title: The relationship between minimum alcohol prices, outlet densities and alcohol-attributable deaths in British Columbia, 2002-09.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate relationships between periodic increases in minimum alcohol prices, changing densities of liquor stores and alcohol-attributable (AA) deaths in British Columbia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-section (16 geographic areas) versus time-series (32 annual quarters) panel analyses were conducted with AA deaths as dependent variables and price, outlet densities and socio-demographic characteristics as independent variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Populations of 16 Health Service Delivery Areas in British Columbia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-sex-standardized rates of acute, chronic and wholly AA mortality; population densities of restaurants, bars, government and private liquor stores; minimum prices of alcohol in dollars per standard drink.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 10% increase in average minimum price for all alcoholic beverages was associated with a 31.72% [95% confidence interval (CI): ± 25.73%, P < 0.05] reduction in wholly AA deaths. Significantly negative lagged associations were also detected up to 12 months after minimum price increases for wholly but not for acute or chronic AA deaths. Significant reductions in chronic and total AA deaths were detected between 2 and 3 years after minimum price increases. Significant but inconsistent lagged associations were detected for acute AA deaths. A 10% increase in private liquor stores was associated with a 2.45% (95% CI: ± 2.39%, P < 0.05), 2.36% (95% CI: ± 1.57%, P < 0.05) and 1.99% (95% CI: ± 1.76%, P < 0.05) increase in acute, chronic and total AA mortality rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in the minimum price of alcohol in British Columbia, Canada, between 2002 and 2009 were associated with immediate and delayed decreases in alcohol-attributable mortality. By contrast, increases in the density of private liquor stores were associated with increases in alcohol-attributable mortality.
authors: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors: Jinhui
authors: J
authors: Zhao
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Stockwell
authors: Gina
authors: G
authors: Martin
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Macdonald
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Vallance
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Treno
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Ponicki
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Tu
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Buxton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult