title: Combined impact of traditional and non-traditional health behaviors on mortality: a national prospective cohort study in Spanish older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on the combined effect of lifestyles on mortality in older people have generally been collected from highly selected populations and have been limited to traditional health behaviors. In this study, we examined the combined impact of three traditional (smoking, physical activity and diet) and three non-traditional health behaviors (sleep duration, sedentary time and social interaction) on mortality among older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 3,465 individuals, representative of the Spanish population aged ≥60 years, was established in 2000/2001 and followed-up prospectively through 2011. At baseline, the following positive behaviors were self-reported: never smoking or quitting tobacco >15 years, being very or moderately physically active, having a healthy diet score ≥ median in the cohort, sleeping 7 to 8 h/d, spending <8 h/d in sitting time, and seeing friends daily. Analyses were performed with Cox regression and adjusted for the main confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average nine-year follow-up, 1,244 persons died. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality among participants with two, three, four, five and six compared to those with zero to one positive behaviors were, respectively, 0.63 (0.46 to 0.85), 0.41 (0.31 to 0.55), 0.32 (0.24 to 0.42), 0.26 (0.20 to 0.35) and 0.20 (0.15 to 0.28) (P for trend <0.001). The results were similar regardless of age, sex and health status at baseline. Those with six vs. zero to one positive health behaviors had an all-cause mortality risk equivalent to being 14 years younger. Adding the three non-traditional to the four traditional behaviors improved the model fit (likelihood ratio test, P <0.001) and the accuracy of mortality prediction (c-statistic: + 0.0031, P = 0.040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to some traditional and non-traditional health behaviors may substantially reduce mortality risk in older adults.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ - CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. d.martinez@uam.es
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Martínez-Gómez
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Guallar-Castillón
authors: Luz M
authors: LM
authors: León-Muñoz
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: López-García
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Rodríguez-Artalejo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D013030:Spain; D016019:Survival Analysis