title: Chemoprotective effect of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in the rat ovarium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium by measuring the glutathione (GSH) levels and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) expression in the ovarian tissues of rats treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each: (I) control, (II) only CP, (III) CP + ascorbic acid, (IV) CP + α-tocopherol, and (V) CP + selenium. Immunohistochemical stainings and GSH protocol were then applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following CP administration, the rats exhibited significantly lower GDF-9 expression in oocytes and PCNA expression in granulosa cells of follicles in all stages of development (P < 0.05). In CP + antioxidant groups (Groups III, IV, V), GDF-9 immunoreaction in oocytes and PCNA immunoreaction in granulosa cells of the developing follicles were found to show an increase towards the levels observed in the control group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CP was found to cause remarkable degenerative effects in normal ovarian tissue, and we believe that this damage can be reduced and ovarian tissue can be spared from the toxic effects of CP by using antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium.
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. serengurgen@yahoo.com
authors: Seren Gülşen
authors: SG
authors: Gürgen
authors: Deniz
authors: D
authors: Erdoğan
authors: Ciğdem
authors: C
authors: Elmas
authors: Gülnur Take
authors: GT
authors: Kaplanoğlu
authors: Ciğdem
authors: C
authors: Ozer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D000975:Antioxidants; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005978:Glutathione; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D012643:Selenium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid