title: Effect of repetitive SCUBA diving on humoral markers of endothelial and central nervous system integrity.
abstract: During SCUBA diving decompression, there is a significant gas bubble production in systemic veins, with rather frequent bubble crossover to arterial side even in asymptomatic divers. The aim of the current study was to investigate potential changes in humoral markers of endothelial and brain damage (endothelin-1, neuron-specific enolase and S-100β) after repetitive SCUBA diving with concomitant assessment of venous gas bubble production and subsequent arterialization. Sixteen male divers performed four open-water no-decompression dives to 18 msw (meters of sea water) lasting 49 min in consecutive days during which they performed moderate-level exercise. Before and after dives 1 and 4 blood was drawn, and bubble production and potential arterialization were echocardiographically evaluated. In addition, a control dive to 5 msw was performed with same duration, water temperature and exercise load. SCUBA diving to 18 msw caused significant bubble production with arterializations in six divers after dive 1 and in four divers after dive 4. Blood levels of endothelin-1 and neuron-specific enolase did not change after diving, but levels of S-100β were significantly elevated after both dives to 18 msw and a control dive. Creatine kinase activity following a control dive was also significantly increased. Although serum S-100β levels were increased after diving, concomitant increase of creatine kinase during control, almost bubble-free, dive suggests the extracranial release of S-100β, most likely from skeletal muscles. Therefore, despite the significant bubble production and sporadic arterialization after open-water dives to 18 msw, the current study found no signs of damage to neurons or the blood-brain barrier.
authors: Split University Hospital, Split, Croatia.
authors: Nada
authors: N
authors: Bilopavlovic
authors: Jasna
authors: J
authors: Marinovic
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Ljubkovic
authors: Ante
authors: A
authors: Obad
authors: Jaksa
authors: J
authors: Zanchi
authors: Neal W
authors: NW
authors: Pollock
authors: Petar
authors: P
authors: Denoble
authors: Zeljko
authors: Z
authors: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
references: Hypertension. 2003 Jun;41(6):1253-8
references: 12743011
references: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009 Jan;80(1):2-4
references: 19180851
references: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003 Oct;74(10):1058-60
references: 14556567
references: Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Jul;321(1-2):29-33
references: 12031589
references: Stroke. 1999 Aug;30(8):1598-603
references: 10436107
references: Neurology. 2004 May 11;62(9):1634-6
references: 15136701
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;59(1):103-4
references: 7608699
references: Med Hypotheses. 2009 Apr;72(4):389-92
references: 19128890
references: Intensive Care Med. 2007 Feb;33(2):255-60
references: 17143637
references: Circ Res. 2001 Nov 23;89(11):969-76
references: 11717152
references: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Feb;112(2):401-9
references: 21594696
references: Postgrad Med J. 2008 Nov;84(997):571-8
references: 19103814
references: Resuscitation. 2001 May;49(2):183-91
references: 11382525
references: Int J Sports Med. 2011 Dec;32(12):912-5
references: 21984400
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Apr;112(8):1268-78
references: 22323646
references: Stroke. 2000 Mar;31(3):645-50
references: 10700498
references: Diving Hyperb Med. 2009 Sep;39(3):162-9
references: 22753245
references: Diving Hyperb Med. 2010 Dec;40(4):210-2
references: 23111937
references: Circulation. 2001 Jun 5;103(22):2694-8
references: 11390339
references: Undersea Hyperb Med. 1999 Summer;26(2):87-92
references: 10372427
references: Undersea Hyperb Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;34(2):99-105
references: 17520861
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jan;112(1):91-5
references: 21998270
references: Stroke. 1992 Jul;23(7):1014-6
references: 1615534
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Sep;107(3):809-15
references: 19574501
references: Lancet. 2011 Jan 8;377(9760):153-64
references: 21215883
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Dec;109(6):1670-4
references: 20813975
references: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Jun;112(6):2131-7
references: 21964910
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jun;43(6):990-5
references: 21085032
references: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010 Nov;30(6):432-8
references: 20718805
references: Int J Sports Med. 2004 Nov;25(8):575-81
references: 15531999
references: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007 Feb;78(2):87-93
references: 17310878
references: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Dec;50(6):621-8
references: 18091577
references: J Physiol. 2005 Aug 1;566(Pt 3):901-6
references: 15961424
references: Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 May;67(5):393-400
references: 11382829
references: N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 10;333(6):356-63
references: 7609754
references: Brain Res. 2002 Jun 14;940(1-2):102-4
references: 12020881