title: Associations of food stamp participation with dietary quality and obesity in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if obesity and dietary quality in low-income children differed by participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly the Food Stamp Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 5193 children aged 4 to 19 with household incomes ≤130% of the federal poverty level from the 1999-2008 NHANES. Diet was measured by using 24-hour recalls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among low-income US children, 28% resided in households currently receiving SNAP benefits. After adjusting for sociodemographic differences, SNAP participation was not associated with a higher rate of childhood obesity (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-1.74). Both SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants were below national recommendations for whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and potassium, while exceeding recommended limits for processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated fat, and sodium. Zero percent of low-income children met at least 7 of 10 dietary recommendations. After multivariate adjustment, compared with nonparticipants, SNAP participants consumed 43% more sugar-sweetened beverages (95% CI: 8%-89%), 47% more high-fat dairy (95% CI: 7%, 101%), and 44% more processed meats (95% CI: 9%-91%), but 19% fewer nuts, seeds, and legumes (95% CI: -35% to 0%). In part due to these differences, intakes of calcium, iron, and folate were significantly higher among SNAP participants. Significant differences by SNAP participation were not evident in total energy, macronutrients, Healthy Eating Index 2005 scores, or Alternate Healthy Eating Index scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diets of low-income children are far from meeting national dietary recommendations. Policy changes should be considered to restructure SNAP to improve children's health.
authors: Departments of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Cindy W
authors: CW
authors: Leung
authors: Susan J
authors: SJ
authors: Blumenthal
authors: Elena E
authors: EE
authors: Hoffnagle
authors: Helen H
authors: HH
authors: Jensen
authors: Susan B
authors: SB
authors: Foerster
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Nestle
authors: Lilian W Y
authors: LW
authors: Cheung
authors: Dariush
authors: D
authors: Mozaffarian
authors: Walter C
authors: WC
authors: Willett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D055815:Young Adult