title: Self-reported aural symptoms, headache and temporomandibular disorders in Japanese young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the associations of aural symptoms, headache and depression with the presence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms in a young adult population in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A personal interview survey was conducted on first-year university students (n = 1,930) regarding symptoms of TMD, aural problems, headache, shoulder pain and depression. Logistic regression was applied to assess the associations of these problems with the presence of TMD symptoms after controlling for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 1,930 students, 543 students exhibited TMD symptoms and were classified into 7 groups: clicking only (Group I, n = 319), pain in the TMJ only (Group II, n = 21), difficulty in mouth opening only (Group III, n = 18), clicking and pain (Group IV, n = 29), clicking and difficulty in mouth opening (Group V, n = 48), difficulty in mouth opening and pain (Group VI, n = 11), and combination of three symptoms (Group VII, n = 97). The control group (n = 1,387) were subjects without any TMD symptoms. After adjusting for age and gender, a strong association was observed between TMD symptoms (Group II and IV) and tinnitus (OR = 12.1 and 13.2, respectively). TMD symptoms (Group I, II and III) were also associated with vertigo and headache. Otalgia and depression were significantly associated with the presence of clicking only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMD symptoms were significantly correlated to aural symptoms and headache. A functional evaluation of the stomatognathic system should be considered in subjects with unexplained aural symptoms and headache.
authors: School of Dentistry and Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Po Box 883, Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia. rakhter@csu.edu.au
authors: Rahena
authors: R
authors: Akhter
authors: Manabu
authors: M
authors: Morita
authors: Disuke
authors: D
authors: Ekuni
authors: Nur Mohammad Monsur
authors: NM
authors: Hassan
authors: Michiko
authors: M
authors: Furuta
authors: Reiko
authors: R
authors: Yamanaka
authors: Yoshizo
authors: Y
authors: Matsuka
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D044466:Asian People; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D004433:Earache / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D013334:Students; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000208:ethnology; D014495:Universities; D014717:Vertigo / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
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