title: The impact of autophagic processes on the intracellular fate of Helicobacter pylori: more tricks from an enigmatic pathogen?
abstract: Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative pathogen that colonizes the gastric epithelium of 50-60% of the world's population. Approximately one-fifth of the infected individuals manifest severe diseases such as peptic ulcers or gastric cancer. H. pylori infection has proven difficult to cure despite intensive antibiotic treatment. One possible reason for the relatively high resistance to antimicrobial therapy is the ability of H. pylori to reside inside host cells. Although considered by most as an extracellular pathogen, H. pylori can invade both gastric epithelial cells and immunocytes to some extent. The intracellular survival of H. pylori has been implicated in its ability to persist in the stomach, evade host immune responses and resist eradication by membrane-impermeable antibiotics. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that macroautophagy, a cellular self-degradation process characterized by the formation of double-membraned autophagosomes, plays an important role in determining the intracellular fate of H. pylori. Detailed understanding of the interaction between H. pylori and host cell autophagic processes is anticipated to provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of macroautophagy and H. pylori pathogenesis, opening new avenues for the therapeutic intervention of autophagy-related and H. pylori-related disorders.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Nadia S
authors: NS
authors: Deen
authors: Sue J
authors: SJ
authors: Huang
authors: Lan
authors: L
authors: Gong
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Kwok
authors: Rodney J
authors: RJ
authors: Devenish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000382:microbiology*; D008954:Models, Biological
keywords: Helicobacter pylori; LC3-associated phagocytosis; VacA; antibiotic resistance; autophagy; bacteria; infection; intracellular survival; pathogenesis
references: Eur J Cell Biol. 1994 Jun;64(1):7-14
references: 7957314
references: Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(5):1665-71
references: 17484864
references: Helicobacter. 2010 Jun;15(3):163-76
references: 20557357
references: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Jul;7(7):981-93
references: 15953030
references: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Feb;234(2):171-80
references: 19064937
references: Infect Immun. 2008 Jul;76(7):2843-51
references: 18443094
references: Cell Microbiol. 2010 Nov;12(11):1648-65
references: 20560977
references: PLoS One. 2011 Mar 11;6(3):e17852
references: 21412437
references: Annu Rev Genet. 2009;43:67-93
references: 19653858
references: FEBS J. 2011 Apr;278(8):1213-22
references: 21352491
references: J Cell Biol. 1999 Oct 18;147(2):435-46
references: 10525546
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 2;26(31):8057-68
references: 16885219
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Aug;7(8):e1002168
references: 21829365
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Jan 19;11(1):33-45
references: 22264511
references: J Dig Dis. 2012 Jul;13(7):360-5
references: 22713085
references: Gastroenterology. 2007 Sep;133(3):926-36
references: 17854597
references: Sci Signal. 2010 May 25;3(123):ra42
references: 20501938
references: J Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 15;187(8):1165-77
references: 12695995
references: Methods Enzymol. 2009;452:181-97
references: 19200883
references: Autophagy. 2006 Oct-Dec;2(4):302-4
references: 16874082
references: Infect Immun. 2002 Apr;70(4):2108-20
references: 11895977
references: J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 4;278(14):12101-8
references: 12562777
references: Gastroenterology. 1999 Apr;116(4):823-30
references: 10092304
references: Helicobacter. 2008 Oct;13 Suppl 1:1-6
references: 18783514
references: Cell. 2010 May 14;141(4):656-67
references: 20478256
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Dec;11(12):1433-7
references: 19898463
references: Cell. 2008 Jan 11;132(1):27-42
references: 18191218
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Oct;23(4):713-39
references: 20930071
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:107-32
references: 21801009
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5186-91
references: 15795379
references: PLoS One. 2010 May 27;5(5):e10844
references: 20523725
references: J Cell Biol. 2010 Jan 11;188(1):101-14
references: 20065092
references: Autophagy. 2009 Apr;5(3):370-9
references: 19164948
references: Autophagy. 2011 Aug;7(8):814-28
references: 21464618
references: Autophagy. 2009 Nov;5(8):1180-5
references: 19855179
references: Cells. 2012 Jul 30;1(3):396-408
references: 24710482
references: J Cell Biol. 2008 Aug 25;182(4):685-701
references: 18725538
references: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 28;270(30):17771-7
references: 7629077
references: Cell Microbiol. 2008 Mar;10(3):593-605
references: 17979984
references: Cell Microbiol. 2010 Aug;12(8):1108-23
references: 20180800
references: Nature. 2000 Nov 23;408(6811):488-92
references: 11100732
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Oct 18;108(42):17396-401
references: 21969579
references: PLoS Pathog. 2009 May;5(5):e1000430
references: 19436699
references: Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1438-41
references: 16888103
references: Gastroenterology. 1992 May;102(5):1557-67
references: 1568565
references: Infect Immun. 2010 Oct;78(10):4157-65
references: 20696835
