title: The influence of socioeconomic markers on the association between fine particulate matter and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions among children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on hospital admissions for respiratory conditions associated with ambient particulate matter that is 2.5 micrometers or less in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) in children aged 1 to 9 years in 12 California counties, from 2000 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked daily hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, and asthma) to meteorological, air pollution, and census data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In San Diego, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Los Angeles counties, the admission rates for children associated with PM2.5 ranged from 1.03 to 1.07 for combined respiratory conditions and 1.03 to 1.08 for asthma in regions with lower SES. We observed 2 distinct patterns of the influence of the composite SES Townsend index. In lower-SES South Coast areas, PM2.5-associated hospital admission rates for all respiratory outcomes were predominantly positive whereas results in the Central Valley were variable, often tending toward the null.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These distinct patterns could be attributed to the heterogeneity of regional confounders as well as the seasonal variation of emission sources of PM2.5. Composite SES is one potential factor for increasing susceptibility to air pollution.
authors: California Air Resources Board, Research Division, Health and Exposure Assessment Branch, Population Studies Section, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA. pyap@arb.ca.gov
authors: Poh-Sin
authors: PS
authors: Yap
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Gilbreath
authors: Cynthia
authors: C
authors: Garcia
authors: Nargis
authors: N
authors: Jareen
authors: Bryan
authors: B
authors: Goodrich
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants