title: Quality of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq.
abstract: Dialysis water quality is one of the important parameters all over the world because of its direct influence on the health of kidney patients. In Iraq, there are more than 20 dialysis centers; most of them contain identical units for the production of dialysis water. In this work, the quality of water used for dialysis in six dialysis centers located within Baghdad hospitals was evaluated. Samples of product water from each of the six dialysis centers were examined for total heterotrophic bacteria, endotoxin, and chemical contaminants. Endotoxin was measured on-site using a portable instrument. Bacteriological and chemical examinations were done in the laboratory after collecting samples from each dialysis center. The results showed a fluctuation in the produced water quality that makes the produced water unaccepted when compared with international standards. Bacterial counts for 60% of the analyzed samples were above the action level (50 colony-forming units[CFU]/mL), while five out of the six dialysis centers showed values higher than the maximum value (100 CFU/mL). Chemical analysis showed that the dialysis water quality suffers from elevated aluminum concentration for all dialysis centers. All hemodialysis centers need thorough monitoring and preventive maintenance to ensure good water quality. In addition, it is important to revise the design of the water treatment units according to the feed and product water quality.
authors: Water Research Center, Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors: Saadi K
authors: SK
authors: Al-Naseri
authors: Zinah Mohammed
authors: ZM
authors: Mahdi
authors: Mohammed Fawzi
authors: MF
authors: Hashim
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D011786:Quality Control; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D004731:Endotoxins
keywords: Hemodialysis; bacterial count; dialysis water; endotoxin