title: Endocrine causes of calcium disorders.
abstract: Endocrine diseases that may cause hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, thyroid disorders, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, and less commonly pheochromocytoma and multiple endocrine neoplasias. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia may include malignancy (lymphoma, anal sac carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma), hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D intoxication, chronic renal disease, hypoadrenocorticism, granulomatous disorders, osteolysis, or spurious causes. Hypocalcemia may be caused by puerperal tetany, pancreatitis, intestinal malabsorption, ethlyene glycol intoxication, acute renal failure, hypopararthyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, hypomagnesemia, and low albumin. This article focuses on the endocrine causes of calcium imbalance and provides diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for identifying the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia in veterinary patients.
authors: Nestle Purina Pet Care, St. Louis, MO 63164, USA. drdebgreco@hotmail.com
authors: Deborah S
authors: DS
authors: Greco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D002415:Cats; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D004285:Dogs; D004701:Endocrine Gland Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium