title: Opiate substitution treatment to reduce in-prison drug injection: a natural experiment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is emerging evidence that opiate substitution treatment (OST) in prison is associated with reduced injecting drug use (IDU). In Australia OST is available in prison for men and women in all jurisdictions except Queensland, where it is available only for women. The aim of this study was to examine the association between in-prison OST and in-prison IDU in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of Australian prisoners in NSW (N=1128) and Queensland (N=1325). Lifetime IDU and in-prison IDU measured by self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime history of IDU was significantly more common among females than males in both jurisdictions. Among those with a lifetime history of IDU, the lifetime prevalence of in-prison IDU was significantly higher for males than females in both jurisdictions, however the magnitude of this sex difference was considerably greater in Queensland than in NSW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provision of OST in prison is associated with a reduced lifetime prevalence of in-prison drug injection, among those with a lifetime history of IDU. Irrespective of OST policies, women with a history of IDU are less likely than their male counterparts to inject in prison; reasons for this novel and replicable sex difference require further examination.
authors: Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: s.kinner@unimelb.edu.au.
authors: Stuart A
authors: SA
authors: Kinner
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Moore
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Spittal
authors: Devon
authors: D
authors: Indig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Australia; Injecting drug use; Opiate substitution treatment; Prison