title: Metalloprotein-based MRI probes.
abstract: Metalloproteins have long been recognized as key determinants of endogenous contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of biological subjects. More recently, both natural and engineered metalloproteins have been harnessed as biotechnological tools to probe gene expression, enzyme activity, and analyte concentrations by MRI. Metalloprotein MRI probes are paramagnetic and function by analogous mechanisms to conventional gadolinium or iron oxide-based MRI contrast agents. Compared with synthetic agents, metalloproteins typically offer worse sensitivity, but the possibilities of using protein engineering and targeted gene expression approaches in conjunction with metalloprotein contrast agents are powerful and sometimes definitive strengths. This review summarizes theoretical and practical aspects of metalloprotein-based contrast agents, and discusses progress in the exploitation of these proteins for molecular imaging applications.
authors: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Yuri
authors: Y
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Jasanoff
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D008667:Metalloproteins; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide
references: Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Sep;26(7):994-8
references: 18479873
references: Biochemistry. 1990 Jul 10;29(27):6419-27
references: 2207083
references: J Mol Biol. 1969 Jan 14;39(1):235-8
references: 5408658
references: Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jul;25(6):1004-10
references: 17451901
references: PLoS Biol. 2012;10(2):e1001269
references: 22389629
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986 Dec;147(6):1263-70
references: 3535459
references: Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):604-8
references: 22556257
references: Bioconjug Chem. 1993 Sep-Oct;4(5):347-52
references: 8274518
references: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Feb;43(2):237-43
references: 10680687
references: Circulation. 2001 Jan 23;103(3):415-22
references: 11157694
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Mar;28(3):264-70
references: 20190737
references: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Nov;56(5):1096-106
references: 17036302
references: Inorg Chem. 2010 Mar 15;49(6):2589-91
references: 20141114
references: Nat Med. 2000 Mar;6(3):351-5
references: 10700241
references: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008;47(45):8568-80
references: 18825758
references: Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):855-62
references: 19675646
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994 May-Jun;4(3):497-505
references: 7802866
references: Mol Pharm. 2013 Jan 7;10(1):11-7
references: 22656692
references: Biomacromolecules. 2010 Jun 14;11(6):1429-36
references: 20420441
references: Magn Reson Imaging. 1985;3(1):11-6
references: 3923289
references: Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 21;48(6):862-4
references: 22125796
references: J Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 9;359(3):509-25
references: 16678204
references: Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 1;62(1):367-80
references: 22677164
references: Magn Reson Med. 1995 Jul;34(1):4-10
references: 7674897
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 1;89(13):5951-5
references: 1631079
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 15;89(12):5675-9
references: 1608978
references: Magn Reson Med. 2007 Nov;58(5):871-9
references: 17969126
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Jul 23;130(29):9260-7
references: 18576649
references: Neuroimage. 2009 Feb 15;44(4):1259-66
references: 19027861
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Feb 25;131(7):2484-6
references: 19199639
references: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Jul;56(1):51-9
references: 16724301
references: J Nucl Med. 2008 Dec;49(12):1905-8
references: 18997049
references: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jul;(244):3-6
references: 2663289
references: Acc Chem Res. 2008 Feb;41(2):179-89
references: 18281944
references: J Biotechnol. 2012 Dec 31;162(2-3):237-45
references: 23036923
references: J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 10;256(7):3245-52
references: 6259157
references: Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 16;59(2):1004-12
references: 21939774
references: Chem Rev. 1999 Sep 8;99(9):2293-352
references: 11749483
references: Chembiochem. 2003 Apr 4;4(4):265-71
references: 12672105
references: J Biol Inorg Chem. 2010 Aug;15(6):957-65
references: 20401622
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Sep;8(9):1263-8
references: 16116447
references: Chem Commun (Camb). 2003 Oct 21;(20):2574-5
references: 14594287
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;530:331-45
references: 14562729
references: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jun;59(6):1225-31
references: 18506784
references: Magn Reson Med. 1987 Oct;5(4):323-45
references: 2824967
references: Nat Med. 2007 Apr;13(4):498-503
references: 17351627
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Aug;20(8):816-20
references: 12134166
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Feb 2;133(4):649-51
references: 21171606
references: Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;42(4):703-10
references: 1435746
references: Magn Reson Med. 1995 Aug;34(2):227-33
references: 7476082
references: Lancet. 1984 Mar 3;1(8375):484-6
references: 6142210
references: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2002 Mar 15;41(6):1017-9
references: 12491298
references: Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Nov-Dec;18(6):1697-700
references: 17927227
references: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Nov;64(5):1260-6
references: 20677230
references: Nat Med. 2005 Apr;11(4):450-4
references: 15778721
references: Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2009 Mar-Apr;4(2):89-100
references: 19177472
references: Magn Reson Med. 1992 Jun;25(2):390-7
references: 1614324
references: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010;49(3):612-5
references: 20013829
references: Magn Reson Med. 2013 Sep;70(3):842-50
references: 23065715
references: ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012 Aug 15;3(8):593-602
references: 22896803
references: J Phys Chem B. 2010 Jul 8;114(26):8770-81
references: 20552972
references: Eur J Radiol. 1999 Feb;29(2):133-48
references: 10374661
references: Magn Reson Med. 1986 Apr;3(2):336-40
references: 3713499
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 3;103(40):14707-12
references: 17003117
references: J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 15;266(5):2997-3004
references: 1993673
references: Invest Radiol. 1985 Oct;20(7):693-700
references: 4066240
references: Nature. 1967 Dec 23;216(5121):1188-90
references: 6076063
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Dec 27;128(51):16626-33
references: 17177411
references: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Feb;47(2):257-63
references: 11810668
references: Langmuir. 2010 Nov 16;26(22):16745-53
references: 20879747
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;25(2):217-9
references: 17259977
references: Neuron. 2011 Apr 28;70(2):229-43
references: 21521610
references: Biophys J. 2008 Jul;95(1):342-51
references: 18326661
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9868-72
references: 2124706
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1936 Apr;22(4):210-6
references: 16577697
references: J Mol Biol. 1997 May 2;268(2):424-48
references: 9159481
references: Biosens Bioelectron. 2013 Feb 15;40(1):283-90
references: 22884649
references: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2001 Sep 3;40(17):3204-3206
references: 29712059
references: J Magn Reson. 2011 Feb;208(2):195-203
references: 21134772
references: Nat Med. 2001 Nov;7(11):1241-4
references: 11689890
references: Magn Reson Med. 1986 Apr;3(2):328-30
references: 3713497
references: Magn Reson Med. 1986 Apr;3(2):217-25
references: 3713487
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;20(24):9409-22
references: 11094091
references: Mol Imaging. 2010 Aug;9(4):201-10
references: 20643023
references: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Apr;49(4):609-14
references: 12652529
references: J Mol Biol. 2012 Sep 14;422(2):245-62
references: 22659321
references: Chembiochem. 2012 Nov 26;13(17):2567-74
references: 23150430
references: Magn Reson Med. 1996 Jul;36(1):61-5
references: 8795021
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;701:341-6
references: 21445807
references: Small. 2006 Oct;2(10):1144-7
references: 17193579
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106 Suppl 1:9995-10000
references: 19528653
references: Chembiochem. 2003 Apr 4;4(4):272-6
references: 12672106
references: Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):522-3
references: 1636086
references: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Oct;54(4):807-12
references: 16155869
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995 Sep-Oct;5(5):554-60
references: 8574041
references: Surg Clin North Am. 1985 Aug;65(4):1005-24
references: 3901341
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Mar 27;124(12):3152-62
references: 11902904
references: Dalton Trans. 2009 Feb 7;(5):800-4
references: 19156273
references: NMR Biomed. 1999 Feb;12(1):26-30
references: 10195326
references: Biochem J. 2007 Jul 15;405(2):199-221
references: 17590154
references: Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):823-30
references: 19675642
references: Neoplasia. 2005 Feb;7(2):109-17
references: 15802016
references: Magn Reson Med. 1989 Nov;12(2):151-63
references: 2615625
references: Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Feb;4(2):140-6
references: 9033595