title: Novel additive manufactured scaffolds for tissue engineered trachea research.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates proof of concept for controlled manufacturing methods that utilize novel tailored biopolymers (3D photocuring technology) or conventional bioresorbable polymers (fused deposition modeling, FDM) for macroscopic and microscopic geometry control. The manufactured scaffolds could be suitable for tissue engineering research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design novel trachea scaffold prototypes for tissue engineering purposes, and to fabricate them by additive manufacturing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercial 3D model and CT scans of a middle-aged man were obtained for geometrical observations and measurements of human trachea. Model trachea scaffolds with variable wall thickness, interconnected pores, and various degrees of porosity were designed. Photocurable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer was used with 3D photocuring technology. Thermoplastic polylactide (PLA) and PCL were used with FDM. Cell cultivations were performed for biocompatibility studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scaffolds of various sizes and porosities were successfully produced. Both thermoplastic PLA and PCL and photocurable PCL could be used effectively with additive manufacturing technologies to print high-quality tubular porous biodegradable structures. Optical microscopic and SEM images showed the viability of cells. The cells were growing in multiple layers, and biocompatibility of the structures was shown.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland. antti.makitie@helsinki.fi
authors: Antti A
authors: AA
authors: Mäkitie
authors: Jyrki
authors: J
authors: Korpela
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Elomaa
authors: Maija
authors: M
authors: Reivonen
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Kokkari
authors: Minna
authors: M
authors: Malin
authors: Harri
authors: H
authors: Korhonen
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Jarmo
authors: J
authors: Salo
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Sihvo
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Salmi
authors: Jouni
authors: J
authors: Partanen
authors: Kaija-Stiina
authors: KS
authors: Paloheimo
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Tuomi
authors: Timo
authors: T
authors: Närhi
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Seppälä
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014132:Trachea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; C033616:poly(lactide)