title: Head-and-face shape variations of U.S. civilian workers.
abstract: The objective of this study was to quantify head-and-face shape variations of U.S. civilian workers using modern methods of shape analysis. The purpose of this study was based on previously highlighted changes in U.S. civilian worker head-and-face shape over the last few decades - touting the need for new and better fitting respirators - as well as the study's usefulness in designing more effective personal protective equipment (PPE) - specifically in the field of respirator design. The raw scan three-dimensional (3D) data for 1169 subjects were parameterized using geometry processing techniques. This process allowed the individual scans to be put in correspondence with each other in such a way that statistical shape analysis could be performed on a dense set of 3D points. This process also cleaned up the original scan data such that the noise was reduced and holes were filled in. The next step, statistical analysis of the variability of the head-and-face shape in the 3D database, was conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques. Through these analyses, it was shown that the space of the head-and-face shape was spanned by a small number of basis vectors. Less than 50 components explained more than 90% of the variability. Furthermore, the main mode of variations could be visualized through animating the shape changes along the PCA axes with computer software in executable form for Windows XP. The results from this study in turn could feed back into respirator design to achieve safer, more efficient product style and sizing. Future study is needed to determine the overall utility of the point cloud-based approach for the quantification of facial morphology variation and its relationship to respirator performance.
authors: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Bruceton Research Facility, P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA. zaz3@cdc.gov
authors: Ziqing
authors: Z
authors: Zhuang
authors: Chang
authors: C
authors: Shu
authors: Pengcheng
authors: P
authors: Xi
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bergman
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D063405:Anatomic Variation; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016272:Occupational Health; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D012984:Software; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
references: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1990 May;51(5):280-4
references: 2346115
references: J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005 Nov;2(11):567-76
references: 16223715
references: J Occup Environ Hyg. 2007 Sep;4(9):647-59
references: 17613722
references: Ergonomics. 2010 May;53(5):661-71
references: 20432086
references: Am J Ind Med. 2011 Aug;54(8):628-36
references: 21594885
references: Appl Ergon. 2010 Oct;41(6):832-9
references: 20227060
references: Ergonomics. 2000 Sep;43(9):1301-13
references: 11014753