title: The disappearance of onchocerciasis from the Itwara focus, western Uganda after elimination of the vector Simulium neavei and 19 years of annual ivermectin treatments.
abstract: The Itwara onchocerciasis focus is located around the Itwara forest reserve in western Uganda. In 1991, annual treatments with ivermectin started in the focus. They were supplemented in 1995 by the control of the vector Simulium neavei, which was subsequently eliminated from the focus. The impact of the two interventions on the disease was assessed in 2010 by nodule palpations, examinations of skin snips by microscopy and PCR, and Ov16 recombinant ELISA. There was no evidence of any microfilaria in 688 skin snips and only 2 (0.06%) of 3316 children examined for IgG4 were slightly above the arbitrary cut off of 40. A follow up of the same children 21 months later in 2012 confirmed that both were negative for diagnostic antigen Ov-16, skin snip microscopy and PCR. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) elimination criteria of 2001 and the Uganda onchocerciasis certification guidelines, it was concluded that the disease has disappeared from the Itwara focus after 19 years of ivermectin treatments and the elimination of the vector around 2001. Ivermectin treatments were recommended to be halted.
authors: Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. tlakwo@gmail.com
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Lakwo
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Garms
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rubaale
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Katabarwa
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Walsh
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Habomugisha
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Oguttu
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Unnasch
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Namanya
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Tukesiga
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Katamanywa
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bamuhiiga
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Byamukama
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Agunyo
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Richards
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060740:Disease Eradication; D004199:Disease Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009854:Onchocerca / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology; D000002:Temefos / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin; D000002:Temefos