title: Genetic relationships of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical, human carrier, and environmental sources in Thailand, determined by multilocus sequence analysis.
abstract: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a seafood-borne pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We investigated the genetic and evolutionary relationships of 101 V. parahaemolyticus isolates originating from clinical, human carrier, and various environmental and seafood production sources in Thailand using multilocus sequence analysis. The isolates were recovered from clinical samples (n = 15), healthy human carriers (n = 18), various types of fresh seafood (n = 18), frozen shrimp (n = 16), fresh-farmed shrimp tissue (n = 18), and shrimp farm water (n = 16). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity within the V. parahaemolyticus population, although isolates recovered from clinical samples and from farmed shrimp and water samples represented distinct clusters. The tight clustering of the clinical isolates suggests that disease-causing isolates are not a random sample of the environmental reservoir, although the source of infection remains unclear. Extensive serotypic diversity occurred among isolates representing the same sequence types and recovered from the same source at the same time. These findings suggest that the O- and K-antigen-encoding loci are subject to exceptionally high rates of recombination. There was also strong evidence of interspecies horizontal gene transfer and intragenic recombination involving the recA locus in a large proportion of isolates. As the majority of the intragenic recombinational exchanges involving recA occurred among clinical and carrier isolates, it is possible that the human intestinal tract serves as a potential reservoir of donor and recipient strains that is promoting horizontal DNA transfer, driving evolutionary change, and leading to the emergence of new, potentially pathogenic strains.
authors: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors: Chonchanok
authors: C
authors: Theethakaew
authors: Edward J
authors: EJ
authors: Feil
authors: Santiago
authors: S
authors: Castillo-Ramírez
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Aanensen
authors: Orasa
authors: O
authors: Suthienkul
authors: Douglas M
authors: DM
authors: Neil
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jan;77(2):537-44
references: 21075874
references: BMC Genomics. 2011 Jun 06;12:294
references: 21645368
references: Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):961-5
references: 3126151
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007 Mar;38(2):349-55
references: 17539286
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Nov;66(11):4649-54
references: 11055906
references: Infect Immun. 2005 Aug;73(8):4488-93
references: 16040959
references: BMC Microbiol. 2010 May 27;10:154
references: 20507608
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):104-8
references: 2422196
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):3883-91
references: 12839757
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21299
references: 21731695
references: Crit Rev Microbiol. 1982;10(1):77-124
references: 6756788
references: Microb Ecol. 1977 Jun;4(2):135-55
references: 24231972
references: Trends Microbiol. 2003 Oct;11(10):479-87
references: 14557031
references: Math Biosci. 2007 Jan;205(1):19-31
references: 17087977
references: BMC Microbiol. 2010 Nov 02;10:274
references: 21044320
references: Infect Immun. 1999 Mar;67(3):1116-24
references: 10024551
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 17;95(6):3140-5
references: 9501229
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jun;66(6):2685-9
references: 10831459
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Sep;109(3):888-99
references: 20345385
references: J Med Microbiol. 2007 May;56(Pt 5):608-613
references: 17446282
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Feb 28;145(2-3):459-63
references: 21316116
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 24;109(4):1269-74
references: 22232693
references: Infect Immun. 1974 May;9(5):777-80
references: 4207513
references: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008 Mar;58(Pt 3):617-21
references: 18319466
references: J Bacteriol. 2004 Mar;186(5):1518-30
references: 14973027
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):5107-15
references: 16151093
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Jun;130(3):395-406
references: 12825723
references: Bioinformatics. 2000 Sep;16(9):847-8
references: 11108709
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Jun;38(6):2156-61
references: 10834969
references: Food Microbiol. 2008 Sep;25(6):824-30
references: 18620975
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jul;9(7):810-4
references: 12890320
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Mar;42(3):1280-2
references: 15004094
references: Infect Immun. 2009 Feb;77(2):904-13
references: 19075025
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jul;71(7):3575-80
references: 16000764
references: J Med Microbiol. 2007 Dec;56(Pt 12):1630-1638
references: 18033832
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Jan 31;145(1):106-12
references: 21176856
references: J Bacteriol. 2008 Apr;190(8):2831-40
references: 18281404
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:561-88
references: 16774461
references: BMC Bioinformatics. 2009 May 18;10:152
references: 19450271
references: Food Microbiol. 2007 Sep;24(6):549-58
references: 17418305
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Dec 10;128(2):354-61
references: 18963158
references: Trends Microbiol. 2004 Aug;12(8):373-7
references: 15276613
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 May;45(5):1544-50
references: 17344357
references: Annu Rev Med. 1974;25:75-81
references: 4207439
references: Mol Ecol. 2006 Sep;15(10):2833-43
references: 16911204
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Feb;38(2):578-85
references: 10655349
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Dec;35(12):3150-5
references: 9399511
references: J Bacteriol. 2007 Mar;189(6):2540-52
references: 17220222
references: Bioinformatics. 2005 Jan 15;21(2):260-2
references: 15377507
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Nov-Dec;6(6):631-6
references: 11076722
references: Lancet. 2003 Mar 1;361(9359):743-9
references: 12620739
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
references: 17488738
references: Int J Environ Health Res. 2008 Aug;18(4):283-93
references: 18668416
references: Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1998 Apr;48 Pt 2:573-80
references: 9731299
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4384-8
references: 8506277
references: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Feb;29(2):129-35
references: 17204401
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Nov 1;252(1):85-8
references: 16216442
references: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2009 Dec;70(3):506-14
references: 19744242
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Jan;20(1):39-48
references: 17223622
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1996 May;34(5):1293-5
references: 8727923
references: Microbiol Immunol. 2008 May;52(5):251-64
references: 18557895
references: J Bacteriol. 1969 Nov;100(2):1147-9
references: 5391048
references: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Nov;8(11):1169-76
references: 21883006