title: The smartphone as a platform for wearable cameras in health research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Microsoft SenseCam, a small camera that is worn on the chest via a lanyard, increasingly is being deployed in health research. However, the SenseCam and other wearable cameras are not yet in widespread use because of a variety of factors. It is proposed that the ubiquitous smartphones can provide a more accessible alternative to SenseCam and similar devices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform an initial evaluation of the potential of smartphones to become an alternative to a wearable camera such as the SenseCam.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2012, adults were supplied with a smartphone, which they wore on a lanyard, that ran life-logging software. Participants wore the smartphone for up to 1 day and the resulting life-log data were both manually annotated and automatically analyzed for the presence of visual concepts. The results were compared to prior work using the SenseCam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 166,000 smartphone photos were gathered from 47 individuals, along with associated sensor readings. The average time spent wearing the device across all users was 5 hours 39 minutes (SD=4 hours 11 minutes). A subset of 36,698 photos was selected for manual annotation by five researchers. Software analysis of these photos supports the automatic identification of activities to a similar level of accuracy as for SenseCam images in a previous study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many aspects of the functionality of a SenseCam largely can be replicated, and in some cases enhanced, by the ubiquitous smartphone platform. This makes smartphones good candidates for a new generation of wearable sensing devices in health research, because of their widespread use across many populations. It is envisioned that smartphones will provide a compelling alternative to the dedicated SenseCam hardware for a number of users and application areas. This will be achieved by integrating new types of sensor data, leveraging the smartphone's real-time connectivity and rich user interface, and providing support for a range of relatively sophisticated applications.
authors: CLARITY: Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland. cgurrin@computing.dcu.ie
authors: Cathal
authors: C
authors: Gurrin
authors: Zhengwei
authors: Z
authors: Qiu
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hughes
authors: Niamh
authors: N
authors: Caprani
authors: Aiden R
authors: AR
authors: Doherty
authors: Steve E
authors: SE
authors: Hodges
authors: Alan F
authors: AF
authors: Smeaton
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors