title: Profiling biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid using multiplex bead immunoassay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been investigated; however, measurements were limited by the small sample volume available. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of 40 different cytokines and chemokines in GCF samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with generalised chronic periodontitis participating in a supportive periodontal therapy programme with remaining probing pocket depths (PDs) of >5mm were enrolled. One healthy and two diseased sites were sampled in each subject. Forty biomarkers in GCF were examined using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Porphyromonas gingivalis from the diseased sites was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six biomarkers were detected in the GCF samples using the multiplex bead immunoassay. The levels of nine biomarkers were significantly different between the diseased and healthy sites after adjustment with Bonferroni's correction. The level of 26 biomarkers in diseased sites was compared between bleeding on probing (BOP)-positive and BOP-negative sites. Interleukin (IL)-1β and interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10 levels were significantly higher in BOP-positive diseased sites than BOP-negative diseased sites after adjustment for multiple comparisons (IL-1β, p=0.0007, IP-10; p=0.0009). In addition, the levels of IL-1β in GCF were found to be strongly correlated with the P. gingivalis ratio (r=0.646, p=0.0012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-1β levels in GCF correlate with the PDs, BOP and the presence of P. gingivalis in subgingival plaque. Multiplex bead assays can be useful in GCF studies. These findings can help in identifying new diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of periodontal disease.
authors: Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. shimada@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp
authors: Yasuko
authors: Y
authors: Shimada
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Tabeta
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Sugita
authors: Hiromasa
authors: H
authors: Yoshie
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000032:analysis; D058491:Bacterial Load; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007378:Interleukins; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases