title: Effect of surface pretreatments on the bonding strength and durability of self-adhesive resin cements to machined titanium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A durable and strong adhesive bond between luting agent and titanium framework is necessary. However, the nature of adhesion between titanium and the adhesive luting materials remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating surfaces with chemical etching solution on the adhesion of titanium-resin cement systems as determined by strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) plates were prepared. The specimens were divided into 5 test groups according to the surface treatment used; Gr C (machined; control), Gr A (airborne-particle abrasion), Gr E15, Gr E30, and Gr E60 (experimental etching solution applied for 15, 30, or 60 minutes). For strain energy release rate testing, each group was further divided into 2 equal subgroups according to the type of resin cement used (i CEM or Multilink Speed). The strain energy release rate was evaluated after 24 hours of storage in distilled water or after thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5°C to 55°C). The treated surfaces were characterized by AFM and SEM. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strain energy release rate values were significantly affected by type of cement, surface treatment, and thermocycling (P<.05). After thermocycling, the cp Ti/i CEM (E30 and E60) groups showed the highest G-values among the groups. AFM and SEM analyses showed that the surface topography of cp Ti was modified after treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m(2)) between resin cement and cp Ti can be improved by the use of experimental hot etching solution before cement application.
authors: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. shaymanaghy@mans.edu.eg
authors: Shaymaa E
authors: SE
authors: Elsaka
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000465:Algorithms; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C502351:multilink adhesive system; D014867:Water; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; C022088:silicon carbide