title: The management of overactive bladder refractory to medical therapy.
abstract: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome describing the symptom complex of urgency, with or without urgency incontinence and is usually associated with frequency and nocturia. Whilst many women may be initially managed using a clinical diagnosis alone a number will fail primary therapy and will require further investigation. Those women with refractory symptoms following initial conservative and medical therapy may benefit from alternative treatment modalities including intravesical Botulinum toxin, neuromodulation or reconstructive surgery. This review, the second of two covering the treatment of intractable OAB symptoms in women, will focus on management following the failure of medical therapy. It will principally focus on the role of Botulinum toxin, neuromodulation and reconstructive surgery.
authors: Department of Urogynaecology, Kings College Hospital, United Kingdom. dudley.robinson@nhs.net
authors: Dudley
authors: D
authors: Robinson
authors: Ilias
authors: I
authors: Giarenis
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Cardozo
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017211:Treatment Failure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins