title: Hepatitis B virus infection among first-time blood donors in Italy: prevalence and correlates between serological patterns and occult infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prospective, 1-year study was performed among Italian first-time, volunteer blood donors, who account for 12% of all donations, in order to assess the frequency and serological patterns of hepatitis B virus infection and the presence of occult infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive donors (n=31,190) from 21 blood transfusion centres, from age classes not subjected to universal HBV vaccination, were tested for HBsAg and anti-HBc by commercial immunoassays. Other HBV serological markers were searched for and qualitative and quantitative assessments of HBV-DNA were made in HBsAg and/or anti-HBc-positive individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 31,190 donors studied, 100 (0.32%) were positive for both HBsAg and anti-HBc, 2 for HBsAg (0.01%) alone, and 2,593 (8.3%) for anti-HBc. Of these last, 86.7% were also positive for anti-HBs (with or without anti-HBe), 2.9% were positive for anti-HBe without anti-HBs and 10.4% had no other HBV markers (anti-HBc alone). A general north-south increasing gradient of HBV prevalence was observed. Circulating HBV-DNA was found in 96.8% of HBsAg-positive subjects as compared to 0.55% (12/2,186) of anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative subjects, with higher frequencies among anti-HBs-negative than among anti-HBs-positive ones (1.68% vs. 0.37%; p <0.01) and among the 57 cases positive for both anti-HBc and anti-HBe (7%). HBV-DNA levels were significantly higher in HBsAg-positive subjects than in HBsAg-negative ones (median: 456 IU/mL vs. 38 IU/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of HBV infection among Italian first-time blood donors is much lower than in the past. The presence of occult infections in this group was confirmed (frequency: 1 in 2,599), supporting the hypothesis of long-term persistence of HBV infection after clearance of HBsAg. HBsAg and nucleic acid amplification testing for blood screening and vaccination against HBV are crucial in order to further reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HBV towards zero.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. luisa.romano@unimi.it
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Romanò
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Velati
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Cambiè
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Fomiatti
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Galli
authors: Alessandro Remo
authors: AR
authors: Zanetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D001782:Blood Donors; D058731:Blood Safety; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
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