title: Genotype by environment interactions in cognitive ability: a survey of 14 studies from four countries covering four age groups.
abstract: A large part of the variation in cognitive ability is known to be due to genetic factors. Researchers have tried to identify modifiers that influence the heritability of cognitive ability, indicating a genotype by environment interaction (G×E). To date, such modifiers include measured variables like income and socioeconomic status. The present paper focuses on G×E in cognitive ability where the environmental variable is an unmeasured environmental factor that is uncorrelated in family members. We examined this type of G×E in the GHCA-database (Haworth et al., Behav Genet 39:359-370, 2009), which comprises data of 14 different cognition studies from four different countries including participants of different ages. Results indicate that for younger participants (4-13 years), the strength of E decreases across the additive genetic factor A, but that this effect reverts for older participants (17-34 years). However, a clear and general conclusion about the presence of a genuine G×E is hampered by differences between the individual studies with respect to environmental and genetic influences on cognitive ability.
authors: Psychological Methods, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.molenaar@uva.nl
authors: Dylan
authors: D
authors: Molenaar
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: van der Sluis
authors: Dorret I
authors: DI
authors: Boomsma
authors: Claire M A
authors: CM
authors: Haworth
authors: John K
authors: JK
authors: Hewitt
authors: Nicholas G
authors: NG
authors: Martin
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Plomin
authors: Margaret J
authors: MJ
authors: Wright
authors: Conor V
authors: CV
authors: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
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