title: Eating attentively: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of food intake memory and awareness on eating.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive processes such as attention and memory may influence food intake, but the degree to which they do is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine whether such cognitive processes influence the amount of food eaten either immediately or in subsequent meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically reviewed studies that examined experimentally the effect that manipulating memory, distraction, awareness, or attention has on food intake. We combined studies by using inverse variance meta-analysis, calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) in food intake between experimental and control groups and assessing heterogeneity with the I(2) statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four studies were reviewed. Evidence indicated that eating when distracted produced a moderate increase in immediate intake (SMD: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.53) but increased later intake to a greater extent (SMD: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.07). The effect of distraction on immediate intake appeared to be independent of dietary restraint. Enhancing memory of food consumed reduced later intake (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.68), but this effect may depend on the degree of the participants' tendencies toward disinhibited eating. Removing visual information about the amount of food eaten during a meal increased immediate intake (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.68). Enhancing awareness of food being eaten may not affect immediate intake (SMD: 0.09; 95% CI: -0.42, 0.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence indicates that attentive eating is likely to influence food intake, and incorporation of attentive-eating principles into interventions provides a novel approach to aid weight loss and maintenance without the need for conscious calorie counting.
authors: University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom. eric.robinson@liv.ac.uk
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Robinson
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Aveyard
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Daley
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Jolly
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Lewis
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Lycett
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: Higgs
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D062407:Meals; D008568:Memory