title: Multiple developmental pathways to conduct disorder: current conceptualizations and clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent research has uncovered several developmental pathways through which children and adolescents can develop a tendency to display the severe antisocial behavior associated with the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This focused review is designed to briefly outline three different etiological pathways described in the literature. These pathways are distinguished by the age of onset of the antisocial behavior, the presence/absence of significant levels of callous-unemotional traits, and the presence/absence of problems with anger regulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence from developmental psychopathology research (particularly longitudinal studies) that support the different life-course trajectories and putative etiological factors associated with antisocial behavior across these pathways is presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations in the available research on these developmental pathways and implications of this research for the prevention and treatment of children and adolescents with CD are discussed.
authors: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors: Dustin
authors: D
authors: Pardini
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Frick
keywords: adolescents; children; conduct disorder; developmental pathways
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