title: Differential item functioning of the Spanish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Owing to the greater use of translated and adapted instruments for measuring oral health on children's quality of life, there is a need to ensure that such scales (and then items) function in the same way, irrespective of age, sex, socioeconomic status, language, or ethnicity, so they can be used validly and reliably in cross-cultural research. The aim of the present study was to identify whether the Spanish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 presents differential item functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 data from New Zealand (n = 322) and Mexican (n = 335) school-based surveys were compared. Ordinal logistic regression was undertaken in order to identify uniform or non-uniform differential item functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven items showed moderate-to-large uniform differential item functioning in the Spanish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14. Non-uniform differential item functioning was not detected. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire, when removing items showing differential item functioning, showed that the free differential item functioning version was good to excellent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 Spanish version showed moderate-to-large uniform differential item functioning; however, further research is needed to identify the causes of differential item functioning.
authors: Department of Public Health and Oral Epidemiology, Faculty of Dentisty, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. fatimaguilar@gmail.com
authors: Fatima
authors: F
authors: Del Carmen Aguilar-Díaz
authors: Lyndie A
authors: LA
authors: Foster Page
authors: N Murray
authors: NM
authors: Thomson
authors: Socorro Aida
authors: SA
authors: Borges-Yáñez
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008800:Mexico; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D009520:New Zealand; D009909:Oral Health; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012919:Social Behavior; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D014175:Translating