title: Genetic combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bahrain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bahrain has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previously, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was found to be associated with T2DM in Bahrainis. The relationship between the disease progression in Bahraini T2DM population and the genetic polymorphism of methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) C677T is still under investigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study investigated the distribution of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism among Bahraini T2DM patients and examined the interaction between ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on the risk of developing T2DM and its long-term complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to test for the presence of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in 171 patients with T2DM compared to 188 healthy (non-diabetic) age-matched control subjects from Bahrain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of the DD genotype and D allele of the ACE gene was high among Bahraini T2DM patients. MTHFR allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls. No significant relationship was identified between the combinations of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms with T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results clearly showed an association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the progression of T2DM, but when it interacts with MTHFR polymorphism no influence was detected on the increased risk of T2DM.
authors: Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Medical Genetic Center, State of Kuwait alharbi_em@yahoo.com.
authors: Einas M
authors: EM
authors: Al-Harbi
authors: College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors: Eman M
authors: EM
authors: Farid
authors: College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors: Khalid A
authors: KA
authors: Gumaa
authors: Department of Pathology, Bahrain Defense Force Royal Medical Services Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors: Abdulla H
authors: AH
authors: Darwish
authors: General Department of Criminal Evidences, Ministry of Interior, Farwaneyia, State of Kuwait.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Alenizi
authors: School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK.
authors: Jaipaul
authors: J
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001445:Bahrain / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C573423:MTHFR protein, human; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Bahrain; angiotensin-converting enzyme; methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase; polymorphism; type 2 diabetes mellitus