title: Development of a new application of the comet assay to assess levels of O6-methylguanine in genomic DNA (CoMeth).
abstract: O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)meG) is one of the most premutagenic, precarcinogenic, and precytotoxic DNA lesions formed by alkylating agents. Repair of this DNA damage is achieved by the protein MGMT, which transfers the alkyl groups from the O(6) position of guanine to a cysteine residue in its active center. Because O(6)meG repair by MGMT is a stoichiometric reaction that irreversibly inactivates MGMT, which is subsequently degraded, the repair capacity of O(6)meG lesions is dependent on existing active MGMT molecules. In the absence of active MGMT, O(6)meG is not repaired, and during replication, O(6)meG:T mispairs are formed. The MMR system recognizes these mispairs and introduces a gap into the strand. If O(6)meG remains in one of the template strands the futile MMR repair process will be repeated, generating more strand breaks (SBs). The toxicity of O(6)meG is, therefore, dependent on MMR and DNA SB induction of cell death. MGMT, on the other hand, protects against O(6)meG toxicity by removing the methyl residue from the guanine. Although removal of O(6)meG makes MGMT an important anticarcinogenic mechanism of DNA repair, its activity significantly decreases the efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs that aim at achieving cell death through the action of the MMR system on unrepaired O(6)meG lesions. Here, we report on a modification of the comet assay (CoMeth) that allows the qualitative assessment of O(6)meG lesions after their conversion to strand breaks in proliferating MMR-proficient cells after MGMT inhibition. This functional assay allows the testing of compounds with effects on O(6)meG levels, as well as on MGMT or MMR activity, in a proliferating cell system. The expression of MGMT and MMR genes is often altered by promoter methylation, and new epigenetically active compounds are being designed to increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. The CoMeth assay allows the testing of compounds with effects on O(6)meG, MGMT, or MMR activity. This proliferating cell system complements other methodologies that look at effects on these parameters individually through analytical chemistry or in vitro assays with recombinant proteins.
authors: Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors: Alice A
authors: AA
authors: Ramos
authors: Dalila F N
authors: DF
authors: Pedro
authors: Cristovao F
authors: CF
authors: Lima
authors: Andrew R
authors: AR
authors: Collins
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Pereira-Wilson
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016678:Genome; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D006147:Guanine; D004247:DNA; C008449:O-(6)-methylguanine; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; C528331:MGMT protein, mouse; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes