title: Early-life cockroach allergen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures predict cockroach sensitization among inner-city children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensitization to cockroach is one of the strongest identified risk factors for greater asthma morbidity in low-income urban communities; however, the timing of exposures relevant to the development of sensitization has not been elucidated fully. Furthermore, exposure to combustion byproducts, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can augment the development of allergic sensitization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to test the hypotheses that domestic cockroach allergen measured prenatally would predict cockroach sensitization in early childhood and that this association would be greater for children exposed to higher PAH concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dominican and African American pregnant women living in New York City were enrolled. In the third trimester expectant mothers wore personal air samplers for measurement of 8 nonvolatile PAHs and the semivolatile PAH pyrene, and dust was collected from homes for allergen measurement. Glutathione-S-transferase μ 1 (GSTM1) gene polymorphisms were measured in children. Allergen-specific IgE levels were measured from the children at ages 2, 3, 5, and 7 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bla g 2 in prenatal kitchen dust predicted cockroach sensitization at the ages of 5 to 7 years (adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.15; P = .001; n = 349). The association was observed only among children with greater than (RR, 1.22; P = .001) but not less than (RR, 1.07; P = .24) the median sum of 8 nonvolatile PAH levels. The association was most pronounced among children with higher PAH levels and null for the GSTM1 gene (RR, 1.54; P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to cockroach allergen was associated with a greater risk of allergic sensitization. This risk was increased by exposure to nonvolatile PAHs, with children null for the GSTM1 mutation particularly vulnerable.
authors: Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mp2217@columbia.edu
authors: Matthew S
authors: MS
authors: Perzanowski
authors: Ginger L
authors: GL
authors: Chew
authors: Adnan
authors: A
authors: Divjan
authors: Kyung Hwa
authors: KH
authors: Jung
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Ridder
authors: Deliang
authors: D
authors: Tang
authors: Diurka
authors: D
authors: Diaz
authors: Inge F
authors: IF
authors: Goldstein
authors: Patrick L
authors: PL
authors: Kinney
authors: Andrew G
authors: AG
authors: Rundle
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Camann
authors: Frederica P
authors: FP
authors: Perera
authors: Rachel L
authors: RL
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000276:immunology*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D004391:Dust; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; C094699:allergen Bla g 2
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