Autophagy regulates inflammation following oxidative injury in diabetes.
T1D (type 1 diabetes) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, or inflammation in pancreatic islets called 'insulitis.' Comparatively speaking, T2D (type 2 diabetes) is traditionally characterized by insulin resistance and islet β cell dysfunction; however, a number of studies have clearly demonstrated that chronic tissue inflammation is a key contributing factor to T2D. The NLR (Nod-like receptor) family of innate immune cell sensors such as the NLRP3 inflammasome are implicated in leading to CASP1 activation and subsequent IL1B (interleukin 1, β) and IL18 secretion in T2D. Recent developments reveal a crucial role for the autophagy pathway under conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in interacting with inflammatory processes, and thereby how it potentially affects the outcome of disease progression. In this review, we explore the pathophysiological pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in T2D. We also explore how autophagy influences glucose homeostasis by modulating the inflammatory response. We will provide here a perspective on the current research between autophagy, inflammation and T2D.
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Yang
Y
Wang
Yan-bo
YB
Li
Jia-jing
JJ
Yin
Ying
Y
Wang
Li-bo
LB
Zhu
Guang-ying
GY
Xie
Shang-ha
SH
Pan
D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress
D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human
NLRP3 inflammasome; autophagy; diabetes; inflammation; oxidative stress