title: Recognition and eye movements with partially hidden pictures of faces and cars in different orientations.
abstract: Inverted faces are more difficult to identify than upright ones. This even applies when pictures of faces are partially hidden in geometrical designs so that it takes some seconds to recognise them. Similar, though not as pronounced, orientation preferences apply to familiar objects. We compared the recognition times and patterns of eye movements for two sets of familiar symmetrical objects. Pictures of faces and of cars were embedded in patterns of concentric circles in order to render them difficult to recognise. They were presented in four orientations, at 90° intervals from upright. Two experiments were conducted with the same set of stimuli; experiment 1 required participants to respond in terms of faces or cars, and in experiment 2 responses were made to the orientation of the embedded image independently of its class. Upright faces were recognised more accurately and faster than those in other orientations; fixation durations were longer for upright faces even before recognition. These results applied to both experiments. Orientation effects for cars were not pronounced and distinctions between 90°, 180°, and 270° embedded images were not consistent; this was the case in both experiments.
authors: School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; e-mail:  n.j.wade@dundee.ac.uk.
authors: Nicholas J
authors: NJ
authors: Wade
authors: Benjamin W
authors: BW
authors: Tatler
keywords: cars; eye movements; face recognition; hidden figures; inverted faces
references: Perception. 2003;32(1):1-6
references: 12613781
references: Mem Cognit. 2007 Dec;35(8):1977-85
references: 18265613
references: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2007 Aug;33(4):995-1002
references: 17683242
references: Spat Vis. 2007;21(1-2):27-53
references: 18073050
references: Perception. 2010;39(2):173-83
references: 20402240
references: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Nov;167(1):49-55
references: 16082532
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:411-37
references: 18558862
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Jan;11(1):8-15
references: 17129746
references: Memory. 2009 Jul;17(5):577-96
references: 19548173
references: Acta Psychol (Amst). 2008 Jun;128(2):274-89
references: 18396260
references: Psychol Rev. 1998 Jul;105(3):482-98
references: 9697428
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 2007 Nov;19(11):1815-26
references: 17958484
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 Jan;22(1):203-11
references: 19302006
references: Nat Neurosci. 2000 Aug;3(8):759-63
references: 10903567
references: Perception. 2000;29(8):893-909
references: 11145082
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Aug;6(8):641-51
references: 16062171
references: Curr Biol. 2005 Dec 20;15(24):2256-62
references: 16360687
references: Spat Vis. 2007;21(1-2):165-84
references: 18073057
references: J Vis. 2009 Feb 09;9(2):7.1-16
references: 19271917
references: Perception. 2010;39(4):502-13
references: 20514998
references: Hum Nat. 2008 Dec;19(4):331-46
references: 26181746
references: Perception. 2005;34(6):639-44
references: 16042188
references: Coll Antropol. 2010 Sep;34(3):1075-80
references: 20977106
references: Perception. 2000;29(2):159-70
references: 10820599
references: Iperception. 2010;1(1):7-27
references: 23396904