Chronic apraxia of speech and Broca's area.
OBJECTIVE
Apraxia of speech (AOS) is an impairment of motor planning and programming of speech articulation and is often considered an important stroke syndrome, localizable to Broca's area. However, an influential study raised doubts on this localization and reported that AOS is attributable to lesions of the anterior insula, based on an association between chronic AOS and anterior insula lesions. We hypothesized that chronic AOS is associated with large lesions (which include the insula) or lesions to Broca's area.  Method- We tested 34 participants with chronic left supratentorial stroke on an AOS battery and obtained concurrent magnetic resonance imaging. We evaluated associations between AOS and locations and volume of infarct.


RESULTS
The presence of chronic AOS (n=17) was associated with volume of infarct, but was also associated with infarct in Broca's area (and several other regions, but not anterior insula) in both volume- and age-adjusted linear regression and the dichotomous analysis. Carotid dissection was more common, and cardioembolism less common, as a cause of stroke in patients with AOS compared with those without. Severity of AOS was also strongly associated with lesion volume.


CONCLUSIONS
Persistence of AOS after 12 months is associated with large left hemispheric stroke and strokes that involve Broca's area or other relatively anterior areas to which it is structurally or functionally connected. Patients with such lesions may benefit from early training in the use of technologies to support speech production and communication.
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Lydia A
LA
Trupe
Daniel D
DD
Varma
Yessenia
Y
Gomez
David
D
Race
Richard
R
Leigh
Argye E
AE
Hillis
Rebecca F
RF
Gottesman
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001072:Apraxias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*