title: Verrucous hemangioma expresses primitive markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verrucous hemangioma (VH) presents clinically as a vascular malformation but has similar histopathologic features to infantile hemangioma. This study characterized the cell population within VH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded sections from two male patients with VH were processed for immunohistochemistry. The expression of SMA, CD34, glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), D2-40, brachyury, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Oct-4, hemoglobin ζ chain (HBZ), Wilms tumor protein (WT-1) and CD45 was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lymphatic marker, D2-40, was not expressed in VH, whereas Glut-1 was widely expressed in infantile hemangioma, it was only focally expressed by the endothelium of VH. The endothelium of VH expressed the primitive markers, Oct-4, brachyury and ACE. The primitive marker, WT-1, was expressed predominantly on the pericyte layer of both VH and infantile hemangioma. However, HBZ was only expressed in infantile hemangioma. CD45, a mature hematopoetic marker, was expressed by cells within the interstitium, away from the endothelium of VH and infantile hemangioma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of the primitive markers, Oct-4, brachyury and ACE on the endothelium, and WT-1 predominantly on the pericyte layer of VH shows a primitive microvascular phenotype similar to infantile hemangioma. However, the absence of the embryonic marker, HBZ, expressed only in first trimester placenta and in proliferating infantile hemangioma, suggests a different cellular origin. HBZ could be used to distinguish between the two conditions.
authors: Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors: Emma L
authors: EL
authors: Laing
authors: Helen D
authors: HD
authors: Brasch
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: Steel
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Jia
authors: Tinte
authors: T
authors: Itinteang
authors: Swee T
authors: ST
authors: Tan
authors: Darren J
authors: DJ
authors: Day
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006455:Hemoglobins, Abnormal