title: The risk and associated factors of methamphetamine psychosis in methamphetamine-dependent patients in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the risk of lifetime and current methamphetamine-induced psychosis in patients with methamphetamine dependence. The association between psychiatric co-morbidity and methamphetamine-induced psychosis was also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study conducted concurrently at a teaching hospital and a drug rehabilitation center in Malaysia. Patients with the diagnosis of methamphetamine based on DSM-IV were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) for methamphetamine-induced psychosis and other Axis I psychiatric disorders. The information on sociodemographic background and drug use history was obtained from interview or medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 292 subjects, 47.9% of the subjects had a past history of psychotic symptoms and 13.0% of the patients were having current psychotic symptoms. Co-morbid major depressive disorder (OR=7.18, 95 CI=2.612-19.708), bipolar disorder (OR=13.807, 95 CI=5.194-36.706), antisocial personality disorder (OR=12.619, 95 CI=6.702-23.759) and heavy methamphetamine uses were significantly associated with lifetime methamphetamine-induced psychosis after adjusted for other factors. Major depressive disorder (OR=2.870, CI=1.154-7.142) and antisocial personality disorder (OR=3.299, 95 CI=1.375-7.914) were the only factors associated with current psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high risk of psychosis in patients with methamphetamine dependence. It was associated with co-morbid affective disorder, antisocial personality, and heavy methamphetamine use. It is recommended that all cases of methamphetamine dependence should be screened for psychotic symptoms.
authors: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: hatim@um.edu.my.
authors: Ahmad Hatim
authors: AH
authors: Sulaiman
authors: Mas Ayu
authors: MA
authors: Said
authors: Mohd Hussain
authors: MH
authors: Habil
authors: Rusdi
authors: R
authors: Rashid
authors: Amer
authors: A
authors: Siddiq
authors: Ng Chong
authors: NC
authors: Guan
authors: Marhani
authors: M
authors: Midin
authors: Nik Ruzyanei
authors: NR
authors: Nik Jaafar
authors: Hatta
authors: H
authors: Sidi
authors: Srijit
authors: S
authors: Das
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine