title: Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention at home birth: an integrative review of global implementation experience to date.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhage continues to be a leading cause of maternal death in developing countries. The 2012 World Health Organization guidelines for the prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) recommend oral administration of misoprostol by community health workers (CHWs). However, there are several outstanding questions about distribution of misoprostol for PPH prevention at home births.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an integrative review of published research studies and evaluation reports from programs that distributed misoprostol at the community level for prevention of PPH at home births. We reviewed methods and cadres involved in education of end-users, drug administration, distribution, and coverage, correct and incorrect usage, and serious adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen programs were identified; only seven reported all data of interest. Programs utilized a range of strategies and timings for distributing misoprostol. Distribution rates were higher when misoprostol was distributed at a home visit during late pregnancy (54.5-96.9%) or at birth (22.5-83.6%), compared to antenatal care (ANC) distribution at any ANC visit (22.5-49.1%) or late ANC visit (21.0-26.7%). Coverage rates were highest when CHWs and traditional birth attendants distributed misoprostol and lower when health workers/ANC providers distributed the medication. The highest distribution and coverage rates were achieved by programs that allowed self-administration. Seven women took misoprostol prior to delivery out of more than 12,000 women who were followed-up. Facility birth rates increased in the three programs for which this information was available. Fifty-one (51) maternal deaths were reported among 86,732 women taking misoprostol: 24 were attributed to perceived PPH; none were directly attributed to use of misoprostol. Even if all deaths were attributable to PPH, the equivalent ratio (59 maternal deaths/100,000 live births) is substantially lower than the reported maternal mortality ratio in any of these countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community-based programs for prevention of PPH at home birth using misoprostol can achieve high distribution and use of the medication, using diverse program strategies. Coverage was greatest when misoprostol was distributed by community health agents at home visits. Programs appear to be safe, with an extremely low rate of ante- or intrapartum administration of the medication.
authors: Jhpiego, 1776 Massachusetts Ave,, NW#300, Washington, DC 20036, USA. jsmith@jhpiego.net
authors: Jeffrey Michael
authors: JM
authors: Smith
authors: Rehana
authors: R
authors: Gubin
authors: Martine M
authors: MM
authors: Holston
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Fullerton
authors: Ndola
authors: N
authors: Prata
mesh_terms: D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000193:education*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education*; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D012646:Self Administration; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D016595:Misoprostol