title: Nitrated cyclic GMP modulates guard cell signaling in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule involved in diverse physiological processes, including plant senescence and stomatal closure. The NO and cyclic GMP (cGMP) cascade is the main NO signaling pathway in animals, but whether this pathway operates in plant cells, and the mechanisms of its action, remain unclear. Here, we assessed the possibility that the nitrated cGMP derivative 8-nitro-cGMP functions in guard cell signaling. Mass spectrometry and immunocytochemical analyses showed that abscisic acid and NO induced the synthesis of 8-nitro-cGMP in guard cells in the presence of reactive oxygen species. 8-Nitro-cGMP triggered stomatal closure, but 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cGMP), a membrane-permeating analog of cGMP, did not. However, in the dark, 8-bromo-cGMP induced stomatal opening but 8-nitro-cGMP did not. Thus, cGMP and its nitrated derivative play different roles in the signaling pathways that lead to stomatal opening and closure. Moreover, inhibitor and genetic studies showed that calcium, cyclic adenosine-5'-diphosphate-ribose, and SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 act downstream of 8-nitro-cGMP. This study therefore demonstrates that 8-nitro-cGMP acts as a guard cell signaling molecule and that a NO/8-nitro-cGMP signaling cascade operates in guard cells.
authors: Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Joudoi
authors: Yudai
authors: Y
authors: Shichiri
authors: Nobuto
authors: N
authors: Kamizono
authors: Takaaki
authors: T
authors: Akaike
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Sawa
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Yoshitake
authors: Naotaka
authors: N
authors: Yamada
authors: Sumio
authors: S
authors: Iwai
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D036563:Cyclic ADP-Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003624:Darkness; D008027:Light; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: C525106:8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D036563:Cyclic ADP-Ribose; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C585561:NOGC1 protein, Arabidopsis; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium
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