title: The effects of smoking cessation and a programme intervention on birth and other perinatal outcomes among rural pregnant smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perinatal outcomes of rural pregnant smokers enrolled in the Smoke Free Baby & Me trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on smoking status and other pre-natal variables were collected during pregnancy. Outcomes were retrieved from a review of hospital records of 161 singleton births (79 from the control group, 82 from the intervention group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that, after adjusting for gender and gestational age, the more self-reported cigarettes at the first pre-natal visit, the less the infant birth weight (p = 0.033), the less maternal weight gain (p = 0.042) and the shorter the labour length (p = 0.041). Infants of women with positive urinary cotinine at the first pre-natal visit in the intervention group had higher 1 minute Apgar scores than those with negative cotinine (p = 0.022). Smokers also had a preponderance of male infants (64% vs 36%), while non-smokers had more females (59% vs 41%) (p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking during pregnancy affects perinatal outcomes. Assuming a foetal origin of chronic disease morbidity, implementing smoking cessation during pregnancy would not only improve maternal and foetal health, but also might contribute to an improvement in the incidence of adult chronic disease morbidity.
authors: Binghamton University, Decker School of Nursing, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. gbritton@binghamton.edu
authors: Geraldine R
authors: GR
authors: Britton
authors: Gary D
authors: GD
authors: James
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: Collier
authors: Lori Marie
authors: LM
authors: Sprague
authors: JoAnne
authors: J
authors: Brinthaupt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D017248:Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health; D057566:Self Report; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine