title: The influence of weight gain patterns in pregnancy on fetal growth using cluster analysis in an obese and nonobese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Excessive weight gain during pregnancy has an important influence on fetal growth and on weight development in future generations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 325 obese and nonobese Caucasian women with naturally conceived, singleton pregnancies was performed. They were followed up until delivery for maternal weight gain and for fetal growth with ultrasound-based weight estimations and final birth weight. Using cluster analysis distinct profiles of maternal weight gain during pregnancy were obtained. Longitudinal regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship of the maternal weight gain profile and BMI on fetal growth and final birth weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster analysis revealed four discernable maternal weight gain profiles: 12 cases (3.7%) ended up at their starting weight or decreased in weight (cluster 1), 16 cases (4.9%) who slightly increased in weight (maximum 4 kg) as compared to their initial weight (cluster 2), 114 cases (35.1%) who gained between 4 and 12 kg in weight (cluster 3), and 183 cases (56.3%) who showed the largest weight gain: more than 12 kg (cluster 4). There were statistically significant differences in fetal growth associated with weight gain cluster, which became apparent late in the second trimester and increased toward the end of pregnancy. Maternal BMI and maternal weight gain profile were independent predictors of fetal growth and birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the conclusion is that the cluster analysis permits to discern four gestational weight gain (GWG) patterns in obese and nonobese subjects and that both maternal BMI and maternal weight gain pattern during pregnancy positively influence fetal growth and birth weight.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Galjaard
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pexsters
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Devlieger
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Guelinckx
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Abdallah
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Lewis
authors: B
authors: B
authors: van Calster
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bourne
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Timmerman
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Luts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult