title: From toe to head: use of robust regression methods in stature estimation based on foot remains.
abstract: Stature estimation is a standard procedure in the fields of forensic and biological anthropology, bio-archaeology and paleoanthropology, in order to gain biological insights into the individuals/populations studied. The most accurate stature estimation method is based on anatomical reconstruction (i.e., the Fully method), followed by type I regression equations (e.g., ordinary least squares - OLS) based on long bones, preferably from the lower limb. In some cases, due to the fragmentary nature of the osseous material recovered, stature estimates have to rely on other elements, such as foot remains. In this study, we explore stature estimation based on different foot bones: the talus, calcaneus, and metatarsals 1-4 in Afro- and Euroamericans of both sexes. The approach undertaken in this study is novel for two reasons. First, individual estimates for each bone are provided, and tarsals and metatarsals are combined in order to obtain more accurate estimates. Second, robust statistical methods based on type I regression equations are used, namely least trimmed squares (LTS). Our results show that the best individual bones for estimating stature are the first and second metatarsal and both the talus and the calcaneus. The combination of a tarsal and a metatarsal bone slightly improves the accuracy of the stature estimate.
authors: Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors: Adrián
authors: A
authors: Pablos
authors: Asier
authors: A
authors: Gómez-Olivencia
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: García-Pérez
authors: Ignacio
authors: I
authors: Martínez
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Lorenzo
authors: Juan Luis
authors: JL
authors: Arsuaga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001827:Body Height; D005260:Female; D005529:Foot Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult