title: Dealing with missing data in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression self-report scale: a study based on the French E3N cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scale (CES-D) is a validated tool commonly used to screen depressive symptoms. As with any self-administered questionnaire, missing data are frequently observed and can strongly bias any inference. The objective of this study was to investigate the best approach for handling missing data in the CES-D scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the 71,412 women from the French E3N prospective cohort (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale) who returned the questionnaire comprising the CES-D scale in 2005, 45% had missing values in the scale. The reasons for failure to complete certain items were investigated by semi-directive interviews on a random sample of 204 participants. The prevalence of high depressive symptoms (score ≥ 16, hDS) was estimated after applying various methods for ignorable missing data including multiple imputation using imputation models with CES-D items with or without covariates. The accuracy of imputation models was investigated. Various scenarios of nonignorable missing data mechanisms were investigated by a sensitivity analysis based on the mixture modelling approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interviews showed that participants were not reluctant to answer the CES-D scale. Possible reasons for nonresponse were identified. The prevalence of hDS among complete responders was 26.1%. After multiple imputation, the prevalence was 28.6%, 29.8% and 31.7% for women presenting up to 4, 10 and 20 missing values, respectively. The estimates were robust to the various imputation models investigated and to the scenarios of nonignorable missing data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CES-D scale can easily be used in large cohorts even in the presence of missing data. Based on the results from both a qualitative study and a sensitivity analysis under various scenarios of missing data mechanism in a population of women, missing data mechanism does not appear to be nonignorable and estimates are robust to departures from ignorability. Multiple imputation is recommended to reliably handle missing data in the CES-D scale.
authors: Institut Curie, Biostatistics Department, Paris, France.
authors: Noémie
authors: N
authors: Resseguier
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Verdoux
authors: Roch
authors: R
authors: Giorgi
authors: Françoise
authors: F
authors: Clavel-Chapelon
authors: Xavier
authors: X
authors: Paoletti
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012107:Research Design; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires