title: Dietary protein restriction for renal patients: don't forget protein-free foods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of pharmacological, nutritional, and psychological-social approaches. The dietary therapy of CKD, namely a low-protein low-phosphorus diet, plays a crucial role in contributing to delay the onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to protect cardiovascular and nutritional status. The protein-free food products represent a very important tool for the implementation of a low-protein diet to ensure adequate energy supply, reducing the production of nitrogenous waste products.
  
  
  METHODS
  This survey included 100 consecutive CKD patients who were asked their opinion about the use of protein-free foods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight patients (98%) reported a regular daily intake of protein-free pasta (as macaroni, spaghetti, etc.), which was the preferred product consumed. Actually, the taste and texture of protein-free pasta were considered as "good" or "very good" by 70% of patients. Conversely, 43% of CKD patients perceived the taste and texture of protein-free bread as "bad" or "very bad", and 30% found it "acceptable". Therefore, the main concern for the implementation of low-protein diets is the use and palatability of the protein-free products, bread in particular.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of these products may help in reducing protein, phosphorus, and sodium intake while supplying an adequate energy intake, which represents the basis for a nutritionally safe and successful dietary treatment of advanced CKD patients. Manufacturers and food technology should make more efforts to finding new solutions to improve the taste and texture of protein-free products.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: D'Alessandro
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Rossi
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Innocenti
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Ricchiuti
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Bozzoli
authors: Giulietta
authors: G
authors: Sbragia
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Meola
authors: Adamasco
authors: A
authors: Cupisti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001939:Bread; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D057240:Patient Preference; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary