title: Intergenerational transmission of risk for social inhibition: the interplay between parental responsiveness and genetic influences.
abstract: To better understand mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety, we used a prospective adoption design to examine the roles of genetic influences (inferred from birth mothers' social phobia) and rearing environment (adoptive mothers' and fathers' responsiveness) on the development of socially inhibited, anxious behaviors in children between 18 and 27 months of age. The sample consisted of 275 adoption-linked families, each including an adopted child, adoptive parents, and a birth mother. Results indicated that children whose birth mothers met criteria for the diagnosis of social phobia showed elevated levels of observed behavioral inhibition in a social situation at 27 months of age if their adoptive mothers provided less emotionally and verbally responsive rearing environments at 18 months of age. Conversely, in the context of higher levels of maternal responsiveness, children of birth mothers with a history of social phobia did not show elevated levels of behavioral inhibition. These findings on maternal responsiveness were replicated in a model predicting parent reports of child social anxiety. The findings are discussed in terms of gene-environment interactions in the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. misaki.natsuaki@ucr.edu
authors: Misaki N
authors: MN
authors: Natsuaki
authors: Leslie D
authors: LD
authors: Leve
authors: Jenae M
authors: JM
authors: Neiderhiser
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Shaw
authors: Laura V
authors: LV
authors: Scaramella
authors: Xiaojia
authors: X
authors: Ge
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D012306:Risk
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;38(1):81-99
references: 9232459
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;49(12):1257-69
references: 18355216
references: Dev Psychol. 2001 May;37(3):387-403
references: 11370914
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;51(4):497-517
references: 20158575
references: J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Dec;23(8):1158-64
references: 19709850
references: Child Dev. 2006 Jan-Feb;77(1):44-58
references: 16460524
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;179:116-21
references: 11483472
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 May;36(5):637-44
references: 9136498
references: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Feb;10(1):84-95
references: 17539368
references: Dev Psychol. 2010 Sep;46(5):1147-58
references: 20822229
references: Dev Psychopathol. 2007 Fall;19(4):1129-46
references: 17931439
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2004 Nov;24(7):737-67
references: 15501555
references: Dev Psychol. 1999 Jan;35(1):223-31
references: 9923477
references: J Fam Psychol. 2008 Aug;22(4):529-40
references: 18729667
references: Psychol Rev. 1998 Oct;105(4):792-802
references: 9830380
references: Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;43(1):222-37
references: 17201521
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Oct;28(7):1249-65
references: 18614263
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;39(4):461-8
references: 10761348
references: Child Dev. 1988 Aug;59(4):852-67
references: 3168624
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:205-28
references: 12172001
references: Psychol Bull. 1992 May;111(3):387-412
references: 1594718
references: Dev Psychol. 2010 Mar;46(2):379-90
references: 20210497
references: Dev Psychol. 1999 Mar;35(2):569-79
references: 10082027
references: Dev Sci. 2007 Jan;10(1):1-11
references: 17181692
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Mar;27(2):155-72
references: 17112647
references: Am J Addict. 2011 Mar-Apr;20(2):143-50
references: 21314757
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan 1;51(1):44-58
references: 11801230
references: New Dir Child Dev. 1989 Spring;(43):49-61
references: 2710392
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;50(11):1331-8
references: 19207629
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;57(9):859-66
references: 10986549
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;36(7):918-24
references: 9204669
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;44(7):945-60
references: 14531577
references: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(2):93-121
references: 15297906
references: Child Dev. 2002 Mar-Apr;73(2):483-95
references: 11949904
references: Dev Psychol. 1997 Nov;33(6):1040-53
references: 9383626
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Jan;47(1):21-6
references: 2294852
references: Dev Psychol. 2006 Jul;42(4):627-42
references: 16802896
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar-Apr;47(3-4):313-37
references: 16492262
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;35(11):1511-7
references: 8936918
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Mar;56(3):317-25
references: 2926632
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;13(9):873-7
references: 18195713
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Jul;5(7):545-52
references: 15208696
references: Dev Psychopathol. 1997 Spring;9(2):251-68
references: 9201444
references: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005 Mar;60 Spec No 1:65-76
references: 15863711
references: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2009 Apr;116(4):503-12
references: 19137235
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1568-78
references: 11578982
references: Child Dev. 1991 Apr;62(2):250-63
references: 2055122
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;49(12):1313-20
references: 19120710
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1566-77
references: 12944328
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Dec 15;48(12):1199-209
references: 11137060
references: Psychol Sci. 2005 Dec;16(12):921-6
references: 16313653
references: Dev Psychopathol. 2005 Spring;17(2):271-301
references: 16761546
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;51(1):8-19
references: 8279933
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):273-81
references: 1558461
references: Psychol Bull. 2001 May;127(3):291-324
references: 11393298
references: Child Dev. 1987 Dec;58(6):1459-73
references: 3691195
references: Xin Li Xue Bao. 2008;40(10):1106-1115
references: 19458782
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;60(9):929-37
references: 12963675
references: Br J Clin Psychol. 1995 Feb;34(1):17-36
references: 7757037
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1673-9
references: 11579001
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998 Feb;33(2):80-8
references: 9503991
references: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002 Sep;31(3):364-74
references: 12149974
references: Dev Psychopathol. 2006 Winter;18(1):17-34
references: 16478550
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2008 Feb;117(1):32-47
references: 18266484
references: J Psychiatr Res. 1991;25(1-2):49-65
references: 2027095