title: Bioluminescence imaging: a shining future for cardiac regeneration.
abstract: Advances in bioanalytical techniques have become crucial for both basic research and medical practice. One example, bioluminescence imaging (BLI), is based on the application of natural reactants with light-emitting capabilities (photoproteins and luciferases) isolated from a widespread group of organisms. The main challenges in cardiac regeneration remain unresolved, but a vast number of studies have harnessed BLI with the discovery of aequorin and green fluorescent proteins. First described in the luminous hydromedusan Aequorea victoria in the early 1960s, bioluminescent proteins have greatly contributed to the design and initiation of ongoing cell-based clinical trials on cardiovascular diseases. In conjunction with advances in reporter gene technology, BLI provides valuable information about the location and functional status of regenerative cells implanted into numerous animal models of disease. The purpose of this review was to present the great potential of BLI, among other existing imaging modalities, to refine effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy. We recount the first discovery of natural primary compounds with light-emitting capabilities, and follow their applications to bioanalysis. We also illustrate insights and perspectives on BLI to illuminate current efforts in cardiac regeneration, where the future is bright.
authors: ICREC Research Program, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
authors: Santiago
authors: S
authors: Roura
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Gálvez-Montón
authors: Antoni
authors: A
authors: Bayes-Genis
mesh_terms: D000331:Aequorin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D005544:Forecasting; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000331:Aequorin; D008156:Luciferases
references: Nature. 2006 Mar 16;440(7082):372-6
references: 16541080
references: Transplantation. 2009 Mar 15;87(5):642-52
references: 19295307
references: Gene Ther. 2009 Apr;16(4):547-57
references: 19092860
references: Gene. 1992 Feb 15;111(2):229-33
references: 1347277
references: Bioessays. 2002 Oct;24(10):953-9
references: 12325128
references: Anal Sci. 2003 Jan;19(1):105-9
references: 12558032
references: Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2010 Mar;9(3):376-83
references: 20221465
references: Methods Cell Biol. 1998;56:45-62
references: 9500132
references: Mol Imaging Biol. 2011 Aug;13(4):633-45
references: 20730500
references: Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1985;39:323-50
references: 3914720
references: Anal Biochem. 2007 Jul 15;366(2):131-6
references: 17540326
references: J Cell Comp Physiol. 1962 Jun;59:223-39
references: 13911999
references: Nature. 2001 Apr 5;410(6829):701-5
references: 11287958
references: Chem Biol. 1996 May;3(5):337-47
references: 8807862
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Oct 12;96(21):12044-9
references: 10518573
references: Stem Cells. 2004;22(3):377-84
references: 15153614
references: J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 25;272(30):18766-71
references: 9228050
references: J Microsc. 2005 Jan;217(Pt 1):1-15
references: 15655058
references: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Nov;18(4):593-603
references: 8817482
references: Photochem Photobiol. 1997 Oct;66(4):523-31
references: 9337626
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Sep 23;12(10):656-68
references: 21941275
references: ISA Trans. 1981;20(1):29-33
references: 7251338
references: Biochemistry. 1968 May;7(5):1734-8
references: 5650377
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Sep;19(9):1437-48
references: 20109065
references: Future Med Chem. 2010 Jun;2(6):975-88
references: 20634999
references: Blood. 2004 Jan 15;103(2):617-26
references: 14512298
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Feb;21(3):597-610
references: 15733079
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Nov;25(11):2936-44
references: 17690182
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4256-61
references: 11929996
references: Lab Invest. 2002 Nov;82(11):1563-71
references: 12429816
references: Am Heart J. 2011 Oct;162(4):654-662.e1
references: 21982657
references: Gene. 1997 Dec 12;203(2):141-8
references: 9426244
references: Biochemistry. 1993 Dec 21;32(50):13795-9
references: 8268154
references: Biochem J. 1988 May 15;252(1):143-9
references: 3421897
references: Eur Heart J. 2010 Feb;31(4):489-501
references: 20037143
references: Chemphyschem. 2011 Feb 25;12(3):462-74
references: 21344587
references: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1005-14
references: 16476845
references: Science. 1969 Jun 13;164(3885):1299-300
references: 17772570
references: Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Mar 2;10(3):244-58
references: 22385653
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1998;14:197-230
references: 9891783
references: Anal Biochem. 1994 Aug 1;220(2):410-4
references: 7978286
references: Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):34-41
references: 15622535
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 Apr;68(7):1167-82
references: 21188462
references: Anal Biochem. 2005 Oct 1;345(1):140-8
references: 16125663
references: Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1985;39:351-72
references: 2871634
references: Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Mar;85(3):901-8
references: 18291168
references: Biotechniques. 2003 Nov;35(5):1022-6, 1028-30
references: 14628676
references: Theranostics. 2012;2(4):346-54
references: 22509198
references: Biotechniques. 2011 Nov;51(5):313-4, 316, 318 passim
references: 22054544
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 19;131(32):11590-605
references: 19722653
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Apr;1254:66-70
references: 22548571
references: Blood Rev. 2011 Nov;25(6):255-9
references: 21764191
references: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012 Jan;52(1):48-61
references: 21964191
references: Nature. 1970 Sep 26;227(5265):1356-7
references: 4393938
references: Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 2007 Sep;Chapter 21:Unit 21.5
references: 18228502
references: Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):749-57
references: 10449183
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jun 3;1597(2):271-9
references: 12044905
references: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999 Jan;31(1):51-60
references: 10072715
references: Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2007 May;2(2):121-7
references: 18220897
references: Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;65(8):3307-18
references: 15833864
references: Neoplasia. 2000 Jan-Apr;2(1-2):41-52
references: 10933067
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49447
references: 23166670
references: Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012 Apr;1(4):333-41
references: 23197812
references: Biochemistry. 1996 Jun 25;35(25):8413-8
references: 8679599
references: Luminescence. 2001 May-Jun;16(3):251-3
references: 11400264
references: Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):580-9
references: 18385732
references: J Biochem Biophys Methods. 1988 Oct;17(2):107-17
references: 3216087
references: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Nov;49(5):771-80
references: 20713059
references: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006 May;19(5):563-8
references: 16644442
references: Rinsho Byori. 2004 Jul;52(7):595-603
references: 15344559
references: FEBS Lett. 2003 Nov 6;554(1-2):184-8
references: 14596937
references: J Mol Evol. 1983;19(5):309-21
references: 6358519
references: PLoS One. 2011 May 11;6(5):e19520
references: 21589654
references: Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2002-3
references: 9221510
references: IUBMB Life. 2009 Jan;61(1):6-17
references: 18949818
references: Lancet. 2012 Mar 10;379(9819):933-942
references: 22405796
references: Circulation. 2003 Sep 16;108(11):1302-5
references: 12963637
references: Biomaterials. 2009 Oct;30(28):4986-95
references: 19539363
references: Pharmacol Rev. 1976 Mar;28(1):1-93
references: 781694
references: Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2010;2:443-93
references: 21141672
references: Infect Immun. 2000 Jun;68(6):3594-600
references: 10816517
references: Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 Dec;17(23-24):2973-80
references: 21875331
references: Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006 Oct;3(10):554-62
references: 16990841
references: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Mar;88(4):695-711
references: 19798746
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Feb;59(2):475-7
references: 16591611
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 12;5(7):e11536
references: 20634944
references: Blood. 2003 Aug 1;102(3):867-72
references: 12676779
references: Anal Biochem. 2006 May 1;352(1):61-7
references: 16564487
references: Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):704-8
references: 20448176
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 9;102(32):11474-9
references: 16061805
references: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009 Feb;35(2):201-3
references: 19004635
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Nov;74(22):7023-35
references: 18820063
references: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Mar;7(3):383-92
references: 15679841
references: Cell Microbiol. 2004 Apr;6(4):303-17
references: 15009023
references: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1210-21
references: 16990384
references: J Nucl Med. 2008 Jun;49 Suppl 2:180S-95S
references: 18523073
references: J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2011 Aug;4(4):514-22
references: 21538182
references: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005 Dec;32 Suppl 2:S404-16
references: 16205898
references: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1222-32
references: 16990385
references: J Cell Comp Physiol. 1963 Aug;62:1-8
references: 14051831
references: Clin Exp Metastasis. 2008;25(1):43-51
references: 18008176
references: Nat Neurosci. 2010 Apr;13(4):513-20
references: 20305645
references: J Biomater Appl. 2011 Nov;26(4):383-417
references: 21926148
references: Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2011;4:297-319
references: 21456969
references: Biochemistry. 1968 Jul;7(7):2574-80
references: 4298223
references: Stem Cells. 2011 Feb;29(2):367-75
references: 21732493
references: Lancet. 2006 Jan 14;367(9505):113-21
references: 16413875
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Nov;25(11):2919-27
references: 17673526
references: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Oct 2;5(4):364-77
references: 19796617
references: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005 Dec;32 Suppl 2:S346-57
references: 16096829
references: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 21;355(12):1199-209
references: 16990383
references: Cells Tissues Organs. 2008;187(4):263-74
references: 18196894
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2118-27
references: 22051336
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Apr;1254:57-65
references: 22548570
references: Differentiation. 2009 Sep-Oct;78(2-3):169-76
references: 19715661
references: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 Jul;1(1):6-13
references: 19808509
references: Circ Res. 1991 Mar;68(3):856-69
references: 1742871
references: Exp Hematol. 2010 Mar;38(3):246-257.e1
references: 20067819
references: J Biomed Opt. 2008 May-Jun;13(3):030501
references: 18601518
references: Science. 1968 Mar 15;159(3820):1239-40
references: 5711758
references: ILAR J. 2002;43(4):191-3
references: 12391393
references: Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2007 Feb;5(1):127-36
references: 17355205
references: Transplantation. 2005 Jul 15;80(1):134-9
references: 16003245