title: Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with inflammatory cytokine expression in patients with gallbladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) may be associated with Helicobacter pylori. The present study was designed to analyze the association of cytokine expression with H. pylori in patients with GBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  GBC tissue sample and 5 mL blood were collected from each of 54 GBC patients. H. pylori was identified in tissue samples using biochemical tests, histology, culture, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and partial genome sequencing. Tissue samples were categorized as H. pylori-positive (case) and H. pylori-negative groups (control) on the basis of nested PCR of tissue sample. Cytokines interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-5 (IL-5) were assayed in blood samples using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of H. pylori was confirmed in 18 (33 %) of 54 GBC tissue samples. Levels of IL-1β (p = 0.001) and TNF-α (p = 0.01) were significantly elevated in H. pylori-positive GBC compared to the control group. IFN-γ and IL-5 levels did not significantly differ between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori DNA was detected in the gallbladder of a third of GBC patients and was associated with higher circulating levels of some cytokines.
authors: Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
authors: Raghvendra Raman
authors: RR
authors: Mishra
authors: Mallika
authors: M
authors: Tewari
authors: Hari S
authors: HS
authors: Shukla
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial