title: Understanding the Canadian adult CT head rule trial: use of the theoretical domains framework for process evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Canadian CT Head Rule was prospectively derived and validated to assist clinicians with diagnostic decision-making regarding the use of computed tomography (CT) in adult patients with minor head injury. A recent intervention trial failed to demonstrate a decrease in the rate of head CTs following implementation of the rule in Canadian emergency departments. Yet, the same intervention, which included a one-hour educational session and reminders at the point of requisition, was successful in reducing cervical spine imaging rates in the same emergency departments. The reason for the varied effect of the intervention across these two behaviours is unclear. There is an increasing appreciation for the use of theory to conduct process evaluations to better understand how strategies are linked with outcomes in implementation trials. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) has been used to explore health professional behaviour and to design behaviour change interventions but, to date, has not been used to guide a theory-based process evaluation. In this proof of concept study, we explored whether the TDF could be used to guide a retrospective process evaluation to better understand emergency physicians' responses to the interventions employed in the Canadian CT Head Rule trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-structured interview guide, based on the 12 domains from the TDF, was used to conduct telephone interviews with project leads and physician participants from the intervention sites in the Canadian CT Head Rule trial. Two reviewers independently coded the anonymised interview transcripts using the TDF as a coding framework. Relevant domains were identified by: the presence of conflicting beliefs within a domain; the frequency of beliefs; and the likely strength of the impact of a belief on the behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight physicians from four of the intervention sites in the Canadian CT Head Rule trial participated in the interviews. Barriers likely to assist with understanding physicians' responses to the intervention in the trial were identified in six of the theoretical domains: beliefs about consequences; beliefs about capabilities; behavioural regulation; memory, attention and decision processes; environmental context and resources; and social influences. Despite knowledge that the Canadian CT Head Rule was highly sensitive and reliable for identifying clinically important brain injuries and strong beliefs about the benefits for using the rule, a number of barriers were identified that may have prevented physicians from consistently applying the rule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proof of concept study demonstrates the use of the TDF as a guiding framework to design a retrospective theory-based process evaluation. There is a need for further development and testing of methods for using the TDF to guide theory-based process evaluations running alongside behaviour change intervention trials.
authors: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada. janet.curran@iwk.nshealth.ca
authors: Janet A
authors: JA
authors: Curran
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Brehaut
authors: Andrea M
authors: AM
authors: Patey
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Osmond
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Stiell
authors: Jeremy M
authors: JM
authors: Grimshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures