title: Prevalence and genetic diversity of klassevirus in wastewater in Japan.
abstract: Klassevirus is a novel virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. This study examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of klassevirus in wastewater. Raw sewage (100 ml) and secondary-treated sewage (2 l) were collected monthly for 14 months between January 2011 and February 2012 from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan. Klassevirus in the sample was concentrated by the electronegative membrane-vortex method, followed by qualitative detection by means of three types of reverse transcription (RT)-nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Klassevirus was detected in seven of the 14 raw sewage (50 %) and four of the 14 secondary-treated sewage (29 %) samples by the RT-nested PCRs targeting the 2C and/or 3D regions. In contrast, none of the samples tested positive for the virus by the RT-nested PCR targeting the VP0/VP3 region. Based on direct nucleotide sequence analysis of the klassevirus-positive nested PCR fragments, the tested samples showed high nucleotide sequence similarities of 94.7-100.0 % and 93.2-100.0 % in the 2C and 3D regions, respectively, indicating the presence of a single klassevirus strain. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating seasonal prevalence and genetic diversity of klassevirus in environmental waters.
authors: International Research Center for River Basin Environment, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan. eharamoto@yamanashi.ac.jp
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Haramoto
authors: Mikie
authors: M
authors: Otagiri
mesh_terms: D014644:Genetic Variation; D007564:Japan; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011634:Public Health; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage