title: The influence of botulinum toxin A injections into the calf muscles on genu recurvatum in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With cerebral palsy (CP), an equinus deformity may lead to genu recurvatum. Botulinum toxin A (BtA) injection into the calf muscles is a well-accepted treatment for dynamic equinus deformity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether BtA injections into the calf muscles to decrease equinus would decrease coexisting genu recurvatum in children with diplegic CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, 13 children (mean age, 5 years) with spastic diplegic CP showing equinus and coexisting primary genu recurvatum, who were treated with BtA injections into the calf muscles, were included. Evaluations were done before and 6 and 18 weeks after intervention using three-dimensional gait analysis and clinical examinations according to a standardized protocol. Basic statistical analyses (power analysis, ANOVA) were performed to compare genu recurvatum before treatment and at 6 and 18 weeks after injection with BtA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During stance phase, maximum ankle dorsiflexion was increased substantially from -3.0° ± 14.3° before to 6.2° ± 14.2° 6 weeks after the injections. Despite this, with the numbers available, the amount of recurvatum in stance did not improve with treatment at either 6 or 18 weeks. There was significant improvement of knee hyperextension during stance phase of 6.2° between baseline and 18 weeks after BtA injection, but a genu recurvatum was still present in most patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvement of ankle dorsiflexion after injection with BtA, genu recurvatum did not show relevant improvement at 6 or 18 weeks after injection with the numbers available. Because knee hyperextension remained in most patients, other factors leading to genu recurvatum should be taken into consideration. In addition, a botulinum toxin-induced weakness of the gastrocnemius may explain why recurvatum gait was not significantly reduced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Clinics, Heidelberg, Germany. Matthias.klotz@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Matthias C M
authors: MC
authors: Klotz
authors: Sebastian I
authors: SI
authors: Wolf
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Heitzmann
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Gantz
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Braatz
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Dreher
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004863:Equinus Deformity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D016916:Joint Deformities, Acquired / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A