title: Blood oxygenation changes modulated by coil orientation during prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being investigated as a treatment for several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The direction of the cortical current induced by TMS can be modulated by the coil orientation and this influences the extent of neural depolarization. Although the optimal coil orientation has previously been established for motor cortex, identifying an optimal coil orientation for prefrontal areas is more challenging due to the absence of a motor response. The current study used near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate the impact of coil orientation on TMS induced changes in prefrontal blood oxygenation (HbO). It was hypothesized that a greater change in HbO would be observed when current was induced in a posterior to anterior direction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single pulse and trains of 1 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) were administered to the left prefrontal cortex while simultaneously recording HbO response bilaterally. The effect of coil orientation was examined at 45°, 135°, and 225° counterclockwise from midline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greatest changes in HbO were observed at a 45° orientation when both single and rTMS were applied, and only minor changes were observed at 135° and 225°. Application of short trains of rTMS at 45° resulted in transient increases in HbO that were significantly greater in magnitude than when the coil orientation was reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utility of NIRS for examining the TMS evoked physiological response at non-motor areas is highlighted in this study. Prefrontal HbO response evoked by TMS is sensitive to the direction of induced cortical current and it appears that the de facto 45° angle utilized in most clinical studies may prove to be optimal.
authors: Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPRC), The Alfred Hospital & Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Richard H
authors: RH
authors: Thomson
authors: Terrence J
authors: TJ
authors: Cleve
authors: Neil W
authors: NW
authors: Bailey
authors: Nigel C
authors: NC
authors: Rogasch
authors: Jerome J
authors: JJ
authors: Maller
authors: Zafiris J
authors: ZJ
authors: Daskalakis
authors: Paul B
authors: PB
authors: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009949:Orientation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain stimulation; Coil orientation; Cortical blood flow; Oxygenated hemoglobin; Prefrontal cortex; Transcranial magnetic stimulation