title: Clinical course and rebleeding predictors of acute haemorrhagic rectal ulcer: 5-year experience and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to clarify the clinical features of acute haemorrhagic rectal ulcer (AHRU) and to determine the risks and predictors of AHRU rebleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with AHRU were retrospectively analysed. Patient characteristics, endoscopic features and clinical course were investigated and predictors of AHRU rebleeding were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were in a bedridden state as a result of various diseases, and many patients had atherosclerosis-related comorbidities such as hypertension (67.4%), diabetes mellitus (40.0%) and chronic kidney disease (42.5%). All patients had hypoalbuminaemia, 75% of patients were using antithrombotic drugs and 25% of patients were using systemic corticosteroids. Based on colonoscopy, all patients developed ulcers in the distal rectum just above the dentate line and 30% of patients developed whole circumferential ulcers. The median interval between the onset of the bedridden state and the first massive haematochezia was 16 days and 50% of all patients developed rebleeding regardless of the presence or absence of haemostatic therapy. The median time from initial haemostasis to rebleeding was 6 days. Univariate analysis and stepwise multivariate analysis revealed that whole circumferential ulcer (P = 0.036) was a significant independent predictor of AHRU rebleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, we elucidated the clinical features of AHRU in detail and reviewed previous reports of AHRU. Rebleeding of AHRU occurred at a high rate and whole circumferential ulcer was a significant independent predictor of AHRU rebleeding.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kobe City Medical Centre General Hospital, Kobe, Japan. tommatsumoto@kcho.jp
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Matsumoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Inokuma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D003113:Colonoscopy; D018450:Disease Progression; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014456:Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
keywords: Acute haemorrhagic rectal ulcer; clinical feature; rebleeding; whole circumferential ulcer