title: Effect of a dairy- and calcium-rich diet on weight loss and appetite during energy restriction in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A diet rich in dairy and calcium (Ca) has been variably associated with improvements in body composition and decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to determine if a dietary pattern high in dairy and Ca improves weight loss and subjective appetite to a greater extent than a low dairy/Ca diet during energy restriction in overweight and obese adults with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 49 participants were randomized to one of two treatment groups: Control (low dairy, ≈ 700 mg/day Ca, -500 kcal/day) or Dairy/Ca (high dairy, ≈ 1400 mg/day Ca, -500 kcal/day) for 12 weeks. Body composition, subjective ratings of appetite, food intake, plasma satiety hormones, glycemic response and inflammatory cytokines were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control (-2.2 ± 0.5 kg) and Dairy/Ca (-3.3 ± 0.6 kg) had similar weight loss. Based on self-reported energy intake, the percentage of expected weight loss achieved was higher with Dairy/Ca (82.1 ± 19.4%) than Control (32.2 ± 7.7%; P=0.03). Subjects in the Dairy/Ca group reported feeling more satisfied (P=0.01) and had lower dietary fat intake (P=0.02) over 12 weeks compared with Control. Compared with Control, Dairy/Ca had higher plasma levels of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY, P=0.01) during the meal tolerance test at week 12. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was reduced at 30 min with Dairy/Ca compared with Control (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, a dairy- and Ca-rich diet was not associated with greater weight loss than control. Modest increases in plasma PYY concentrations with increased dairy/Ca intake, however, may contribute to enhanced sensations of satisfaction and reduced dietary fat intake during energy restriction.
authors: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: K W
authors: KW
authors: Jones
authors: L K
authors: LK
authors: Eller
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Parnell
authors: P K
authors: PK
authors: Doyle-Baker
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Edwards
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Reimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007328:Insulin; D019894:Peptide YY