title: Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes.
abstract: The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distributed C. raciborskii have not yet been observed in European waters. The aims of this work were to assess the occurrence of CYN in lakes of western Poland and to identify the CYN producers. The ELISA tests, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD, and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS were conducted to assess the occurrence of CYN in 36 lakes. The cyrJ, cyrA, and pks genes were amplified to identify toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria that are capable of producing CYN. The toxicity and toxigenicity of the C. raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from the studied lakes were examined. Overall, CYN was detected in 13 lakes using HPLC-MS/MS, and its concentrations varied from trace levels to 3.0 μg L(-1). CYN was widely observed in lakes of western Poland during the whole summer under different environmental conditions. Mineral forms of nutrients and temperature were related to CYN production. The molecular studies confirmed the presence of toxigenic cyanobacterial populations in all of the samples where CYN was detected. The toxicity and toxigenicity analyses of isolated cyanobacteria strains revealed that A. gracile was the major producer of CYN.
authors: Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kościuszki 1, 69-100, Słubice, Poland. kok@amu.edu.pl
authors: Mikołaj
authors: M
authors: Kokociński
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Mankiewicz-Boczek
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Jurczak
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Spoof
authors: Jussi
authors: J
authors: Meriluoto
authors: Edyta
authors: E
authors: Rejmonczyk
authors: Henna
authors: H
authors: Hautala
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Vehniäinen
authors: Jakub
authors: J
authors: Pawełczyk
authors: Janne
authors: J
authors: Soininen
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D017033:Anabaena / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D046890:Aphanizomenon / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D046891:Cylindrospermopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D060106:Lakes / Q000382:microbiology*; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011044:Poland; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013696:Temperature; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D014873:Water Pollutants; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil
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