title: Mechanism of dichotomy between CD8+ responses elicited by apoptotic and necrotic cells.
abstract: Apoptotic cells are significantly more immunogenic than necrotic cells, even though both forms are identical in antigenic content. When a combination of apoptotic and necrotic cells are used to immunize, the phenotype conferred by apoptotic cells, i.e., high immunogenicity, is dominant. However, necrotic cells are not immunosuppressive or tolerogenic. Apoptotic and necrotic cells are taken up by antigen-presenting cells in an equivalent manner. The priming of naïve T cell response is also equivalent. However, the CD8+ T cells elicited by apoptotic cells expand, accumulate, and express effector function, while those primed by the necrotic cells do not. This dichotomy does not extend to CD4+ cells. Apoptotic and necrotic cells elicit equivalent CD4+ T cell priming, accumulation, and function. The deficit in CD8+ T cell function elicited by necrotic cells can be overcome to varying degrees by anti-CD40 antibody and ligands for TLR4 and TLR9; conversely, the immunogenicity of apoptotic cells can be abrogated by blocking anti-CD154 antibody. Our results indicate that immunization with apoptotic cells leads to engagement of CD40 on antigen-presenting cells; this is essential for their ability to elicit mature functional CD8+ cells. The necrotic cells fail to engage CD40, and this failure is the basis of their lack of immunogenicity. These differences have consequences for the understanding of mechanisms of cross-presentation and for efforts toward immunotherapy of cancers and autoimmune pathologies.
authors: Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Buckwalter
authors: Pramod K
authors: PK
authors: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045142:Cross-Priming / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000276:immunology; D005615:Freezing; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007114:Immunization; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009336:Necrosis / Q000276:immunology; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D010641:Phenotype; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019013:CD40 Antigens; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D010455:Peptides; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D010047:Ovalbumin
keywords: antigen-presenting cells; apoptosis; immunogenicity
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