title: Obesity-related increased γ' fibrinogen concentration in children and its reduction by a physical activity-based lifestyle intervention: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if elevated plasma γ'-fibrinogen, typically involved in the formation of fibrinolysis-resistant clots, confers an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and thrombosis in children as it does in adults. Although obesity-related hyperfibrinogenemia is frequently reported in children, the role of γ' fibrinogen and its response to physical activity-based lifestyle are less clear in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled 3-month physical activity-based lifestyle intervention, γ' fibrinogen concentration was measured in 21 children (aged 14-18 years; Tanner stage > IV), including 15 in the obese group and 6 in the normal weight group, with body mass index percentiles for age and sex of >95 and <85, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationships between γ' fibrinogen and other risk factors for CVD, such as markers of insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation, along with body composition (as measured by dual-energy X-ray absortiometry), were assessed before and after the intervention. γ' fibrinogen concentration was higher in the obese group compared with the normal weight group (P < .05) and was correlated with other risk factors for CVD (adjusted R(2) = 0.9; P < .05), and insulin emerged as the major predictor of γ' fibrinogen. The intervention reduced γ'-fibrinogen concentration (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data reveal: (1) elevated γ' fibrinogen concentrations in obese insulin-resistant children compared with normal lean controls; (2) a relationship between γ' fibrinogen and other CVD risk factors; and (3) physical activity-induced reduction in γ' fibrinogen in obese children.
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors: Rehana
authors: R
authors: Lovely
authors: Jobayer
authors: J
authors: Hossain
authors: Jonathen P
authors: JP
authors: Ramsey
authors: Venugopal
authors: V
authors: Komakula
authors: Donald
authors: D
authors: George
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Farrell
authors: Prabhakaran Babu
authors: PB
authors: Balagopal
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: BMI; BSA; Body mass index; Bovine serum albumin; C-reactive protein; CRP; CVD; Cardiovascular disease; DEXA; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HOMA-IR; Homeostasis model of assessment–insulin resistance; IL; Interleukin; PBS; Phosphate-buffered saline