title: The novel SMAC mimetic birinapant exhibits potent activity against human melanoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) promote cancer cell survival and confer resistance to therapy. We report on the ability of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetic, birinapant, which acts as antagonist to cIAP1 and cIAP2, to restore the sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli such as TNF-α in melanomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen melanoma cell lines, representing five major genetic subgroups of cutaneous melanoma, were treated with birinapant as a single agent or in combination with TNF-α. Effects on cell viability, target inhibition, and initiation of apoptosis were assessed and findings were validated in 2-dimensional (2D), 3D spheroid, and in vivo xenograft models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When birinapant was combined with TNF-α, strong combination activity, that is, neither compound was effective individually but the combination was highly effective, was observed in 12 of 18 cell lines. This response was conserved in spheroid models, whereas in vivo birinapant inhibited tumor growth without adding TNF-α in in vitro resistant cell lines. Birinapant combined with TNF-α inhibited the growth of a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition to the same extent as in the parental cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birinapant in combination with TNF-α exhibits a strong antimelanoma effect in vitro. Birinapant as a single agent shows in vivo antitumor activity, even if cells are resistant to single agent therapy in vitro. Birinapant in combination with TNF-α is effective in a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
authors: Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Clemens
authors: C
authors: Krepler
authors: Srinivas K
authors: SK
authors: Chunduru
authors: Molly B
authors: MB
authors: Halloran
authors: Xu
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Xiao
authors: Adina
authors: A
authors: Vultur
authors: Jessie
authors: J
authors: Villanueva
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Mitsuuchi
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Neiman
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Benetatos
authors: Katherine L
authors: KL
authors: Nathanson
authors: Ravi K
authors: RK
authors: Amaravadi
authors: Hubert
authors: H
authors: Pehamberger
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: McKinlay
authors: Meenhard
authors: M
authors: Herlyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C412403:DIABLO protein, human; D004151:Dipeptides; D007211:Indoles; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C582429:birinapant; C494833:BIRC2 protein, human; C494832:BIRC3 protein, human; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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