title: Level of trainee and tracheal intubation outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tracheal intubation is an important intervention to stabilize critically ill and injured children. Provider training level has been associated with procedural safety and outcomes in the neonatal intensive care settings. We hypothesized that tracheal intubation success and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events are correlated with provider training level in the PICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter observational cohort study was performed across 15 PICUs to evaluate tracheal intubation between July 2010 to December 2011. All data were collected by using a standard National Emergency Airway Registry for Children reporting system endorsed as a Quality Improvement project of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigator network. Outcome measures included first attempt success, overall success, and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported were 1265 primary oral intubation encounters by pediatric providers. First and overall attempt success were residents (37%, 51%), fellows (70%, 89%), and attending physicians (72%, 94%). After adjustment for relevant patient factors, fellow provider was associated with a higher rate of first attempt success (odds ratio [OR], 4.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24-5.68) and overall success (OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 6.56-13.1) compared with residents. Fellow (versus resident) as first airway provider was associated with fewer tracheal intubation associated events (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.31-0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across a broad spectrum of PICUs, resident provider tracheal intubation success is low and adverse associated events are high, compared with fellows. More intensive pediatric resident procedural training is necessary before "live" tracheal intubations in the intensive care setting.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care, UAMS/Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA. rcsanders@uams.edu
authors: Ronald C
authors: RC
authors: Sanders
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Giuliano
authors: Janice E
authors: JE
authors: Sullivan
authors: Calvin A
authors: CA
authors: Brown
authors: Ron M
authors: RM
authors: Walls
authors: Vinay
authors: V
authors: Nadkarni
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Nishisaki
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000592:standards*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome