title: Occupational causes of constrictive bronchiolitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New literature from 2009 to 2012 regarding occupational constrictive bronchiolitis challenges textbook descriptions of this disease, formerly thought to be limited to fixed airflow limitation arising in the wake of accidental overexposure to noxious chemicals. Indolent evolution of dyspnea without a recognized hazardous exposure is a more common presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsy-confirmed case series of constrictive bronchiolitis from US soldiers, Iranian survivors of sulfur mustard gassing, hospital-based studies, and flavoring-related cases document that indolent constrictive bronchiolitis cases can have normal spirometry or either restrictive or obstructive abnormalities. High-resolution computerized tomography studies can be normal or reflect air-trapping and mosaic attenuation on expiratory films. Thus, in the absence of noninvasive abnormalities, the diagnosis in dyspneic patients may require thoracoscopic biopsy in settings in which exposure risk has not been recognized. Many workers with occupational constrictive bronchiolitis stabilize with cessation of exposures causing bronchiolar epithelial necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians need a high index of suspicion for constrictive bronchiolitis in young patients with rapidly progressing exertional dyspnea, regardless of spirometric and radiologic findings. Identification of novel causes and exposure-response relations for known causes are needed to provide guidance for protecting workers at risk for this largely irreversible lung disease.
authors: Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. KKreiss@cdc.gov
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Kreiss
mesh_terms: D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008889:Military Personnel; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009151:Mustard Gas