title: A dairy-based high calcium diet improves glucose homeostasis and reduces steatosis in the context of preexisting obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High dietary calcium (Ca) in the context of a dairy food matrix has been shown to reduce obesity development and associated inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. The influence of Ca and dairy on these phenotypes in the context of preexisting obesity is not known. Furthermore, interpretations have been confounded historically by differences in body weight gain among DIO animals fed dairy-based protein or high Ca.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adiposity along with associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes were measured in DIO mice previously fattened for 12 week on a soy protein-based obesogenic high fat diet (45% energy, 0.5% adequate Ca), then fed one of three high fat diets (n = 29-30/group) for an additional 8 week: control (same as lead-in diet), high-Ca (1.5% Ca), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had modestly, but significantly, attenuated weight gain compared to mice fed high-Ca or versus controls (P < 0.001), whereas mice fed high-Ca alone had increased weight gain compared to controls (P < 0.001). Total measured adipose depot weights between groups were similar, as were white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration markers (e.g. TNFα, IL-6, CD68 mRNAs). Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had significantly improved glucose tolerance following a glucose tolerance test, and markedly lower liver triglycerides compared to high-Ca and control groups. Improved metabolic phenotypes in prefattened DIO mice following provision of a diet enriched with dairy-based protein and carbohydrates appeared to be driven by non-Ca components of dairy and were observed despite minimal differences in body weight or adiposity.
authors: Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology & Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis. Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Anthony P
authors: AP
authors: Thomas
authors: Tamara N
authors: TN
authors: Dunn
authors: Josephine B
authors: JB
authors: Drayton
authors: Pieter J
authors: PJ
authors: Oort
authors: Sean H
authors: SH
authors: Adams
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D002149:Energy Intake; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006706:Homeostasis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010641:Phenotype; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002117:Calcitriol; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C081026:CD68 protein, mouse; D000097382:CD68 Molecule