title: Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.
authors: New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA. mmorenoleirana@ucsd.edu
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Moreno
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Bickersmith
authors: Wesley
authors: W
authors: Harlow
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Hildebrandt
authors: Sascha N
authors: SN
authors: McKeon
authors: Teresa Fernandes
authors: TF
authors: Silva-do-Nascimento
authors: Jose R
authors: JR
authors: Loaiza
authors: Freddy
authors: F
authors: Ruiz
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Lourenço-de-Oliveira
authors: Maria A M
authors: MA
authors: Sallum
authors: Eduardo S
authors: ES
authors: Bergo
authors: Gary N
authors: GN
authors: Fritz
authors: Richard C
authors: RC
authors: Wilkerson
authors: Yvonne M
authors: YM
authors: Linton
authors: Maria J Dantur
authors: MJ
authors: Juri
authors: Yadira
authors: Y
authors: Rangel
authors: Marinete M
authors: MM
authors: Póvoa
authors: Lina A
authors: LA
authors: Gutiérrez-Builes
authors: Margarita M
authors: MM
authors: Correa
authors: Jan E
authors: JE
authors: Conn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005819:Genetic Markers; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV