title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia: the contribution of neuroimaging.
abstract: At the most basic level, the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS) is a neuro-scientific tool that exerts its action by influencing the neo-cortical functions. However, in-spite of so many well-evidenced roles of TMS in neuropsychiatric conditions, its exact mechanism of action remains to be known. More intriguing are its therapeutic effects in Schizophrenia at the Cerebral-level. In this review, we adopt a neuro-imaging approach for this exploration. We review the present literature for the studies in Schizophrenia which have used a combination of rTMS with 1) Electroenchephalogram (EEG) 2)The functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and the 3) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/ Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. The TMS-EEG combination provides direct effects of TMS on the electro- magnetic field (EMF) of brain. The TMS-fMRI/PET/SPECT combinations are very effective in exploring the functional connectivity in brains of Schizophrenia patients as well as in performing rTMS guided neuro-navigation. Our review suggests that TMS combined with other neuroimaging modalities are needed for a better clarification of its neural actions.
authors: Neurology Department, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, Shandong, China.
authors: Zhong-de
authors: ZD
authors: Du
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Wang
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Prakash
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Chaudhury
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Dayananda
mesh_terms: D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*