title: Mallard blue: a high-affinity selective heparin sensor that operates in highly competitive media.
abstract: We report the simple synthesis and full investigation of a novel heparin binding dye, mallard blue, an arginine-functionalized thionine. This dye binds heparin in highly competitive media, including water with high levels of competitive electrolyte, buffered aqueous solution and human serum. The dye reports on heparin levels by a significant change in its UV-vis spectroscopic profile. Molecular dynamics modeling provides detailed insight into the binding mode. Heparin binding is shown to be selective over other glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Importantly, we demonstrate that, in the most competitive conditions, mallard blue outperforms standard dyes used for heparin sensing such as azure A.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Bromfield
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Barnard
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Posocco
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Fermeglia
authors: Sabrina
authors: S
authors: Pricl
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013843:Thiazines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013843:Thiazines; C584296:mallard blue; D006493:Heparin; D001120:Arginine