title: Optimization of selective stimulation parameters for multi-contact electrodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multi-contact stimulating electrodes are gaining acceptance as a means for interfacing with the peripheral nervous system. These electrodes can potentially activate many independent populations of motor units within a single peripheral nerve, but quantifying their recruitment properties and the overlap in stimulation between contacts is difficult and time consuming. Further, current methods for quantifying overlap between contacts are ambiguous and can lead to suboptimal selective stimulation parameters. This study describes a novel method for optimizing stimulation parameters for multi-contact peripheral stimulating electrodes to produce strong, selective muscle contractions. The method is tested with four-contact spiral nerve-cuff electrodes implanted on bilateral femoral nerves of two individuals with spinal cord injury, but it is designed to be extendable to other electrode technologies with higher densities of contacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  To optimize selective stimulation parameters for multi-contact electrodes, first, recruitment and overlap are characterized for all contacts within an electrode. Recruitment is measured with the twitch response to single stimulus pulses, and overlap between pairs of contacts is quantified by the deviation in their combined response from linear addition of individual responses. Simple mathematical models are fit to recruitment and overlap data, and a cost function is defined to maximize recruitment and minimize overlap between all contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are presented for four-contact nerve-cuff electrodes stimulating bilateral femoral nerves of two human subjects with spinal cord injury. Knee extension moments between 11.6 and 43.2 Nm were achieved with selective stimulation through multiple contacts of each nerve-cuff with less than 10% overlap between pairs of contacts. The overlap in stimulation measured in response to selective stimulation parameters was stable at multiple repeated time points after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the method described here can provide an automated means of determining stimulus parameters to achieve strong muscle contractions via selective stimulation through multi-contact peripheral nerve electrodes.
authors: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. lee.e.fisher@case.edu
authors: Lee E
authors: LE
authors: Fisher
authors: Dustin J
authors: DJ
authors: Tyler
authors: Ronald J
authors: RJ
authors: Triolo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D007717:Knee / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology