title: Intra-articular levobupivacaine, lornoxicam and morphine analgesia after knee arthroscopy: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of intra-articular levobupivacaine alone, intra-articular levobupivacaine in combination with lornoxicam, and intra-articular levobupivacaine in combination with lornoxicam and morphine on patients following arthroscopic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 60 ASA 1 and 2 patients between the ages of 20 and 70 years, scheduled for elective arthroscopy. Patients were divided into three groups of 20 through a randomized, double-blind method. Group 1 received 50 mg of levobupivacaine intra-articularly, Group 2 received 50 mg of levobupivacaine plus 8 mg of lornoxicam, and Group 3 received 50 mg of levobupivacaine plus 8 mg of lornoxicam and 8 mg of morphine. Visual analog scale (VAS) data was collected prospectively for the first 24 postoperative hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 2 showed statistically significant differences, especially in VAS values with movement at 0, 4, and 6 hours (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of levobupivacaine and lornoxicam is superior to levobupivacaine alone and the addition of morphine does not improve VAS scores. It appears that the addition of additional drugs for more effective analgesia has its limits.
authors: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Dişkapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. onersan@gmail.com
authors: Önder
authors: Ö
authors: Ersan
authors: Taylan
authors: T
authors: Akkaya
authors: Emine
authors: E
authors: Arık
authors: Yalim
authors: Y
authors: Ateş
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D009020:Morphine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; C059451:lornoxicam; D002045:Bupivacaine