title: Household air pollution: a call for studies into biomarkers of exposure and predictors of respiratory disease.
abstract: Household air pollution (HAP) from indoor burning of biomass or coal is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, mostly due to its association with acute respiratory infection in children and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Interventions that have significantly reduced exposure to HAP improve health outcomes and may reduce mortality. However, we lack robust, specific, and field-ready biomarkers to identify populations at greatest risk and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions. New scientific approaches are urgently needed to develop biomarkers of human exposure that accurately reflect exposure or effect. In this Perspective, we describe the global need for such biomarkers, the aims of biomarker development, and the state of development of tests that have the potential for rapid transition from laboratory bench to field use.
authors: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors: Jamie
authors: J
authors: Rylance
authors: Stephen B
authors: SB
authors: Gordon
authors: Luke P
authors: LP
authors: Naeher
authors: Archana
authors: A
authors: Patel
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Balmes
authors: Olorunfemi
authors: O
authors: Adetona
authors: Derek K
authors: DK
authors: Rogalsky
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000840:Anisoles / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003906:Developing Countries; D005390:Fires; D014943:Global Health; D005947:Glucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000032:analysis; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D028421:Isoprostanes; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C014989:1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: air pollution; biomarkers; exposure; global health