title: Source apportionment of PM₂.₅ at the coastal area in Korea.
abstract: In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of fine particulate matter 2.5 μm or less (PM) collected at Incheon, the coastal area in Seoul, Korea every third day from June 2009 to May 2010. Based on the analyzed chemical species in the PM samples, the sources of PM were identified using a positive matrix factorization (PMF). Nine sources of PM were determined from PMF analysis. The major sources of PM were secondary nitrate (25.4%), secondary sulfate (19.0%), motor vehicle 1 (14.8%) with a lesser contribution from industry (8.5%), motor vehicle 2 (8.2%), biomass burning (6.1%), soil (6.1%), combustion and copper production emissions (6.1%), and sea salt (5.9%). From a paired t-test, it was found that yellow sand samples were characterized as having higher contribution from soil sources (p<0.05). Furthermore, the likely source areas of PM emissions were determined using the conditional probability function (CPF) and the potential source contribution function (PSCF). CPF analysis identified the likely local sources of PM as motor vehicles and sea salt. PSCF analysis indicated that the likely source areas for secondary particles (sulfate and nitrate) were the major industrial areas in China. Finally, using the source contribution of PM and associated organic composition data, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the PM source apportionments by PMF. The PCA analysis confirmed eight of the nine PM sources. Our result implies that the chemical composition analysis of PM data and various modeling techniques can effectively identify the potential contributing sources.
authors: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jong-Kyu
authors: JK
authors: Choi
authors: Jong-Bae
authors: JB
authors: Heo
authors: Soo-Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Ban
authors: Seung-Muk
authors: SM
authors: Yi
authors: Kyung-Duk
authors: KD
authors: Zoh
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002681:China; D007221:Industry; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012987:Soil; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012987:Soil; D013431:Sulfates