title: The protective effects of apocynin on kidney damage caused by renal ischemia/reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experimental study was designed to explore the protective effect of apocynin, the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, on kidney damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into a control group and three I/R groups (1-hour ischemia followed by 23-hour reperfusion). Three I/R groups were treated by apocynin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) at two different time points (before ischemia and during ischemia). The histopathological findings, including apoptotic changes, and also tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathion peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Cr) levels, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kidney tissue MDA and MPO, and serum BUN and Cr levels were found to be significantly higher in the I/R group, but there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH between the I/R and the control groups. Although apocynin significantly reduced MDA and MPO in group 3 and increased GPX in both treatment groups when compared to the I/R group, the elevated BUN and Cr levels were significantly reduced in treatment groups. Renal I/R injury also induced extensive tubular necrosis, glomerular damage, and apoptosis in the histological evaluation. Apocynin, especially when used during ischemia, ameliorated these histological damages in different amounts in treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beneficial effects of apocynin on renal I/R injury were evaluated for the first time.
authors: Department of Urology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. ramazan.altintas@inonu.edu.tr
authors: Ramazan
authors: R
authors: Altintas
authors: Alaadin
authors: A
authors: Polat
authors: Nigar
authors: N
authors: Vardi
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Oguz
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Beytur
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Sagir
authors: Azibe
authors: A
authors: Yildiz
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Parlakpinar
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C056165:acetovanillone