title: Ecological Momentary Assessment of social functioning in schizophrenia: impact of performance appraisals and affect on social interactions.
abstract: Research concerning the complex interplay between factors that contribute to poor social functioning in schizophrenia has been hampered by limitations of traditional measures, most notably the ecological validity and accuracy of retrospective self-report and interview measures. Computerized Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMAc) permits the real-time assessment of relationships between daily life experiences, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In the current study, EMAc was used to record daily social interactions, subjective performance appraisals of these interactions (e.g., "I succeeded/failed"; "I was liked/rejected"), and affect in 145 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Participants completed electronic questionnaires on a personal digital assistant (PDA) four times per day for one week. Time-lagged multilevel modeling of the data revealed that more positive interaction appraisals at any point in a day were associated with greater positive affect which, in turn, was a strong predictor of more social interactions over subsequent hours. Social functioning, therefore, was linked to positive performance beliefs about social interactions that were associated with greater positive affect. The findings suggest a useful treatment target for cognitive behavioral therapy and other psychosocial interventions that can be used to challenge defeatist beliefs and increase positive affect to enhance social functioning in schizophrenia.
authors: Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA 92161, USA. egranholm@ucsd.edu
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Granholm
authors: Dror
authors: D
authors: Ben-Zeev
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Fulford
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Swendsen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment
references: Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 15;72(1):41-51
references: 15531406
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;169(4):364-73
references: 22407079
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;163(3):418-25
references: 16513862
references: J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Jun;44(8):499-505
references: 20006849
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Oct;73(4):687-702
references: 9325589
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Apr;31(3):440-8
references: 21130553
references: Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76
references: 3616518
references: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987 Sep;175(9):526-36
references: 3655778
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Mar 1;63(5):505-11
references: 17662256
references: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1-32
references: 18509902
references: Schizophr Bull. 2012 May;38(3):396-404
references: 22302902
references: Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2010 Aug;19(4):255-259
references: 22557707
references: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;21(3):251-62
references: 23395192
references: Psychiatry Res. 2012 Dec 30;200(2-3):193-201
references: 22749227
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Mar;153(3):321-30
references: 8610818
references: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Sep;34(5):856-74
references: 18667393
references: Schizophr Bull. 2012 May;38(3):384-5
references: 22234487
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):473-9
references: 14992973
references: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Sep;34(5):819-34
references: 18579556
references: Schizophr Bull. 2009 Sep;35(5):874-83
references: 19628761
references: Schizophr Bull. 2006 Apr;32(2):250-8
references: 16221995
references: Schizophr Bull. 2009 Jul;35(4):798-806
references: 18308717
references: Schizophr Bull. 2013 Jan;39(1):217-25
references: 22021660
references: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2009;18(1):48-57
references: 19195050
references: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Oct;194(10):774-9
references: 17041290
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992 Dec;63(6):1011-25
references: 1460554
references: Schizophr Res. 2005 Dec 15;80(2-3):213-25
references: 16137859
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;168(2):202-9
references: 21078705
references: Int J Eat Disord. 2003 Nov;34(3):349-60
references: 12949927
references: Schizophr Bull. 2010 Jan;36(1):143-50
references: 18562345
references: Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):413-24
references: 9718633
references: Schizophr Res. 2007 Jul;93(1-3):253-60
references: 17490858
references: Psychol Med. 2009 Sep;39(9):1533-47
references: 19215626
references: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987 Sep;175(9):509-13
references: 3655774
references: Schizophr Bull. 2008 May;34(3):507-14
references: 17932087
references: Schizophr Bull. 2007 May;33(3):805-22
references: 16931542
references: Psychol Sci. 2007 Sep;18(9):778-82
references: 17760772
references: Psychol Assess. 2009 Dec;21(4):498-505
references: 19947784