title: Meditation as an intervention for cognitive disturbances following total sleep deprivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Decline in cognitive functions is a major challenge for professionals during sustained wakefulness. We used middle latency response (MLR), event related potentials P300-ERP and contingent negative variation (CNV) and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) - a standard neuropsychological test were used to evaluate cognitive impairment after total sleep deprivation (SD); and to study the impact of meditation as an intervention for this impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy male volunteers (n=10) drawn randomly from the Indian Army participated in a 6-night study design executed before and after two months of meditation practice: night 1-adaptation, night 2-baseline, night 3-24 h SD, night 4-recovery sleep, night 5-24 h SD after 60 days meditation, night 6-recovery sleep after SD. A 36 h SD was obtained by keeping the subject awake for 12 h after 24 h SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The latency and amplitude of P300 increased after 36 h SD. Amplitudes and latencies of both early and late CNV increased after 24 and 36 h SD, indicating deficient orientation and impairment of attention and perception. Prolonged CNV reaction time after 36 h SD manifested deficient motor response following second (imperative) stimulus. Latency of MLR Na registered significant change following 36 h SD compared to baseline (P<0.01) and recovery (P<0.05). RAPM score showed significant decrease after 36 h of wakefulness indicating impaired analytical ability and difficulty in problem solving. None of these parameters showed any significant alteration after SD, following meditation practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results showed that SD impaired cognitive performance to graded extents significantly, but this deterioration could be improved to a significant extent using meditation.
authors: Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DRDO), Delhi, India.
authors: Abhirup
authors: A
authors: Chatterjee
authors: Koushik
authors: K
authors: Ray
authors: Usha
authors: U
authors: Panjwani
authors: Lalan
authors: L
authors: Thakur
authors: Jag Parvesh
authors: JP
authors: Anand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications*
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