title: Metabolic and structural effects of phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate injections on subcutaneous fat: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate (PC-DC) injections are a popular nonsurgical method to eliminate unwanted fat. The safety and efficacy of this approach is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluate the effects of PC-DC treatments on body composition, adipocyte function, and mechanisms responsible for fat loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, open-label study enrolled 13 women with a body mass index (BMI) ≤30 kg/m(2) and lower abdominal subcutaneous fat suitable for small-volume liposuction. Patients were randomized by the final digit of their Social Security numbers and received between 2 and 4 PC-DC treatments, spaced 8 weeks apart. One side below the umbilicus was injected with PC-DC. The contralateral, control side received no treatment. Adipose tissue biopsies were performed on the treated side at baseline, 1 week after the first treatment, and 8 weeks after the final treatment. The primary outcome was change in adipose tissue thickness at baseline and 8 weeks after the final treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven women completed the study. Treatment with PC-DC significantly reduced the thickness of the anterior subcutaneous abdominal fat (P = .004). Adipose tissue showed rapid increases in crown-like structures, macrophage infiltration, and reduced expression of leptin, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose tissue triglyceride lipase, and CD36. Plasma C-reactive protein, lipid profile, and plasma glucose concentrations were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC-DC injections can effectively reduce abdominal fat volume and thickness by inducing adipocyte necrosis. These treatments do not appear to increase circulating markers of inflammation or affect glucose and lipid metabolism.
authors: Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors: Dominic N
authors: DN
authors: Reeds
authors: B Selma
authors: BS
authors: Mohammed
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Klein
authors: Craig Brian
authors: CB
authors: Boswell
authors: V Leroy
authors: VL
authors: Young
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D009336:Necrosis; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid