title: Vein visualization: patient characteristic factors and efficacy of a new infrared vein finder technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the patient characteristic factors that correlate with identification of i.v. cannulation sites with normal eyesight. We evaluated a new infrared vein finding (VF) technology device in identifying i.v. cannulation sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject underwent two observations: one using the conventional method (CM) of normal, unassisted eyesight and the other with the infrared VF device, VueTek's Veinsite™ (VF). A power analysis for moderate effect size (β=0.95) required 54 samples for within-subject differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient characteristic profiles were obtained from 384 subjects (768 observations). Our sample population exhibited an overall average of 5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4-6.2] veins using CM. As a whole, CM vein visualization were less effective among obese [4.5 (95% CI 3.8-5.3)], African-American [4.6 (95% CI 3.6-5.5 veins)], and Asian [5.1 (95% CI 4.1-6.0)] subjects. Next, the VF technology identified an average of 9.1 (95% CI 8.6-9.5) possible cannulation sites compared with CM [average of 5.8 (95% CI 5.4-6.2)]. Seventy-six obese subjects had an average of 4.5 (95% CI 3.8-5.3) and 8.2 (95% CI 7.4-9.1) veins viewable by CM and VF, respectively. In dark skin subjects, 9.1 (95% CI 8.3-9.9) veins were visible by VF compared with 5.4 (95% CI 4.8-6.0) with CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African-American or Asian ethnicity, and obesity were associated with decreased vein visibility. The visibility of veins eligible for cannulation increased for all subgroups using a new infrared device.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, St Lukes Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. fchiao@gmail.com
authors: F B
authors: FB
authors: Chiao
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Resta-Flarer
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Lesser
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ng
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ganz
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Pino-Luey
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bennett
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Perkins
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Witek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007238:Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014680:Veins
keywords: catheterization; veins