title: Risk management protocol for gastrostomy and jejunostomy insertion in ventilator dependent infants.
abstract: Gastrostomy, gastrojejunostomy and anti-reflux surgery in infants and children who are chronically ventilator dependent are associated with significant risk of morbidity and mortality. We report outcomes of 22 high risk children who underwent these procedures at our centre. Pre-operative investigations included: overnight oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring and subsequent optimisation of ventilatory support, echocardiography, video fluoroscopy, and assessment of gastroesophageal reflux. We carried out 24 procedures under general anaesthesia. Twenty-one children used ventilatory support pre-operatively. Median age of first surgical procedure was 18 months (range 3-180). Supplementary feeding was commenced in 20 children prior to procedure, median age 9 months (1-31). Median PICU length of stay was 1 (1-8) days. No children died in the post-operative period. Extubation was possible within 24h in 87% of cases. Complications included; atelectasis (n=2), ileus (n=2), abdominal distension (n=4) and loose stools (n=1). We conclude that, in this high risk cohort of ventilator dependent children with predominantly neuromuscular disorders, with careful assessment, operative intervention can be carried out under general anaesthesia, with the child being extubated early back onto their routine ventilatory support and aggressive airway clearance. Additionally this protocol can minimise post-operative complications and is associated with a good outcome in the majority.
authors: Clinical and Academic Department of Sleep and Breathing, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. m.chatwin@rbht.nhs.uk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Chatwin
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bush
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Macrae
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Clarke
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Simonds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005183:Failure to Thrive / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007582:Jejunostomy / Q000379:methods*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D063087:Noninvasive Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome