title: Norovirus genotypes present in oysters and in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during the seasonal peak of infections in Ireland in 2010.
abstract: We determined norovirus (NoV) concentrations in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and in oysters during the peak period of laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV infection in Ireland in 2010 (January to March). Weekly samples of influent, secondary treated effluent, and oysters were analyzed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII). The mean concentration of NoV GII (5.87 × 10(4) genome copies 100 ml(-1)) in influent wastewater was significantly higher than the mean concentration of NoV GI (1.40 × 10(4) genome copies 100 ml(-1)). The highest concentration of NoV GII (2.20 × 10(5) genome copies 100 ml(-1)) was detected in influent wastewater during week 6. Over the study period, a total of 931 laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV GII infection were recorded, with the peak (n = 171) occurring in week 7. In comparison, 16 cases of NoV GI-associated illness were reported during the study period. In addition, the NoV capsid N/S domain was molecularly characterized for selected samples. Multiple genotypes of NoV GI (GI.1, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, and GI.7) and GII (GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, and GII.17), as well as 4 putative recombinant strains, were detected in the environmental samples. The NoV GII.4 variant 2010 was detected in wastewater and oyster samples and was the dominant strain detected in NoV outbreaks at that time. This study demonstrates the diversity of NoV genotypes present in wastewater during a period of high rates of NoV infection in the community and highlights the potential for the environmental spread of multiple NoV genotypes.
authors: Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland. paulina.rajkonenow@marine.ie
authors: Paulina
authors: P
authors: Rajko-Nenow
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Waters
authors: Sinéad
authors: S
authors: Keaveney
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Flannery
authors: Gráinne
authors: G
authors: Tuite
authors: Suzie
authors: S
authors: Coughlan
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: O'Flaherty
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Doré
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D062065:Wastewater
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 May;77(10):3189-96
references: 21441327
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Nov;136(11):1472-9
references: 18252027
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Mar;48(3):915-20
references: 20053852
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7350-5
references: 19820160
references: J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(7):3635-46
references: 22278249
references: J Infect Dis. 2000 May;181 Suppl 2:S284-7
references: 10804139
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jul;11(7):1079-85
references: 16022784
references: Virology. 2006 Mar 15;346(2):312-23
references: 16343580
references: Bioinformatics. 2010 Oct 1;26(19):2462-3
references: 20798170
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Sep;49(9):3234-44
references: 21752978
references: J Gen Virol. 2010 Jun;91(Pt 6):1373-87
references: 20335491
references: J Virol Methods. 2005 Jan;123(1):1-7
references: 15582692
references: J Gen Virol. 2010 Nov;91(Pt 11):2723-33
references: 20702654
references: J Virol Methods. 2002 Feb;100(1-2):107-14
references: 11742657
references: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 24;4(8):e6671
references: 19701458
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Nov;44(11):3878-82
references: 17088365
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Apr;41(4):1548-57
references: 12682144
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;14(10):1553-7
references: 18826818
references: J Clin Virol. 2010 Dec;49(4):265-71
references: 20888289
references: Microbiol Immunol. 2007;51(2):177-84
references: 17310085
references: J Virol. 2004 Jun;78(12):6469-79
references: 15163740
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jul;42(7):2988-95
references: 15243049
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;16(4):617-24
references: 20350375
references: J Food Prot. 2009 Nov;72(11):2358-62
references: 19903400
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Dec;73(24):7891-7
references: 17933913
references: Nat Med. 2003 May;9(5):548-53
references: 12692541
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 May;45(5):1389-94
references: 17360839
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Mar;48(3):994-8
references: 20042616
references: Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Feb;2(1):103-10
references: 22440973
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Dec;140(12):2273-81
references: 22309708
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Jul;140(7):1161-72
references: 22444943
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Aug;17(8):1516-8
references: 21801639
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Jun;44(6):2271-5
references: 16757638
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Aug;17(8):1389-95
references: 21801614
references: Bioinformatics. 1998;14(9):817-8
references: 9918953
references: J Clin Virol. 2007 Aug;39(4):318-21
references: 17604686
references: J Med Virol. 2011 Dec;83(12):2135-42
references: 22012721
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul;55(2):189-93
references: 22491335
references: Water Res. 2009 Mar;43(4):1117-25
references: 19108861
references: J Public Health (Oxf). 2011 Jun;33(2):205-11
references: 20980346
references: Water Res. 2006 Apr;40(7):1449-57
references: 16533517
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Sep;46(9):2959-65
references: 18650354
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 May;78(9):3400-6
references: 22367079
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;53(6):568-71
references: 21832262
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2012 Nov 15;160(2):105-12
references: 23177049
references: Euro Surveill. 2010 May 13;15(19):pii/19567
references: 20483107
references: Virol J. 2011 Jun 18;8:310
references: 21682917