title: Visual outcomes in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the visual outcomes and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two institutions with dedicated NF1 clinical research programs queried their established clinical databases for children with orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas. Visual acuity, refractive error, ambylopia, and treatment history were abstracted. Extent of orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibroma involvement was assessed clinically and with 3D MRI analysis. Children with optic pathway gliomas or ocular causes of decreased visual acuity (ie, cataracts, glaucoma) other than strabismus or anisometropia were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one children met inclusion criteria (median age 8 years, range 0.33-23 years). Orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibroma location was classified as isolated eyelid (n = 6), eyelid and orbit (n = 7), orbit and temporal region (n = 7), or diffuse orbit (n = 1). Three subjects had bilateral orbital involvement. Amblyopia secondary to the orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibroma was present in 13 subjects (62%) and was caused by strabismus (n = 2, 10%), occlusion from ptosis (n = 9, 43%), or anisometropia (n = 9, 43%), or a combination of factors (n = 6, 29%). MRI-derived volumes were measured in 19 subjects (median 41.8 mL, range 2.7-754 mL). All subjects with amblyopia had orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibroma volumes greater than 10 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, amblyopia occurs in more than half of NF1 children with orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibromas, most commonly because of ptosis and anisometropia. The 3D MRI analysis allowed for sensitive measurement of orbitotemporal plexiform neurofibroma size, and larger volumes were associated with development of amblyopia.
authors: Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. ravery@childrensnational.org
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Avery
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Dombi
authors: Kelly A
authors: KA
authors: Hutcheson
authors: Maria T
authors: MT
authors: Acosta
authors: Andrea M
authors: AM
authors: Baldwin
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Madigan
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Gillespie
authors: Edmond J
authors: EJ
authors: Fitzgibbon
authors: Roger J
authors: RJ
authors: Packer
authors: Brigitte C
authors: BC
authors: Widemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018318:Neurofibroma, Plexiform / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009456:Neurofibromatosis 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult