title: A prospective analysis of invasive candidiasis following cardiac surgery: severity markers are predictive.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Invasive Candida infections (ICI) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients are associated with high mortality. A 2-year prospective study was performed to improve clinical decision making in long-term ICU patients after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, clinical and physiological data, the incidence of ICI and Candida colonisation scores were analysed. To assess severity of illness the new simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II score), the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE) and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were calculated. To define independent risk factors univariate and multivariate Cox-regression analyses with time-dependent covariates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixty-nine cardiac surgery patients with ICU admittance ≥ 4 days out of 513 admittances were enrolled. Ten patients had proven ICI. In the multivariate analysis the SOFA score (HR = 1.29, p = 0.009) was associated with proven ICI. In 71 patients receiving empiric antifungal therapy for presumptive but unproven ICI the SOFA score (HR = 1.18, p = 0.029) and corrected Candida colonisation index (HR 11.08; p = 0.030) were significantly associated to ICI. Neither SAPS II score nor EuroScore were associated with ICI in either patient group. The mortality rate of patients receiving empiric antifungal therapy was significantly lower compared to that of patients with proven ICI (36.6% vs. 80%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time-associated SOFA score assessing acute organ failure was the only independent risk factor for proven ICI. Cardiovascular procedures did not confer risk to develop ICI. Empiric antifungal therapy may be warranted in severely ill cardiac surgery patients.
authors: Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Forstner
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Lassnigg
authors: Selma
authors: S
authors: Tobudic
authors: Arno
authors: A
authors: Schiferer
authors: Henrik
authors: H
authors: Fischer
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Graninger
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Steinlechner
authors: Sofie
authors: S
authors: Frantal
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Presterl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D058365:Candidiasis, Invasive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063305:Organ Dysfunction Scores; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015415:Biomarkers