title: Socio-economic status, neighbourhood food environments and consumption of fruits and vegetables in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption are largely unmet. Lower socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood poverty and poor access to retail outlets selling healthy foods are thought to predict lower consumption. The objective of the present study was to assess the interrelationships between these risk factors as predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional multilevel analyses of data on fruit and vegetable consumption, socio-demographic characteristics, neighbourhood poverty and access to healthy retail food outlets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data from the 2002 and 2004 New York City Community Health Survey, linked by residential zip code to neighbourhood data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult survey respondents (n 15 634).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 9?9% of respondents reported eating $5 servings of fruits or vegetables in the day prior to the survey. The odds of eating $5 servings increased with higher income among women and with higher educational attainment among men and women. Compared with women having less than a high-school education, the OR was 1?12 (95% CI 0?82, 1?55) for high-school graduates, 1?95 (95% CI 1?43, 2?66) for those with some college education and 2?13 (95% CI 1?56, 2?91) for college graduates. The association between education and fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly stronger for women living in lower- v. higher-poverty zip codes (P for interaction,0?05). The density of healthy food outlets did not predict consumption of fruits or vegetables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher SES is associated with higher consumption of produce, an association that, in women, is stronger for those residing in lower-poverty neighbourhoods.
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Darby
authors: D
authors: Jack
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Neckerman
authors: Ofira
authors: O
authors: Schwartz-Soicher
authors: Gina S
authors: GS
authors: Lovasi
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Quinn
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Richards
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Bader
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Weiss
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Konty
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Arno
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Viola
authors: Bonnie
authors: B
authors: Kerker
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Rundle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D058870:Food, Organic; D005638:Fruit; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D009519:New York City; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
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