An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 42 associated with the consumption of raw flour.
A cluster of salmonellosis cases caused by Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 42 (STM42) emerged in New Zealand in October 2008. STM42 isolates from a wheat-based poultry feed raw material (broll; i.e., product containing wheat flour and particles of grain) had been identified in the 2 months prior to this cluster. Initial investigations indicated that eating uncooked baking mixture was associated with illness. A case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that there was an association between STM42 cases and consumption of raw flour or other baking ingredients. Salmonella isolates from human and non-human sources were compared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Environmental investigations included testing flour and other baking ingredients from case homes, unopened bags of flour purchased from retail stores, and inspection of an implicated flour mill. A case-control study of 39 cases and 66 controls found cases had 4.5 times the odds of consuming uncooked baking mixture as controls (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-12.5, p-value 0.001). Examination of individual baking ingredients found that, after adjusting for eggs, flour had an odds ratio (OR) of 5.7 (95% CI 1.1-29.1, p-value 0.035). After adjusting for flour, eggs had an OR of 0.8 (95% CI 0.2-3.4, p-value 0.762). PFGE patterns were identical for all STM42 isolates tested; however, MLVA distinguished isolates that were epidemiologically linked to the cluster. STM42 was recovered from flour taken from four cases' homes, two unopened packs purchased from retail stores and packs from three batches of retrieved (recalled) product. This outbreak was associated with the consumption of uncooked baking mixture containing flour contaminated with STM42. The implicated flour mill initiated a voluntary withdrawal from sale of all batches of flour thought to be contaminated. Media releases informed the public about implicated flour brands and the risks of consuming uncooked baking mixture.
Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand.
Lisa
L
McCallum
Shevaun
S
Paine
Kerry
K
Sexton
Muriel
M
Dufour
Kristin
K
Dyet
Maurice
M
Wilson
Donald
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Campbell
Don
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Bandaranayake
Virginia
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Hope
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult