title: Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen.
abstract: Mycoplasma genitalium is a member of genital mycoplasmas, which is emerging as an important causative agent of sexually transmitted infections both in males and females. The advent of polymerase chain reaction and other molecular methods have made studies on M. genitalium more feasible, which is otherwise a difficult organism to isolate. Besides Chlamydia trachomatis, M. genitalium is now an important and established cause of non gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men, more so in persistent and recurrent NGU. Multiple studies have also shown a positive association of M. genitalium with mucopurulent cervicitis and vaginal discharge in females as well. The evidences for M. genitalium pelvic inflammatory diseases and infertility are quite convincing and indicate that this organism has potential to cause ascending infection. Lack of clear association with M. genitalium has been reported for bacterial vaginosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Diagnosis of M. genitalium infections is performed exclusively using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), owing to poor or slow growth of bacterium in culture. Although there are no guidelines available regarding treatment, macrolide group of antimicrobials appear to be more effective than tetracyclines. The present review provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of sexually transmitted infections due to M. genitalium.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Sethi
authors: Gagandeep
authors: G
authors: Singh
authors: Palash
authors: P
authors: Samanta
authors: Meera
authors: M
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045704:Mycoplasma genitalium / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology*
references: Mol Microbiol. 2007 Oct;66(1):220-36
references: 17784912
references: Genitourin Med. 1995 Feb;71(1):1-8
references: 7750946
references: Fertil Steril. 2008 Sep;90(3):513-20
references: 17548070
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Jul;133(7):1969-74
references: 2444670
references: Med Sci Monit. 2009 Apr;15(4):RA102-6
references: 19333215
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 1;32(7):995-1003
references: 11264026
references: J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011 Feb 01;5(1):41-7
references: 21330739
references: J Bacteriol. 2006 Dec;188(24):8627-37
references: 17028283
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Nov;26(11):2266-9
references: 3148632
references: Int J Exp Pathol. 1991 Dec;72(6):705-14
references: 1768615
references: Lancet. 2002 Mar 2;359(9308):765-6
references: 11888591
references: Microb Pathog. 1995 Aug;19(2):105-16
references: 8577234
references: J Bacteriol. 2001 Oct;183(19):5645-50
references: 11544227
references: Saudi Med J. 2009 Nov;30(11):1401-5
references: 19882050
references: J Med Microbiol. 2008 Mar;57(Pt 3):304-309
references: 18287292
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S302-4
references: 7691197
references: Mod Pathol. 1993 May;6(3):276-80
references: 8346175
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2000 Jun;11(6):356-60
references: 10872907
references: APMIS. 1989 Nov;97(11):1046-8
references: 2511905
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S272-9
references: 8399929
references: JAMA. 1996 Dec 4;276(21):1737-42
references: 8940322
references: Ann Intern Med. 1981 Sep;95(3):306-11
references: 7271091
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Feb;81(1):73-8
references: 15681728
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Mar;19(3):155-8
references: 18397552
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2000 May;11(5):324-6
references: 10824941
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jul;185(1):163-5
references: 11483922
references: Mol Cell Probes. 1987 Dec;1(4):327-35
references: 3453423
references: Int J STD AIDS. 1995 Mar-Apr;6(2):144-5
references: 7779931
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Feb;85(1):15-8
references: 18842690
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2002 Mar;13(3):145-51
references: 11860689
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S69-78
references: 8399942
references: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Dec;62(4):1094-156
references: 9841667
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Sep;44(9):2557-60
references: 10952617
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Aug;78(4):286-8
references: 12181469
references: Dan Med Bull. 2006 Feb;53(1):1-27
references: 16542629
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(2):118-26
references: 11242818
references: Lancet. 1981 Jun 13;1(8233):1288-91
references: 6112607
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2000 Jul;11(7):435-9
references: 10919484
references: J Urol. 1998 Feb;159(2):405-7
references: 9649249
references: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Jun;48(5):1417-25
references: 12787366
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Aug;82(4):269-71
references: 16877571
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11829-33
references: 8524858
references: Indian J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jan-Mar;29(1):33-6
references: 21304192
references: J Bacteriol. 1995 Oct;177(20):5943-51
references: 7592348
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Mar;45(3):367-9
references: 10702559
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Feb;81(1):67-72
references: 15681727
references: Lancet. 1988 Feb 6;1(8580):266-8
references: 2893083
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2007 May;34(5):274-9
