title: Neurobehavioral and hemodynamic evaluation of Stroop and reverse Stroop interference in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Failure of executive function (EF) is a core symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, various results have been reported and sufficient evidence is lacking. In the present study, we evaluated the characteristics of children with ADHD using the Stroop task (ST) and reverse Stroop task (RST) that reflects the inhibition function of EF. We compared children with ADHD, typically developing children (TDC), and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is more difficult to discriminate from ADHD. A total of 10 children diagnosed with ADHD, 15 TDC, and 11 children diagnosed with ASD, all matched by age, sex, language ability, and intelligence quotient, participated in this study. While each subject performed computer-based ST and RST with a touch panel, changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to correlate test performance with neural activity. Behavioral performance significantly differed among 3 groups during RST but not during ST. The ADHD group showed greater color interference than the TDC group. In addition, there was a negative correlation between right lateral PFC (LPFC) activity and the severity of attention deficit. Children with ADHD exhibit several problems associated with inhibition of color, and this symptom is affected by low activities of the right LPFC. In addition, it is suggested that low hemodynamic activities in this area are correlated with ADHD.
authors: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: yasumura@ncnp.go.jp.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Yasumura
authors: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Kokubo
authors: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hisako
authors: H
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Department of Children, Saitama Jyunshin College, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Yukiko
authors: Y
authors: Yasumura
authors: Department of Child Neurology, NCNP Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Makiko
authors: M
authors: Kaga
authors: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Hiraki
authors: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Masumi
authors: M
authors: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Executive function; Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); Prefrontal cortex; Reverse Stroop task