title: Depressive symptomatology, exercise adherence, and fitness are associated with reduced cognitive performance in heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is common in heart failure (HF) and associated with reduced cognitive function. The current study used structrual equation modeling to examine whether depression adversely impacts cognitive function in HF through its adverse affects on exercise adherence and cardiovascular fitness.
  
  
  METHODS
  158 HF patients completed neuropsychological testing, physical fitness test, Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), and measures assessing exercise adherence and physical exertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model demonstrated excellent model fit and increased scores on the BDI-II negatively affected exercise adherence and cardiovascular fitness. There was a strong inverse association between cardiovascular fitness and cognitive function. Sobel test showed a significant indirect pathway between the BDI-II and cognitive function through cardiovascular fitness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests depression in HF may adversely impact cognitive function through reduced cardiovascular fitness. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether treatment of depression can lead to better lifestyle behaviors and ultimately improve neurocognitive outcomes in HF.
authors: Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA. malosco@kent.edu
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Alosco
authors: Mary Beth
authors: MB
authors: Spitznagel
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: van Dulmen
authors: Naftali
authors: N
authors: Raz
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Cohen
authors: Lawrence H
authors: LH
authors: Sweet
authors: Lisa H
authors: LH
authors: Colbert
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Josephson
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Hughes
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Rosneck
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Gunstad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors
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