title: Learning and cognitive fatigue trajectories in multiple sclerosis defined using a burst measurement design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compromised learning and cognitive fatigue are critical clinical features in multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the effect of repeated exposures within and across study visits on performance measures of learning and cognitive fatigue in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with RRMS and 30 controls were recruited. Using a burst measurement design (i.e. repeated assessments within and across study visits) the oral version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was administered three times during the baseline and two consecutive monthly follow-up visits for a total of nine test administrations. Learning was assessed within and across study visits whereas cognitive fatigue was assessed during the course of each test administration that was divided into three 30-second intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear mixed-effect models revealed compromised learning within (95% CI: 2.6355 to 3.9867) and across (95% CI: 1.3250 to 3.1861) visits and worse cognitive fatigue (95% CI: -2.1761 to -0.1720) in patients with RRMS compared with controls. Among patients with RRMS, worse self-rated cognitive dysfunction predicted poor learning within (95% CI: -0.1112 to -0.0020) and across (95% CI: -0.0724 to -0.0106) visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Burst design is optimal to study learning and cognitive fatigue. This methodology, using the SDMT or other time-efficient tests as outcome measures, can be successfully implemented in longitudinal studies and clinical trials.
authors: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, NY, USA.
authors: Roee
authors: R
authors: Holtzer
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Foley
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: D'Orio
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Spat
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Shuman
authors: Cuiling
authors: C
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: burst measurement design; cognitive fatigue; learning