title: Juan Valverde de Hamusco's unauthorized reproduction of a brain dissection by Andreas Vesalius.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present work is to examine images of the brain dissection by Flemish-born anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) as originally represented in the Fabrica (1543), and later copied without Vesalius' permission by Spanish anatomist Juan Valverde de Hamusco (c1525-c1587) in Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano (1556).
  
  
  METHODS
  Illustrations of the brain dissection in the Fabrica were obtained in digital form, resized, and arranged in a comparable montage to that presented by Valverde. Computer manipulations were used to assess image correspondence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Valverde illustrations are approximately half the size and are mirror images of those in the Fabrica, but otherwise show the same dissection stages, and identical transverse brain levels and structures. The Valverde illustrations lack shadowing and show minor variations in perspective and fine details (e.g., branching pattern of the middle meningeal artery) from those in the Fabrica.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craftsmen under the direction of Valverde copied the woodcut prints in the Fabrica in close but approximate form by freehand engraving onto copper plates. Differences in the sizes of the images, and in perspective and fine detail, preclude direct tracing of images as the means of copying. Because engravings are in effect "flipped over" to make further prints, subsequent prints made from Valverde's copperplate engravings are mirror images of the prints in Vesalius' Fabrica.
authors: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tomah, WI, USA. Douglas.Lanska@gmail.com
authors: Douglas J
authors: DJ
authors: Lanska
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Lanska
mesh_terms: D000716:Anatomy, Artistic / Q000266:history*; D001271:Atlases as Topic / Q000266:history*; D001878:Books, Illustrated / Q000266:history; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D004210:Dissection / Q000266:history*; D005197:Famous Persons; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history*