title: Microfabricated mammalian organ systems and their integration into models of whole animals and humans.
abstract: While in vitro cell based systems have been an invaluable tool in biology, they often suffer from a lack of physiological relevance. The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo systems has been a bottleneck in drug development process and biological sciences. The recent progress in microtechnology has enabled manipulation of cellular environment at a physiologically relevant length scale, which has led to the development of novel in vitro organ systems, often termed 'organ-on-a-chip' systems. By mimicking the cellular environment of in vivo tissues, various organ-on-a-chip systems have been reported to reproduce target organ functions better than conventional in vitro model systems. Ultimately, these organ-on-a-chip systems will converge into multi-organ 'body-on-a-chip' systems composed of functional tissues that reproduce the dynamics of the whole-body response. Such microscale in vitro systems will open up new possibilities in medical science and in the pharmaceutical industry.
authors: Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jong H
authors: JH
authors: Sung
authors: Mandy B
authors: MB
authors: Esch
authors: Jean-Matthieu
authors: JM
authors: Prot
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Long
authors: Alec
authors: A
authors: Smith
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Hickman
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Shuler
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D055616:Microtechnology / Q000379:methods*
references: Anal Chem. 2007 Mar 15;79(6):2249-58
references: 17305308
references: Biomaterials. 2011 Jun;32(18):4267-74
references: 21453966
references: Int J Pharm. 1999 Jan 15;177(1):103-15
references: 10205607
references: Pharmacol Rev. 2005 Jun;57(2):173-85
references: 15914466
references: J Biomech. 2008 Aug 7;41(11):2396-401
references: 18644311
references: Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 Jun;17(11-12):1635-42
references: 21303256
references: J Neurosci Methods. 1995 Nov;62(1-2):111-9
references: 8750092
references: Neuroscience. 2007 May 11;146(2):481-8
references: 17383103
references: Anal Chem. 2010 Dec 15;82(24):9983-8
references: 21090751
references: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010 Sep;6(9):1063-81
references: 20540627
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Nov;31(32):8218-27
references: 20708792
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003 Jun 15;189(3):233-46
references: 12791308
references: Biophys J. 2008 Oct;95(7):3479-87
references: 18586852
references: Tissue Eng Part A. 2012 May;18(9-10):910-9
references: 22092279
references: Muscle Nerve. 2008 Apr;37(4):438-47
references: 18236465
references: Biomaterials. 2011 May;32(14):3575-83
references: 21324402
references: Microsc Res Tech. 2000 Apr 1;49(1):26-37
references: 10757876
references: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Jun;50(6):940-50
references: 21385587
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jun 10;5(6):e11042
references: 20548775
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012 May;18(5):349-57
references: 22092374
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Jul;31(21):5491-7
references: 20447685
references: Drug Metab Rev. 1996 Nov;28(4):591-623
references: 8959392
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2012 Sep;109(9):2173-8
references: 22488418
references: Lab Chip. 2011 Feb 7;11(3):389-92
references: 21157619
references: Nat Protoc. 2007;2(7):1795-801
references: 17641647
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2007 Jan-Feb;23(1):265-8
references: 17269697
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Oct;31(29):7586-98
references: 20643478
references: Electrophoresis. 2005 Dec;26(24):4751-8
references: 16358255
references: Biomaterials. 2011 Dec;32(36):9602-11
references: 21944471
references: Biomed Microdevices. 2009 Oct;11(5):1081-9
references: 19484389
references: Biofabrication. 2011 Sep;3(3):034112
references: 21881168
references: J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2012 May-Jun;65(3):126-35
references: 22521339
references: Biophys J. 2005 Feb;88(2):1489-95
references: 15533919
references: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 Aug;3(8):711-5
references: 15286737
references: Biomaterials. 2006 Aug;27(24):4374-80
references: 16647113
references: Lab Chip. 2009 Nov 21;9(22):3185-92
references: 19865724
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):G1105-9
references: 15890712
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Jun;40(6):1255-67
references: 22271245
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010 Jan 1;105(1):184-94
references: 19718695
references: Anat Rec. 1974 Dec;180(4):645-61
references: 4374100
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Jun;31(18):4880-8
references: 20346499
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Jan;26(1):120-6
references: 18026090
references: Lab Chip. 2012 Apr 7;12(7):1224-37
references: 22318426
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34704
references: 22509346
references: Biomicrofluidics. 2011 Jun;5(2):22212
references: 21799718
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(6):1756-61
references: 14656152
references: BMC Neurosci. 2011 May 11;12:40
references: 21569296
references: Lab Chip. 2011 Jul 7;11(13):2175-81
references: 21617793
references: Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1600-5
references: 16790553
references: Lab Chip. 2009 May 21;9(10):1385-94
references: 19417905
references: Biosens Bioelectron. 2006 Jan 15;21(7):1093-100
references: 15961304
references: Biomaterials. 2010 May;31(13):3613-21
references: 20149449
references: Lab Chip. 2012 Apr 24;12(10):1784-92
references: 22422217
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 12;109(24):9342-7
references: 22645376
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2007 Nov-Dec;23(6):1485-91
references: 17958443
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001 Mar 1;46(1-3):27-43
references: 11259831
references: Nature. 2003 Aug 21;424(6951):870-2
references: 12931155
references: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2006 Dec;17(6):619-27
references: 17046235
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Feb 15;177(1):51-9
references: 18955083
references: Nat Mater. 2007 Nov;6(11):908-15
references: 17906630
references: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2001 Sep;48(9):996-1006
references: 11534848
references: Front Neuroeng. 2011 Oct 19;4:13
references: 22025913
references: J Biotechnol. 2010 Jul 1;148(1):64-9
references: 20193719
references: Lab Chip. 2007 Jun;7(6):720-5
references: 17538713
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1):316-23
references: 14763858
references: Lab Chip. 2011 Dec 21;11(24):4165-73
references: 22072288
references: Lab Chip. 2012 Jun 21;12(12):2165-74
references: 22434367
references: Analyst. 2007 Sep;132(9):892-8
references: 17710264
references: Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Dec;21(8):1581-91
references: 17637504
references: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2010 Jan;48(1):59-65
references: 19924460
references: Toxicol Sci. 2005 Mar;84(1):110-9
references: 15590888
references: J Neurosci Methods. 1998 Aug 1;82(2):167-73
references: 9700689
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 08;5(1):e8643
references: 20062810
references: Anal Sci. 2012;28(3):197-9
references: 22451356
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2011 Sep;108(9):2129-40
references: 21495015
references: Bioessays. 2008 Sep;30(9):811-21
references: 18693260
references: Science. 2007 May 25;316(5828):1133-4
references: 17525324
references: J Pharm Sci. 1983 Oct;72(10):1103-27
references: 6358460
references: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010 Feb;16(1):55-64
references: 19728786
references: Biomaterials. 2007 Dec;28(34):5087-92
references: 17707502
references: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;60(6):581-3
references: 16305581
references: Nature. 2006 Jul 27;442(7101):403-11
references: 16871208
references: Mini Rev Med Chem. 2010 Oct;10(11):1071-6
references: 21044031
references: Pharm Sci Technol Today. 1999 Jan;2(1):7-12
references: 10234198
references: Lab Chip. 2012 Feb 7;12(3):515-45
references: 22179505
references: Biofabrication. 2010 Dec;2(4):045004
references: 21079286
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2010 Oct;20(5):640-7
references: 20739175
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012 Sep;18(9):667-76
references: 22435738
references: Anal Chem. 2010 Mar 15;82(6):2505-11
references: 20178370
references: Opt Lett. 2010 May 1;35(9):1374-6
references: 20436574
references: J Pharm Sci. 2009 May;98(5):1885-904
references: 18803264
references: Curr Drug Metab. 2005 Dec;6(6):569-91
references: 16379670
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2012 Aug;30(8):783-91
references: 22729031
references: Lab Chip. 2009 Jan 21;9(2):232-8
references: 19107278
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1):338-45
references: 14763861
references: Chem Biol Interact. 2012 Jul 30;199(1):1-8
references: 22640811
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Jul;23(7):879-84
references: 15965465
references: Lab Chip. 2012 Jan 7;12(1):219-26
references: 22094544
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2000 May-Jun;16(3):471-9
references: 10835251
references: Lab Chip. 2007 Dec;7(12):1759-66
references: 18030398
references: Drug Metab Rev. 2000 May;32(2):219-40
references: 10774777
references: Nano Lett. 2006 Mar;6(3):537-42
references: 16522058
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 27;104(48):18886-91
references: 18006663
references: Lab Chip. 2010 Feb 21;10(4):446-55
references: 20126684
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Mar;399(7):2313-29
references: 20676620
references: Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2011 Aug;5(4):255-73
references: 21372121
references: Lab Chip. 2010 Jan 7;10(1):51-8
references: 20024050
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Oct 15;104(3):516-25
references: 19575443
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Jun;40(6):1211-27
references: 22065201
references: Lab Chip. 2010 Oct 21;10(20):2778-86
references: 20835427
references: Neurotoxicology. 2010 Aug;31(4):331-50
references: 20399226
references: Science. 1970 Sep 25;169(3952):1331-3
references: 5454145
references: Lab Chip. 2010 Jan 7;10(1):43-50
references: 20024049
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):H719-25
references: 19933413
references: Cell Signal. 2009 Aug;21(8):1237-44
references: 19249356
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Sep 1;104(1):193-205
references: 19418562
references: Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1662-8
references: 20576885
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 May 1;103(1):187-98
references: 19137589
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2011 Aug 15;199(2):223-9
references: 21609734
references: Nat Protoc. 2007;2(9):2111-9
references: 17853866
references: Lab Chip. 2006 Feb;6(2):230-5
references: 16450032
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010 Dec;16(6):1347-55
references: 20337513