title: Intergenerational effects of in utero exposure to Ramadan in Tunisia.
abstract: We have reported that changes in the lifestyle of pregnant women during Ramadan affect more than one generation. In a series of newborn babies in Saudi Arabia, those whose mothers had been in utero during Ramadan differed from those whose mothers had not been in utero during Ramadan. These were unexpected findings and require replication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined body size at birth in 1,321 babies (682 boys and 639 girls) born in Gafsa, a small city in Tunisia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Babies whose mothers had been in utero during Ramadan were smaller and thinner, and had smaller placentas, than those whose mothers had not been in utero during Ramadan. After adjustment for sex, the babies were 93 g lighter (95% confidence interval, 32-153, P=0.003) than those whose mother had not been in utero during Ramadan, their mean ponderal index was 0.52 kg/m(3) lower (0.24-0.79, P<0.001) and their placental weight was 21 g lower (5-37, P=0.01). The findings did not differ by trimester of maternal exposure to Ramadan. They were similar in boys and girls and in primiparous and multiparous mothers
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence that changes in lifestyle during Ramadan have intergenerational effects.
authors: Fetal Programming of Disease Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors: S H
authors: SH
authors: Alwasel
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Harrath
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Aljarallah
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Abotalib
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Osmond
authors: S Y
authors: SY
authors: Al Omar
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Khaled
authors: D J P
authors: DJ
authors: Barker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000208:ethnology*; D014416:Tunisia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult