title: Proximal humeral fractures: internal fixation.
abstract: Fractures of the proximal humerus are common injuries that are increasing in incidence as the population ages. These fractures are often treated nonsurgically; however, surgery is indicated if displacement, concurrent dislocation, or unacceptable alignment is present. Knowledge of the anatomic and physiologic characteristics of the proximal humerus and shoulder joint and familiarity with the available fixation elements will help surgeons make informed and patient-specific decisions regarding treatment. Reduction and internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures has expanding indications in comparison with arthroplasty, in part because of improvements in fixation technology and a better understanding of anatomy and physiology. The outcomes of proximal humeral fractures managed with percutaneous pinning, open reduction and locked-plate fixation, and intramedullary fixation are being actively investigated.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Aaron
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Shatsky
authors: Juan Carlos S
authors: JC
authors: Paredes
authors: Chunyan
authors: C
authors: Jiang
authors: Bradford O
authors: BO
authors: Parsons
authors: Evan L
authors: EL
authors: Flatow
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome