title: Diabetic ketoacidosis elicits systemic inflammation associated with cerebrovascular endothelial cell dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the DKA-induced inflammation in juvenile mice provokes activation and dysfunction of CVECs.
  
  
  METHODS
  DKA in juvenile mice was induced with administration of STZ and ALX. Blood from DKA mice was assessed for cytokines and soluble cell adhesion proteins, and either DKA plasma or exogenous compounds were applied to immortalized bEND3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DKA increased circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8(KC), MCP-1, IL-10, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1. Stimulation of bEND3 with DKA plasma caused cellular activation (increased ROS and activation of NF-κΒ), upregulation of a proadhesive phenotype (E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1), and increased leukocyte-bEND3 interaction (leukocyte rolling/adhesion). TEER, a measure of bEND3 monolayer integrity, was decreased by DKA plasma. Activation and dysfunction of bEND3 with DKA plasma were suppressed by plasma heat treatment (56°C, 1 hour) and replicated with the application of DKA recombinant cytomix (IL-6, IL-8[KC], MCP-1, and IL-10), implicating circulating inflammatory protein(s) as mediators. Treatment of bEND3 with β-OH-butyrate, the main ketone elevated in DKA, failed to mimic the DKA plasma-induced activation and dysfunction of bEND3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DKA elicits systemic inflammation associated with CVEC activation and dysfunction, possibly contributing to DKA-associated intracranial microvascular complications.
authors: Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
authors: Taylor E
authors: TE
authors: Close
authors: Gediminas
authors: G
authors: Cepinskas
authors: Tatsushi
authors: T
authors: Omatsu
authors: Keeley L
authors: KL
authors: Rose
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Summers
authors: Eric K
authors: EK
authors: Patterson
authors: Douglas D
authors: DD
authors: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: blood-brain barrier; cytokines; edema; endothelial cells; inflammation