title: Increase in antioxidant and anticancer effects of ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture by Maillard reaction.
abstract: Ginsenosides are the main active components of Panax ginseng. Structural changes in diol type ginsenosides along with generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are strongly associated with increased free radical-scavenging activities. Ginsenoside Re, one of the major triol type ginsenosides of P. ginseng, possesses a hydrophobic four-ring steroid-like structure with hydrophilic sugar moieties at carbons-3 and -20. The aim of the present study was to identify changes in the structure, antioxidant and anticancer effects of ginsenoside Re upon Maillard reaction. Ginsenoside Re was transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely Rg(2), Rg(6) and F(4) by heat-processing. Free radical-scavenging activity of the ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture increased upon heat processing. This improved free radical-scavenging activity mediated by antioxidant MRPs, which were generated through Maillard reaction of a glucosyl moiety separated from carbon-20 of ginsenoside Re and lysine. The increased anticancer effect of ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture upon heat processing was mainly derived from the generation of less-polar ginsenosides through the regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. These results reported here have shed significant new lights on the mechanism of increased antioxidant and anticancer effects of P. ginseng upon heat processing.
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Yamabe
authors: Young-Joo
authors: YJ
authors: Kim
authors: Seungyong
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Eun-Ju
authors: EJ
authors: Cho
authors: Soon-Hye
authors: SH
authors: Park
authors: Jungyeob
authors: J
authors: Ham
authors: Hyun Young
authors: HY
authors: Kim
authors: Ki Sung
authors: KS
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D015394:Molecular Structure; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D036145:Ginsenosides; C049864:ginsenoside Re; D008239:Lysine