title: Smoking is accompanied by a suppressed cervical nitric oxide release in women with high-risk human papillomavirus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both smoking and the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the uterine cervix are determinants for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. We compared the cervical NO release between smoking and non-smoking women with and without hrHPV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open clinical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-five smoking and 301 non-smoking women, with (n = 244) and without (n = 182) hrHPV infection. In total, 264 women showed cytological and/or histological cervical epithelial changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of hrHPV was tested by an HPV DNA test and the release of NO was assessed from NO metabolites in the cervical fluid by the Griess reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The difference in cervical NO release between smoking and non-smoking women with and without hrHPV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection with hrHPV in smokers (70%) was more frequent (p = 0.001) than in non-smokers (52%). As a whole, smoking was accompanied by a 35% decrease (p = 0.04) in NO release in hrHPV-infected women (35.9 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval 27.0-44.2) compared with non-smoking hrHPV- infected women (48.3 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval 38.0-56.2). No difference in NO release between smokers and non-smokers was seen in women with healthy cervical epithelium, but smoking was accompanied by a suppressed (26%) NO release (p = 0.03) in women with either cytological or histological changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking may suppress NO release in the uterine cervix in women with hrHPV infection.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Päivi
authors: P
authors: Rahkola-Soisalo
authors: Tomi S
authors: TS
authors: Mikkola
authors: Saara
authors: S
authors: Vuorento
authors: Olavi
authors: O
authors: Ylikorkala
authors: Mervi
authors: M
authors: Väisänen-Tommiska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D009569:Nitric Oxide