title: CD4(+)  T-cell subsets in transplantation.
abstract: The identification of T-helper 9 (Th9), Th17, Th22 cells as distinct subsets of CD4(+)  T cells has extended the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the adaptive immunity. In the past decade, many studies in animal models and clinical transplantation have demonstrated that interleukin-17 (IL-17) is involved in allograft rejection. It appears that Th17 cells together with Th1 and Th2 cells play an important role in mediating allograft rejection. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the contribution of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells in allograft rejection. We also discuss the regulation of CD4(+)  T-cell subsets by CD4(+) Foxp3(+)  regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of transplantation tolerance.
authors: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Zhongmin
authors: Z
authors: Liu
authors: Huimin
authors: H
authors: Fan
authors: Shuiping
authors: S
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors