title: An exploratory study of the policy process and early implementation of the free NHIS coverage for pregnant women in Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women were offered free access to health care through National Health Insurance (NHIS) membership in Ghana in 2008, in the latest phase of policy reforms to ensure universal access to maternal health care. During the same year, free membership was made available to all children (under-18). This article presents an exploratory qualitative analysis of how the policy of free maternal membership was developed and how it is being implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on a review of existing literature - grey and published - and on a key informant interviews (n = 13) carried out in March-June 2012. The key informants included representatives of the key stakeholders in the health system and public administration, largely at national level but also including two districts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The introduction of the new policy for pregnant women was seen as primarily a political initiative, with limited stakeholder consultation. No costing was done prior to introduction, and no additional funds provided to the NHIS to support the policy after the first year. Guidelines had been issued but beyond collecting numbers of women registered, no additional monitoring and evaluation have yet been put in place to monitor its implementation. Awareness of the under-18 s policy amongst informants was so low that this component had to be removed from the final study. Initial barriers to access, such as pregnancy tests, were cited, but many appear to have been resolved now. Providers are concerned about the workload related to services and claims management but have benefited from increased financial resources. Users still face informal charges, and are reported to have responded differentially, with rises in antenatal care and in urban areas highlighted. Policy sustainability is linked to the survival of the NHIS as a whole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghana has to be congratulated for its persistence in trying to address financial barriers. However, many themes from previous evaluations of exemptions policies in Ghana have recurred in this study - particularly, the difficulties of getting timely reimbursement to facilities, of controlling charging of patients, and of reaching the poorest. This suggests that providing free care through a national health insurance system has not solved systemic weaknesses. The wider concerns about raising the quality of care, and ensuring that all supply-side and demand-side elements are in place to make the policy effective will also take a longer term and bigger commitment.
authors: FEMHealth project, Immpact, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. s.witter@abdn.ac.uk
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Witter
authors: Bertha
authors: B
authors: Garshong
authors: Valéry
authors: V
authors: Ridde
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016730:Program Development