title: Teaching and training in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP): impact of the learning curve on patient outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On the basis of lower incidence of postoperative pain and faster recovery compared with open techniques, the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal patch plastic (TAPP) technique was established as a leading mode of inguinal hernia repair. In contrast to open hernia repairs, which are well integrated in the training of young surgeons, TAPP is still considered a more difficult surgical procedure, raising the questions of how to include this technique in trainee programs and how to provide appropriate training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out of 15,101 TAPP procedures performed in our department between 1993 and 2007, we analyzed 254 operations that occurred from April 2004 to February 2007 by young trainees (between the second and fourth years of surgical training). The analysis compared the trainees' TAPP operations with 3,200 TAPP procedures performed by experienced surgeons in the same time period, and with the first 254 TAPP operations in our department performed by pioneers who introduced this technique in 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 254 operations performed by young trainees, the mean operation time was 59 min, the morbidity rate was 3.2 %, and the recurrence rate was 0.4 %. Compared to experienced surgeons, we found no significant difference in recurrence rate and morbidity. For operation time, however, the young trainees demonstrated a learning curve with continuous improvement until the end of the study period approaching expert level. Pioneers also demonstrated a clear learning curve in operation time and additionally also regarding morbidity and recurrence rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the TAPP learning curve of young trainees is only related to operation time. Therefore, TAPP is a safe and reproducible technique when performed by young trainees under the supervision of experienced laparoscopic surgeons. With an adequate program, the technique can be learned quickly, skillfully, and safely when a standardized technique is used. It should be included as a fundamental part of state-of-the-art trainee programs.
authors: Department of Surgery, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Böheimstrasse 39, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany. boekeler.ulf@googlemail.com
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Bökeler
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Schwarz
authors: Reinhard
authors: R
authors: Bittner
authors: Steffi
authors: S
authors: Zacheja
authors: Constantin
authors: C
authors: Smaxwil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult