title: Coffee prevents early events in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients and modulates hormone receptor status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whether coffee modulates response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients is currently unknown. The CYP1A2 and CYP2C8 enzymes contribute to tamoxifen and caffeine metabolism. The purpose was to investigate the impact of coffee consumption on tumor characteristics and risk for early events in relation to breast cancer treatment and CYP1A2 and CYP2C8 genotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires regarding lifestyle were completed preoperatively by 634 patients in southern Sweden. CYP1A2*1F and CYP2C8*3 were genotyped. Clinical data and tumor characteristics were obtained from patients' charts, population registries, and pathology reports. Coffee consumption was categorized as low (0-1 cups/day), moderate (2-4 cups/day), or high (5+ cups/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of estrogen receptor negative (ER-) tumors increased with increasing coffee consumption (p trend = 0.042). Moderate to high consumption was associated with lower frequency of discordant receptor status (ER + PgR-) OR 0.38 (0.23-0.63) compared to low consumption. Median follow-up time was 4.92 (IQR 3.01-6.42) years. Tamoxifen-treated patients with ER+ tumors (n = 310) who consumed two or more cups/day had significantly decreased risk for early events compared to patients with low consumption, adjusted HR 0.40 (0.19-0.83). Low consumption combined with at least one CYP1A2*1F C-allele (n = 35) or CYP2C8*3 (n = 13) was associated with a high risk for early events in tamoxifen-treated patients compared to other tamoxifen-treated patients, adjusted HRs 3.49 (1.54-7.91) and 6.15 (2.46-15.36), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate to high coffee consumption was associated with significantly decreased risk for early events in tamoxifen-treated patients and modified hormone receptor status. If confirmed, new recommendations regarding coffee consumption during tamoxifen treatment may be warranted.
authors: Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Simonsson
authors: Viktoria
authors: V
authors: Söderlind
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Henningson
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Hjertberg
authors: Carsten
authors: C
authors: Rose
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Ingvar
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Jernström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003069:Coffee; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D003069:Coffee; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; C450259:CYP2C8 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8