title: Combined treatment with celecoxib and sevoflurane after global cerebral ischaemia has no additive neuroprotective effects in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combined administration of celecoxib and sevoflurane after ischaemia produces additive neuroprotection against transient global cerebral ischaemia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral ischaemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion with haemorrhagic hypotension for 8 min. After ischaemia, no drugs were administered in the sham (n=4) and control (n=10) groups. In the celecoxib group (n=10), celecoxib 2 mg kg(-1) was administered after reperfusion. In the sevoflurane group (n=10), after reperfusion, sevoflurane 2.4% was inhaled two times for 5 min each at an interval of 10 min to achieve postconditioning. In the celecoxib+sevoflurane group (n=10), administration of celecoxib 2 mg kg(-1) and the sevoflurane postconditioning were performed simultaneously. Necrotic or apoptotic cells were examined in the hippocampus 7 days after ischaemia. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were measured 2 h, and 3 and 7 days after ischaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Necrotic or apoptotic cells were observed more frequently in the control group than in the celecoxib or sevoflurane groups 7 days after ischaemia (P<0.05). Cytokine levels were higher in the control group when compared with the celecoxib or sevoflurane groups 2 h after ischaemia (P<0.05). However, the histological outcomes and cytokine levels were similar in all three groups treated with celecoxib or sevoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined treatment with celecoxib and sevoflurane after global cerebral ischaemia has no additive neuroprotective effects in rats.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea.
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: Seo
authors: H P
authors: HP
authors: Park
authors: Y T
authors: YT
authors: Jeon
authors: Y J
authors: YJ
authors: Lim
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nam
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Hwang
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D000068579:Celecoxib
keywords: anaesthetics volatile, sevoflurane; brain, ischaemia; enzymes, cyclooxygenase; rat