title: Total effects of contact and residual exposure of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin on the predatory mite Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).
abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides are generally regarded as acutely toxic to predatory phytoseiid mites; however, persistence of hull split spray pyrethroid residues on almond trees and their effects on phytoseiids have not been quantified over time. Hull split, the separation of the almond hull along the suture, exposes the new crop nuts to infestation by Amyelois transitella (Walker) larvae, and is the preferred timing for insecticides applied for their control. Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) is the most important phytoseiid biocontrol agent for web-spinning spider mites in California (USA) almond orchards, and the impact of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid residue on their survival, fertility, and fecundity was determined. The total effects of direct contact with esfenvalerate, permethrin, bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin were also evaluated for comparison. The total effects (E) of direct contact treatments of the four pyrethroids ranged from 77.8 % for esfenvalerate to 98.8 % for bifenthrin. Both bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin twig residue would be considered harmful (IOBC class 4) following field application at hull split timing. Bifenthrin twig residue would be considered slightly harmful (IOBC class 2) for up to 3.5 months and harmless (IOBC class 1) after 6 months. λ-cyhalothrin residue would be considered moderately harmful (IOBC class 3) for up to 3.5 months following application and harmless (IOBC class 1) after 6 months. Bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin twig residue on treated trees significantly reduced G. occidentalis female survival for up to 6 months post-treatment, however total effects (E) classify these residues as harmless (IOBC class 1) after 6 months. Harmful effects of direct and residual exposure following application have implications for the use of these pyrethroids in an integrated mite management program for perennial crops.
authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. kahamby@ucdavis.edu
authors: Kelly A
authors: KA
authors: Hamby
authors: Jesse A
authors: JA
authors: Alifano
authors: Frank G
authors: FG
authors: Zalom
mesh_terms: D000053:Acari / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011722:Pyrethrins; C099952:bifenthrin; D010450:Endopeptidases; C001143:endolysin