title: Fluorescein-enhanced characterization of additional anatomical landmarks in cerebral ventricular endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluorescein enhancement to detect retinal disorder or differentiate cancer tissue in situ is a well-defined diagnostic procedure. It is a visible marker of where the blood-brain barrier is absent or disrupted. Little is reported in the contemporary literature on endoscopic fluorescein-enhanced visualization of the circumventricular organs, and the relevance of these structures as additional markers for safe ventricular endoscopic navigation remains an unexplored field.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe fluorescein sodium-enhanced visualization of circumventricular organs as additional anatomic landmarks during endoscopic ventricular surgery procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively administered intravenously 500 mg fluorescein sodium in 12 consecutive endoscopic surgery patients. A flexible endoscope equipped with dual observation modes for both white light and fluorescence was used. During navigation from the lateral to the fourth ventricle, the endoscopic anatomic landmarks were first inspected under white light and then under the fluorescent mode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean of 20 seconds in the fluorescent mode, the fluorescein enhanced visualization of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, median eminence-tuber cinereum complex, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, choroid plexus of the third and fourth ventricles, and area postrema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescein-enhanced visualization is a useful tool for helping neuroendoscopists recognize endoscopic anatomic landmarks. It could be adopted to guide orientation when the surgeon deems an endoscopic procedure unsafe or contraindicated because of unclear or subverted anatomic landmarks. Visualization of the circumventricular organs could add new insight into the functional anatomy of these structures, with possible implications for the site and safety of third ventriculostomy.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Treviso Regional Hospital, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy.
authors: Pierluigi
authors: P
authors: Longatti
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Basaldella
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Sammartino
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Boaro
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Fiorindi
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019793:Fluorescein; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019793:Fluorescein