title: The feasibility of a piecewise-linear dynamic bowtie filter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prepatient attenuator (or "bowtie filter") in CT is used to modulate the flux as a function of fan angle of the x-ray beam incident on the patient. Traditional, static bowtie filters are tailored only for very generic scans and for the average patient. The authors propose a design for a dynamic bowtie that can produce a time-dependent piecewise-linear attenuation profile. This dynamic bowtie may reduce dynamic range, dose or scatter, but in this work they focus on its ability to reduce dynamic range, which may be particularly important for systems employing photon-counting detectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dynamic bowtie is composed of a set of triangular wedges. Each wedge is independently moved in order to produce a time-dependent piecewise-linear attenuation profile. Simulations of the bowtie are conducted to estimate the dynamic range reduction in six clinical datasets. The control of the dynamic bowtie is determined by solving a convex optimization problem, and the dose is estimated using Monte Carlo techniques. Beam hardening artifacts are also simulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dynamic range is reduced by factors ranging from 2.4 to 27 depending on the part of the body studied. With a dynamic range minimization objective, the dose to the patient can be reduced from 6% to 33% while maintaining peak image noise. Further reduction in dose may be possible with a specific dose reduction objective. Beam hardening artifacts are suppressed with a two-pass algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dynamic bowtie producing a time-dependent, piecewise-linear attenuation profile is possible and can be used to modulate the flux of the scanner to the imaging task. Initial simulations show a large reduction in dynamic range. Several other applications are possible.
authors: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. sshsieh@stanford.edu
authors: Scott S
authors: SS
authors: Hsieh
authors: Norbert J
authors: NJ
authors: Pelc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D002648:Child; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*