title: Social disparities in tobacco use in India: the roles of occupation, education and gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying social disparities in patterns of tobacco use with regard to education, occupation, and gender characteristics can provide valuable insights into the tobacco use patterns of the population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed social disparities in tobacco use, smoking, and smokeless tobacco use by examining occupation-, education-, and gender-specific patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  About 69,030 Indian residents ≥15 years in 29 States and 2 Union Territories (UT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-stage sampling in urban areas and two-stage sampling in rural areas for selection of households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data has been derived from GATS 2009-2010, wherein the sample was collected through household interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentages, proportions, adjusted odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a person entered adulthood, the prevalence of ever tobacco use increased by 51.5% among men and 28.8% among women. Prevalence was 2.5 times higher in men (mainly smoking) as compared to women (predominantly smokeless form). ORs for tobacco use were higher among illiterate respondents as compared to the college educated (male OR = 4.23, female OR = 8.15). Unemployed, able to work (male OR = 1.50, female OR = 1.23) showed highest risk, while students (male OR = 0.35, female OR = 0.52) showed the least. The combined effect of occupation and education showed synergistic interaction among females and antagonistic interaction among males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study clearly underscores the individual and joint effects of education and occupation on tobacco use besides discussing variations based on gender. This can have far-reaching policy implications in addressing disparities in tobacco use.
authors: Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, India. prabhakarb@healis.org
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Prabhakar
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Narake
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Pednekar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult