title: Cardiac valve involvement in systemic diseases: a review.
abstract: Increasing age and new trends of mixed populations have newly aroused interest in valvular heart disease in the developed countries still in need of new clinical insights. In the clinical setting of systemic diseases, the proper assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities may be challenging, and the characterization of valvular involvement might help to recognize the underlying disease and cardiac sequelae. Prompt identification of valvular lesions may, therefore, also be useful for differential diagnosis. This article reviews the cardiac involvement in systemic diseases from etiology and background definition to echocardiographic assessment and clinical interpretation.
authors: Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy. grimaldi.antonio@hsr.it
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Grimaldi
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: De Gennaro
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Chiara Vermi
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Pappalardo
authors: Natale
authors: N
authors: Daniele Brunetti
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Di Biase
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: La Canna
authors: Ottavio
authors: O
authors: Alfieri
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors