title: Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom domains and DSM-IV lifetime substance dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the substance dependence literature have assessed ADHD as a single, categorical entity. This approach limits characterization across the spectrum of ADHD symptomatology and may mask differences across the two core domains of ADHD symptoms-hyperactive-impulsive (HI) and inattention (IN). Further, it is unclear whether relations of HI and IN symptoms to substance dependence extend across drug classes and to the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study investigated associations of lifetime ADHD HI and IN symptom levels to individual classes of lifetime substance dependence (alcohol, nicotine, depressants, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, hallucinogens, polysubstance) in a population-based sample of 34,653 American adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HI and IN were associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses in a linear pattern, such that each additional symptom was associated with a proportional increase in odds of dependence. After adjusting for the overlap between symptom domains, both HI and IN uniquely associated with alcohol, nicotine, and polysubstance dependence, but only HI uniquely associated with dependence on illicit substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that individuals in the general population with elevated levels of ADHD (particularly HI) symptoms are at risk for various forms of substance dependence and could benefit from preventive interventions.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors: Katherine J
authors: KJ
authors: Ameringer
authors: Adam M
authors: AM
authors: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000523:psychology*
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