title: FOXC2 expression links epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties in breast cancer.
abstract: Resistance to chemotherapy and metastases are the major causes of breast cancer-related mortality. Moreover, cancer stem cells (CSC) play critical roles in cancer progression and treatment resistance. Previously, it was found that CSC-like cells can be generated by aberrant activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby making anti-EMT strategies a novel therapeutic option for treatment of aggressive breast cancers. Here, we report that the transcription factor FOXC2 induced in response to multiple EMT signaling pathways as well as elevated in stem cell-enriched factions is a critical determinant of mesenchymal and stem cell properties, in cells induced to undergo EMT- and CSC-enriched breast cancer cell lines. More specifically, attenuation of FOXC2 expression using lentiviral short hairpin RNA led to inhibition of the mesenchymal phenotype and associated invasive and stem cell properties, which included reduced mammosphere-forming ability and tumor initiation. Whereas, overexpression of FOXC2 was sufficient to induce CSC properties and spontaneous metastasis in transformed human mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, a FOXC2-induced gene expression signature was enriched in the claudin-low/basal B breast tumor subtype that contains EMT and CSC features. Having identified PDGFR-β to be regulated by FOXC2, we show that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved PDGFR inhibitor, sunitinib, targets FOXC2-expressing tumor cells leading to reduced CSC and metastatic properties. Thus, FOXC2 or its associated gene expression program may provide an effective target for anti-EMT-based therapies for the treatment of claudin-low/basal B breast tumors or other EMT-/CSC-enriched tumors.
authors: Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors: Brett G
authors: BG
authors: Hollier
authors: Agata A
authors: AA
authors: Tinnirello
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Werden
authors: Kurt W
authors: KW
authors: Evans
authors: Joseph H
authors: JH
authors: Taube
authors: Tapasree Roy
authors: TR
authors: Sarkar
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Sphyris
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Shariati
authors: Sreedevi V
authors: SV
authors: Kumar
authors: Venkata L
authors: VL
authors: Battula
authors: Jason I
authors: JI
authors: Herschkowitz
authors: Rudy
authors: R
authors: Guerra
authors: Jeffrey T
authors: JT
authors: Chang
authors: Naoyuki
authors: N
authors: Miura
authors: Jeffrey M
authors: JM
authors: Rosen
authors: Sendurai A
authors: SA
authors: Mani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C082078:mesenchyme fork head 1 protein
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