title: Green tea and coffee consumption is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between the consumption of green tea, coffee and caffeine and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Consumption of green tea and coffee was ascertained with a validated dietary questionnaire and the amount of caffeine intake was estimated from these beverages. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for depressive symptoms with adjustments for potential confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two workplaces in north-eastern Kyushu, Japan, in 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 537 men and women aged 20-68 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher green tea consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. Compared with participants consuming ≤1 cup/d, those consuming ≥4 cups green tea/d had a 51% significantly lower prevalence odds of having depressive symptoms after adjustment for potential confounders, with significant trend association (P for trend = 0·01). Further adjustment for serum folate slightly attenuated the association. Coffee consumption was also inversely associated with depressive symptoms (≥2 cups/d v. <1 cup/d: OR = 0·61; 95% CI 0·38, 0·98). Multiple-adjusted odds for depressive symptoms comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of caffeine consumption was OR = 0·57 (95% CI 0·30, 1·05; P for trend = 0·02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that higher consumption of green tea, coffee and caffeine may confer protection against depression.
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Ngoc Minh
authors: NM
authors: Pham
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Akiko
authors: A
authors: Nanri
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Kayo
authors: K
authors: Kurotani
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Kuwahara
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Ayami
authors: A
authors: Kume
authors: 2 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Masao
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: 3 Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Hitomi
authors: H
authors: Hayabuchi
authors: 1 Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Mizoue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine / Q000378:metabolism*; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine; D005492:Folic Acid