title: Development of DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-PROXY-U: generation of preference-based indices from DEMQOL and DEMQOL-PROXY for use in economic evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia is one of the most common and serious disorders in later life and the economic and personal cost of caring for people with dementia is immense. There is a need to be able to evaluate interventions in dementia using cost-effectiveness analyses, but the generic preference-based measures typically used to measure effectiveness do not work well in dementia. Existing dementia-specific measures can effectively measure health-related quality of life but in their current form cannot be used directly to inform cost-effectiveness analysis using quality-adjusted life-years as the measure of effectiveness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to develop two brief health-state classifications, one from DEMQOL and one from DEMQOL-Proxy, to generate health states amenable to valuation. These classification systems consisted of items taken from DEMQOL and DEMQOL-Proxy so they can be derived from any study that has used these instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first stage of the study we used a large, clinically representative sample aggregated from two sources: a sample of patients and carers attending a memory service in south London and a sample of patients and carers from other community services in south London. This included 644 people with a diagnosis of mild/moderate dementia and 689 carers of those with mild/moderate dementia. For the valuation study, the general population sample of 600 respondents was drawn to be representative of the UK general population. Households were sampled in urban and rural areas in northern England and balanced to the UK population according to geodemographic profiles. In the patient/carer valuation study we interviewed a sample of 71 people with mild dementia and 71 family carers drawn from a memory service in south London. Finally, the instruments derived were applied to data from the HTA-SADD (Study of Antidepressants for Depression in Dementia) trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a complex multiphase study with four linked phases: phase 1 - derivation of the health-state classification system; phase 2 - general population valuation survey and modelling to produce values for every health state; phase 3 - patient/carer valuation survey; and phase 4 - application of measures to trial data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four phases were successful and this report details this development process leading to the first condition-specific preference-based measures in dementia, an important new development in this field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first limitation relates to the lack of an external data set to validate the DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U classification systems. Throughout the development process we have made decisions about which methodology to use. There are other valid techniques that could be used and it is possible to criticise the choices that we have made. It is also possible that the use of a mild to moderate dementia sample has resulted in classification systems that do not fully reflect the challenges of severe dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented are sufficiently encouraging to recommend that the DEMQOL instruments be used alongside a generic measure such as the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) in future studies of interventions in dementia as there was evidence that they can be more sensitive for patients at the milder end of disease and some limited evidence that the person with dementia measure may be able to reflect deterioration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
authors: Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Mulhern
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Rowen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Brazier
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Smith
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Romeo
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Tait
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Watchurst
authors: K-C
authors: KC
authors: Chua
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Loftus
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Young
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Lamping
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Knapp
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Howard
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome