title: Potent nematicidal activity of phthalaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and cinnamic aldehyde against Meloidogyne incognita.
abstract: The nematicidal activity of selected aromatic aldehydes was tested against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The most active aldehyde was phthalaldehyde (1) with an EC(50) value of 11 ± 6 mg/L followed by salicylaldehyde (2) and cinnamic aldehyde (3) with EC(50) values of 11 ± 1 and 12 ± 5 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, structurally related aldehydes such as 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (21), 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and vanillin (23) were not active at the concentration of 1000 mg/L. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry the reactivity of tested aldehydes against a synthetic peptide resembling the nematode cuticle was characterized. At the test concentration of 1 mM, the main adduct formation was observed for 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (22), 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (21), and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Considering that 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (21) and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde were not active against M. incognita in in vitro experiments led us to hypothesize a different mechanism of action rather than an effect on the external cuticle modification of nematodes. When the toxicity of the V-ATPase inhibitor pyocyanin (10) was tested against M. incognita J2 nematodes, an EC(50) at 24 h of 72 ± 25 mg/L was found. The redox-active compounds such as phthalaldehyde (1) and salicylaldehyde (2) may share a common mode of action inhibiting nematode V-ATPase enzyme. The results of this investigation reveal that aromatic redox-active aldehydes can be considered as potent nematicides, and further investigation is needed to completely clarify their mode of action.
authors: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. caboni@unica.it
authors: Pierluigi
authors: P
authors: Caboni
authors: Nadhem
authors: N
authors: Aissani
authors: Tiziana
authors: T
authors: Cabras
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Falqui
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Marotta
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Liori
authors: Nikoletta
authors: N
authors: Ntalli
authors: Giorgia
authors: G
authors: Sarais
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Sasanelli
authors: Graziella
authors: G
authors: Tocco
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009764:o-Phthalaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000969:Antinematodal Agents; C013243:salicylaldehyde; D009764:o-Phthalaldehyde; D000171:Acrolein; C012843:cinnamaldehyde