title: Parenting enhancement, interpersonal psychotherapy to reduce depression in low-income mothers of infants and toddlers: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive symptoms and clinical depression are highly prevalent in low-income mothers and negatively affect their infants and toddlers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test interpersonal psychotherapy combined with parenting enhancement on depressive symptoms and parenting behavior, compared with an equal attention-control condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers (n = 226) of Early Head Start infants and toddlers from the southeastern and northeastern United States were randomized to the intervention delivered in-home by psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurses or an equal attention-control condition delivered by generalist nurses. Rigorous clinical depressive symptom and depression assessments and videotaped, coded mother-child interactions were used as baseline and 14-, 22-, and 26-week postintervention measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the intervention and control groups had significantly reduced Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores at each subsequent time point compared with baseline (p < .0001). However, only mothers receiving the intervention showed a significant increase in positive involvement with their child, as measured by closeness, positive effect, affection, and warm touch at T4 (t = 2.22, df = 156, p < .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both intervention and control conditions resulted in symptom reduction, but only the intervention mothers showed significant interaction changes with their child, an essential step in reducing the negative child outcomes associated with maternal depressive symptoms. Results suggest that a combination of generalist and specialist nurses could be used to treat depressive symptoms in these mothers. Further study with longer postintervention observation is needed to see if, over time, the intervention led to longer-lasting symptom reduction.
authors: School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460, USA. beeber@email.unc.edu
authors: Linda S
authors: LS
authors: Beeber
authors: Todd A
authors: TA
authors: Schwartz
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Holditch-Davis
authors: Regina
authors: R
authors: Canuso
authors: Virginia
authors: V
authors: Lewis
authors: Helen Wilde
authors: HW
authors: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009511:New England; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015144:Southeastern United States; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult