title: Studies of scleral biomechanical behavior related to susceptibility for retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental mouse glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study anatomical changes and mechanical behavior of the sclera in mice with experimental glaucoma by comparing CD1 to B6 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic experimental glaucoma for 6 weeks was produced in 2- to 4-month-old CD1 (43 eyes) and B6 mice (42 eyes) using polystyrene bead injection into the anterior chamber with 126 control CD1 and 128 control B6 eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made with the TonoLab at baseline and after bead injection. Axial length and scleral thickness were measured after sacrifice in the CD1 and B6 animals and compared to length data from 78 eyes of DBA/2J mice. Inflation testing of posterior sclera was conducted, and circumferential and meridional strain components were determined from the displacement response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental glaucoma led to increases in axial length and width by comparison to fellow eyes (6% in CD1 and 10% in B6; all P < 0.03). While the peripapillary sclera became thinner in both mouse types with glaucoma, the remainder of the sclera uniformly thinned in CD1, but thickened in B6. Peripapillary sclera in CD1 controls had significantly greater temporal meridional strain than B6 and had differences in the ratios of meridional to effective circumferential strain from B6 mice. In both CD1 and B6 mice, exposure to chronic IOP elevation resulted in stiffer pressure-strain responses for both the effective circumferential and meridional strains (multivariable regression model, P = 0.01-0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer eyes, greater scleral strain in some directions at baseline, and generalized scleral thinning after glaucoma were characteristic of CD1 mice that have greater tendency to retinal ganglion cell damage than B6 mice. Increased scleral stiffness after glaucoma exposure in mice mimics findings in monkey and human glaucoma eyes.
authors: Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: Nguyen
authors: Frances E
authors: FE
authors: Cone
authors: Thao D
authors: TD
authors: Nguyen
authors: Baptiste
authors: B
authors: Coudrillier
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Pease
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Steinhart
authors: Ericka N
authors: EN
authors: Oglesby
authors: Joan L
authors: JL
authors: Jefferys
authors: Harry A
authors: HA
authors: Quigley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004548:Elasticity; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D012590:Sclera / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 May;47(5):1794-802
references: 16638983
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jul;48(7):3209-15
references: 17591890
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Jul;108(7):1020-4
references: 2369339
references: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005 Jan;24(1):39-73
references: 15555526
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Aug;115(8):1031-5
references: 9258226
references: Ophthalmology. 1979 Oct;86(10):1803-30
references: 553256
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4170-81
references: 16249496
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 May;141(5):868-75
references: 16527231
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 1990 Feb 15;109(2):180-8
references: 2405683
references: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994 May;232(5):257-61
references: 8045433
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 May;95(5):673-91
references: 6846459
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Sep;33(10):2891-903
references: 1526740
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 1991 Sep;75(9):552-7
references: 1911659
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1981 Jan;99(1):137-43
references: 7458737
references: Exp Eye Res. 1997 Jan;64(1):85-96
references: 9093024
references: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Feb;90(2):277-84
references: 19900442
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 1977 Sep;84(3):358-70
references: 900230
references: Curr Eye Res. 1991 Sep;10(9):877-88
references: 1790718
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Mar 30;52(3):1896-907
references: 20881292
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Sep;49(9):4046-50
references: 18487379
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 May;129(5):562-8
references: 21555607
references: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;243(6):513-8
references: 15756577
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Feb 11;52(2):821-9
references: 21051726
references: Nat Protoc. 2010 Sep;5(10):1642-51
references: 20885376
references: J Glaucoma. 2007 Jun-Jul;16(4):406-18
references: 17571004
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Dec;42(13):3202-8
references: 11726623
references: Exp Eye Res. 2006 Feb;82(2):185-200
references: 16202407
references: Exp Eye Res. 1998 Nov;67(5):517-24
references: 9878213
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Dec 28;52(13):9684-93
references: 22076988
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1981 Apr;99(4):635-49
references: 6164357
references: J Biomech Eng. 2009 May;131(5):051012
references: 19388782
references: Ophthalmology. 1995 Jun;102(6):878-86
references: 7777294
references: Mech Res Commun. 2012 Jun;42:92-106
references: 23109748
references: Exp Eye Res. 1972 Jul;14(1):29-39
references: 5039845
references: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Feb;90(2):210-5
references: 19853602
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul 29;52(8):5656-69
references: 21519033
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Mar;108(3):393-8
references: 2310342
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Nov;50(11):5226-37
references: 19494203
references: Mol Vis. 2012;18:1093-106
references: 22701298
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;139(6):999-1009
references: 15953429
references: Ophthalmology. 1996 Oct;103(10):1680-5
references: 8874442
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 May;50(5):2175-84
references: 19387083
references: Exp Eye Res. 2011 Jul;93(1):4-12
references: 20883693
references: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Dec;91(6):866-75
references: 20868685
references: J Comp Neurol. 2009 Sep 1;516(1):1-19
references: 19562764
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Aug;107(8):1232-4
references: 2527025
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Feb;125(2):237-41
references: 9467451
references: Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1397-400
references: 17690259
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Apr;46(4):1286-90
references: 15790892
references: Exp Eye Res. 2012 Jun;99:27-35
references: 22554836
references: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Sep;91(3):415-24
references: 20599961
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4189-99
references: 16249498
references: Eye (Lond). 2009 Mar;23(3):606-11
references: 18309334
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Feb;43(2):402-10
references: 11818384
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;90(3):262-7
references: 16488940
references: Structure. 2004 Feb;12(2):249-56
references: 14962385
references: Ophthalmology. 2004 Sep;111(9):1627-35
references: 15350314
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jun 01;52(6):3475-82
references: 21310907
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 Apr;36(5):774-86
references: 7706025
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jul;48(7):3195-208
references: 17591889
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Nov 11;52(12):8818-27
references: 22003117
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb;46(2):540-6
references: 15671280
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Jan;100(1):135-46
references: 7055464
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Nov;51(11):5675-84
references: 20538991
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Sep 09;52(10):7109-21
references: 21715355
references: Acta Biomater. 2010 Nov;6(11):4327-35
references: 20558331
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Jul;41(8):2028-34
references: 10892839
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Mar;39(3):526-31
references: 9501862
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Apr;51(4):2003-10
references: 19737875
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Aug 07;53(9):5258-70
references: 22786908
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Oct;120(10):1268-79
references: 12365904
references: Am J Ophthalmol. 1987 Dec 15;104(6):567-76
references: 3318474
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Apr 02;53(4):1714-28
references: 22395883