title: Associations of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes with insomnia symptoms among middle-aged Japanese workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet is a modifiable factor that may affect sleep, but the associations of macronutrient intakes with insomnia are inconsistent. We investigated the associations of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes with insomnia symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional analysis of 4435 non-shift workers, macronutrient intakes were assessed by the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire, which requires the recall of usual intakes of 58 foods during the preceding month. Presence of insomnia symptoms, including difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and poor quality of sleep (PQS) were self-reported. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs adjusted for demographic, psychological, and behavioral factors, as well as medical histories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low protein intake (<16% vs ≥16% of total energy) was associated with DIS (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99-1.56) and PQS (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.48), while high protein intake (≥19% vs <19% of total energy) was associated with DMS (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12-1.76). Low carbohydrate intake (<50% vs ≥50% of total energy) was associated with DMS (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.97-1.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein and carbohydrate intakes in the daily diet were associated with insomnia symptoms. The causality of these associations remains to be explained.
authors: Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Eizaburo
authors: E
authors: Tanaka
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Yatsuya
authors: Mayu
authors: M
authors: Uemura
authors: Chiyoe
authors: C
authors: Murata
authors: Rei
authors: R
authors: Otsuka
authors: Hideaki
authors: H
authors: Toyoshima
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Tamakoshi
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Sasaki
authors: Leo
authors: L
authors: Kawaguchi
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins