title: Body stature growth trajectories during childhood and the development of myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stature at a particular age can be considered the cumulative result of growth during a number of preceding growth trajectory periods. We investigated whether height and weight growth trajectories from birth to age 10 years were related to refractive error at ages 11 and 15 years, and eye size at age 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective analysis in a birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) U.K. birth cohort (minimum N = 2676).
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth trajectories between birth and 10 years were modeled from a series of height and weight measurements (N = 6815). Refractive error was assessed by noncycloplegic autorefraction at ages 11 and 15 years (minimum N = 4737). Axial length (AXL) and radius of corneal curvature were measured with an IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Welwyn Garden City, U.K.) at age 15 years (minimum N = 2676). Growth trajectories and an allelic score for 180 genetic variants associated with adult height were tested for association with refractive error and eye size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Noncycloplegic autorefraction at ages 11 and 15 years, and AXL and corneal curvature at age 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Height growth trajectory during the linear phase between 2.5 and 10 years was negatively associated with refractive error at 11 and 15 years (P<0.001), but explained <0.5% of intersubject variation. Height and weight growth trajectories, especially shortly after birth, were positively associated with AXL and corneal curvature (P<0.001), predicting 1% to 5% of trait variation. Height growth after 2.5 years was not associated with corneal curvature, whereas the association with AXL continued up to 10 years. The height allelic score was associated with corneal curvature (P = 0.03) but not with refractive error or AXL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up to the age of 10 years, shared growth mechanisms contribute to scaling of eye and body size but minimally to the development of myopia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Kate.Northstone@bristol.ac.uk
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Northstone
authors: Jeremy A
authors: JA
authors: Guggenheim
authors: Laura D
authors: LD
authors: Howe
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Tilling
authors: Lavinia
authors: L
authors: Paternoster
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Kemp
authors: George
authors: G
authors: McMahon
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis