title: Morphometric measurement of cortical bone trajectory for lumbar pedicle screw insertion using computed tomography.
abstract: METHODS
  A morphometric measurement of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) for the lumbar pedicle screw insertion using computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed morphometric measurement of the CBT.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The CBT is a novel lumbar pedicle screw trajectory, which follows a caudocephalad path sagittally and a laterally directed path in the transverse plane. The advantage associated with this modified technique is increased cortical bone contact, providing an enhanced screw purchase. However, little is known about the possible screw size or detailed direction of the trajectory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CT scans of 100 adults who underwent examination for spinal problems were studied. A total of 470 lumbar vertebrae excluding spondylosis, malformation, and tumor were observed. In this trajectory, the starting point was supposed to be the junction of the center of the superior articular process and 1 mm inferior to the inferior border of the transverse process. The CT images were analyzed using 3-dimensional reconstruction software. The diameter, length, lateral angle to the vertebral sagittal plane, and cephalad angle to the vertebral horizontal plane of the trajectory were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean diameter gradually increased from L1 to L5 (from 6.2 mm at L1 to 8.4 mm at L5). The mean length from L1 to L5 were 36.8, 38.2, 39.3, 39.8, and 38.3 mm, respectively. The lateral angle from L1 to L5 were 8.6, 8.5, 9.1, 9.1, and 8.8 degrees, respectively. The cephalad angle from L1 to L5 were 26.2, 25.5, 26.2, 26.0, and 25.8 degrees, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphology of the pedicle, such as shape and pedicle axis angle, differed over the lumbar levels, our measurements demonstrated similar data excluding the diameter of the trajectory. There were no significant differences between each level of the lateral and cephalad angles.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. keitaro197897@hotmail.com
authors: Keitaro
authors: K
authors: Matsukawa
authors: Yoshiyuki
authors: Y
authors: Yato
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Nemoto
authors: Hideaki
authors: H
authors: Imabayashi
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Asazuma
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Nemoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography