title: Using the entropy of tracheal sounds to detect apnea during sedation in healthy nonobese volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undetected apnea can lead to severe hypoxia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest. Tracheal sounds entropy has been proved to be a robust method for estimating respiratory flow, thus maybe a more reliable way to detect obstructive and central apnea during sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of a previous pharmacodynamics study was conducted. Twenty volunteers received propofol and remifentinal until they became unresponsive to the insertion of a bougie into the esophagus. Respiratory flow rate and tracheal sounds were recorded using a pneumotachometer and a microphone. The logarithm of the tracheal sound Shannon entropy (Log-E) was calculated to estimate flow rate. An adaptive Log-E threshold was used to distinguish between the presence of normal breath and apnea. Apnea detected from tracheal sounds was compared to the apnea detected from respiratory flow rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volunteers stopped breathing for 15 s or longer (apnea) 322 times during the 12.9-h study. Apnea was correctly detected 310 times from both the tracheal sounds and the respiratory flow. Periods of apnea were not detected by the tracheal sounds 12 times. The absence of tracheal sounds was falsely detected as apnea 89 times. Normal breathing was detected correctly 1,196 times. The acoustic method detected obstructive and central apnea in sedated volunteers with 95% sensitivity and 92% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the entropy of the acoustic signal from a microphone placed over the trachea may reliably provide an early warning of the onset of obstructive and central apnea in volunteers under sedation.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China. lu.yu.cmu@hotmail.com
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: Yu
authors: Chien-Kun
authors: CK
authors: Ting
authors: Bryce E
authors: BE
authors: Hill
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Orr
authors: Lara M
authors: LM
authors: Brewer
authors: Ken B
authors: KB
authors: Johnson
authors: Talmage D
authors: TD
authors: Egan
authors: Dwayne R
authors: DR
authors: Westenskow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001049:Apnea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014132:Trachea / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol