title: Impact of starting point and C2 nerve status on the safety and accuracy of C1 lateral mass screws: meta-analysis and review of the literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients treated with C1 lateral mass screws (C1LMS), analyzing the impact of screw starting point and C2 nerve sectioning on malposition, vertebral artery injury (VAI), and C2 neuralgia and numbness.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Various starting points have been suggested for C1LMS insertion. Some advocate sectioning the C2 nerve root to ease placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online databases were searched for English language articles between 1994 and 2012 reporting on C1LMS. Forty-two studies describing 1471 patients instrumented with 2905 C1LMS met inclusion criteria. Three surgical techniques included posterior arch starting point and center of lateral mass with nerve root preservation or sacrifice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All studies provided class III evidence. Three injuries to the vertebral artery occurred secondary to C1LMS insertion (0.1%) and 5 instances of clinically significant screw malpositions (0.2%). Postoperative imaging revealed 45 malpositioned screws (1.6%) without clinical consequences. Meta-analysis techniques demonstrated that sacrifice of the C2 nerve root caused greater postoperative numbness but less neuralgia and fewer screw malpositions. Similar rates of screw malposition and VAI arose with posterior arch screws and those starting below the arch with C2 nerve preservation, but the latter had greater numbness and pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough understanding of atlantoaxial anatomy and modern surgical techniques renders the insertion of C1LMS safe and accurate. The incidence of clinically significant malpositioned screws or VAI is <0.5%. Sacrifice of the C2 nerve root did result in fewer malpositioned screws. Numbness occurred in 11% of patients, an outcome that may be unacceptable to certain patient populations, but neuropathic pain was nearly absent with nerve sectioning. C2 nerve preservation and retraction for C1 screw placement may have higher incidence of neuropathic pain. Posterior arch screws are a viable option for patients with arches that are of adequate height.
authors: *Neurosurgical Care, LLC, Royersford, PA †Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center ‡Bellevue Hospital, New York, NY.
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Elliott
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Tanweer
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Frempong-Boadu
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*