title: Blue laser irradiation generates intracellular reactive oxygen species in various types of cells.
abstract: Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after laser irradiation in various types of cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ROS are considered to be the key secondary messengers produced by low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Although various mechanisms for the effects of LLLT have been proposed, and intracellular ROS were indicated as the one of the key factors, direct measurement of intracellular ROS of several types of cells after different wavelength lasers irradiation has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various types of cells were used in this study: mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1), prechondrocytes (ATDC5), myoblasts (C2C12), mesenchymal stromal cells (KUSA-A1), lung cancer cells (LLC), insulinoma cells (MIN6), fibroblasts (NIH-3T3), human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa), macrophages differentiated from lymphocytes (THP-1) after treatment with phorbol ester, and rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). Cells were irradiated with a blue laser (wavelength: 405 nm), a red laser (wavelength: 664 nm) or a near infrared laser (wavelength: 808 nm) at 100 mW/cm(2) for 60 or 120 sec. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by fluorometric assay using the intracellular ROS probe, CM-H2DCFDA in a flow cytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a blue laser irradiation, intracellular ROS levels were increased in all types of cells. In contrast, intracellular ROS generation was not observed after irradiation with a red laser or near-infrared laser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential sources of intracellular ROS were excited by blue laser irradiation, resulting in ROS production within cells. Although the low-level intracellular ROS should be generated after a red or a near-infrared laser irradiation, the only high level intracellular ROS were detected by the ROS probe used in this study. As ROS are considered to be key secondary messengers, the specific functional regulation of cells by laser irradiation will be studied in a future study.
authors: Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan. toshi@ndmc.ac.jp
authors: Toshihiro
authors: T
authors: Kushibiki
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Hirasawa
authors: Shinpei
authors: S
authors: Okawa
authors: Miya
authors: M
authors: Ishihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species