title: Distinct roles of β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 in ORG27569-induced biased signaling and internalization of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1).
abstract: The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in brain tissue that has been implicated in several disease states. CB1 allosteric compounds, such as ORG27569, offer enormous potential as drugs over orthosteric ligands, but their mechanistic, structural, and downstream effects upon receptor binding have not been established. Previously, we showed that ORG27569 enhances agonist binding affinity to CB1 but inhibits G protein-dependent agonist signaling efficacy in HEK293 cells and rat brain expressing the CB1 receptor (Ahn, K. H., Mahmoud, M. M., and Kendall, D. A. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287, 12070-12082). Here, we identify the mediators of CB1 receptor internalization and ORG27569-induced G protein-independent signaling. Using siRNA technology, we elucidate an ORG27569-induced signaling mechanism for CB1 wherein β-arrestin 1 mediates short term signaling to ERK1/2 with a peak at 5 min and other upstream kinase components including MEK1/2 and c-Src. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate co-localization of CB1-GFP with red fluorescent protein-β-arrestin 1 upon ORG27569 treatment using confocal microscopy. In contrast, we show the critical role of β-arrestin 2 in CB1 receptor internalization upon treatment with CP55940 (agonist) or treatment with ORG27569. These results demonstrate for the first time the involvement of β-arrestin in CB1-biased signaling by a CB1 allosteric modulator and also define the differential role of the two β-arrestin isoforms in CB1 signaling and internalization.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269.
authors: Kwang H
authors: KH
authors: Ahn
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269.
authors: Mariam M
authors: MM
authors: Mahmoud
authors: J. L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707.
authors: Joong-Youn
authors: JY
authors: Shim
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269. Electronic address: debra.kendall@uconn.edu.
authors: Debra A
authors: DA
authors: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site; D000818:Animals; D019390:Arrestins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071559:beta-Arrestin 1; D000071560:beta-Arrestin 2; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D007211:Indoles; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D010880:Piperidines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D000071559:beta-Arrestin 1; D000071560:beta-Arrestin 2; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C572504:5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)ethyl)amide; C000605253:ARRB1 protein, human; C000605254:ARRB2 protein, human; C000605256:Arrb1 protein, rat; C000605257:Arrb2 protein, rat