title: Effects of hepatitis B virus mutations on its replication and liver disease severity.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), nowadays, is one of the major human pathogens worldwide. Approximately, 400 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection. Only 5% of persons infected during adulthood develop chronic infection. The reverse is true for those infected at birth or in early childhood, i.e. more than 90% of these persons progress to chronic infection. Currently, eight different genotypes o f HBV have been identified, differing in nucleotide sequence by greater than 8%. In addition, numerous subgenotypes have a l s o been recognized based on the nucleotide sequence variability of 4- 8%. It has invariably been found that these genotypes and mutations play a pivotal role in the liver disease aggravation and virus replication. The precore mutations (G1896A) and the double mutation (T1762/A1764) in the basal core promoter are important mutations that alter expression of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). The HBeAg is important for establishing viral persistence. The precore G1896A mutation abrogates the expression of HBeAg. Numerous other mutations alter the disease severity and progression. It is predictive that the infected patient has high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma if the genotype C is incriminated or if HBV possesses basal core promoter double mutation. Association of the remaining genotypes have been noted but with less degree than genotype C. Phenotypic assays of the different HBV protein markers with different molecular techniques illustrate the replication efficiency of the virus in cell lines. This review will discuss various mutations into their association with liver disease severity and progression as well as virus replication.
authors: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61481, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdulrahim
authors: A
authors: Hakami
authors: Abdelwahid
authors: A
authors: Ali
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Hakami
keywords: Basal core promoter (BCP); HBV; Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg); Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Liver cirrhosis (LC); Precore (PC); Wild type (WT).
references: J Hepatol. 2006 Nov;45(5):636-45
references: 16935386
references: J Med Virol. 2010 Jan;82(1):104-15
references: 19950245
references: Virology. 1997 Jul 7;233(2):374-81
references: 9217060
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Dec;41(12):5598-603
references: 14662947
references: J Virol. 2006 Jan;80(2):587-95
references: 16378961
references: Arch Virol. 2007;152(6):1159-73
references: 17308979
references: Hepatol Res. 2005 Nov;33(3):216-24
references: 16257576
references: J Viral Hepat. 2006 Jul;13(7):427-34
references: 16792535
references: J Clin Virol. 2005 Dec;34 Suppl 1:S134-8
references: 16461214
references: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008 Oct;7(5):457-64
references: 18842489
references: Virology. 2009 Dec 20;395(2):202-9
references: 19850315
references: Virology. 2009 May 10;387(2):364-72
references: 19327810
references: J Gen Virol. 2002 Sep;83(Pt 9):2291-2298
references: 12185284
references: Intervirology. 2003;46(3):157-63
references: 12867753
references: J Virol Methods. 2010 Oct;169(1):52-60
references: 20600328
references: Mutat Res. 2000 Sep 18;452(2):163-78
references: 11024476
references: Virus Res. 1995 Nov;39(1):25-34
references: 8607280
references: J Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;191(12):2022-32
references: 15897987
references: Intervirology. 2009;52(6):321-2
references: 19776617
references: Gastroenterology. 2004 Dec;127(6):1733-8
references: 15578511
references: J Gen Virol. 2006 Jul;87(Pt 7):1873-1882
references: 16760389
references: J Virol. 2007 Nov;81(21):11577-84
references: 17699570
references: Virology. 2011 Feb 5;410(1):161-9
references: 21126747
references: Intervirology. 2005;48(4):262-7
references: 15920351
references: J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(7):3068-76
references: 17215289
references: J Virol. 1995 Sep;69(9):5437-44
references: 7636989
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 7;13(1):48-64
references: 17206754
references: J Med Virol. 2004 Mar;72(3):377-84
references: 14748061
references: J Virol. 2004 Dec;78(23):13122-31
references: 15542664
references: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000 Mar;64(1):51-68
references: 10704474
references: J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(12):6207-15
references: 17409141
references: J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(5):2141-50
references: 16474122
references: Intervirology. 2009;52(6):323-5
references: 19786808
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;26 Suppl 1:123-30
references: 21199523
references: Intervirology. 2004;47(6):289-309
references: 15564741
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1134-43
references: 18695135
references: J Virol Methods. 2009 Oct;161(1):63-9
references: 19481116
references: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug;58(4):244-6
references: 16116261
references: J Hepatol. 2006 Oct;45(4):547-52
references: 16879893
references: J Viral Hepat. 2005 Sep;12(5):456-64
references: 16108759
references: J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;46(3):391-400
references: 20848146
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Sep;39(9):3200-3
references: 11526151
references: Hepatology. 2006 Oct;44(4):915-24
references: 17006908
references: J Med Virol. 2011 Feb;83(2):253-60
references: 21181919
references: J Hepatol. 2009 Feb;50(2):273-80
references: 19070921
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 7;12(41):6620-6
references: 17075974
references: Hepatology. 2006 Jun;43(6):1375-84
references: 16729315
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Dec 8;351(1):64-70
references: 17049490
references: J Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 13;370(3):471-80
references: 17531265
references: Vaccine. 2005 Mar 31;23(19):2409-23
references: 15752827
references: Virology. 2000 Aug 1;273(2):286-99
references: 10915599
references: Hepatology. 2004 Sep;40(3):747-55
references: 15349915
references: J Clin Virol. 2005 Dec;34 Suppl 1:S54-62
references: 16461225
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):93-5
references: 21212756
references: Arch Virol. 2011 May;156(5):855-68
references: 21318309
references: J Virol Methods. 2010 Oct;169(1):181-7
references: 20691734
references: J Med Virol. 2008 Jan;80(1):27-46
references: 18041043