title: Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy expenditure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies link short sleep duration to obesity and weight gain. Insufficient sleep appears to alter circulating levels of the hormones leptin and ghrelin, which may promote appetite, although the effects of sleep restriction on caloric intake and energy expenditure are unclear. We sought to determine the effect of 8 days/8 nights of sleep restriction on caloric intake, activity energy expenditure, and circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized study of usual sleep vs a sleep restriction of two-thirds of normal sleep time for 8 days/8 nights in a hospital-based clinical research unit. The main outcomes were caloric intake, activity energy expenditure, and circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caloric intake in the sleep-restricted group increased by +559 kcal/d (SD, 706 kcal/d, P=.006) and decreased in the control group by -118 kcal/d (SD, 386 kcal/d, P=.51) for a net change of +677 kcal/d (95% CI, 148-1,206 kcal/d; P=.014). Sleep restriction was not associated with changes in activity energy expenditure (P=.62). No change was seen in levels of leptin (P=.27) or ghrelin (P=.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep restriction was associated with an increase in caloric consumption with no change in activity energy expenditure or leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Increased caloric intake without any accompanying increase in energy expenditure may contribute to obesity in people who are exposed to long-term sleep restriction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01334788; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Andrew D
authors: AD
authors: Calvin
authors: Department of Health Services Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Rickey E
authors: RE
authors: Carter
authors: Yale University, New Haven, CT; Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Taro
authors: T
authors: Adachi
authors: University Brazilia, Brazilia, Brazil.
authors: Paula G
authors: PG
authors: Macedo
authors: Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors: Felipe N
authors: FN
authors: Albuquerque
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Christelle
authors: C
authors: van der Walt
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; International Clinical Research Center, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Bukartyk
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Diane E
authors: DE
authors: Davison
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Levine
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: somers.virend@mayo.edu.
authors: Virend K
authors: VK
authors: Somers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin
references: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Dec;19(12):2433-5
references: 21799479
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979 Jan;36(1):103-16
references: 760693
references: JAMA. 2010 Jan 20;303(3):235-41
references: 20071471
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;281(4):E670-5
references: 11551842
references: Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):846-50
references: 15583226
references: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Oct 5;153(7):475-6
references: 20921547
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):126-33
references: 19056602
references: Sleep. 2008 May;31(5):619-26
references: 18517032
references: JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45
references: 15010446
references: Science. 1999 Jan 8;283(5399):212-4
references: 9880251
references: Clin Trials. 2010 Jun;7(3):274-85
references: 20423926
references: J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Mar 15;3(2):147-54
references: 17557424
references: Physiol Behav. 2010 Apr 19;99(5):651-6
references: 20138072
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar;97(3):E443-7
references: 22259064
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;57(9):1176-80
references: 12947439
references: J Sleep Res. 2008 Sep;17(3):331-4
references: 18564298
references: Sleep. 2004 Jun 15;27(4):661-6
references: 15283000
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun;93(6):1229-36
references: 21471283
references: Sleep. 2011 Oct 01;34(10):1291-7
references: 21966060
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Feb 18;43(4):678-83
references: 14975482
references: Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):584-6
references: 15681386
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jun;91(6):1550-9
references: 20357041
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5762-71
references: 15531540
references: J Physiol. 2011 Jan 1;589(Pt 1):235-44
references: 21059762
references: Sleep. 2010 Feb;33(2):143-4
references: 20175395
references: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Apr 11;4(129):129ra43
references: 22496545
references: Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Jun;16(3):231-41
references: 21784678
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr;95(4):818-24
references: 22357722
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Dec;24(12):1683-8
references: 11126224
references: Sleep. 2004 Dec 15;27(8):1453-62
references: 15683134
references: Endocr Dev. 2010;17:11-21
references: 19955752
references: Sleep Med. 2002 Jul;3(4):305-14
references: 14592192
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992 Oct;16(10):721-9
references: 1330951
references: N Engl J Med. 2010 May 6;362(18):1653-6
references: 20445177
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 May;26(5):710-6
references: 12032757
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;59(2):131-6
references: 11825133
references: Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Jun;16(3):223-30
references: 22075214
references: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Mar 4;60(8):233-8
references: 21368738
references: Hypertension. 2006 May;47(5):833-9
references: 16585410
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985 Aug;59(2):384-91
references: 3928586
references: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Mar;16(3):643-53
references: 18239586
references: Intern Med. 2011;50(21):2499-502
references: 22041348
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Sep;33(9):1593-7
references: 11528350