title: Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with abnormal effort-cost computations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision-making studies show that response selection is influenced by the "effort cost" associated with response alternatives. These effort-cost calculations seem to be mediated by a distributed neural circuit including the anterior cingulate cortex and subcortical targets of dopamine neurons. On the basis of evidence of dysfunction in these systems in schizophrenia (SZ), we examined whether effort-cost computations were impaired in SZ patients and whether these deficits were associated with negative symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effort-cost decision-making performance was evaluated in 44 patients with SZ and 36 demographically matched control subjects. Subjects performed a computerized task where they were presented with a series of 30 trials in which they could choose between making 20 button presses for $1 or 100 button presses for higher amounts (varying from $3 to $7 across trials). Probability of reward receipt was also manipulated to determine whether certain (100%) or uncertain (50%) reward affected effort-based decision-making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were less likely than control subjects to select the high-effort response alternative during the 100% probability condition, particularly when the value payoff was highest (i.e., $6 and $7). Patients were also less likely to select the high-effort option on trials after reward in the 50% probability condition. Furthermore, these impairments in effort-cost computations were greatest among patients with elevated negative symptoms. There was no association with haloperidol equivalent dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The motivational impairments of SZ might be associated with abnormalities in estimating the "cost" of effortful behavior. This increased effort cost might undermine volition.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA. jgold@mprc.umaryland.edu
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Gold
authors: Gregory P
authors: GP
authors: Strauss
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Waltz
authors: Benjamin M
authors: BM
authors: Robinson
authors: Jamie K
authors: JK
authors: Brown
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Frank
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012201:Reward; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
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