title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescence predicts onset of major depressive disorder through early adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to examine the prospective relationship between a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessed in mid-adolescence and the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) through early adulthood in a large school-based sample. A secondary aim was to examine whether this relationship was robust after accounting for comorbid psychopathology and psychosocial impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand five hundred seven participants from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project completed rating scales in adolescence and structured diagnostic interviews up to four times from adolescence to age 30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with a lifetime history of ADHD were at significantly higher risk of MDD through early adulthood relative to those with no history of ADHD. ADHD remained a significant predictor of MDD after controlling for gender, lifetime history of other psychiatric disorders in adolescence, social and academic impairment in adolescence, stress and coping in adolescence, and new onset of other psychiatric disorders through early adulthood (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.04, 3.06). Additional significant, robust predictors of MDD included female gender, a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder, and poor coping skills in mid-adolescence, as well as the onset of anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance-use disorder after mid-adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of ADHD in adolescence was associated with elevated risk of MDD through early adulthood and this relationship remained significant after controlling for psychosocial impairment in adolescence and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Additional work is needed to identify the mechanisms of risk and to inform depression prevention programs for adolescents with ADHD.
authors: Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Meinzer
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Lewinsohn
authors: Jeremy W
authors: JW
authors: Pettit
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Seeley
authors: Jeff M
authors: JM
authors: Gau
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Chronis-Tuscano
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Waxmonsky
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult