title: Lateralizing value of ictal dorsiflexion of the great toe in refractory partial epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A case of ictal dorsiflexion of the great toe was reported two years ago in a patient with insular cortex seizures. Since that publication, series of patients with the sign have not been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study were to describe the frequency of the ictal sign and to evaluate positive predictive value (PPV) to lateralize the epileptogenic zone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed archived seizures of all patients who were consecutively evaluated at two tertiary centers for epilepsy surgery. All patients underwent a standard presurgical evaluation. We evaluated the dorsiflexion latency and, also, examined whether dorsiflexion of the great toe appeared when ictal electrographic activity remained focal or generalized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ictal dorsiflexion of the great toe was seen in only 15 (9.1%) out of 165 patients and in 25 (9.2%) of 272 seizures. The seizure localized to the temporal lobe in 22 (88%) out of 25 seizures. More than 50% of these seizures were associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Ictal dorsiflexion of the great toe was contralateral to the epileptogenic zone in 72% of the patients. In 7 out of 25, the seizures had a short latency period. In 6 out of these 7 seizures, the sign was contralateral to the epileptogenic zone (VPP = 85.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This ictal motor sign is not infrequent in refractory partial epilepsy and has a high positive predictive value.
authors: Epilepsy Section at National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute, 29 y D, Vedado, Plaza, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. renemachado@infomed.sld.cu
authors: Andrade-Machado
authors: AM
authors: R
authors: Rodrigo Andrés
authors: RA
authors: Solarte-Mila
authors: Adriana Goicoechea
authors: AG
authors: Astencio
authors: Aisel Santos
authors: AS
authors: Santos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014034:Toes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult