title: Biological effects of proton radiation: what we know and don't know.
abstract: An understanding of proton radiobiology is critical for optimization of both proton radiotherapy and assessment of carcinogenesis risk from space radiation. Although the physical aspects of proton beam radiobiology is well understood, the biological aspects, particularly the complex biological end points, have been underexplored and underexploited. This review focuses on the biological responses observed to date, across various scales, molecular, cellular and especially tissue levels. Proton-induced perturbations of gene expression, along with signaling and functional alterations in cell cycle, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis are included. Particular emphasis is placed on differences noted in the literature between biological effects induced by protons and those induced by high-energy photons. An appreciation of the unique physical and biological characteristics of proton radiobiology should augment current strategies both to enhance therapeutic effectiveness and to quantify risk related to proton irradiation.
authors: Center of Cancer Systems Biology, Steward Research & Specialty Projects Corporation, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Swati
authors: S
authors: Girdhani
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Sachs
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Hlatky
mesh_terms: D011522:Protons; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011522:Protons