title: Minor physical anomalies in children with hearing impairment and normal controls.
abstract: The aim of this research was to assess differences in the frequency of individual minor physical anomalies (MPA) between healthy controls and children with hearing impairment (HI) and to find out whether some MPAs are more informative in discriminating between two groups than cumulative Waldrop's scores. The aim was also to investigate the influence of gender on MPA in children with HI and those with normal hearing (NH). The study was carried out on a sample of 424 children (121 children with hearing impairment (82 boys and 39 girls) aged from 5 to 18 and 303 healthy schoolchildren with normal hearing (152 boys and 151 girls) aged from 8 to 16). In HI children, the mean value of MPA was 2.2 times higher than in the controls. Binary Logistic Regression Model is entirely (with all 18 predictors) statistically significant, that is, it recognizes partial deafness. The comparisons between the studied groups of boys and girls HI and boys and girls NH showed a higher relative involvement of MPA in boys than in girls. MPA comparison of HI boys versus NH boys and HI girls versus NH girls according to topographic regions revealed that for HI children there were higher mean scores than for the same-sex controls from all regions, but differences are particularly pronounced in the ear and tongue region. However and that the difference is statistically significant for the majority of regions but this difference tended to be more pronounced in girls with relatively better expressed peripheral dysmorphia in the former and craniofacial dysmorphia in the latter. From the obtained results, it can be seen that in HI children, common etiological factors were probably in effect leading to physical anomalies and hearing impairments. Given the present findings of increased MPAs in HI children, further investigations are necessary to determine whether these developmental abnormalities arise from genetic factors or as a consequence of environmental influences.
authors: University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Zagreb, Croatia. zlatko.ulovec@sfzg.hr
authors: Zlatko
authors: Z
authors: Ulovec
authors: Tomislav
authors: T
authors: Skrinjarić
authors: Jelka
authors: J
authors: Jukić
authors: Dunja
authors: D
authors: Skoko-Poljak
authors: Zlatka Roksandić
authors: ZR
authors: Vrancić
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution