title: A new technique that complements sentinel lymph node biopsy: lymph node dissection under the intercostobrachial nerves in early-stage breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arm lymphedema is a common complication after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), and there is no effective treatment. The clinical significance of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is to avoid the risk of arm lymphedema caused by ALND in cases in which the nodes are negative for cancer cells. In developed countries, sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization methods by using combined dye and radioactive tracer techniques predict the lymph node status in early-stage breast cancer with comparable success rates, accuracy, and false-negative rates. In fact, most researchers agree that the combined technique has significantly higher accuracy than marking the sentinel nodes with dye alone. In China, the radioactive tracer technique is mostly used in research but not in clinical surgery, where it is not permitted. The necessity of intercostobrachial nerves (ICBN) preservation is now accepted by the surgeons and has become the standard procedure in such dissections, which reduces postoperative skin numbness and loss of feeling in the upper arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, the data of 177 patients were analyzed to identify the feasibility of such an assignment and potential clinical significance of ICBN in dividing the axillary space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the mean value for the number of nodes under the ICBN was enough for accession, the lymphedema caused by axillary lymph nodes dissection under the intercostobrachial nerves (PALND) was similar with SLNB and lower than ALND, and the PALND can make up for SLNB in false negative (SLNs are negative, while non-SLNs are positive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALND under the ICBN could be considered a procedure complementary to SLNB in early-stage breast cancer in China, where the radioactive tracer technique is not widely applied.
authors: Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China.
authors: Jianyi
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Shi
authors: S
authors: Jia
authors: Wenhai
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Qiu
authors: Jinqi
authors: J
authors: Xue
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Gu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy