title: Chronic and acute pain and pain management for patients in methadone maintenance treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid addiction also require treatment for acute or chronic pain, and the presence of pain is known to have a negative impact on patient health and function. However, effective pain management in this population is complicated by many factors, including heightened pain sensitivity, high opioid tolerance, illicit substance use, and variable cross-tolerance to opioid pain medications. This article reviews the recent literature on acute and chronic pain among, and pain treatment of, patients receiving MMT for opioid addiction and discusses the implications for effective pain management. Acute pain management among women maintained on methadone during and after labor and delivery is also discussed, as well as common concerns held by patients and providers about appropriate pain management strategies in the context of methadone maintenance and addiction treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred nine articles were identified in a PubMed/MEDLINE electronic database search using the following search terms: methadone, methadone maintenance, methadone addiction, pain, pain management, chronic pain, and acute pain. Abstracts were reviewed for relevance, and additional studies were extracted from the reference lists of articles identified in the original search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain sensitivity and pain responses of MMT patients differ significantly from those of patients not maintained on opioids, and few data are available to guide patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigorous studies are needed to identify and evaluate effective pain management approaches for this unique patient population and to improve patient treatment outcomes.
authors: JBS International, Inc., 5515 Security Lane, Suite 800, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. eeyler@jbsinternational.com
authors: Elizabeth C H
authors: EC
authors: Eyler
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D008691:Methadone