title: Management of intractable hiccups: an illustrative case and review.
abstract: Often thought of as a benign and self-limited condition, hiccups can become persistent or intractable, and thus be associated with substantial morbidity and distress. In such cases, an underlying etiology is often present, and may be overlooked. Debilitating hiccups can present a major challenge to optimal symptom management. Various causes of protracted hiccups have been identified including metabolic abnormalities, central nervous system pathology, malignancy, medications, and disorders attributed to cardiac, pulmonary and gastrointestinal etiologies. We present a case of intractable hiccups in a patient with an advanced hematological malignancy and review specific therapies for the management of persistent hiccups.
authors: 1Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Camielle
authors: C
authors: Rizzo
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Vitale
authors: Marcos
authors: M
authors: Montagnini
mesh_terms: D006606:Hiccup / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007952:Leukemia, Plasma Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
keywords: bone marrow transplantation; cancer; gabapentin; hiccups; olanzapine; palliative care