title: Correction for the T1 effect incorporating flip angle estimated by Kalman filter in cardiac-gated functional MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an improved and generalized technique for correcting T1-related signal fluctuations (T1 effect) in cardiac-gated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data with flip angle estimation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spatial maps of flip angle and T1 are jointly estimated from cardiac-gated time series using a Kalman filter. These maps are subsequently used for removing the T1 effect in the presence of B1 inhomogeneity. The new technique was compared with a prior technique that uses T1 only while assuming a homogeneous flip angle of 90°. The robustness of the new technique is demonstrated with simulated and experimental data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation results revealed that the new method led to increased temporal signal-to-noise ratio across a large range of flip angles, T1s, and stimulus onset asynchrony means compared to the T1 only approach. With the experimental data, the new approach resulted in higher average gray matter temporal signal-to-noise ratio of seven subjects (84 vs. 48). The new approach also led to a higher statistical score of activation in the lateral geniculate nucleus (P < 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new technique is able to remove the T1 effect robustly and is a promising tool for improving the ability to map activation in fMRI, especially in subcortical regions.
authors: The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Jaemin
authors: J
authors: Shin
authors: Sinyeob
authors: S
authors: Ahn
authors: Xiaoping
authors: X
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: B1 inhomogeneity; brainstem; cardiac gating; physiological noise; subcortical imaging; thalamus
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