title: Probability of cavitation for single ultrasound pulses applied to tissues and tissue-mimicking materials.
abstract: In this study, the negative pressure values at which inertial cavitation consistently occurs in response to a single, two-cycle, focused ultrasound pulse were measured in several media relevant to cavitation-based ultrasound therapy. The pulse was focused into a chamber containing one of the media, which included liquids, tissue-mimicking materials, and ex vivo canine tissue. Focal waveforms were measured by two separate techniques using a fiber-optic hydrophone. Inertial cavitation was identified by high-speed photography in optically transparent media and an acoustic passive cavitation detector. The probability of cavitation (P(cav)) for a single pulse as a function of peak negative pressure (p(-)) followed a sigmoid curve, with the probability approaching one when the pressure amplitude was sufficient. The statistical threshold (defined as P(cav) = 0.5) was between p(-) = 26 and 30 MPa in all samples with high water content but varied between p(-) = 13.7 and >36 MPa in other media. A model for radial cavitation bubble dynamics was employed to evaluate the behavior of cavitation nuclei at these pressure levels. A single bubble nucleus with an inertial cavitation threshold of p(-) = 28.2 megapascals was estimated to have a 2.5 nm radius in distilled water. These data may be valuable for cavitation-based ultrasound therapy to predict the likelihood of cavitation at various pressure levels and dimensions of cavitation-induced lesions in tissue.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. adamdm@umich.edu
authors: Adam D
authors: AD
authors: Maxwell
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Cain
authors: Timothy L
authors: TL
authors: Hall
authors: J Brian
authors: JB
authors: Fowlkes
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D004285:Dogs; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005780:Gelatin; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D045423:Microbubbles; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000069463:Olive Oil; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010938:Plant Oils; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D014867:Water; D005780:Gelatin
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