title: Intestinal mucosal defense system, Part 2. Probiotics and prebiotics.
abstract: The interplay between microorganisms and the intestine of newborn infants is associated with diverse functional and clinical outcomes that result from the specific interactions among microbial communities, their products, and the unique characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple mechanisms of action for infant formula ingredients with probiotic activity appear to exist. These mechanisms are thought to protect the host not only from intestinal diseases but also from systemic infection. However, questions about the safety of probiotics for preterm infants remain unanswered, particularly with regard to sepsis, immunomodulatory effects, and microbial resistance. Few well-designed studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic ingredients on relevant clinical outcomes in preterm infants. Although existing data are encouraging, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of these ingredients in all preterm infants.
authors: National Center for Child and Adolescent Health (CeNSIA), Mexico City, Mexico. teresamurguiap@gmail.com
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Murguía-Peniche
authors: Walter A
authors: WA
authors: Mihatsch
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Zegarra
authors: Sarayut
authors: S
authors: Supapannachart
authors: Zong-Yi
authors: ZY
authors: Ding
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Neu
mesh_terms: D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000276:immunology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000276:immunology*; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics