title: Hepatocellular carcinoma responding to superselective transarterial chemoembolization: an issue of nodule dimension?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the per-nodule efficacy of superselective transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2006-2009, 271 cirrhotic patients with 635 nodules underwent a first superselective transarterial chemoembolization, repeated "on demand" after local recurrences (LR) or partial responses (PR). Complete response (CR), time to nodule progression (TTnP), and local recurrence rate (LRR), according to three size classes (≤ 2 cm, 2.1-5 cm, and>5 cm) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the first superselective transarterial chemoembolization, the CR was 64%, sustained over time in 77%, higher in small (68%) and intermediate-size (64%) nodules than in large nodules (25%; P<.001). The LRR was 23%:20% in small, 27% in intermediate, and 67% in large HCCs (P<.05). The median TTnP of large HCCs was 4 months versus 7-9 months for small and intermediate HCCs. The second superselective transarterial chemoembolization achieved a higher CR (63% in LR, 52% in PR) than the third superselective transarterial chemoembolization (32%). Median TTnP after the second superselective transarterial chemoembolization for LR and PR (8 months and 6 months) was longer than after the third superselective transarterial chemoembolization (3.5 months). Nodules ≤ 5 cm had a CR after the first superselective transarterial chemoembolization (66%) and the second superselective transarterial chemoembolization for LR (64%) or PR (55%) higher than after the third superselective transarterial chemoembolization (40%); nodules>5 cm had a CR of 25% after the first superselective transarterial chemoembolization, LR of 50% and PR of 25%, and after the second and third superselective transarterial chemoembolizations, PR of 0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effectiveness of superselective transarterial chemoembolization has a clear cutoff above and below 5-cm nodules, with better results in smaller nodules. In HCCs ≤ 5 cm, the efficacy of the first and second superselective transarterial chemoembolizations performed for LR was higher than the second superselective transarterial chemoembolization for PR and the third superselective transarterial chemoembolization. For HCCs>5 cm, retreatment of PR is of little value, and the third cycle is ineffective.
authors: Radiology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Golfieri
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Renzulli
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Mosconi
authors: Ludovica
authors: L
authors: Forlani
authors: Emanuela
authors: E
authors: Giampalma
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Piscaglia
authors: Franco
authors: F
authors: Trevisani
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: Bolondi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden