title: Percutaneous treatment of high-risk patients with intra-articular calcaneus fractures: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetics, smokers, patients with open fractures and drug addicts have shown to be at increased risk of having wound complications with traditional calcaneus fixation. The purpose of the study is to examine if high-risk patients with intra-articular calcaneus fractures can be managed safely using percutaneous reduction and fixation by examining a consecutive series of patients treated by the senior author.
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment group consisted of the senior author's first 17 percutaneously treated calcaneus fractures in high-risk patients. Risk factors included: open fracture, smoking, diabetes and cocaine, alcohol and solvent abuse. Reduction techniques included temporary external fixation, inflatable bone tamps, and arthroscopic assisted reduction manoeuvres. Fixation was accomplished with cannulated 4.5mm screws. Patients were followed up for 3 months minimum to look for wound complications and subsidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgery was performed within 15 days from injury (average 6.7 days). Risk factors included: open fracture 1, smoking 16, diabetes 2, and substance abuse 9. Sanders' classification described: six type 2, nine type 3 and two type 4. Bohlers' angle increased from an average of -1.5° (range -37° to +30) to 25.8° (range 7-36°). There were no wound issues or infections with the calcaneal fixation. Reduction was deemed excellent or good in 14, fair in 2 and poor in 1. Loss of Bohlers' angle of >4° occurred in four cases; in three of these, the patients were non-compliant with weight bearing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-risk patients with intra-articular calcaneus fractures that meet the criteria for surgical management can be managed with percutaneous surgical techniques with low risk of wound complications.
authors: University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: hammondallan@gmail.com.
authors: Allan William
authors: AW
authors: Hammond
authors: Brett D
authors: BD
authors: Crist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D057072:Intra-Articular Fractures / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Arthroscopy; Calcaneus; Complication; Fracture; Percutaneous