title: Anti-oxidative and cholinesterase inhibitory effects of leaf extracts and their isolated compounds from two closely related Croton species.
abstract: A comparative evaluation of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaf extracts of Croton gratissimus and Croton zambesicus (subgratissimus) and compounds isolated from the extracts was carried out to determine their potential and suitability or otherwise as a substitute for each other in the management of oxidative and neurodegenerative conditions. Different antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP, β-carotene-linoleic and the lipid peroxidation models) and the microplate assay for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were carried out separately to study the activities of the crude leaf extracts and four solvent fractions from each of the two Croton species. Bioassay guided fractionation was used to target antioxidant constituents of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of 20% aqueous methanol extract of C. gratissimus on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns resulted in the isolation of kaempferol-3-O-β-6''(p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside, 2), apigenin-6-C-glucoside (isovitexin, 3) and kampferol (4). The extract of C. zambesicus yielded quercetin-3-O-β-6''(p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside-3'-methyl ether (helichrysoside- 3'-methyl ether, 1), kaempferol-3-O-β-6''(p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside, 2) and apigenin-6-C-glucoside (isovitexin, 3). Three of the isolated compounds and their different combinations were also included in the bioassays. In all the assays performed, the antioxidant capacity and AChE inhibitory effects of C. zambesicus extracts were weaker than those of C. gratissimus. This suggests that C. gratissimus may not be substituted by  C. zambesicus, despite the similarity in some of their constituents. Generally, the combinations made from the isolated compounds showed better activities in most of the assays compared to the individual isolated compounds. This suggests mechanisms such as synergism and/or additive effects to be taking place. This study established low, moderate and high antioxidant activities as well as AChE inhibitory effects by the crude extracts, fractions, compounds and compound combinations. This means some of the extracts, isolated compounds and compound combinations could be useful in the management of neurodegenerative conditions and serve as sources of natural neurodegenerative agents.
authors: Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
authors: Ashwell R
authors: AR
authors: Ndhlala
authors: Mutalib A
authors: MA
authors: Aderogba
authors: Bhekumthetho
authors: B
authors: Ncube
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Van Staden
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029802:Croton / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001688:Biological Products; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010743:Phospholipids; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D019207:beta Carotene; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D019787:Linoleic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron
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