title: Prenatal and perinatal factors associated with intellectual disability.
abstract: Prenatal and perinatal risk factors associated with intellectual disability (ID) were studied in 8-year-old Utah children from a 1994 birth cohort (N  =  26,108) using broad ascertainment methods and birth records following the most current recording guidelines. Risk factor analyses were performed inclusive and exclusive of children with a known or suspected underlying genetic disorder. Risk factors identified were poly/oligohydramnios, advanced paternal/maternal age, prematurity, fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes, primary/repeat cesarean sections, low birth weight, assisted ventilation greater than 30 min, small-for-gestational age, low Apgar scores, and congenital infection. Although several risk factors lost significance once children with underlying genetic disorders were excluded, socioeconomic variables were among those that maintained a prominent association with increased ID risk.
authors: University of Utah School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors: Deborah A
authors: DA
authors: Bilder
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Pinborough-Zimmerman
authors: Amanda V
authors: AV
authors: Bakian
authors: Judith S
authors: JS
authors: Miller
authors: Josette T
authors: JT
authors: Dorius
authors: Barry
authors: B
authors: Nangle
authors: William M
authors: WM
authors: McMahon
mesh_terms: D001034:Apgar Score; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology