title: Dual therapy of vildagliptin and telmisartan on diabetic nephropathy in experimentally induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this article is to investigate the combination of telmisartan with vildagliptin therapy versus monotherapy of vildagliptin and telmisartan on diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In adult rats streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally to produce diabetic nephropathy. Rats of either sex allotted to the following groups: (i) triple therapy: metformin (120 mg/kg, o.d.) + pioglitazone (1.25 mg/kg, o.d.) + glimepiride (0.7 mg/kg, o.d.); (ii) dual therapy: vildagliptin (8.76 mg/kg, o.d.) + telmisartan (6.48 mg/kg, o.d.); (iii) vildagliptin (8.76 mg/kg, o.d.); and (iv) telmisartan (6.48 mg/kg, o.d.); therapy was carried out for 35 days orally. Weekly at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, blood pressure, blood glucose level, body weight, blood serum creatinine level, protein albumin level in urine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were estimated. Renal structural changes were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure, blood glucose level, blood serum creatinine level, protein albumin level in urine, BUN and renal deterioration increased significantly in diabetic rats compared with normal control rats. The vildagliptin + telmisartan treatment group showed no weight gain and controlled blood pressure, renovascular structural and biochemical parameters in diabetic neuropathy rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of telmisartan to vildagliptin demonstrated the best control over blood pressure, glycemia and diabetic nephropathy markers, renal structural changes and improvement of renal function as opposed to monotherapy with either drug, possibly because of the dual inhibitory effect on the renin-angiotensin system.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India ashishksharma2003@yahoo.com.
authors: Ashish Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Devendra Singh
authors: DS
authors: Kanawat
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Akanksha
authors: A
authors: Mishra
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Prashant Kumar
authors: PK
authors: Dhakad
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Prashant
authors: P
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Varnika
authors: V
authors: Srivastava
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Sneha
authors: S
authors: Joshi
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Megha
authors: M
authors: Joshi
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Sachin Kumar
authors: SK
authors: Raikwar
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, India.
authors: Muneem Kumar
authors: MK
authors: Kurmi
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, India.
authors: Bharthu Parthsarthi
authors: BP
authors: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013599:Systole / Q000187:drug effects; D000077333:Telmisartan; D000077597:Vildagliptin
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001565:Benzoates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D009570:Nitriles; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D003404:Creatinine; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D000218:Adamantane; D000077333:Telmisartan
keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; renin–angiotensin system (RAS); telmisartan add-on vildagliptin; type 2 diabetes mellitus