title: The application of exhaled breath analysis in racing Thoroughbreds and the influence of high intensity exercise and ambient temperature on the concentration of carbon monoxide and pH in exhaled breath.
abstract: Analyses of exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are non-invasive modalities for assessing the lower airways but these methods have not been applied to Thoroughbred racehorses in training. The aims of this study were to determine whether EB and EBC could be obtained from Thoroughbred racehorses in the field and to investigate the effects of exercise per se and during different ambient temperatures and humidity on exhaled concentrations of nitric oxide (eNO), carbon monoxide (eCO) and EBC pH. EB and EBC samples were obtained from 28 Thoroughbred racehorses pre- and post-exercise during warm (n=23) and/or cold (n=19) ambient temperatures. eNO was detected in 19/84 EB samples. eCO was measured in 39/42 EB samples pre-exercise (median 1.3 ppm) and concentrations decreased significantly post-exercise (median 0.8 ppm, P<0.005) and were associated with ambient temperature. EBC pH was 4.51 ± 0.23 pre-exercise and increased significantly post-exercise (4.79 ± 0.59, P=0.003). The study documented the collection of EB and EBC from Thoroughbred racehorses in a field setting. Alterations in concentrations of volatile gases and EBC pH occurred in response to exercise, and were likely to have been influenced by environmental factors.
authors: Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Cathcart
authors: Sandy
authors: S
authors: Love
authors: David G M
authors: DG
authors: Sutton
authors: Richard J M
authors: RJ
authors: Reardon
authors: Kristopher J
authors: KJ
authors: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Carbon monoxide; Exercise; Exhaled breath condensate; Horse; Nitric oxide; pH