title: MRI of ICAM-1 upregulation after stroke: the importance of choosing the appropriate target-specific particulate contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with targeted contrast agents provides a promising means for diagnosis and treatment monitoring after cerebrovascular injury. Our goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to detect the neuroinflammatory biomarker intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) after stroke and to establish a most efficient imaging procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared two types of ICAM-1-functionalized contrast agent: T 1-shortening gadolinium chelate-containing liposomes and T2(*)-shortening micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO). Binding efficacy and MRI contrast effects were tested in cell cultures and a mouse stroke model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ICAM-1-targeted agents bound effectively to activated cerebrovascular cells in vitro, generating significant MRI contrast-enhancing effects. Direct in vivo MRI-based detection after stroke was only achieved with ICAM-1-targeted MPIO, although both contrast agents showed similar target-specific vascular accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates the potential of in vivo MRI of post-stroke ICAM-1 upregulation and signifies target-specific MPIO as most suitable contrast agent for molecular MRI of cerebrovascular inflammation.
authors: Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors: Lisette H
authors: LH
authors: Deddens
authors: Geralda A F
authors: GA
authors: van Tilborg
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: van der Toorn
authors: Kajo
authors: K
authors: van der Marel
authors: Leonie E M
authors: LE
authors: Paulis
authors: Louis
authors: L
authors: van Bloois
authors: Gert
authors: G
authors: Storm
authors: Gustav J
authors: GJ
authors: Strijkers
authors: Willem J M
authors: WJ
authors: Mulder
authors: Helga E
authors: HE
authors: de Vries
authors: Rick M
authors: RM
authors: Dijkhuizen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D003287:Contrast Media; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005682:Gadolinium; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D008081:Liposomes; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C000499:ferric oxide; D005682:Gadolinium
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