title: Validation of a modified McGill Pain Questionnaire for orthodontic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess better and more efficiently the aspects of pain experienced by adolescent orthodontic patients, the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (MPQ-SF) was modified (MMPQ-SF) and validated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal and external expert panels developed a MMPQ-SF with 15 descriptors and 4-point Likert severity scales (MMPQ-SF15). Seventy-five subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment gave informed consent. Sixty-one subjects completed the MMPQ-SF15, a visual analogue scale (VAS), and the present pain index (PPI) 24 hours after an orthodontic visit. Respondents were grouped by gender and treatment stage: initial (15 female, 7 male), middle (10 female, 7 male), and end (16 female, 6 male). MMPQ-SF, VAS, and PPI scores were compared by Spearman correlation analysis. Underlying constructs were explored by factor analyses. Construct validity of the MMPQ-SF was tested by analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMPQ-SF15 and VAS (r = 0.78, r(2)s = 0.61, P < .0001), MMPQ-SF15 and PPI (r = 0.84, r(2)s = 0.71, P < .0001), and VAS and PPI (r = 0.70, r(2)s = 0.48, P < .0001) were correlated positively and significantly. A two-factor solution (localized and generalized/emotional pain; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.88) showed that 11 descriptors (MMPQ-SF11) accounted for 64% of response variability. Generalized/emotional pain values were significantly higher during the initial stage of treatment compared to the middle (P = .011) and end stages (P = .014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMPQ-SF, particularly MMPQ-SF11, demonstrated utility in assessment of localized and generalized/emotional aspects of pain in adolescent orthodontic patients and correlated well with VAS and PPI. Future application of the MMPQ-SF11 to measure orthodontic pain more specifically could lead to more appropriate management of this important facet of therapy.
authors: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. iwasakil@umkc.edu
authors: Laura R
authors: LR
authors: Iwasaki
authors: Larissa E
authors: LE
authors: Freytag
authors: Charles A
authors: CA
authors: Schumacher
authors: Mary P
authors: MP
authors: Walker
authors: Karen B
authors: KB
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy*; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires