title: The interplays between autophagy and apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the causative agent of human diseases with distinct severity, from mild hand, foot and mouth disease to severe neurological syndromes, such as encephalitis and meningitis. The lack of understanding of viral pathogenesis as well as lack of efficient vaccine and drugs against this virus impedes the control of EV71 infection. EV71 virus induces autophagy and apoptosis; however, the relationship between EV71-induced autophagy and apoptosis as well as the influence of autophagy and apoptosis on virus virulence remains unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, it was observed that the Anhui strain of EV71 induced autophagy and apoptosis in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD-A) cells. Additionally, by either applying chemical inhibitors or knocking down single essential autophagic or apoptotic genes, inhibition of EV71 induced autophagy inhibited the apoptosis both at the autophagosome formation stage and autophagy execution stage. However, inhibition of autophagy at the stage of autophagosome and lysosome fusion promoted apoptosis. In reverse, the inhibition of EV71-induced apoptosis contributed to the conversion of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-I (LC3-I) to LC3-II and degradation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/P62). Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy in the autophagsome formation stage or apoptosis decreased the release of EV71 viral particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the results of this study not only revealed novel aspect of the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in EV71 infection, but also provided a new insight to control EV71 infection.
authors: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors: Xueyan
authors: X
authors: Xi
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Bei
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Wang
authors: Ji
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: He
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: Jianwei
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Jin
authors: Zhendong
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D059748:Proteolysis; D000071456:Sequestosome-1 Protein; D057074:Virus Release
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C099718:SQSTM1 protein, human; D000071456:Sequestosome-1 Protein; D002403:Cathepsins; D020169:Caspases