title: Central systolic augmentation indexes and urinary sodium in a white population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between cardiovascular health and salt intake remains controversial. The objective of our study was to assess the association between arterial stiffness and urinary sodium, both cross-sectionally and prospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 630 participants (mean age 40.6 years; 51% women), randomly recruited from a Flemish population, we measured sodium and creatinine in 24-hour urine samples at baseline and follow-up (median, 9.7 years) and the carotid and aortic augmentation indexes (AIs) standardized to heart rate at follow-up only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From baseline to follow-up, the urinary sodium concentration decreased (117.1 vs. 105.2 mmol/L; P < 0.0001), whereas 24-hour urinary sodium did not change significantly (166.5 vs. 171.5 mmol/L; P = 0.12). In multivariable-adjusted longitudinal analyses, a 40 mmol/L (~1 SD) increase in the urinary sodium concentration was independently and inversely associated with the carotid AI (effect size, -1.38 ± 0.66%; P = 0.04) and aortic AI (-1.54 ± 0.72%; P = 0.02). In cross-sectional analyses of follow-up data, these estimates were -1.26 ± 0.70% (P = 0.07) and -1.52 ± 0.76% (P = 0.04), respectively. In the longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses, the carotid and aortic AIs were unrelated to the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed an inverse association between the central arterial AIs and the urinary sodium concentration. Further research is required to consolidate our findings, to unravel the underlying mechanism, and to establish the role of renal vasodilatation in the maintenance of sodium balance.
authors: Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Yan-Ping
authors: YP
authors: Liu
authors: Lutgarde
authors: L
authors: Thijs
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Kuznetsova
authors: Yu-Mei
authors: YM
authors: Gu
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Asayama
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Stolarz-Skrzypek
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Jin
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Verhamme
authors: Harry A J
authors: HA
authors: Struijker-Boudier
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: Staessen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D013599:Systole; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine
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