title: [Blue light hazards associated with crystal glassware production].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In factories for glassware production, workers are exposed to intense visible light emitted from hot objects such as furnaces and molten glass. High exposure to short-wavelength visible light, called blue light, can cause photoretinopathy. The objective of this study was to quantify the blue-light hazards associated with glassware production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spectral radiances of walls and heating elements inside furnaces were measured, as well as those of molten glass placed inside furnaces in a factory producing crystal glass crafts. The factory had two reheating furnaces, three melting furnaces, and a furnace for preheating blowpipes. The effective radiances of the inner furnace walls, the heating elements, and the molten glass were calculated from the measured spectral radiances and compared with the threshold limit value (TLV) in accordance with ACGIH guidelines. The temperature of each light source was determined by comparing the measured spectral radiance with that of a black body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured effective radiances were in the range of 0.00498-0.708 mW/cm(2)sr and increased steeply with increasing light source temperatures in the range of 1,075-1,516 °C. The effective radiance of each light source was nearly equal to the effective radiance of the black body at the same temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective radiances of walls, heating elements, and molten glass inside the furnaces are lower than one tenth of the TLV for exposure durations longer than 10(4) s per day. Thus, it is not hazardous to view these light sources. However, the effective radiance at a higher light source temperature of approximately 1,800 °C will exceed the TLV. In this case, hot objects in a workplace for glassware production may present blue light hazards.
authors: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8585, Japan. okuno@h.jniosh.go.jp
authors: Tsutomu
authors: T
authors: Okuno
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Ueno
authors: Yuuichi
authors: Y
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Susumu
authors: S
authors: Kozu
mesh_terms: D005898:Glass; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D017132:Workplace