title: A protein isolated from human oviductal tissue in vitro secretion, identified as human lactoferrin, interacts with spermatozoa and oocytes and modulates gamete interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is lactoferrin (LF) (detected in oviductal secretion) able to bind to oocytes and sperm and modulate gamete interaction?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LF binds to zona pellucida (ZP) and spermatozoa (depending upon the capacitation stage and acrosome status) and inhibits gamete interaction in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Proteins from human oviductal tissue secretion modulate gamete interaction and parameters of sperm function in vitro and some of them bind to sperm, but they remain to be isolated and identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteins were isolated from human oviductal tissue secretion using their sperm membrane binding ability. One of the isolated proteins was identified as human LF and immunolocalized in tubal tissues. LF expression was analyzed in native oviductal fluid and oviduct epithelial cells (at different phases of the menstrual cycle: proliferative, periovulatory and secretory). In addition, the LF binding sites on spermatozoa (at different capacitation and acrosome reaction stages) and on ZP and the dose-dependent effect of LF on gamete interaction were investigated. All experiments were performed at least three times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tubal tissues obtained from premenopausal patients (scheduled for hysterectomy, n = 23) were cultured in DMEM/Ham's F12 medium and conditioned media (CM) were collected. Motile spermatozoa were obtained by swim-up from normozoospermic semen samples from healthy donors (n = 4). An affinity chromatography with sperm membrane extracts was used to isolate proteins from CM. Isolated proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophresis and further identified by nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing. The presence of LF in oviductal tissue was investigated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence and was detected in native oviductal fluid and oviduct epithelial cells homogenates by western blot. LF binding sites on gametes were investigated by incubating gametes with the protein coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The acrosome reaction was assessed with Pisum sativum agglutinin conjugated with rhodamine. The effect of increasing concentrations of LF (0.1-100 µg/ml) on gamete interaction was evaluated by a sperm-ZP binding assay, using human oocytes donated by women undergoing IVF procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A protein isolated by the affinity column was identified as human LF. LF was immunolocalized in human oviductal tissue and detected in oviductal fluid and oviduct epithelial cell homogenates. In the latter case, LF expression was highest at the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle (P < 0.01). Different LF binding patterns were observed on spermatozoa depending upon capacitation stage and if the acrosome reaction had occurred. Unstained sperm were most prevalent before capacitation, but after incubation for 6 h under capacitating conditions and in acrosome-reacted sperm LF binding was observed, mainly localized in the equatorial segment and post-acrosomal region of the sperm head. LF binding studies on ZP showed homogenous staining. LF caused a dose-dependent significant inhibition of sperm-ZP interaction, and the effect was already significant (P < 0.01) with the lowest LF concentration used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has investigated the effect of LF only on human gamete interaction in vitro and thus has some limitations. Further investigations of the potential mechanisms involved in LF action both on gamete function in vitro and in vivo in animal models are needed to confirm the role of this protein in the reproductive process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data indicate that human oviductal LF expression is cycle dependent and inhibited gamete interaction in vitro. No previous data were available about potential direct effects of LF on gamete interaction. It could be thought that the protein is involved in the regulation of the reproductive process, perhaps contributing to prevent polyspermy. Thus, further research is needed to clarify the potential role of LF in the regulation of the fertilization process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was supported by grants from FONCYT (PICT 01095, S.A.G., M.J.M) and SECyT UNR (PIDBIO238, S.A.G). The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
authors: Laboratorio de Estudios Reproductivos, Area of Clinical Biochemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Zumoffen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Gil
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Caille
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Morente
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Munuce
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Ghersevich
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction; D000328:Adult; D001665:Binding Sites; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007781:Lactoferrin; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate