title: Supplementation of a grape seed and grape marc meal extract decreases activities of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 in the duodenal mucosa of pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In pigs, enteric infections and the development of gut disorders such as diarrhoea are commonly observed, particularly after weaning. The present study investigated the hypothesis that feeding a grape seed and grape marc extract (GSGME) as a dietary supplement has the potential to suppress the inflammatory process in the small intestine of pigs by modulating the activities of NF-κB and Nrf2 due to its high content of flavonoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four crossbred, 6 weeks old pigs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 12 animals each and fed nutritionally adequate diets without or with 1% GSGME for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs administered GSGME had a lower transactivation of NF-κB and Nrf2 and a lower expression of various target genes of these transcription factors in the duodenal mucosa than control pigs (P < 0.05). Concentrations of α-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and plasma and total antioxidant capacity of plasma and relative mRNA abundances of NF-κB and Nrf2 target genes in the liver did not differ between the two groups. However, the ratio of villus height:crypt depth and the gain:feed ratio was higher in the pigs fed GSGME than in control pigs (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that dietary supplementation of a polyphenol rich GSGME suppresses the activity of NF-κB in the duodenal mucosa of pigs and thus might provide a useful dietary strategy to inhibit inflammation in the gut frequently occurring in pigs. Feeding GSGME did not influence vitamin E status and the antioxidant system of the pigs but improved the gain:feed ratio. In overall, the study suggests that polyphenol-rich plant extracts such GSGME could be useful feed supplements in pig nutrition, in order to maintain animal health and improve performance.
authors: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors: Denise K
authors: DK
authors: Gessner
authors: Anja
authors: A
authors: Fiesel
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Most
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Dinges
authors: Gaiping
authors: G
authors: Wen
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Ringseis
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Eder
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol