title: Bifurcation of Arabidopsis NLR immune signaling via Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases.
abstract: Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein complexes sense infections and trigger robust immune responses in plants and humans. Activation of plant NLR resistance (R) proteins by pathogen effectors launches convergent immune responses, including programmed cell death (PCD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and transcriptional reprogramming with elusive mechanisms. Functional genomic and biochemical genetic screens identified six closely related Arabidopsis Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) in mediating bifurcate immune responses activated by NLR proteins, RPS2 and RPM1. The dynamics of differential CPK1/2 activation by pathogen effectors controls the onset of cell death. Sustained CPK4/5/6/11 activation directly phosphorylates a specific subgroup of WRKY transcription factors, WRKY8/28/48, to synergistically regulate transcriptional reprogramming crucial for NLR-dependent restriction of pathogen growth, whereas CPK1/2/4/11 phosphorylate plasma membrane-resident NADPH oxidases for ROS production. Our studies delineate bifurcation of complex signaling mechanisms downstream of NLR immune sensors mediated by the myriad action of CPKs with distinct substrate specificity and subcellular dynamics.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Xiquan
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Wenwei
authors: W
authors: Lin
authors: Sixue
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Dongping
authors: D
authors: Lu
authors: Yajie
authors: Y
authors: Niu
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Cheng
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: McCormack
authors: Jen
authors: J
authors: Sheen
authors: Libo
authors: L
authors: Shan
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: He
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016923:Cell Death; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2
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