title: Orthogonalizing crusher and diffusion-encoding gradients to suppress undesired echo pathways in the twice-refocused spin echo diffusion sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The twice-refocused spin echo sequence is widely used in diffusion imaging due to its excellent performance in reducing eddy currents. The three radio frequency pulses give rise to eight separate signal pathways. Because there is no general solution for the size and arrangement for crusher gradients, with constant size and orientation, that is effective for all arbitrary diffusion-sensitizing b-values and directions, this article introduces and validates a solution whereby the crusher and diffusion-encoding gradients are always kept orthogonal, thus ensuring their independence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cancellation of the crusher and diffusion gradients was demonstrated. Subsequently, crusher gradients were implemented in such a way that they were always orthogonal to the diffusion gradient. Phantom and in-vivo experiments were performed to ascertain that orthogonally implemented crusher gradients alleviate the problem without lowering image quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all experiments, when the crusher gradients' action was cancelled by the diffusion-encoding gradients artifactual signal modulation was observed. When orthogonal gradients were implemented the artifacts were eliminated without detrimental effects on image quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthogonal crushers are easy to implement and can be used for any variant of diffusion imaging sequences (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging, fiber diameter mapping) where the twice-refocused scheme is used.
authors: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Zoltán
authors: Z
authors: Nagy
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Thomas
authors: Nikolaus
authors: N
authors: Weiskopf
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans