequency and percentage) of each condition. The statistical significance of the association between fatty liver and kidney stone, and vice versa, was evaluated using McNemar's test. The Chi Square Test assessed the relationship between genders. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) assessed the likelihood of characteristics of urolithiasis for fatty liver patients.


RESULTS
We found 8% frequency of urolithiasis among subjects with healthy liver. NAFLD was identified in 30%, while urolithiasis in 11% subjects from all individuals studied. The present study diagnosed urolithiasis in 17% of patients with fatty liver. Its occurrence was more common in men than women. Data revealed more common diagnosis of fatty liver (48%) in patients with urolithiasis, which was also higher in males than females. The higher NAFLD was linked with urolithiasis, indicating a greater chance of their association. Interestingly, the detection frequency of urolithiasis in the patients with NAFLD was also markedly higher (odds ratio: 2.4, 95% CI 2.1-2.7). The NAFLD appears to be an independent variable as a risk factor for stone formation.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study indicates that the prevalence of urolithiasis is significantly higher in the NAFLD than healthy subjects. This result suggests that NAFLD may be involved in the mechanism of the onset of the urolithiasis. It is suggested that lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and changes in the urinary constituents in the NAFLD may be considered as a risk factor in the progression of stone formations.
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
B
B
Einollahi
M R
MR
Naghii
M
M
Sepandi
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology