title: Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes phasic inhibition via synaptic GABAA receptors and tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABA levels in the extracellular space regulate arousal state and cognition by volume transmission via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABAergic transmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. No previous studies have determined whether an agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors administered into the pontine reticular formation alters sleep and wakefulness. Therefore, this study used gaboxadol (THIP; agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit) to test the hypothesis that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors within the pontine reticular formation modulate sleep and wakefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within/between subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Michigan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Crl:CD*(SD) (Sprague-Dawley) rats (n = 10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Microinjection of gaboxadol, the nonsubtype selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (positive control), and saline (negative control) into the rostral pontine reticular formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gaboxadol significantly increased wakefulness and decreased both nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in a concentration-dependent manner. Relative to saline, gaboxadol did not alter electroencephalogram power. Microinjection of muscimol into the pontine reticular formation of the same rats that received gaboxadol increased wakefulness and decreased sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit may be one mechanism by which the extracellular pool of endogenous GABA in the rostral pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vanini G; Baghdoyan HA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness. SLEEP 2013;36(3):337-343.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA. gvanini@umich.edu
authors: Giancarlo
authors: G
authors: Vanini
authors: Helen A
authors: HA
authors: Baghdoyan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009118:Muscimol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011149:Pons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018755:GABA Agonists; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D007555:Isoxazoles; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D009118:Muscimol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C015542:gaboxadol
keywords: Anesthesia; THIP; gaboxadol; microinjection; sedative-hypnotics