title: The clinical and economic costs of delirium after surgical resection for esophageal malignancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify preoperative risk factors and postoperative consequences that are associated with the occurrence of delirium after esophagectomy for malignancy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Delirium is an underdiagnosed, serious complication after major surgery, particularly in the elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer (1991-2011) were included. Patients with and without delirium were compared with respect to medical comorbidities, use of neoadjuvant therapy, operative outcomes, postoperative complications, overall cost, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 500 patients included in this analysis, 46 (9.2%) patients developed postoperative delirium. Patients with delirium had higher ASA and Charlson comorbidity index scores. Delirium was associated with a longer hospital (14 ± 7.5 vs 10.9 ± 5.7; P < 0.05) and intensive care unit stay (3.6 ± 3.8 vs 2.7 ± 16.9; P < 0.05) and an increased incidence of pulmonary complications and increased hospital costs. Delirium was preceded by another complication in 32.6% of cases but by a septic complication in only 19.6% of cases. Age was the only preoperative predictor of postoperative delirium in multivariate modeling (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that postoperative delirium is associated with a more complicated and costly recovery after esophagectomy and that age is independently predictive of its development. Delirium has often been thought to be the sequela of other complications; however, this study demonstrates that it presents in isolation or precedes other complications in 67.4% of cases. Focused screening will likely allow targeted preventative strategies to be used in the perioperative period to reduce complications and costs associated with delirium.
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98111, USA.
authors: Sheraz R
authors: SR
authors: Markar
authors: Ian A
authors: IA
authors: Smith
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Karthikesalingam
authors: Donald E
authors: DE
authors: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D003693:Delirium / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate