title: Patterns of anger expression among middle-aged Korean women: Q methodology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of anger expression in middle-aged Korean women by categorizing their patterns of expression while considering the complexity and multidimensionality of anger, and by investigating the characteristics relative to the patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research design was a descriptive design using Q methodology, which is a method of measuring subjectivity. A convenience sample of 42 participants aged 40-60 years and living in the community in Korea was recruited. The PC-QUANL software program (a factor analysis program for the Q technique) was used to analyze the Q-sort data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four factors were extracted that described different expressions of anger among middle-aged Korean women; these factors explained 50.1% of the total variance. The frames of reference of the four factors were a) direct diversion, b) silent masking with remaining anger, c) self digestion, and d) controlling anger with objectification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study has identified patterns and characteristics of anger expression among middle-aged Korean women were identified, which will aid the development of effective anger-management programs for controlling anger in this population. In future studies, it would be helpful to investigate how the patterns of anger expression established herein are associated with specific health problems such as cardiovascular disorder and cancer.
authors: Department of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors: Yong Mi
authors: YM
authors: Lee
authors: Geun Myun
authors: GM
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D044466:Asian People; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D011779:Q-Sort; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012649:Self Concept; D012984:Software; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anger; Middle aged; Women