title: Natural history of unreduced Gartland type-II supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children: a two to thirteen-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The preferred treatment of type-II supracondylar humeral fractures remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcome of type-II supracondylar humeral fractures in children treated with immobilization in a splint without reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of forty-six consecutive patients who sustained a supracondylar Gartland type-II fracture of the humerus treated with immobilization in a splint were reviewed. Age at the time of fracture, sex, side involved, dominant extremity, duration of immobilization, and complications were recorded. Radiographic assessment included the Baumann angle, carrying angle, and lateral humerocapitellar angle. Patients returned for clinical evaluation, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score and the criteria of Flynn et al. were recorded. Patients completed the QuickDASH, an abbreviated form of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, to measure disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age (and standard deviation) at the time of fracture was 5.5 ± 2.6 years. The average duration of follow-up was 6.6 ± 2.8 years. The initial lateral humerocapitellar angle was a mean of 12.8° ± 9.8°, the mean Baumann angle was 12° ± 5.7°, and the mean radiographic carrying angle was 9° ± 11.3°. There were significant differences between injured and uninjured elbows at the time of follow-up with regard to flexion (mean, 137.9° ± 9.1° for injured and 144.8° ± 7.1° for uninjured elbows; p < 0.001), extension (mean, 13.2° ± 5.9° for injured and 7.4° ± 5.1° for uninjured elbows; p < 0.001), clinical carrying angle (mean, 9° ± 8.1° for injured and 12.1° ± 4.9° for uninjured elbows; p = 0.003), radiographic carrying angle (mean, 8.9° ± 8.1° for injured and 14.2° ± 5.5° for uninjured elbows; p < 0.001), and lateral humerocapitellar angle (mean, 30.5° ± 11° for injured and 41.9° ± 9.9° for uninjured elbows; p < 0.001). The mean score was 10 ± 15.3 points for the QuickDASH questionnaire, 4.7 ± 12.2 points for the QuickDASH-sports questionnaire, and 95.6 ± 10.5 for the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. According to the Flynn criteria, results were satisfactory in 80.4% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a type-II supracondylar fracture of the humerus treated conservatively had a mild cubitus varus deformity and a mild increase in elbow extension, although functional results were excellent in the majority of patients.
authors: Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. luis.moraleda@salud.madrid.org
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Moraleda
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Valencia
authors: Raúl
authors: R
authors: Barco
authors: Gaspar
authors: G
authors: González-Moran
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D007103:Immobilization; D007223:Infant; D016916:Joint Deformities, Acquired / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013165:Splints