title: Practice variation, bias, and experiential learning in cesarean delivery: a data-based system dynamics approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To simulate physician-driven dynamics of delivery mode decisions (scheduled cesarean delivery [CD] vs. vaginal delivery [VD] vs. unplanned CD after labor), and to evaluate a behavioral theory of how experiential learning leads to emerging bias toward more CD and practice variation across obstetricians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital discharge data on deliveries performed by 300 randomly selected obstetricians in Florida who finished obstetrics residency and started practice after 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  We develop a system dynamics simulation model of obstetricians' delivery mode decision based on the literature of experiential learning. We calibrate the model and investigate the extent to which the model replicates the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our learning-based simulation model replicates the empirical data, showing that physicians are more likely to schedule CD as they practice longer. Variation in CD rates is related to the way that physicians learn from outcomes of past decisions and accumulate experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repetitive nature of medical decision making, learning from past practice, and accumulating experience can account for increases in CD decisions and practice variation across physicians. Policies aimed at improving medical decision making should account for providers' feedback-based learning mechanisms.
authors: Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Navid
authors: N
authors: Ghaffarzadegan
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Epstein
authors: Erika G
authors: EG
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015982:Bias; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000458:organization & administration; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D055815:Young Adult
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