title: Predictors of hand hygiene compliance in the era of alcohol-based hand rinse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predictors of hand-hygiene compliance have not been re-evaluated in the alcohol-based hand rinse (ABHR) era.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To re-evaluate predictors of hand-hygiene compliance in the era of ABHR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand-hygiene compliance was monitored at a Canadian teaching hospital for a period of two years using direct observation. Standardized definitions of compliance were used and potential predictors of compliance were recorded. A generalized linear mixed model was developed to evaluate the impact of predictors of hand-hygiene compliance while correcting for clustering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 7364 opportunities for hand hygiene among 3487 healthcare workers. Hand-hygiene compliance was 45% and did not vary over time. Predictors of improved compliance on multivariate analysis included the indication for hand hygiene with higher compliance seen after body fluid exposure (odds ratio: 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 3.7-6.1) and after patient contact (3.9; 3.5-4.4) compared with hand hygiene prior to patient contact. Glove use was associated with higher compliance (1.3; 1.1-1.4). A professional designation other than nurse or physician was associated with lower compliance (0.72; 0.61-0.86). The number of hand hygiene opportunities per hour was not associated with lower compliance. Higher ward level use of ABHR (vs use of soap/water) was associated with better compliance (P = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the ABHR era a higher frequency of hand-hygiene opportunities is no longer the primary barrier to achieving optimal hand-hygiene compliance. However, heterogeneous use of ABHR by ward may still provide a target for improvement.
authors: Applied Health Research Center, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Lebovic
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Siddiqui
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Muller
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D004202:Disinfectants