title: The supraorbital endoscopic approach for tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The supraorbital eyebrow craniotomy is being increasingly used for the removal of frontal fossa, parasellar, as well as some middle and posterior fossa tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The indications, technical nuances, and complication avoidance techniques for the supraorbital keyhole approach with endoscopic assistance are described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The supraorbital approach is considered ideal for removal of many, if not most, planum and tuberculum sellae meningiomas, some olfactory groove meningiomas, as well as suprasellar craniopharyngiomas, particularly those with far lateral extensions. It is also ideal for many intra-axial tumors, including metastases and gliomas arising from the orbitofrontal, frontal pole, and medial temporal lobe regions. The use of endoscopy further extends the range and versatility of this keyhole approach and is considered an essential adjunct for allowing safe and maximal tumor removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supraorbital eyebrow craniotomy with endoscopic assistance provides minimally invasive access to a wide range of frontal fossa, parasellar, and some middle and posterior fossa tumors.
authors: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Wilson
authors: Brain Tumor Center & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute and Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA.
authors: Huy
authors: H
authors: Duong
authors: Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Teo
authors: Brain Tumor Center & Pituitary Disorders Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute and Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA. Electronic address: kellyd@jwci.org.
authors: Daniel F
authors: DF
authors: Kelly
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D018579:Patient Selection; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Craniopharyngioma; Endoscopy; Keyhole; Meningioma; Minimally invasive; Supraorbital approach; Supraorbital craniotomy