title: Zinc released from olfactory bulb glomeruli by patterned electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve.
abstract: Zinc is a trace element with a multitude of roles in biological systems including structural and cofactor functions for proteins. Although most zinc in the central nervous system (CNS) is protein bound, the CNS contains a pool of mobile zinc housed in synaptic vesicles within a subset of neurons. Such mobile zinc occurs in many brain regions, such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortex, but the olfactory bulb (OB) contains one of the highest such concentrations in the CNS. Zinc is distributed throughout the OB, with the glomerular and granule cell layers containing the highest levels. Here, we visualize vesicular zinc in the OB using zinc-responsive fluorescent probes developed by one of us. Moreover, we provide the first demonstration that vesicular pools of zinc can be released from olfactory nerve terminals within individual glomeruli by patterned electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve designed to mimic the breathing cycle in rats. We also provide electrophysiological evidence that elevated extracellular zinc potentiates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic events. AMPA receptors are required for the synchronous activation of neurons within individual OB glomeruli, and zinc-mediated potentiation leads to enhanced synaptic summation.
authors: Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
authors: Laura J
authors: LJ
authors: Blakemore
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Tomat
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Lippard
authors: Paul Q
authors: PQ
authors: Trombley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism*; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc
references: Brain Res. 1987 Feb 24;404(1-2):58-64
references: 3567585
references: J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 1;20(5):2011-21
references: 10684902
references: Nature. 1984 Apr 19-25;308(5961):734-6
references: 6717566
references: Brain Res. 2000 May 26;865(2):227-36
references: 10821925
references: Physiol Behav. 1987;41(1):59-69
references: 3685154
references: Cancer Res. 2010 Aug 1;70(15):6119-27
references: 20610630
references: Neuroreport. 1992 Oct;3(10):861-4
references: 1358251
references: Histochemie. 1967;8(4):355-68
references: 4876575
references: Neuroreport. 2004 Apr 9;15(5):919-23
references: 15073543
references: Int Rev Neurobiol. 1989;31:145-238
references: 2689380
references: Nat Neurosci. 2002 Nov;5(11):1194-202
references: 12379859
references: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Nov;86(5):2597-604
references: 11698545
references: Brain Res. 2002 Nov 29;956(2):230-5
references: 12445690
references: J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1471S-83S
references: 10801962
references: Neuron. 2000 Apr;26(1):187-96
references: 10798403
references: Neuroreport. 1998 Oct 26;9(15):3503-7
references: 9855307
references: Nature. 1987 Aug 13-19;328(6131):640-3
references: 3039375
references: Nature. 1973 Aug 17;244(5416):442-3
references: 4582499
references: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Oct;76(4):2536-46
references: 8899625
references: J Neurosci. 2008 Feb 13;28(7):1659-71
references: 18272686
references: Neurosci Lett. 1993 Sep 3;159(1-2):46-50
references: 8264976
references: J Physiol. 2002 Jul 15;542(Pt 2):355-67
references: 12122137
references: Brain Res. 1983 Aug 29;273(2):335-9
references: 6616240
references: Neuron. 2006 Jan 19;49(2):271-83
references: 16423700
references: Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Mar;39(3):267-74
references: 1706468
references: Brain Res. 1985 Jun 24;337(1):91-8
references: 2408711
references: Neuron. 2011 Sep 22;71(6):1116-26
references: 21943607
references: J Physiol. 2008 Apr 15;586(8):2107-19
references: 18276730
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2001 Aug 15;123(32):7831-41
references: 11493056
references: Neuroscience. 2011 Jul 14;186:32-8
references: 21530619
references: Nature. 1984 Apr 19-25;308(5961):736-8
references: 6717567
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Mar;290(3):C925-35
references: 16267106
references: Nature. 1991 Feb 7;349(6309):521-4
references: 1846946
references: J Physiol. 1989 Aug;415:351-65
references: 2561789
references: Neuroscience. 2007 Feb 9;144(3):1094-108
references: 17156930
references: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Oct;86(4):1652-60
references: 11600628
references: Neuron. 2001 Aug 30;31(4):639-51
references: 11545722
references: J Neurosci. 2006 Feb 22;26(8):2269-77
references: 16495454