title: Imaging of castration-resistant prostrate cancer: development of imaging response biomarkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current standard for imaging castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) focuses solely on detection. However, in order to assess treatment response, imaging must provide quantitative results that can be validated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone scintigraphy remains the most commonly used imaging tool for CRPC in bone, but with limited quantification capabilities. Both PET and MRI provide quantitative measures that could be used to assess treatment response. Several PET tracers have been shown to be able to detect bone metastases, but more research regarding their use for treatment response assessment is necessary. Similarly, research has shown that diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI can detect metastases, with some studies suggesting that they may be suitable for assessing treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent research has shown that many imaging techniques are able to successfully detect metastases in CRPC patients as well as or better than standard imaging. These imaging methods can also be applied to treatment response assessment; however, more research must be done to validate the quantitative measures before these techniques can be used clinically for assessing patients.
authors: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors: Courtney
authors: C
authors: Morisson
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Jeraj
authors: Glenn
authors: G
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D009919:Orchiectomy; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals