title: Presence and dynamics of leptin, GLP-1, and PYY in human breast milk at early postpartum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The presence of appetite hormones, namely glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin in breast milk may be important in infant feeding regulation and infant growth. This study evaluated whether concentrations of GLP-1, PYY, and leptin change across a single feeding (from fore- to hindmilk), and are associated with maternal and infant anthropometrics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen postpartum women (mean ± SD: 25.6 ± 4.5 years, 72.0 ± 11.9 kg) provided fore- and hindmilk samples 4-5 weeks after delivery and underwent measurements of body weight and composition by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry. GLP-1, PYY, and leptin concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay, and milk fat content was determined by creamatocrit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration of GLP-1 and content of milk fat was higher in hindmilk than foremilk (P ≤ 0.05). PYY and leptin concentrations did not change between fore- and hindmilk. Both leptin concentration and milk fat content were correlated with indices of maternal adiposity, including body mass index (r = 0.65-0.85, P < 0.02), and fat mass (r = 0.65-0.84, P < 0.02). Hindmilk GLP-1 was correlated with infant weight gain from birth to 6 months (r = -0.67, P = 0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of appetite hormones in breast milk may be important in infant appetite and growth regulation.
authors: Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Schueler
authors: Brenda
authors: B
authors: Alexander
authors: Ann Marie
authors: AM
authors: Hart
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Austin
authors: D Enette
authors: DE
authors: Larson-Meyer
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000737:chemistry*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1