title: Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and significance of increased left ventricular (LV) trabeculation in highly trained athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional echocardiographic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports cardiology institutions in the UK and France.
  
  
  METHODS
  1146 athletes aged 14-35 years (63.3% male), participating in 27 sporting disciplines, and 415 healthy controls of similar age. The results of athletes fulfilling conventional criteria for LV non-compaction (LVNC) were compared with 75 patients with LVNC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of athletes with increased LV trabeculation and the number fulfilling criteria for LVNC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Athletes displayed a higher prevalence of increased LV trabeculation compared with controls (18.3% vs 7.0%; p ≤ 0.0001) and 8.1% athletes fulfilled conventional criteria for LVNC. Increased LV trabeculation were more common in athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean origin. A small proportion of athletes (n = 10; 0.9%) revealed reduced systolic function and marked repolarisation changes in association with echocardiographic criteria for LVNC raising the possibility of an underlying cardiomyopathy. Follow-up during the ensuing 48.6 ± 14.6 months did not reveal adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of young athletes exhibit conventional criteria for LVNC highlighting the non-specific nature of current diagnostic criteria if applied to elite athletic populations. Further assessment of such athletes should be confined to the small minority that demonstrate low indices of systolic function and marked repolarisation changes.
authors: Cardiovascular Research Centre, St. George's University of London, London, UK.
authors: Sabiha
authors: S
authors: Gati
authors: Navin
authors: N
authors: Chandra
authors: Rachel Louise
authors: RL
authors: Bennett
authors: Matt
authors: M
authors: Reed
authors: Gaelle
authors: G
authors: Kervio
authors: Vasileios F
authors: VF
authors: Panoulas
authors: Saqib
authors: S
authors: Ghani
authors: Nabeel
authors: N
authors: Sheikh
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Zaidi
authors: Mathew
authors: M
authors: Wilson
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Wilson
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Papadakis
authors: Francois
authors: F
authors: Carré
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult