title: Detection of Wolbachia endobacteria in Culex quinquefasciatus by Gimenez staining and confirmation by PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wolbachia are common intracellular bacteria that are found in arthropods and nematodes. These endosymbionts are transmitted vertically through host eggs and alter host biology in diverse ways, including the induction of reproductive manipulations, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing and sperm-egg incompatibility. Since they can also move horizontally across species boundaries, Wolbachia is gaining importance in recent days as it could be used as a biological control agent to control vector mosquitoes or for paratransgenic approaches. However, the study of Wolbachia requires sophisticated techniques such as PCR and cell culture facilities which cannot be affordable for many laboratories where the diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors are common. Hence, it would be beneficial to develop a simple method to detect the presence of Wolbachia in arthropods.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we described a method of staining Wolbachia endobacteria, present in the reproductive tissues of mosquitoes. The reliability of this method was compared with Gram staining and PCR based detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microscopic observation of the Gimenez stained smear prepared from the teased ovary of wild caught and Wolbachia (+) Cx. quinquefasciatus revealed the presence of pink coloured pleomorphic cells of Wolbachia ranging from cocci, comma shaped cells to bacillus and chain forms. The ovaries of Wolbachia (-) cured mosquito did not show any cell. Although Gram's staining is a reliable differential staining for the other bacteria, the bacterial cells in the smears from the ovaries of wild caught mosquitoes did not take the stain properly and the cells were not clearly visible. The PCR amplified product from the pooled remains of wild caught and Wolbachia (+) Cx. quinquefasciatus showed clear banding, whereas, no banding was observed for the negative control (distilled water) and Wolbachia (-) Cx. quinquefasciatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gimenez staining technique applied, could be used to detect the members of the endobacteria Wolbachia easily, even in a simple laboratory without any special facilities or even in the field condition and for handling large number of samples in a shorter duration.
authors: Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. mmuniaraj@gmail.com
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Muniaraj
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Paramasivan
authors: I P
authors: IP
authors: Sunish
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Arunachalam
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Mariappan
authors: S Victor
authors: SV
authors: Jerald Leo
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Dhananjeyan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial