title: Twist1 and Y-box-binding protein-1 are potential prognostic factors in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression and possible roles of Twist1 and Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) in bladder cancer tissue. Twist1 belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. A functional link between Twist1 and YB-1 has recently been determined to play an important role in bladder cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen samples from 75 patients with bladder cancer were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 53 patients with bladder cancer were examined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twist1 transcript levels were positively correlated with YB-1 transcript levels (coefficient of correlation = 0.42, P<0.001), tumor grade (low grade vs. high grade; P<0.001), invasiveness (non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer vs. muscle invasive bladder cancer; P = 0.0018), and metastasis (meta- vs. meta+; P<0.001). YB-1 transcript level was also correlated with grade (P = 0.029) and invasiveness (P = 0.006). By immunohistochemistry, Twist1 expression was also correlated with YB-1 expression (P<0.001). Further, both Twist1 and YB-1 expression were positively correlated with invasiveness (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002, respectively). Patients with high Twist1 expression and high YB-1 expression had lower overall survival rates, compared with patients with low expression (log-rank test, P = 0.040 and P<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a functional link between Twist1 and YB-1, and they indicate that Twist1 and YB-1 promote bladder cancer progression.
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Yoo Hyun
authors: YH
authors: Song
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Shiota
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: yokoa@uro.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Yokomizo
authors: Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Uchiumi
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Keijiro
authors: K
authors: Kiyoshima
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Kuroiwa
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Yoshinao
authors: Y
authors: Oda
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Seiji
authors: S
authors: Naito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C103173:TWIST1 protein, human; D051879:Twist-Related Protein 1; D051840:Y-Box-Binding Protein 1; C070856:YBX1 protein, human
keywords: Bladder cancer; Twist1; YB-1