title: Clinical update on genetic and autoimmune biomarkers in pediatric diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this clinical update is to review the etiology of diabetes types affecting youth under 20 and describe diabetes-related genetic and autoimmune biomarkers based on the most recent literature. This information will support diabetes care providers' efforts to better explain the complex topic to patients and families.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search identified 396 reviews published from 2008 to 2011 that included the topics of etiology, epidemiology, genetics/epigenetics, pathogenesis, or immunology related to diabetes in youth. The current clinical update includes 19 of these.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of youth under 20 years with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes. Other forms of the disease affecting this population include Type 2, monogenic, and secondary diabetes. Genetic and autoimmune biomarkers can help determine the risk and diagnosis of both Type 1 and monogenic diabetes. An accurate diagnosis of diabetes type allows for determination of optimal treatment options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity of determining etiology, risk, diagnosis, and treatment for diabetes in youth is increasing with the rate of related genetic and immunologic advances. Diabetes care providers must be able to explain the complex genetic and autoimmune biomarkers used in determining the risk of diabetes, diagnosis of the disease, and identification of treatment options to patients and families.
authors: 1School of Nursing, Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: M Rebecca
authors: MR
authors: O'Connor
authors: Ardith
authors: A
authors: Doorenbos
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Voss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: autoantibodies; biomarkers; genetics; monogenic diabetes; type 1 diabetes; youth
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