references: 16940898
references: Science. 1995 Oct 20;270(5235):397-403
references: 7569993
references: Hum Reprod. 2001 Sep;16(9):1866-74
references: 11527890
references: Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Apr;95(4):525-34
references: 10725484
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2008 Mar;35(3):250-4
references: 18490867
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Aug;28(8):472-6
references: 11473221
references: Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Oct;154(Pt 10):3033-3041
references: 18832309
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Apr;25(4):726-8
references: 3106412
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 May;43(5):711-4
references: 10382895
references: JAMA. 1995 Aug 16;274(7):545-9
references: 7629982
references: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 May;70(1):17-21
references: 21392925
references: J Urol. 2002 Mar;167(3):1210-7
references: 11832700
references: Isr J Med Sci. 1984 Oct;20(10):927-30
references: 6439680
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2008 Aug;84(4):303-5
references: 18192291
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1992 Mar;138(3):407-22
references: 1593256
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Feb;42(2):683-92
references: 14766837
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S66-8
references: 8399941
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):261-6
references: 12517858
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S83-9
references: 8399944
references: J Infect Dis. 1986 Jun;153(6):1046-54
references: 3701116
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 15;37(4):602-5
references: 12905147
references: J Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;183(2):269-276
references: 11120932
references: Sex Transm Dis. 1997 May;24(5):284-6
references: 9153738
references: Indian J Med Res. 2009 Mar;129(3):305-10
references: 19491424
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2009 Oct;36(10):598-606
references: 19704398
references: Sex Health. 2011 Jun;8(2):143-58
references: 21592428
references: Microb Pathog. 2000 Nov;29(5):301-9
references: 11031124
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jan;29(1):46-50
references: 1993766
references: Gene. 1989 Oct 30;82(2):259-67
references: 2583522
references: J Infect Dis. 1988 Nov;158(5):1098-101
references: 3183419
references: Int J STD AIDS. 1991 Jul-Aug;2(4):261-3
references: 1911958
references: J Adolesc Health. 2007 May;40(5):412-7
references: 17448398
references: Br J Exp Pathol. 1985 Feb;66(1):95-101
references: 3970830
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Jun;29(6):353-9
references: 12035026
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Mar;21(3):177-83
references: 20215621
references: Am J Public Health. 2007 Jun;97(6):1118-25
references: 17463380
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Apr;40(4):1451-5
references: 11923372
references: Physiol Rev. 2003 Apr;83(2):417-32
references: 12663864
references: Int J STD AIDS. 1996 Oct;7(6):443-4
references: 8940675
references: BJOG. 2004 Dec;111(12):1464-7
references: 15663138
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jul;44(7):1980-2
references: 10858366
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Apr;36(4):870-2
references: 1503451
references: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006 Apr;55(4):265-75
references: 16533338
references: Genitourin Med. 1993 Aug;69(4):265-9
references: 7721285
references: Isr J Med Sci. 1981 Jul;17(7):524-30
references: 7287395
references: Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Apr;27(4):226-9
references: 10782745
references: Lancet. 1993 Sep 4;342(8871):582-5
references: 8102721
references: J Infect Chemother. 2006 Oct;12(5):269-71
references: 17109090
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2000 May;11(5):292-6
references: 10824937
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Jul;21(7):477-81
references: 20852197
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Feb;34(2):286-91
references: 8789002
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2005 Dec;81(6):458-62
references: 16326846
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 May;7(5):e1001324
references: 21637847
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Feb;42(2):746-52
references: 14766847
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2003 Apr;79(2):154-6
references: 12690141
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991 Jan 15;61(2-3):199-203
references: 2037229
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Dec;34(12):3120-8
references: 8940458
references: Sex Transm Infect. 2007 Jun;83(3):237-41
references: 17090566
references: Int J STD AIDS. 2007 Dec;18(12):835-8
references: 18073017
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Nov;40(5):622-30
references: 9421309
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May;37(5):1518-23
references: 10203515
references: J Infect Dis. 2003 Feb 15;187(4):650-7
references: 12599082
references: Rev Chilena Infectol. 2008 Aug;25(4):256-61
references: 18769771
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Sep;44(9):3306-12
references: 16954265
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1;45(7):866-71
references: 17806051
references: J Infect Chemother. 2011 Aug;17(4):487-92
references: 21213011
references: Sex Transm Dis. 1989 Jan-Mar;16(1):32-5
references: 2667153
references: J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197(5):733-6
references: 18266605
references: Gene. 1988 Dec 15;73(1):175-83
references: 2468577