title: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: technical advances and expanding applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the foundations, recent technical advances, and increasing number of applications for in-vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PGD is an important technique for reducing the burden of genetic disease. Studies have shown that the diagnostic accuracy and subsequent live-birth rate after PGD are impacted by the developmental stage at the time of biopsy, as well as the biopsy protocol used. Also essential for accurate diagnosis are refined mutation detection protocols which avoid the common problem of allele drop-out. As the technique has improved, there has been a concomitant increase in the popularity and breadth of application of PGD. A recently published 10-year dataset of worldwide PGD reveals the increasing frequency of its use and the growing number of indications for which PGD is offered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technical advances from biopsy to detection of mutations have led to improved diagnostic accuracy and an increased frequency and breadth of use for PGD.
authors: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. stephen.c.collins@yale.edu
authors: Stephen C
authors: SC
authors: Collins
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D018456:Reproductive Medicine