title: Biomechanical comparison of interference screws and combination screw and sheath devices for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the tibial side.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tibial fixation site has been reported to be the weakest point in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. Numerous interference screws and combination screw and sheath devices are available for soft tissue fixation, and a biomechanical comparison of these devices is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Combination screw and sheath devices would provide superior soft tissue fixation properties compared with interference screws in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight different intratunnel tibial soft tissue fixation devices were biomechanically tested in a porcine model with bovine tendons, with 10 specimens per group. The soft tissue fixation devices included 3 interference screws-the Bio-Interference Screw, BIOSURE PK, and RCI Screw-and 5 combination screw and sheath devices (combination devices)-the AperFix II, BIOSURE SYNC, ExoShape, GraftBolt, and INTRAFIX. The specimens were subjected to cyclic (1000 cycles, 50-250 N, 0.5 Hz) and pull-to-failure loading (50 mm/min) with a dynamic tensile testing machine. Ultimate failure load (N), cyclic displacement (mm), pull-out stiffness (N/mm), displacement at failure (mm), load at 3 mm displacement (N), and mechanism of failure were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultimate failure loads were highest for the GraftBolt (1136 ± 115.6 N), followed by the INTRAFIX (1127 ± 155.0 N), AperFix II (1122 ± 182.9 N), BIOSURE PK (990.8 ± 182.1 N), Bio-Interference Screw (973.3 ± 95.82 N), BIOSURE SYNC (829.5 ± 172.4 N), RCI Screw (817.7 ± 113.9 N), and ExoShape (814.7 ± 178.8 N). The AperFix II, GraftBolt, and INTRAFIX devices were significantly stronger than the BIOSURE SYNC, RCI Screw, and ExoShape. Although the 3 strongest devices were combination screw and sheath devices, no significant differences were observed between the ultimate failure strengths of the screw and combination devices when compared as groups. The least amount of cyclic displacement after 1000 cycles was observed for the GraftBolt (1.38 ± 0.27 mm), followed by the AperFix II (1.58 ± 0.21 mm), Bio-Interference Screw (1.61 ± 0.22 mm), INTRAFIX (1.63 ± 0.15 mm), ExoShape (1.68 ± 0.30 mm), BIOSURE PK (1.72 ± 0.29 mm), BIOSURE SYNC (1.92 ± 0.59 mm), and RCI Screw (1.97 ± 0.39 mm). The GraftBolt allowed significantly less displacement than did the BIOSURE SYNC and RCI Screw. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the cyclic displacements of the screws and combination devices when compared as groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination screw and sheath devices did not provide superior soft tissue fixation properties compared with the interference screws alone in a porcine model. Although the highest ultimate failure loads and least amounts of cyclic displacement were observed for combination devices, group comparisons of screw and combination devices did not result in any significant differences for ultimate failure load and cyclic displacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to consider that these results represent device performance in an in vitro animal model and are not directly transferrable to an in vivo clinical situation. The combination of a sheath and screw did not consistently result in improved fixation characteristics compared with interference screw fixation.
authors: Department of BioMedical Engineering, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.
authors: Cathrine
authors: C
authors: Aga
authors: Matthew T
authors: MT
authors: Rasmussen
authors: Sean D
authors: SD
authors: Smith
authors: Kyle S
authors: KS
authors: Jansson
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: LaPrade
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Engebretsen
authors: Coen A
authors: CA
authors: Wijdicks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*