title: Contour analysis of an implant--soft tissue interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of peri-implant soft tissue on in vivo models are commonly based on histological sections prepared using undecalcified or 'fracture' techniques. These techniques require the cutting or removal of implant during the specimen preparation process. The aim of this study is to explore a new impression technique that does not require any cutting or removal of implant for contour analysis of soft tissue around four types of titanium (Ti) surface roughness using an in vitro three-dimensional oral mucosal model (3D OMM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 3D OMM was constructed by co-culturing a keratinocyte cell line TR146 and human oral fibroblasts on to an acellular dermis scaffold. On the fourth day, a Ti disk was placed into the model. Four types of Ti surface topographies, i.e. polished, machined, sandblasted and anodized were tested. After 10 d of culture, the specimens were processed based on undecalcified (ground sectioning), electropolishing and impression techniques for contour analysis of the implant-soft tissue interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under light microscopic examination of the ground and electropolishing sections, it was found that the cell line-based oral mucosa formed a peri-implant-like epithelium attachment on to all four types of Ti surfaces. In contour analysis, the most common contour observed between the cell line-based oral mucosa and Ti surface was at an angle ranging between 45° and 90°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro cell line-based 3D OMM formed a peri-implant-like epithelium at the implant-soft tissue interface. The contour of the implant-soft tissue interface for the four types of Ti surface was not significantly different.
authors: Department of General Dental Practice and Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: W L
authors: WL
authors: Chai
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Moharamzadeh
authors: R
authors: R
authors: van Noort
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Emanuelsson
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Palmquist
authors: I M
authors: IM
authors: Brook
mesh_terms: D062088:Acellular Dermis; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D003760:Dental Impression Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003761:Dental Impression Technique; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003760:Dental Impression Materials; D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium
keywords: dental implant; epithelium; fibroblast; in vitro model; tissue engineering