title: Inhibition of protein kinase-D promotes cartilage repair at injured growth plate in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injured growth plate cartilage is often repaired by bony tissue, causing bone growth defects in children. Currently, mechanisms for the undesirable repair remain unclear and there are no biological treatments available to prevent the associated bone growth defects. Osterix is known as a vital transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation which is critical for normal bone formation and bone repair, and osterix is known to be regulated by protein kinase-D; however it is unknown whether protein kinase-D-osterix signalling plays any roles in the bony repair of injured growth plate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a rat model, this study investigated potential roles of protein kinase-D (PKD) in regulating expression of osteogenic transcription factor osterix and the growth plate bony repair. 4 days post injury at the proximal tibial growth plate, rats received four once-daily injections of vehicle or 2.35 mg/kg gö6976 (a PKD inhibitor), and growth plate tissues collected at day 10 were examined histologically and molecularly. In addition, effects of PKD inhibition on osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation were examined in vitro using rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to vehicle control, PKD inhibition caused a decrease in bone volume (p<0.05), an increase in % of mesenchymal tissue (p<0.01), and an increase in cartilaginous tissue within the injury site. Consistently, gö6976 treatment tended to decrease expression of bone-related genes (osterix, osteocalcin) and increase levels of cartilage-related genes (Sox9, collagen-2a, collagen-10a1). In support, in vitro experiments showed that gö6976 presence in the primary rat marrow stromal cell culture resulted in a decrease of alkaline phosphatase(+) CFU-f colonies formed (p<0.05) and an increase in collagen-2a expression in chondrogenic pellet culture (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that PKD is important for growth plate bony repair and its inhibition after growth plate injury may result in less bone formation and potentially more cartilage repair.
authors: Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. rosa.chung@unisa.edu.au
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Chung
authors: Bruce K
authors: BK
authors: Foster
authors: Cory J
authors: CJ
authors: Xian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010006:Osteoblasts; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000072042:Salter-Harris Fractures; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495181:Sp7 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; C089212:protein kinase D; D011493:Protein Kinase C