title: Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ethanol extract strongly suppresses in vitro macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and in vivo acute gastritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (Dipterocarpaceae) has been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory symptoms. However, no mechanistic studies on the anti-inflammatory actions of D. tuberculatus have been reported. This study is therefore aimed at exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of 95% ethanol extracts (Dt-EE) of this plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The regulatory activity of Dt-EE and its molecular mechanism on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were elucidated by evaluating the activation of transcription factors and their upstream signals and by analyzing the kinase activities of target enzymes. Furthermore, to confirm its availability for oral use, an EtOH/HCl-induced acute gastritis model was tested with this extract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dt-EE effectively suppressed LPS-mediated inflammatory responses such as the production of NO and PGE2 from macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, Dt-EE clearly blocked the activation of NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation of its upstream enzymes IKK and Akt. Using a direct enzyme assay, Dt-EE was shown to block the enzyme activity of PDK1. Finally, this extract also remarkably ameliorated inflammatory lesions in the stomach induced by EtOH/HCl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data strongly suggest that Dt-EE can be considered as a novel anti-inflammatory remedy with PDK1/NF-κB inhibitory properties and can also be used to treat gastritis symptoms. In addition, our findings can serve as a basis for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in the future.
authors: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors: Woo Seok
authors: WS
authors: Yang
authors: Byoung-Hee
authors: BH
authors: Lee
authors: Shi Hyoung
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Han Gyung
authors: HG
authors: Kim
authors: Young-Su
authors: YS
authors: Yi
authors: Khin Myo
authors: KM
authors: Htwe
authors: Young-Dong
authors: YD
authors: Kim
authors: Ki Dong
authors: KD
authors: Yoon
authors: Sungyoul
authors: S
authors: Hong
authors: Woo-Shin
authors: WS
authors: Lee
authors: Jae Youl
authors: JY
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053958:Dipterocarpaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005756:Gastritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D015232:Dinoprostone