title: Marrow fat and bone--new perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots. Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the marrow environment, is metabolically distinct from peripheral fat depots, but its functional significance is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we discuss animal and human data linking the marrow adipose tissue depot to parameters of bone density and integrity as well as the potential significance of marrow adipose tissue in metabolic diseases associated with bone loss, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa. Potential hormonal determinants of marrow adipose tissue are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integrity and the role of marrow adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of bone loss.
authors: Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: Pouneh K
authors: PK
authors: Fazeli
authors: Mark C
authors: MC
authors: Horowitz
authors: Ormond A
authors: OA
authors: MacDougald
authors: Erica L
authors: EL
authors: Scheller
authors: Matthew S
authors: MS
authors: Rodeheffer
authors: Clifford J
authors: CJ
authors: Rosen
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Klibanski
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000473:pathology*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan;35(1):117-24
references: 22190287
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;93(6):2281-6
references: 18381577
references: Endocrinology. 2009 Mar;150(3):1330-40
references: 18948404
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Oct;19(10):1607-11
references: 15355554
references: Skeletal Radiol. 1985;14(1):10-9
references: 3895447
references: Am J Hematol. 1979;6(3):191-8
references: 484542
references: Aging Cell. 2004 Dec;3(6):379-89
references: 15569355
references: Physiol Genomics. 2005 Oct 17;23(2):206-16
references: 16106032
references: Endocrinology. 2002 Oct;143(10):4065-73
references: 12239118
references: Radiology. 2000 Nov;217(2):527-38
references: 11058656
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar;96(3):782-6
references: 21177790
references: Ann Hematol. 1993 Jan;66(1):3-13
references: 8381677
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr;97(4):1337-46
references: 22319043
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):407-13
references: 19850693
references: Stem Cells. 2010 Jun;28(6):1071-80
references: 20506495
references: Nature. 1995 Jul 20;376(6537):263-7
references: 7542362
references: Endocrinology. 2005 Aug;146(8):3622-31
references: 15905321
references: Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):198-205
references: 17053023
references: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jan;19(1):49-53
references: 20467419
references: Surgery. 1956 Oct;40(4):661-4
references: 13371425
references: J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 Apr;35(4):365-71
references: 21597316
references: J Endocrinol. 2010 Mar;204(3):241-53
references: 20032200
references: Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2012 Feb;56(1):12-8
references: 22460190
references: Cell. 2000 Jan 21;100(2):197-207
references: 10660043
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1971 Oct;80:147-54
references: 5133320
references: Int J Eat Disord. 1997 May;21(4):329-34
references: 9138043
references: J Endocrinol. 1988 Oct;119(1):51-8
references: 3193048
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Sep;22(8):1620-7
references: 11559519
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Feb;25(2):298-304
references: 19653811
references: Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Jan-Feb;60(1):3-11
references: 18276980
references: Scand J Haematol. 1977 Jan;18(1):47-53
references: 841268
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar;95(3):1247-55
references: 20080853
references: Nature. 2005 Mar 24;434(7032):514-20
references: 15724149
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 1965 Apr;43:326-31
references: 14275849
references: Isr J Med Sci. 1974 Dec;10(12):1541-50
references: 4443230
references: Bone. 1996 Nov;19(5):421-8
references: 8922639
references: BMC Genomics. 2011 May 05;12:212
references: 21545734
references: Endocrinology. 2004 Jan;145(1):234-42
references: 14551228
references: Radiology. 1990 Apr;175(1):219-23
references: 2315484
references: Am J Pathol. 1963 Aug;43:143-51
references: 14076026
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jul;26(7):1506-16
references: 21328617
references: Bone. 2009 Apr;44(4):537-46
references: 19130908
references: Histochem Cell Biol. 2007 Aug;128(2):125-33
references: 17609971
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Aug;26(8):1698-709
references: 21328476
references: Endocrinology. 2008 Nov;149(11):5688-95
references: 18617622
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May;96(5):1541-8
references: 21367933
references: Radiology. 2000 Jun;215(3):910-6
references: 10831721
references: Bone. 2012 Jan;50(1):23-7
references: 21939791
references: J Diabetes Complications. 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):1-9
references: 22257906
references: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Sep;19(9):1323-30
references: 18274695
references: J Cell Biochem. 2007 Dec 15;102(6):1343-57
references: 17975793
references: Experientia. 1974 Apr 15;30(4):424-5
references: 4858192
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42668
references: 22880075
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jun;166(6):1087-91
references: 22408124
references: Bone. 2008 Jul;43(1):32-39
references: 18456590
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;22(22):8015-25
references: 12391167
references: Bone. 2012 Feb;50(2):576-9
references: 21549867
references: Calcif Tissue Int. 2001 Jul;69(1):46-50
references: 11685433
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Sep;25(9):2078-88
references: 20229598
references: Cell. 2011 Sep 2;146(5):761-71
references: 21884937
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jun;18(6):960-74
references: 12817748
references: Osteoporos Int. 2007 May;18(5):641-7
references: 17139464
references: J Cell Biol. 2002 Apr 15;157(2):303-14
references: 11956231
references: J Cell Physiol. 2006 Dec;209(3):967-76
references: 16972249
references: Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32
references: 7984236
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 2002 Oct;118(4):582-8
references: 12375646
references: Endocrinology. 2008 May;149(5):2051-61
references: 18276763
references: Psychosom Med. 2001 Jul-Aug;63(4):631-7
references: 11485117
references: Bone. 1987;8(3):157-64
references: 3606907
references: Cell. 2002 Nov 1;111(3):305-17
references: 12419242
references: J Clin Invest. 2007 Dec;117(12):3684-95
references: 18060029
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Aug;26(8):1710-20
references: 21520275
references: Endocr Rev. 2002 Jun;23(3):279-302
references: 12050121
references: Bone. 2012 Feb;50(2):546-52
references: 21723971
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;22(24):8389-97
references: 12446759
references: Nature. 2009 Jul 9;460(7252):259-63
references: 19516257
references: J Cell Biochem. 1995 Jul;58(3):393-402
references: 7593260
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Dec;22(12):1924-32
references: 17708715
references: J Hered. 1950 Dec;41(12):317-8
references: 14824537
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Dec;32(12):1854-60
references: 18838978
references: Cell. 2008 Oct 17;135(2):240-9
references: 18835024
references: Endocrinology. 2010 Apr;151(4):1611-21
references: 20172967
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004 Dec;183(6):1761-5
references: 15547224
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Sep;27(9):1864-71
references: 22508185
references: Osteoporos Int. 2007 Apr;18(4):427-44
references: 17068657
references: Bone. 2009 Jun;44(6):1092-6
references: 19268721
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4710-6
references: 19837921
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;94(6):2129-36
references: 19318450
references: Bone. 2011 Apr 1;48(4):748-54
references: 21195217
references: Q J Exp Physiol. 1984 Oct;69(4):655-76
references: 6393185
references: Biogerontology. 2001;2(3):165-71
references: 11708718
references: J Immunol. 2005 May 1;174(9):5390-7
references: 15843537
references: Bone. 2012 Feb;50(2):534-9
references: 21757043
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jan;27(2):743-57
references: 17060461
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;94(4):1367-71
references: 19158192
references: Blood. 1977 Apr;49(4):599-605
references: 843618
references: Bone. 2006 Jan;38(1):74-84
references: 16137931
references: In Vitro. 1979 Oct;15(10):823-8
references: 521037
references: Calcif Tissue Int. 2005 May;76(5):385-92
references: 15868283
references: Bone. 2011 Apr 1;48(4):792-7
references: 21167330
references: Nat Immunol. 2008 Feb;9(2):203-15
references: 18176567
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;24(7):2820-30
references: 15024071
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Apr;25(4):757-68
references: 19821771