title: Associations among depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the associations among depression, anxiety and physical symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-seven peri- and postmenopausal women enrolled in the Systematic Health and Nutrition Education Program at the Menopause Clinic of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. Their responses to the Menopausal Health-Related Quality of Life (MHR-QOL) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were subjected to a cross-sectional analysis. The study focused on the relationship between the scores for HADS depression (HADS-D) and anxiety (HADS-A) subscales and those for somatic (nausea, dizziness, numbness, muscle and joint pains, tiredness, headaches), urinary (frequent urination), and vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) in the MHR-QOL questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations among the scores for the six somatic symptoms and HADS-D and HADS-A were stronger than those for urinary or vasomotor symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the score for headaches and that for HADS-A were significantly associated with severe depression after adjustment (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.49 [1.06-2.10] and 1.58 [1.37-1.83], respectively), whereas the scores for nausea and numbness, as well as HADS-D, were significantly associated with severe anxiety (OR [95% CI]: 1.65 [1.15-2.39], 1.39 [1.05-1.84], and 1.36 [1.23-1.50], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Headaches were associated with depression, whereas nausea and numbness were associated with anxiety in peri- and postmenopausal women. The assessment of underlying mood disorders is required for the management of middle-aged women presenting with these somatic symptoms.
authors: Department of Women's Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. teragyne@tmd.ac.jp
authors: Masakazu
authors: M
authors: Terauchi
authors: Shiro
authors: S
authors: Hiramitsu
authors: Mihoko
authors: M
authors: Akiyoshi
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Owa
authors: Kiyoko
authors: K
authors: Kato
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Obayashi
authors: Eisuke
authors: E
authors: Matsushima
authors: Toshiro
authors: T
authors: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*