title: Stigmatization of ADHD: A Developmental Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, the stigmatization faced by people with mental disorders has received considerable attention in the empirical literature. However, individuals with different disorders are subject to distinct types of negative attitudes, necessitating examinations of stigma that treat specific disorders individually.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews recent empirical literature concerning the stigmatization of ADHD. Further specificity is achieved by taking a developmental perspective, reviewing studies of stigmatizing attitudes as a function of the age of the target and perceiver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from nationally representative data sets, experimental investigations, surveys, and qualitative studies indicate that individuals of all ages who exhibit symptoms of ADHD are the recipients of substantial stigmatization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the stigmatizing attitudes of children and adolescents appear to differ in some ways from those of adults, negative perceptions toward people with ADHD appear to generally be present at all stages of development.
authors: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA matthew.lebowitz@yale.edu.
authors: Matthew S
authors: MS
authors: Lebowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036301:Qualitative Research; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ADHD; attitudes; development; stigma