title: Psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy: possible relationships between psychotic disorders and involvement of limbic circuits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mounting evidence suggests that the limbic system is pathologically involved in cases of psychiatric comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Our objective was to develop a conceptual framework describing how neuropathological and connectivity changes might contribute to the development of psychosis and to the potential neurobiological mechanisms that cause schizophrenia-like psychosis in TLE patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, clinical and neuropathological findings, especially brain circuitry of the limbic system, were examined together to enhance our understanding of the association between TLE and psychosis. Finally, the importance of animal models in epilepsy and psychiatric disorders was discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLE and psychiatric symptoms coexist more frequently than chance would predict. Damage and deregulation among critical anatomical regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and the temporal, frontal and cingulate cortices, might predispose TLE brains to psychosis. Studies of the effects of kindling and injection of neuroactive substances on behavior and electrophysiological patterns may offer a model of how limbic seizures in humans increase the vulnerability of TLE patients to psychiatric symptoms.
authors: Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. ludykandra@gmail.com
authors: Ludmyla
authors: L
authors: Kandratavicius
authors: Cleiton
authors: C
authors: Lopes-Aguiar
authors: Lézio Soares
authors: LS
authors: Bueno-Júnior
authors: Rodrigo Neves
authors: RN
authors: Romcy-Pereira
authors: Jaime Eduardo Cecilio
authors: JE
authors: Hallak
authors: João Pereira
authors: JP
authors: Leite
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D015897:Comorbidity; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology