title: Chloroplast functionality has a positive effect on nitric oxide level in soybean cotyledons.
abstract: The subcellular localization of NO generation in soybean cotyledons, and the relationship between NO synthesis and in vivo chloroplast performance were studied. Employing the NO probe 4-aminomethyl-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM DA) and fluorescence microscopy, a strongly punctuated fluorescence was detected in mesophyll cells. The co-localization of DAF-FM and chlorophyll fluorescence, in confocal laser microscopy images, indicated the presence of NO in the chloroplasts. NO visualization was dependent on light, seedling age, and chloroplast function throughout cotyledons lifespan. The addition of herbicides with action in chloroplasts (DCMU and paraquat) dramatically reduced the quantum yield of photosystem II (φ(PSII)), and lead to images with absence of punctuated green fluorescence. Moreover, electron paramagnetic resonance signals corresponding to NO-spin trap adduct observed in cotyledon homogenates decreased significantly by the treatment with herbicides, as compared to controls. Neither chloroplast function nor NO content were significantly different in cotyledons from plants growing in the presence of ammonium or nitrate as the nitrogen source. These findings suggest that chloroplasts are organelles that contribute to NO synthesis in vivo, and that their proper functionality is essential for maintaining NO levels in soybean cotyledons.
authors: Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina. agalatro@ffyb.uba.ar
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Galatro
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Puntarulo
authors: Juan J
authors: JJ
authors: Guiamet
authors: Marcela
authors: M
authors: Simontacchi
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004237:Diuron / Q000494:pharmacology; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D058503:Mesophyll Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010269:Paraquat / Q000494:pharmacology; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C503301:4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006540:Herbicides; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D002734:Chlorophyll; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004237:Diuron; D010269:Paraquat