title: The induction of phagocytic activation by mixtures of the water chlorination by-products, dichloroacetate- and trichloroacetate, in mice after subchronic exposure.
abstract: In this study, groups of B6C3F1 male mice were treated with dichloroacetate (DCA), trichloroacetate (TCA), and mixtures of the compounds (Mix I, II, and III) daily by gavage, for 13 weeks. The tested doses were 7.5, 15, and 30 mg DCA/kg/day and 12.5, 25, and 50 mg TCA/kg/day. The DCA: TCA ratios in Mix I, II, and III were 7.5:12.5, 15:25, and 30:50 mg/kg/day, respectively. Peritoneal lavage cells were collected at the end of the treatment period and assayed for the biomarkers of phagocytic activation, including superoxide anion and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and myeloperoxidase activity. The mixtures produced nonlinear effects on the biomarkers of phagocytic activation, with Mix I and II effects were found to be additive, but Mix III effects were found to be less than additive.
authors: College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA. ezdihar.hassoun@utoledo.edu
authors: Ezdihar A
authors: EA
authors: Hassoun
authors: Jacquelyn
authors: J
authors: Cearfoss
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Musser
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Krispinsky
authors: Noor
authors: N
authors: Al-Hassan
authors: Ming-Cheh
authors: MC
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D054879:Halogenation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014867:Water; D013481:Superoxides; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase