title: Systemic antibiotic use among children and adolescents in Germany: a population-based study.
abstract: The aim of the study was to comprehensively describe antibiotic use among children and young adolescents in Germany. Outpatient prescriptions of systemic antibiotics to children (<15 years) were analysed using data from four German statutory health insurances for the years 2004 to 2006. Annual prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions was determined using the average number of insured children during the respective year as reference population. Annual antibiotic prescription rates were calculated per 1,000 person years. Both figures were stratified by age (0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years) and sex. Frequent indications for prescribing were analysed. Annual prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions rose from 35.68 % [95 % confidence intervals (CI), 35.62-35.75] in 2004 to 37.79 % [95 % CI, 37.72-37.86] in 2006. Prescription rates slightly increased by 6.01 % from 668.54 [95 % CI, 667.34-669.72] antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 person years in 2004 to 708.71 [95 % CI, 707.47-709.95] in 2006. In 2006, prescriptions of broad-spectrum penicillins (25.09 %), second-generation cephalosporins (18.11 %) and narrow-spectrum penicillins (16.45 %) were most frequent. The most common indication for antibiotic prescribing was tonsillitis followed by bronchitis, otitis media, acute upper respiratory infections and scarlet fever.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to other northern European countries, paediatric prescription rates are high in Germany. This and the frequent prescribing of broad spectrum agents for the treatment of mostly viral self-limiting conditions indicate limited adherence to evidence-based practice guidelines in antibiotic prescribing in the German outpatient setting.
authors: Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research (BIPS), Achterstr. 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors: Jakob
authors: J
authors: Holstiege
authors: Edeltraut
authors: E
authors: Garbe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
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