title: Shock wave treatment induces angiogenesis and mobilizes endogenous CD31/CD34-positive endothelial cells in a hindlimb ischemia model: implications for angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shock waves have been shown to induce recruitment of intravenously injected endothelial progenitor cells to ischemic hind limbs in rats. We hypothesized that shock wave treatment as sole therapy would induce angiogenesis in this ischemia model and would lead to mobilization of endogenous endothelial (progenitor) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18 rats, aged 5 weeks old, were subdivided into 3 groups: sham (n = 6), ischemic muscle with shock wave treatment (shock wave treatment group, n = 6), and without shock wave treatment (control, n = 6). Hind limb ischemia was induced by ligation of the femoral artery. Three weeks later, shock wave treatment (300 impulses at 0.1 mJ/mm(2)) was applied to the adductor muscle; the controls were left untreated. Muscle samples were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction for angiogenic factors and chemoattractants for endothelial progenitor cell mobilization. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of the peripheral blood was performed for CD31/CD34-positive cells. Perfusion was measured using laser Doppler imaging. Functional improvement was evaluated by walking analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiogenic factors/endothelial progenitor cell chemoattractants, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, were increased in the treatment group, as shown by real-time polymerase chain reaction, indicating the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of the peripheral blood revealed high numbers of CD31/CD34-positive cells in the treatment group. Greater numbers of capillaries were found in the treated muscles. Blood perfusion increased markedly in the treatment group and led to functional restoration, as shown by the results from the walking analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shock wave therapy therefore could develop into a feasible alternative to stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine, in particular for ischemic heart and limb disease.
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Can
authors: C
authors: Tepeköylü
authors: Feng-Sheng
authors: FS
authors: Wang
authors: Radoslaw
authors: R
authors: Kozaryn
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Albrecht-Schgoer
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Theurl
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Schaden
authors: Huei-Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Ke
authors: Yaju
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Kirchmair
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Grimm
authors: Ching-Jen
authors: CJ
authors: Wang
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Holfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006614:Hindlimb; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015415:Biomarkers; C575935:CXCL12 protein, rat; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; C486264:Cxcr4 protein, rat; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat
keywords: 39.2; 39.4; CTR; Ct; EPC; HIF-1α; PCNA; SDF-1; SWT; VEGF; control; cycle threshold; endothelial progenitor cell; hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; shock wave therapy; stromal cell-derived factor-1; vascular endothelial growth factor