title: The magnitude of oral health inequalities in Canada: findings of the Canadian health measures survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure the magnitude of income-related inequality for four oral health outcomes in Canada. The degree of oral health inequality according to sex was also compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this study are from the year 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measure Survey (CHMS). The sample size consisted of 4951 Canadians aged 6-79 (2409 men and 2542 women). The oral health indicators used were the number of decayed teeth, number of missing teeth, number of filled teeth, and oral pain in the past year. Socioeconomic status was measured as equivalized household income. We used the relative concentration index to quantify health inequalities. Data analyses were performed using STATA 11.1 and ADePT (4.0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of decayed teeth, the number of missing teeth and the prevalence of oral pain decreased with increasing income, while the number of filled teeth increased with increasing income. The relative concentration indices for decayed teeth, missing teeth, filled teeth and for oral pain were -0.264, -0.157, 0.085, and -0.120, respectively. There was a statistically significant deviation from equality for the four oral health outcomes and this was generally present for both sexes. The relative concentration indices for decayed teeth were statistically significantly larger than other oral health outcomes. The relative concentration indices for women were greater than those of males indicating a greater magnitude of inequality among women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a higher concentration of decayed teeth, missing teeth and oral pain in the worse off, while the more affluent had a greater concentration of filled teeth. The numbers of decayed teeth was the most unequal aspect of oral health comparatively. There was a sex difference in the pattern of oral health inequalities with greater magnitude of inequality present among women in terms of the number of decayed and missing teeth. Health policymakers should consider the magnitude of health inequalities according to outcome and between sexes in their decision to tackle oral health inequalities.
authors: Oral Health & Society Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: Vahid
authors: V
authors: Ravaghi
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Quiñonez
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Allison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: caries; disparities; epidemiology; inequalities; oral health; public health