title: Guaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth) effects on LDL oxidation in elderly people: an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous experimental investigations have suggested that guaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth, supplied by EMBRAPA Oriental) consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular metabolic diseases and has positive effects on lipid metabolism, mainly related to low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. As LDL oxidation is an important initial event in the development of atherosclerosis, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies to observe the potential effects of guaraná on LDL and serum oxidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vivo protocol was performed using blood samples from 42 healthy elderly subjects who habitually ingested guaraná (GI) or never ingested guaraná (NG). The formation of conjugated dienes (CDs) was analyzed from serum samples. The in vitro protocols were performed using LDL obtained from 3 healthy, non-fasted, normolipidemic voluntary donors who did not habitually ingest guaraná in their diets. The LDL samples were exposed to 5 different guaraná concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μg/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  GI subjects demonstrated lower LDL oxidation than did NG subjects (reduction of 27%, p < 0.0014), independent of other variables. In the GI group the total polyphenols was positively associated with LDL levels. Also, guaraná demonstrated a high antioxidant activity in vitro, mainly at concentrations of 1 and 5 μg/mL, demonstrated by suppression of CDs and TBARS productions, tryptophan destruction and high TRAP activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guaraná, similar to other foods rich in caffeine and catechins such as green tea, has some effect on LDL oxidation that could partially explain the protective effects of this food in cardiometabolic diseases.
authors: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Rafael de Lima
authors: Rde L
authors: Portella
authors: Rômulo Pillon
authors: RP
authors: Barcelos
authors: Edovando José Flores
authors: EJ
authors: da Rosa
authors: Euler Esteves
authors: EE
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Ivana Beatrice Mânica
authors: IB
authors: da Cruz
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Suleiman
authors: Felix Alexandre Antunes
authors: FA
authors: Soares
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D032126:Paullinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
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