title: Occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three European countries.
abstract: In this study, the prevalence of different enteric viruses in commercial mussels was evaluated at the retail level in three European countries (Finland, Greece and Spain). A total of 153 mussel samples from different origins were analysed for human norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Human adenovirus (HAdV) was also tested as an indicator of human faecal contamination. A full set of controls (such as sample process control, internal amplification controls, and positive and negative controls) were implemented during the process. The use of a sample process control allowed us to calculate the efficiencies of extraction, which ranged from 79 to 0.5 %, with an average value of 10 %. Samples were positive in 41 % of cases, with HAdV being the most prevalent virus detected (36 %), but no significant correlation was found between the presence of HAdV and human NoV, HAV and HEV. The prevalences of human norovirus genogroup II, HEV and human NoV genogroup I were 16, 3 and 0.7 %, respectively, and HAV was not detected. The estimated number of PCR detectable units varied between 24 and 1.4 × 10(3) g(-1) of digestive tract. Interestingly, there appeared to be a significant association between the type of mussel species (M. galloprovincialis) and the positive result of samples, although a complete overlap between country and species examined required this finding to be confirmed including samples of both species from all possible countries of origin.
authors: Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Junta de Castilla y León, Ctra. Burgos, km 119, 47071, Valladolid, Spain.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Diez-Valcarce
authors: Petros
authors: P
authors: Kokkinos
authors: Kirsi
authors: K
authors: Söderberg
authors: Martijn
authors: M
authors: Bouwknegt
authors: Kris
authors: K
authors: Willems
authors: Ana Maria
authors: AM
authors: de Roda-Husman
authors: Carl-Henrik
authors: CH
authors: von Bonsdorff
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Bellou
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Hernández
authors: Leena
authors: L
authors: Maunula
authors: Apostolos
authors: A
authors: Vantarakis
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Rodríguez-Lázaro
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D003132:Commerce; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005387:Finland; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D006115:Greece; D030041:Hepatitis A virus; D016752:Hepatitis E virus; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus; D017747:Seafood / Q000821:virology*; D013030:Spain; D014780:Viruses