title: Inspiratory muscle training in heart disease and heart failure: a review of the literature with a focus on method of training and outcomes.
abstract: Evidence to date strongly suggests that poor inspiratory muscle performance is associated with dyspnea, poor exercise tolerance and poor functional status in patients with heart failure (HF). A growing body of literature has examined the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in HF patients with the majority of studies reporting favorable effects on several of the above limitations and a substantial number of related deficiencies due to inadequate inspiration and inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. The domains and manifestations of HF, which were significantly improved by IMT in one or more of the 18 out of 19 studies of IMT, included dyspnea, quality of life, balance, peripheral muscle strength and blood flow, peripheral muscle sympathetic nervous activity, heart rate, respiratory rate, peak VO₂, 6-min walk test distance, ventilation, VE/VCO₂ slope, oxygen uptake efficiency, circulatory power, recovery oxygen kinetics and several indices of cardiac performance. This paper will also review the available IMT literature with a focus on methods of IMT and clinical outcomes. Key differences between available IMT methods will be highlighted with a goal to improve IMT efforts and decrease the pathophysiological manifestations of heart disease and HF.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 5915 Ponce de Leon Blvd. 5th Floor, Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146-2435, USA. l.cahalin@miami.edu
authors: Lawrence P
authors: LP
authors: Cahalin
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Arena
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Guazzi
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Myers
authors: Gerson
authors: G
authors: Cipriano
authors: Gaspar
authors: G
authors: Chiappa
authors: Carl J
authors: CJ
authors: Lavie
authors: Daniel E
authors: DE
authors: Forman
mesh_terms: D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000009:adverse effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D015444:Exercise; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis