title: Safety and pharmacokinetic studies of liposomal antioxidant formulations containing N-acetylcysteine, α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol in beagle dogs.
abstract: The safety and pharmacokinetic profile of liposomal formulations containing combinations of the antioxidants α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol or N-acetylcysteine in beagle dogs was examined. Each group consisted of beagle dogs of both genders with a control group receiving empty dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes (330 mg/kg DPPC, EL), and test groups receiving liposomes prepared from DPPC lipids with (i) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (60 mg/kg NAC [L-NAC]); (ii) NAC and α-tocopherol (αT) (60 mg/kg NAC and 25 mg/kg α-tocopherol [L-αT-NAC]) and (iii) NAC and γ-tocopherol (60 mg/kg NAC and 25 mg/kg γ-tocopherol (γT) [L-γT-NAC]). The dogs in the control group (EL) and three test groups exhibited no signs of toxicity during the dosing period or day 15 post treatment. Weight gain, feed consumption and clinical pathology findings (hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis) were unremarkable in all dogs and in all groups. Results from the pharmacokinetic study revealed that the inclusion of tocopherols in the liposomal formulation significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) and β-half life for NAC; the tocopherols had greater impact on the clearance of NAC, where reductions of central compartment clearance (CL) ranged from 56% to 60% and reductions of tissue clearance (CL2) ranged from 73% to 77%. In conclusion, there was no treatment-related toxicity in dogs at the maximum feasible dose level by a single bolus intravenous administration while the addition of tocopherols to the liposomal formulation prolonged the circulation of NAC in plasma largely due to a decreased clearance of NAC.
authors: Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
authors: Misagh
authors: M
authors: Alipour
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Mitsopoulos
authors: Milton G
authors: MG
authors: Smith
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Bolger
authors: Kresimir
authors: K
authors: Pucaj
authors: Zacharias E
authors: ZE
authors: Suntres
mesh_terms: D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine / Q000737:chemistry; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008081:Liposomes; D015060:1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D000111:Acetylcysteine