title: Symptomatic local anaesthetic toxicity and plasma ropivacaine concentrations after transversus abdominis plane block for Caesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block involves injecting a large volume of local anaesthetic between the muscles of the abdominal wall. Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine after gynaecological laparotomy are potentially high enough to result in systemic toxicity, and there are pharmacokinetic reasons why pregnancy may increase susceptibility to local anaesthetic toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female patients (n=30) undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia received bilateral ultrasound-guided TAP blocks after wound closure (2.5 mg kg(-1) of ropivacaine diluted to 40 ml). Venous blood samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min following the block. Blood samples were assayed for total and free ropivacaine concentrations. Patients were assessed for symptoms of local anaesthetic toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean [standard deviation (SD)] peak total concentration of ropivacaine occurred at 30 min post-injection and was 1.82 (0.69) μg ml(-1). The maximum detected concentration in any patient was 3.76 μg ml(-1) (at 10 min post-injection). Three patients reported symptoms of mild neurotoxicity, and the mean (SD) peak levels were elevated in these patients, 2.70 (0.46) µg ml(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAP blocks can result in elevated plasma ropivacaine concentrations in patients undergoing Caesarean section, which may be associated with neurotoxicity.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia. james.griffiths@thewomens.org.au
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Griffiths
authors: N V
authors: NV
authors: Le
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Grant
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bjorksten
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hebbard
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Royse
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine
keywords: Caesarean section; anaesthetic techniques, regional; anaesthetics local, ropivacaine; toxicity, local anaesthetics