title: Which way does the citric acid cycle turn during hypoxia? The critical role of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
abstract: The citric acid cycle forms a major metabolic hub and as such it is involved in many disease states involving energetic imbalance. In spite of the fact that it is being branded as a "cycle", during hypoxia, when the electron transport chain does not oxidize reducing equivalents, segments of this metabolic pathway remain operational but exhibit opposing directionalities. This serves the purpose of harnessing high-energy phosphates through matrix substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation. In this Mini-Review, these segments are appraised, pointing to the critical importance of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex dictating their directionalities.
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary. chinopoulos.christos@eok.sote.hu
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Chinopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007655:Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex