title: Success rates of intrauterine inoculations of layers via the vagina.
abstract: Intrauterine inoculation of layer hens has been documented previously in the literature; however, its efficiency has only been assessed on a very small scale. Attempts were therefore made to inoculate 14 experimental groups each consisting of 10 commercial table egg-producing hens intrauterinely with methylene blue. The effect of four variables-oviposition (natural, hormonally induced or not), position of the hen at inoculation (vertical/horizontal), technique to access the uterus (three methods) and inoculation device (four types)-on the success rate of intrauterine inoculation of layers of different breed and age was studied. Immediately after inoculation, hens were euthanized and the presence of methylene blue and perforations in the oviduct were examined. Successful inoculation rates ranged from 0/10 to 10/10. The 100% success rate was obtained in birds without an egg in the uterus, which were restrained in a horizontal position and inoculated with a hard catheter after exposure of the uterovaginal junction. The second best score was obtained in hens inoculated shortly after natural oviposition, maintained in a vertical position and using a corkscrew-shaped saliva ejector after exposure of the vaginal orifice (7/10). In all other groups the success rate was 5/10 or less. Vaginal perforation occurred in none to eight birds per group. It is concluded that intrauterine inoculation of laying hens is only reliable in birds without an egg in the uterus after exposure of the uterovaginal junction. All other methods proved unreliable and often caused vaginal perforations. However, intravaginal inoculation can be performed with 100% accuracy providing the vaginal orifice is exposed.
authors: GD-Animal Health Service, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, The Netherlands. w.landman@gddeventer.com
authors: W J M
authors: WJ
authors: Landman
authors: M G R
authors: MG
authors: Matthijs
authors: J H H
authors: JH
authors: van Eck
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D004531:Eggs; D005260:Female; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D010057:Oviducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology; D014595:Uterine Perforation / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D014599:Uterus; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D008751:Methylene Blue