title: Novel mutations in the ferritin-L iron-responsive element that only mildly impair IRP binding cause hereditary hyperferritinaemia cataract syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hereditary Hyperferritinaemia Cataract Syndrome (HHCS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by increased serum ferritin levels and early onset of bilateral cataract. The disease is caused by mutations in the Iron-Responsive Element (IRE) located in the 5' untranslated region of L-Ferritin (FTL) mRNA, which post-transcriptionally regulates ferritin expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe two families presenting high serum ferritin levels and juvenile cataract with novel mutations in the L-ferritin IRE. The mutations were further characterized by in vitro functional studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified two novel mutations in the IRE of L-Ferritin causing HHCS: the Badalona +36C > U and the Heidelberg +52 G > C mutation. Both mutations conferred reduced binding affinity on recombinant Iron Regulatory Proteins (IPRs) in EMSA experiments. Interestingly, the Badalona +36C > U mutation was found not only in heterozygosity, as expected for an autosomal dominant disease, but also in the homozygous state in some affected subjects. Additionally we report an update of all mutations identified so far to cause HHCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Badalona +36C > U and Heidelberg +52 G > C mutations within the L-ferritin IRE only mildly alter the binding capacity of the Iron Regulatory Proteins but are still causative for the disease.
authors: Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer IMPPC, Ctra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Luscieti
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Tolle
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Aranda
authors: Carmen Benet
authors: CB
authors: Campos
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Risse
authors: Érica
authors: É
authors: Morán
authors: Martina U
authors: MU
authors: Muckenthaler
authors: Mayka
authors: M
authors: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000328:Adult; D001052:Apoferritins / Q000235:genetics*; D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019189:Iron Metabolism Disorders / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics; D035925:Iron-Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010375:Pedigree; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011485:Protein Binding; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D035925:Iron-Regulatory Proteins; D012313:RNA; D001052:Apoferritins