title: Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers and coatings: a review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications.
abstract: Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers and coatings have been studied extensively over the past decade thanks to their numerous qualities such as effectiveness toward a broad spectrum of microorganisms, long-term stability, regenerability, safety to humans and environment and low cost. In this review, recent developments are described by emphasizing the synthesis of polymers and/or coatings having N-halamine moieties. Actually, three main approaches of preparation are given in detail: polymerization, generation by electrochemical route with proteins as monomers and grafting with precursor monomers. Identification and characterization of the formation of the N-halamine bonds (>N-X with X = Cl or Br or I) by physical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and by chemical reactions are described. In order to check the antimicrobial activity of the N-halamine compounds, bacterial tests are also described. Finally, some examples of application of these N-halamines in the water treatment, paints, healthcare equipment, and textile industries are presented and discussed.
authors: CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France.
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Hui
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Debiemme-Chouvy
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009579:Nitrobenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009579:Nitrobenzoates; D011108:Polymers; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C011136:thionitrobenzoic acid