title: Molecular markers as a complementary tool in risk assessments: quantifying interspecific gene flow from triticale to spring wheat and durum wheat.
abstract: Triticale is being considered as a bioindustrial crop in Canada using genetic modification. Because related spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (T. durum) may exhibit synchronous flowering and grow in proximity, determination of interspecific gene flow when triticale is the pollen donor is necessary to evaluate potential risk. Pollen-mediated gene flow risk assessments generally rely on phenotypic markers to detect hybridization but DNA markers could be powerful and less ambiguous in quantifying rare interspecific gene flow. Six cultivars representing four species [spring wheat, durum wheat, triticale and rye (Secale cereale)] were screened with 235 spring wheat and 27 rye SSR markers to evaluate transferability and polymorphism. Fifty-five polymorphic markers were used in conjunction with morphological characterization to quantify interspecific gene flow from a blue aleurone (BA) triticale line to two spring wheat cultivars (AC Barrie and AC Crystal) and one durum wheat cultivar (AC Avonlea). Approximately 1.9 Million seeds from small plot experiments were visually screened in comparison with known hybrid seed. In total 2031 putative hybrids were identified and 448 germinated. Morphological analysis of putative hybrid plants identified five hybrids while molecular analysis identified 11 hybrids and two were common to both. Combined, 14 hybrids were confirmed: 10 spring wheat × triticale (0.0008 % of harvested seed): seven AC Barrie × BA triticale (0.001 %) and three AC Crystal × BA triticale (0.0005 %); and four durum wheat × triticale (0.0006 %). The occurrence of rare hybrids does not present a substantial risk to the development of GM triticale.
authors: Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry, Edmonton, T6K 2P5, Canada.
authors: Vanessa B
authors: VB
authors: Kavanagh
authors: Melissa J
authors: MJ
authors: Hills
authors: Aakash
authors: A
authors: Goyal
authors: Harpinder S
authors: HS
authors: Randhawa
authors: A Keith
authors: AK
authors: Topinka
authors: Francois
authors: F
authors: Eudes
authors: Linda M
authors: LM
authors: Hall
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000235:genetics*; D051456:Gene Flow; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012434:Secale / Q000235:genetics*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics*
references: J Genet. 2010 Dec;89(4):489-92
references: 21273702
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2003 Feb;106(3):530-8
references: 12589554
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2002 Feb;104(2-3):286-293
references: 12582699
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 May;108(7):1385-91
references: 14760487
references: Genome. 1993 Feb;36(1):181-6
references: 18469981
references: Heredity (Edinb). 2011 Apr;106(4):557-66
references: 20551976
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2002 May;104(6-7):1164-1172
references: 12582627
references: Mol Genet Genomics. 2003 Dec;270(4):315-23
references: 14508680
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Apr 9;51(8):2174-80
references: 12670152
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2003 Aug;107(3):528-39
references: 12721639
references: Ann Bot. 2008 Apr;101(6):825-32
references: 18252766
references: Theor Appl Genet. 1978 Nov;51(6):265-70
references: 24317899
references: PLoS One. 2009 Jun 01;4(6):e5752
references: 19484121
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 Oct;109(6):1105-14
references: 15490101
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2005 Feb;110(3):550-60
references: 15655666
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1995 Feb 6;246(3):327-33
references: 7854317
references: Genome. 1999 Oct;42(5):964-72
references: 10584314
references: Environ Biosafety Res. 2007 Oct-Dec;6(4):249-57
references: 18289500
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 Apr;108(6):1147-50
references: 15067402
references: Hum Genet. 2001 Jul;109(1):121-4
references: 11479744
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2006 Dec;114(1):41-7
references: 17016687