title: Longitudinal effects of universal preventive intervention on prescription drug misuse: three randomized controlled trials with late adolescents and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined long-term prescription drug misuse outcomes in 3 randomized controlled trials evaluating brief universal preventive interventions conducted during middle school.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 3 studies, we tested the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP); evaluated a revised ISFP, the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 plus the school-based Life Skills Training (SFP 10-14 + LST); and examined the SFP 10-14 plus 1 of 3 school-based interventions. Self-reported outcomes were prescription opioid misuse (POM) and lifetime prescription drug misuse overall (PDMO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study 1, ISFP showed significant effects on POM and PDMO, relative reduction rates (RRRs; age 25 years) of 65%, and comparable benefits for higher- and lower-risk subgroups. In study 2, SFP 10-14 + LST showed significant or marginally significant effects on POM and PDMO across all ages (21, 22, and 25 years); higher-risk participants showed stronger effects (RRRs = 32%-79%). In study 3, we found significant results for POM and PDMO (12th grade RRRs = 20%-21%); higher-risk and lower-risk participants showed comparable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing prescription drug misuse among adolescents and young adults.
authors: Partnerships in Prevention Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA. rlspoth@iastate.edu
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Spoth
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Trudeau
authors: Chungyeol
authors: C
authors: Shin
authors: Ekaterina
authors: E
authors: Ralston
authors: Cleve
authors: C
authors: Redmond
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Greenberg
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult