title: Development of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of ten anticancer drugs in hospital and urban wastewaters, and its application for the screening of human metabolites assisted by information-dependent acquisition tool (IDA) in sewage samples.
abstract: In the present work, the development, optimization, and validation (including a whole stability study) of a fast, reliable, and comprehensive method for the analysis of ten anticancer drugs in hospital and urban wastewater is described. Extraction of these pharmaceutical compounds was performed using automated off-line solid-phase extraction followed by their determination by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Target compounds include nine cytotoxic agents: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, docetaxel, paclitaxel, etoposide, vincristine, tamoxifen, methotrexate, and azathioprine; and the cytotoxic quinolone, ciprofloxacin. Method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.8 to 24 ng/L. Levels found of cytostatic agents in the hospital and wastewater influents did not differ significantly, and therefore, hospitals cannot be considered as the primary source of this type of contaminants. All the target compounds were detected in at least one of the influent samples analyzed: Ciprofloxacin, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, and azathioprine were found in most of them and achieving maximum levels of 14.725, 0.201, 0.133, and 0.188 μg/L, respectively. The rest of target cancer drugs were less frequently detected and at values ranging between MDL and 0.406 μg/L. Furthermore, a feasible, useful, and advantageous approach based on information acquisition tool (information-dependent acquisition) was used for the screening of human metabolites in hospital effluents, where the hydroxy tamoxifen, endoxifen, and carboxyphosphamide were detected.
authors: ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Carrer Emili Grahit, 101, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Ferrando-Climent
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rodriguez-Mozaz
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis; D004355:Drug Stability; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D057230:Limit of Detection; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000379:methods; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D012984:Software; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D013030:Spain; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D010752:Phosphoramide Mustards; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C000028:carboxyphosphamide