title: Changes in teachers' involvement versus rejection and links with academic motivation during the first year of secondary education: a multilevel growth curve analysis.
abstract: Research consistently shows that the learning environment plays an important role for early adolescents' learning and outcomes and suggests that good teacher-student relationships can serve as a protective factor for maintaining young adolescents' interest and active engagement in learning. However, less is known about the dynamic nature of teacher-student relationships and how they link with academic motivation development. Furthermore, little is known about the nature and the effects of teacher-student relationships in a cross-national context. The present study investigated changes in two components of teacher-student relationships (teachers' involvement vs. rejection) and examined links with students' academic motivation during the first grade of secondary school. Ten Dutch and ten Indonesian teachers (65 % female) from 24 classes were videoed 12 times across the school year, and four videos for each class were selected randomly and coded on teachers' involvement versus rejection. A total of 713 students (52 % girls) completed four-wave measures of their academic motivation after each video observation. Multilevel growth curve modeling revealed that the teacher's involvement changed in a curvilinear way and decreased across the first year of secondary education, while changes in the teacher's rejection did not follow a linear time function. Academic motivation changed in an undesirable way: controlled motivation increased, while autonomous motivation decreased over time. Teachers' involvement had a unique contribution in preventing high levels of controlled motivation in both countries. Findings suggest that teacher-student relationships (teachers' involvement) play an essential role in early adolescents' motivation regardless of the nations and should be a priority for schools.
authors: University Centre for Teaching and Teacher Education, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. r.maulana@rug.nl
authors: Ridwan
authors: R
authors: Maulana
authors: Marie-Christine
authors: MC
authors: Opdenakker
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Stroet
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Bosker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017145:Models, Educational; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D012929:Psychological Distance; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012574:Schools; D012944:Social Support; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording
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