title: Concentration of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers after fractionated collection based on exhaled CO2 signal.
abstract: A standard procedure for exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection is still lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of several biomarkers in whole (W-EBC) and fractionated EBC (A-EBC), the latter collected starting from CO2 ≥ 50% increase during exhalation. Forty-five healthy non-smokers or asymptomatic light smokers were enrolled. Total protein concentrations in W-EBC and A-EBC were overlapping (median: 0.7 mg l(-1) in both cases), whereas mitochondrial DNA was higher in A-EBC (0.021 versus 0.011 ng ml(-1)), indicating a concentration rather than a dilution of lining fluid droplets in the last portion of exhaled air. H2O2 (0.13 versus 0.08 µM), 8-isoprostane (4.9 versus 4.4 pg ml(-1)), malondialdehyde (MDA) (4.2 versus 3.2 nM) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonhenal (HNE) (0.78 versus 0.66 nM) were all higher in W-EBC, suggesting a contribution from the upper airways to oxidative stress biomarkers in apparently healthy subjects. NH4(+) was also higher in W-EBC (median: 590 versus 370 µM), with an estimated increase over alveolar and bronchial air by a factor 1.5. pH was marginally, but significantly higher in W-EBC (8.05 versus 8.01). In conclusion, the fractionation of exhaled air may be promising in clinical and occupational medicine.
authors: Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Goldoni
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Corradi
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Mozzoni
authors: Giuseppina
authors: G
authors: Folesani
authors: Rossella
authors: R
authors: Alinovi
authors: Silvana
authors: S
authors: Pinelli
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Andreoli
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Pigini
authors: Raffaella
authors: R
authors: Tillo
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Filetti
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Garavelli
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Mutti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D015237:Dinoprost; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide