title: Parent praise to 1- to 3-year-olds predicts children's motivational frameworks 5 years later.
abstract: In laboratory studies, praising children's effort encourages them to adopt incremental motivational frameworks--they believe ability is malleable, attribute success to hard work, enjoy challenges, and generate strategies for improvement. In contrast, praising children's inherent abilities encourages them to adopt fixed-ability frameworks. Does the praise parents spontaneously give children at home show the same effects? Although parents' early praise of inherent characteristics was not associated with children's later fixed-ability frameworks, parents' praise of children's effort at 14-38 months (N = 53) did predict incremental frameworks at 7-8 years, suggesting that causal mechanisms identified in experimental work may be operating in home environments.
authors: University of Chicago, USA. liz.gunderson@temple.edu
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Gunderson
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Gripshover
authors: Carissa
authors: C
authors: Romero
authors: Carol S
authors: CS
authors: Dweck
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Goldin-Meadow
authors: Susan C
authors: SC
authors: Levine
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001076:Aptitude; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012737:Sex Factors
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