title: Urinary NGAL and KIM-1: potential association with histopathologic features in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NGAL and KIM-1 are suggested to play a key role in the carcinogenesis and progression of renal cell carcinoma. Attention is currently focused on the potential use of the urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1(uNGAL and uKIM-1, respectively) in making an early diagnosis, establishing a prognosis and determination of the histologic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six patients underwent surgical treatment for renal lesions (n = 37) and for non-functioning kidney (n = 9). uNGAL and uKIM-1 levels were evaluated for clear cell, papillary and chromophobe subtypes of renal cancer patient and also for the control patients. The concentrations were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  uNGAL and uKIM-1 in the control group were not significantly different from those of the patients with kidney cancer. There was no association between tumor size or histologic grade and the uNGAL and uKIM-1 levels. All patients with papillary type RCC had KIM-1 level below 2 ng/mgUcr and uNGAL concentration above 50 ng/mgUcr. Using the same threshold values enables prediction of 100% of patients with chromophobe subtype; 91.6% of the patients with clear cell histology have uNGAL concentration below 50 ng/mgUcr and KIM-1 concentration below 5 ng/mgUce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined analysis of uNGAL and uKIM-1 allowed high prediction rate of the histologic subtype of the radiographic-detected masses among cases with kidney cancer. These biomarkers may enable to select the proper therapeutic agents in cases with metastatic disease without the need of pretreatment biopsy.
authors: Department of Surgery and Research Unit, Rambam Medical Center, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Amjad
authors: A
authors: Shalabi
authors: Zaid
authors: Z
authors: Abassi
authors: Hoda
authors: H
authors: Awad
authors: Sarel
authors: S
authors: Halachmi
authors: Boaz
authors: B
authors: Moskovitz
authors: Yoram
authors: Y
authors: Kluger
authors: Ofer
authors: O
authors: Nativ
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D011991:Receptors, Virus
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus