title: Head of household education level as a factor influencing whether delivery takes place in the presence of a skilled birth attendant in Busia, Uganda: a cross-sectional household study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assistance during delivery by a skilled attendant is recommended as a means to reduce child and maternal mortality. Globally, higher levels of maternal education have been associated with better health behaviours at delivery. However, given that heads of households tend to be the decision makers regarding accessing healthcare, some educated mothers may find themselves prevented from accessing healthcare at the point of delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between head of household education level and health seeking behaviours at delivery across a sample of 392 households. Chi-squared analysis and odds ratios were calculated to measure the strength of the relationship between no, some primary, or some secondary or higher education attained by the head of household and the presence or absence of a skilled birth attendant at that child's birth, and whether the birth took place at a health facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heads of household (n = 392) were predominantly male (93.4% [(90.9%, 95.8%), a = 0.05]). We found a significant difference in skilled birth attendance between heads of households with some primary education and heads of household with some secondary education or higher (χ2 (1) = 6.231, p <0.05) whereby those with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to seek a skilled birth attendant (OR = 1.5,[1.1,2.1]). The difference in health centre delivery between heads of household with a primary education and heads of household with a secondary or higher education was also significant (χ2 (1) = 7.519, p <0.05). Those with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to deliver in a health facility (OR = 1.6,[1.2,2.1]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our analysis, which identified the vast majority of heads of households as men, suggests that education, or rather limited or a lack of education for the head of household, may be a barrier to women's use of health care in Uganda and therefore reinforces the need to increase educational access among male heads of households. Improving the rates of health centre deliveries and utilization of services provided by skilled health workers might lie, in part, in increasing overall education levels of heads of households, specifically the education of male heads of households.
authors: Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. vallierf@tcd.ie
authors: Frédérique
authors: F
authors: Vallières
authors: Alexandria
authors: A
authors: Hansen
authors: Eilish
authors: E
authors: McAuliffe
authors: Emma Louise
authors: EL
authors: Cassidy
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Owora
authors: Sam
authors: S
authors: Kappler
authors: Evelyn
authors: E
authors: Gathuru
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008880:Midwifery; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult