title: Characterizing microclimate in urban malaria transmission settings: a case study from Chennai, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental temperature is an important driver of malaria transmission dynamics. Both the parasite and vector are sensitive to mean ambient temperatures and daily temperature variation. To understand transmission ecology, therefore, it is important to determine the range of microclimatic temperatures experienced by malaria vectors in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study was conducted in the Indian city of Chennai to determine the temperature variation in urban microclimates and characterize the thermal ecology of the local transmission setting. Temperatures were measured in a range of probable indoor and outdoor resting habitats of Anopheles stephensi in two urban slum malaria sites. Mean temperatures and daily temperature fluctuations in local transmission sites were compared with standard temperature measures from the local weather station. The biological implications of the different temperatures were explored using temperature-dependent parasite development models to provide estimates of the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean daily temperatures within the urban transmission sites were generally warmer than those recorded at the local weather station. The main reason was that night-time temperatures were higher (and hence diurnal temperature ranges smaller) in the urban settings. Mean temperatures and temperature variation also differed between specific resting sites within the transmission environments. Most differences were of the order of 1-3°C but were sufficient to lead to important variation in predicted EIPs and hence, variation in estimates of transmission intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard estimates of environmental temperature derived from local weather stations do not necessarily provide realistic measures of temperatures within actual transmission environments. Even the small differences in mean temperatures or diurnal temperature ranges reported in this study can lead to large variations in key mosquito and/or parasite life history traits that determine transmission intensity. Greater effort should be directed at quantifying adult mosquito resting behaviour and determining the temperatures actually experienced by mosquitoes and parasites in local transmission environments. In the absence of such highly resolved data, the approach used in the current study provides a framework for improved thermal characterization of transmission settings.
authors: Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors: Lauren J
authors: LJ
authors: Cator
authors: Shalu
authors: S
authors: Thomas
authors: Krijn P
authors: KP
authors: Paaijmans
authors: Sangamithra
authors: S
authors: Ravishankaran
authors: Johnson A
authors: JA
authors: Justin
authors: Manu T
authors: MT
authors: Mathai
authors: Andrew F
authors: AF
authors: Read
authors: Matthew B
authors: MB
authors: Thomas
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Eapen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D008834:Microclimate; D008954:Models, Biological; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013696:Temperature; D014505:Urban Population