title: Exploration of statistical experimental design to improve entrapment efficiency of acyclovir in poly (d, l) lactide nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In current exploration, systematic attempts have been made to improve the entrapment efficiency of a model hydrophilic drug substance, i.e. acyclovir, in poly (d, l) lactide (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) using a modified nanoprecipitation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formulation parameters such as drug to polymer ratio, antisolvent selection, electrolyte (NaCl) addition, pH alteration and temperature were screened to improve the entrapment efficiency of acyclovir in PLA NPs. The temperature of the system (0-5 °C), phase volume ratio (1:2), stirring speed (2000 rpm), sonication time (5 min), etc. were kept constant during the preparation of NPs. Drug to polymer ratio and electrolyte addition emerged as critical formulation parameters affecting particle size as well as entrapment efficiency. Hence, in the present investigation a 3(2) full factorial design was used to investigate the combined influence of two factors, i.e. drug to polymer ratio (X1) and the amount of electrolyte, i.e. NaCl (X2) on particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2). The NPs were also evaluated for drug-excipient compatibility study by employing DSC and FT-IR analysis, whereas in vitro drug release studies were performed using dialysis bag technique in phosphate buffer pH 7.4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant models were evolved to predict entrapment efficiency and particle size. The effect of factors X1, X2 and [Formula: see text] was found to be statistically significant in nature. Response variables, i.e. entrapment efficiency and particle size, were simultaneously optimized using desirability function using Design Expert software. This process allowed the selection of most suitable level of factors to achieve desired level of particle size and entrapment efficiency. The results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that for obtaining desirable particle size (less than 250 nm) and entrapment efficiency (more than 17%), the NPs should be prepared using 1:3 drug to polymer ratio and 0.04 M NaCl. Acyclovir was found to be compatible with PLA as indicated by DSC and FT-IR studies. The experimental values obtained from the optimized formulation highly agreed with the predicted values. The drug release from the optimized formulation exhibited biphasic pattern and the drug release kinetics was best explained by Weibull model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, results of the present study demonstrated that PLA NPs with expected particle size and entrapment efficiency can be obtained by adopting the concept of quality by design.
authors: Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India and.
authors: Prerak J
authors: PJ
authors: Patel
authors: Mukesh C
authors: MC
authors: Gohel
authors: Sanjeev R
authors: SR
authors: Acharya
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); D000212:Acyclovir