title: Intravenous urography supplemented with computerised tomography urogram: A pragmatic hybrid imaging approach to hydronephrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Image quality in an Intravenous Urogram (IVU) can occasionally be compromised by variables like bowel preparation, renal function and radiographic factors, posing a challenge to all Uroradiologists. The Computerised Tomography Urogram (CTU) yields better diagnostic information than an IVU, due to its inherent superior anatomic delineation and contrast sensitivity, against a trade-off involving radiation dose and cost. Our study was conducted to assess the utility and timing of performing a single-phase CTU, as a problem-solving tool, to clear the diagnostic dilemma in a selected subset of patients, in whom an ongoing IVU could potentially be inconclusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and twelve patients who underwent IVU studies for urologic referrals at a tertiary care hospital, during the period of January to December 2009, formed the subject of the study, of whom 33 patients with inconclusive IVU findings after the first three radiographs underwent a single-phase CTU, to reach definitive imaging diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of inconclusive IVU studies amounted to only 33 / 512 (6.4%), in whom a CTU study revealed definitive diagnoses in 30 patients and no abnormality in three patients, thus conclusively clearing the ambiguities raised on the IVU in all the selected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of a CTU limited to a single-phase study to supplement an inconclusive IVU optimizes the contrast and radiation dose to the affected patients. It is a cost-effective, timely, and definitive 'imaging intervention' and should be considered a viable hybrid technique to be utilized selectively and judiciously.
authors: Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Raju A
authors: RA
authors: George
authors: Aneesh
authors: A
authors: Mohimen
authors: Jyotindu
authors: J
authors: Debnath
authors: Lovleen
authors: L
authors: Satija
authors: Piyush
authors: P
authors: Joshi
authors: Subhash C
authors: SC
authors: Godara
keywords: CT urography; hydronephrosis; intravenous urogram; intravenous urography