title: A role for more axillary growth1 (MAX1) in evolutionary diversity in strigolactone signaling upstream of MAX2.
abstract: Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones with diverse roles. They are secreted from roots as attractants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and have a wide range of endogenous functions, such as regulation of root and shoot system architecture. To date, six genes associated with SL synthesis and signaling have been molecularly identified using the shoot-branching mutants more axillary growth (max) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and dwarf (d) of rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the MAX/D genes to clarify the relationships of each gene with its wider family and to allow the correlation of events in the evolution of the genes with the evolution of SL function. Our analysis suggests that the notion of a distinct SL pathway is inappropriate. Instead, there may be a diversity of SL-like compounds, the response to which requires a D14/D14-like protein. This ancestral system could have been refined toward distinct ligand-specific pathways channeled through MAX2, the most downstream known component of SL signaling. MAX2 is tightly conserved among land plants and is more diverged from its nearest sister clade than any other SL-related gene, suggesting a pivotal role in the evolution of SL signaling. By contrast, the evidence suggests much greater flexibility upstream of MAX2. The MAX1 gene is a particularly strong candidate for contributing to diversification of inputs upstream of MAX2. Our functional analysis of the MAX1 family demonstrates the early origin of its catalytic function and both redundancy and functional diversification associated with its duplication in angiosperm lineages.
authors: Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Challis
authors: Jo
authors: J
authors: Hepworth
authors: Céline
authors: C
authors: Mouchel
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Waites
authors: Ottoline
authors: O
authors: Leyser
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism*; D029902:Medicago / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007783:Lactones; C470445:MAX1 protein, Arabidopsis; C435920:MAX2 protein, Arabidopsis