title: The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin.
abstract: Commensal microbes on the skin surface influence the behaviour of cells below the epidermis. We hypothesized that bacteria or their products exist below the surface epithelium and thus permit physical interaction between microbes and dermal cells. Here to test this hypothesis, we employed multiple independent detection techniques for bacteria including quantitative PCR, Gram staining, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Bacteria were consistently detectable within the dermis and dermal adipose of normal human skin. Sequencing of DNA from dermis and dermal adipose tissue identified bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA reflective of a diverse and partially distinct microbial community in each skin compartment. These results show the microbiota extends within the dermis, therefore, enabling physical contact between bacteria and various cells below the basement membrane. These observations show that normal commensal bacterial communities directly communicate with the host in a tissue previously thought to be sterile.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0869, USA.
authors: Teruaki
authors: T
authors: Nakatsuji
authors: Hsin-I
authors: HI
authors: Chiang
authors: Shangi B
authors: SB
authors: Jiang
authors: Harish
authors: H
authors: Nagarajan
authors: Karsten
authors: K
authors: Zengler
authors: Richard L
authors: RL
authors: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004817:Epidermis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005145:Face / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
references: Nature. 2011 May 22;474(7351):385-9
references: 21602824
references: J Dermatol Sci. 2009 Nov;56(2):113-20
references: 19740627
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Aug;73(16):5261-7
references: 17586664
references: J Immunol. 2011 Sep 15;187(6):3230-7
references: 21841130
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Aug;7(8):555-67
references: 19609257
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Oct;43(10):5332-7
references: 16208011
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24474
references: 21909436
references: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Dec;3(12):948-58
references: 16322743
references: Genome Res. 2008 Jul;18(7):1043-50
references: 18502944
references: Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):207-14
references: 22699609
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32942
references: 22412957
references: Dermatoendocrinol. 2009 Mar;1(2):77-80
references: 20224688
references: PLoS One. 2008 Oct 03;3(10):e3326
references: 18833331
references: Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1190-2
references: 19478181
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Sep;130(9):2211-21
references: 20463690
references: Arch Dermatol. 1991 Dec;127(12):1806-9
references: 1845280
references: Science. 2012 Aug 31;337(6098):1115-9
references: 22837383
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Feb;93(2):258-62
references: 18977791
references: Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):259-63
references: 18566250
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Jun;56(6):1919-25
references: 2200342
references: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;306:251-8
references: 16909925
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 May;42(5):2074-9
references: 15131172
references: Bioinformatics. 2010 Oct 1;26(19):2460-1
references: 20709691
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Jan;266(1):1-9
references: 17233715
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2012 Mar;132(3 Pt 2):949-63
references: 22217737
references: Nat Med. 2009 Dec;15(12):1377-82
references: 19966777
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Feb;131(2):382-90
references: 21048787
references: Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):974-7
references: 21512004
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Jul;117(1):106-11
references: 11442756
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 20;104(8):2927-32
references: 17293459
references: Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):808-12
references: 18716618
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Apr;130(4):985-94
references: 20032992
references: BMC Med Genomics. 2010 Sep 21;3:41
references: 20854691
references: Immunity. 2008 Oct 17;29(4):637-49
references: 18835196
references: Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1694-7
references: 19892944
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Oct;131(10):2026-32
references: 21697884
references: Genome Res. 2012 May;22(5):850-9
references: 22310478
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Oct;131(10):1974-80
references: 21697881
references: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;60(2):217-9
references: 17950556
references: Nat Methods. 2010 May;7(5):335-6
references: 20383131
references: Semin Immunopathol. 2007 Apr;29(1):15-26
references: 17621951
references: Bioinformatics. 2011 Aug 15;27(16):2194-200
references: 21700674
references: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 May;16(5):932-7
references: 18292749