title: Hypoandrogenism in association with diminished functional ovarian reserve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is diminished functional ovarian reserve (DFOR) associated with low androgen levels?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low androgen levels are associated with DFOR at all ages.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Androgen supplementation via dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been reported to improve functional ovarian reserve (FOR); pregnancy rates in IVF cycles are associated with how well DHEA converts to testosterone (T); and androgen effects through the androgen receptor have been demonstrated in mice to beneficially affect early stages of follicle maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a controlled cohort study we investigated consecutive women presenting to our center with two forms of DFOR, premature ovarian aging/occult primary ovarian insufficiency (POA/OPOI) and physiologic diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). As controls for POA/OPOI patients, infertile women with normal age-specific FOR were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 140 women with POA/OPOI, defined as age <38 years and abnormally low FOR by age-specific FSH and/or anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), 166 women with DOR, defined as women age >40 years. Forty-nine control patients <38 years demonstrated normal FOR by FSH and/or AMH. In all three patient groups dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS), total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) at the time of initial presentation to our fertility center were assessed. In a small subgroup of women early morning cortisol levels were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DHEAS marginally varied between the three groups (P = 0.04), with older women with DOR actually demonstrating higher levels than controls (P = 0.03). TT differed between the three groups more profoundly (P = 0.005), with women with POA/OPOI demonstrating significantly lower levels than controls (P = 0.009). Adjustment for body mass index, age and race in principle maintained observed differences in TT between groups, while adjustment for FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) genotypes/sub-genotypes eliminated all differences. All three patient groups demonstrated low morning cortisol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While results support lower androgen levels in women with DOR, and even more so in women with POA/OPOI, presented data should be viewed as preliminary, considering the known variability of androgen levels and the small number of women in whom morning cortisol levels were available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Especially at young ages DFOR appears associated with significant hypoandrogenism (low T) in comparison with young control patients with normal FOR, raising the question whether this hypoandrogenism originates in adrenals or ovaries. POA/OPOI, thus, phenotypically mimics the polycystic ovary syndrome, where similar questions arise, though in regard to hyperandrogenism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This research was supported by the Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, a not-for-profit medical research foundation and intramural funds from the Center for Human Reproduction. N.G. and D.H.B are members of the Board of the Foundation for Reproductive Medicine. N.G., A.W. and D.H.B. received research support, lecture fees and travel support from a variety of pharmaceutical and medical device companies, none in any way related to the issues discussed in this manuscript. N.G. and D.H.B. are listed as co-inventors on two, already granted US user patents, which claim therapeutic benefits from DHEA supplementation in women with DFOR and DOR: both authors are also listed on additional pending patents in regard to DHEA supplementation and on pending patents, claiming diagnostic and therapeutic benefits from the determination of CGG repeats on the FMR1 gene. N.G. is the owner of the Center for Human Reproduction, where this research was performed.
authors: Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY 10021, USA. ngleicher@thechr.com
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Gleicher
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Kim
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Weghofer
authors: Vitaly A
authors: VA
authors: Kushnir
authors: Aya
authors: A
authors: Shohat-Tal
authors: Emanuela
authors: E
authors: Lazzaroni
authors: Ho-Joon
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Barad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood*; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000097:blood; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone