title: Plasma concentrations of melengestrol acetate in humans extrapolated from the pharmacokinetics established in in vivo experiments with rats and chimeric mice with humanized liver and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
abstract: Some synthetic chemicals are suspected to be responsible for adverse effects on endocrine function. Sex hormones administered to farm animals are of particular interest because of their regulatory role in developmental processes. To predict concentrations in humans of the synthetic growth promoter melengestrol acetate (17α-acetoxy-6-methyl-16-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione), a forward dosimetry approach was carried out using data from no-observed-adverse-effect-level doses orally administered to mice or rats and from in vitro human and rodent experiments. Human liver microsomes preferentially mediated 2-hydroxylation of melengestrol acetate, but rodent livers produced additional unidentified hydroxymetabolites. Adjusted animal biomonitoring equivalents for melengestrol acetate from mouse and rat studies were scaled to human biomonitoring equivalents using known species allometric scaling factors and human metabolic data with a simple physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Melengestrol acetate elimination in humans was estimated to be slow compared with elimination in rodents. The disposition of melengestrol acetate in humans was evaluated using chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized liver. The results suggest the usefulness of simplified PBPK modeling combined with in vitro and in vivo experiments and literature resources as well as a future interest in estimating by a full PBPK modeling using another bottom up system. This model may also be useful for risk evaluation and for simulating plasma concentrations resulting from exposure to low doses of melengestrol acetate and related compounds.
authors: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
authors: Ai
authors: A
authors: Tsukada
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Suemizu
authors: Norie
authors: N
authors: Murayama
authors: Ryohji
authors: R
authors: Takano
authors: Makiko
authors: M
authors: Shimizu
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Nakamura
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Yamazaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002678:Chimera / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008552:Melengestrol Acetate / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008552:Melengestrol Acetate