title: Gross anatomical features of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna) - oesophagus to cloaca.
abstract: Morphological studies of the gastrointestinal tract of blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna) are scarce. In view of the paucity of information regarding the digestive tract of macaws, this study aims to describe the gross anatomical features (oesophagus to cloaca) as part of a broad study of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these birds. Three animals (two males and one female) adult macaws were anatomically dissected from the oropharynx to the cloaca to expose the GIT. The oesophagus was identified as a muscle-membranous tube continuous with the crop, which was intimately attached to the skin. The internal longitudinal folds of the cervical oesophagus were sparser cranial to the crop and less evident compared to the portion caudal to the crop. The duodenum began in the pylorus and was grey-coloured exhibiting a large lumen. The jejunum was formed by loops in a spiral-fashion model supported by mesojejunum. The ileum was also composed by small loops and was continuous with the colo-rectum forming the large intestine, because the caeca were absent. The large intestine was short, median in position, suspended in the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity by mesentery and ended in the cloaca. The GIT was similar to the basic patterns in birds, in general, and also presented new unreported morphological data that might be important when studying nutrition and health of the macaws.
authors: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Aizawa
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Tivane
authors: M N
authors: MN
authors: Rodrigues
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Wagner
authors: D B
authors: DB
authors: Campos
authors: R R
authors: RR
authors: Guerra
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Miglino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002988:Cloaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003426:Crop, Avian / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D007082:Ileum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011708:Pylorus / Q000033:anatomy & histology