title: High pressure vaginography to diagnose vaginal ureteral ectopia in patients with continuous urinary incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous urinary incontinence in female patients can be a diagnostic dilemma if traditional imaging fails to identify a source.  Vaginography has been used to diagnose vaginal ectopic ureters in the past with mixed results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board approval was obtained for a retrospective review.  Five teenage females with continuous incontinence and prior negative imaging work ups underwent high pressure vaginography.  Their findings and treatment outcomes are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A vaginal ectopic ureter was diagnosed in each of the five patients at a mean age 15.8 years.  Each had undergone prior magnetic resonance urography that was non-diagnostic.  Four of the five were managed surgically with resolution of their incontinence.  One was lost to follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High pressure vaginogram should be considered during the work up of female patients with continuous urinary incontinence, especially when other imaging modalities fail to identify an etiology.
authors: Children's Hospital of the Kings Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA.
authors: Jack M
authors: JM
authors: Zuckerman
authors: Bijan
authors: B
authors: Shekarriz
authors: Jyoti
authors: J
authors: Upadhyay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011312:Pressure; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery