title: Taurine as a marker for the identification of natural Calculus Bovis and its substitutes.
abstract: Calculus Bovis (C. Bovis) is a commonly used animal-derived therapeutic preparation. To meet the increasing clinical demand for the preparation, two artificial substitutes for Bos Taurus have been introduced in China: artificial C. Bovis and in vitro cultured C. Bovis. However, information on their efficacy and safety is inadequate. Therefore, we investigated the biological differences between the commonly used natural preparation and its two substitutes, with the aim of not only identifying the differences but also providing a procedure to distinguish between the different preparations.In the study, we prepared 9 natural C. Bovis, 2 artificial C. Bovis, and 2 in vitro cultured C. Bovis preparations for evaluation. Differences were noted between the three preparations relative to their effect on viability of cardiac fibroblasts from 1-day-old Wistar rats. Although natural C. Bovis had no effect on cell viability, 1-h treatment of the cells with 0.25 mg/ml of the substitutes significantly reduced cell viability, as detected by the MTS assay. Based on liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the preparations also differed in composition. Indeed, the substitutes contained more taurine, cholic acid, iron, magnesium, and calcium than the natural preparations. They also differed spectroscopically.The present results reveal significant biological differences between natural C. Bovis and two of its substitutes. Since the substitutes appear to contain more taurine, cholic acid, and elements, these constituents may serve as markers to distinguish between natural C. Bovis and its substitutes.
authors: Department of Applied Pharmacognosy, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. k-simada@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors: Kayoko
authors: K
authors: Shimada
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Azuma
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Kawase
authors: Toshiharu
authors: T
authors: Takahashi
authors: Stephen W
authors: SW
authors: Schaffer
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D015415:Biomarkers; D013654:Taurine