title: Neck muscle activity in fighter pilots wearing night-vision equipment during simulated flight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Night-vision goggles (NVG) in jet fighter aircraft appear to increase the risk of neck strain due to increased neck loading. The present aim was, therefore, to evaluate the effect on neck-muscle activity and subjective ratings of head-worn night-vision (NV) equipment in controlled simulated flights.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five experienced fighter pilots twice flew a standardized 2.5-h program in a dynamic flight simulator; one session with NVG and one with standard helmet mockup (control session). Each session commenced with a 1-h simulation at 1 Gz followed by a 1.5-h dynamic flight with repeated Gz profiles varying between 3 and 7 Gz and including aerial combat maneuvers (ACM) at 3-5 Gz. Large head-and-neck movements under high G conditions were avoided. Surface electromyographic (EMG) data was simultaneously measured bilaterally from anterior neck, upper and lower posterior neck, and upper shoulder muscles. EMG activity was normalized as the percentage of pretest maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). Head-worn equipment (helmet comfort, balance, neck mobility, and discomfort) was rated subjectively immediately after flight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend emerged toward greater overall neck muscle activity in NV flight during sustained ACM episodes (10% vs. 8% MVC for the control session), but with no such effects for temporary 3-7 Gz profiles. Postflight ratings for NV sessions emerged as "unsatisfactory" for helmet comfort/neck discomfort. However, this was not significant compared to the control session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helmet mounted NV equipment caused greater neck muscle activity during sustained combat maneuvers, indicating increased muscle strain due to increased neck loading. In addition, postflight ratings indicated neck discomfort after NV sessions, although not clearly increased compared to flying with standard helmet mockup.
authors: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Bjorn.Ang@ki.se
authors: Björn O
authors: BO
authors: Ang
authors: Mats
authors: M
authors: Kristoffersson
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D006112:Gravitation; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055254:Night Vision / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013548:Sweden