title: Resolution, sensitivity, and in vivo application of high-resolution computed tomography for titanium-coated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (i) to determine the spatial resolution and sensitivity of micro- versus nano-computed tomography (CT) techniques and (ii) to validate micro- versus nano-CT in a dog dental implant model, comparative to histological analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine spatial resolution and sensitivity, standardized reference samples containing standardized nano- and microspheres were prepared in polymer and ceramic matrices. Thereafter, 10 titanium-coated polymer dental implants (3.2 mm in Ø by 4 mm in length) were placed in the mandible of Beagle dogs. Both micro- and nano-CT, as well as histological analyses, were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference samples confirmed the high resolution of the nano-CT system, which was capable of revealing sub-micron structures embedded in radiodense matrices. The dog implantation study and subsequent statistical analysis showed equal values for bone area and bone-implant contact measurements between micro-CT and histology. However, because of the limited sample size and field of view, nano-CT was not rendering reliable data representative of the entire bone-implant specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Micro-CT analysis is an efficient tool to quantitate bone healing parameters at the bone-implant interface, especially when using titanium-coated PMMA implants. Nano-CT is not suitable for such quantification, but reveals complementary morphological information rivaling histology, yet with the advantage of a 3D visualization.
authors: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Vincent M J I
authors: VMJI
authors: Cuijpers
authors: Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, Warszawa, 02-507, Poland.
authors: Jacub
authors: J
authors: Jaroszewicz
authors: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Sukumaran
authors: S
authors: Anil
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdullah
authors: A
authors: Al Farraj Aldosari
authors: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: X Frank
authors: XF
authors: Walboomers
authors: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D004285:Dogs; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D014025:Titanium
keywords: bone-implant contact; micro-computed tomography; titanium-coated PMMA implants