title: Periocular hyperpigmentation: a review of etiology and current treatment options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periocular "dark circles" fall among the most difficult chief complaints to address. In most cases, we have little information regarding etiology and no gold-standard treatment option. The extent of the problem is reflected in the sheer number of products on the market advertised to either lighten or cover the pigmentation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present dermatologists with a complete review of the literature with regard to anatomy, definition, etiology, and treatment of periocular hyperpigmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our understanding of the causes and treatment of periocular hyperpigmentation continues to advance. Nevertheless, we are in need of additional controlled clinical trials and novel therapeutic options. Individual patients will likely benefit most from a combination of approaches. Although more randomized clinical studies are necessary, Pfaffia paniculata/Ptychopetalum olacoides B.⁄Lilium candidum L.-associated compound cream seems to be a promising option, with 90% improvement. For patients with increased melanin deposition, quality-switched ruby laser therapy could offer a better treatment option. In the hands of experienced professionals, a surgical option might be suitable, either by autologous fat transplantation or hyaluronic acid filler.
authors: Department of Dermatology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. salmanalsaad@gmail.com
authors: Salman M S
authors: SM
authors: Alsaad
authors: Maryann
authors: M
authors: Mikhail
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000637:transplantation; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D027703:Amaranthaceae; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D019557:Dermatitis, Perioral / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004487:Edema / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism; D031656:Olacaceae; D008517:Phytotherapy; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D014815:Vitamins