title: Efficacy and tolerability of probenecid as urate-lowering therapy in gout; clinical experience in high-prevalence population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probenecid is recommended as urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in patients with gout where xanthine oxidase inhibitors are ineffective, not tolerated, or contraindicated. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of probenecid to achieve serum urate (SU) targets (< 0.36 mmol/l) in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 57 patients prescribed with probenecid from a database of 521 rheumatology clinic attenders with gout. Demographic characteristics, indications for probenecid, probenecid doses, side effects, and laboratory data including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and SU were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 30/57 (53%) patients treated with probenecid as monotherapy and 27/57 (47%) patients treated with probenecid in combination with allopurinol. Target SU concentrations (< 0.36 mmol/l) were achieved in 10/30 (33%) of the probenecid monotherapy group and 10/27 (37%) of the combination treatment group. Baseline SU concentrations, but not eGFR or probenecid dose, independently predicted achievement of target SU. Target SU was achieved in 5/15 (33%) patients with eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m(2). There was no difference in the percentage of patients achieving SU target in those with eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m(2) compared with those with eGFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Adverse events attributed to probenecid were observed in 8/42 (19%) patients with eGFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and in 2/15 (13%) patients with eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probenecid has moderate efficacy as ULT in clinical management of patients with complex gout who have a lack of efficacy or intolerance to allopurinol. Patients with chronic kidney disease may respond to probenecid with similar rates of adverse events.
authors: Department of Rheumatology, Middlemore Hospital, South Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. karen_pui_wee_ling@hotmail.com
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Pui
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Gow
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Dalbeth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006073:Gout / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011339:Probenecid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006074:Gout Suppressants; D014527:Uric Acid; D011339:Probenecid
keywords: GOUT; PROBENECID; TARGET; URATE