title: A small amount of singlet oxygen generated via excited methylene blue by photodynamic therapy induces the sterilization of Enterococcus faecalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between the amount of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generated from excited methylene blue (MB) and the bactericidal effects on Enterococcus faecalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diode laser was used as the laser irradiation source (λ = 660 nm, 200 mW). The laser irradiation time periods were 300, 600, and 900 seconds. In experiment 1, the amount of (1)O(2) generated from each concentration (0.0001%-1.0%) of excited MB was examined by using electron spin resonance to determine the optimal concentration of MB. In experiment 2, the bactericidal effects of (1)O(2) on E. faecalis were examined. Experimental groups were with laser irradiation, L(+); without laser irradiation, L(-); including MB, M(+); and not including MB, M(-). These were combined to form 4 groups: L(+)M(+), L(+)M(-), L(-)M(+), and L(-)M(-). After treatment, E. faecalis was incubated for 48 hours at 37°C, and the bactericidal effects of (1)O(2) on E. faecalis were determined on the basis of the number of colony-forming units per milliliter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest amount of (1)O(2) was generated from 0.01% excited MB. After 300, 600, and 900 seconds of irradiation, 35.2, 87.2, and 117.1 μmol/L (1)O(2) were detected, respectively. In group L(+)M(+),colony-forming units per milliliter of E. faecalis dramatically decreased depending on the amount of (1)O(2) generated. No other groups showed any bactericidal effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that 0.001%-0.01% of MB is the most effective range for generating (1)O(2) during the application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. At least 35.2 μmol/L generated (1)O(2) was necessary to achieve the sterilization of E. faecalis.
authors: Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
authors: Chiaki
authors: C
authors: Komine
authors: Yasuhisa
authors: Y
authors: Tsujimoto
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019097:Spin Trapping; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D008751:Methylene Blue