title: A review of analgesic compounds used in food animals in the United States.
abstract: Extralabel drug use for pain relief in the United States is regulated under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. Agents that may provide analgesia in livestock include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. The challenges associated with providing pain relief in food animals and the salient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the analgesic compounds that could potentially be used in livestock are reviewed. The potential use of novel agents such as bicarbonate, magnesium, ethanol, and gabapentin to augment analgesia is also discussed.
authors: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. hcoetzee@iastate.edu
authors: Johann F
authors: JF
authors: Coetzee
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000588:Amines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008460:Meat; D056687:Off-Label Use / Q000662:veterinary; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin