title: Changes in the redox status and inflammatory response in handball players during one-year of competition and training.
abstract: The present research was designed to evaluate the adaptive responses to oxidative stress and inflammation in handball players subjected to well-controlled training intervals over one-year of competition. Seven blood samples were collected over the season of the study, approximately one a month. Plasma lipid peroxidation, nitrite, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INFγ and TNFα), and the glutathione cycle in erythrocytes, were measured. Exercise intensity, measured with the Borg's scale, increased significantly up to the middle of the competition season, coinciding with maximal creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase values, and then decreased at the end of the study. The inflammatory markers including nitrite, IL-1β, IL-6, and, to a lesser extent INFγ, increased early in the training season, and remained elevated until the end of the study. TNFα, however, remained low during the season. The oxidative stress response included a transient increase of the glutathione disulphide/glutathione ratio and glutathione reductase activity at the beginning of the study, returning to basal values somewhat later. Glutathione peroxidase also increased at the end of the training season, and lipid peroxidation levels remained low during the athletic season. These results suggest that well-trained athletes were best adapted to the oxidative response, although the beneficial effects of some of the inflammatory cytokines on skeletal muscle myogenesis and repair cannot be ruled out.
authors: Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain.
authors: Melquiades
authors: M
authors: Concepcion-Huertas
authors: Luis Javier
authors: LJ
authors: Chirosa
authors: Tomas
authors: T
authors: De Haro
authors: Ignacio Javier
authors: IJ
authors: Chirosa
authors: Vicente
authors: V
authors: Romero
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Aguilar-Martinez
authors: Roberto Carlos
authors: RC
authors: Leonardo-Mendonça
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Doerrier
authors: Germaine
authors: G
authors: Escames
authors: Dario
authors: D
authors: Acuña-Castroviejo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase