title: Denatured ethanol release into gasoline residuals, Part 1: source behaviour.
abstract: With the increasing use of ethanol in fuels, it is important to evaluate its fate when released into the environment. While ethanol is less toxic than other organic compounds present in fuels, one of the concerns is the impact ethanol might have on the fate of gasoline hydrocarbons in groundwater. One possible concern is the spill of denatured ethanol (E95: ethanol containing 5% denaturants, usually hydrocarbons) in sites with pre-existing gasoline contamination. In that scenario, ethanol is expected to increase the mobility of the NAPL phase by acting as a cosolvent and decreasing interfacial tension. To evaluate the E95 behaviour and its impacts on pre-existing gasoline, a field test was performed at the CFB-Borden aquifer. Initially gasoline contamination was created releasing 200 L of E10 (gasoline with 10% ethanol) into the unsaturated zone. One year later, 184 L of E95 was released on top of the gasoline contamination. The site was monitored using soil cores, multilevel wells and one glass access tube. At the end of the test, the source zone was excavated and the compounds remaining were quantified. E95 ethanol accumulated and remained within the capillary fringe and unsaturated zone for more than 200 days, despite ~1m oscillations in the water table. The gasoline mobility increased and it was redistributed in the source zone. Gasoline NAPL saturations in the soil increased two fold in the source zone. However, water table oscillations caused a separation between the NAPL and ethanol: NAPL was smeared and remained in deeper positions while ethanol moved upwards following the water table rise. Similarly, the E95 denaturants that initially were within the ethanol-rich phase became separated from ethanol after the water table oscillation, remaining below the ethanol rich zone. The separation between ethanol and hydrocarbons in the source after water table oscillation indicates that ethanol's impact on hydrocarbon residuals is likely limited to early times.
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil. jgfreitas@unifesp.br
authors: Juliana G
authors: JG
authors: Freitas
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: Barker
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000431:Ethanol