title: Well-child care clinical practice redesign for young children: a systematic review of strategies and tools.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various proposals have been made to redesign well-child care (WCC) for young children, yet no peer-reviewed publication has examined the evidence for these. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on WCC clinical practice redesign for children aged 0 to 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched using criteria to identify relevant English-language articles published from January 1981 through February 2012. Observational studies, controlled trials, and systematic reviews evaluating efficiency and effectiveness of WCC for children aged 0 to 5 were selected. Interventions were organized into 3 categories: providers, formats (how care is provided; eg, non-face-to-face formats), and locations for care. Data were extracted by independent article review, including study quality, of 3 investigators with consensus resolution of discrepancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 275 articles screened, 33 met inclusion criteria. Seventeen articles focused on providers, 13 on formats, 2 on locations, and 1 miscellaneous. We found evidence that WCC provided in groups is at least as effective in providing WCC as 1-on-1 visits. There was limited evidence regarding other formats, although evidence suggested that non-face-to-face formats, particularly web-based tools, could enhance anticipatory guidance and possibly reduce parents' need for clinical contacts for minor concerns between well-child visits. The addition of a non-medical professional trained as a developmental specialist may improve receipt of WCC services and enhance parenting practices. There was insufficient evidence on nonclinical locations for WCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that there are promising WCC redesign tools and strategies that may be ready for larger-scale testing and may have important implications for preventive care delivery to young children in the United States.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. tcoker@mednet.ucla.edu
authors: Tumaini R
authors: TR
authors: Coker
authors: Annika
authors: A
authors: Windon
authors: Candice
authors: C
authors: Moreno
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Schuster
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002669:Child Welfare; D006126:Group Processes; D006282:Health Personnel; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010290:Parents; D010372:Pediatrics; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013689:Telephone