title: The actin-regulating kinase homologue MoArk1 plays a pleiotropic function in Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: Endocytosis is an essential cellular process in eukaryotic cells that involves concordant functions of clathrin and adaptor proteins, various protein and lipid kinases, phosphatases and the actin cytoskeleton. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ark1p is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase (SPK) family that affects profoundly the organization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. To study the function of MoArk1, an Ark1p homologue identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, we disrupted the MoARK1 gene and characterized the ΔMoark1 mutant strain. The ΔMoark1 mutant exhibited various defects ranging from mycelial growth and conidial formation to appressorium-mediated host infection. The ΔMoark1 mutant also exhibited decreased appressorium turgor pressure and attenuated virulence on rice and barley. In addition, the ΔMoark1 mutant displayed defects in endocytosis and formation of the Spitzenkörper, and was hyposensitive to exogenous oxidative stress. Moreover, a MoArk1-green fluorescent protein (MoArk1-GFP) fusion protein showed an actin-like localization pattern by localizing to the apical regions of hyphae. This pattern of localization appeared to be regulated by the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins MoSec22 and MoVam7. Finally, detailed analysis revealed that the proline-rich region within the MoArk1 serine/threonine kinase (S_TKc) domain was critical for endocytosis, subcellular localization and pathogenicity. These results collectively suggest that MoArk1 exhibits conserved functions in endocytosis and actin cytoskeleton organization, which may underlie growth, cell wall integrity and virulence of the fungus.
authors: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Jiamei
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Du
authors: Haifeng
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Zhou
authors: Zhongqiang
authors: Z
authors: Qi
authors: Xiaobo
authors: X
authors: Zheng
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Wang
authors: Zhengguang
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D058685:Genetic Pleiotropy / Q000187:drug effects; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D025282:Mycelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D011312:Pressure; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D002686:Chitin; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C007061:C.I. Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28; D010544:Peroxidases; D011494:Protein Kinases
references: J Cell Sci. 2006 Nov 15;119(Pt 22):4585-7
references: 17093262
references: Eukaryot Cell. 2010 Oct;9(10):1504-18
references: 20693304
references: Genetics. 1994 Feb;136(2):517-32
references: 8150280
references: Fungal Genet Biol. 2002 Dec;37(3):233-44
references: 12431458
references: PLoS One. 2011 Feb 28;6(2):e17241
references: 21386978
references: Eukaryot Cell. 2009 Jan;8(1):37-46
references: 19028995
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jun;7(6):404-14
references: 16723976
references: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 24;6(1):e16439
references: 21283626
references: Curr Genet. 2009 Dec;55(6):593-600
references: 19756628
references: Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Feb;4(2):225-9
references: 15701784
references: Mol Microbiol. 2008 May;68(3):690-705
references: 18331474
references: J Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;122(1):53-65
references: 8391002
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Apr;5(4):309-16
references: 17325725
references: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Dec;62(5):1418-32
references: 17054442
references: Annu Rev Genet. 2000;34:255-295
references: 11092829
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22809
references: 21818394
references: Fungal Biol. 2011 Jun;115(6):541-6
references: 21640317
references: Mycol Res. 2006 Jan;110(Pt 1):4-13
references: 16378719
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 May;20(5):568-80
references: 17506334
references: Mol Microbiol. 2010 May;76(3):662-76
references: 20345666
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002450
references: 22241981
references: EMBO Rep. 2003 Mar;4(3):246-51
references: 12634840
references: Fungal Genet Biol. 2003 Aug;39(3):199-203
references: 12892632
references: Fungal Genet Biol. 2006 Oct;43(10):694-706
references: 16765070
references: Genetics. 1991 Jan;127(1):87-101
references: 2016048
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010 Dec;13(6):684-92
references: 20920884
references: Protoplasma. 2005 Oct;226(1-2):75-80
references: 16231103
references: Plant Cell. 2000 Sep;12(9):1703-18
references: 11006342
references: Int Rev Cytol. 2006;251:41-77
references: 16939777
references: Exp Cell Res. 1999 Feb 25;247(1):1-8
references: 10047442
references: J Cell Biol. 1993 Jan;120(1):55-65
references: 8380177
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Feb;7(2):e1001302
references: 21383978
references: Eukaryot Cell. 2008 Aug;7(8):1278-88
references: 18539885
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 May;21(5):525-34
references: 18393612
references: J Cell Biol. 2008 Mar 24;180(6):1219-32
references: 18347067
references: Plant Cell. 2002 Jan;14(1):71-86
references: 11826300
references: Curr Genet. 2010 Dec;56(6):517-28
references: 20848286
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2002 Aug;5(4):366-71
references: 12160854
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Feb;21(1):20-7
references: 19186047
references: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Mar;62(1):130-80
references: 9529890
references: Fungal Genet Biol. 2003 Feb;38(1):85-97
references: 12553939
references: Med Mycol. 2011 Jul;49(5):449-57
references: 21254965
references: Cell. 2003 Nov 14;115(4):475-87
references: 14622601
references: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 06;5(10):e13193
references: 20949084
references: Eukaryot Cell. 2003 Oct;2(5):886-900
references: 14555471
references: Plant Cell. 2006 Aug;18(8):2066-81
references: 16798890
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2010 Aug;23(8):1053-68
references: 20615116
references: J Microsc. 2000 Jun;198(Pt 3):246-59
references: 10849201
references: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Dec;74(5):1044-53
references: 19843220
references: J Cell Biol. 1999 Mar 22;144(6):1203-18
references: 10087264
references: Nature. 2000 Sep 14;407(6801):198-202
references: 11001059
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:491-512
references: 8905089