title: Androgen-deprivation therapy and diabetes control among diabetic men with prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and increased diabetes risk among nondiabetic men. Few data are available about the effects of ADT on diabetes control among men with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined care for men who had diabetes at the time of PCa diagnosis to assess the effect of ADT on diabetes control, as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and the intensification of diabetes pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational cohort study using US Department of Veterans Affairs registry data and administrative data to assess HbA1c levels and intensification of diabetes pharmacotherapy among 2237 pairs of propensity-matched men with PCa and diabetes who were or were not treated with ADT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the difference in difference of HbA1c levels at baseline and at 1 and 2 yr in the two groups, compared using a paired Student t test. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate time to intensification of diabetes pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean HbA1c at baseline was 7.24 (standard error [SE]: 0.05) for the ADT group and 7.24 (SE: 0.04) for the no-ADT group. HbA1c increased at 1 yr for men treated with ADT to 7.38 (SE: 0.04) and decreased among men not treated with ADT to 7.14 (SE: 0.04), for a difference in differences of +0.24 (p=0.008). Results were similar at 2 yr (p=0.03). The worsening HbA1c control occurred despite ADT being associated with an increased hazard of addition of diabetes medication (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.32). The limitation of this study was that it was observational and relied on administrative data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADT is associated with worsening of diabetes control and increases in HbA1c levels despite the use of additional diabetes medications.
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: keating@hcp.med.harvard.edu.
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Keating
authors: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Pang-Hsiang
authors: PH
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: A James
authors: AJ
authors: O'Malley
authors: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Freedland
authors: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
keywords: Androgen-deprivation therapy; Diabetes; Prostate cancer