title: HIV and recent illicit drug use interact to affect verbal memory in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV infection and illicit drug use are each associated with diminished cognitive performance. This study examined the separate and interactive effects of HIV and recent illicit drug use on verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function in the multicenter Women's Interagency HIV Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 952 HIV-infected and 443 HIV-uninfected women (mean age = 42.8, 64% African-American). Outcome measures included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Stroop test. Three drug use groups were compared: recent illicit drug users (cocaine or heroin use in past 6 months, n = 140), former users (lifetime cocaine or heroin use but not in past 6 months, n = 651), and nonusers (no lifetime use of cocaine or heroin, n = 604).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The typical pattern of recent drug use was daily or weekly smoking of crack cocaine. HIV infection and recent illicit drug use were each associated with worse verbal learning and memory (P < 0.05). Importantly, there was an interaction between HIV serostatus and recent illicit drug use such that recent illicit drug use (compared with nonuse) negatively impacted verbal learning and memory only in HIV-infected women (P < 0.01). There was no interaction between HIV serostatus and illicit drug use on processing speed or executive function on the Stroop test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interaction between HIV serostatus and recent illicit drug use on verbal learning and memory suggests a potential synergistic neurotoxicity that may affect the neural circuitry underlying performance on these tasks.
authors: Department of Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors: Vanessa J
authors: VJ
authors: Meyer
authors: Leah H
authors: LH
authors: Rubin
authors: Eileen
authors: E
authors: Martin
authors: Kathleen M
authors: KM
authors: Weber
authors: Mardge H
authors: MH
authors: Cohen
authors: Elizabeth T
authors: ET
authors: Golub
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Valcour
authors: Mary A
authors: MA
authors: Young
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Crystal
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Anastos
authors: Bradley E
authors: BE
authors: Aouizerat
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Milam
authors: Pauline M
authors: PM
authors: Maki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003932:Heroin
references: J Genet Psychol. 1962 Mar;100:47-53
references: 13880724
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 Apr;23(2):149-63
references: 11309669
references: Neurology. 2002 Dec 24;59(12):1944-50
references: 12499488
references: Menopause. 2012 Nov;19(11):1215-23
references: 22872013
references: Neuropsychology. 1999 Apr;13(2):306-16
references: 10353380
references: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Apr;15(2):165-75
references: 17469940
references: Psychosom Med. 1994 Jan-Feb;56(1):8-17
references: 8197319
references: J Infect Dis. 1993 Nov;168(5):1157-64
references: 8228349
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004 Sep;26(6):759-78
references: 15370374
references: Neurology. 2005 Apr 26;64(8):1343-7
references: 15851720
references: J Neurovirol. 2005 Jul;11(3):281-91
references: 16036808
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007 Jul;29(5):496-504
references: 17564915
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Dec;218(4):681-92
references: 21691942
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994 Aug;16(4):508-23
references: 7962355
references: BMC Neurosci. 2005 Jun 08;6:40
references: 15943860
references: Neurotoxicology. 2006 Mar;27(2):217-28
references: 16386305
references: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 Sep;12(9):1013-9
references: 16148165
references: Addiction. 2000 May;95(5):687-95
references: 10885043
references: J Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;185(5):701-5
references: 11865430
references: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012 May;28(5):447-53
references: 21878059
references: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2000 Aug;15(6):535-44
references: 14590207
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Jun;19(12):3171-82
references: 15217373
references: Clin Neuropsychol. 2004 May;18(2):234-48
references: 15587671
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Jan 1;50(1):93-9
references: 19295339
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995 Mar;37(3):247-53
references: 7796719
references: AIDS. 2005 Oct;19 Suppl 3:S72-8
references: 16251831
references: Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Jun;19(2):204-14
references: 19430907
references: Neurology. 2009 May 12;72(19):1661-8
references: 19433739
references: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(8):1336-43
references: 16504221
references: AIDS. 2008 Jul 11;22(11):1355-63
references: 18580615
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Jun 1;67(1):41-51
references: 12062778
references: AIDS. 2005 Oct 14;19(15):1659-67
references: 16184036
references: Neurology. 2000 Jun 27;54(12):2285-92
references: 10881254
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Nov;10(7):931-8
references: 15803556
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999 Summer;11(3):361-9
references: 10440013
references: Brain Res. 2003 Oct 10;987(1):1-9
references: 14499939
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 May;309(2):600-6
references: 14757849
references: Neuropsychol Rev. 2009 Jun;19(2):215-31
references: 19468837
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Apr;34(5):1112-22
references: 18496524
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Nov 1;37(3):1423-30
references: 15483472
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993 May;32(3):231-7
references: 8394237
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007 Winter;19(1):36-42
references: 17308225
references: Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(8):1180-7
references: 10838152
references: Neuropsychology. 2003 Apr;17(2):283-8
references: 12803434
references: J Neurovirol. 2002 Apr;8(2):136-42
references: 11935465
references: Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6):957-62
references: 15037699
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):361-9
references: 15677602
references: Neuroscience. 2001;102(3):555-63
references: 11226693
references: Addict Behav. 2005 Jan;30(1):89-101
references: 15561451
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002 Mar;8(3):341-8
references: 11939693
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2120-32
references: 17530169
references: Epidemiology. 1998 Mar;9(2):117-25
references: 9504278
references: AIDS. 1999 Feb 4;13(2):257-62
references: 10202832
references: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 Dec;20(8):1061-71
references: 16198529
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997 Sep;3(5):457-64
references: 9322405
references: Neuropsychology. 2008 Nov;22(6):776-86
references: 18999351
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004 Fall;16(4):456-64
references: 15616172
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Fall;5(4):419-27
references: 8286941
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 15;72(10):856-63
references: 22672928
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan 15;51(2):134-42
references: 11822992
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1988 May;152:641-8
references: 3262397
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2011 Oct;33(8):853-63
references: 21950512
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-14
references: 14751002
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007 Jan;13(1):80-9
references: 17166306
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995 May;1(3):231-51
references: 9375218
references: BMC Neurosci. 2001;2:3
references: 11252157
references: J Behav Med. 2011 Apr;34(2):128-38
references: 20857187
references: Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26(2):288-304
references: 22394206
references: AIDS. 1999 Jan 14;13(1):1-22
references: 10207540
references: J Natl Med Assoc. 1998 Nov;90(11):665-74
references: 9828581
references: Brain Res. 2006 Dec 6;1123(1):226-36
references: 17034766
references: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;6(3):409-19
references: 21431471
references: Synapse. 1992 Jul;11(3):184-90
references: 1636149
references: Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 1;80(1):44-50
references: 19621845
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001 Jan;7(1):20-6
references: 11253838
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Apr 1;66(2):161-71
references: 11906803
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Mar;10(2):298-300
references: 15012850
references: Synapse. 1993 Jun;14(2):169-77
references: 8101394
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Dec 8;24(49):11017-22
references: 15590917
references: J Neurovirol. 2007 Dec;13(6):483-95
references: 18097880
references: AIDS. 2006 Apr 4;20(6):879-87
references: 16549972
references: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1992;18(2):131-44
references: 1562011
references: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000 Mar;6(3):322-35
references: 10824504
references: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Oct 1;58(2):154-62
references: 21725250
references: N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 24;331(21):1422-7
references: 7969281
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Sep 1;68(1):65-85
references: 12167553
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 May;30(5):1006-18
references: 15785780
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;437:199-205
references: 9666272
references: J Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 15;191(6):886-9
references: 15717263
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006 Jan;28(1):29-42
references: 16448974
references: J Immunol. 1991 Jan 1;146(1):81-4
references: 1984454
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Oct;90(4):723-9
references: 18582493