title: Redefining the R1 resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: tumour lymph nodal burden and lymph node ratio are the only prognostic factors associated with survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of positive nodal disease (LND) and the number of lymph nodes involved (LNB) are known to be significant prognostic markers for resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. In addition, the ratio of the number of involved nodes to the number of nodes resected known as the lymph node ratio (LNR) is emerging as an important prognostic marker. The role of the resection margin (RM) as presently defined (R1 ≤ 1 mm) is unclear as results differ based on the dataset. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of nodal disease and a redefined RM on outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of pancreatic head resections for adenocarcinomas from 2003-2009. The RM was re-analysed based on tumour clearance and categorized into: histopathological evidence of a tumour; ≤ 0.5 mm, ≤ 1 mm, ≤ 1.5 mm, or ≤ 2.0 mm of the actual surgical resection margin. The impact of histopathological variables on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LND, LNB and LNR were independent prognostic markers for CSS (P = 0.048, 0.003, 0.016) but, did not influence DFS. A LNR < 0.143 was associated with a higher CSS [38.16 ± 4.69 versus 20.59 ± 2.20 months, P = 0.0042, hazard ratio (HR) 3.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52-9.23)]. An R1 RM was not associated with CSS or DFS on multivariate analysis, irrespective of the distance. LNB and LNR maintained independent significance irrespective of the size of the RM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LNB and LNR are the only prognostic factors for CSS in patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma, but do not predict recurrence. Microscopic RMs does not seem to influence the outcome even when redefined. Further prospective studies are indicated to substantiate these findings.
authors: Centre for HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Biku J
authors: BJ
authors: John
authors: Prashant
authors: P
authors: Naik
authors: Alastair
authors: A
authors: Ironside
authors: Brian R
authors: BR
authors: Davidson
authors: Guiseppe
authors: G
authors: Fusai
authors: Roopinder
authors: R
authors: Gillmore
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Watkins
authors: Sakhawat H
authors: SH
authors: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome