title: Longitudinal analysis of healthcare costs: a case study of patients with major depressive disorder treated with duloxetine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and apply a longitudinal model that adjusts for pre-treatment covariates to examine the trajectory of healthcare costs in duloxetine patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective healthcare cost data from Thomson Reuters Marketscan® Database included 10,987 patients with MDD, aged 18-64, receiving duloxetine at low (<60 mg/day), standard (60 mg/day), or high (>60 mg/day) initial doses. A linear mixed-effects model for repeated measures used dose, month, and dose*month as fixed effects and patient (dose) as a random effect, and adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, body system disorders, and prior medication history. Model goodness-of-fit was evaluated with R(2). Rates of change (slopes) were estimated from the fitted model and differences in the cost trajectory among dosing cohorts were tested using the F-test. Bootstrapping and propensity score (PS) stratification were conducted to provide sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main effects and covariates were all significant (p < 0.05). Adjustment by pre-treatment covariates greatly improved the model fit (R(2 )= 0.43). The model revealed a significant increase in healthcare costs in the 6 months preceding and a significant decrease in the 6 months following duloxetine initiation for each initial dose cohort and the overall cohort (p < 0.05). In both the pre- and post-treatment periods, the high initial-dose cohort had higher healthcare costs than standard or low initial-dose cohorts (p < 0.05). Bootstrapping and PS stratification confirmed these test results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyses performed here were based on non-randomized, observational data, and thus subject to potential biases due to unmeasured confounding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal models, compared with conventional mean-based methods, provide better opportunities to assess changes in cost trajectory patterns around the time of changes in medical treatment. In insured patients with MDD started on duloxetine, healthcare costs increased before duloxetine initiation, perhaps signaling a clinical deterioration that led to a change in treatment strategy. Healthcare costs then decreased following duloxetine initiation.
authors: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. cui_zhanglin@lilly.com
authors: Zhanglin
authors: Z
authors: Cui
authors: Douglas E
authors: DE
authors: Faries
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Shen
authors: Stephen L
authors: SL
authors: Able
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Novick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride