title: Prevalence of and risk factors for acute occlusive arterial injury following pediatric cardiac catheterization: a large single-center cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of and identify risk factors for acute occlusive arterial injury (AOAI) in a large volume pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  AOAI is a known complication after pediatric cardiac catheterization. Prevalence and risk factors in the modern era are incompletely described.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study including all cardiac catheterization procedures performed between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2010 was performed. Case status was defined by ≥1 of the following: exam consistent with occlusive arterial injury, use of an anticoagulant within 48 hr of catheterization to restore or maintain patency of the artery, or documented occlusive arterial injury by radiologic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3,254 patients had 5,715 catheterization procedures, which included 3,859 arterial access events. 167 cases of AOAI were identified for an overall prevalence of 4.3% among arterial access events. Multiple logistic regression identified independent risk factors: weight category [<4 kg: odds ratio (OR) 4.5 (95% CI: 2.6-7.7), P < 0.001; 4-6 kg: OR 2.1 (1.3-3.5), P = 0.002, compared to 6-8 kg referent group]; largest catheter outer diameter French size [OR 1.6 (1.3-1.9), P < 0.001]; final activated clotting time (ACT) <250 sec [OR 1.9 (1.4-2.7), P < 0.001]; and need for arterial catheter exchange [OR 1.8 (1.02-3.2), P = 0.04].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AOAI occurred in 4.3% of pediatric cardiac catheterizations, and was most likely in smaller children and those with larger arterial catheters. Risk was also independently increased by arterial catheter exchange and having a final ACT <250 sec. These data act as an important benchmark and identify areas for intervention for future studies.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Glatz
authors: Samir S
authors: SS
authors: Shah
authors: Ann L
authors: AL
authors: McCarthy
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Geisser
authors: Kaitlyn
authors: K
authors: Daniels
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Xie
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Hanna
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Grundmeier
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Gillespie
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Rome
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001835:Body Weight; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: arteries; catheterization; complications; pediatrics; thrombosis