title: Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy: a promising analytical methodology for medicines authentication and counterfeit antimalarial analysis.
abstract: We report the detection and analysis of a suspected counterfeit sample of the antimalarial medicine Metakelfin through developing nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance ((14)N NQR) spectroscopy at a quantitative level. The sensitivity of quadrupolar parameters to the solid-state chemical environment of the molecule enables development of a technique capable of discrimination between the same pharmaceutical preparations made by different manufacturers. The (14)N NQR signal returned by a tablet (or tablets) from a Metakelfin batch suspected to be counterfeit was compared with that acquired from a tablet(s) from a known-to-be-genuine batch from the same named manufacturer. Metakelfin contains two active pharmaceutical ingredients, sulfalene and pyrimethamine, and NQR analysis revealed spectral differences for the sulfalene component indicative of differences in the processing history of the two batches. Furthermore, the NQR analysis provided quantitative information that the suspected counterfeit tablets contained only 43 ± 3%, as much sulfalene as the genuine Metakelfin tablets. Conversely, conventional nondestructive analysis by Fourier transform (FT)-Raman and FT-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopies only achieved differentiation between batches but no ascription. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV analysis of the suspect tablets revealed a sulfalene content of 42 ± 2% of the labeled claim. The degree of agreement shows the promise of NQR as a means of the nondestructive identification and content-indicating first-stage analysis of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
authors: Department of Informatics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom. jamie.barras@kcl.ac.uk
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Barras
authors: Darragh
authors: D
authors: Murnane
authors: Kaspar
authors: K
authors: Althoefer
authors: Sulaf
authors: S
authors: Assi
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Rowe
authors: Iain J F
authors: IJ
authors: Poplett
authors: Georgia
authors: G
authors: Kyriakidou
authors: John A S
authors: JA
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D058110:Counterfeit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D011786:Quality Control; D012677:Sensation; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D058110:Counterfeit Drugs; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D013607:Tablets