title: Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs.
abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as alternatives of antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs and their influence on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. Crossed pigs (n = 144, 79 kg body weight) were divided into 12 heads per pen, four diets and three replications. The basal diet (negative control: NC) was supplemented with 0.3% antibiotics (positive control: PC), 0.3% bamboo charcoal (BC) and 0.3% bamboo vinegar (BV). Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase and cortisol were lower (P < 0.05), but the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. Counts of coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp. were lower (P < 0.05), while the counts of fecal anaerobic total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were higher (P < 0.05) in PC, BC and BV. A reasonable inclusion of bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar as antibiotics in the diet of fattening pigs leads to a better growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora populations. The results of the present study suggest that bamboo charcoal or bamboo vinegar could be a potential additives in animal production as an alternative to antibiotics.
authors: Swine Science & Technology Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea.
authors: Gyo Moon
authors: GM
authors: Chu
authors: Cheol Kyu
authors: CK
authors: Jung
authors: Hoi Yun
authors: HY
authors: Kim
authors: Ji Hee
authors: JH
authors: Ha
authors: Jong Hyun
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Min Seob
authors: MS
authors: Jung
authors: Shin Ja
authors: SJ
authors: Lee
authors: Yuno
authors: Y
authors: Song
authors: Rashid Ismael Hag
authors: RI
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Jae Hyeon
authors: JH
authors: Cho
authors: Sung Sill
authors: SS
authors: Lee
authors: Young Min
authors: YM
authors: Song
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002606:Charcoal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005503:Food Additives; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031787:Sasa; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005503:Food Additives; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002606:Charcoal; D019342:Acetic Acid