title: Impaired behavioural pain responses in hph-1 mice with inherited deficiency in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 in models of inflammatory pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), encoded by the GCH1 gene, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain in rats. In humans, homozygous carriers of a "pain-protective" (PP) haplotype of the GCH1 gene have been identified exhibiting lower pain sensitivity, but only following pain sensitisation. Ex vivo, the PP GCH1 haplotype is associated with decreased induction of GCH1 after stimulation, whereas the baseline BH4 production is not affected. Contrary, loss of function mutations in the GCH1 gene results in decreased basal GCH1 expression, and is associated with DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD). So far it is unknown if such mutations affect acute and inflammatory pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the current study, we examined the involvement of the GCH1 gene in pain models using the hyperphenylalaninemia 1 (hph-1) mouse, a genetic model for DRD, with only 10% basal GTP-CH1 activity compared to wild type mice. The study included assays for determination of acute nociception as well as models for pain after sensitisation. Pain behavioural analysis of the hph-1 mice showed reduced pain-like responses following intraplantar injection of CFA, formalin and capsaicin; whereas decreased basal level of GTP-CH1 activity had no influence in naïve hph-1 mice on acute mechanical and heat pain thresholds. Moreover, the hph-1 mice showed no signs of motor impairment or dystonia-like symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrate novel evidence that genetic mutations in the GCH1 gene modulate pain-like hypersensitivity. Together, the present data suggest that BH4 is not important for basal heat and mechanical pain, but they support the hypothesis that BH4 plays a role in inflammation-induced hypersensitivity. Our studies suggest that the BH4 pathway could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory pain conditions. Moreover, the hph-1 mice provide a valid model to study the consequence of congenital deficiency of GCH1 in painful conditions.
authors: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark. Arafat.Nasser@regionh.dk
authors: Arafat
authors: A
authors: Nasser
authors: Ole J
authors: OJ
authors: Bjerrum
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Heegaard
authors: Anette T
authors: AT
authors: Møller
authors: Majbritt
authors: M
authors: Larsen
authors: Louise S
authors: LS
authors: Dalbøge
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Dupont
authors: Troels S
authors: TS
authors: Jensen
authors: Lisbeth B
authors: LB
authors: Møller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects; D010146:Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D051381:Rats; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde; D001708:Biopterins; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D006136:GTP Cyclohydrolase; C003402:sapropterin; D002211:Capsaicin