title: Neglected tropical diseases of Oceania: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control.
abstract: Among Oceania's population of 35 million people, the greatest number living in poverty currently live in Papua New Guinea (PNG), Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands. These impoverished populations are at high risk for selected NTDs, including Necator americanus hookworm infection, strongyloidiasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF), balantidiasis, yaws, trachoma, leprosy, and scabies, in addition to outbreaks of dengue and other arboviral infections including Japanese encephalitis virus infection. PNG stands out for having the largest number of cases and highest prevalence for most of these NTDs. However, Australia's Aboriginal population also suffers from a range of significant NTDs. Through the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, enormous strides have been made in eliminating LF in Oceania through programs of mass drug administration (MDA), although LF remains widespread in PNG. There are opportunities to scale up MDA for PNG's major NTDs, which could be accomplished through an integrated package that combines albendazole, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and azithromycin, in a program of national control. Australia's Aboriginal population may benefit from appropriately integrated MDA into primary health care systems. Several emerging viral NTDs remain important threats to the region.
authors: Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Kline
authors: James S
authors: JS
authors: McCarthy
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Pearson
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Loukas
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Hotez
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044349:Oceania / Q000453:epidemiology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Apr;11(4):613-5
references: 15829203
references: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1570-5
references: 19410718
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jul;101(7):714-21
references: 17442353
references: Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Aug;14(8):926-9
references: 19552660
references: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 May;16(5):494-9
references: 9154544
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Mar 15;5(3):e986
references: 21423648
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):154-6
references: 21192890
references: J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Aug;38(4):401-4
references: 12174005
references: Trop Doct. 2010 Apr;40(2):68-9
references: 20305095
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Sep;5(9):e1305
references: 21949891
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Dec;40(12):4691-9
references: 12454174
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Jul;93(7):866-70
references: 19174394
references: Acta Trop. 1997 Dec;68(3):301-12
references: 9492915
references: J Med Entomol. 2004 Mar;41(2):133-50
references: 15061271
references: J Helminthol. 2005 Mar;79(1):1-14
references: 15831107
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Sep;30(3):542-5
references: 10774666
references: Rev Infect Dis. 1981 May-Jun;3(3):397-407
references: 7025145
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Aug;5(8):e1286
references: 21886851
references: Int J Parasitol. 2010 Aug 15;40(10):1119-26
references: 20412810
references: Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2011 Jun 27;2(2):4-8
references: 23908882
references: Int Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug;30(4):367-75
references: 20358257
references: N Z Med J. 2005 Jun 03;118(1216):U1492
references: 15937527
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):132-7
references: 21734138
references: Med J Aust. 1996 Sep 2;165(5):256-60
references: 8816682
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008 Jun 25;2(6):e256
references: 18575621
references: Med J Aust. 1995 Feb 6;162(3):150-4
references: 7854229
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Nov;20(11):1685-90
references: 16246186
references: Pathology. 1995 Apr;27(2):182-5
references: 7567150
references: Parasitol Int. 2006;55 Suppl:S203-6
references: 16352462
references: Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2010 Dec;34(4):375-95
references: 21413525
references: P N G Med J. 2002 Sep-Dec;45(3-4):206-12
references: 12968791
references: Ann Trop Paediatr. 2010;30(2):109-18
references: 20522297
references: Lancet. 2006 May 6;367(9521):1521-32
references: 16679166
references: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Oct;104(7):543-56
references: 21092392
references: Trends Parasitol. 2003 Dec;19(12):547-51
references: 14642761
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Oct;73(4):753-8
references: 16222021
references: N Z Med J. 2002 Mar 22;115(1150):121-3
references: 12013302
references: Med J Aust. 1997 May 19;166(10):532-5
references: 9196486
references: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998 Oct;22(6):709-13
references: 9848969
references: Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2011 Jun;35(2):61-131
references: 22010505
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Aug;27(2):391-3
references: 9709894
references: Med J Aust. 1996 Jan 1;164(1):18-21
references: 8559089
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977;71(5):396-400
references: 595094
references: P N G Med J. 2001 Mar-Jun;44(1-2):43-7
references: 12418677
references: Lancet. 2012 Jan 28;379(9813):342-7
references: 22240407
references: N Z Med J. 2009 Dec 11;122(1307):48-54
references: 20148044
references: Med J Aust. 2008 Aug 18;189(4):203-6
references: 18707563
references: Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2009 Jun;33(2):155-69
references: 19877534
references: J Paediatr Child Health. 1997 Apr;33(2):157-60
references: 9145361
references: N Z Med J. 2008 Jul 04;121(1277):61-9
references: 18677331
references: Med Trop (Mars). 2007 Apr;67(2):137-44
references: 17691431
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2002 Feb;128(1):29-36
references: 11895088
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(12):e344
references: 19065257
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2006 Oct;134(5):1068-73
references: 16569268
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Sep;5(9):e1224
references: 21980541
references: Int J Environ Health Res. 2004 Jun;14(3):163-77
references: 15203448
references: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2001 Dec;94(5):403-5
references: 11889942
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2006 Dec;134(6):1217-25
references: 16690001
references: J Med Microbiol. 2006 Nov;55(Pt 11):1559-1562
references: 17030916
references: Int J Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;15(9):e611-9
references: 21763173
references: Lancet. 2001 Mar 10;357(9258):770-1
references: 11253974
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):113-6
references: 21734134
references: Med Trop (Mars). 2003;63(6):611-3
references: 15077426
references: Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007 Mar;35(2):131-4
references: 17362453
references: Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76(6):575-9
references: 10191553
references: P N G Med J. 1997 Mar;40(1):14-25
references: 10365566
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(2):e1475
references: 22389729
references: Acta Trop. 2010 Jul-Aug;115(1-2):14-21
references: 19932071
references: Intern Med J. 2012 May;42(5):505-12
references: 21309994
references: N Z Med J. 2011 Apr 29;124(1333):29-31
references: 21750592
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Jun 23;3(6):e467
references: 19547749
references: Arch Pediatr. 2004 Sep;11(9):1046-53
references: 15350993
references: Acta Trop. 1998 Aug 15;71(1):27-44
references: 9776141
references: Med Trop (Mars). 1999;59(2):146-50
references: 10546187
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000 May;62(5):631-8
references: 11289676
references: Int J Parasitol. 2003 Sep 15;33(10):1079-85
references: 13129530
references: Parasitol Today. 1997 Dec;13(12):472-6
references: 15275135
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Jan;83(1):34-42
references: 15682247
references: Adv Parasitol. 2006;61:443-508
references: 16735171
references: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2007 May;100(2):133-8
references: 17727039
references: P N G Med J. 2008 Sep-Dec;51(3-4):105-19
references: 21061942
references: Int J Parasitol. 1999 Nov;29(11):1825-39
references: 10616929
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Feb;86(2):309-19
references: 22302868
references: Intern Med J. 2002 Nov;32(11):541-53
references: 12412938
references: Med J Aust. 2006 May 1;184(9):467-9
references: 16646749
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jul;9(7):884-5
references: 12899138
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Mar;76(3):549-52
references: 17360882
references: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Dec;104(8):623-40
references: 21144182
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Oct;83(4):914-6
references: 20889891
references: J Trop Med. 2011;2011:642832
references: 22235208
references: J Travel Med. 2011 Jan-Feb;18(1):59-60
references: 21199145
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Jan 26;4(1):e606
references: 20126272
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Apr;15(4):614-5
references: 19331750
references: N Z Med J. 2009 Dec 11;122(1307):39-47
references: 20148043
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Apr;30(4):362-6
references: 12671560
references: Sci Am. 2010 Jan;302(1):90-4, 96
references: 20063641
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Oct;5(10):e1222
references: 22039553
references: P N G Med J. 2004 Sep-Dec;47(3-4):181-91
references: 16862942
references: P N G Med J. 2000 Sep-Dec;43(3-4):172-82
references: 11939298
references: Acta Trop. 2000 Feb 25;75(1):127-30
references: 10708015
references: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010 Oct;34(5):527-30
references: 21040184
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Oct;21(4):626-38
references: 18854484
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2008 Apr;86(4):275-81
references: 18438516
references: Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2007 Mar;31(1):71-80
references: 17503646
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Nov 24;3(11):e554
references: 19936297
references: Parasitology. 1990 Apr;100 Pt 2:317-26
references: 2345664
references: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2007 Oct 30;102 Suppl 1:75-85
references: 17891282
references: Acta Trop. 1996 Sep;62(1):23-44
references: 8971276
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008 Sep 24;2(9):e300
references: 18820747
references: Adv Parasitol. 2010;72:31-53
references: 20624527
references: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2005 Apr;98(1):41-50
references: 15915973
references: N Z Med J. 2010 Sep 10;123(1322):21-38
references: 20930889
references: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Mar-Apr;95(2):139-42
references: 11355543
references: Med J Aust. 1997 Mar 3;166(5):241-4
references: 9076267
references: Intern Med J. 2008 Sep;38(9):697-703
references: 19143887
references: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Aug 25;3(8):e412
references: 19707588
references: P N G Med J. 2000 Sep-Dec;43(3-4):188-95
references: 11939300