title: A single-stage treatment protocol for presumptive aseptic diaphyseal nonunions: a review of outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the results of a single-stage treatment protocol for presumptive aseptic diaphyseal nonunion with a well-healed wound and no infection history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective comparative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed all presumptive aseptic diaphyseal nonunions treated by a single-stage protocol. There were 104 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-seven patients were available for follow-up through to complete healing (83.7% follow-up rate).
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocol entails withholding preoperative antibiotics, removing the implant, performing open debridement or canal reaming, taking 5 cultures of the nonunion site or canal reamings, followed by antibiotic administration, and revision open reduction and internal fixation or exchange nailing. If intraoperative cultures are positive, long-term antibiotics are begun specific to organism sensitivities.
  
  
  METHODS
  To analyze the rate of positive cultures and to compare the rate of secondary surgery to promote healing in positive and negative culture groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative cultures were positive in 28.7% (25/87) of patients with complete follow-up. The overall rate of secondary surgery for persistence of nonunion was 12.6% (11/87). In patients with positive intraoperative cultures, rate of secondary surgery was 28% (7/25) versus 6.4% (4/62) in the group without positive intraoperative cultures (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single-stage treatment protocol for presumptive aseptic diaphyseal nonunions was effective in obviating further revision surgery in 93.6% of truly aseptic cases and in 72% of positive culture cases and is still employed at our institution.
authors: *Orthopaedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY; and †Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Louis F
authors: LF
authors: Amorosa
authors: Leon D
authors: LD
authors: Buirs
authors: Rens
authors: R
authors: Bexkens
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Wellman
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kloen
authors: Dean G
authors: DG
authors: Lorich
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Helfet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018483:Diaphyses; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017759:Fractures, Malunited; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011292:Premedication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents