title: Regional brain morphometry and impulsivity in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and tobacco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Animal studies have suggested that prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) deleteriously influences the developing nervous system, in part attributable to its site of action in blocking the function of monoamine reuptake transporters, increasing synaptic levels of serotonin and dopamine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the brain morphologic features and associated impulsive behaviors in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and/or tobacco.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging data and behavioral measures were collected from adolescents followed up longitudinally in the Maternal Lifestyle Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 adolescent participants aged 13 to 15 years were recruited, 20 without PCE and 20 with PCE; a subset of each group additionally had tobacco exposure. Participants were selected and matched based on head circumference at birth, gestational age, maternal alcohol use, age, sex, race/ethnicity, IQ, family poverty, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcortical volumetric measures of the thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens; cortical thickness measures of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral medial prefrontal cortex; and impulsivity assessed by Conners' Continuous Performance Test and the Sensation Seeking Scale for Children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for covariates, cortical thickness of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly thinner in adolescents following PCE (P = .03), whereas the pallidum volume was smaller in adolescents following prenatal tobacco exposure (P = .03). Impulsivity was correlated with thalamic volume following either PCE (P = .05) or prenatal tobacco exposure (P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal cocaine or tobacco exposure can differentially affect structural brain maturation during adolescence and underlie enhanced susceptibility to impulsivity. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
authors: Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Barry M
authors: BM
authors: Lester
authors: Nurunisa
authors: N
authors: Neyzi
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Sheinkopf
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Gracia
authors: Minal
authors: M
authors: Kekatpure
authors: Barry E
authors: BE
authors: Kosofsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
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