title: Insulin resistance and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.
abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathological feature of metabolic syndrome and subsequently causes serious health problems with an increased risk of several common metabolic disorders. IR related metabolic disturbance is not restricted to carbohydrates but impacts global metabolic network. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), namely valine, leucine and isoleucine, are among the nine essential amino acids, accounting for 35% of the essential amino acids in muscle proteins and 40% of the preformed amino acids required by mammals. The BCAAs are particularly responsive to the inhibitory insulin action on amino acid release by skeletal muscle and their metabolism is profoundly altered in insulin resistant conditions and/or insulin deficiency. Although increased circulating BCAA concentration in insulin resistant conditions has been noted for many years and BCAAs have been reported to be involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and body weight, it is only recently that BCAAs are found to be closely associated with IR. This review will focus on the recent findings on BCAAs from both epidemic and mechanistic studies.
authors: Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China.
authors: Jingyi
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: Guoxiang
authors: G
authors: Xie
authors: Weiping
authors: W
authors: Jia
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Jia
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000378:metabolism*; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
references: J Nutr. 2009 Apr;139(4):715-9
references: 19244380
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 Jul 5;267(19):13127-30
references: 1377677
references: Diabetes. 2010 Oct;59(10):2444-52
references: 20682693
references: Mol Syst Biol. 2008;4:214
references: 18682704
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;300(1):E164-74
references: 20959535
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec;293(6):E1552-63
references: 17925455
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Feb;5(2):103-14
references: 17276353
references: N Engl J Med. 1969 Oct 9;281(15):811-6
references: 5809519
references: Endocr Rev. 2002 Apr;23(2):201-29
references: 11943743
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Sep;6(3):181-94
references: 17767905
references: J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1 Suppl):250S-3S
references: 16365092
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 3;106(44):18745-50
references: 19841271
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Jun;14(6):783-94
references: 10847581
references: Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1678-83
references: 19502541
references: J Nutr. 2005 Sep;135(9):2103-8
references: 16140883
references: Metabolism. 1988 Jul;37(7):672-6
references: 3290625
references: Metabolism. 2003 Jun;52(6):666-74
references: 12800089
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Feb;24(2):e13-8
references: 14766739
references: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001 Sep;4(5):419-23
references: 11568504
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jun;288(6):G1292-300
references: 15591158
references: Adv Enzyme Regul. 1997;37:271-93
references: 9381974
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jan;26(1):63-76
references: 16354680
references: Diabetes. 2013 Feb;62(2):639-48
references: 23043162
references: PLoS Med. 2008 Mar 11;5(3):e51
references: 18336063
references: Genes Dev. 2004 Aug 15;18(16):1926-45
references: 15314020
references: Am J Med. 2007 Mar;120(3 Suppl 1):S12-8
references: 17320517
references: Mol Syst Biol. 2012;8:615
references: 23010998
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jul;68(1):72-81
references: 9665099
references: Sci Transl Med. 2011 Apr 27;3(80):80re2
references: 21525399
references: J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1 Suppl):319S-23S
references: 16365106
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21187
references: 21731668
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;292(6):E1683-93
references: 17299083
references: Cell. 2002 Jul 26;110(2):177-89
references: 12150926
references: Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32 Suppl 1:S62-7
references: 19118289
references: J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):261S-267S
references: 12514305
references: N Engl J Med. 1970 Jan 15;282(3):166
references: 5409545
references: Cell Metab. 2009 Apr;9(4):311-26
references: 19356713
references: Diabetologia. 2010 Apr;53(4):757-67
references: 20076942
references: Diabetes. 2011 Mar;60(3):746-56
references: 21282364
references: Diabetologia. 2012 Feb;55(2):321-30
references: 22065088
references: Diabetes. 2001 Jan;50(1):24-31
references: 11147790
references: Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):927-30
references: 16690869
references: Nat Med. 2011 Apr;17(4):448-53
references: 21423183
references: Diabetes. 2007 Jun;56(6):1647-54
references: 17360978
references: Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 1):E273-81
references: 8779949
references: Pediatr Obes. 2013 Feb;8(1):52-61
references: 22961720
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;286(1):E64-76
references: 12965870
references: J Nutr Biochem. 1999 Apr;10(4):244-8
references: 15539297
references: Diabetes. 2005 Sep;54(9):2674-84
references: 16123357
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 9;285(15):11348-56
references: 20093359
references: Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):625-32
references: 10604196
references: Nature. 1991 Jul 4;352(6330):73-7
references: 1648180
references: J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 15;262(11):5129-32
references: 3031042
references: J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1855-61
references: 16772449
references: Endocrinology. 2006 Sep;147(9):4160-8
references: 16777975
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 May;24(5):552-8
references: 10849575
references: J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1302-16
references: 22115128
references: Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:59-85
references: 16011459