title: Association of functional nucleotide polymorphisms at DTH2 with the northward expansion of rice cultivation in Asia.
abstract: Flowering time (i.e., heading date in crops) is an important ecological trait that determines growing seasons and regional adaptability of plants to specific natural environments. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a short-day plant that originated in the tropics. Increasing evidence suggests that the northward expansion of cultivated rice was accompanied by human selection of the heading date under noninductive long-day (LD) conditions. We report here the molecular cloning and characterization of DTH2 (for Days to heading on chromosome 2), a minor-effect quantitative trait locus that promotes heading under LD conditions. We show that DTH2 encodes a CONSTANS-like protein that promotes heading by inducing the florigen genes Heading date 3a and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1, and it acts independently of the known floral integrators Heading date 1 and Early heading date 1. Moreover, association analysis and transgenic experiments identified two functional nucleotide polymorphisms in DTH2 that correlated with early heading and increased reproductive fitness under natural LD conditions in northern Asia. Our combined population genetics and network analyses suggest that DTH2 likely represents a target of human selection for adaptation to LD conditions during rice domestication and/or improvement, demonstrating an important role of minor-effect quantitative trait loci in crop adaptation and breeding.
authors: National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center,  Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,  China.
authors: Weixun
authors: W
authors: Wu
authors: Xiao-Ming
authors: XM
authors: Zheng
authors: Guangwen
authors: G
authors: Lu
authors: Zhengzheng
authors: Z
authors: Zhong
authors: He
authors: H
authors: Gao
authors: Liping
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Chuanyin
authors: C
authors: Wu
authors: Hong-Jun
authors: HJ
authors: Wang
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Kunneng
authors: K
authors: Zhou
authors: Jiu-Lin
authors: JL
authors: Wang
authors: Fuqing
authors: F
authors: Wu
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Xiuping
authors: X
authors: Guo
authors: Zhijun
authors: Z
authors: Cheng
authors: Cailin
authors: C
authors: Lei
authors: Qibing
authors: Q
authors: Lin
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Jiang
authors: Haiyang
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Song
authors: S
authors: Ge
authors: Jianmin
authors: J
authors: Wan
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
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