title: The overutilization of resources in patients with acute upper extremity trauma and infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare patients with acute upper extremity injuries and infections presenting initially to the emergency department with patients transferred from outside institutions, and to evaluate triage guidelines for the appropriate transfer of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 1,172 consecutive patients with acute upper extremity injuries or infections presenting to 2 level 1 trauma centers over 3-month periods. We analyzed demographics, transfer details, injury characteristics, intervention received, follow-up, and complications. Triage guidelines were established by a board of academic upper extremity and emergency physicians and retrospectively applied to patient data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,172 patients, 155 (13%) arrived via transfer from outside facilities. Transferred patients had more complex injuries by our guidelines, but many did not require level 1 emergent care. The receiving emergency department discharged 26% of the transferred patients without upper extremity specialist evaluation, and 24% of the transferred patients received no procedural intervention at any point. Only 10% went to the operating room emergently. Implementing our guidelines for appropriate triage, we found that 53% of transfers did not require emergent transfer to a level 1 facility. These nonemergent transfers spent an average of 15.2 hours from the time of initial evaluation at the outside facility to discharge from the level 1 emergency department, compared with 3.1 hours in patients who arrived primarily. Retrospectively, our triage guidelines had a 2% undertriage rate and a 3% overtriage rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over half of the patients transferred with upper extremity injuries and infections for specialized evaluation may be transferred unnecessarily. Guidelines for the care and transfer of patients with acute upper extremity injuries or infections may lead to better use of resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic III.
authors: Faith Regional Health Services, Norfolk, NE, USA. tristanhartzell@gmail.com
authors: Tristan L
authors: TL
authors: Hartzell
authors: Phoebe
authors: P
authors: Kuo
authors: Kyle R
authors: KR
authors: Eberlin
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: Winograd
authors: Charles S
authors: CS
authors: Day
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014218:Triage / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy