title: Incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects.
abstract: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased at an alarming rate in recent years. Recent estimations project that 366 million people could have diabetes by 2030. The incretin system emerges as a new target for type 2 diabetes therapy, and new molecules are being approved for its use in humans since the year 2005. These agents could be divided into 2 main groups, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Endogenous GLP-1 is an incretin hormone composed by a 30-amino acid peptide and is secreted from L-cells in distal small intestine in response to calorie intake, causing a glucose-dependent β-cell response resulting in a restoration of the first-phase insulin response. Additionally, GLP-1 regulates glucagon production, which leads to inhibition of glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Synthetic molecules such as exenatide and liraglutide have been developed to bind GLP-1 receptor and mimic GLP-1 effects in pancreatic cells and other target organs.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors: Israel
authors: I
authors: Hartman
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Rojas
authors: Daloha
authors: D
authors: Rodríguez-Molina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015195:Drug Design; D000077270:Exenatide; D005934:Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054795:Incretins / Q000378:metabolism; D000069450:Liraglutide; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015995:Prevalence; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists*; D014688:Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D010455:Peptides; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D014688:Venoms; D000069450:Liraglutide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D000077270:Exenatide