title: Identification of DVA interneuron regulatory sequences in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identity of each neuron is determined by the expression of a distinct group of genes comprising its terminal gene battery. The regulatory sequences that control the expression of such terminal gene batteries in individual neurons is largely unknown. The existence of a complete genome sequence for C. elegans and draft genomes of other nematodes let us use comparative genomics to identify regulatory sequences directing expression in the DVA interneuron.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using phylogenetic comparisons of multiple Caenorhabditis species, we identified conserved non-coding sequences in 3 of 10 genes (fax-1, nmr-1, and twk-16) that direct expression of reporter transgenes in DVA and other neurons. The conserved region and flanking sequences in an 85-bp intronic region of the twk-16 gene directs highly restricted expression in DVA. Mutagenesis of this 85 bp region shows that it has at least four regions. The central 53 bp region contains a 29 bp region that represses expression and a 24 bp region that drives broad neuronal expression. Two short flanking regions restrict expression of the twk-16 gene to DVA. A shared GA-rich motif was identified in three of these genes but had opposite effects on expression when mutated in the nmr-1 and twk-16 DVA regulatory elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified by multi-species conservation regulatory regions within three genes that direct expression in the DVA neuron. We identified four contiguous regions of sequence of the twk-16 gene enhancer with positive and negative effects on expression, which combined to restrict expression to the DVA neuron. For this neuron a single binding site may thus not achieve sufficient specificity for cell specific expression. One of the positive elements, an 8-bp sequence required for expression was identified in silico by sequence comparisons of seven nematode species, demonstrating the potential resolution of expanded multi-species phylogenetic comparisons.
authors: Division of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. pws@caltech.edu
authors: Carmie
authors: C
authors: Puckett Robinson
authors: Erich M
authors: EM
authors: Schwarz
authors: Paul W
authors: PW
authors: Sternberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
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