title: The occurrence of disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water in China's Pearl River Delta and a multipathway cancer risk assessment.
abstract: Disinfection byproducts were measured in the finished drinking water from ten water treatment plants in three Chinese cities - Guangzhou, Foshan and Zhuhai. A total of 155 water samples were collected in 2011 and 2012. The median (range) of trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) levels were 17.7 (0.7-62.7) μg/L and 8.6 (0.3-81.3) μg/L, respectively. Chloroform, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the dominant species observed in Guangzhou and Foshan water, while brominated THMs predominated in water from Zhuhai. Haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloral hydrate and trichloronitromethane were usually detected at levels ranging from unquantifiable (<0.2μg/L) to 12.2μg/L (choral hydrate). THMs and HAAs showed clear seasonal variations with the total concentrations higher in winter than in summer. Correlations among DBP levels varied, with the strongest linear correlation observed between chloroform and chloral hydrate levels (R(2)=0.77). The risk of cancer from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact exposure to THMs was estimated. CHCl2Br contributed the highest percentage of the cancer risk from ingestion pathway and CHCl3 contributed the highest of cancer risk from inhalation pathway.
authors: SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology (SHRCIET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors: Wenhui
authors: W
authors: Gan
authors: Wanhong
authors: W
authors: Guo
authors: Jianmin
authors: J
authors: Mo
authors: Yisen
authors: Y
authors: He
authors: Yongjian
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Yongmei
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002725:Chloroform / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002947:Cities; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D012621:Seasons; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D002725:Chloroform; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid