title: Experimental human pneumococcal carriage.
abstract: Experimental human pneumococcal carriage (EHPC) is scientifically important because nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is both the major source of transmission and the prerequisite of invasive disease. A model of carriage will allow accurate determination of the immunological correlates of protection, the immunizing effect of carriage and the effect of host pressure on the pathogen in the nasopharyngeal niche. Further, methods of carriage detection useful in epidemiologic studies, including vaccine studies, can be compared.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to develop an EHPC platform that is a safe and useful reproducible method that could be used to down-select candidate novel pneumococcal vaccines with prevention of carriage as a surrogate of vaccine induced immunity. It will work towards testing of candidate vaccines and descriptions of the mechanisms underlying EHPC and vaccine protection from carriage. Current conjugate vaccines against pneumococcus protect children from invasive disease although new vaccines are urgently needed as the current vaccine does not confer optimal protection against non-bacteraemic pneumonia and there has been evidence of serotype replacement with non-vaccine serotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We inoculate with S. pneumoniae suspended in 100 μl of saline. Safety is a major factor in the development of the EHPC model and is achieved through intensive volunteer screening and monitoring. A safety committee consisting of clinicians and scientists that are independent from the study provides objective feedback on a weekly basis. The bacterial inoculum is standardized and requires that no animal products are inoculated into volunteers (vegetable-based media and saline). The doses required for colonization (10(4)-10(5)) are much lower than those used in animal models (10(7)). Detecting pneumococcal carriage is enhanced by a high volume (ideally > 10 ml) nasal wash that is relatively mucus free. This protocol will deal with the most important parts of the protocol in turn. These are (a) volunteer selection, (b) pneumococcal inoculum preparation, (c) inoculation, (d) follow-up and (e) carriage detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our current protocol has been safe in over 100 volunteers at a range of doses using two different bacterial serotypes. A dose ranging study using S. pneumoniae 6B and 23F is currently being conducted to determine the optimal inoculation dose for 50% carriage. A predicted 50% rate of carriage will allow the EHPC model to have high sensitivity for vaccine efficacy with small study numbers.
authors: Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. j.gritzfeld@liv.ac.uk
authors: Jenna F
authors: JF
authors: Gritzfeld
authors: Angie D
authors: AD
authors: Wright
authors: Andrea M
authors: AM
authors: Collins
authors: Shaun H
authors: SH
authors: Pennington
authors: Adam K A
authors: AK
authors: Wright
authors: Aras
authors: A
authors: Kadioglu
authors: Daniela M
authors: DM
authors: Ferreira
authors: Stephen B
authors: SB
authors: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines