title: The effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D deficiency is common in the general public and athletic populations and may impair skeletal muscle function. We therefore assessed the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25[OH]D concentrations and physical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 club-level athletes were block randomised (using baseline 25[OH]D concentrations) into one of three groups receiving either a placebo (PLB), 20 000 or 40 000 IU/week oral vitamin D3 for 12 weeks. Serum 25[OH]D and muscle function (1-RM bench press and leg press and vertical jump height) were measured presupplementation, 6 and 12 weeks postsupplementation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined in accordance with the US Institute of Medicine guideline (<50 nmol/l).
  
  
  RESULTS
  57% of the subject population were vitamin D deficient at baseline (mean±SD value 51±24 nmol/l). Following 6 and 12 weeks supplementation with 20 000 IU (79±14 and 85±10 nmol/l, respectively) or 40 000 IU vitamin D3 (98±14 and 91±24 nmol/l, respectively), serum vitamin D concentrations increased in all participants, with every individual achieving concentrations greater than 50 nmol/l. In contrast, vitamin D concentration in the PLB group decreased at 6 and 12 weeks (37±18 and 41±22 nmol/l, respectively). Increasing serum 25[OH]D had no significant effect on any physical performance parameter (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both 20 000 and 40 000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation over a 6-week period elevates serum 25[OH]D concentrations above 50 nmol/l, but neither dose given for 12 weeks improved our chosen measures of physical performance.
authors: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. g.l.close@ljmu.ac.uk
authors: Graeme L
authors: GL
authors: Close
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Leckey
authors: Marcelle
authors: M
authors: Patterson
authors: Warren
authors: W
authors: Bradley
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Owens
authors: William D
authors: WD
authors: Fraser
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Morton
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Muscle metabolism; Nutrition; Sports and nutrition; Supplements