title: Correction in malrotation of the scapula and muscle transfer for the management of severe Sprengel deformity: static and dynamic evaluation using 3-dimensional computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical results of surgical procedures for severe Sprengel deformity have been uncertain. To obtain improved elevation, we consider that it is necessary to realign the lateral border of the scapula for upward rotation. The purposes of the current study were to evaluate the clinical results and range of motion of the scapula after such realignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cases of Sprengel deformity of Cavendish grade 3 or 4 were treated surgically and then clinically evaluated and examined using 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT). (Two boys and 5 girls aged 50.9 ± 15.4 mo, mean ± SD at the time of operation.) The mean follow-up was 53.1 months (range, 12 to 92 mo). After the omovertebral bone and the superomedial side of the scapula were removed, the levator scapulae and rhomboids were reattached to wrap around the scapula at maximum upward rotation to assist in maintaining this position. Cavendish and Rigault grades were used for evaluation of postoperative appearance. The superior displacement and rotation of the scapula were measured on the trunk posterior view using 3D CT. The relationship between improvement in the range of motion and radiologic change were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative flexion (97.9 ± 12.9 to 160 ± 11.5 degrees) and abduction (99.3 ± 13.0 to 161.4 ± 15.7 degrees) were significantly improved compared with the mean preoperative values (P < 0.0001). 3D CT revealed that in all patients the malrotation of the scapula was improved postoperatively. The current study shows that successful realignment of the scapula led to these improved clinical results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our procedure has advantages not only for recovery of the range of motion but also for reducing the characteristic lump in the web of the neck. However, our procedure has an inherent limitation related to asymmetric shoulder level and width. 3D CT may be useful for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV-case series.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors: Katsuhisa
authors: K
authors: Yamada
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Suenaga
authors: Norimasa
authors: N
authors: Iwasaki
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Oizumi
authors: Akio
authors: A
authors: Minami
authors: Tadanao
authors: T
authors: Funakoshi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012540:Scapula / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*