title: An in vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of platelet-rich plasma, ketorolac, and methylprednisolone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of the anti-inflammatory effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in a controlled in vitro environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through the stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ), cell adhesion molecule expression (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and human leukocyte antigen DR) and PRP's anti-inflammatory effect can be measured. PRP was produced from 3 individuals using a single-spin (PRPLP) process. Treatment groups include negative (unstimulated) controls, positive (stimulated) controls, ketorolac tromethamine, methylprednisolone, PRP, ketorolac-PRP, and methylprednisolone-PRP. A fluorescence assay of the cellular inflammation markers was measured by the BioTek Synergy HT plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT) at 0, 1, 2, and 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At days 2 and 5, methylprednisolone treatment showed a 2.1- to 5.8-fold reduction (P < .05) in inflammation markers over PRP. In addition, PRP and ketorolac showed a 1.4- to 2.5-fold reduction (P < .05) in cellular inflammation markers over the control. There was no statistically significant difference between ketorolac and PRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although PRP and ketorolac reduced cellular inflammation markers (E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and human leukocyte antigen DR) compared with control, neither caused as great a reduction as methylprednisolone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although PRP and ketorolac did not produce as significant a reduction in cellular inflammation markers as methylprednisolone, they reduced cellular inflammation compared with the control. These agents may have clinical application as injectable anti-inflammatory medications.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06034, USA. mazzocca@uchc.edu
authors: Augustus D
authors: AD
authors: Mazzocca
authors: Mary Beth R
authors: MB
authors: McCarthy
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Intravia
authors: Knut
authors: K
authors: Beitzel
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Apostolakos
authors: Mark P
authors: MP
authors: Cote
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bradley
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Arciero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008775:Methylprednisolone; D020910:Ketorolac