title: Long-term sustainability of hand hygiene improvements in the hemodialysis setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous observational intervention study, we achieved a more than 100 % increase in overall hand hygiene (HH) compliance in the hemodialysis setting by increasing the number of hand rubs (HR) performed and concomitantly optimizing HH standard operating procedures (SOPs). SOPs were mainly aimed at reducing the number of avoidable opportunities due to a less than perfect workflow. However, the long-term sustainability of this successful intervention was not evaluated. The present study was carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of our previous successful intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a follow-up observational study 1 year after the first intervention study in the same hemodialysis unit to assess the sustainability. No HH-related interventions were performed in the 1 year between studies. The main outcome was HH compliance, and the secondary outcome was opportunities per hemodialysis procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,574 opportunities for HH and 871 hand rubs (HR) were observed during the follow-up observational study. Overall, compliance was 55 %, which was significantly than that at the end of the first study (62 %; p < 0.0001), but significantly higher than that at the start and mid-term phases of the first study (37 and 49 %, p < 0.0001). Both the decrease in HH opportunities and the increase in HR were sustained over the course of this observational study. The number of avoidable opportunities in the present study was similar to that at the end of the previous study. Thus, in 320 opportunities (20 %), gloves were worn instead of HR performed, representing 46 % of all missed HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a decrease in HH compliance compared to the last postintervention period, a multifaceted intervention focusing on standardization and workflow optimization resulted in a sustained improvement in HH. We therefore propose that standardization of the hemodialysis workflow aimed at improving HH is a promising avenue for improving the quality of patient care and outcome.
authors: Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. sscheithauer@ukaachen.de
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Scheithauer
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Eitner
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Häfner
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Floege
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Lemmen
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors