title: The Stroop smartphone application is a short and valid method to screen for minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) detection is difficult because of the unavailability of short screening tools. Therefore, MHE patients can remain undiagnosed and untreated. The aim of this study was to use a Stroop smartphone application (app) (EncephalApp_Stroop) to screen for MHE. The app and standard psychometric tests (SPTs; 2 of 4 abnormal is MHE, gold standard), psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES), and inhibitory control tests (ICTs) were administered to patients with cirrhosis (with or without previous overt hepatic encephalopathy; OHE) and age-matched controls from two centers; a subset underwent retesting. A separate validation cohort was also recruited. Stroop has an "off" state with neutral stimuli and an "on" state with incongruent stimuli. Outcomes included time to complete five correct runs as well as number of trials needed in on (Ontime) and off (Offtime) states. Stroop results were compared between controls and patients with cirrhosis with or without OHE and those with or without MHE (using SPTs, ICTs, and PHES). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to diagnose MHE in patients with cirrhosis with or without previous OHE. One hundred and twenty-five patients with cirrhosis (43 previous OHE) and 134 controls were included in the original cohort. App times were correlated with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (Offtime: r = 0.57; Ontime: r = 0.61; P < 0.0001) and were worst in previous OHE patients, compared to the rest and controls. Stroop performance was also significantly impaired in those with MHE, compared to those without MHE, according to SPTs, ICTs, and PHES (all P < 0.0001). A cutoff of >274.9 seconds (Ontime plus Offtime) had an area under the curve of 0.89 in all patients and 0.84 in patients without previous OHE for MHE diagnosis using SPT as the gold standard. The validation cohort showed 78% sensitivity and 90% specificity with the >274.9-seconds Ontime plus Offtime cutoff. App result patterns were similar between the centers. Test-retest reliability in controls and those without previous OHE was good; a learning effect on Ontime in patients with cirrhosis without previous OHE was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Stroop smartphone app is a short, valid, and reliable tool for screening of MHE.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors: Jasmohan S
authors: JS
authors: Bajaj
authors: Leroy R
authors: LR
authors: Thacker
authors: Douglas M
authors: DM
authors: Heuman
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Fuchs
authors: Richard K
authors: RK
authors: Sterling
authors: Arun J
authors: AJ
authors: Sanyal
authors: Puneet
authors: P
authors: Puri
authors: Mohammad S
authors: MS
authors: Siddiqui
authors: Richard T
authors: RT
authors: Stravitz
authors: Iliana
authors: I
authors: Bouneva
authors: Velimir
authors: V
authors: Luketic
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Noble
authors: Melanie B
authors: MB
authors: White
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Monteith
authors: Ariel
authors: A
authors: Unser
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Wade
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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