title: The influence of gait speed on co-activation in unilateral spastic cerebral palsy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physiological co-activation of antagonistic muscles during gait allows stability of loaded joints. Excessive co-activation restrains motion and increases energy expenditure. Co-activation is increased by gait speed and in the case of upper motor neuron lesions. This study aimed to assess the pathological component of co-activation in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 children with unilateral cerebral palsy and 10 typically developing children walked at spontaneous, slow and fast speeds. The spatio-temporal parameters and electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, semi-tendinosus, tibialis anterior and soleus of both lower limbs were recorded. A co-activation index was computed from the EMG envelopes. A mixed linear model was used to assess the effect of walking speed on the index of the antagonistic muscle couples (rectus femoris/semi-tendinosus, vastus medialis/semi-tendinosus and tibialis anterior/soleus) in the different limbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A greater effect of walking speed on co-activation was found in the involved limbs of children with cerebral palsy for all muscle couples, compared with their uninvolved limbs and the limbs of typically developing children. In typically developing children, but not in children with cerebral palsy, the effect of gait speed on the co-activation index was lower in the rectus femoris/semi-tendinosus than in the other agonist/antagonist muscle couples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with cerebral palsy, a pathological component of muscle activation might be responsible for the greater increase in co-activation with gait speed in the involved limb. Altered motor control could explain why the co-activation in the rectus femoris/semi-tendinosus couple becomes more sensitive to speed.
authors: Laboratoire d'analyse du Mouvement, Pôle Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, hôpital Saint Jacques, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France. raphael.gross@chu-nantes.fr
authors: Raphaël
authors: R
authors: Gross
authors: Fabien
authors: F
authors: Leboeuf
authors: Jean Benoit
authors: JB
authors: Hardouin
authors: Mathieu
authors: M
authors: Lempereur
authors: Brigitte
authors: B
authors: Perrouin-Verbe
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Remy-Neris
authors: Sylvain
authors: S
authors: Brochard
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology; D016138:Walking