title: Cyclic changes in HIV shedding from the female genital tract during the menstrual cycle.
abstract: Factors increasing genital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shedding may increase female-to-male HIV transmission risk. We examined HIV shedding in 67 women with HIV type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection, during 2 menstrual cycles. Shedding occurred in 60%, 48%, and 54% of samples during the follicular, periovulatory, and luteal phases, respectively (P = .01). Shedding declined after menses until ovulation, with a slope -0.054 log10 copies/swab/day (P < .001), corresponding to a change of approximately 0.74 log10 copies between peak and nadir levels. Shedding increased during the luteal phase only among women with CD4 counts of <350 cells/µL. In reproductive-aged women, shedding frequency and magnitude are greatest immediately following menses and lowest at ovulation.
authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. mcurlin@th.cdc.gov
authors: Marcel E
authors: ME
authors: Curlin
authors: Wanna
authors: W
authors: Leelawiwat
authors: Eileen F
authors: EF
authors: Dunne
authors: Wannee
authors: W
authors: Chonwattana
authors: Philip A
authors: PA
authors: Mock
authors: Famui
authors: F
authors: Mueanpai
authors: Sukhon
authors: S
authors: Thep-Amnuay
authors: Sara J
authors: SJ
authors: Whitehead
authors: Janet M
authors: JM
authors: McNicholl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D060085:Coinfection / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017201:Virus Shedding; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral