title: Does phosphorylation of cofilin affect the progression of human bladder cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We determined the differently expressed protein profiles and their functions in bladder cancer tissues with the aim of identifying possible target proteins and underlying molecular mechanisms for taking part in their progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the expression of proteins by proteomic analysis and western blot in normal urothelium, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs), and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs). The function of cofilin was analyzed using T24 human bladder cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression levels of 12 proteins were altered between bladder cancers and normal bladder tissues. Of these proteins, 14-3-3σ was upregulated in both NMIBCs and MIBCs compared with controls. On the other hand, myosin regulatory light chain 2, galectin-1, lipid-binding AI, annexin V, transthyretin, CARD-inhibitor of NF-κB-activating ligand, and actin prepeptide were downregulated in cancer samples. Cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor, was prominent in both NMIBCs and MIBCs compared with normal bladder tissues. Furthermore, we confirmed that cofilin phosphorylation was more prominent in MIBCs than in NMIBCs using immunoblotting and immunohistochemcal analyses. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased the phosphorylation of cofilin and elevated the migration in T24 cells. Knockdown of cofilin expression with small interfering RNA attenuated the T24 cell migration in response to EGF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the increased expression and phosphorylation of cofilin might play a role in the occurrence and invasiveness of bladder cancer. We suspected that changes in cofilin expression may participate in the progression of the bladder cancer.
authors: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 82 Gugwon-daero, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-704, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Chung
authors: Bokyung
authors: B
authors: Kim
authors: Seung-Hyo
authors: SH
authors: Jung
authors: Kyung-Jong
authors: KJ
authors: Won
authors: Xiaowen
authors: X
authors: Jiang
authors: Chang-Kwon
authors: CK
authors: Lee
authors: So Dug
authors: SD
authors: Lim
authors: Sang-Kuk
authors: SK
authors: Yang
authors: Ki Hak
authors: KH
authors: Song
authors: Hong Sup
authors: HS
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010766:Phosphorylation; D040901:Proteomics; D034622:RNA Interference; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor
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