title: A dominant role for mechanical resonance in physiological finger tremor revealed by selective minimization of voluntary drive and movement.
abstract: There is a debate in the literature about whether the low- and high-frequency peaks of physiological finger tremor are caused by resonance or central drive. One way to address this issue is to examine the consequences of eliminating, as far as possible, the resonant properties or the voluntary drive. To study the effect of minimizing resonance, finger tremor was recorded under isometric conditions and compared with normal isotonic tremor. To minimize central drive, finger tremor was generated artificially by broad-band electrical stimulation. When resonance was minimized, tremor size declined almost monotonically with increasing frequency. There was no consistent large peak at a frequency characteristic of tremor. Although there was sometimes a peak around the tremor frequency during some isometric conditions, it was extremely small and variable; therefore, any contribution of central drive was minimal. In contrast, there was always a prominent peak in the isotonic frequency spectra. Resonance was, therefore, necessary to produce the characteristic tremor peaks. When central drive was minimized by replacing voluntary muscle activation with artificial stimulation, a realistic tremor spectrum was observed. Central drive is, therefore, not required to generate a characteristic physiological tremor spectrum. In addition, regardless of the nature of the driving input (voluntary or artificial), increasing the size of the input considerably reduced isotonic tremor frequency. We attribute the frequency reduction to a movement-related thixotropic change in muscle stiffness. From these results we conclude that physiological finger tremor across a large range of frequencies is produced by natural broad-band forcing of a nonlinear resonant system, and that synchronous central input is not required.
authors: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. CXV070@bham.ac.uk
authors: Carlijn A
authors: CA
authors: Vernooij
authors: Raymond F
authors: RF
authors: Reynolds
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Lakie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: EMG; electrical stimulation; finger; physiological tremor; resonance