title: The effect of fracture pattern stability on implant loading in OTA type 31-A2 proximal femur fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internal fixation of OTA type 31-A2 proximal femoral fractures can be performed with either a sliding hip screw and side plate (SHS-P) or a sliding hip screw and intramedullary nail (SHS-IMN). Controversy exists as to which is the best implant for these types of fractures. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the stability of 31-A2 fractures as a function of loss of medial cortical buttress. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of fracture stability on the different internal fixation constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated simple intertrochanteric fractures were made in 12 cadaver proximal femurs. Six fractures were fixed with an SHS-P and 6 with an SHS-IMN. Both implants were instrumented with a strain gauge at the lag screw-nail/plate interface to allow assessment of implant load bearing (ILB). A primary fracture line, in accordance with the 31-A2 OTA classification, was created after which 3 subsequent horizontal osteotomies in 1-cm increments were made across the medial cortex. Compressive loading up to 1050 N was performed after each osteotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ILB was presented as percentage of maximal ILB. SHS-P constructs increased their load bearing gradually. For SHS-P constructs, ILB was 8.1% ± 1.8% in the intact state, increasing to 49.6% ± 14.0% after the initial intertrochanteric osteotomy (P = 0.0002), 68.7% ± 15.9% after the first medial osteotomy (P = 0.028), and 80.0% ± 15.9% after the second medial osteotomy (P = 0.15). After the first-level medial osteotomy, SHS-IMN constructs reached a plateau in which the implant carried the entire load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 31-A2 fractures become increasingly unstable with increased medial comminution (or fragment size). SHS-P constructs were more load sharing than SHS-IMN constructs. These findings may help guide the surgeon in choice of implant for a 31-A2 intertrochanteric fracture, leaning toward SHS-IMN for the more unstable fracture patterns.
authors: *Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and †The Taylor Collaboration, San Francisco, CA.
authors: Meir
authors: M
authors: Marmor
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Liddle
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Pekmezci
authors: Jenni
authors: J
authors: Buckley
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Matityahu
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing