title: Predictors of recurrent ingestion of gastrointestinal foreign bodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal foreign bodies are commonly encountered; however, little knowledge exists as to the causes of foreign body ingestions and why they occur repeatedly in some patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and define patients at high risk for recurrent foreign body ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of foreign body ingestion was conducted at a tertiary care medical centre over an 11-year period. Variables analyzed included age, sex, incarceration status, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV diagnosis, success of endoscopy, type of sedation used, method of extraction, complications, presence of gastrointestinal pathology, and incidence of recurrent food impaction or foreign body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 159 patients with a foreign body ingestion were identified. One hundred fourteen (77%) experienced a single episode of ingestion and 45 (23%) experienced multiple ingestions. Of the patients with multiple ingestions, 27 (60%) had recurrent food impactions while 18 (40%) ingested foreign objects. In the recurrent ingestor group, a psychiatric disorder had been diagnosed in 16 patients (35.6%) and there were 13 incarcerated individuals (28.9%). The average number of recurrences was 2.6 per patient (117 total recurrences). Individuals with a psychiatric disorder experienced 3.9 recurrences per patient, while prisoners averaged 4.1 recurrences per patient. The combination of a psychiatric disorder and being incarcerated was associated with the highest recurrence rate (4.33 per patient). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that male sex (OR 2.9; P=0.022), being incarcerated (OR 3.0; P=0.024) and the presence of a psychiatric disorder (OR 2.5; P=0.03) were risk factors for recurrent ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for recurrent ingestion of foreign bodies were male sex, being incarcerated and the presence of a psychiatric disorder.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors: Ian C
authors: IC
authors: Grimes
authors: Bret J
authors: BJ
authors: Spier
authors: Lisa R
authors: LR
authors: Swize
authors: Mary J
authors: MJ
authors: Lindstrom
authors: Patrick R
authors: PR
authors: Pfau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
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