title: Sex-dependent association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a complex condition that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is well characterized in the control of blood pressure. This study investigated whether the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects obesity in relation to sodium intake in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1260 elementary schoolchildren (633 boys and 627 girls). Subjects were assessed for the degree of obesity, sodium intake, and ACE I/D genotype, and associations were evaluated between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium intake was significantly correlated with the obesity index (r = 0.048, P = 0.016) and was particularly high in obese D-carrier boys compared with normal D-carrier boys. D-carrier boys did not show any association with the degree of obesity, whereas D-carrier girls with a high sodium intake exhibited a significant association (odds ratio 0.551, P = 0.042) and a negative correlation between the D allele and obesity as a continuous variable (regression coefficient -3.095, P = 0.020), showing gender-dependent associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and obesity in relation to sodium intake is gender dependent in children.
authors: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Soo Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Yang
authors: Sunyoung
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: Hyesoon
authors: H
authors: Park
authors: Seon-Mee
authors: SM
authors: Kim
authors: Kyung-Mook
authors: KM
authors: Choi
authors: Yunsook
authors: Y
authors: Lim
authors: Myoungsook
authors: M
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009765:Obesity / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012737:Sex Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A