title: Computer-aided diagnosis of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early diagnosis of pneumonia and discrimination between this disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in patients with COPD are crucial for optimal clinical management and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the use of computerized analysis of respiratory sounds, a hybrid system based on principal component analysis (PCA) and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), to aid the detection of coexisting pneumonia in patients with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 58 patients with COPD (25 patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia and 33 owing to acute exacerbation of COPD) was studied. Auscultations were performed by the patients themselves on their suprasternal notch. Short-time Fourier transform analysis was used to extract features from the recorded respiratory sounds, PCA was selected for dimensionality reduction and a PNN was trained as classifier. 10-Fold cross-validation and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to estimate the system performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the cross-validation results, a sensitivity and a specificity of 72% and 81.8%, respectively, were achieved in validation data. The operating point was selected to maximize the specificity and sensitivity pair in the training set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results strongly suggest that electronic self-auscultation at a single location (suprasternal notch) can support diagnosis of pneumonia in patients with COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple, cost-effective method has been proposed to aid decision-making in areas with no radiological facilities available and in resource-constrained settings, and could have a great diagnostic impact on telemedicine applications.
authors: Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Laboratory, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain. daniel.morillo@uca.es
authors: Daniel Sánchez
authors: DS
authors: Morillo
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: León Jiménez
authors: Sonia Astorga
authors: SA
authors: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001314:Auscultation; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Acute exacerbation; Auscultation; COPD; Pneumonia; Probabilistic neural network; Respiratory Sounds
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