title: Effects of wine, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease risk factors: evidences from human studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to focus on the knowledge of the cardiovascular benefits of moderate alcohol consumption, as well as to analyze the effects of the different types of alcoholic beverages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic revision of human clinical studies and meta-analyses related to moderate alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) from 2000 to 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy or binge alcohol consumption unquestionably leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, moderate alcohol consumption, especially alcoholic beverages rich in polyphenols, such as wine and beer, seems to confer cardiovascular protective effects in patients with documented CVD and even in healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, wine and beer (but especially red wine) seem to confer greater cardiovascular protection than spirits because of their polyphenolic content. However, caution should be taken when making recommendations related to alcohol consumption.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Gemma
authors: G
authors: Chiva-Blanch
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Arranz
authors: Rosa M
authors: RM
authors: Lamuela-Raventos
authors: Ramon
authors: R
authors: Estruch
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000633:toxicity; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001515:Beer; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D008055:Lipids; D059808:Polyphenols; D000431:Ethanol