title: Chronic kidney disease: mineral and bone disorder in children.
abstract: Childhood and adolescence are crucial times for the development of a healthy skeletal and cardiovascular system. Disordered mineral and bone metabolism accompany chronic kidney disease (CKD) and present significant obstacles to optimal bone strength, final adult height, and cardiovascular health. Early increases in bone and plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are associated with early defects in skeletal mineralization. Later in the course of CKD, secondary hyperparathyroidism--caused by a combination of declining calcitriol values and phosphate retention--results in high-turnover renal osteodystrophy whereas increased levels of both phosphate and FGF23 contribute to cardiovascular disease. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism improves high-turnover bone disease but fails to correct defects in skeletal mineralization. Because overtreatment may result in adynamic bone disease, growth failure, hypercalcemia, and progression of cardiovascular calcifications, therapy therefore must be titrated carefully to maintain optimal serum biochemical parameters according to stage of CKD. Newer therapeutic agents and new treatment paradigms may suppress serum PTH levels effectively while limiting intestinal calcium absorption and skeletal FGF23 stimulation and may provide future therapeutic alternatives for children with CKD.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. kwesseling@mednet.ucla.edu
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Wesseling-Perry
authors: Isidro B
authors: IB
authors: Salusky
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D002118:Calcium