title: A comparison of trauma profiles among individuals with prescription opioid, nicotine, or cocaine dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to traumatic events is common among individuals with substance use disorders. Little is known, however, about the trauma histories among individuals with various types of addiction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study compared the trauma histories (general, sexual, physical and emotional) of non-treatment seeking outpatients dependent on prescription opioids (n = 41), nicotine (n = 87) or cocaine (n = 73). The Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R) was completed by participants to assess childhood and adult trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings revealed that all three groups endorsed high levels of trauma exposure, with 96.5% of the entire sample experiencing at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. The prescription opiate group experienced a greater number of general and total traumas than the nicotine group. However, no group differences in the number of emotional, physical, or sexual traumas were revealed. The prescription opiate group reported a younger age of first traumatic event than the cocaine group, and was significantly more likely to report childhood traumatic events than both the cocaine and nicotine groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide clinically relevant information that may help improve screening, interventions, and preventative efforts.
authors: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. kml5509@psu.edu
authors: Katie M
authors: KM
authors: Lawson
authors: Sudie E
authors: SE
authors: Back
authors: Karen J
authors: KJ
authors: Hartwell
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Moran-Santa Maria
authors: Kathleen T
authors: KT
authors: Brady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs