title: Influence of surface treatments on adhesion of porcelain to titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of etching solution surface treatments on the surface characteristics of titanium and adhesion of titanium/porcelain system by means of strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m²).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty five specimens of cp Ti plates were prepared. The specimens were divided into five groups in each test according to the surface treatment used; Gr MC (machined control), Gr AP (airborne particle abrasion), Gr E15, Gr E30, and Gr E60 (etching solution applied for 15, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively). The treated surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three types of porcelains (Duceratin, Vita Titankeramik, Ti-22) were used to test adhesion with cp Ti. Following the four-point bending interfacial fracture test, the peeled fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Statistical significance was set at the 0.05 probability level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AFM and SEM analyses showed that the surface topography of cp Ti was modified after treatments. Bond strength values were significantly affected by surface treatment and by type of porcelain (p < 0.05). The cp Ti/Duceratin (E30 and E60 minutes) groups showed the highest G-value among the groups. Modes of failure were mixed and interfacial adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adhesion between cp Ti and porcelain could be enhanced by the use of experimental hot etching solution prior to porcelain firing as an alternative modality to the airborne-particle abrasion method.
authors: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt. shaymanaghy@mans.edu.eg
authors: Shaymaa E
authors: SE
authors: Elsaka
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid
keywords: Bond strength; cp Ti; pretreatment; strain energy release rate; surface roughness; veneering porcelain