title: Quantification of nanosized extracellular membrane vesicles with scanning ion occlusion sensing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cells secrete different types of membrane vesicles (MVs), which may act as important entities in normal human physiology and in various pathological processes. The established methods for quantification of MVs require purification or preanalytical handling of samples with labeling moieties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors' aim was to develop a method for high-throughput, labeling-free quantification of nonpurified MVs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning ion occlusion sensing technology, which relies on the detection of particles upon their movement through a nanopore, was investigated for the ability to quantify nanosized MVs (<400 nm) in bodily fluids and cell culture supernatants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning ion occlusion sensing allowed for rapid and easy measurement of the concentration of MVs in all biological fluids tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scanning ion occlusion sensing technology enables the quantification of MVs in biological samples without the requirement of MV isolation and/or labeling. This offers a highly valuable addition to the currently used repertoire of MV quantification methods.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jeroen
authors: J
authors: de Vrij
authors: Sybren L N
authors: SL
authors: Maas
authors: Malisa
authors: M
authors: van Nispen
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Sena-Esteves
authors: Ronald W A
authors: RW
authors: Limpens
authors: Abraham J
authors: AJ
authors: Koster
authors: Sieger
authors: S
authors: Leenstra
authors: Martine L
authors: ML
authors: Lamfers
authors: Marike L D
authors: ML
authors: Broekman
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D058608:Nanopores; D010316:Particle Size; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007477:Ions