title: Application of vibro-acoustography in prostate tissue imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential of the imaging modality vibro-acoustography (VA) for imaging of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excised cadaver prostate specimens were embedded in tissue mimicking gel to simulate the properties of surrounding soft tissues. The samples were imaged at various depths using a laboratory prototyped VA imaging system. The recorded signals were used for offline processing and image reconstruction. In a selected subgroup of tissue samples, conventional ultrasound (B-mode) and x-ray imaging were performed for further analysis, evaluation, and validation of the VA images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The imaging results of prostate tissue samples indicate the capability of VA imaging to detect prostatic nodules and lesions. In the prostate sample with an adenocarcinoma, the lesion appears with a clear contrast with respect to its surrounding tissue. The VA images could also identify the presence of calcifications deep inside the prostate tissue. Further, quantifications of the imaging results demonstrate that VA imaging has higher sensitivity to detect the calcifications compared to conventional ultrasound imaging. VA is also capable of visualizing prostatic tissue structures and in some cases can identify the anatomical zones. More specifically, the observed higher texture level in peripheral zones demonstrates the ability of VA to differentiate between prostatic anatomical zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging results of ex vivo prostate tissues, reveals the potency of VA as a promising tool to detect abnormalities, delineate tissue structures and anatomical zones, and locate calcifications. The results of this pilot study suggest that in vivo VA imaging of the prostate may be of clinical utility.
authors: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Azra
authors: A
authors: Alizad
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Mehrmohammadi
authors: Farid G
authors: FG
authors: Mitri
authors: Brian J
authors: BJ
authors: Davis
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Sebo
authors: Lance A
authors: LA
authors: Mynderse
authors: Randall R
authors: RR
authors: Kinnick
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: Greenleaf
authors: Mostafa
authors: M
authors: Fatemi
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration
references: Urology. 2003 Oct;62(4):607-13
references: 14550426
references: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2002 Jan;21(1):1-8
references: 11838661
references: Ann Diagn Pathol. 2008 Jun;12(3):165-70
references: 18486891
references: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008 Jul;34(7):1025-32
references: 18255215
references: IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2011 Jun;58(6):1169-81
references: 21693399
references: Rev Prat. 2003 Dec 31;53(20):2237-43
references: 15018077
references: Urologe A. 2008 Sep;47(9):1212-7
references: 18704361
references: Radiol Clin North Am. 2000 Jan;38(1):15-30
references: 10664664
references: Eur J Radiol. 2008 Feb;65(2):304-10
references: 17524586
references: Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2004;7(4):282-8
references: 15592440
references: Int J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug;12(4):250-5
references: 17701002
references: Int J Urol. 2006 Dec;13(12):1514-8
references: 17118027
references: Cancer Control. 2006 Jul;13(3):158-68
references: 16885911
references: Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 1999;213(3):203-33
references: 10420776
references: Wien Med Wochenschr Suppl. 2002;(113):89-91
references: 12621851
references: Eur Urol. 2008 Dec;54(6):1354-62
references: 18374470
references: Ultrason Imaging. 2004 Jan;26(1):1-17
references: 15134390
references: Lab Invest. 1965 Jun;14:1245-323
references: 14317035
references: World J Urol. 2003 Aug;21(3):163-6
references: 12783171
references: Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Apr;4(2):151-8
references: 15773784
references: Ultrason Imaging. 1991 Apr;13(2):111-34
references: 1858217
references: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004 Mar;23(3):307-12
references: 15027523
references: IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 1986 Jun;8(6):679-98
references: 21869365
references: IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2011 Dec;58(12):2608-19
references: 23443697
references: CA Cancer J Clin. 2011 Mar-Apr;61(2):69-90
references: 21296855
references: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002 Nov;15(11):1391-5
references: 12415234
references: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1994;19:267-9
references: 7823599
references: Curr Med Imaging Rev. 2011 Nov 1;7(4):350-359
references: 22423235
references: Am J Surg Pathol. 1988 Dec;12(12):897-906
references: 3202246
references: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998 Feb;122(2):152-5
references: 9499358
references: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 May 19-Jun 1;49(10):703-9
references: 8324591
references: Curr Urol Rep. 2006 Nov;7(6):431-2
references: 17052437
references: Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Nov;4(11):909-17
references: 15516963
references: Abdom Imaging. 2008 Nov-Dec;33(6):729-35
references: 18196315
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Feb;53(2):171-84
references: 19101947
references: Ultrasonics. 2006 Dec 22;44 Suppl 1:e217-20
references: 16843513
references: Invest Radiol. 2008 Apr;43(4):243-52
references: 18340248
references: Radiographics. 2009 Nov;29(7):2007-16
references: 19926759
references: Phys Med Biol. 2000 Jun;45(6):1449-64
references: 10870703
references: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2000;12(1):32-5
references: 10749017
references: Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):82-5
references: 9525861
references: J Biomech Eng. 2006 Jun;128(3):300-8
references: 16706579
references: Ultrason Imaging. 2000 Jul;22(3):178-94
references: 11297150
references: Ultraschall Med. 2000 Feb;21(1):8-15
references: 10746278
references: BJU Int. 2007 Jul;100(1):42-6
references: 17552952
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):6603-8
references: 10359758
references: Eur Urol. 1991;20 Suppl 1:50-8
references: 1722163
references: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004 Sep;23(9):1087-93
references: 15377117
references: Med Ultrason. 2011 Mar;13(1):45-53
references: 21390343
references: Biomaterials. 1995 Nov;16(16):1267-71
references: 8589198
references: Ultrasonics. 2009 Mar;49(3):389-94
references: 19062061
references: Rofo. 2004 Aug;176(8):1094-9
references: 15346284
references: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008 Nov;55(11):2584-92
references: 18990628