title: Comparison of quaternary ammonium-containing with nano-silver-containing adhesive in antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antibacterial primer and adhesive are promising to help combat biofilms and recurrent caries. The objectives of this study were to compare novel bonding agent containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) with bonding agent containing nanoparticles of silver (NAg) in antibacterial activity, contact-inhibition vs. long-distance inhibition, glucosyltransferases (gtf) gene expressions, and cytotoxicity for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  QADM and NAg were incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and primer. Microtensile dentin bond strength was measured. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm on resin surface (contact-inhibition) as well as S. mutans in culture medium away from the resin surface (long-distance inhibition) were tested for metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFUs), lactic acid production, and gtf gene expressions. Eluents from cured primer/adhesive samples were used to examine cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bonding agent with QADM greatly reduced CFU and lactic acid of biofilms on the resin surface (p<0.05), while having no effect on S. mutans in culture medium away from the resin surface. In contrast, bonding agent with NAg inhibited not only S. mutans on the resin surface, but also S. mutans in culture medium away from the resin surface. Bonding agent with QADM suppressed gtfB, gtfC and gtfD gene expressions of S. mutans on its surface, but not away from its surface. Bonding agent with NAg suppressed S. mutans gene expressions both on its surface and away from its surface. Bonding agents with QADM and NAg did not adversely affect microtensile bond strength or fibroblast cytotoxicity, compared to control (p>0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QADM-containing adhesive had contact-inhibition and inhibited bacteria on its surface, but not away from its surface. NAg-containing adhesive had long-distance killing capability and inhibited bacteria on its surface and away from its surface. The novel antibacterial adhesives are promising for caries-inhibition restorations, and QADM and NAg could be complimentary agents in inhibiting bacteria on resin surface as well as away from resin surface.
authors: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. lifangfoues@yahoo.com.cn
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Li
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Weir
authors: Jihua
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Hockin H K
authors: HH
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003738:Dental Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012834:Silver; D005964:Glucosyltransferases