title: Clinical outcomes of gamma knife radiosurgery in the salvage treatment of patients with recurrent high-grade glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously published randomized evidence did not report a survival advantage for patients diagnosed with grade IV glioma who were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery followed by external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy when compared to patients treated with external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy alone. In recent years, gamma knife radiosurgery has become increasingly popular as a salvage treatment modality for patients diagnosed with recurrent high-grade glioma. The purpose of this article is to review the efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery for patients who suffer from this malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, prospective, and randomized clinical studies published between the years 2000 and 2012 analyzing gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with high-grade glioma were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After assessing patient age, Karnofsky performance status, tumor histology, and extent of resection, gamma knife radiosurgery is a viable, minimally invasive treatment option for patients diagnosed with recurrent high-grade glioma. The available prospective and retrospective evidence suggests that gamma knife radiosurgery provides patients with a high local tumor control rate and a median survival after tumor recurrence ranging from 13 to 26 months. Gamma knife radiosurgery followed by chemotherapy for recurrent high-grade glioma may provide select patients with increased levels of survival. However, further investigation into this matter is needed due to the limited number of published reports. Additional clinical research is also needed to analyze the efficacy and radiation-related toxicities of fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery due to its potential to limit treatment-associated morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma knife radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment option for select patients diagnosed with recurrent high-grade glioma. Although treatment outcomes have improved, further evidence in the form of phase III randomized trials is needed to assess the durability of treating patients in specific clinical situations.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Gamma Knife of Spokane, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Gamma Knife of Spokane and Cancer Care Northwest, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, USA.
authors: Ameer L
authors: AL
authors: Elaimy
authors: Alexander R
authors: AR
authors: Mackay
authors: Wayne T
authors: WT
authors: Lamoreaux
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Demakas
authors: Robert K
authors: RK
authors: Fairbanks
authors: Barton S
authors: BS
authors: Cooke
authors: Andrew F
authors: AF
authors: Lamm
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Anaplastic astrocytoma; EBRT; External beam radiation therapy; GBM; GKRS; Gamma knife; Gamma knife radiosurgery; Glioblastoma multiforme; HGG; High-grade glioma; KPS; Karnofsky performance status; MRS; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; RTOG; Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; SRS; Stereotactic radiosurgery