title: Humic acid removal and easy-cleanability using temperature-responsive ZrO2 tubular membranes grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brush chains.
abstract: New poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes grafted with ZrO2 (PNIPAAm-g-ZrO2) composite membranes, which had been prepared in our laboratory, were used for humic acid (HA) removal. We found that the fluxes associated with such membranes, when compared to those obtained from unmodified ZrO2 membranes, declined slightly at both 25 °C and 35 °C. The PNIPAAm-g-ZrO2 membrane achieved a high rejection, of 98.0%, at a suitable steady flux of 111.9 L m(-2) h(-1) at 25 °C. This membrane exhibited good anti-fouling properties as well as improved membrane performance during filtration of HA. The important role of pH and Ca(2+) concentration in HA removal was also investigated. Lower adsorption fouling and a higher rejection were obtained at higher pH levels. The Ca(2+) ions reduced the electrostatic exclusion and played a cross-linking role between HA and the PNIPAAm-g-ZrO2 membrane surface. Fouling was severe in the presence of Ca(2+). These tests led to the development of an environment-friendly membrane cleaning method, by means of temperature-change water elution around LCST of PNIPAAm-brushes. After the alternate temperature-change (25 °C/35 °C) cleaning, a flux recovery of 98.2% was obtained for the PNIPAAm-g-ZrO2 membrane. Moreover, after four repeated experiments, the anti-fouling and easy-cleaning properties were still maintained. It is implied that PNIPAAm-brushes were firmly "stuck" to the membrane surface, and could not easily be removed by water cleaning or HA filtration. The PNIPAAm-g-ZrO2 membranes exhibited good stability and great potential for HA removal.
authors: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian Key Laboratory of Advanced Environment Functional Materials, No. 111 West Changjiang Road, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, PR China. cyjzhao@126.com
authors: Yijiang
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Shouyong
authors: S
authors: Zhou
authors: Meisheng
authors: M
authors: Li
authors: Ailian
authors: A
authors: Xue
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Jingang
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Weihong
authors: W
authors: Xing
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D005374:Filtration; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012996:Solutions; D055672:Static Electricity; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D006812:Humic Substances; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; C052970:poly-N-isopropylacrylamide; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide; D002118:Calcium