title: Prevalence and incidence of anemia in the German Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.
abstract: This study aims to determine prevalence and incidence of anemia in the general population in Germany and evaluate a potential role of serum-free light chains (FLC) as biomarker in anemia. The population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study comprises 4,814 men and women aged 45-75 years. Hemoglobin <13 g/dl in men and <12 g/dl in women defined anemia. Laboratory data was used to classify cases into renal, iron deficiency (IDA), vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency, anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and unexplained anemia (UA). Follow-up data was available from annual questionnaires, death certificates, and 5-year follow-up visit (5-year FU). Anemia cases (152) were identified (prevalence 3.2 %, 95 % CI 2.7-3.7). In participants aged 65 or older, prevalence was 4.3 % (95 % CI 2.9-6.0) in both men and women. Main anemia subtypes were: IDA 19 %, ACD 25 %, and UA 44 %. Incidence increased with age and was 12.8/1,000 person-years and 10.9/1,000 person-years in men and women aged 65 or older, respectively. UA was characterized by elevated FLC. Participants with elevated FLC and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) had an increased risk of anemia at 5-year FU. FLC-alone or in combination with hsCRP-may serve as biomarker indicating an increased risk of developing anemia.
authors: Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. lewin.eisele@uni-due.de
authors: Lewin
authors: L
authors: Eisele
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Dürig
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Broecker-Preuss
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Dührsen
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Bokhof
authors: Raimund
authors: R
authors: Erbel
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Moebus
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Jöckel
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D000748:Anemia, Macrocytic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D002097:C-Reactive Protein