title: Cessation of photosynthesis in Lotus japonicus leaves leads to reprogramming of nodule metabolism.
abstract: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) involves global changes in gene expression and metabolite accumulation in both rhizobia and the host plant. In order to study the metabolic changes mediated by leaf-root interaction, photosynthesis was limited in leaves by exposure of plants to darkness, and subsequently gene expression was profiled by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and metabolite levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the nodules of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Photosynthetic carbon deficiency caused by prolonged darkness affected many metabolic processes in L. japonicus nodules. Most of the metabolic genes analysed were down-regulated during the extended dark period. In addition to that, the levels of most metabolites decreased or remained unaltered, although accumulation of amino acids was observed. Reduced glycolysis and carbon fixation resulted in lower organic acid levels, especially of malate, the primary source of carbon for bacteroid metabolism and SNF. The high amino acid concentrations together with a reduction in total protein concentration indicate possible protein degradation in nodules under these conditions. Interestingly, comparisons between amino acid and protein content in various organs indicated systemic changes in response to prolonged darkness between nodulated and non-nodulated plants, rendering the nodule a source organ for both C and N under these conditions.
authors: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Tsikou
authors: Chrysanthi
authors: C
authors: Kalloniati
authors: Mariangela N
authors: MN
authors: Fotelli
authors: Dimosthenis
authors: D
authors: Nikolopoulos
authors: Panagiotis
authors: P
authors: Katinakis
authors: Michael K
authors: MK
authors: Udvardi
authors: Heinz
authors: H
authors: Rennenberg
authors: Emmanouil
authors: E
authors: Flemetakis
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000494:pharmacology; D057486:Carbon Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003624:Darkness; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D000070116:Lotus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055432:Metabolomics; D009591:Nitrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D053204:Root Nodules, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D013213:Starch; D009591:Nitrogenase
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