title: Nonbenzodiazepine sleep medication use and hip fractures in nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is important to understand the relationship between sleep medication use and injurious falls in nursing home residents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a case-crossover study to estimate the association between nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug use (zolpidem tartrate, eszopiclone, or zaleplon) and the risk for hip fracture among a nationwide sample of long-stay nursing home residents, overall and stratified by individual and facility-level characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-crossover study performed in an academic research setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants included 15,528 long-stay US nursing home residents 50 years or older with a hip fracture documented in Medicare Part A and Part D fee-for-service claims between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios (ORs) of hip fracture were estimated using conditional logistic regression models by comparing the exposure to nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs during the 0 to 29 days before the hip fracture (hazard period) with the exposure during the 60 to 89 and 120 to 149 days before the hip fracture (control periods). Analyses were stratified by individual and facility-level characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the study participants, 1715 (11.0%) were dispensed a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug before the hip fracture, with 927 exposure-discordant pairs included in the analyses. The mean (SD) age of participants was 81.0 (9.7) years, and 77.6% were female. The risk for hip fracture was elevated among users of a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.45-1.90). The association between nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug use and hip fracture was somes greater in new users (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.76-2.74) and in residents with mild vs moderate to severe impairment in cognition (OR, 1.86 vs 1.43; P = .06), with moderate vs total or severe functional impairment (OR, 1.71 vs 1.16; P = .11), with limited vs full assistance required with transfers (OR, 2.02 vs 1.43; P = .02), or in a facility with fewer Medicaid beds (OR, 1.90 vs 1.46; P = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for hip fracture is elevated among nursing home residents using a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug. New users and residents having mild to moderate cognitive impairment or requiring limited assistance with transfers may be most vulnerable to the use of these drugs. Caution should be exercised when prescribing sleep medications to nursing home residents.
authors: Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA. sarahberry@hsl.harvard.edu
authors: Sarah D
authors: SD
authors: Berry
authors: Yoojin
authors: Y
authors: Lee
authors: Shubing
authors: S
authors: Cai
authors: David D
authors: DD
authors: Dore
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D055805:Moving and Lifting Patients / Q000009:adverse effects; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives