title: Effect of the use of a neutralizing step after antimicrobial application on microbial counts during challenge studies for orange disinfection.
abstract: The effects of using a neutralizer after applying antimicrobial treatments and the effect of time lapse between treatment application and subsequent recovery and enumeration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were investigated in Valencia oranges. Inoculated oranges  surfaces were washed with distilled water for 15 s and then sprayed with a solution containing 200 mg/liter sodium hypochlorite (pH 6.5) for 15 s; they were then dipped in L-lactic acid (2.0% at 55°C) for 1 min or in distilled water at 80°C for 1 min. Posttreatment, oranges were divided  into two groups. In the first group, oranges were dipped in neutralization treatment: 270 ml of buffered peptone water for 2 min for lactic acid-treated oranges, 270 ml of Dey-Engley broth for 2 min for chlorine-treated oranges, or 3.7 liters of tap water (25°C) for 10 s for hot  water-treated oranges. The second group of treated oranges was not subjected to any neutralizer. All oranges then were kept at room temperature (average 26.2°C) and sampled at 0, 7.5, and 15 min for enumeration of surviving Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. The orange  surface (30 cm(2)) was excised for pathogen enumeration. The presence of free chlorine and changes in pH and temperature on the orange surface were determined in uninoculated, treated oranges. Free chlorine was detected on oranges after treatment; the change in temperature of orange  surfaces was greater during treatment with hot water than with lactic acid. Nevertheless, pathogen enumeration did not show any impact of neutralizer use on the residual activity of antimicrobials or any impact of the time elapsed between antimicrobial treatment and recovery of bacterial pathogens  from inoculated oranges (P ≥ 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the lack of a neutralizing step before enumeration of pathogens is not likely to affect the accuracy of results during challenge studies to test pathogen reduction strategies on oranges.
authors: Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, México.
authors: N E
authors: NE
authors: Martínez-Gonzáles
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Martínez-Cárdenas
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Martínez-Chávez
authors: N E
authors: NE
authors: Ramos-Pérez
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Taylor
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Ulloa-Franco
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002713:Chlorine; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite