title: Endurance exercise training protects against the upregulation of nitric oxide in the striatum of MPTP/probenecid mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, caused by the gradual loss of cells in substantia nigra. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a variety of signal transduction pathways that are crucial for maintaining the physiologic functions of nervous system. The aims of this study are: 1) To investigate the expression of the inducible form of NO (iNOS), and compare it to neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) in the brain of a chronic mouse model of PD and 2) To study the effect of endurance exercise training on the expression of these markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse models of PD were obtained using 10 doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (25 mg/kg) and probenecid (250 mg/kg) over 5 weeks. Forty C57BL /6 albino mice were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC, N = 10), exercise control (EC, N = 10), sedentary PD (SPD, N = 10), exercise PD (EPD, N = 10). At the end of training program, nNOS and iNOS were evaluated in the striatum in all animal groups using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  nNOS showed significant increases in striatum (ST) of SPD mice compared to SC mice (P > 0.03). There was also decreased expression of nNOS in EC group compared to SC mice, but this decrease was not significant (P > 0.8). Exercise training significantly decreased the level of nNOS in the EPD compared to SPD, (P > 0.04). Although, iNOS expression followed almost the same trend as nNOS, but exercise training did not significantly decrease the expression of iNOS in both EC and EPD groups, P > 0.2 and 0.3 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from this study suggests that 4 weeks of treadmill exercise has a positive impact on the expression of nNOS and iNOS in the striatum of a PD model. This might clear in part the pathogenicity of the diseases and the positive impact of training on PD.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology JUST, 22110 Irbid, Jordan. jarrahm@just.edu.jo
authors: Muhammed
authors: M
authors: Al-Jarrah
authors: Heyam
authors: H
authors: Obaidat
authors: Ziad
authors: Z
authors: Bataineh
authors: Lori
authors: L
authors: Walton
authors: Ahed
authors: A
authors: Al-Khateeb
mesh_terms: D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D000818:Animals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011339:Probenecid; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011339:Probenecid