title: Comorbidity of Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases Among Patients With ADHD.
abstract: Patients with ADHD have been suggested to have increased risks of allergic diseases but without consistent results, and limited studies about the association between ADHD and autoimmune diseases were noted in the literature.
  
  
  
  Utilizing the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, ADHD patients were identified and compared with age- and gender-matched controls (1:4).
  
  
  
  In all, 8,201 participants were identified as having ADHD, and an increased prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.53), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.59), atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.53), and urticaria (OR = 1.39), compared with the control group. Although the comorbidity of autoimmune diseases with ADHD was low, ADHD patients had a significantly greater prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (OR = 2.78), ulcerative colitis (OR = 2.31), and autoimmune thyroid disease (OR = 2.53) than the controls.
  
  
  
  Our results supported the association between ADHD and allergic/autoimmune diseases. The further studies will be required to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Mu-Hong
authors: MH
authors: Chen
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|2 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Tung-Ping
authors: TP
authors: Su
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ying-Sheue
authors: YS
authors: Chen
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ju-Wei
authors: JW
authors: Hsu
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|2 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Kai-Lin
authors: KL
authors: Huang
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Han
authors: WH
authors: Chang
authors: 3 Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|4 Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Tzeng-Ji
authors: TJ
authors: Chen
authors: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|2 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Ya-Mei
authors: YM
authors: Bai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ADHD; allergy; autoimmune diseases; comorbidity