title: Real-time understanding of lignocellulosic bioethanol fermentation by Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial barrier to commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol production is a lack of process specific sensors and associated control strategies that are essential for economic viability. Current sensors and analytical techniques require lengthy offline analysis or are easily fouled in situ. Raman spectroscopy has the potential to continuously monitor fermentation reactants and products, maximizing efficiency and allowing for improved process control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we show that glucose and ethanol in a lignocellulosic fermentation can be accurately monitored by a 785 nm Raman spectroscopy instrument and novel immersion probe, even in the presence of an elevated background thought to be caused by lignin-derived compounds. Chemometric techniques were used to reduce the background before generating calibration models for glucose and ethanol concentration. The models show very good correlation between the real-time Raman spectra and the offline HPLC validation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the changing ethanol and glucose concentrations during lignocellulosic fermentation processes can be monitored in real-time, allowing for optimization and control of large scale bioconversion processes.
authors: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. renatab@uw.edu.
authors: Shannon M
authors: SM
authors: Ewanick
authors: Wesley J
authors: WJ
authors: Thompson
authors: Brian J
authors: BJ
authors: Marquardt
authors: Renata
authors: R
authors: Bura