title: Study of sperm protein profile in men with and without varicocele using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the sperm protein profile between men with and without varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was designed as a case-control study. The research patients were recruited from the Infertility Unit of the Royan Institute in 2009. We included 20 sperm samples from normozoospermic men without varicocele (control group) and 20 sperm samples from oligozoospermic patients with varicocele, grade 3 (varicocele group) in the present study. The sperm protein profile in the 2 groups was characterized using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differences in protein expression were established using gel analysis software, and protein identification was performed using mass spectroscopy analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the varicocele group, we noted 15 consistent differences in protein expression (1, spots missing; 12, less abundant; and 2, more abundant) compared with the control group (P < .01). The findings revealed that heat shock proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and cytoskeleton proteins are the proteins mainly affected by varicocele disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, the present study is a novel study, with few studies describing the correlation between sperm protein in men with and without varicocele obtained using a 2-dimensional proteomic approach. It could be an important prerequisite to the development of diagnostic tests to predict varicocelectomy outcomes in patients with varicocele and abnormal findings on a spermogram in the clinical environment.
authors: Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Centre, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hani
authors: H
authors: Hosseinifar
authors: Hamid
authors: H
authors: Gourabi
authors: Ghasem Hosseini
authors: GH
authors: Salekdeh
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Alikhani
authors: Shahab
authors: S
authors: Mirshahvaladi
authors: Marjan
authors: M
authors: Sabbaghian
authors: Tahereh
authors: T
authors: Modarresi
authors: Mohmmad Ali Sadighi
authors: MA
authors: Gilani
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000328:Adult; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051152:Clusterin / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D029607:Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051152:Clusterin; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006023:Glycoproteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; C488892:PIP protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; D029607:Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins; C424482:seminal vesicle-specific antigen; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; C105131:PARK7 protein, human; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C428439:prostatic acid phosphatase; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases; C579804:ATP5F1D protein, human