title: Gender differences in the association of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity with adiponectin in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin, paradoxically reduced in obesity and with lower levels in African Americans (AA), modulates several cardiometabolic risk factors. Because abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), known to be reduced in AA, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compartments may confer differential metabolic risk profiles, we investigated the associations of VAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, separately by gender, with the hypothesis that VAT is more strongly inversely associated with adiponectin than SAT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Jackson Heart Study, an ongoing cohort of AA (n = 2,799; 64% women; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) underwent computer tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes, and had stored serum specimens analyzed for adiponectin levels. These levels were examined by gender in relation to increments of VAT and SAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to women, men had significantly lower mean levels of adiponectin (3.9 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and mean volume of SAT (1,721 ± 803 cm(3) vs. 2,668 ± 968 cm(3); p < 0.01) but significantly higher mean volume of VAT (884 ± 416 cm(3) vs. 801 ± 363 cm(3); p < 0.01). Among women, a one standard deviation increment in VAT was inversely associated with adiponectin (β = - 0.13; p < 0.0001) after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, education, pack-years of smoking and daily intake of alcohol. The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC. Among men, after the same multivariable adjustment, there was a direct association of SAT and adiponectin (β = 0.18; p = 0.002) that persisted when controlling for BMI and WC, supporting a beneficial effect of SAT. Insulin resistance mediated the association of SAT with adiponectin in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In African Americans, abdominal visceral adipose tissue had an inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations only among women. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared as a protective fat depot in men.
authors: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 30310, Atlanta, GA, USA. abidulescu@msm.edu
authors: Aurelian
authors: A
authors: Bidulescu
authors: Jiankang
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: DeMarc A
authors: DA
authors: Hickson
authors: Kristen G
authors: KG
authors: Hairston
authors: Ervin R
authors: ER
authors: Fox
authors: Donna K
authors: DK
authors: Arnett
authors: Anne E
authors: AE
authors: Sumner
authors: Herman A
authors: HA
authors: Taylor
authors: Gary H
authors: GH
authors: Gibbons
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology*; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids