title: The spectrum of movement disorders in children with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Movement disorders are frequent but difficult to characterize in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phenomenology of movement disorders was characterized after a detailed examination of children with anti-NMDAR-encephalitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 9 children (5 females), ages 3-14 years, with confirmed anti-NMDAR-encephalitis. All patients presented with at least 1 movement disorder, including chorea (n=4), stereotypic movements (n=4), ataxia (n=3), limb dystonia (n=2), limb myorhythmia (n=2), oromandibular dystonia (n=2), facial myorhythmia, blepharospasm, opisthotonus, athetosis, and tremor (n=1, each). More than a single movement disorder was observed in 6 of these patients. Resolution of the abnormal movements was observed in all patients with immunotherapy; 1 patient improved with tetrabenazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variety of movement disorders, often in combination, can be observed in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Patients commonly present with more than a single movement disorder.
authors: Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors: José Fidel
authors: JF
authors: Baizabal-Carvallo
authors: Amber
authors: A
authors: Stocco
authors: Eyal
authors: E
authors: Muscal
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Jankovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D060426:Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate