title: Exercise therapy and custom-made insoles are effective in patients with excessive pronation and chronic foot pain--a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive foot pronation is a causal mechanisms described in relation to injuries of the lower extremities. Evidence to support an effective treatment is insufficient.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of exercise and custom-made insoles to patients with excessive pronation and chronic pain conditions in the foot at short and long term follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial with 80 subjects randomized: (1) Standard Intervention, (2) Insole, (3) Exercise, and (4) Insole+Exercise. Exercise - 12 week supervised program. Insoles - individually molded and posted. Pain was measured during walking, resting and running. Static and dynamic foot postures were measured as calcaneal angle, navicular drift, drop and height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average duration of foot pain was 7.3 years. There was a significant pain reduction during walking within all groups at 4 and 12 months follow-up. No differences were seen between groups in any of the pain parameters. Weak correlations between changes in pain and foot postures were observed at baseline and one-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant pain reduction was seen in all groups, none of the treatment modalities seem to be superior with the number of patients included. Compliance in the standard intervention group was a concern at 12 months.
authors: Department of Occupational and Physiotherapy Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. jaan@rn.dk
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Andreasen
authors: Carsten M
authors: CM
authors: Mølgaard
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Christensen
authors: Søren
authors: S
authors: Kaalund
authors: Søren
authors: S
authors: Lundbye-Christensen
authors: Ole
authors: O
authors: Simonsen
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Voigt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011403:Pronation; D012775:Shoes; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome