title: Efflux in Acinetobacter baumannii can be determined by measuring accumulation of H33342 (bis-benzamide).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overexpression of efflux pumps in Acinetobacter baumannii is a common mechanism of multidrug resistance in this nosocomial pathogen. Increased efflux pump expression is often assumed from MICs of antibiotics and dyes, without measurement of efflux levels. This study describes a safe, rapid and simple 96-well plate assay that measures the accumulation of a fluorescent dye, Hoechst (H) 33342.
  
  
  METHODS
  The growth kinetics of three resistant and three susceptible Singaporean clinical isolates of A. baumannii in the presence of carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and phenylalanine-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) were studied to determine non-inhibitory concentrations for use in the assay. Accumulation of H33342 was measured in these clinical isolates with and without efflux inhibitors. Accumulation was also measured in an adeB efflux pump deletion mutant and its parental strain to assess the ability of the assay to identify altered efflux in strains lacking efflux pumps. Results were compared with data from accumulation assays with ethidium bromide and norfloxacin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased accumulation, indicative of reduced efflux, was observed in AB211ΔadeB compared with parental strain AB211. Clinical isolates demonstrated different levels of accumulation of H33342. The addition of both CCCP and PAβN significantly increased the accumulation of H33342. The pattern of norfloxacin accumulation broadly reflected H33342 accumulation. Ethidium bromide showed a different pattern of accumulation in clinical isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of the intracellular accumulation of H33342 in real time allowed a comparison of efflux activity between strains of A. baumannii.
authors: Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Richmond
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Chua
authors: L J V
authors: LJ
authors: Piddock
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012846:Singapore; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C017807:bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride
keywords: MDR; antibiotics; resistance–nodulation–division