title: Endoscopic time-lapse imaging of immune cells in infarcted mouse hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-resolution imaging of the heart in vivo is challenging owing to the difficulty in accessing the heart and the tissue motion caused by the heartbeat.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here, we describe a suction-assisted endoscope for visualizing fluorescently labeled cells and vessels in the beating heart tissue through a small incision made in the intercostal space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A suction tube with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm stabilizes the local tissue motion safely and effectively at a suction pressure of 50 mm Hg. Using a minimally invasive endoscope integrated into a confocal microscope, we performed fluorescence cellular imaging in both normal and diseased hearts in live mice for an hour per session repeatedly over a few weeks. Real-time imaging revealed the surprisingly rapid infiltration of CX3CR1(+) monocytes into the injured site within several minutes after acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time-lapse analysis of flowing and rolling (patrolling) monocytes in the heart and the peripheral circulation provides evidence that the massively recruited monocytes come first from the vascular reservoir and later from the spleen. The imaging method requires minimal surgical preparation and can be implemented into standard intravital microscopes. Our results demonstrate the applicability of our imaging method for a wide range of cardiovascular research.
authors: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Keehoon
authors: K
authors: Jung
authors: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.|Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
authors: Pilhan
authors: P
authors: Kim
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.|Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Leuschner
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Rostic
authors: R
authors: Gorbatov
authors: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.|Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
authors: Jun Ki
authors: JK
authors: Kim
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Takuya
authors: T
authors: Ueno
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Nahrendorf
authors: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.|Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.|The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Seok Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Yun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007103:Immobilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging / Q000379:methods*
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