title: Prognosis for functional deterioration and functional improvement in late life among community-dwelling persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how health-related, socioeconomic, and environmental factors combine to influence the onset of activity of daily living (ADL) limitations or prognosis for death or further functional deterioration or improvement among elderly people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national representative sample with 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were 9447 persons (≥70 years of age) in the United States from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging who were interviewed in 1994, 1995, or 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self- or proxy-reported health conditions, ADLs expressed as 5 stages describing severity and pattern of limitations, and other baseline characteristics were obtained. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict stage transitions. Because of incomplete follow-up (17.7% of baseline sample), primary analyses were determined by multiple imputation to address potential bias associated with loss to follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  ADL stage transitions in 2 years (death, deteriorated, stable, and improved ADL function).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the imputed-case analysis, the percentages for those who died, deteriorated, were stable, and improved were 12.6%, 32.7%, 48.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Persons at a mild stage of ADL limitation were most likely to deteriorate further. Persons at advanced stages were most likely to die. Married people and high school graduates had a lower likelihood of deterioration. The risk of mortality and functional deterioration increased with age. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, were associated both with mortality and functional deterioration; other conditions, such as cancer, were associated with mortality only, and arthritis was associated only with functional deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although overlap occurs, different clinical traits are associated with mortality, functional deterioration, and functional improvement. ADL stages might aid physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians and researchers in developing and monitoring disability management strategies targeted to maintaining and enhancing self-care among community-dwelling older people.
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. mstinema@exchange.upenn.edu
authors: Margaret G
authors: MG
authors: Stineman
authors: Guangyu
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: Jibby E
authors: JE
authors: Kurichi
authors: Zi
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Joel E
authors: JE
authors: Streim
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Pan
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States