title: Orbital Doppler evaluation of blood flow velocities in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been conflicting results in relation to impaired ocular hemodynamics in the orbital vessels of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Clarification of the early signs of retinopathy in diabetic patients is urgently needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate orbital blood flow velocities using Doppler and gray-scale sonography in patients with DR, and to compare the results with those of their non-diabetic and diabetic peers without retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orbital Doppler and gray-scale sonography were performed in 123 patients aged 29-77 who had been divided into 3 groups: non-diabetic controls (n = 25), diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance with minimal clinical retinopathy (n = 74), and diabetes with untreated non-proliferative retinopathy (n = 24). Retinopathy was diagnosed by an ophthalmologist on the basis of fundoscopic examination. The peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic (EDV) blood flow velocities, and the resistivity and pulsatile indices, of the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, posterior ciliary artery, and central retinal vein were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy controls, the age-adjusted resistivity and pulsatile indices of the ophthalmic artery were significantly higher in patients with DR (p < 0.05). PSV and EDV of the posterior ciliary arteries were significantly lower in diabetic patients with DR. After further adjustment for age, gender, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, BMI, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides, only the resistivity index of the ophthalmic artery and the central retinal vein remained significantly higher in patients with DR compared with healthy controls (p < 0.005 after Bonferroni adjustment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistivity index alteration of the ophthalmic artery and central retinal vein may be prevalent among patients with early changes in DR.
authors: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Karami
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Janghorbani
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Dehghani
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Khaksar
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Kaviani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
references: Ophthalmology. 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):786-806
references: 2062513
references: Ophthalmology. 1998 Jun;105(6):998-1003
references: 9627648
references: Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan-Feb;40(4):255-67
references: 8658337
references: Proc R Soc Med. 1974 Jun;67(6 Pt 1):447-9
references: 4850636
references: Clin Chem. 1972 Jun;18(6):499-502
references: 4337382
references: Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2001 Mar;76(3):175-80
references: 11283784
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 1995 May;79(5):413-6
references: 7612550
references: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000 Dec;238(12):935-41
references: 11196354
references: Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000 Aug;78(4):386-9
references: 10990037
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Dec;51(12):6729-34
references: 20631236
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 May;87(5):622-5
references: 12714407
references: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31 Suppl 1:S55-60
references: 18165338
references: Nouv Presse Med. 1973 Oct 20;2(37):2451-6
references: 4748647
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Apr;109(4):532-6
references: 2012556
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Jun;35(7):2968-75
references: 8206714
references: Australas Radiol. 2007 Jun;51(3):230-5
references: 17504313
references: Ophthalmology. 1993 Jun;100(6):862-7
references: 8510898
references: BMJ. 1992 Sep 19;305(6855):678-83
references: 1393111
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 Apr;36(5):864-70
references: 7706034
references: J Ultrasound Med. 1998 Nov;17(11):675-81
references: 9805302
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Jul;21(1 Pt 2):1-226
references: 7195893
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 1997 Apr;81(4):279-82
references: 9215054
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1986 Jul;104(7):991-6
references: 2942132
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 May;33(6):1888-93
references: 1582794
references: Ophthalmology. 1987 Dec;94(12):1614-20
references: 3323985
references: Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000 Feb;28(1):3-8
references: 11345341
references: Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006 Oct;84(5):642-9
references: 16965495
references: Ophthalmology. 1985 Jan;92(1):62-7
references: 2579361
references: Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1993;37(4):385-92
references: 8145383
references: J Ultrasound Med. 1995 Feb;14(2):91-6
references: 8568968
references: Ophthalmologica. 2004 Jul-Aug;218(4):237-42
references: 15258411
references: Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8):1245-9
references: 8764795