title: Usability and potential of geostatistics for spatial discrimination of multiple sclerosis lesion patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In multiple sclerosis (MS) the individual disease courses are very heterogeneous among patients and biomarkers for setting the diagnosis and the estimation of the prognosis for individual patients would be very helpful. For this purpose, we are developing a multidisciplinary method and workflow for the quantitative, spatial, and spatiotemporal analysis and characterization of MS lesion patterns from MRI with geostatistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We worked on a small data set involving three synthetic and three real-world MS lesion patterns, covering a wide range of possible MS lesion configurations. After brain normalization, MS lesions were extracted and the resulting binary 3-dimensional models of MS lesion patterns were subject to geostatistical indicator variography in three orthogonal directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By applying geostatistical indicator variography, we were able to describe the 3-dimensional spatial structure of MS lesion patterns in a standardized manner. Fitting a model function to the empirical variograms, spatial characteristics of the MS lesion patterns could be expressed and quantified by two parameters. An orthogonal plot of these parameters enabled a well-arranged comparison of the involved MS lesion patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method in development is a promising candidate to complement standard image-based statistics by incorporating spatial quantification. The work flow is generic and not limited to analyzing MS lesion patterns. It can be completely automated for the screening of radiological archives.
authors: Interdisciplinary Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Austria.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Marschallinger
authors: Stefan M
authors: SM
authors: Golaszewski
authors: Alexander B
authors: AB
authors: Kunz
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Kronbichler
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Ladurner
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Hofmann
authors: Eugen
authors: E
authors: Trinka
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: McCoy
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis
keywords: MS lesion pattern; Multiple sclerosis; geostatistics; magnetic resonance imaging; variography