title: A Palaeolithic-type diet causes strong tissue-specific effects on ectopic fat deposition in obese postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ectopic fat accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle may be an essential link between abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease after menopause. We hypothesized that a diet containing a relatively high content of protein and unsaturated fat [mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)] but limited carbohydrates and saturated fat would reduce lipid content in liver and muscle and increase insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy, nonsmoking postmenopausal women with a body mass index (BMI) >27 (28-35) kg m(-2) were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were instructed to consume an ad libitum Palaeolithic-type diet intended to provide approximately 30 energy percentage (E%) protein, 40 E% fat (mainly MUFAs) and 30 E% carbohydrate. Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) levels in calf muscles and liver triglyceride levels were quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS) before and 5 weeks after dietary intervention. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indices and the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean energy intake decreased by 25% with a weight loss of 4.5 kg. BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist/hip ratio and abdominal sagittal diameter also decreased significantly, as did diastolic blood pressure (mean -7 mmHg), levels of fasting serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL/HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), urinary C-peptide and HOMA indices. Whole-body insulin sensitivity did not change. Liver triglyceride levels decreased by 49%, whereas IMCL levels in skeletal muscle were not significantly altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modified Palaeolithic-type diet has strong and tissue-specific effects on ectopic lipid deposition in postmenopausal women.
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ryberg
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sandberg
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mellberg
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Stegle
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Lindahl
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Larsson
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hauksson
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000652:urine; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D014280:Triglycerides