title: Adjuvant chemotherapy for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma treated with nephroureterectomy: assessment of adequate renal function and influence on outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is associated with poor outcomes. Our aim was to assess adequacy of renal function and evaluate the role of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in patients with UTUC treated by radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in a universal health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data from 1,029 patients treated with RNU across 10 Canadian academic centers were collected. Tested variables included various clinico-pathological parameters, the use of perioperative chemotherapy, preoperative and postoperative creatinine values, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR). Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models addressed overall survival and disease-specific survival after surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare outcomes in patients who received or did not receive AC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of patients was 70 years with a median follow-up of patients who were alive of 26 months. The median preoperative and postoperative eGFR rates were 59 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 47 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. Using a cutoff eGFR of 60, 49% of all the patients and 48% of the patients with ≥ pT3 or pTxN+ or both diseases would have been eligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy preoperatively and only 18% and 21% of the patients, respectively remained eligible postoperatively. Of the patients who received AC, 75% had an eGFR<60. On multivariate analysis, AC was not prognostic for improved overall survival or disease-specific survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic kidney disease is common in patients with UTUC. Following RNU, 57% of the high-risk patients with good preoperative renal function became ineligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Use of AC did not translate into improved survival. Whether this is due to inherent biases of retrospective analysis, limited efficacy of AC in patients with UTUC, or use of suboptimal regimen or dose because of poor postoperative renal function requires further evaluation.
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Faysal A
authors: FA
authors: Yafi
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Tanguay
authors: Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Rendon
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Jacobsen
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Fairey
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Izawa
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Anil
authors: A
authors: Kapoor
authors: Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Black
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Louis
authors: L
authors: Lacombe
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Joe
authors: J
authors: Chin
authors: Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: So
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Jean-Baptiste
authors: JB
authors: Lattouf
authors: Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Bell
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Fradet
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Saad
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Darrel
authors: D
authors: Drachenberg
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Ilias
authors: I
authors: Cagiannos
authors: Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: wassim.kassouf@muhc.mcgill.ca.
authors: Wassim
authors: W
authors: Kassouf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: Adjuvant chemotherapy; Nephroureterectomy; Renal function; Survival; Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma