title: Anti-inflammatory activity of edible brown alga Saccharina japonica and its constituents pheophorbide a and pheophytin a in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
abstract: Anti-inflammatory activity of Saccharina japonica and its active components was evaluated via in vitro inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Since the methanolic extract of S. japonica showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, it was fractionated with several solvents. Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the highest inhibition of LPS-induced NO production (IC50=25.32μg/mL), followed by the CH2Cl2 fraction (IC50=75.86μg/mL). Considering the yield and anti-inflammatory potential together, the CH2Cl2 fraction was selected for chromatographic separation to yield two active porphyrin derivatives, pheophorbide a and pheophytin a, together with an inactive fucoxanthin. In contrast to fucoxanthin, pheophorbide a and pheophytin a showed dose-dependent inhibition against LPS-induced NO production at nontoxic concentrations in RAW 264.7 cells. Both compounds also suppressed the expression of iNOS proteins, while they did not inhibit the COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These results indicate that pheophorbide a and pheophytin a are two important candidates of S. japonica as anti-inflammatory agents which can inhibit the production of NO via inhibition of iNOS protein expression. Thus, these compounds hold great promise for use in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
authors: Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors: Md Nurul
authors: MN
authors: Islam
authors: Ishrat Jahan
authors: IJ
authors: Ishita
authors: Seong Eun
authors: SE
authors: Jin
authors: Ran Joo
authors: RJ
authors: Choi
authors: Chan Mee
authors: CM
authors: Lee
authors: Yeong Shik
authors: YS
authors: Kim
authors: Hyun Ah
authors: HA
authors: Jung
authors: Jae Sue
authors: JS
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010674:Pheophytins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010674:Pheophytins; D002734:Chlorophyll; C061694:pheophytin a; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C032623:pheophorbide a