title: Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of atherosclerosis using citrate-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: calcifying microvesicles as imaging target for plaque characterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the suitability of citrate-coated very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP) as a contrast agent for identifying inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VSOP, which have already been evaluated as a blood pool contrast agent for MR angiography in human clinical trials, were investigated in Watanabe heritable hyper-lipidemic rabbits to determine to what extent their accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions is a function of macrophage density and other characteristics of progressive atherosclerotic plaques. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, a significant MRI signal loss was found within 1 hour after intravenous administration of VSOP at the intended clinical dose of 0.05 mmol Fe/kg. Histological examinations confirmed correlations between the loss of MRI signal in the vessel wall and the presence of Prussian blue-stained iron colocalized with macrophages in the plaque cap, but surprisingly also with calcifying microvesicles at the intimomedial interface. Critical electrolyte magnesium chloride concentration in combination with Alcian blue stain indicates that highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans are a major constituent of these calcifying microvesicles, which may serve as the key molecules for binding VSOP due to their highly complexing properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcifying microvesicles and macrophages are the targets for intravenously injected VSOP in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting that VSOP-enhanced MRI may render clinically relevant information on the composition and inflammatory activity of progressive atherosclerotic lesions at risk of destabilization.
authors: Department of Radiology, Section of Experimental Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, and Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Wagner
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Schnorr
authors: Antje
authors: A
authors: Ludwig
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Stangl
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Ebert
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Hamm
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Taupitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005295:Ferrocyanides; D006949:Hyperlipidemias; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000473:pathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D005295:Ferrocyanides; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C000170:ferric ferrocyanide
keywords: atherosclerosis; calcifying microvesicles; glycosaminoglycans; inflammation; iron oxide nanoparticles; magnetic resonance imaging