title: Mechanisms underlying the onset of oral lipid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans.
abstract: Several mechanisms, such as innate immune responses via Toll-like receptor-4, accumulation of diacylglycerols (DAG)/ceramides, and activation of protein kinase C (PKC), are considered to underlie skeletal muscle insulin resistance. In this study, we examined initial events occurring during the onset of insulin resistance upon oral high-fat loading compared with lipid and low-dose endotoxin infusion. Sixteen lean insulin-sensitive volunteers received intravenous fat (iv fat), oral fat (po fat), intravenous endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and intravenous glycerol as control. After 6 h, whole-body insulin sensitivity was reduced by iv fat, po fat, and LPS to 60, 67, and 48%, respectively (all P < 0.01), which was due to decreased nonoxidative glucose utilization, while hepatic insulin sensitivity was unaffected. Muscle PKCθ activation increased by 50% after iv and po fat, membrane Di-C18:2 DAG species doubled after iv fat and correlated with PKCθ activation after po fat, whereas ceramides were unchanged. Only after LPS, circulating inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist), their mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and circulating cortisol were elevated. Po fat ingestion rapidly induces insulin resistance by reducing nonoxidative glucose disposal, which associates with PKCθ activation and a rise in distinct myocellular membrane DAG, while endotoxin-induced insulin resistance is exclusively associated with stimulation of inflammatory pathways.
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Nowotny
authors: Lejla
authors: L
authors: Zahiragic
authors: Dorothea
authors: D
authors: Krog
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Nowotny
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Herder
authors: Maren
authors: M
authors: Carstensen
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Szendroedi
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Phielix
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Schadewaldt
authors: Nanette C
authors: NC
authors: Schloot
authors: Gerald I
authors: GI
authors: Shulman
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Roden
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha