title: Regulation of proteolytic cleavage of retinoid X receptor-α by GSK-3β.
abstract: We recently reported that an N-terminally truncated retinoid X receptor-α (tRXRα) produced in cancer cells acts to promote cancer cell growth and survival through AKT activation. However, how RXRα is cleaved and how the cleavage is regulated in cancer cells remain undefined. In this study, we demonstrated that calpain II could cleave RXRα protein in vitro, generating two truncated RXRα products. The cleavage sites in RXRα were mapped by Edman N-terminal sequencing to Gly(90)↓Ser(91) and Lys(118)↓Val(119). Transfection of the resulting cleavage product RXRα/90, but not RXRα/118, resulted in activation of AKT in cancer cells, similar to the effect of tRXRα. In support of the role of calpain II in cancer cells, transfection of calpain II expression vector or its activation by ionomycin enhanced the production of tRXRα, whereas treatment of cells with calpain inhibitors reduced the levels of tRXRα. Co-immunoprecipitation assays also showed an interaction between calpain II and RXRα. In studying the regulation of tRXRα production, we observed that treatment of cells with lithium chloride or knockdown of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) significantly increased the production of tRXRα. Conversely, overexpression of GSK-3β reduced tRXRα expression. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitory effect of GSK-3β on tRXRα production was due to its suppression of calpain II expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GSK-3β plays an important role in regulating tRXRα production by calpain II in cancer cells, providing new insights into the development of new strategies and agents for the prevention and treatment of tRXRα-related cancers.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
authors: Weiwei
authors: W
authors: Gao
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Mengjie
authors: M
authors: Hu
authors: Mingfeng
authors: M
authors: Huang
authors: Sisi
authors: S
authors: Cai
authors: Zhiping
authors: Z
authors: Zeng
authors: Bingzhen
authors: B
authors: Lin
authors: Xihua
authors: X
authors: Cao
authors: Jiebo
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Jin-zhang
authors: JZ
authors: Zeng
authors: Hu
authors: H
authors: Zhou
authors: Xiao-kun
authors: XK
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D061207:Calcium Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D061207:Calcium Ionophores; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D015759:Ionomycin; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D002154:Calpain; D018021:Lithium Chloride
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