title: Nutrient intake, serum lipids and iron status of colligiate rugby players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are two main playing positions in rugby (backs and forwards), which demonstrate different exercise patterns, roles, and physical characteristics. The purpose of this study was: 1) to collect baseline data on nutrient intake in order to advise the athletes about nutrition practices that might enhance performance, and 2) to compare serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins (apo), lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and iron status of forwards and backs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sporting group was divided into 18 forwards and 16 backs and were compared with 26 sedentary controls. Dietary information was obtained with a food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences among the three groups. The forwards had the highest body weight, body mass index, percentage of body fat (calculated by sum of four skinfold thicknesses), as well as the highest lean body mass, followed by the backs and the control group. The mean carbohydrate intake was marginal and protein intake was lower than the respective recommended targets in all three groups. The mean intakes of calcium, magnesium, and vitamins A, B1, B2, and C were lower than the respective Japanese recommended dietary allowances or adequate dietary intakes for the rugby players. The forwards had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL2-C than the backs and had significantly higher apo B and LCAT activity than the controls. The backs showed significantly higher HDL-C, HDL3-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apo A-I, and LCAT activity than the controls. Four forwards (22%), five backs (31%), and three controls (12%) had hemolysis. None of the rugby players had anemia or iron depletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of our study indicate that as the athletes increased their carbohydrate and protein intake, their performance and lean body mass increased. Further, to increase mineral and vitamin intakes, we recommended athletes increase their consumption of green and other vegetables, milk and dairy products, and fruits. The forwards showed more atherogenic lipid profiles than the backs, whereas the backs showed not only anti-atherogenic lipid profile, but also showed more atherogenic lipid profile relative to the control group. Additionally, our study showed none of the rugby players experienced anemia and/or iron depletion.
authors: Faculty of Health Management, Department of Health and Nutrition, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan. himamura@niu.ac.jp.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Imamura
authors: Kazuhide
authors: K
authors: Iide
authors: Yoshitaka
authors: Y
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Kenya
authors: K
authors: Kumagai
authors: Reika
authors: R
authors: Oshikata
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Miyahara
authors: Kazuto
authors: K
authors: Oda
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Miyamoto
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Nakazawa
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