title: Effect of tibial insertion site for lateral suture stabilization on the kinematics of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient-stifle during early, middle and late stance: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of two tibial attachment sites for lateral suture stabilization (LSS) on the three-dimensional femorotibial translational and rotational movements of the cranial cruciate ligament- deficient canine stifle during the early, middle and late stance phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study: 32 hindlimbs from 16 canine cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Limbs were mounted in a testing jig and an electromagnetic tracking system was used to determine the three-dimensional femorotibial translational and rotational movements under 33% of body weight load during early, middle and late stance in the following sequence: cranial cruciate ligament-intact, cranial cruciate ligament-deficient and LSS with the distal anchor through the tibial tuberosity (LSSTT) or through the cranial eminence of the extensor groove (LSSEG). The proximal anchor point was the lateral femorofabellar ligament.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-LSS stifle three-dimensional femorotibial translational and rotational movements were more comparable to normal than post-transection movements for both techniques. Both LSS techniques restored femorotibial movements in cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles to varying amounts but neither technique successfully restored normal three-dimensional femorotibial movements. The LSSEG improved femorotibial movements of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle in the medial-lateral direction and axial rotation but performed poorly in restoring femorotibial movements in the cranial-caudal direction as compared to the LSSTT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the LSSTT and LSSEG techniques failed to completely restore normal three-dimensional femorotibial translational and rotational movements in cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles in vitro.
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary, Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. draulakh@vt.edu
authors: K S
authors: KS
authors: Aulakh
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Harper
authors: O I
authors: OI
authors: Lanz
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: D'Amico
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Butler
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: McLaughlin
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Werre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004285:Dogs; D013264:Stifle / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*