title: Fear and panic in humans with bilateral amygdala damage.
abstract: Decades of research have highlighted the amygdala's influential role in fear. We found that inhalation of 35% CO(2) evoked not only fear, but also panic attacks, in three rare patients with bilateral amygdala damage. These results indicate that the amygdala is not required for fear and panic, and make an important distinction between fear triggered by external threats from the environment versus fear triggered internally by CO(2).
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Justin S
authors: JS
authors: Feinstein
authors: Colin
authors: C
authors: Buzza
authors: Rene
authors: R
authors: Hurlemann
authors: Robin L
authors: RL
authors: Follmer
authors: Nader S
authors: NS
authors: Dahdaleh
authors: William H
authors: WH
authors: Coryell
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Welsh
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Tranel
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Wemmie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008065:Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic / Q000502:physiology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
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