title: The origin and evolution of neuroendoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroendoscopy has become an integral field within neurosurgery. It has allowed neurosurgeons unprecedented access to deep structures within both the cranial and spinal compartments, while allowing for minimal incisions, tissue retraction, and postoperative healing time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, we trace the origins of this vital field to ancient times, and show that much of its success is due to the brilliant minds of some luminaries such as Philipp Bozzini and Harold Hopkins. Through close collaborations between clinicians, scientists, and engineers neuroendoscopy has become an invaluable tool in the armamentarium of neurosurgeons to help solve a wide array of clinical problems.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Muhammad M
authors: MM
authors: Abd-El-Barr
authors: Alan R
authors: AR
authors: Cohen
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000266:history*