title: Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of sorafenib in multiple myeloma: induction of cell death, CD138-downregulation and inhibition of migration through actin depolymerization.
abstract: Despite considerable advances, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and the development of novel therapies targeting the interplay between plasma cells (PCs) and their bone marrow (BM) microenvironment remains essential. We investigated the effect of various agents in vitro on the proliferation, phenotype, morphology, actin polymerization and migration of MM cells and, in vivo, the tumour growth of L363-bearing non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (NSG). In vitro, we observed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity with bortezomib and sorafenib. Using RPMI8226 cells co-expressing histone 2B-mCherry and cytochrome c-GFP, bortezomib- and sorafenib-induced apoptosis was confirmed, and both agents combined showed synergism. Sorafenib induced CD138-downregulation and abolished CXCL12-induced actin polymerization. L363 cells expressed CCR4 and CCR5 and migrated to their common ligand CCL5. Chemotaxis to BM stroma cells was notable and significantly reduced by sorafenib. Downregulation of phospho-ERK appeared relevant for the inhibition of actin polymerization and chemotaxis. Sorafenib alone, and combined with bortezomib, showed substantial antitumour activity in L363-bearing NSG. Correspondingly, sorafenib induced clinical responses in MM-/AL-amyloidosis patients. We conclude that, in addition to the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects of sorafenib, blocking of MM cell migration and homing represent promising mechanisms to interrupt the interplay between PCs and their supportive microenvironment.
authors: Department of Haematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Josefina
authors: J
authors: Udi
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Schüler
authors: Dagmar
authors: D
authors: Wider
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Ihorst
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Catusse
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Waldschmidt
authors: Dominik
authors: D
authors: Schnerch
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Follo
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Wäsch
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Engelhardt
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069286:Bortezomib; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D058105:Polymerization / Q000187:drug effects; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D053668:Syndecan-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011719:Pyrazines; C508241:SDC1 protein, human; D053668:Syndecan-1; D009536:Niacinamide; D000069286:Bortezomib; D000077157:Sorafenib; C535150:MAPK1 protein, human; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3