title: Bio-modulators in platelet-rich plasma: a comparison of the amounts in products from healthy donors and patients produced with three different techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet-rich plasma consists of platelets concentrated in a small volume of plasma and constitutes a reservoir of bio-modulators potentially useful in tissue repair. The amounts of bio-modulators detectable in platelet-rich plasma prepared with various commercial or "in house" methods have been reported, but virtually all the analyses described have been performed on platelet-rich plasma derived from healthy donors. Since leucocyte contamination is technically unavoidable, we investigated whether platelet-rich plasma prepared from patients could contain different amounts of bio-modulators because of a possible activated status of the leucocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated platelet-rich plasma prepared with three different techniques (the commercial Vivostat and Biomet recover GPS II systems and an "in house" method) starting from whole blood from healthy donors and patients. Specifically, we compared the levels of sHLA-I, sFasL, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factors-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor in the platelet-rich plasma releasates according to the method of preparation and to the immune system activation status of the subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of sHLA-I levels, no differences were found in the surrogate indices of lymphocyte activation between healthy donors and patients. No significant differences were found in sHLA-I, sFasL, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factors-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor levels detectable in platelet-rich plasma produced with the three different methods in either healthy donors or patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the whole our findings indicate that the overall content of bio-modulators in autologous platelet-rich plasma is not influenced by T-lymphocyte activation status, at least in patients with uncomplicated femoral fractures. The amounts of sFasL and sHLA-I detected in all the platelet-rich plasma releasates studied were very small, far below the amounts detectable in all clinically available blood derivatives and absolutely insufficient to induce sHLA-I and/or sFasL mediated immunomodulation.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. "A.O.U. San Martino-IST" and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Ubezio
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. "A.O.U. San Martino-IST" and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Ghio
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. "A.O.U. San Martino-IST" and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Contini
authors: Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Santa Corona Hospital ASL2, Savona, Italy.
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Bertorello
authors: Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Santa Corona Hospital ASL2, Savona, Italy.
authors: Gennaro
authors: G
authors: Marino
authors: Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Santa Corona Hospital ASL2, Savona, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Tomasini
authors: Immunohematology and Transfusion Centre, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Gino
authors: G
authors: Tripodi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D012103:Batroxobin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000379:methods*; D001782:Blood Donors; D001793:Blood Preservation; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000097:blood*; D005337:Fibrin / Q000032:analysis; D005782:Gels; D005947:Glucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D010976:Platelet Count; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D005782:Gels; D006680:HLA Antigens; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C002113:acid citrate dextrose; D019343:Citric Acid; D005337:Fibrin; D012103:Batroxobin; D005947:Glucose
references: Int Immunol. 2000 Feb;12(2):195-203
references: 10653855
references: Biomaterials. 2011 Sep;32(25):5847-54
references: 21616530
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32146
references: 22384158
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Nov;108(5):707-13
references: 19836723
references: AIDS. 1991 May;5(5):505-11
references: 1677808
references: Thromb Haemost. 2003 Feb;89(2):365-73
references: 12574818
references: Transfusion. 2010 Mar;50(3):547-55
references: 19906035
references: J Clin Immunol. 2010 May;30(3):384-92
references: 20127276
references: Facial Plast Surg. 2011 Aug;27(4):308-14
references: 21792775
references: Blood. 2002 Mar 1;99(5):1706-14
references: 11861287
references: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Feb 15;94(4):298-307
references: 22241606
references: Transfus Apher Sci. 2009 Aug;41(1):9-12
references: 19524487
references: Transfusion. 2007 Aug;47(8):1395-404
references: 17655583
references: J Periodontol. 2003 Jun;74(6):849-57
references: 12886996
references: Korean J Hematol. 2011 Dec;46(4):265-73
references: 22259633
references: J Periodontol. 2011 Aug;82(8):1100-11
references: 21189090
references: Am J Sports Med. 2012 Jun;40(6):1234-41
references: 22495146
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Mar;101(3):e51-5
references: 16504851
references: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997 Nov;55(11):1294-9
references: 9371122
references: Arch Oral Biol. 2011 Dec;56(12):1476-84
references: 21774915
references: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003 Jun;14(3):357-62
references: 12755786
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Oct;86(1):134-9
references: 1914226
references: Curr Opin Hematol. 2006 Sep;13(5):323-30
references: 16888436
references: Arthroscopy. 2010 Jun;26(6):725-6; author reply 726
references: 20511025
references: Thromb Haemost. 2011 May;105 Suppl 1:S13-33
references: 21479340
references: Thromb Haemost. 2011 Oct;106(4):675-82
references: 21947061
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD004172
references: 12804502
references: Phys Sportsmed. 2010 Dec;38(4):127-35
references: 21150152
references: Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2001 Sep-Oct;16(5):693-9
references: 11669252
references: Tissue Antigens. 1998 Jul;52(1):44-50
references: 9714473
references: Am J Hematol. 2001 Jul;67(3):157-62
references: 11391711
references: J Orthop Res. 2011 Mar;29(3):457-63
references: 20922797
references: Korean J Lab Med. 2011 Jul;31(3):212-8
references: 21779198
references: Arthroscopy. 2012 Mar;28(3):429-39
references: 22284405
references: Transfusion. 2008 Nov;48(11):2414-20
references: 18694465
references: Transfus Apher Sci. 2011 Feb;44(1):11-3
references: 21277261
references: Am J Sports Med. 2011 Nov;39(11):2362-70
references: 21856929
references: Inflamm Res. 2011 Oct;60(10):929-36
references: 21687998
references: Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012 Jan;9(1):93-9
references: 22363370
references: Blood. 1999 Mar 1;93(5):1770-7
references: 10029607
references: Clin Rheumatol. 1995 May;14(3):293-300
references: 7641505
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 1990 Nov;82(2):390-5
references: 2122936
references: Transfus Med. 2006 Aug;16(4):303-4
references: 16879159
references: Bone. 2012 May;50(5):1123-9
references: 22406494