title: Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects.
abstract: Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body, as it is essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted mainly by one active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates the expression of a battery of target genes through several families of nuclear receptors (RARs, RXRs, and PPARβ/δ), polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements, and multiple coregulators. It also involves extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of several actors of RA signaling. However, vitamin A itself proved recently to be active and RARs to be present in the cytosol to regulate translation and cell plasticity. These new concepts expand the scope of the biologic functions of vitamin A and RA.
authors: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors: Ziad
authors: Z
authors: Al Tanoury
authors: Aleksandr
authors: A
authors: Piskunov
authors: Cécile
authors: C
authors: Rochette-Egly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D012176:Retinoids / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012176:Retinoids; D014801:Vitamin A
keywords: kinase cascade; nuclear receptor; retinoic acid receptor; retinoid X receptor; transcription