title: Evaluation of the safety of ancient strains of wheat in coeliac disease reveals heterogeneous small intestinal T cell responses suggestive of coeliac toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coeliac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Since it is unknown if all wheat varieties are equally toxic to coeliac patients seven Triticum accessions showing different origin (ancient/modern) and ploidy (di-, tetra- hexaploid) were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected strains of wheat were ancient Triticum monococcum precoce (AA genome) and Triticum speltoides (BB genome), accessions of Triticum turgidum durum (AABB genome) including two ancient (Graziella Ra and Kamut) and two modern (Senatore Cappelli and Svevo) durum strains of wheat and Triticum aestivum compactum (AABBDD genome). Small intestinal gluten-specific T-cell lines generated from 13 coeliac patients were tested with wheat accessions by proliferation assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All strains of wheat independent of ploidy or ancient/modern origin triggered heterogeneous responses covering wide ranges of stimulation indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ancient strains of wheat, although previously suggested to be low or devoid of coeliac toxicity, should be tested for immunogenicity using gluten-specific T-cell lines from multiple coeliac patients rather than gluten-specific clones to assess their potential toxicity. Our findings provide further evidence for the need for a strict gluten-free diet in coeliac patients, including avoidance of ancient strains of wheat.
authors: King's College London, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Gastroenterology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. Electronic address: tanja.suligoj@gmail.com.
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Šuligoj
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Gregorini
authors: Mariastella
authors: M
authors: Colomba
authors: H Julia
authors: HJ
authors: Ellis
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Ciclitira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens
keywords: Ancient strains of wheat; CD; Coeliac disease; GFD; GR_AABB; Heterogenous T-cell responses; IEL; K_AABB; PTG; Proliferation assays; SC_AABB; SI; S_AABB; Small intestinal gluten-sensitive T-cell lines; T-cell line; TCL; Tac_AABBDD; Tmp_AA; Triticum aestivum compactum (AABBDD genome); Triticum monococcum precoce (AA genome); Triticum speltoides (BB genome); Triticum turgidum durum Graziella Ra (AABB genome); Triticum turgidum durum Kamut (AABB genome); Triticum turgidum durum Senatore Cappelli (AABB genome); Triticum turgidum durum Svevo (AABB genome); Ts_BB; coeliac disease; gluten-free diet; intraepithelial lymphocytes; peptic-tryptic digest of gluten; stimulation index; tTG; tissue transglutaminase