title: Vitamin D and common mental disorders in mid-life: cross-sectional and prospective findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between vitamin D and common mental disorders (CMDs) remains unclear. We aimed to determine if behaviours affecting vitamin D concentrations differ between individuals with or without CMDs and evaluate, cross-sectionally and prospectively, the extent to which the association between 25(OH)D and CMDs are explained by these behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the 1958 British birth cohort (n = 7401). Behaviours were ascertained by questionnaire at age 45 years. CMDs (depression, anxiety, panic, phobia) were assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised at 45 years and depression using Mental Health Inventory-5 at 50 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with CMDs at 45 years differed from others on some but not all vitamin D related behaviours. There were inverse, cross-sectional associations at 45 years of 25(OH)D with depression and panic, which persisted after adjustment for vitamin D related behaviours (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40,0.81 and OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.40,0.81, respectively). Association between 25(OH)D and subsequent (50 years) risk of depression was non-linear (p = 0.01), with lower risk for participants with 25(OH)D between 50 and 85 nmol/l compared with those with lower or higher concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support for an association of low 25(OH)D concentrations with current and subsequent risk of depression in mid-adulthood.
authors: Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. Electronic address: jane.maddock.10@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Maddock
authors: Diane J
authors: DJ
authors: Berry
authors: Marie-Claude
authors: MC
authors: Geoffroy
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Power
authors: Elina
authors: E
authors: Hyppönen
mesh_terms: D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 / Q000097:blood; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; D002112:Calcifediol
keywords: 1958 British birth cohort; 25(OH)D; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CIS-R; CMD; Common mental disorders; Depressive symptoms; MHI-5; Mental health; SEP; Vitamin D; clinical interview schedule revised; common mental disorder; mental health inventory −5; socioeconomic position