title: Inhibition of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract is performed by its main component oleuropein.
abstract: Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Most neurodegenerative disease treatments are, at present, palliative. However, some natural herbal products have been shown to rescue neurons from death and apoptosis in some of neurodegenerative diseases. Not only Olea europaea L. olive oil, but also the leaves of this plant have been used for medical purposes. Olive leaf extract (OLE) is being used by people as a drink across the world and as an integral ingredient in their desire to maintain and improve their health. Here, we investigated the effects of OLE and its main phenolic component oleuropein on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as an in vitro model of PD. Cell damage was induced by 150 μM 6-OHDA. The cell survival rate was examined by MTT assay. Generation of intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied using fluorescence spectrophotometry. Immunoblotting and DNA analysis were also employed to determine the levels of biochemical markers of apoptosis in the cells. The data showed that 6-OHDA could decrease the viability of the cells. In addition, intra-cellular ROS, activated caspase 3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, as well as DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Incubation of cells with OLE (400 and 600 μg/mL) and oleuropein (20 and 25 μg/mL) could decrease cell damage and reduce biochemical markers of cell death. The results suggest that OLE and oleuropein have anti-oxidant protective effects against 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell damage. The protective effects of OLE and oleuropein are correlative with their anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties and suggest their therapeutic potential in the treatment of PD.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: Hamzeh
authors: H
authors: Pasban-Aliabadi
authors: Saeed
authors: S
authors: Esmaeili-Mahani
authors: Vahid
authors: V
authors: Sheibani
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Abbasnejad
authors: Anahita
authors: A
authors: Mehdizadeh
authors: Mohammad Mehdi
authors: MM
authors: Yaghoobi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry*; D016627:Oxidopamine; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011714:Pyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D011714:Pyrans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C002769:oleuropein; D016627:Oxidopamine; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D053148:Caspase 3