title: Effects of germinated brown rice and its bioactive compounds on the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene.
abstract: Dysregulated metabolism is implicated in obesity and other disease conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, which are linked to abnormalities of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). PPARγ has been the focus of much research aimed at managing these diseases. Also, germinated brown rice (GBR) is known to possess antidiabetic, antiobesity and hypocholesterolemic effects. We hypothesized that GBR bioactive compounds may mediate some of the improvements in metabolic indices through PPARγ modulation. Cultured HEP-G2 cells were treated with  50 ppm and 100 ppm of extracts from GBR (GABA, ASG and oryzanol) after determination of cell viabilities using MTT assays. Results showed that all extracts upregulated the expression of the PPARγ. However, combination of all three extracts showed downregulation of the gene, suggesting that, in combination, the effects of these bioactives differ from their individual effects likely mediated through competitive inhibition of the gene. Upregulation of the gene may have therapeutic potential in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, while its downregulation likely contributes to GBR's antiobesity effects. These potentials are worth studying further.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia. mustyimam@gmail.com
authors: Mustapha Umar
authors: MU
authors: Imam
authors: Maznah
authors: M
authors: Ismail
authors: Hairuszah
authors: H
authors: Ithnin
authors: Zaki
authors: Z
authors: Tubesha
authors: Abdul Rahman
authors: AR
authors: Omar
mesh_terms: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D018525:Germination; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D006017:Glycolipids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C013172:gamma-oryzanol
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