title: trans-Palmitoleic acid, other dairy fat biomarkers, and incident diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy consumption is linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, but constituents responsible for this relation are not established. Emerging evidence suggests that trans-palmitoleate (trans 16:1n-7), a fatty acid in dairy and also partially hydrogenated oils, may be associated with a more favorable metabolic profile and less incident diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association of trans-palmitoleate with metabolic risk and incident diabetes in a multiethnic US cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phospholipid fatty acids and metabolic risk factors were measured in 2000-2002 among 2617 adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort of white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese Americans. In 2281 participants free of baseline diabetes, we also prospectively assessed the risk of new-onset diabetes (205 cases) from baseline to 2005-2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  trans-Palmitoleate concentrations correlated positively with self-reported consumption of whole-fat dairy, butter, margarine, and baked desserts and with other circulating biomarkers of both dairy fat and partially hydrogenated oil consumption, which suggested mixed dietary sources. After multivariable adjustment, trans-palmitoleate concentrations were associated with higher LDL cholesterol (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1: +6.4%; P-trend = 0.005), lower triglycerides (-19.1%; P-trend < 0.001), lower fasting insulin (-9.1%; P-trend = 0.002), and lower systolic blood pressure (-2.4 mm Hg; P-trend = 0.01). In prospective analyses, trans-palmitoleate was independently associated with lower incident diabetes (P-trend = 0.02), including a 48% lower risk in quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.85). All findings were similar between men and women and between different race-ethnic subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating trans-palmitoleate is associated with higher LDL cholesterol but also with lower triglycerides, fasting insulin, blood pressure, and incident diabetes in a multiethnic US cohort. Our findings support the need for further experimental and dietary intervention studies that target circulating trans-palmitoleate. The MESA trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005487.
authors: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. dmozaffa@hsph.harvard.edu
authors: Dariush
authors: D
authors: Mozaffarian
authors: Marcia C
authors: MC
authors: de Oliveira Otto
authors: Rozenn N
authors: RN
authors: Lemaitre
authors: Amanda M
authors: AM
authors: Fretts
authors: Gokhan
authors: G
authors: Hotamisligil
authors: Michael Y
authors: MY
authors: Tsai
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Siscovick
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Nettleton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005006:Ethnicity; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006865:Hydrogenation; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010743:Phospholipids; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; C008757:palmitoleic acid