title: The costs associated with sleep symptoms among patients with fibromyalgia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the costs associated with sleep symptoms among patients with fibromyalgia (FM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients reporting physician-diagnosed FM from the National Health and Wellness Survey were categorized into three groups based on the number of sleep symptoms reported: two or more sleep symptoms (n = 1353), one sleep symptom (n = 574) and no sleep symptoms (n = 269). Annual direct and indirect costs were compared among the groups controlling for relevant confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for demographic and health characteristics, patients with FM with one, two or more sleep symptoms had higher annual physician costs (US$12,328 and US$12,261, respectively) and higher annual emergency room visit costs (US$846 and US$729, respectively) than patients with FM without any sleep symptoms (physician visit costs: US$9845; emergency room visit costs: US$527; all p < 0.05). Similarly, both patients with one (US$18,100) and two or more sleep symptoms (US$18,428) reported higher total indirect costs compared with those without any sleep symptoms (US$14,711; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the FM population, sleep symptoms were prevalent and associated with higher direct and indirect costs, suggesting improved management may have long-term cost savings.
authors: Health Outcomes Practice, Kantar Health, 11 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Jan-Samuel
authors: JS
authors: Wagner
authors: Arthi
authors: A
authors: Chandran
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: DiBonaventura
authors: Joseph C
authors: JC
authors: Cappelleri
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017048:Health Care Costs; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000191:economics; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States