title: Fish and amphibians as potential reservoirs of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buruli ulcer is a skin disease often associated with proximity to certain water bodies in Africa. Much remains unknown about the reservoir and transmission of this disease. Previous studies have suggested that fish may concentrate Mycobacterium ulcerans, the etiological agent of the disease, in their gills and intestines and serve as passive reservoirs of the bacterium. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fish and amphibians serve as natural reservoirs of M. ulcerans or other closely related mycolactone-producing mycobacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction targeting the enoyl reductase (ER) domain present in mlsA, which is required for mycolactone production, was used to screen water, fish, and amphibians from water bodies in Ghana for the presence of mycolactone-producing mycobacteria, and positive specimens were subjected to variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of VNTR typing revealed the presence of Mycobacterium liflandii in a tadpole and a fish, and M. ulcerans in an adult frog. Similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) showed that the predatory cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus was associated with ER-positive water bodies. No amphibian species or fish-feeding guild served as a reliable indicator of the presence of mycolactone-producing mycobacteria in a water body, and there was no significant difference between fish and amphibian positivity rates (P-value=0.106). There was a significant difference between water bodies in the total number of ER-positive specimens (P-value=0.0164).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although IS2404-positive tadpoles and fish have been reported, this is the first VNTR confirmation of M. ulcerans or M. liflandii in wild amphibian and fish populations in West Africa. Results from this study suggest that amphibians should be carefully examined as potential reservoirs for M. ulcerans in West Africa, and that H. bimaculatus may be useful as an indicator of habitats likely to support mycolactone-producing mycobacteria.
authors: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Willson
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Kaufman
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Merritt
authors: Heather R
authors: HR
authors: Williamson
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Malakauskas
authors: Mark Eric
authors: ME
authors: Benbow
keywords: Africa; Ghana; Mycobacterium liflandii; VNTR; ecology; enoyl reductase; inhibition; mycolactone