title: The influence of antithrombin substitution on heparin sensitivity and activation of hemostasis during coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a dose-finding study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a high degree of hemostatic system activation. Supplementation of antithrombin (AT) may attenuate this activation and increase a patient's susceptibility to heparin. However, the appropriate dosage of AT has not been defined. We sought to determine the dosage of AT concentrate necessary to achieve >100% AT activity at the end of cardiac surgery and the influence of AT on heparin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients were included. Thirty consecutive patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were assigned to 3 groups of increasing dosages of AT concentrate. Eleven additional patients served as controls. AT activity and molecular markers of thrombin generation were determined, and heparin sensitivity was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median amount of 36.5 U (19.0; 42.8), 47.0 U (41.3; 61.6), and 50.0 U (47.4; 66.6) AT concentrate/kilogram body weight in the low, medium, and high AT group, respectively, was administered. At the end of surgery, AT activity with substitution was 84% (77; 111), 110% (92; 120), and 104% (97; 120) (median [25th; 75th percentile]), respectively, compared with 63% (49; 79) in controls (P < 0.05 all substitution groups versus control). Heparin sensitivity increased from 1.29 (1.17; 1.66) s/U heparin/kg in the control group to 2.02 (1.43; 3.65), 2.56 (1.52; 3.64), 1.72 (1.24; 2.66) s/U heparin/kg in the groups with substitution (P < 0.05 all substitution groups versus control). Compared with preoperative values, AT activity decreased during the postoperative period in all patients with a nadir on postoperative day 3 (P < 0.05 compared with baseline except for the medium AT group). Corresponding to this decrease, an increase in prothrombin fragment 1+2 and d-dimer could be observed postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dosages of AT were required to preserve physiologic AT activity during coronary artery bypass graft surgery and to significantly enhance heparin sensitivity, respectively. However, a significant decrease in AT activity, accompanied by high levels of thrombin generation, was encountered up to 5 days postoperatively.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology, Working Group of Perioperative Hemostasis, University of Munich, Winthirstrasse 4, Munich, Germany. wulf.dietrich@t-online.de
authors: Wulf
authors: W
authors: Dietrich
authors: Raimund
authors: R
authors: Busley
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Spannagl
authors: Siegmund
authors: S
authors: Braun
authors: Tibor
authors: T
authors: Schuster
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Lison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D006493:Heparin