title: How effective are the components of active management of the third stage of labor?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active management of the third stage of labor is recommended for the prevention of post-partum hemorrhage and commonly entails prophylactic administration of a uterotonic agent, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage. While oxytocin is the first-choice uterotonic, it is not known whether its effectiveness varies by route of administration. There is also insufficient evidence regarding the value of controlled cord traction or uterine massage. This analysis assessed the independent and combined effectiveness of all three interventions, and the effect of route of oxytocin administration on post-partum blood loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data were analyzed from 39202 hospital-based births in four countries and two clinical regimens: one in which oxytocin was administered following delivery of the baby; the other in which it was not. We used logistic regression to examine associations between clinical and demographic variables and post-partum blood loss ≥ 700 mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those with no oxytocin prophylaxis, provision of controlled cord traction reduced hemorrhage risk by nearly 50% as compared with expectant management (P < 0.001). Among those with oxytocin prophylaxis, provision of controlled cord traction reduced hemorrhage risk by 66% when oxytocin was intramuscular (P < 0.001), but conferred no benefit when oxytocin was intravenous. Route of administration was important when oxytocin was the only intervention provided: intravenous administration reduced hemorrhage risk by 76% as compared with intramuscular administration (P < 0.001); when combined with other interventions, route of administration had no effect. In both clinical regimens, uterine massage was associated with increased hemorrhage risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for active management of the third stage of labor should account for setting-related differences such as the availability of oxytocin and its route of administration. The optimal combination of interventions will vary accordingly.
authors: Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. wsheldon@gynuity.org
authors: Wendy R
authors: WR
authors: Sheldon
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Durocher
authors: Beverly
authors: B
authors: Winikoff
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Blum
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Trussell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007749:Labor Stage, Third / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000502:physiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D016595:Misoprostol; D010121:Oxytocin