title: The roles of community pharmacists in cardiovascular disease prevention and management.
abstract: There is ample evidence in the international literature for pharmacist involvement in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) conditions in primary care. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have confirmed the significant clinical benefits of pharmacist interventions for a range of CVD conditions and risk factors. Evidence generated in research studies of Australian community pharmacist involvement in CVD prevention and management is summarised in this article.Commonwealth funding through the Community Pharmacy Agreements has facilitated research to establish the feasibility and effectiveness of new models of primary care involving community pharmacists. Australian community pharmacists have been shown to effect positive clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes in patients with CVD conditions. Improvements in blood pressure, lipid levels, medication adherence and CVD risk have been demonstrated using different study designs. Satisfaction for GPs, pharmacists and consumers has also been reported. Perceived 'turf' encroachment, expertise of the pharmacist, space, time and remuneration are challenges to the implementation of disease management services involving community pharmacists.
authors: Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Australia.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: George
authors: K
authors: K
authors: McNamara
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Stewart
keywords: Cardiovascular; community pharmacy; outcomes; pharmacist; primary care
references: Diabet Med. 2007 Jun;24(6):677-83
references: 17523968
references: Pharm World Sci. 2009 Aug;31(4):473-480
references: 19462256
references: Pharm World Sci. 2010 Jun;32(3):373-80
references: 20217476
references: J Public Health (Oxf). 2010 Mar;32(1):110-6
references: 19864496
references: BMC Health Serv Res. 2010 Sep 07;10:264
references: 20819236
references: Arch Intern Med. 2009 Oct 26;169(19):1748-55
references: 19858431
references: Arch Intern Med. 2008 Apr 14;168(7):687-94
references: 18413550
references: J Public Health Med. 2003 Jun;25(2):144-53
references: 12848404
references: Arch Intern Med. 2002 May 27;162(10):1149-55
references: 12020186
references: Med Care. 1986 Jan;24(1):67-74
references: 3945130
references: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Mar;75(3):339-47
references: 16884811
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Sep;42(9):1195-207
references: 18682540
references: BMC Health Serv Res. 2010 Feb 05;10:34
references: 20137091
references: Aust J Rural Health. 2003 Jan;11(1):28-35
references: 12603444
references: JAMA. 2006 Dec 6;296(21):2563-71
references: 17101639
references: Eur J Public Health. 2011 Oct;21(5):567-72
references: 20817685
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Nov;41(11):1770-81
references: 17925496
references: J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 Jul-Aug;48(4):515-7
references: 18653428
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Oct;41(10):1569-82
references: 17712043
references: BMJ. 2011 Feb 07;342:d442
references: 21300712
references: J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2006 May-Jun;46(3):370-7
references: 16739759
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD003698
references: 14974031
references: BMJ. 2006 Sep 9;333(7567):522
references: 16916809
references: Aust J Rural Health. 2006 Jun;14(3):116-9
references: 16706880