title: Remote ischemic preconditioning in cyanosed neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The myocardial protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning has been demonstrated in heterogeneous groups of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. No studies have examined this technique in neonates. The present study was performed to examine the remote ischemic preconditioning efficacy in this high-risk patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preliminary, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to investigate whether remote ischemic preconditioning in cyanosed neonates undergoing cardiac surgery confers protection against cardiopulmonary bypass. Two groups of neonates undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited for the present study: patients with transposition of the great arteries undergoing the arterial switch procedure and patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing the Norwood procedure. The subjects were randomized to the remote ischemic preconditioning or sham control groups. Remote ischemic preconditioning was induced by four 5-minute cycles of lower limb ischemia and reperfusion using a blood pressure cuff. Troponin I and the biomarkers for renal and cerebral injury were measured pre- and postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 neonates were recruited-20 with transposition of the great arteries and 19 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Of the 39 neonates, 20 were randomized to remote ischemic preconditioning and 19 to the sham control group. The baseline demographics appeared similar between the randomized groups. The cardiopulmonary bypass and crossclamp times were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The troponin I levels were not significantly different at 6 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass nor were the postoperative inotrope requirements. Markers of renal (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and cerebral injury (S100b, neuron-specific enolase) were not significantly different between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that remote ischemic preconditioning in hypoxic neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery does not provide myocardial, renal, or neuronal protection. Additional studies are needed to examine the relationships among developmental age, hypoxia, and the molecular mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Bryn O
authors: BO
authors: Jones
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Pepe
authors: Freya L
authors: FL
authors: Sheeran
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Donath
authors: Pollyanna
authors: P
authors: Hardy
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Shekerdemian
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Penny
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: McKenzie
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Horton
authors: Christian P
authors: CP
authors: Brizard
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: d'Udekem
authors: Igor E
authors: IE
authors: Konstantinov
authors: Michael M H
authors: MM
authors: Cheung
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D058327:Norwood Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D014739:Victoria
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019210:Troponin I
keywords: 20; 31; 8.1; CPB; HLHS; IPC; IR; NGAL; NSE; RIPC; TGA; cardiopulmonary bypass; hypoplastic left heart syndrome; ischemia–reperfusion; ischemic preconditioning; neuron-specific enolase; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; remote ischemic preconditioning; transposition of the great arteries