title: Children's skin cancer prevention: a systematic review of parents' psychosocial measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs may be influenced through intervention to increase children's sun protection. Little is known about measures of these psychosocial characteristics, including psychometric properties. This paper systematically reviews parents' psychosocial measures in children's skin cancer prevention studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of standard databases conducted in 2008, updated in 2011, yielded 5797 unique citations. A study was eligible if (1) it was published between January 1980 and March 2011; (2) it was published in English; (3) it reported a psychosocial measure relevant to children's skin cancer prevention; and (4) the psychosocial measure was administered to parents, the majority of whom had children aged ≤12 years. Screening yielded 57 eligible studies. Data were analyzed in 2008 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most studies measured one (n=24) or two (n=18) psychosocial constructs; few (n=7) measured more than three. The most frequently measured constructs were knowledge (n=41); attitudes (n=22); perceived susceptibility/risk (n=11); self-efficacy (n=9); and perceived barriers (n=9). Most studies did not mention theory. Theoretic mechanisms underlying interventions were not examined. There was little description of measure validity. Reliability, usually internal consistency, was reported more often (n=19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few studies assessed more than two parent-related psychosocial constructs, so it was not possible to test theoretic models of parental influences on children's sun protection. Validated measures were lacking. There was conceptual overlap of measures because of the presence of analogous constructs across theories and assessment of multiple constructs within a single measure.
authors: Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA. mtripp@mdanderson.org
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Tripp
authors: Sally W
authors: SW
authors: Vernon
authors: Ellen R
authors: ER
authors: Gritz
authors: Pamela M
authors: PM
authors: Diamond
authors: Patricia Dolan
authors: PD
authors: Mullen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012931:Social Environment