title: The effectiveness of mobile-health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mobile health interventions could have beneficial effects on health care delivery processes. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of controlled trials of mobile technology interventions to improve health care delivery processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched for all controlled trials of mobile technology based health interventions using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, UK NHS HTA (Jan 1990-Sept 2010). Two authors independently extracted data on allocation concealment, allocation sequence, blinding, completeness of follow-up, and measures of effect. We calculated effect estimates and we used random effects meta-analysis to give pooled estimates. We identified 42 trials. None of the trials had low risk of bias. Seven trials of health care provider support reported 25 outcomes regarding appropriate disease management, of which 11 showed statistically significant benefits. One trial reported a statistically significant improvement in nurse/surgeon communication using mobile phones. Two trials reported statistically significant reductions in correct diagnoses using mobile technology photos compared to gold standard. The pooled effect on appointment attendance using text message (short message service or SMS) reminders versus no reminder was increased, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.06 (95% CI 1.05-1.07, I(2) = 6%). The pooled effects on the number of cancelled appointments was not significantly increased RR 1.08 (95% CI 0.89-1.30). There was no difference in attendance using SMS reminders versus other reminders (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.94-1.02, respectively). To address the limitation of the older search, we also reviewed more recent literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results for health care provider support interventions on diagnosis and management outcomes are generally consistent with modest benefits. Trials using mobile technology-based photos reported reductions in correct diagnoses when compared to the gold standard. SMS appointment reminders have modest benefits and may be appropriate for implementation. High quality trials measuring clinical outcomes are needed. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors: Clinical Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. caroline.free@lshtm.ac.uk
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Free
authors: Gemma
authors: G
authors: Phillips
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Watson
authors: Leandro
authors: L
authors: Galli
authors: Lambert
authors: L
authors: Felix
authors: Phil
authors: P
authors: Edwards
authors: Vikram
authors: V
authors: Patel
authors: Andy
authors: A
authors: Haines
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D020811:Biomedical Technology / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003142:Communication; D019468:Disease Management; D006282:Health Personnel; D006296:Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome