title: Assessing psychological violence and harassment at work: reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Inventory of Violence and Psychological Harassment (IVAPT) comparing NAQ-R and LIPT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Inventory of Violence and Psychological Harassment (IVAPT) (Pando, 2006), a 22-item measure of psychological harassment at work and presence and intensity of psychological violence widely used in Latin American countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IVAPT was translated into Japanese, and the translation was amended through a small pretest and a back-translation and finalized. A total of 1,810 out of 4,072 civil servants completed a questionnaire including the IVAPT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha of the scale was 0.97 for psychological violence and 0.94 for psychological harassment at work. An exploratory factor analysis showed that the first factor explained 64.5% of the total variance. Data did not well fit to previously reported one- or three-factor structures. Psychological violence and harassment at work were more frequent among older respondents. Intensity of psychological violence was well concordant with other scales of workplace bullying, i.e., Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization (LIPT) and Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R), and psychological harassment at work was well concordant with the NAQ-R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Japanese version of the IVAPT showed high internal consistency reliability. While the first factor explained a large proportion of the variance, the IVAPT seems to have a unique factor structure in the Japanese sample. Concurrent validity of the IVAPT was supported by the comparison with the other scales.
authors: Institute of Research on Occupational Health, University of Guadalajara, Mexico. manolop777@yahoo.com.mx
authors: Manuel Pando
authors: MP
authors: Moreno
authors: Carolina Aranda
authors: CA
authors: Beltrán
authors: Kanami
authors: K
authors: Tsuno
authors: Akiomi
authors: A
authors: Inoue
authors: Norito
authors: N
authors: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014177:Translations; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult