title: Searching for genes responsible for patulin degradation in a biocontrol yeast provides insight into the basis for resistance to this mycotoxin.
abstract: Patulin is a mycotoxin that contaminates pome fruits and derived products worldwide. Basidiomycete yeasts belonging to the subphylum Pucciniomycotina have been identified to have the ability to degrade this molecule efficiently and have been explored through different approaches to understand this degradation process. In this study, Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 was found to be able to degrade patulin to form two different breakdown products, desoxypatulinic acid and (Z)-ascladiol. To gain insight into the genetic basis of tolerance and degradation of patulin, more than 3,000 transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertional mutants were generated in strain IAM 13481 and screened for the inability to degrade patulin using a bioassay based on the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to patulin. Thirteen mutants showing reduced growth in the presence of patulin were isolated and further characterized. Genes disrupted in patulin-sensitive mutants included homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCK2, PAC2, DAL5, and VPS8. The patulin-sensitive mutants also exhibited hypersensitivity to reactive oxygen species as well as genotoxic and cell wall-destabilizing agents, suggesting that the inactivated genes are essential for tolerating and overcoming the initial toxicity of patulin. These results support a model whereby patulin degradation occurs through a multistep process that includes an initial tolerance to patulin that utilizes processes common to other external stresses, followed by two separate pathways for degradation.
authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy. giuseppe.ianiri@unimol.it
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Ianiri
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Idnurm
authors: S A I
authors: SA
authors: Wright
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Durán-Patrón
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Mannina
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ferracane
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ritieni
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Castoria
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D047389:Casein Kinase I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005663:Furans / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010365:Patulin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011753:Pyrones / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; C503299:DAL5 protein, S cerevisiae; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005663:Furans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C000595641:PAC2 protein, S cerevisiae; D011753:Pyrones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C038422:ascladiol; D010365:Patulin; D047389:Casein Kinase I; C479666:YCK2 protein, S cerevisiae