title: The relationship between insomnia symptoms and hypertension using United States population-level data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine if the association with hypertension was different between individuals with and without insomnia symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based, multiyear, cross-sectional study with data from the 2005-2008 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (n = 12,643). Insomnia symptoms were considered if at least one of difficulty falling asleep, prolonged nocturnal awakening, or early morning awakening was reported, at least five times per month. Short sleep time (<6 h) was also considered in the insomnia definition. Ever doctor-diagnosed self-reported hypertension, self-reported current antihypertensive use, and objectively measured systolic and diastolic hypertension were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were generally no associations between insomnia symptoms and hypertension when sleep duration was not considered in the insomnia definition and after controlling for covariates. However, there were significantly increased odds of subjective hypertension measures among individuals with insomnia coupled with short sleep time compared to individuals without insomnia after controlling for covariates [e.g. among individuals with any insomnia: odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) of doctor-diagnosed hypertension 1.49, 1.19-1.88; OR, 95% CI of current antihypertensive medications 1.33, 1.04-1.70]. There were no significant associations though between insomnia symptoms accompanied by short sleep time and objective hypertension measures (e.g. among individuals with any insomnia: OR, 95% CI of measured systolic hypertension 1.32, 0.87-2.02; OR, 95% CI of measured diastolic hypertension 0.96, 0.52-1.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insomnia symptoms coupled with short sleep time may be positively related to hypertension, but the lack of association with objective hypertension measures suggests that there may be no true relationship present.
authors: Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. nick.vozoris@utoronto.ca
authors: Nicholas T
authors: NT
authors: Vozoris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States