title: On the proportional hazards model for occupational and environmental case-control analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case-control studies are generally designed to investigate the effect of exposures on the risk of a disease. Detailed information on past exposures is collected at the time of study. However, only the cumulated value of the exposure at the index date is usually used in logistic regression. A weighted Cox (WC) model has been proposed to estimate the effects of time-dependent exposures. The weights depend on the age conditional probabilities to develop the disease in the source population. While the WC model provided more accurate estimates of the effect of time-dependent covariates than standard logistic regression, the robust sandwich variance estimates were lower than the empirical variance, resulting in a low coverage probability of confidence intervals. The objectives of the present study were to investigate through simulations a new variance estimator and to compare the estimates from the WC model and standard logistic regression for estimating the effects of correlated temporal aspects of exposure with detailed information on exposure history.
  
  
  METHODS
  We proposed a new variance estimator using a superpopulation approach, and compared its accuracy to the robust sandwich variance estimator. The full exposure histories of source populations were generated and case-control studies were simulated within each source population. Different models with selected time-dependent aspects of exposure such as intensity, duration, and time since cessation were considered. The performances of the WC model using the two variance estimators were compared to standard logistic regression. The results of the different models were finally compared for estimating the effects of correlated aspects of occupational exposure to asbestos on the risk of mesothelioma, using population-based case-control data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superpopulation variance estimator provided better estimates than the robust sandwich variance estimator and the WC model provided accurate estimates of the effects of correlated aspects of temporal patterns of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WC model with the superpopulation variance estimator provides an alternative analytical approach for estimating the effects of time-varying exposures with detailed history exposure information in case-control studies, especially if many subjects have time-varying exposure intensity over lifetime, and if only one control is available for each case.
authors: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors: Héloïse
authors: H
authors: Gauvin
authors: Aude
authors: A
authors: Lacourt
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Leffondré
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001194:Asbestos; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001194:Asbestos