title: Summer and follow-up interventions to affect adiposity with mothers and daughters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of effective obesity interventions to reduce adiposity indicators in Latina girls is a public health priority because of their increased risk for becoming overweight. Research indicates that the summer season may be a critical time to intervene because summer exacerbates children's risk for excessive weight gain and increased body fat development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine if summer and follow-up interventions reduce adiposity in Latina girls; (2) to assess if such interventions reduce adiposity in Latina girls after controlling for their mothers' adiposity measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study had a non-experimental (one-group pre- and multiple post-intervention assessment) design. Following a 4-week healthy-lifestyle summer program, each mother-daughter pair participated in 12 weekly follow-up sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 61 pairs of Latina girls and their mothers (N=122). Daughters' average age was 10.9 years (± 1.6 years) and mothers' average age was 38.0 years (± 1.6 years). All daughters and 92% of the mothers were categorized as overweight/obese.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percent body fat (%BF), abdominal fat, and height and weight measurements to calculate BMI were conducted at pre-intervention (M1 [baseline]) and three post-intervention time points (M2 [Month 2]; M3 [Month 3]; and M4 [Month 6]). Paired sample t-tests were used to assess the differences in adiposity among the daughters from M1 to M4. Repeated-measures ANCOVA tests were used to control for mother's adiposity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reductions of %BF (p<0.001); abdominal fat (p<0.05); and BMI (p<0.001) at M2 were found for the summer intervention, but no effects were found at M4. Maternal %BF, abdominal fat, and BMI did not have an impact on the daughters' adiposity indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study revealed that a summer intervention appears to be effective in reducing adiposity in Latina girls, but the follow-up sessions did not result in sustaining continued reductions. Maternal measures did not influence their daughters' adiposity measures.
authors: Health Program, Educational Psychology Department, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5029, USA. nolvera@uh.edu
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: Olvera
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Leung
authors: Stephanie F
authors: SF
authors: Kellam
authors: Dennis W
authors: DW
authors: Smith
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D009679:Nuclear Family; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology