title: Differential neutrophil gene expression in early bovine pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In food production animals, especially cattle, the diagnosis of gestation is important because the timing of gestation directly affects the running of farms. Various methods have been used to detect gestation, but none of them are ideal because of problems with the timing of detection or the accuracy, simplicity, or cost of the method. A new method for detecting gestation, which involves assessing interferon-tau (IFNT)-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), was recently proposed. PBL fractionation methods were used to examine whether the expression profiles of various PBL populations could be used as reliable diagnostic markers of bovine gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  PBL were collected on days 0 (just before artificial insemination), 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28 of gestation. The gene expression levels of the PBL were assessed with microarray analysis and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription (q) PCR. PBL fractions were collected by flow cytometry or density gradient cell separation using Histopaque 1083 or Ficoll-Conray solutions. The expression levels of four IFNT-stimulated genes, interferon-stimulated protein 15 kDa (ISG15), myxovirus-resistance (MX) 1 and 2, and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS1), were then analyzed in each fraction through day 28 of gestation using qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis detected 72 and 28 genes in whole PBL that were significantly higher on days 14 and 21 of gestation, respectively, than on day 0. The upregulated genes included IFNT-stimulated genes. The expression levels of these genes increased with the progression of gestation until day 21. In flow cytometry experiments, on day 14 the expression levels of all of the genes were significantly higher in the granulocyte fraction than in the other fractions. Their expression gradually decreased through day 28 of gestation. Strong correlations were observed between the expression levels of the four genes in the granulocyte fractions obtained with flow cytometry and with density gradient separation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression profiles of ISG15, MX1, MX2, and OAS1 could be a useful diagnostic biomarker of bovine gestation. Assessing the expression levels of these genes in a granulocyte fraction obtained with density gradient separation is a practical way of detecting gestation in cows within three weeks of insemination.
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
authors: Keiichiro
authors: K
authors: Kizaki
authors: Ayumi
authors: A
authors: Shichijo-Kizaki
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Furusawa
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Takahashi
authors: Misa
authors: M
authors: Hosoe
authors: Kazuyoshi
authors: K
authors: Hashizume
mesh_terms: D015088:2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005865:Gestational Age; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D064547:Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins; C020947:interferon tau; D015088:2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins
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