title: Risk factors for rising incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last 30 years, the incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma has steadily increased. The increase in incidence is approximately seven-fold, which is a more substantial increase than that of several malignancies, including melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rising incidence has led to a steady increase in mortality from 2 to 15 deaths per 100,000 in the last three decades. The etiologic factors involved in the development of these malignancies include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, acid-suppressive medication use, obesity, and tobacco use. This article discusses the contribution of these etiologic risk factors to this increase in incidence.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 300322, USA.
authors: Jacquelyn S
authors: JS
authors: Carr
authors: Syed F
authors: SF
authors: Zafar
authors: Nabil
authors: N
authors: Saba
authors: Fadlo R
authors: FR
authors: Khuri
authors: Bassel F
authors: BF
authors: El-Rayes
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000150:complications; D002299:Cardia / Q000473:pathology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors