title: Changes in hemolymph oxyhemocyanin, acid-base balance, and electrolytes in Marsupenaeus japonicus under combined ammonia and nitrite stress.
abstract: Ammonia and nitrite are the most common toxic nitrogenous compounds in aquaculture ponds. We evaluated the effects of a combined treatment with these two compounds on the hemolymph acid-base balance, electrolytes and oxyhemocyanin content in kuruma shrimp, (Marsupenaeus japonicus). The shrimp (6.37±1.29 g) were individually exposed to 9 different ammonia and nitrite regimes {ammonia at 0 (control), 0.39, and 1.49 mM combined with nitrite at 0 (control), 0.38, and 1.49 mM} in a 30‰ saline solution at 22°C. Hemolymph oxyhemocyanin (OxyHc), protein content, acid-base balance, osmolality, and electrolyte levels were measured in treated shrimp after 48 h of treatment. Hemolymph OxyHc, protein content, the OxyHc/protein ratio, pH, pCO2, HCO3(-), TCO2, OH(-)/H(+), osmolality, and Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) levels were inversely related to the dose of ammonia and nitrite. However, hemolymph pO2 levels directly increased with the ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Following exposure to 1.49 mM ammonia+1.49 mM nitrite, the hemolymph pO2 increased by 89.5%, whereas the hemolymph OxyHc, protein content, OxyHc/protein ratio, pH, pCO2, HCO3(-), TCO2, OH(-)/H(+), osmolality, Cl(-), and Na(+) decreased by 51.2, 28.2, 34.9, 2.9, 51.1, 71.5, 70.8, 42.8, 4.9, 32.1, and 38.6%, respectively, compared with control shrimp. Combined ammonia and nitrite stress may therefore exert a synergistic effect on shrimp relative to the stress induced by ammonia or nitrite alone.
authors: Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. eric@mail.ntou.edu.tw
authors: Sha-Yen
authors: SY
authors: Cheng
authors: Li-Wei
authors: LW
authors: Shieh
authors: Jiann-Chu
authors: JC
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000641:Ammonia / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D009573:Nitrites / Q000633:toxicity*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D009573:Nitrites; C021724:oxy-beta-hemocyanin; D000641:Ammonia; D006433:Hemocyanins