title: Mechanism-based facilitated maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be efficiently and reproducibly directed into cardiomyocytes (CMs) using stage-specific induction protocols. However, their functional properties and suitability for clinical and other applications have not been evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we showed that CMs derived from multiple pluripotent human stem cell lines (hESC: H1, HES2) and types (induced pluripotent stem cell) using different in vitro differentiation protocols (embryoid body formation, endodermal induction, directed differentiation) commonly displayed immature, proarrhythmic action potential properties such as high degree of automaticity, depolarized resting membrane potential, Phase 4- depolarization, and delayed after-depolarization. Among the panoply of sarcolemmal ionic currents investigated (I(Na)(+)/I(CaL)(+)/I(Kr)(+)/I(NCX)(+)/I(f)(+)/I(to)(+)/I(K1)(-)/I(Ks)(-)), we pinpointed the lack of the Kir2.1-encoded inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(K1)) as the single mechanistic contributor to the observed immature electrophysiological properties in hESC-CMs. Forced expression of Kir2.1 in hESC-CMs led to robust expression of Ba(2+)-sensitive I(K1) and, more importantly, completely ablated all the proarrhythmic action potential traits, rendering the electrophysiological phenotype indistinguishable from the adult counterparts. These results provided the first link of a complex developmentally arrested phenotype to a major effector gene, and importantly, further led us to develop a bio-mimetic culturing strategy for enhancing maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By providing the environmental cues that are missing in conventional culturing method, this approach did not require any genetic or pharmacological interventions. Our findings can facilitate clinical applications, drug discovery, and cardiotoxicity screening by improving the yield, safety, and efficacy of derived CMs.
authors: Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Deborah K
authors: DK
authors: Lieu
authors: Ji-Dong
authors: JD
authors: Fu
authors: Nipavan
authors: N
authors: Chiamvimonvat
authors: Kelvin Chan
authors: KC
authors: Tung
authors: Gregory P
authors: GP
authors: McNerney
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Huser
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Keller
authors: Chi-Wing
authors: CW
authors: Kong
authors: Ronald A
authors: RA
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D001683:Biological Clocks; D032701:Biomimetics; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C489457:KCNJ2 protein, human; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
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