title: High false negative rate of frozen section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metastatic involvement of the sentinel nodes (SN) is one of the main prognostic factors in cervical cancer which determines the disease management. The results of intra-operative SN examination would make it possible to triage patients in a one-step protocol. The studies carried out on the subject so far have, however, failed to demonstrate adequate accuracy of frozen section examination (FS) and, moreover, they only involved small cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 225 patients with cervical cancer FIGO IA2-IIB in whom at least one SN has been detected and intra-operatively processed. The prevalence of macrometastases, micrometastases and isolated tumour cells (ITC) in the SN was evaluated and the results of FS and final SN ultrastaging were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metastatic involvement of the SN was detected by pathologic ultrastaging in 73 cases (32.4%); macrometastases, micrometastases and ITC were found in 48, 17 and 8 patients, respectively. Intra-operative SN assessment established the SN status correctly in as few as 41 cases (56.2%), or in 49 cases (63%) if ITC had been excluded. Final ultrastaging of intra-operatively negative SN confirmed macrometastases, micrometastases, and ITC in additional 8, 18 and 8 patients, respectively. The false negative rate of FS was higher in bigger tumours (>20 cm3) and in the presence of LVSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frozen section examination of SN is not sufficiently reliable; it has a high false negative rate mainly due to its limited ability to detect micrometastases. A possible solution would be a more detailed intra-operative pathologic processing or two-step surgical management.
authors: Gynaecologic Oncology Centre, General University Hospital and 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. jiri.slama@vfn.cz
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Slama
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Dundr
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Dusek
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Cibula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D016015:Logistic Models; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D061206:Neoplasm Micrometastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery