title: Clinical review: the use of vaptans in clinical endocrinology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and represents a clinical, social, and economic burden. Conventional treatments of hyponatremia present some pitfalls, such as suboptimal efficacy, risk of overly rapid correction, and adverse effects. Vasopressin receptor antagonists, known as vaptans, represent a new and interesting class of drugs for the treatment of the euvolemic and hypervolemic forms of hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on a PubMed search with the following terms: "vaptans," "vasopressin receptor antagonists," "tolvaptan," "conivaptan," "vasopressin receptor antagonists and SIADH," "vasopressin receptor antagonists and congestive heart failure," "vasopressin receptor antagonists and cirrhosis," and "vasopressin receptor antagonists and polycystic kidney disease."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the studies reported in this review indicate that vaptans effectively correct hyponatremia in euvolemic and hypervolemic patients. In the latter group, vaptans generally had favorable effects on fluid balance also. To date two vaptans, ie, conivaptan and tolvaptan, have been marketed in the United States for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia, whereas tolvaptan has been marketed in Europe with the limitation of euvolemic hyponatremia. Although these drugs have a good safety profile, caution should be used, and treatment should be initiated in a hospital setting in order to closely monitor patients and avoid overly rapid correction or overcorrection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaptans can be considered a new effective tool for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Nevertheless, more comparative research of vaptans vs other therapies on clinical grounds is needed to more accurately assess the value of these drugs in the treatment of hyponatremia.
authors: Endocrine Unit, Center for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy. alessandro.peri@unifi.it
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Peri
mesh_terms: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007177:Inappropriate ADH Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008954:Models, Biological; D000077602:Tolvaptan
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; C106389:conivaptan; D000077602:Tolvaptan