title: Application of microPET imaging approaches in the study of pediatric anesthetic-induced neuronal toxicity.
abstract: Advances in pediatric and obstetric surgery have resulted in an increase in the complexity, duration and number of anesthetic procedures. Currently, the general anesthetics that are used most often have either NMDA receptor blocking or GABA receptor activating properties. It has been reported that prolonged exposure of the developing brain to a clinically relevant concentration of anesthetics that have NMDA antagonist or GABA-mimetic properties, and/or their combinations, resulted in an extensive abnormal pattern of neuroapoptosis, and subsequent cognitive deficits in animals. Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) is a leading modality for obtaining non- or minimally invasive in vivo measurements of multiple biological processes in various organs. The development of microPET imaging applications has provided the ability to collect sensitive and quantitative three-dimensional molecular information from the living brains of a variety of animals. The main aim of this review was to describe molecular imaging approaches that have been used in the study of pediatric anesthetic-induced neuronal toxicity.
authors: Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA. Xuan.zhang@fda.hhs.gov
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Merle G
authors: MG
authors: Paule
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Slikker
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D018755:GABA Agonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: anesthetic agent; molecular imaging; neuronal cell death