title: The effect of lower body stabilization and different writing tools on writing biomechanics in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: A high percentage of children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulty keeping up with the handwriting demands at school. Previous studies have addressed the effects of proper sitting and writing tool on writing performance, but less on body biomechanics. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lower body stabilization and pencil design on body biomechanics in children with CP. Fourteen children (12.31±4.13 years old) with CP were recruited for this study. A crossover repeated measures design was employed, with two independent variables: lower body stabilization (with/without) and pencil (regular/assigned grip height/biaxial). The writing task was to trace the Archimedean spiral mazes. Electromyography (EMG) of the upper extremity, the wrist flexion/extension movements, and the whole body photography were recorded to quantify the changes in posture and upper extremity biomechanics. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. No significant main effects were revealed in the EMG and wrist kinematics. The lower body stabilization significantly decreased the trunk lateral and forward deviations, and the visual focus-vertical angle. The biaxial pencil and the assigned grip height design significantly decreased the head, shoulder, trunk, and pelvic deviations compared with the regular design. The results indicated that the lower body positioning was effective in improving the trunk posture. A pencil with an assigned grip height or with a biaxial design could improve head, shoulder, trunk and pelvic alignment, but did not influence the muscle exertion of the upper extremity. This study could provide guidelines for parents, teachers and clinicians regarding the selection of writing tools and the knowledge of proper positioning for the children with handwriting difficulties. Further analyses can focus on the design, modification and clinical application of assitive sitting and writing devices for the use in children with handwriting difficulties.
authors: Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, Medical College, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua 1st Rd., Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan. kcheng@mail.cgu.edu.tw
authors: Hsin-Yi Kathy
authors: HY
authors: Cheng
authors: Yueh-Ju
authors: YJ
authors: Lien
authors: Yu-Chun
authors: YC
authors: Yu
authors: Yan-Ying
authors: YY
authors: Ju
authors: Yu-Cheng
authors: YC
authors: Pei
authors: Chih-Hsiu
authors: CH
authors: Cheng
authors: David Bin-Chia
authors: DB
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology