title: Reliability of different methods for measuring the inclination of the maxillary canines on panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the reliability of 4 different methods of measuring maxillary canine inclination (CI) on panoramic radiographs, and to determine whether examiner experience level influenced these measurements under ideal experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 20 high-quality panoramic radiographs obtained under standardized conditions using the same radiological apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine inclination (CI) was measured as either the angle formed by the canine long axis and the midline (method A), a line passing through the suborbitary points (method B), the most superior points of condyles (method C) or the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the first molars (method D). Measurements were made at initial observation (T1) and after 3 months (T2) by 5 experienced orthodontists and 5 undergraduate dental students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean T1-T2 differences for the measurements were close to zero, with no relationship between their magnitude or direction for each method. Intra-rater reliability was excellent, with the lowest values being observed for method B and the highest for method C. No influence of the examiner experience level was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four methods used in this study to measure CI showed excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, irrespective of examiner experience level. Method B was the least reliable and method C the most reliable, if compared with the others.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. serena.incerti2@unibo.it
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Incerti Parenti
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Gatto
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gracco
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Alessandri Bonetti
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009970:Orthodontics; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013335:Students, Dental
keywords: cuspid; mesiodistal inclination; panoramic radiograph; reliability