title: Effects of resistance training combined with vascular occlusion or hypoxia on neuromuscular function in athletes.
abstract: The aim was to investigate the effects of low-load resistant training combined with vascular occlusion or normobaric hypoxic exposure, on neuromuscular function. In a randomised controlled trial, well-trained athletes took part in a 5-week training of knee flexor/extensor muscles in which low-load resistant exercise (20% of one repetition maximum, 1-RM) was combined with either (1) an occlusion pressure of approximately 230 mmHg (KT, n = 10), (2) hypoxic air to generate an arterial blood oxygen saturation of ~80% (HT, n = 10), or (3) with no additional stimulus (CT, n = 10). Before and after training, participants completed the following tests: 3-s maximal voluntary contraction (MVC₃), 30-s MVC, and an endurance test (maximal number of repetitions at 20% 1-RM, Reps₂₀). Electromyographic activity (root mean square, RMS) was measured during tests and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps and hamstrings was measured pre- and post-training. Relative to CT, KT, and HT showed likely increases in MVC₃ (11.0 ± 11.9 and 15.0 ± 13.1%, mean ± 90% confidence interval), MVC₃₀ (10.2 ± 9.0 and 18.3 ± 17.4%), and Reps₂₀ (28.9 ± 23.7 and 23.3 ± 24.0%). Compared to the CT group, CSA increased in the KT (7.6 ± 5.8) and HT groups (5.3 ± 3.0). KT had a large effect on RMS during MVC₃, compared to CT (effect size 0.8) and HT (effect size 0.8). We suspect hypoxic conditions created within the muscles during vascular occlusion and hypoxic training may play a key role in these performance enhancements.
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Apiwan
authors: A
authors: Manimmanakorn
authors: Nuttaset
authors: N
authors: Manimmanakorn
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Taylor
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Draper
authors: Francois
authors: F
authors: Billaut
authors: Jeremy P
authors: JP
authors: Shearman
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Hamlin
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055070:Resistance Training; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen