title: Defining standardized protocols for determining the efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant following experimental exposure of teats to mastitis pathogens.
abstract: The objective of this paper was to define standardized protocols for determining the efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant following experimental exposure of teats to both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. The standardized protocols describe the selection of cows and herds and define the critical points in performing experimental exposure, performing bacterial culture, evaluating the culture results, and finally performing statistical analyses and reporting of the results. The protocols define both negative control and positive control trials. For negative control trials, the protocol states that an efficacy of reducing new intramammary infections (IMI) of at least 40% is required for a teat disinfectant to be considered effective. For positive control trials, noninferiority to a control disinfectant with a published efficacy of reducing new IMI of at least 70% is required. Sample sizes for both negative and positive control trials are calculated. Positive control trials are expected to require a large trial size. Statistical analysis methods are defined and, in the proposed methods, the rate of IMI may be analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. The efficacy of the test product can be evaluated while controlling for important covariates and confounders in the trial. Finally, standards for reporting are defined and reporting considerations are discussed. The use of the defined protocol is shown through presentation of the results of a recent trial of a test product against a negative control.
authors: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Electronic address: yschukken@cornell.edu.
authors: Y H
authors: YH
authors: Schukken
authors: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Rauch
authors: Ecolab Research and Development, 8561 154th Avenue Northeast, Redmond, WA 98052.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Morelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000662:veterinary; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae