title: A study evaluating poliovirus antibodies and risk factors associated with polio seropositivity in low socioeconomic areas of Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seroprevalence studies provide important data on performance of immunization programs, susceptible groups and populations at-risk of future outbreaks. Identifying risk factors that affect seroconversion of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) will enable the polio eradication initiatives to increase seroprevalence. This paper describes the first population-based seroprevalence survey in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated the seroprevalence of poliovirus (PV) types 1, 2, and 3 antibodies to OPV in an illustrative sample of 554 subjects 6-11 months of age in three geographic locations of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, and Peshawar) representing a low socioeconomic at-risk populations. Antibody titers were measured and sero protection rates and geometric median titers were compared among different geographic regions and populations, as were demographics and OPV vaccination history collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess for potential risk factors for failure to sero-convert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average seroprevalence of PV1, PV2, and PV3 was 96.0%, 87.9% and 86.7%, respectively. The lowest sero protection rate for all three serotypes was for Karachi with 90.2%, 73.8%, and 78.8% for PV1, PV2, and PV3, respectively. Significant regional variation in PV3 seroprevalence was found (range: 74.2-100%). In the univariate analysis, age, total and campaign OPV doses were associated with higher seroprevalence, whereas stunting, respondent education and diarrhea in the past six months were significant risk factors for failure to sero-convert.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate consistently high levels of antibody response to PV1 and more geographically varied response to PV2 and PV3. Additionally, important risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified.
authors: Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors: Ma
authors: M
authors: Habib
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Soofi
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ali
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Sutter
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Palansch
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Qureshi
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Akhtar
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Molodecky
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Okayasu
authors: Zulfiqar A
authors: ZA
authors: Bhutta
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D060740:Disease Eradication / Q000379:methods; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral