title: Vitreous hemorrhage in children and adolescents in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical profile, etiologies, treatment modalities, and outcomes for vitreous hemorrhage in patients <18 years of age in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of patients presenting with vitreous hemorrhage between January 2000 and January 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 261 eyes of 246 patients (201 males) were included. Of these patients, 231 (94%) were unilateral. Trauma was the leading cause of injury in 179 eyes (68.5%); blunt trauma was more common than penetrating trauma in both males (64.7%) and females (57.7%). Wooden sticks were the most common cause of trauma (20.7%). Spontaneous causes accounted for 82 (31.5%) eyes, including 33 eyes (40%) with Eales disease, and 16 eyes (19.7%) with sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity. Trauma was most common cause of vitreous hemorrhage in all age groups, except in children <4 years of age, in whom spontaneous hemorrhage predominated. Overall, the most common management was surgery, performed in 173 (66.2%) eyes; 63 (24.1%) eyes were observed. Male sex, age >8 years, unilateral presentation, surgical treatment (P < 0.001), and blunt trauma (P = 0.047) were associated with severe visual loss. Mean follow-up was 636.5 ± 802.0 days overall, 597.0 ± 749.0 days for eyes observed and 638.8 ± 802.6 days for eyes that underwent surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posttraumatic vitreous hemorrhage comprises almost two-thirds of children and adolescents presenting with vitreous hemorrhage. Blunt trauma is more common than penetrating trauma. Male sex, age >8 years, unilateral presentation, and surgical treatment were all significantly associated with severe visual loss.
authors: Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralya, Tamil Nadu, India. docrishi@yahoo.co.in
authors: Pukhraj
authors: P
authors: Rishi
authors: Ekta
authors: E
authors: Rishi
authors: Aditi
authors: A
authors: Gupta
authors: Meenakshi
authors: M
authors: Swaminathan
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Chhablani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000453:epidemiology; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D031300:Retinal Vasculitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology