title: A molecular phylogeny for yponomeutoidea (insecta, Lepidoptera, ditrysia) and its implications for classification, biogeography and the evolution of host plant use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yponomeutoidea, one of the early-diverging lineages of ditrysian Lepidoptera, comprise about 1,800 species worldwide, including notable pests and insect-plant interaction models. Yponomeutoids were one of the earliest lepidopteran clades to evolve external feeding and to extensively colonize herbaceous angiosperms. Despite the group's economic importance, and its value for tracing early lepidopteran evolution, the biodiversity and phylogeny of Yponomeutoidea have been relatively little studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight nuclear genes (8 kb) were initially sequenced for 86 putative yponomeutoid species, spanning all previously recognized suprageneric groups, and 53 outgroups representing 22 families and 12 superfamilies. Eleven to 19 additional genes, yielding a total of 14.8 to 18.9 kb, were then sampled for a subset of taxa, including 28 yponomeutoids and 43 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses were conducted on data sets differing in numbers of genes, matrix completeness, inclusion/weighting of synonymous substitutions, and inclusion/exclusion of "rogue" taxa. Monophyly for Yponomeutoidea was supported very strongly when the 18 "rogue" taxa were excluded, and moderately otherwise. Results from different analyses are highly congruent and relationships within Yponomeutoidea are well supported overall. There is strong support overall for monophyly of families previously recognized on morphological grounds, including Yponomeutidae, Ypsolophidae, Plutellidae, Glyphipterigidae, Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Heliodinidae, and Bedelliidae. We also assign family rank to Scythropiinae (Scythropiidae stat. rev.), which in our trees are strongly grouped with Bedelliidae, in contrast to all previous proposals. We present a working hypothesis of among-family relationships, and an informal higher classification. Host plant family associations of yponomeutoid subfamilies and families are non-random, but show no trends suggesting parallel phylogenesis. Our analyses suggest that previous characterizations of yponomeutoids as predominantly Holarctic were based on insufficient sampling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide the first robust molecular phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea, together with a revised classification and new insights into their life history evolution and biogeography.
authors: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. jsohn@umd.edu
authors: Jae-Cheon
authors: JC
authors: Sohn
authors: Jerome C
authors: JC
authors: Regier
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Mitter
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: Davis
authors: Jean-François
authors: JF
authors: Landry
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Zwick
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D010944:Plants
references: Syst Biol. 2008 Oct;57(5):758-71
references: 18853362
references: PLoS One. 2010 Mar 29;5(3):e9933
references: 20360968
references: Proc Biol Sci. 2010 Sep 22;277(1695):2839-48
references: 20444718
references: Syst Biol. 2005 Oct;54(5):808-18
references: 16243764
references: Evolution. 2010 Apr 1;64(4):1098-119
references: 19895553
references: Syst Biol. 2002 Jun;51(3):492-508
references: 12079646
references: Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1079-83
references: 20147900
references: BMC Evol Biol. 2009 Dec 02;9:280
references: 19954545
references: Syst Biol. 2007 Jun;56(3):504-14
references: 17562474
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2012 Jan;62(1):472-84
references: 22067131
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Dec 27;363(1512):4013-21
references: 18852108
references: Bioinformatics. 2001 Dec;17(12):1246-7
references: 11751242
references: Evolution. 1998 Apr;52(2):486-502
references: 28568350
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Jul;25(7):1253-6
references: 18397919
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23408
references: 21829732
references: Syst Biol. 2011 Dec;60(6):782-96
references: 21840842
references: Annu Rev Entomol. 2016;61:277-96
references: 26667272
references: Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Mar;13(3):437-44
references: 8742632
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35574
references: 22536410
references: Zootaxa. 2013;3703:1-82
references: 26146682
references: BMC Evol Biol. 2011 Jun 24;11:182
references: 21702958
references: Syst Biol. 2008 Dec;57(6):920-38
references: 19085333
references: Syst Biol. 2009 Feb;58(1):130-45
references: 20525573