title: Molecular aspects of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare tumor with up to 60% of cases being muscle invasive at presentation. In this article we review the molecular biology of UTUC, an understanding of which may help to address some of the dilemmas surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of this disease and ultimately lead to the introduction of personalized treatment plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search on the molecular aspects of UTUC was performed using the National Library of Medicine database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UTUC and urothelial carcinomas of the bladder share many common biological pathways. UTUC are more commonly associated with conditions such as Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC), the molecular basis of which is now being understood. A large number of potential biomarkers have been studied to help identify robust prognostic markers in UTUC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in our understanding of the biology of UTUC is may in the future help to identify novel druggable targets, clinically applicable biomarkers and guide treatment of the rare but lethal condition.
authors: Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: nilay.patel@ouh.nhs.uk.
authors: Nilay
authors: N
authors: Patel
authors: Department of Urology, University College Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: manit_arya@hotmail.com.
authors: Manit
authors: M
authors: Arya
authors: Department of Urology, University College Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: mramuneer@gmail.com.
authors: Asif
authors: A
authors: Muneer
authors: Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. Electronic address: Thomas.Powles@bartsandthelondon.nhs.uk.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Powles
authors: Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: mark.sullivan@ouh.nhs.uk.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Sullivan
authors: Department of Urology, University College Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: johnhinesurology@aol.com.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Hines
authors: Department of Urology, University College Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: j.d.kelly@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002453:Cell Cycle; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: AA; BEN; Balkan endemic nephropathy; CHN; Cancer; Chinese herb nephropathy; DFS; DNA; DSS; EMT; Genetics; HNPCC; MFS; MMR; MSI; Molecular; OS; PCR; PFS; RFS; TKI; TNM; Transitional; UCB; UTUC; Upper tract; Urothelial carcinoma; aristolochic acid; deoxyribose nucleic acid; disease-free survival; disease-specific survival; epithelial to mesenchymal transition; hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer; mRNA; messenger ribose nucleic acid; metastasis-free survival; microsatellite instability; mismatch repair; overall survival; polymerase chain reaction; progression-free survival; recurrence-free survival; tumor, nodes, metastasis; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; upper tract urothelial carcinoma; urothelial carcinoma of the bladder