title: The geography of violence, alcohol outlets, and drug arrests in Boston.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between alcohol outlets, drug markets (approximated by arrests for possession and trafficking), and violence in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2006. We analyzed geographic and environmental versus individual factors related to violence and identified areas high in violent crime.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Boston Police Department, US Census, and Massachusetts State Alcohol Beverage Control Commission. Spatial modeling was employed at the block group level, and violent crime, alcohol outlets, and drug markets were mapped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to other block groups, block groups in the highest decile of violent crime (n = 55) were found to be poorer (e.g., lower incomes, higher percentages of vacant homes), and they had greater numbers of alcohol outlets and higher drug arrest rates. Alcohol outlets and drug possession and trafficking arrests were predictive of violent crime. Also, spatial effects resulting from neighboring block groups were related to violent crime. Both alcohol outlet density and type were associated with violent crime in a differentiated and complex way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With drug possession and trafficking arrests as a proxy for drug markets, spatial relationships between alcohol outlets and violence were found in addition to typical sociodemographic predictors.
authors: University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. rlipton@med.umich.edu
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Lipton
authors: Xiaowen
authors: X
authors: Yang
authors: Anthony A
authors: AA
authors: Braga
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Goldstick
authors: Manya
authors: M
authors: Newton
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Rura
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D019352:Censuses; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*