title: Diagnosis and management of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia.
abstract: Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the second most common benign tumor of the liver, after hemangioma. It is generally found incidentally and is most common in reproductive-aged women, but it also affects males and can be diagnosed at any age. Patients are rarely symptomatic, but FNH sometimes causes epigastric or right upper quadrant pain. The main clinical task is to differentiate it from other hypervascular hepatic lesions such as hepatic adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or hypervascular metastases, but invasive diagnostic procedures can generally be avoided with the appropriate use of imaging techniques. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is more sensitive and specific than conventional ultrasonography (US) or computed tomography (CT), but Doppler US and contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) can greatly improve the accuracy in the diagnosis of FNH. Once a correct diagnosis has been made, in most cases there is no indication for surgery, and treatment includes conservative clinical follow-up in asymptomatic patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Venturi
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Piscaglia
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vidili
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Flori
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Righini
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Golfieri
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bolondi
keywords: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; Diagnosis; Focal nodular hyperplasia; Management; Ultrasonology
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