title: Viral diseases in zebrafish: what is known and unknown.
abstract: Naturally occurring viral infections have the potential to introduce confounding variability that leads to invalid and misinterpreted data. Whereas the viral diseases of research rodents are well characterized and closely monitored, no naturally occurring viral infections have been characterized for the laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio), an increasingly important biomedical research model. Despite the ignorance about naturally occurring zebrafish viruses, zebrafish models are rapidly expanding in areas of biomedical research where the confounding effects of unknown infectious agents present a serious concern. In addition, many zebrafish research colonies remain linked to the ornamental (pet) zebrafish trade, which can contribute to the introduction of new pathogens into research colonies, whereas mice used for research are purpose bred, with no introduction of new mice from the pet industry. Identification, characterization, and monitoring of naturally occurring viruses in zebrafish are crucial to the improvement of zebrafish health, the reduction of unwanted variability, and the continued development of the zebrafish as a model organism. This article addresses the importance of identifying and characterizing the viral diseases of zebrafish as the scope of zebrafish models expands into new research areas and also briefly addresses zebrafish susceptibility to experimental viral infection and the utility of the zebrafish as an infection and immunology model.
authors: Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA. CrimM@missouri.edu
authors: Marcus J
authors: MJ
authors: Crim
authors: Lela K
authors: LK
authors: Riley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D015027:Zebrafish
references: J Vet Diagn Invest. 2008 Jan;20(1):38-44
references: 18182506
references: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010 Feb;28(2):281-8
references: 19913100
references: Arch Virol. 1983;77(2-4):119-25
references: 6195998
references: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2002 May;12(5):399-420
references: 12194452
references: J Exp Med. 1979 Mar 1;149(3):601-12
references: 429960
references: Virus Res. 2008 May;133(2):218-27
references: 18304670
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2008 Jan 24;78(3):209-15
references: 18380219
references: Vaccine. 2006 Jul 26;24(31-32):5806-16
references: 16777275
references: J Fish Dis. 2007 Apr;30(4):213-23
references: 17394523
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2005;29(6):501-13
references: 15752547
references: Can J Microbiol. 1982 Jan;28(1):58-64
references: 7066763
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Apr;11(2):231-66
references: 9564563
references: Blood. 2001 Aug 1;98(3):643-51
references: 11468162
references: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 May;24(5):489-97
references: 18329899
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2008 Oct 16;82(1):27-36
references: 19062750
references: Arch Virol. 2003 Mar;148(3):575-86
references: 12607108
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2009 Dec 22;88(1):69-84
references: 20183967
references: Evol Bioinform Online. 2007 Sep 06;3:179-95
references: 19461980
references: Mol Immunol. 2010 Jan;47(4):738-46
references: 19931913
references: Mol Cell Probes. 2006 Jun-Aug;20(3-4):212-22
references: 16697343
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Mar 11;48(2):101-8
references: 12005231
references: Scand J Immunol. 2002 Oct;56(4):344-52
references: 12234255
references: Mol Immunol. 2008 Feb;45(4):1146-52
references: 17727953
references: J Virol Methods. 2004 Jun 15;118(2):111-22
references: 15081606
references: Virus Res. 2011 Jun;158(1-2):116-23
references: 21458509
references: Dev Biol. 1997 Feb 15;182(2):331-41
references: 9070331
references: Can J Microbiol. 1982 Apr;28(4):398-402
references: 7093819
references: Vet Res. 1995;26(5-6):455-9
references: 8581022
references: Mol Immunol. 2005 May;42(9):1057-71
references: 15829296
references: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Jun;116:506-9
references: 14193387
references: J Fish Dis. 2004 Sep;27(9):543-9
references: 15357713
references: J Gen Virol. 2011 Aug;92(Pt 8):1817-1821
references: 21525210
references: J Virol. 2003 Feb;77(3):1992-2002
references: 12525633
references: Mol Immunol. 2006 Feb;43(3):279-91
references: 16199264
references: Comp Med. 2002 Aug;52(4):354-8
references: 12211280
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2011 Dec;35(12):1296-308
references: 21414344
references: Mol Immunol. 2004 Jan;40(11):773-83
references: 14687934
references: J Virol. 2005 Feb;79(3):1842-52
references: 15650208
references: Arch Virol. 2008;153(7):1299-309
references: 18521535
references: ILAR J. 2012;53(2):126-34
references: 23382344
references: Immunol Rev. 1998 Dec;166:39-57
references: 9914901
references: Comp Med. 2003 Oct;53(5):514-21
references: 14655994
references: J Aquat Anim Health. 2010 Mar;22(1):8-13
references: 20575360
references: J Fish Dis. 2005 May;28(5):301-5
references: 15892756
references: J Virol. 1997 Dec;71(12):9016-23
references: 9371558
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2010 May;34(5):546-52
references: 20045026
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977 Jul;34(1):50-5
references: 196549
references: ILAR J. 2012;53(2):106-13
references: 23382342
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2000 Feb 9;39(3):183-92
references: 10768286
references: J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2001 Aug;48(6):403-75
references: 11550762
references: Virology. 2008 Apr 10;373(2):310-21
references: 18191982
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2008;32(7):745-57
references: 18222541
references: Mol Immunol. 2006 Mar;43(7):999-1009
references: 16005068
references: Am J Vet Res. 1980 Nov;41(11):1846-50
references: 6259973
references: Lab Invest. 2000 Mar;80(3):379-85
references: 10744073
references: Nature. 2002 Dec 5;420(6915):574-8
references: 12466852
references: Virus Res. 2008 Mar;132(1-2):86-96
references: 18068257
references: J Fish Dis. 2009 Aug;32(8):667-73
references: 19500206
references: Funct Integr Genomics. 2010 Nov;10(4):577-87
references: 20668901
references: J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11598-609
references: 16987966
references: Science. 1980 Aug 22;209(4459):940-1
references: 7403862
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2009 Dec 3;87(3):151-60
references: 20099409
references: Arch Virol. 2008;153(6):1143-8
references: 18398563
references: Arch Virol. 2006 Mar;151(3):607-15
references: 16328139
references: J Virol. 2002 Oct;76(19):10056-9
references: 12208985
references: ILAR J. 2012;53(2):114-25
references: 23382343
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2010 Jul 26;91(1):47-56
references: 20853741
references: Arch Virol. 2007;152(8):1457-65
references: 17447109
references: Nat Immunol. 2005 Mar;6(3):295-302
references: 15685175
references: Nat Genet. 2005 Nov;37(11):1175-80
references: 16254563
references: Zebrafish. 2008 Dec;5(4):323-33
references: 19133831
references: Trends Microbiol. 2004 Oct;12(10):451-7
references: 15381194
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 10;285(37):28777-86
references: 20615881
references: Vet Pathol. 2002 Mar;39(2):180-9
references: 12009056
references: J Virol. 1997 Oct;71(10):7681-6
references: 9311851
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993 Feb 1;202(3):427-9
references: 8440638
references: J Virol. 2004 Jan;78(2):899-911
references: 14694121
references: Mol Immunol. 2004 Jan;40(11):759-71
references: 14687933
references: Arch Virol. 2008;153(3):541-7
references: 18175044
references: J Virol. 2005 Feb;79(4):2010-23
references: 15681403
references: Immunity. 2004 Apr;20(4):367-79
references: 15084267
references: J Vet Diagn Invest. 2009 May;21(3):306-20
references: 19407082
references: Microbes Infect. 2002 Nov;4(14):1469-78
references: 12475637
references: Scand J Immunol. 1998 Dec;48(6):651-8
references: 9874500
references: J Fish Dis. 2010 Feb;33(2):95-122
references: 20050967
references: J Fish Dis. 2008 Jun;31(6):473-9
references: 18471104
references: Immunogenetics. 1997;45(6):394-404
references: 9089097
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Feb 03;7(2):e1001269
references: 21304884
references: Methods Mol Med. 2007;131:299-334
references: 17656792
references: J Fish Dis. 2007 Nov;30(11):649-56
references: 17958608
references: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 Oct;25(4):341-50
references: 18640057
references: Immunogenetics. 2000 Sep;51(11):915-23
references: 11003385
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2001 Nov 8;47(2):109-17
references: 11775792
references: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Mar;149(2):240-8
references: 18755294
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2011 May 24;95(1):73-9
references: 21797038
references: Virology. 2008 Jun 20;376(1):1-12
references: 18423508
references: Zebrafish. 2005;2(2):87-103
references: 18248169
references: Zebrafish. 2010 Jun;7(2):181-7
references: 20441522
references: Virology. 1962 Feb;16:203-4
references: 14465449
references: Dis Aquat Organ. 2004 Oct 21;61(1-2):165-8
references: 15584424
references: Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2000 Oct;26(5):445-52
references: 11112382
references: Virology. 2010 Apr 10;399(2):239-47
references: 20117816
references: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004 Jul;17(1):1-11
references: 15145413
references: Mol Immunol. 2010 Oct;47(16):2525-36
references: 20797792
references: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007 Oct-Dec;18(5-6):425-33
references: 17683972
references: Arch Virol. 2003 Aug;148(8):1507-21
references: 12898328