title: A polyphenol-rich extract from Chaenomeles sinensis (Chinese quince) inhibits influenza A virus infection by preventing primary transcription in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (Chinese quince) are distributed throughout China and Japan. It has traditionally been known to have a therapeutic effect against respiratory symptoms caused by infectious diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The polyphenol-rich extract, CSD3, from Chaenomeles sinensis has previously been shown to neutralize influenza virus infectivity. The aim of this study was to clarify which step(s) in the replication cycle in vitro were inhibited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined cell-binding, hemagglutination and hemolytic activities and infectivity of A/Udorn/72(H3N2) virus after pre-treatment with CSD3. We also investigated the time course of synthesis for viral mRNA, cRNA, and vRNA in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK) cells infected with CSD3-treated virus. Finally, we studied the effect of CSD3-treatment on the ultrastructure of the influenza virion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-treatment with CSD3 mildly reduced cell-binding, hemagglutination and hemolytic activities. These activities were reduced by 70% to be equivalent to 30% of the control at 1μg/ml. CSD3 severely reduced infectivity to 1% of the control at 1μg/ml. Primary transcription in MDCK cells infected with CSD3 (1μg/ml)-treated virus was decreased to about 1% of that in cells infected with mock-treated virus. Synthesis of viral cRNA, vRNA and secondary mRNA was also severely decreased. Electron microscopy revealed that the integrity of the virus envelope was damaged by CSD3 and was permeable to uranyl acetate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main target step(s) of CSD3 in the replication cycle is after cell-binding but before or at primary transcription. Involvement of the increased permeability of virus envelope as the inhibition mechanism was proposed. CSD3 could be useful in preventing influenza virus infection, and be employed as a lozenge or mouthwash for daily use.
authors: Open Research Center for Genome and Infectious Disease Control, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan. Kuroda_Reiko@lotte.co.jp
authors: Reiko
authors: R
authors: Sawai-Kuroda
authors: Sanae
authors: S
authors: Kikuchi
authors: Yohko K
authors: YK
authors: Shimizu
authors: Yutaka
authors: Y
authors: Sasaki
authors: Kazumichi
authors: K
authors: Kuroda
authors: Torahiko
authors: T
authors: Tanaka
authors: Tatsuo
authors: T
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Kouji
authors: K
authors: Sakurai
authors: Kazufumi
authors: K
authors: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002645:Chickens; D004285:Dogs; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D006387:Hemagglutination, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D059808:Polyphenols; D012367:RNA, Viral