title: Perioperative complications of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: analysis of 886 patients at 5 United States centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review complications of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) at 5 centers, as classified by the Clavien system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-institutional analysis of prospectively maintained databases assessed RAPN complications. From June 2007 to November 2011, 886 patients at 5 United States centers underwent RAPN. Patient demographics, perioperative outcomes, and complications data were collected. Complication severity was classified by Clavien grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (standard deviation) data were patient age, 59.4 (11.4) years; age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, 3.0 (1.9); radiographic tumor size, 3.0 (1.6) cm; nephrometry score, 6.9 (2.0); and warm ischemia time, 18.8 (9.0) minutes. Median blood loss was 100 mL (interquartile range, 100-250 mL). Of the 886 patients, intraoperative complications occurred in 23 patients (2.6%) and 139 postoperative complications occurred in 115 patients (13.0%) for a total complication rate of 15.6%. Among the 139 postoperative complications, 43 (30.9%) were classified as Clavien 1, 64 (46.0%) were Clavien 2, 21 (15.1%) were Clavien 3, and 11 (7.9%) were Clavien 4. No complication-related deaths occurred. Intraoperative hemorrhage occurred in 9 patients (1.0%) and postoperative hemorrhage in 51 (5.8%). Forty-one patients (4.6%) required a perioperative blood transfusion, 10 (1.1%) required angioembolization, and 2 (0.2%) required surgical reexploration for postoperative hemorrhage. Urine leaks developed in 10 patients (1.1%): 3 (0.3%) required ureteral stenting, and 2 (0.2%) required percutaneous drainage. Acute postoperative renal insufficiency or renal failure developed in 7 patients (0.8%), 2 of whom required hemodialysis. The RENAL (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties of the tumor, nearness of tumor deepest portion to the collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior descriptor and the location relative to polar lines) nephrometry scoring system accurately predicted RAPN complication rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complication rates in this large multicenter series of RAPN appear to be acceptable and comparable with other nephron-sparing modalities. Most complications (77.0%) are Clavien 1 and 2 and can be managed conservatively.
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors: Youssef S
authors: YS
authors: Tanagho
authors: Jihad H
authors: JH
authors: Kaouk
authors: Mohamad E
authors: ME
authors: Allaf
authors: Craig G
authors: CG
authors: Rogers
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Stifelman
authors: Bartosz F
authors: BF
authors: Kaczmarek
authors: Shahab P
authors: SP
authors: Hillyer
authors: Jeffrey K
authors: JK
authors: Mullins
authors: Yichun
authors: Y
authors: Chiu
authors: Sam B
authors: SB
authors: Bhayani
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D014481:United States