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;12(8):747-57
references: 20639872
references: Autophagy. 2007 Jul-Aug;3(4):323-8
references: 17387262
references: J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 7;287(37):31104-15
references: 22822085
references: Cell Microbiol. 2007 May;9(5):1108-16
references: 17388791
references: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Jun;16(6):1077-84
references: 19760778
references: J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):11374-83
references: 16495224
references: J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 3;272(40):25022-8
references: 9312109
references: Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):727-31
references: 15576571
references: Methods Enzymol. 2009;452:261-75
references: 19200888
references: Autophagy. 2008 Feb;4(2):151-75
references: 18188003
references: Helicobacter. 2011 Sep;16 Suppl 1:1-9
references: 21896079
references: Nature. 2007 Dec 20;450(7173):1253-7
references: 18097414
references: Dev Cell. 2011 Nov 15;21(5):966-74
references: 22055344
references: Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 13;49(27):5743-52
references: 20527875
references: Oncogene. 2004 Dec 16;23(58):9314-25
references: 15602573
references: Cell Microbiol. 2000 Apr;2(2):155-64
references: 11207572
references: Autophagy. 2012 Nov;8(11):1701-5
references: 22874568
references: Cell. 2004 Dec 17;119(6):753-66
references: 15607973
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jul;19(3):449-90
references: 16847081
references: J Biochem. 2004 Dec;136(6):741-6
references: 15671482
references: Gastroenterology. 2007 Apr;132(4):1309-19
references: 17408661
references: Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010 Jan;220(1):3-14
references: 20046046
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 1;277(9):6775-8
references: 11788577
references: PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3391
references: 18852889
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Apr;3(4):320-32
references: 15759043
references: IUBMB Life. 2012 Sep;64(9):740-7
references: 22815102
references: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Jun 15;462(2):245-53
references: 17475204
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10570-5
references: 1587837
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33175-82
references: 18772134
references: Oncogene. 2007 May 24;26(24):3462-72
references: 17160020
references: Gastroenterology. 2012 May;142(5):1160-71
references: 22333951
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 3;280(22):21107-14
references: 15817461
references: EMBO J. 1999 Jul 15;18(14):3888-96
references: 10406794
references: Cell Microbiol. 2002 Oct;4(10):677-90
references: 12366404
references: Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012 Jul 12;2:92
references: 22919683
references: J Exp Med. 2000 Nov 6;192(9):1261-72
references: 11067875
references: Infect Immun. 2006 Dec;74(12):6599-614
references: 17000720
references: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Jul;44(6):416-22
references: 19904218
references: Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012 Mar 01;2:13
references: 22919605
references: J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;108(6):779-84
references: 11560943
references: J Exp Med. 2000 May 1;191(9):1451-4
references: 10790419
references: Cell Microbiol. 2006 Jul;8(7):1188-98
references: 16819970
references: N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 10;347(15):1175-86
references: 12374879
references: Infect Immun. 1995 Jan;63(1):94-8
references: 7806390
references: Gastroenterology. 2007 Mar;132(3):1009-23
references: 17383424
references: Curr Biol. 2012 Jul 10;22(13):R540-5
references: 22790007
references: Cell Microbiol. 2011 Jun;13(6):814-35
references: 21447143
references: Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):323-35
references: 21248839
references: J Exp Med. 2000 Jan 3;191(1):115-28
references: 10620610
references: Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1497-500
references: 10688800
references: Autophagy. 2012 Jul 1;8(7):1045-57
references: 22647547
references: Cell Microbiol. 2007 Apr;9(4):817-28
references: 17346311
references: Nat Immunol. 2004 Nov;5(11):1166-74
references: 15489856
references: J Cell Biochem. 2007 Oct 1;102(2):264-73
references: 17486575
references: Mol Cell. 2009 May 15;34(3):259-69
references: 19450525
references: Oncogene. 2008 Jan 7;27(2):234-43
references: 18176605
references: Autophagy. 2012 Sep;8(9):1387-8
references: 22885761
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 Aug 5;267(22):15665-72
references: 1322403
references: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:104918
references: 20617132
references: J Mol Biol. 1999 Jul 9;290(2):459-70
references: 10390344
references: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):55-62
references: 19898471
references: Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1037-40
references: 15528445
references: Mol Microbiol. 2002 Feb;43(4):971-80
references: 11929545
references: Immunol Rev. 2009 Jan;227(1):203-20
references: 19120486
references: Mol Microbiol. 1998 Apr;28(1):37-53
references: 9593295
references: Infect Immun. 2001 Jul;69(7):4382-9
references: 11401977
references: J Cell Biol. 2001 Feb 19;152(4):657-68
references: 11266458
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 26;282(4):2695-706
references: 17135247
references: J Clin Invest. 2004 Feb;113(3):321-33
references: 14755326
references: J Exp Med. 1994 May 1;179(5):1653-58
references: 8163943