title: No effect of adjunctive, repeated-dose intranasal insulin treatment on psychopathology and cognition in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of adjunctive intranasal insulin therapy on psychopathology and cognition in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject had a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and been on stable antipsychotics for at least 1 month. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects received either intranasal insulin (40 IU 4 times per day) or placebo. Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. A neuropsychological battery was used to assess cognitive performance. The assessment for psychopathology and cognition was conducted at baseline, week 4, and week 8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 subjects were enrolled in the study (21 in the insulin group and 24 in the placebo group). The mixed model analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups at week 8 on various psychopathology and cognitive measures (P > 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjunctive therapy with intranasal insulin did not seem to be beneficial in improving schizophrenia symptoms or cognition in the present study. The implications for future studies were discussed.
authors: Psychotic Disorders Program, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA. xiaoduo.fan@umassmed.edu
authors: Xiaoduo
authors: X
authors: Fan
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Liu
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Freudenreich
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Copeland
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Hayden
authors: Musie
authors: M
authors: Ghebremichael
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Cohen
authors: Dost
authors: D
authors: Ongur
authors: Donald C
authors: DC
authors: Goff
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin