title: Position sensitive measurement of lithium traces in brain tissue with neutrons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The application of lithium is well known to have an antimanic-depressive effect, however, the influence it has on the human brain is still insufficiently known. The aim of our work is to develop a method to investigate the lithium concentration in the human brain with a very high sensitivity and a submillimeter resolution. Present methods either do not provide spatial resolution or are not sensitive enough to measure the naturally occurring lithium content in the human brain. Our method provides the opportunity to perform postmortem series measurements and obtain a detailed map of the lithium distribution in the human brain. This way possible correlations of the lithium distribution in the human brain and biological reasons for affective disorder can be clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the lithium distribution in different regions of the human brain the authors developed a method to measure lithium traces postmortem with a submillimeter spatial resolution using the neutron capture reaction (6)Li(n, α)(3)H. The lithium is measured by coincident detection of the alpha particles and tritons, emitted in opposite directions. The general concept, the preparation of the brain samples, the experimental setup at the measurement station of the Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, and a first measurement on human brain tissue are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A first measurement on a brain tissue sample nicely showed a spatial distribution of lithium down to a few hundreds of pg∕cm(3) with a maximal resolution of about σ(x) = σ(y) ≈ 200 μm. Also a direct correlation of lithium and optical tissue structure is observable. Typical measurement times of a few minutes allow for series measurements of up to 20 × 20 mm(2) large samples with a thickness of w = 10-20 μm in medical studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of a very high lithium sensitivity with position resolving measurement makes this method well suited for postmortem studies of the microscopic lithium distribution in the human brain and thus to form a microscopic picture of the impact of lithium in different areas of the human brain.
authors: Technische Universität München, Physik Department E12, Garching, Germany. josef.lichtinger@ph.tum.de
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Lichtinger
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Gernhäuser
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Bauer
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bendel
authors: Lea
authors: L
authors: Canella
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Graw
authors: Reiner
authors: R
authors: Krücken
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Kudejova
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Mützel
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Ring
authors: Dominik
authors: D
authors: Seiler
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Winkler
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Zeitelhack
authors: Jutta
authors: J
authors: Schöpfer
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008094:Lithium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009502:Neutrons
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium