title: Levator palpebrae superioris: an anatomical update.
abstract: The levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle is the main retractor of the upper eyelid, responsible for elevating the upper eyelid and maintaining it in an open position. Sound knowledge of its anatomy and adjacent structures is essential for eyelid surgery. Work from researchers and anatomists over the years continue to enrich our understanding in the anatomy of the LPS. In this review, we present an update on the anatomy of the LPS and its surgical implications. Important adnexa such as Whitnall's ligament, intermuscular-transverse ligament and Müller's muscle are also covered.
authors: South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. soo.ng8098@gmail.com
authors: Soo Khai
authors: SK
authors: Ng
authors: Wengonn
authors: W
authors: Chan
authors: Marcus M
authors: MM
authors: Marcet
authors: Hirohiko
authors: H
authors: Kakizaki
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Selva
mesh_terms: D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D013518:Surgery, Plastic