title: Occurrence of viruses and protozoa in drinking water sources of Japan and their relationship to indicator microorganisms.
abstract: A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80 %) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13 %) and II (2 %), human sapoviruses (5 %), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39 %), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41 %), and Giardia cysts (36 %). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98 %), 33 (52 %), and 17 (27 %) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41 %), 12 (39 %), and 1 (3 %), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.
authors: International Research Center for River Basin Environment, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan. eharamoto@yamanashi.ac.jp
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Haramoto
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Kitajima
authors: Naohiro
authors: N
authors: Kishida
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Katayama
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Asami
authors: Michihiro
authors: M
authors: Akiba
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003090:Coliphages / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016266:Food Parasitology; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D012367:RNA, Viral