title: Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major head injuries are not uncommon in the Irish national game of hurling. Historically, helmets were not worn.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a multistage campaign to facilitate and encourage the use of appropriate headgear among the estimated 100 000 hurling players in Ireland. This campaign lasted for 27 years between 1985 and 2012, and involved a number of different stages including: (1) facilitating the establishment of a business dedicated to developing head protection equipment suitable for hurling, (2) placing a particular emphasis on continual product enhancement to the highest industrial standards, (3) engaging continually with the game's controlling body, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the ultimate objective of securing a mandatory usage policy for protective helmets and faceguards, (4) longitudinal research to monitor hurling injury, equipment usage and players' attitudes and (5) widely communicating key research findings to GAA leaders and members, as well as to 1000 clubs and schools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of our three relevant studies included 798 patients and identified a dramatic association between the type of head protection used by a player, if any, and the site of the injury requiring treatment. While 51% of the injured players without head protection suffered head trauma, this rate was only 35% among the players wearing helmets and 5% among players who were wearing full head protection (both a helmet and faceguard).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GAA responded in three stages to the accumulating evidence: (1) they introduced a mandatory regulation for those aged less than 18 years in 2005; (2) this ruling was extended to all players under 21 years in 2007 and (3) finally extended to all players irrespective of age, gender or grade from January 2010. The latter ruling applied to both games and organised training sessions.
authors: Ovens-Ballincollig Medical Group, The Clinic, Old Quarter, Ballincollig, County Cork, Ireland.
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: Crowley
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003625:Data Collection; D004867:Equipment Design; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D014142:Track and Field / Q000293:injuries* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hand Injuries; Head Injuries; Injury Prevention; Protective Clothing; Sporting Injuries