title: The use of analgesia in mountain rescue casualties with moderate or severe pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of analgesia used in mountain rescue (MR) in casualties with moderate or severe pain. To determine if a verbal numeric pain score is practical in this environment. To describe the analgesic strategies used by MR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one MR teams in England and Wales. The study period was 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  92 MR casualties with a pain scoreof 4/10 or greater.
  
  
  RESULTS
  38% of casualties achieved a pain reduction of 50% or greater in their initial score at 15 min and 60.2% had achieved this at handover.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial pain score was 8 (median), reducing to 5 at 15 min and 3 at handover. The mean pain reduction was 2.5 ± 2.4 at 15 min and 3.9 ± 2.5 at handover. 80 casualties (87%) were treated with an opioid and seven had two different opioids administered. Seven main strategies were identified in which the principal agent was entonox, intramuscular opioid, oral analgesia, fentanyl lozenge, intranasal or intravenous opioid. The choice of strategy varied with the skills of the casualty carer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain should be assessed using a pain score. When possible, intravenous opioid is the gold standard to achieve early and continuing pain control in patients with moderate or severe pain. Entonox and oral analgesics, as sole agents, have limited use in moderate or severe pain. Intranasal opioid and fentanyl lozenge are effective, and appropriate in MR. Research priorities include bioavailability in different environmental conditions and patient's satisfaction with their pain management.
authors: Birbeck Medical Group, Penrith Health Centre, Bridge Lane, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 8HW, UK. johnellerton01@btinternet.com
authors: John Alexander
authors: JA
authors: Ellerton
authors: Mike
authors: M
authors: Greene
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Paal
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: analgesia/pain control; emergency care systems; environmental medicine, mountain rescue