title: Diurnal salivary cortisol is associated with body mass index and waist circumference: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroendocrine abnormalities, such as activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, are associated with obesity; however, few large-scale population-based studies have examined HPA axis and markers of obesity. We examined the cross-sectional association of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal salivary cortisol curve with obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress Study includes 1,002 White, Hispanic, and Black men and women (mean age 65 ± 9.8 years) who collected up to 18 salivary cortisol samples over 3 days. Cortisol profiles were modeled using regression spline models that incorporated random parameters for subject-specific effects. Cortisol curve measures included awakening cortisol, CAR (awakening to 30-min postawakening), early decline (30 min to 2-h postawakening), late decline (2-h postawakening to bedtime), and the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used to estimate adiposity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire cohort, both BMI and WC were negatively correlated with awakening cortisol (P < 0.05), AUC during awakening rise, and early decline and positively correlated to the early decline slope (P < 0.05) after adjustments for age, race/ethnicity, gender, diabetes status, socioeconomic status, β-blockers, steroids, hormone replacement therapy, and smoking status. No heterogeneities of effects were observed by gender, age, and race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher BMI and WC are associated with neuroendocrine dysregulation, which is present in a large population sample, and only partially explained by other covariates.
authors: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Shivam
authors: S
authors: Champaneri
authors: Xiaoqiang
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Mercedes R
authors: MR
authors: Carnethon
authors: Alain G
authors: AG
authors: Bertoni
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Seeman
authors: Amy S
authors: AS
authors: DeSantis
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Diez Roux
authors: Sandi
authors: S
authors: Shrager
authors: Sherita Hill
authors: SH
authors: Golden
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D044383:Black People; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
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