title: Distribution of biomolecules in porous nitrocellulose membrane pads using confocal laser scanning microscopy and high-speed cameras.
abstract: The main focus of our research was to study the distribution of inkjet printed biomolecules in porous nitrocellulose membrane pads of different brands. We produced microarrays of fluorophore-labeled IgG and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on FAST, Unisart, and Oncyte-Avid slides and compared the spot morphology of the inkjet printed biomolecules. The distribution of these biomolecules within the spot embedded in the nitrocellulose membrane was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy in the "Z" stack mode. By applying a "concentric ring" format, the distribution profile of the fluorescence intensity in each horizontal slice was measured and represented in a graphical color-coded way. Furthermore, a one-step diagnostic antibody assay was performed with a primary antibody, double-labeled amplicons, and fluorophore-labeled streptavidin in order to study the functionality and distribution of the immune complex in the nitrocellulose membrane slides. Under the conditions applied, the spot morphology and distribution of the primary labeled biomolecules was nonhomogenous and doughnut-like on the FAST and Unisart nitrocellulose slides, whereas a better spot morphology with more homogeneously distributed biomolecules was observed on the Oncyte-Avid slide. Similar morphologies and distribution patterns were observed when the diagnostic one-step nucleic acid microarray immunoassay was performed on these nitrocellulose slides. We also investigated possible reasons for the differences in the observed spot morphology by monitoring the dynamic behavior of a liquid droplet on and in these nitrocellulose slides. Using high speed cameras, we analyzed the wettability and fluid flow dynamics of a droplet on the various nitrocellulose substrates. The spreading of the liquid droplet was comparable for the FAST and Unisart slides but different, i.e., slower, for the Oncyte-Avid slide. The results of the spreading of the droplet and the penetration behavior of the liquid in the nitrocellulose membrane may (partly) explain the distribution of the biomolecules in the different slides. To our knowledge, this is the first time that fluid dynamics in diagnostic membranes have been analyzed by the use of high-speed cameras.
authors: Food and Biobased Research, Biomolecular Sensing and Diagnostics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Liyakat Hamid
authors: LH
authors: Mujawar
authors: Abid Aslam
authors: AA
authors: Maan
authors: Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
authors: MK
authors: Khan
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: Norde
authors: Aart
authors: A
authors: van Amerongen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003101:Collodion / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000032:analysis*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016062:Porosity; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D003101:Collodion; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate