title: Differential sensitivity to prevention programming: a dopaminergic polymorphism-enhanced prevention effect on protective parenting and adolescent substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate a genetic moderation effect of dopamine receptor-4 gene (DRD4) alleles that have 7 or more repeats on the efficacy of a preventive intervention to deter rural African American adolescents' substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (N = 502, M age = 16 years) were assigned randomly to the Strong African American Families-Teen (SAAF-T) program or to a control condition and were followed for 22 months. Adolescents provided data on substance use, and both adolescents and their primary caregivers provided data on intervention-targeted protective parenting practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male adolescents who carried at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats who were assigned to the control condition evinced more substance use across 22 months than did (a) carriers of at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats who were assigned to SAAF-T or (b) adolescents assigned to either condition who carried two alleles of DRD4 with 6 or fewer repeats. These findings were mediated by DRD4 × SAAF-T interaction effects on increases in intervention-targeted protective parenting practices, a mediated moderation effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results imply that prevention effects on health-relevant outcomes for genetically susceptible individuals, such as carriers of at least one allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats, may be underestimated.
authors: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia.
authors: Gene H
authors: GH
authors: Brody
authors: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia.
authors: Yi-Fu
authors: YF
authors: Chen
authors: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia.
authors: Steven R H
authors: SR
authors: Beach
authors: Department of Child and Family Development, University of Georgia.
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Kogan
authors: Center for Family Research, University of Georgia.
authors: Tianyi
authors: T
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University.
authors: Ralph J
authors: RJ
authors: Diclemente
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University.
authors: Gina M
authors: GM
authors: Wingood
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Windle
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Philibert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000483:Alleles; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005845:Georgia; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4
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