title: Glaucoma and vitamins A, C, and E supplement intake and serum levels in a population-based sample of the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential association between glaucoma prevalence and supplemental intake, as well as serum levels of vitamins A, C and E.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 2912 participants in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, age ≥40 years, who self-reported a presence or absence of glaucoma. Participants were interviewed regarding the use of dietary supplements during the preceding 30-day period. Participants also underwent serum measurements of vitamins A, C, and E (both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol). Information on the primary outcome measure, presence or absence of glaucoma, as well as demographic information, comorbidities and health-related behaviors, was assessed via interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate odds ratios for self-reported glaucoma, comparing the highest quartile of consumption to no consumption, and adjusted for potential confounding variables were 0.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-1.82) for vitamin A, 0.47 (95% CI 0.23-0.97) for vitamin C, and 2.59 (95% CI 0.89-7.56) for vitamin E. Adjusted odds ratios for self-reported glaucoma comparing the highest vs lowest quintiles of vitamin serum levels were 1.44 (95% CI 0.79-2.62) for vitamin A, 0.94 (95% CI 0.42-2.11) for vitamin C, 1.40 (95% CI 0.70-2.81) for alpha-tocopherol, and 0.64 (95% CI 0.24-1.70) for gamma-tocopherol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither supplementary consumption with nor serum levels of vitamins A and E were found to be associated with glaucoma prevalence. While low- and high-dose supplementary consumption of vitamin C was found to be associated with decreased odds of glaucoma, serum levels of vitamin C did not correlate with glaucoma prevalence.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
authors: S Y
authors: SY
authors: Wang
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Singh
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid