title: Stress: pregnancy considerations.
abstract: Stress-induced pregnancy complications represent a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality due to preterm labor, low-birth-weight babies, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and neuropsychological developmental delays of affected offspring. Psychosocial factors such as socioeconomic status, work status, marital status, level of education, access to prenatal care, substance abuse, ethnicity, cultural background, and quality of relationships with partners and parents have been identified as determinants of stress during pregnancy. The biopsychosocial model of health and disease aptly explains the interactions of these psychosocial factors in the genesis of stress-induced pregnancy complications. Prenatal screening and intervention for relevant biopsychosocial risk factors may be useful in preventing stress-related perinatal complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completing this CME activity, physicians should be better able to describe how stress is manifested biologically, discuss stress and its impact from the biopsychosocial model of health and disease, recognize how stress may lead to pregnancy complications such as preterm labor, preeclampsia, and low-birth-weight infants, explain how stress may impact the neuropsychological development of children whose mothers experienced perinatal stress, and demonstrate how prenatal screening and appropriate interventions may reduce perinatal stress and associated pregnancy complications.
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX 79905, USA. Michael.cardwell@ttuhsc.edu
authors: Michael S
authors: MS
authors: Cardwell
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058725:Peripartum Period / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology