title: North American Indigenous adolescent substance use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate growth in problem drinking and monthly marijuana use among North American Indigenous adolescents from the upper Midwest and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panel data from a community-based participatory research project includes responses from 619 adolescents residing on or near 7 different reservations/reserves. All respondents were members of the same Indigenous cultural group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of problem drinking and monthly marijuana use increased steadily across the adolescent years, with fastest growth occurring in early adolescence (before age 15). In general, female participants reported higher rates of substance use prior to age 15; however, male reports of use surpassed those of females in later adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study highlight the importance of early adolescent substance use prevention efforts and the possible utility of gender responsive programming.
authors: University of Minnesota Medical School-Duluth, 1035 University Drive, 235 SMed, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. mlwalls@d.umn.edu
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Walls
authors: Kelley J
authors: KJ
authors: Sittner Hartshorn
authors: Les B
authors: LB
authors: Whitbeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D015146:Midwestern United States; D012737:Sex Factors