title: The Young Adults' Cigarette Dependence (YACD) score: an improved tool for cigarette dependence assessment in university students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking induces dependence in young smokers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this work was to validate the use of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in young Lebanese university students, and to improve it eventually by adding new items covering DSM-IV and ICD-10 dependence components.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a cross-sectional study on university students. A standardized questionnaire was administered, with items related to cigarette dependence: the FTND and the new Young Adults' Cigarette Dependence (YACD) scale. For both tools, factor and reliability analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the FTND test showed satisfactory psychometric properties, the YACD showed better construct validity and reliability, covered dependence concept better and discriminated better between those who wanted to stop smoking and those who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FTND could be used in university students' population; however, the YACD scale could be more useful.
authors: Lebanese University, Faculties of Pharmacy & of Public Health, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Research (LCER), Beirut, Lebanon. psalameh@ul.edu.lb
authors: Pascale
authors: P
authors: Salameh
authors: Lamis
authors: L
authors: Jomaa
authors: Ghada
authors: G
authors: Farhat
authors: Hayat
authors: H
authors: Zeghondi
authors: Najwa
authors: N
authors: Gerges
authors: Carine
authors: C
authors: Issa
authors: Marie-Thérèse
authors: MT
authors: Sabbagh
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Chaaya
authors: Bernadette
authors: B
authors: Barbour
authors: Mirna
authors: M
authors: Waked
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Salamé
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Saadallah-Zeidan
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Baldi
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult