title: Oxidative stress and antioxidative potency are closely associated with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and vascular complications of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross sectional study was conducted at the Joint Laboratory Office (JLO), Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan from April 2010 to December 2011. Fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lipids, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), ankle brachial index and pulse wave velocity were measured in 51 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 healthy controls. The fundus oculi and Achilles` tendon reflex were also examined in the patients. Oxidative stress was measured by a reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) test and antioxidant potency was evaluated by a biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test in the Free Radical Analytical System (FRAS)-4. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was assayed using electron spin resonance (ESR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic patients tended to have increased ROM compared with healthy subjects, and ROM showed a marked increase with progression of diabetic retinopathy. A significant reduction of BAP was found in patients who were smokers, and BAP was significantly negatively correlated with UAE (p=0.029). Serum SOD activity significantly decreased with progression of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FRAS-4 measurements showed that increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidative potency are linked to deteriorated blood glucose control, heavy smoking, and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan.
authors: Rika
authors: R
authors: Naruse
authors: Mariko
authors: M
authors: Suetsugu
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Terasawa
authors: Keishi
authors: K
authors: Ito
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Hara
authors: Kohzo
authors: K
authors: Takebayashi
authors: Kimio
authors: K
authors: Morita
authors: Yoshimasa
authors: Y
authors: Aso
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Inukai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants