title: Targeting the skin for microneedle delivery of influenza vaccine.
abstract: Influenza infection represents a major socioeconomic burden worldwide. Skin represents a new target that has gained much attention in recent years for delivery of influenza vaccine as an alternative to the conventional intramuscular route of immunization. In this review we describe different microneedle vaccination approaches used in vivo, including metal and dissolving microneedle patches that have demonstrated promising results. Additionally we analyze the immunological basis for microneedle skin immunization and targeting of the skin's dense population of antigen presenting cells, their role, characterization, and function. Additionally we analyze the importance of inflammatory signaling in the skin after microneedle delivery.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Influenza Pathogenesis and Research Center (Emory University-UGA), 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors: Dimitrios G
authors: DG
authors: Koutsonanos
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Compans
authors: Ioanna
authors: I
authors: Skountzou
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*