title: "It's up to the woman's people": how social factors influence facility-based delivery in Rural Northern Ghana.
abstract: To explore the impact of social factors on place of delivery in northern Ghana. We conducted 72 in-depth interviews and 18 focus group discussions in the Upper East Region of northern Ghana among women with newborns, grandmothers, household heads, compound heads, community leaders, traditional birth attendants, traditional healers, and formally trained healthcare providers. We audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed interactions using NVivo 9.0. Social norms appear to be shifting in favor of facility delivery, and several respondents indicated that facility delivery confers prestige. Community members disagreed about whether women needed permission from their husbands, mother-in-laws, or compound heads to deliver in a facility, but all agreed that women rely upon their social networks for the economic and logistical support to get to a facility. Socioeconomic status also plays an important role alone and as a mediator of other social factors. Several "meta themes" permeate the data: (1) This region of Ghana is undergoing a pronounced transition from traditional to contemporary birth-related practices; (2) Power hierarchies within the community are extremely important factors in women's delivery experiences ("someone must give the order"); and (3) This community shares a widespread sense of responsibility for healthy birth outcomes for both mothers and their babies. Social factors influence women's delivery experiences in rural northern Ghana, and future research and programmatic efforts need to include community members such as husbands, mother-in-laws, compound heads, soothsayers, and traditional healers if they are to be maximally effective in improving women's birth outcomes.
authors: Global REACH, University of Michigan Medical School, 5115 Med Sci 1, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. camoyer@umich.edu.
authors: Cheryl A
authors: CA
authors: Moyer
authors: University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors: Philip B
authors: PB
authors: Adongo
authors: Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.|MONASH University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Raymond A
authors: RA
authors: Aborigo
authors: Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Hodgson
authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors: Cyril M
authors: CM
authors: Engmann
authors: Global REACH, University of Michigan Medical School, 5115 Med Sci 1, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: DeVries
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005869:Ghana; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006608:Hierarchy, Social; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D012922:Social Change; D012944:Social Support