title: Weight of apically extruded debris following use of two canal instrumentation techniques and two designs of irrigation needles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the weight of apically extruded debris associated with canal shaping using K-files, and the Revo-S system using two different needle tips, open-ended and side-vented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty freshly extracted mandibular premolar teeth were divided into four groups as follows; Group 1a: Hand instrumentation of root canal with open-ended needle used to provide irrigation, Group 1b: Hand instrumentation with a two side-port needle, Group 2a: Revo-S preparation with open-ended needle, Group 2b: Revo-S preparation with a two side-port needle. One Eppendorf tube for each tooth was weighed with a 0.0001 electronic weighing machine before instrumentation procedures. During instrumentation, irrigation was performed after every instrument with 1 mL distilled water. On completion of the preparation, teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tubes. All of the tubes were incubated at 37 °C for 15 days, to evaporate the irrigant. After the incubation period, tubes were weighed again. The difference between pre-and post-debris weights was calculated, and statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance at 0.05 level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant difference was observed between K-files and the RevoS system. A significant difference was observed between needles (P < 0.05). Open-ended needles were associated with significantly more debris than side-vented needles (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both hand and rotary canal instrumentation resulted in extrusion of debris beyond the apical foramen. No significant difference was observed between K-files and Revo-S system. Open-ended needles were associated with significantly more extruded debris than two side-port needles.
authors: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ataturk, Erzurum, Turkey. kubrayesildal@gmail.com
authors: K Y
authors: KY
authors: Yeter
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Evcil
authors: L B
authors: LB
authors: Ayranci
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ersoy
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D014867:Water
keywords: Revo-S; apical extrusion; debris; needle