title: 'I'm more sick than my doctors think': ethical issues in managing somatization in developing countries.
abstract: Several ethical issues confront the healthcare professional who is managing somatization in developing countries where cost constraints, low literacy, poverty, poor nutrition and infections and inadequate access to healthcare are common. The paper discusses these in the context of the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Some of the ethical issues in managing somatization include being influenced by patient distress rather than rational medical decision-making, inadequate attention to the cultural meaning of symptoms, psychologizing versus medicalizing, the ethics of nomenclature and labels, communicating ethically with patients, and managing them adequately given lack of evidence and training. An ethical approach to managing somatization in this context would include using an integrated and simultaneous medical and psychiatric approach. To ensure patient beneficence, the medical, psychological and social assessment should be undertaken side-by-side as much as possible and should be cost effective. Respecting patient autonomy by using adequate communication methods and the patient's cultural model of the illness as part of management is also integral to ethical practice. In the developing world, issues of equity are also an important ethical concern. When more serious illnesses are the health priority, functional syndromes may not get equal importance or resources.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. chandra@nimhans.kar.nic.in
authors: Prabha S
authors: PS
authors: Chandra
authors: Veena A
authors: VA
authors: Satyanarayana
mesh_terms: D054626:Consumer Health Information; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003469:Culture; D003906:Developing Countries; D019468:Disease Management; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior / Q000941:ethics; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011203:Poverty / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology; D028662:Principle-Based Ethics; D011580:Psychological Techniques / Q000941:ethics; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy