title: Local probing of electrochemically induced negative differential resistance in TiO2 memristive materials.
abstract: The early stages of electroforming in TiO(2) were explored using a combination of electrochemical strain microscopy and local I-V curve measurements. Negative differential resistance and corresponding surface deformation were observed below the electroforming voltages. Electrochemical strain microscopy allowed probing of the changes in local electrochemical activity during the pre-forming and forming stages. The associated structural changes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The results allowed an understanding of the electrochemical processes in the early stages of electroforming, and provide a comprehensive approach for exploring irreversible and partially reversible bias-induced transformations in solids.
authors: The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. yunseokkim@skku.edu
authors: Yunseok
authors: Y
authors: Kim
authors: Jae Hyuck
authors: JH
authors: Jang
authors: Sang-Joon
authors: SJ
authors: Park
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Jesse
authors: Leonard
authors: L
authors: Donovan
authors: Albina Y
authors: AY
authors: Borisevich
authors: Woo
authors: W
authors: Lee
authors: Sergei V
authors: SV
authors: Kalinin