title: Towards antibacterial endodontic sealers using quaternary ammonium nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To change and characterize the antibacterial properties of endodontic sealers by incorporating low concentrations of insoluble antibacterial nanoparticles (IABN).
  
  
  METHODS
  The antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by (i) agar diffusion test (ADT), (ii) direct contact test (DCT) and (iii) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IABN were incorporated into AH Plus (Dentsply, DeTrey Konstanz, Germany) and GuttaFlow (Coltène Whaledent, Langenau, Germany) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% or 2% weight/weight. Bacterial growth rates were analysed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antibacterial tests demonstrated total bacterial growth inhibition using AH Plus samples incorporating 2% weight/weight IABN after 4 weeks (P < 0.005). DCT showed total growth inhibition of up to 6 logs in viable count in AH Plus samples incorporating IABN and up to 4 log in count in GuttaFlow incorporating IABN (P < 0.005). Significant differences were found between the unmodified sealers and the experimental groups. No antibacterial effect was observed in the ADT, indicating IABN were not diffusing into the agar. Furthermore, SEM indicated bacterial cell wall damage and lysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AH Plus and GuttaFlow incorporating low concentrations of IABN exhibited significant and stable antimicrobial properties.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University- Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Kesler Shvero
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Abramovitz
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Zaltsman
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Perez Davidi
authors: E I
authors: EI
authors: Weiss
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Beyth
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000737:chemistry; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins; C515718:GuttaFlow; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D011094:Polyethyleneimine
keywords: Enterococcus faecalis; direct contact test; quaternary ammonium; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); sealing materials