title: The inner sense of time: how the brain creates a representation of duration.
abstract: A large number of competing models exist for how the brain creates a representation of time. However, several human and animal studies point to 'climbing neural activation' as a potential neural mechanism for the representation of duration. Neurophysiological recordings in animals have revealed how climbing neural activation that peaks at the end of a timed interval underlies the processing of duration, and, in humans, climbing neural activity in the insular cortex, which is associated with feeling states of the body and emotions, may be related to the cumulative representation of time.
authors: Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Department of Empirical and Analytical Psychophysics, Wilhelmstr. 3a, 79098 Freiburg, Germany. wittmann@igpp.de
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Wittmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1841-51
references: 19487187
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1907-18
references: 19487193
references: Brain Res. 2009 Feb 13;1254:38-48
references: 19046948
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2008 Jul;12(7):273-80
references: 18539519
references: Q J Exp Psychol B. 1995 May;48(2):129-41
references: 7597195
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 Jul;9(7):312-4
references: 15953755
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Aug 11;5:35
references: 21886611
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Aug;13(8):334-40
references: 19643659
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;423:52-77
references: 6588812
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jun;9(6):467-79
references: 18464792
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 2011 Oct;23(10):2811-21
references: 21261454
references: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Apr 11;435(1):51-5
references: 18325673
references: Psychol Monogr. 1963;77(13):1-31
references: 5877542
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1809-13
references: 19487184
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 15;49(2):1728-40
references: 19800975
references: Percept Psychophys. 1997 Aug;59(6):972-82
references: 9270369
references: Psychol Res. 1980;41(4):335-44
references: 7394122
references: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Feb;7(2):189-95
references: 14730305
references: Emotion. 2007 Nov;7(4):697-704
references: 18039036
references: Int J Psychophysiol. 2007 Aug;65(2):167-73
references: 17449123
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Dec 27;5:91
references: 22207841
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 2008 Dec;20(12):2185-97
references: 18457512
references: Behav Brain Res. 2005 Oct 14;164(1):93-9
references: 16026865
references: Neuron. 2003 Apr 24;38(2):317-27
references: 12718864
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Aug 12;5:37
references: 21886613
references: Q J Exp Psychol B. 1999 Aug;52(3):273-86
references: 10467900
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1865-73
references: 19487189
references: Neuropsychologia. 2010 Aug;48(10):3110-20
references: 20600186
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Oct 18;5:66
references: 22022310
references: Rev Neurosci. 1999;10(2):91-116
references: 10658954
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 1984;35:1-36
references: 6367623
references: Psychol Rev. 2007 Jul;114(3):577-98
references: 17638497
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008 Apr;18(2):137-44
references: 18692573
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Sep;10(9):401-6
references: 16899395
references: J Theor Biol. 2006 Apr 21;239(4):482-93
references: 16202427
references: Acta Psychol (Amst). 2007 May;125(1):51-65
references: 16904621
references: Biol Psychol. 2011 Mar;86(3):289-97
references: 21262314
references: J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 22;31(25):9238-53
references: 21697374
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2003 Apr;13(2):250-5
references: 12744981
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1933-42
references: 19487195
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Sep 13;5:48
references: 21949505
references: J Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jan;21(1):50-64
references: 16714323
references: Percept Mot Skills. 1984 Oct;59(2):597-8
references: 6514503
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Feb;8(2):234-41
references: 15657597
references: Brain Res. 1979 Aug 3;171(2):213-24
references: 111772
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Nov;24(10):2923-31
references: 17156215
references: Brain Cogn. 2005 Jun;58(1):1-8
references: 15878722
references: PLoS Biol. 2009 Aug;7(8):e1000167
references: 19652698
references: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2004;64(3):367-85
references: 15283479
references: J Neurophysiol. 2008 Jan;99(1):166-86
references: 18003881
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 15;23(12):5342-53
references: 12832560
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1831-40
references: 19487186
references: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Jul 1-8;382(1-2):106-11
references: 15911131
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Jan;10(1):59-70
references: 19096369
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1955-67
references: 19487197
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1815-30
references: 19487185
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Jan;36(1):3-25
references: 20668434
references: J Neurosci. 2009 Nov 25;29(47):14803-11
references: 19940175
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 10;106(45):19156-61
references: 19850874
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Feb;10(2):113-25
references: 19145235
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2008 Jan;12(1):7-12
references: 18042423
references: Nat Neurosci. 2009 Apr;12(4):502-7
references: 19252498
references: Brain Res. 2011 Aug 11;1406:43-58
references: 21763642
references: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Oct 05;5:58
references: 22065952
references: Cogn Process. 2009 Feb;10(1):7-40
references: 18504631
references: Epilepsy Behav. 2009 Nov;16(3):539-46
references: 19836310
references: Behav Neurosci. 2011 Feb;125(1):54-73
references: 21319888
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1853-63
references: 19487188
references: Emotion. 2006 Feb;6(1):1-9
references: 16637745
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 1997 May;1(2):56-61
references: 21223864
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Mar 31;24(13):3295-303
references: 15056709
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 6;108(49):19784-9
references: 22106292
references: PLoS One. 2010 Sep 17;5(9):
references: 20862259
references: Neuron. 2008 Oct 23;60(2):215-34
references: 18957215
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Oct;6(10):755-65
references: 16163383
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jun;23(11):3098-108
references: 16820000
references: Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010 Aug;72(6):1591-600
references: 20675803
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Aug;3(8):655-66
references: 12154366
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Dec;978:302-17
references: 12582062
references: J Exp Psychol. 1954 Apr;47(4):279-82
references: 13152309
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Dec;11(12):504-13
references: 18023604
references: Brain Struct Funct. 2010 Jun;214(5-6):623-8
references: 20512365
references: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2006;66(3):245-54
references: 17133956
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Jul 12;364(1525):1943-53
references: 19487196