title: The rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2, containing ACC deaminase, promotes growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana via an ethylene-dependent pathway.
abstract: Many plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with plant roots contain the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and can metabolize ACC, the immediate precursor of the plant hormone ethylene, thereby decreasing plant ethylene production and increasing plant growth. However, relatively few studies have explicitly linked ethylene emission and/or action to growth promotion in these plant-microbe interactions. This study examined effects of the PGPR Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 containing ACC deaminase on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana using wild-type (WT) plants and several ethylene-related mutants (etr1-1, ein2-1, and eto1-1). Soil inoculation with V. paradoxus 5C-2 promoted growth (leaf area and shoot biomass) of WT plants and the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1, and also enhanced floral initiation of WT plants by 2.5 days. However, these effects were not seen in ethylene-insensitive mutants (etr1-1 and ein2-1) even though bacterial colonization of the root system was similar. Furthermore, V. paradoxus 5C-2 decreased ACC concentrations of rosette leaves of WT plants by 59% and foliar ethylene emission of both WT plants and eto1-1 mutants by 42 and 37%, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a fully functional ethylene signal transduction pathway is required for V. paradoxus 5C-2 to stimulate leaf growth and flowering of A. thaliana.
authors: The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Ian C
authors: IC
authors: Dodd
authors: Julian C
authors: JC
authors: Theobald
authors: Andrey A
authors: AA
authors: Belimov
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012230:Rhizobiaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C119963:EIN2 protein, Arabidopsis; C485242:ETO1 protein, Arabidopsis; C494590:ETR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D005030:Ethylenes; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C036216:ethylene; C033634:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases
references: Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):427-41
references: 8431946
references: J Exp Bot. 2009;60(14):4029-39
references: 19648172
references: New Phytol. 2009 Jan;181(2):413-423
references: 19121036
references: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2004 Jun;42(6):565-72
references: 15246071
references: Cell. 1998 Jul 24;94(2):261-71
references: 9695954
references: Science. 1993 Oct 22;262(5133):539-44
references: 8211181
references: Can J Microbiol. 2001 Jul;47(7):642-52
references: 11547884
references: Plant Cell. 2003 Feb;15(2):545-59
references: 12566591
references: Science. 1995 Sep 22;269(5231):1712-4
references: 7569898
references: Plant Sci. 2012 Jul;190:74-81
references: 22608521
references: Can J Microbiol. 2001 Jan;47(1):77-80
references: 15049453
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Oct 1;251(1):1-7
references: 16099604
references: Plant Cell. 2007 Jul;19(7):2169-85
references: 17630276
references: J Exp Bot. 2004 Nov;55(407):2353-63
references: 15310826
references: J Exp Bot. 2012 Nov;63(18):6421-30
references: 23136167
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Dec;4(12):1186-9
references: 20514243
references: Can J Bot. 1997 Mar;75(3):501-8
references: 11541081
references: Plant Cell. 1990 Jun;2(6):513-23
references: 2152173
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 10;104(15):6484-9
references: 17389366
references: Plant Cell. 2002;14 Suppl:S131-51
references: 12045274
references: J Exp Bot. 2000 Sep;51(350):1575-84
references: 11006308
references: Science. 1988 Aug 26;241(4869):1086-9
references: 17747490
references: Plant Cell Rep. 2011 May;30(5):807-23
references: 21298270
references: Plant Physiol. 2000 Mar;122(3):967-76
references: 10712561
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2009;63:541-56
references: 19575558
references: Genes Dev. 1998 Dec 1;12(23):3703-14
references: 9851977
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2006 Apr;11(4):176-83
references: 16531097
references: Plant Cell. 1998 Aug;10(8):1321-32
references: 9707532
references: J Theor Biol. 1998 Jan 7;190(1):63-8
references: 9473391
references: Physiol Plant. 2009 May;136(1):94-109
references: 19508369
references: Plant Cell. 2007 Jul;19(7):2197-212
references: 17630274
references: Genetics. 1995 Mar;139(3):1393-409
references: 7768447
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Feb;20(2):207-17
references: 17313171
references: Annu Rev Genet. 1998;32:227-54
references: 9928480
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2010 Apr;305(1):42-8
references: 20148973
references: Curr Microbiol. 2000 Aug;41(2):101-5
references: 10856374
references: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012 Apr;23(2):236-42
references: 21982722
references: J Exp Bot. 2007;58(6):1485-95
references: 17322547
references: Can J Microbiol. 2002 Mar;48(3):189-99
references: 11989762
references: Planta. 2006 Jul;224(2):268-78
references: 16416316
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):11046-50
references: 1438312
references: PLoS One. 2011 Mar 23;6(3):e17968
references: 21448272