title: Anomalous use of context during task preparation in schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired ability to use contextual information to optimally prepare for tasks contributes to performance deficits in schizophrenia. We used magnetoencephalography and an antisaccade task to investigate the neural basis of this deficit.
  
  
  METHODS
  In schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants, we examined the difference in preparatory activation to cues indicating an impending antisaccade or prosaccade. We analyzed activation for correct trials only and focused on the network for volitional ocular motor control-frontal eye field (FEF), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, DLPFC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects, patients made more antisaccade errors and showed reduced differential preparatory activation in the dACC and increased differential preparatory activation in the VLPFC. In patients only, antisaccade error rates correlated with preparatory activation in the FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In schizophrenia, reduced differential preparatory activation of the dACC may reflect reduced signaling of the need for control. Greater preparatory activation in the VLPFC and the correlations of error rate with FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC activation may reflect that patients who are more error prone require stronger activation in these regions for correct performance. These findings provide the first evidence of abnormal task preparation, distinct from response generation, during volitional saccades in schizophrenia. We conclude that schizophrenia patients are impaired in using task cues to modulate cognitive control and that this contributes to deficits inhibiting prepotent but contextually inappropriate responses and to behavior that is stimulus bound and error prone rather than flexibly guided by context.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA. dara@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors: Dara S
authors: DS
authors: Manoach
authors: Adrian K C
authors: AK
authors: Lee
authors: Matti S
authors: MS
authors: Hämäläinen
authors: Kara A
authors: KA
authors: Dyckman
authors: Jesse S
authors: JS
authors: Friedman
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Vangel
authors: Donald C
authors: DC
authors: Goff
authors: Jason J S
authors: JJ
authors: Barton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May 1;45(9):1128-37
references: 10331104
references: J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Oct;40(7):606-12
references: 16842821
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 1993 Spring;5(2):162-76
references: 23972151
references: Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113
references: 5146491
references: Brain. 2007 Jun;130(Pt 6):1525-37
references: 17452376
references: Neuropsychologia. 1976;14(2):261-4
references: 934460
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;66(8):811-22
references: 19652121
references: Schizophr Res. 1994 Jun;12(3):259-64
references: 8054318
references: Prog Brain Res. 2003;142:3-17
references: 12693251
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Aug 15;37(2):579-88
references: 17604651
references: Cereb Cortex. 1998 Jan-Feb;8(1):40-7
references: 9510384
references: Neuropsychologia. 2007 Apr 9;45(8):1840-8
references: 17258779
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Mar;5(3):218-28
references: 14976521
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2005 Feb;114(1):75-84
references: 15709814
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Jun 1;47(11):978-90
references: 10838066
references: Neuron. 2006 Jun 1;50(5):799-812
references: 16731517
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Dec 15;64(12):1042-50
references: 18692173
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Feb 15;177(1):203-11
references: 18996412
references: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Jul;133(1):55-65
references: 10933210
references: Schizophr Res. 2011 Oct;132(1):62-8
references: 21831602
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;8(4):272-84
references: 10619420
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 15;59(6):530-5
references: 16165103
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2006 Jan;27(1):1-13
references: 16082624
references: Brain. 2010 Feb;133(Pt 2):625-37
references: 20159769
references: Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76
references: 3616518
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 1;36(3):774-84
references: 17478104
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;160(12):2209-15
references: 14638592
references: Exp Brain Res. 2006 Oct;174(3):487-98
references: 16642313
references: J Neurosci. 2000 Jan 1;20(1):387-400
references: 10627615
references: Neuroreport. 2004 Jul 19;15(10):1559-63
references: 15232283
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 15;36(4):1313-23
references: 17537647
references: Schizophr Res. 2003 Apr 1;60(2-3):285-98
references: 12591590
references: Psychophysiology. 2006 Nov;43(6):604-11
references: 17076817
references: Cereb Cortex. 2004 Jan;14(1):11-22
references: 14654453
references: Brain Cogn. 2008 Dec;68(3):371-90
references: 18950927
references: J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jul;94(1):605-11
references: 15590732
references: J Neurophysiol. 1999 May;81(5):2191-214
references: 10322059
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Dec;18(11):3127-33
references: 14656309
references: Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jul 30;131(2):147-55
references: 15313521
references: J Neurosci. 1988 Nov;8(11):4049-68
references: 2846794
references: Neuroreport. 2003 Feb 10;14(2):283-7
references: 12598747
references: Neuron. 2007 Feb 1;53(3):453-62
references: 17270740
references: Psychophysiology. 1999 Jan;36(1):138-41
references: 10098389
references: Brain. 2003 Jun;126(Pt 6):1460-73
references: 12764065
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202
references: 11283309
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb 1;51(3):216-23
references: 11839364
references: Vision Res. 1978;18(10):1279-96
references: 726270
references: Neuron. 2004 Mar 4;41(5):795-807
references: 15003178
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;70(1):64-72
references: 21514570
references: Brain. 1995 Feb;118 ( Pt 1):279-306
references: 7895011
references: Brain Cogn. 2008 Dec;68(3):255-70
references: 18835656
references: J Neurosci. 2007 Sep 12;27(37):9893-900
references: 17855604
references: Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1023-6
references: 14963333
references: Cereb Cortex. 2011 Feb;21(2):245-53
references: 20522539
references: Neuron. 2000 Apr;26(1):55-67
references: 10798392
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;58(3):280-8
references: 11231835
references: Psychol Med. 1996 Mar;26(2):265-77
references: 8685283
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;59(4):313-20
references: 11926931
references: Cereb Cortex. 2005 Dec;15(12):1982-91
references: 15758195
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Dec;10(12):529-32
references: 17071129
references: Neuropsychologia. 1996 Jun;34(6):475-83
references: 8736560
references: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989 Feb;36(2):165-71
references: 2917762