title: Development and reliability of the explicit professional oral communication observation tool to quantify the use of non-technical skills in healthcare.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A lack of non-technical skills is increasingly recognised as an important underlying cause of adverse events in healthcare. The nature and number of things professionals communicate to each other can be perceived as a product of their use of non-technical skills. This paper describes the development and reliability of an instrument to measure and quantify the use of non-technical skills by direct observations of explicit professional oral communication (EPOC) in the clinical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an iterative process we translated, tested and refined an existing checklist from the aviation industry, called self, human interaction, aircraft, procedures and environment, in the context of healthcare, notably emergency departments (ED) and intensive care units (ICU). The EPOC comprises six dimensions: assertiveness, working with others; task-oriented leadership; people-oriented leadership; situational awareness; planning and anticipation. Each dimension is specified into several concrete items reflecting verbal behaviours. The EPOC was evaluated in four ED and six ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ED and ICU, respectively, 378 and 1144 individual and 51 and 68 contemporaneous observations of individual staff members were conducted. All EPOC dimensions occur frequently, apart from assertiveness, which was hardly observed. Intraclass correlations for the overall EPOC score ranged between 0.85 and 0.91 and for underlying EPOC dimensions between 0.53 and 0.95.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EPOC is a new instrument for evaluating the use of non-technical skills in healthcare, which is reliable in two highly different settings. By quantifying professional behaviour the instrument facilitates measurement of behavioural change over time. The results suggest that EPOC can also be translated to other settings.
authors: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.kemper@vumc.nl
authors: Peter F
authors: PF
authors: Kemper
authors: Inge
authors: I
authors: van Noord
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: de Bruijne
authors: Dirk L
authors: DL
authors: Knol
authors: Cordula
authors: C
authors: Wagner
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: van Dyck
mesh_terms: D057189:Checklist; D003142:Communication; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000592:standards*; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D011361:Professional Competence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: Communication; Patient safety; Quality measurement; Team training; Teamwork