title: Nipple discharge: role of ductoscopy in comparison with standard diagnostic tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to assess the role of ductoscopy for detecting intraductal anomalies in patients with nipple discharge in comparison to conventional tests and to find an effective combination of both approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to duct excision, ductoscopy was performed in 97 women. Histologic and all other diagnostic results were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency were calculated for all methods. These parameters were also calculated for all possible test combinations in 12 patients who had completed all tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast sonography reached the highest sensitivity (64.1%) and efficiency (64%); mammography had the highest specificity (100%). The sensitivity of ductoscopy was 53.2%, its specificity 60%, and its efficiency 55.1%. Among combinations of all methods, the combination ductoscopy + galactography was the most sensitive (80%). Mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ductoscopy were each 100% specific. Ductoscopy was the most efficient (75%) single method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ductoscopy is a valuable test for diagnosing intraductal lesions in patients with nipple discharge. It is more efficient than conventional tests in patients undergoing all tests.
authors: Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universität, Greifswald, Germany.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Albrecht
authors: Franziska
authors: F
authors: Thele
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Grunwald
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Kohlmann
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Hegenscheid
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Utpatel
authors: Marek
authors: M
authors: Zygmunt
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Ohlinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult