title: A uniquely adaptable pore is consistent with NALCN being an ion sensor.
abstract: NALCN is an intriguing, orphan ion channel among the 4x6TM family of related voltage-gated cation channels, sharing a common architecture of four homologous domains consisting of six transmembrane helices, separated by three cytoplasmic linkers and delimited by N and C-terminal ends. NALCN is one of the shortest 4x6TM family members, lacking much of the variation that provides the diverse palate of gating features, and tissue specific adaptations of sodium and calcium channels. NALCN's most distinctive feature is that that it possesses a highly adaptable pore with a calcium-like EEEE selectivity filter in radially symmetrical animals and a more sodium-like EEKE or EKEE selectivity filter in bilaterally symmetrical animals including vertebrates. Two lineages of animals evolved alternative calcium-like EEEE and sodium-like EEKE / EKEE pores, spliced to regulate NALCN functions in differing cellular environments, such as muscle (heart and skeletal) and secretory tissue (brain and glands), respectively. A highly adaptable pore in an otherwise conserved ion channel in the 4x6TM channel family is not consistent with a role for NALCN in directly gating a significant ion conductance that can be either sodium ions or calcium ions. NALCN was proposed to be an expressible Gd ( 3+) -sensitive, NMDG (+) -impermeant, non-selective and ohmic leak conductance in HEK-293T cells, but we were unable to distinguish these reported currents from leaky patch currents (ILP) in control HEK-293T cells. We suggest that NALCN functions as a sensor for the much larger UNC80/UNC79 complex, in a manner consistent with the coupling mechanism known for other weakly or non-conducting 4x6TM channel sensor proteins such as Nax or Cav 1.1. We propose that NALCN serves as a variable sensor that responds to calcium or sodium ion flux, depending on whether the total cellular current density is generated more from calcium-selective or sodium-selective channels.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors: Adriano
authors: A
authors: Senatore
authors: J David
authors: JD
authors: Spafford
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D015222:Sodium Channels; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: calcium channels; ion selectivity; molecular evolution; sodium channels; sodium leak conductance channel