title: Urine markers of kidney disorders and their risk associations in HIV-infected patients attending Nyanza Provincial General Hospital in Kisumu, Western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify abnormal levels of urine metabolites and cells that serve as markers of existing kidney disorders in ambulatory HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nyanza Provincial General Hospital's patient support centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 593 HIV infected patients were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dipstick urinalysis test was used to screen mid stream urine to detect constituents with altered levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 593 participants, the urine of 214 (36.1%) had abnormally altered levels of urine constituents, with more females afflicted than males [41.5% vs. 27.8%; OR 1.84 (1.28-2.63), chi2 = 11.08, p = 0.0009]. Urobilinogen was the most common urine metabolite while ketones were least commonly present. More participants had altered levels of leucocytes than erythrocytes in urine. Patients with pyuria were three times more likely to have elevated erythrocytes in their urine as well (chi2 = 34.37, p < 0.0001). Similarly, the risk of having proteinuria was three times higher in patients with pyuria (p < 0.0003, Fisher's test). Patients with erythrocytes in urine also had a threefold likelihood of having proteinuria (P < 0.0003, Fisher's test). Fewer ARV users had abnormal urine markers [15.7% vs 24.3% OR 0.62 (0.41-0.94), chi2 = 5.2, p < 0.05].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolites and cellular markers of kidney disorders were prevalent in the urine of HIV patients especially females and those with pronounced immune depletion (CD4 counts equal to or below 500). ARVs use was associated with reduced manifestation of these markers.
authors: Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya.
authors: W O
authors: WO
authors: Opiyo
authors: A G M
authors: AG
authors: Ng'wena
authors: A V O
authors: AV
authors: Ofulla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011776:Pyuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014558:Urobilinogen / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014558:Urobilinogen