title: Very low food security in the USA is linked with exposure to violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate characteristics of exposure to violence in relation to food security status among female-headed households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ongoing mixed-method participatory action study. Questions addressed food insecurity, public assistance, and maternal and child health. Grounded theory analysis of qualitative themes related to violence was performed. These themes were then categorized by food security status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homes of low-income families in Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four mothers of children under 3 years of age participating in public assistance programmes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty women described exposure to violence ranging from fear of violence to personal experiences with rape. Exposure to violence affected mental health, ability to continue school and obtain work with living wages, and subsequently the ability to afford food. Exposure to violence during childhood and being a perpetrator of violence were both linked to very low food security status and depressive symptoms. Ten of seventeen (59%) participants reporting very low food security described life-changing violence, compared with three of fifteen (20%) participants reporting low food security and four of twelve (33%) reporting food security. Examples of violent experiences among the very low food secure group included exposure to child abuse, neglect and rape that suggest exposure to violence is an important factor in the experience of very low food security.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Descriptions of childhood trauma and life-changing violence are linked with severe food security. Policy makers and clinicians should incorporate violence prevention efforts when addressing hunger.
authors: 1 Drexel University School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, 1505 Race Street, Mail Stop 1035, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
authors: Mariana M
authors: MM
authors: Chilton
authors: 1 Drexel University School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, 1505 Race Street, Mail Stop 1035, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
authors: Jenny R
authors: JR
authors: Rabinowich
authors: 2 Woolf Consulting Inc., Carpinteria, CA, USA.
authors: Nicholas H
authors: NH
authors: Woolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D015143:Philadelphia; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics; D011632:Public Assistance / Q000191:economics; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult