title: The cerebellum in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by resting tremor, slowness of movements, rigidity, gait disturbance and postural instability. Most investigations on Parkinson's disease focused on the basal ganglia, whereas the cerebellum has often been overlooked. However, increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum may have certain roles in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Anatomical studies identified reciprocal connections between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. There are Parkinson's disease-related pathological changes in the cerebellum. Functional or morphological modulations in the cerebellum were detected related to akinesia/rigidity, tremor, gait disturbance, dyskinesia and some non-motor symptoms. It is likely that the major roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease include pathological and compensatory effects. Pathological changes in the cerebellum might be induced by dopaminergic degeneration, abnormal drives from the basal ganglia and dopaminergic treatment, and may account for some clinical symptoms in Parkinson's disease. The compensatory effect may help maintain better motor and non-motor functions. The cerebellum is also a potential target for some parkinsonian symptoms. Our knowledge about the roles of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease remains limited, and further attention to the cerebellum is warranted.
authors: Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. wutao69@gmail.com
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Wu
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hallett
mesh_terms: D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 4;283(14):9089-100
references: 18245082
references: J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;(70):9-15
references: 17017502
references: Neuroscience. 2010 Apr 14;166(4):1110-8
references: 20074617
references: Eur J Neurol. 2010 Aug;17(8):1090-7
references: 20298422
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 1;36(3):755-73
references: 17481921
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;79(10):1110-6
references: 18356249
references: Brain. 2000 Feb;123 ( Pt 2):340-52
references: 10648441
references: Brain. 2007 Jun;130(Pt 6):1596-607
references: 17251240
references: Lancet. 1991 Feb 16;337(8738):403-6
references: 1671433
references: Brain. 2010 Mar;133(Pt 3):727-45
references: 20305278
references: Mov Disord. 2006 Oct;21(10):1703-8
references: 16795004
references: Neuroreport. 2009 May 27;20(8):741-4
references: 19349926
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1996 Aug;22(2):93-181
references: 8883918
references: Neuroscience. 1986 Mar;17(3):741-53
references: 2422596
references: Neuromodulation. 2007 Jul;10(3):206-15
references: 22150834
references: Neuroscience. 1992 Dec;51(3):719-28
references: 1362601
references: Ann Neurol. 2000 Apr;47(4 Suppl 1):S2-9; discussion S9-11
references: 10762127
references: Ann Neurol. 1992 Aug;32(2):151-61
references: 1510355
references: Brain. 2000 Jun;123 ( Pt 6):1216-28
references: 10825359
references: Neurosci Lett. 2009 Aug 21;460(1):6-10
references: 19463891
references: Brain. 1999 Jul;122 ( Pt 7):1271-82
references: 10388793
references: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jan;18(1):59-62
references: 21920793
references: Lancet Neurol. 2007 Oct;6(10):926-32
references: 17884682
references: Cerebellum. 2005;4(2):105-11
references: 16035192
references: Brain. 2006 Oct;129(Pt 10):2667-78
references: 16844713
references: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Nov-Dec;32(10):1969-74
references: 21998100
references: Brain. 2000 Feb;123 ( Pt 2):394-403
references: 10648446
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 May;30(5):1502-10
references: 18649351
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Jan 15;34(2):714-23
references: 17113310
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Jun;17(11):2388-400
references: 12814370
references: Acta Neuropathol. 2003 Apr;105(4):403-9
references: 12624794
references: Neurology. 2010 May 4;74(18):1416-23
references: 20439843
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006 Dec;16(6):629-37
references: 17084615
references: Neurology. 2009 Jul 14;73(2):113-9
references: 19597133
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Mar;31(2-3):236-50
references: 10719151
references: Brain. 2010 Apr;133(Pt 4):1224-38
references: 20354002
references: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Sep;84(3):1656-66
references: 10980035
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Jun;4(6):469-80
references: 12778119
references: Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):612-9
references: 12601101
references: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1991 Nov;50(6):743-55
references: 1748881
references: Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):269-81
references: 21387372
references: Neurosci Lett. 1993 Feb 5;150(1):49-52
references: 8469402
references: Neuroscience. 1998 Sep;86(2):353-87
references: 9881853
references: Neurosci Lett. 2003 Nov 27;352(1):5-8
references: 14615036
references: Arch Neurol. 2004 Aug;61(8):1307-13
references: 15313852
references: J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 20;30(3):1049-56
references: 20089913
references: J Neurosci. 2005 Jul 6;25(27):6362-71
references: 16000626
references: Neuroimage. 2003 May;19(1):163-79
references: 12781736
references: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2581-7
references: 19853664
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):197-211
references: 12498954
references: Brain. 1999 Mar;122 ( Pt 3):483-95
references: 10094257
references: N Engl J Med. 2000 May 18;342(20):1484-91
references: 10816186
references: Ann Neurol. 2010 Dec;68(6):816-24
references: 21194152
references: J Neurosci. 2001 Jan 15;21(2):700-12
references: 11160449
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 May;90(5):359-64
references: 7514982
references: J Neurosci. 2009 May 13;29(19):6105-13
references: 19439588
references: JAMA. 1982 Jan 22-29;247(4):515-6
references: 7054557
references: J Neurosci. 2007 May 30;27(22):6029-36
references: 17537974
references: Mov Disord. 1999 May;14(3):417-22
references: 10348463
references: Brain. 1995 Aug;118 ( Pt 4):913-33
references: 7655888
references: Ann Neurol. 2000 Feb;47(2):201-10
references: 10665491
references: FASEB J. 2008 Oct;22(10):3509-14
references: 18606870
references: Neurol Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Nov 30;2004:26
references: 16012624
references: Neuroimage. 2003 Sep;20(1):12-21
references: 14527566
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;83(10):970-4
references: 22791905
references: Mov Disord. 2005 May;20(5):620-3
references: 15719423
references: Neurology. 1996 Nov;47(5):1180-3
references: 8909426
references: Brain. 2006 Feb;129(Pt 2):538-42
references: 16272163
references: Brain Res Bull. 2006 Dec 11;71(1-3):259-69
references: 17113955
references: Neurosci Lett. 1991 Sep 16;130(2):208-12
references: 1795884
references: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jun 1;496(2):111-5
references: 21511005
references: Brain. 1991 Oct;114 ( Pt 5):2283-301
references: 1933245
references: Exp Brain Res. 1991;84(2):393-402
references: 2065746
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Dec;30(12):3901-9
references: 19479730
references: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Feb;83(2):1079-87
references: 10669519
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;79(4):368-76
references: 18344392
references: Neurology. 2007 Feb 27;68(9):704-5
references: 17325284
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Oct;16(8):1609-19
references: 12405975
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Nov;18(9):2668-72
references: 14622169
references: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2003 Apr;16(2):273-84
references: 12668237
references: Brain. 2003 Jan;126(Pt 1):199-212
references: 12477707
references: J Neurochem. 1990 Mar;54(3):823-7
references: 2154550
references: Brain Res. 2000 Oct 13;880(1-2):191-7
references: 11033006
references: Ann Neurol. 2000 Apr;47(4):493-503
references: 10762161
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1995 Jan;20(1):91-127
references: 7711769
references: J Neurosci. 1997 Jul 15;17(14):5528-35
references: 9204934
references: Neuroscience. 2010 Mar 17;166(2):712-9
references: 20034546
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;79(7):760-6
references: 18006652
references: Cereb Cortex. 2004 Jan;14(1):73-80
references: 14654458
references: Arch Neurol. 2005 Mar;62(3):378-82
references: 15767502
references: Brain. 2002 Jun;125(Pt 6):1358-65
references: 12023324
references: Neuroimage. 2002 Oct;17(2):688-99
references: 12377144
references: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009 Aug;15(7):490-4
references: 19138875
references: J Neurosurg. 2004 Apr;100(4):606-10
references: 15070112
references: Brain Res. 1990 Jun 4;518(1-2):47-54
references: 2390727
references: Brain Res. 2007 May 25;1147:265-71
references: 17368575
references: Brain. 2007 Jan;130(Pt 1):265-75
references: 17148469
references: Prog Neurobiol. 1996 Nov;50(4):381-425
references: 9004351
references: Brain. 1997 Jan;120 ( Pt 1):103-10
references: 9055801
references: Eur J Neurol. 2010 Feb;17(2):314-20
references: 19912319
references: Ann Neurol. 2000 Apr;47(4 Suppl 1):S141-6
references: 10762141
references: Mov Disord. 2004 Feb;19(2):162-70
references: 14978671
references: Arch Neurol. 2000 Apr;57(4):470-5
references: 10768619
references: Mov Disord. 1998 Jan;13(1):61-9
references: 9452328
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007 Mar;27(3):597-605
references: 16804550
references: Neurosci Lett. 1979 Nov;15(1):23-8
references: 119188
references: Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009 Feb;111(2):140-6
references: 18995954
references: Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 1;47(4):1701-10
references: 19341805
references: Neuroimage. 2004 Feb;21(2):608-15
references: 14980563
references: Neurology. 2006 Apr 25;66(8):1192-9
references: 16636237
references: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009 Mar;15(3):187-95
references: 18573676
references: J Neurosci. 1984 Feb;4(2):539-60
references: 6199485
references: Brain. 2001 Mar;124(Pt 3):558-70
references: 11222456
references: Neuroimage. 2004 Jun;22(2):553-61
references: 15193583
references: Brain. 2005 Oct;128(Pt 10):2250-9
references: 15958505
references: Brain. 1993 Feb;116 ( Pt 1):267-79
references: 8453462
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 4;107(18):8452-6
references: 20404184
references: Histol Histopathol. 2012 Jan;27(1):89-94
references: 22127600
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 May;159(5):746-54
references: 11986127
references: Brain. 1980 Jun;103(2):301-14
references: 7397480
references: Brain. 2010 Aug;133(Pt 8):2394-409
references: 20566485
references: Arch Neurol. 2005 Apr;62(4):554-60
references: 15824252
references: Eur J Radiol. 2011 Feb;77(2):269-73
references: 19692193
references: Arch Neurol. 2005 Mar;62(3):351-2
references: 15767498
references: Neuroscience. 2009 Jan 23;158(2):693-704
references: 18722512
references: Curr Opin Neurol. 2009 Aug;22(4):387-93
references: 19494773
references: Neurology. 2001 Mar 27;56(6):730-6
references: 11274306
references: Neuroreport. 2010 Oct 6;21(14):914-6
references: 20729769
references: Mov Disord. 2005;20 Suppl 11:S23-9
references: 15822106
references: Ann Neurol. 1992 May;31(5):463-72
references: 1596081
references: Neuroscience. 2011 Mar 17;177:230-9
references: 21211551
references: Trends Neurosci. 2009 Oct;32(10):548-57
references: 19765835
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004 Jan;24(1):7-16
references: 14688612
references: Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 15;54(2):1244-53
references: 20851193
references: Lancet. 1997 Dec 6;350(9092):1675
references: 9400514
references: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Dec;102(6):3740-52
references: 19846625
references: Neurosurgery. 2008 Feb;62 Suppl 2:884-94
references: 18596419
references: J Neurol. 2000 Sep;247 Suppl 5:V33-48
references: 11081802
references: Brain. 2007 Jul;130(Pt 7):1834-46
references: 17470495
references: FASEB J. 2008 May;22(5):1327-34
references: 18162487
references: Brain. 2005 May;128(Pt 5):1122-38
references: 15728652
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;74(10):1435-7
references: 14570842
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Mar;35(1):222-33
references: 17223579
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Aug;35(2):141-7
references: 19013242
references: Ann Neurol. 1991 Jan;29(1):63-71
references: 1996881
references: Brain. 2002 Jul;125(Pt 7):1544-57
references: 12077004
references: Mov Disord. 1995 May;10(3):318-28
references: 7651450
references: Brain. 2003 Feb;126(Pt 2):451-61
references: 12538411
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Aug;2(8):577-88
references: 11484001
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357-81
references: 3085570
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Apr;11(2):164-70
references: 11301235
references: J Neurol. 2009 Feb;256(2):256-63
references: 19219572
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Nov;8(11):1491-3
references: 16205719
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 May;22(5):466-72
references: 10731621
references: Mov Disord. 2001 May;16(3):507-10
references: 11391746
references: N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 13;349(20):1925-34
references: 14614167
references: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Feb;29(2):235-43
references: 18781162
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1991;43:76-85
references: 1773778
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:413-34
references: 19555291
references: Mov Disord. 2009 Jan 15;24(1):91-8
references: 18823037
references: Mov Disord. 2010 Aug 15;25(11):1646-51
references: 20629164
references: Neuroimage. 2011 Mar 1;55(1):204-15
references: 21126588
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Apr;36(7):e38
references: 18332041
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Jan;30(1):112-21
references: 18041743