title: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study of prevalence, predictors and associations with HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the occurrence, dynamics and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy, including links with HIV, in urban Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 2042 post-natal women aged 15-49 years was conducted in six public primary healthcare clinics in low-income urban Zimbabwe. An adapted WHO questionnaire was used to measure IPV. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with IPV and severe (six or more episodes) IPV during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  63.1% of respondents reported physical, emotional and/or sexual IPV during pregnancy: 46.2% reported physical and/or sexual violence, 38.9% sexual violence, 15.9% physical violence and 10% reported severe violence during pregnancy. Physical violence was less common during pregnancy than during the last 12 months before pregnancy (15.9% [95% CI 14.3-17.5] vs. 21.3% [95% confidence interval 19.5-23.1]). Reported rates of emotional (40.3% [95% CI 38.1-42.3] vs. 44.0% [95% CI 41.8-46.1]) and sexual violence (35.6% [95% CI 33.5-37.7] vs. 38.9% [95% CI 36.8-41.0]) were high during and before pregnancy. Associated factors were having a younger male partner, gender inequities, past abuse, problem drinking, partner control of woman's reproductive health and risky sexual practices. HIV status was not associated with either IPV or severe IPV, but reporting a partner with a known HIV status was associated with a lower likelihood of severe abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of IPV during pregnancy in Zimbabwe are among the highest ever reported globally. Primary prevention of violence during childhood through adolescence is urgently needed. Antenatal care may provide an opportunity for secondary prevention but this requires further work. The relationship between IPV and HIV is complex in contexts where both are endemic.
authors: School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. shamuts@yahoo.com
authors: Simukai
authors: S
authors: Shamu
authors: Naeema
authors: N
authors: Abrahams
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Zarowsky
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Shefer
authors: Marleen
authors: M
authors: Temmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology