title: Iron overload in β-thalassemia intermedia: an emerging concern.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to overview recent evidence on consequences, assessment, and management of iron overload in transfusion-independent patients with β-thalassemia intermedia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite their transfusion-independence, β-thalassemia intermedia patients can still accumulate iron due to increased intestinal absorption. Recent observational studies show that iron burden in this group of patients can ultimately reach considerably high thresholds, and leads to a variety of serious morbidities involving the liver, endocrine glands, and arguably the vascular system. The diagnosis of iron overload in this patient population can follow established guidelines from β-thalassemia major patients, although with careful interpretation of spot serum ferritin levels. Data from a recent randomized clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy and safety of iron chelation therapy in decreasing liver iron concentration in this group of patients, which may ultimately help in reducing morbidity risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron overload in transfusion-independent patients with β-thalassemia intermedia deserves careful attention, and prompt diagnosis and management are recommended.
authors: Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors: Khaled M
authors: KM
authors: Musallam
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Cappellini
authors: Ali T
authors: AT
authors: Taher
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D007502:Iron Chelating Agents