title: A short time window to profit from protection of blood-induced cartilage damage by IL-4 plus IL-10.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  IL-4 plus IL-10 prevents blood-induced cartilage damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether cartilage damage can still be averted by addition of IL-4 plus IL-10 when added after the onset of a bleed and whether aspiration of blood prior to addition of IL-4 plus IL-10 is of additive protective value.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy canine hip and human shoulder cartilage was exposed to whole blood for 4 days. IL-4 plus IL-10 was administered directly or after a delay of several hours up to 2 days. Furthermore, blood was aspirated after 1 or 2 days and subsequently IL-4 plus IL-10 was added. IL-1β concentration and cartilage matrix proteoglycan turnover were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of canine and human cartilage to blood decreased the proteoglycan synthesis rate and content and increased proteoglycan release. IL-4 plus IL-10 only prevented blood-induced damage of canine cartilage when added directly, not after 4 h or later. For human cartilage, IL-4 plus IL-10 limited blood-induced damage as well as IL-1β production when administered within 4-8 h after the onset of a bleed, but not thereafter. Aspiration of blood within 24 h fully prevented cartilage damage. Subsequent addition of IL-4 plus IL-10 was not of additive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For humans, there is a short time window after onset of a joint bleed in which IL-4 plus IL-10 can limit blood-induced cartilage damage. Furthermore, aspiration of a joint to shorten blood exposure fully prevents cartilage damage. Both options can be considered in the treatment of a joint haemorrhage.
authors: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.E.R.vanMeegeren@umcutrecht.nl
authors: Monique E R
authors: ME
authors: van Meegeren
authors: Goris
authors: G
authors: Roosendaal
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: van Veghel
authors: Simon C
authors: SC
authors: Mastbergen
authors: Floris P J G
authors: FP
authors: Lafeber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4
keywords: IL-10; IL-4; aspiration; haemarthrosis; haemophilia; joint surgery; trauma