title: Mycoplasma removal from cell culture using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the removal of mycoplasmas from contaminated cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mycoplasmas often contaminate cell cultures. The cell-contaminating mycoplasmas are removed by antibiotics, but the use of antibiotics usually induces antibiotic-resistant bacteria. aPDT is expected to be a possible alternative to antibiotic treatments for suppressing infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mycoplasma salivarium (Ms)-infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were irradiated using a red light-emitting diode (LED) in the presence of methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer. The Ms viable count was determined using culture on agar plates or using a mycoplasma detection kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  aPDT performed using red LED irradiation was effective in decreasing live Ms in the presence of MB without damaging the HEK293 cells. aPDT removed live Ms from the infected cells after washing the cells with sterilized phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to decrease the initial number of live Ms before aPDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that aPDT could remove mycoplasmas from contaminated cells.
authors: Division of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Hasebe
authors: Isao
authors: I
authors: Ishikawa
authors: Haque M
authors: HM
authors: Shamsul
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Ohtani
authors: Taku
authors: T
authors: Segawa
authors: Ayumi
authors: A
authors: Saeki
authors: Naoho
authors: N
authors: Tanizume
authors: Manabu
authors: M
authors: Oouchi
authors: Yoshihide
authors: Y
authors: Okagami
authors: Teruo
authors: T
authors: Okano
authors: Ken-ichiro
authors: K
authors: Shibata
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D045804:Mycoplasma salivarium / Q000187:drug effects*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue
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