title: Effects of morphine on associative memory and locomotor activity in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
abstract: Morphine can modulate the processes underlying memory in vertebrates. However, studies have shown various modulations by morphine: positive, negative and even neutral. The honeybee is a potential platform for evaluating the effects of drugs, especially addictive drugs, on the nervous system. However, the involvement of morphine in learning and memory in insects or other invertebrates is poorly understood. The current work evaluated whether morphine affects memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in honeybees, using the proboscis extension response (PER) paradigm. We demonstrated that morphine treatment (5 μg/bee) before training decreased the percentage of correct PERs and the response latency related to aversive rather than rewarding odors when tested after 1 or 24 h. Morphine treatment after training also caused a decrease in this latency when tested after 24 h. Meanwhile, morphine treatment reduced the ambulation distance when tested after 30 min. Our findings suggest that morphine impairs the acquisition of short- and long-term associative memory and slightly disrupts the consolidation of long-term memory in honeybees. These negative effects cannot be explained by reduced locomotion but by impaired memory associated with aversion.
authors: Biomedical Engineering laboratory, Information School, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Fu
authors: Yanmei
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Yao
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Li
authors: Yuanye
authors: Y
authors: Ma
authors: Jianhong
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009812:Odorants; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Jun;215(3):483-91
references: 21360010
references: Behav Brain Res. 2010 Aug 25;211(2):156-63
references: 20226816
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Sep;22(6):1409-16
references: 16190895
references: J Comp Psychol. 1983 Jun;97(2):107-19
references: 6872507
references: Physiol Behav. 2008 Sep 3;95(1-2):200-7
references: 18599094
references: J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 24;27(43):11736-47
references: 17959815
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2005 May;16(3):139-45
references: 15864068
references: Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2003 Sep;54(1):1-13
references: 12942511
references: Horm Behav. 2001 Nov;40(3):403-8
references: 11673913
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Dec;82(4):664-72
references: 16375953
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1996;19:379-404
references: 8833448
references: Front Syst Neurosci. 2008 Jun 24;2:3
references: 18958247
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Dec;97(2):256-61
references: 20801152
references: J Exp Biol. 2009 Jan;212(Pt 2):163-8
references: 19112134
references: J Neurosci. 2003 Nov 19;23(33):10495-502
references: 14627633
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004 Feb;77(2):191-7
references: 14751445
references: J Neurochem. 2001 Nov;79(3):626-35
references: 11701766
references: Anesthesiology. 1976 May;44(5):398-401
references: 1267205
references: Learn Mem. 2001 Mar-Apr;8(2):53-62
references: 11274250
references: Pharm Res. 2000 Oct;17(10):1220-7
references: 11145227
references: J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jul;80(1):1-27
references: 9658025
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;102(3):329-32
references: 2174567
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1998 Mar;69(2):92-105
references: 9619990
references: Life Sci. 2010 Jun 5;86(23-24):887-93
references: 20403365
references: Physiol Behav. 1997 Dec 31;63(1):75-80
references: 9402618
references: J Neurobiol. 2003 Jan;54(1):161-78
references: 12486703
references: Behav Brain Res. 2000 Oct;115(1):49-53
references: 10996407
references: Physiol Behav. 2011 Oct 24;104(5):754-60
references: 21839103
references: Curr Biol. 1998 Jan 15;8(2):109-12
references: 9427649
references: Curr Biol. 2006 Sep 5;16(17):1741-7
references: 16950113
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012 Mar;101(1):166-73
references: 22133634
references: Curr Biol. 2005 Nov 8;15(21):1953-60
references: 16271874
references: Neuroscience. 2007 Jul 29;147(4):1059-65
references: 17601672
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 15;90(20):9645-8
references: 8415755
references: Nature. 2006 Oct 26;443(7114):931-49
references: 17073008
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Oct;24(7):2031-8
references: 17067299
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983 Dec;19(16):921-4
references: 6657718
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999 Apr;9(2):223-7
references: 10322190
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Feb;17(4):771-81
references: 12603267
references: Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2006 Mar;5(1):24-40
references: 16816091
references: Learn Mem. 1998 May-Jun;5(1-2):146-56
references: 10454379
references: J Neurosci. 2010 May 5;30(18):6461-5
references: 20445072
references: Dev Neurobiol. 2007 Sep 1;67(10):1396-405
references: 17638385
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Jan;31(1):119-33
references: 20104653
references: J Insect Physiol. 2006 Oct;52(10):1083-92
references: 17028016
references: PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14;2(3):e288
references: 17372627