title: Disrupted expected value and prediction error signaling in youths with disruptive behavior disorders during a passive avoidance task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Youths with disruptive behavior disorders, including conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, show major impairments in reinforcement-based decision making. However, the neural basis of these difficulties remains poorly understood. This partly reflects previous failures to differentiate responses during decision making and feedback processing and to take advantage of computational model-based functional MRI (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 38 community youths ages 10-18 (20 had disruptive behavior disorders, and 18 were healthy comparison youths). Model-based fMRI was used to assess the computational processes involved in decision making and feedback processing in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insula, and caudate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youths with disruptive behavior disorders showed reduced use of expected value information within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex when choosing to respond and within the anterior insula when choosing not to respond. In addition, they showed reduced responsiveness to positive prediction errors and increased responsiveness to negative prediction errors within the caudate during feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to determine impairments in the use of expected value within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and insula during choice and in prediction error-signaling within the caudate during feedback in youths with disruptive behavior disorders.
authors: National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. whitesf@mail.nih.gov
authors: Stuart F
authors: SF
authors: White
authors: Kayla
authors: K
authors: Pope
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Sinclair
authors: Katherine A
authors: KA
authors: Fowler
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Brislin
authors: W Craig
authors: WC
authors: Williams
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Pine
authors: R James R
authors: RJ
authors: Blair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012201:Reward