title: Elevated IL-17A levels in early stages of bladder cancer regardless of smoking status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The interrelation between nicotine and IL-17A in bladder cancer (BC) patients was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-17A in the sera of 121 BC patients who smoked nicotine, 80 nonsmoker BC patients, 29 and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy smokers and nonsmokers were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-17A was elevated in smoker and nonsmoker BC patients compared with smoker and nonsmoker controls (p = 0.004 and p = 0.004, respectively). The level of IL-17A in BC patients who smoked both water pipes and cigarettes were the highest (4.35±8.57 pg/ml), followed by BC water pipe users only (1.33±3.122 pg/ml) and cigarette smokers only (0.79±2.26 pg/ml, p = 0.001). IL-17A was elevated in lower stages (I and II) compared with higher stages (III and IV) of the disease (p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-17A levels are elevated in some BC patients. IL-17A is an important factor in the inflammatory process during tumor progression, either as a defense mechanism or as a tumor-promoting factor.
authors: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-3119, Shiraz, Iran. mdoroud@sums.ac.ir
authors: Mehrnoosh
authors: M
authors: Doroudchi
authors: Mohadesatosadat
authors: M
authors: Saidi
authors: Mahyar
authors: M
authors: Malekzadeh
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Golmoghaddam
authors: Abdulaziz
authors: A
authors: Khezri
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Ghaderi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000097:blood*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012907:Smoking; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17