title: Time-course of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear how depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure develop over time and whether this trajectory of depressive symptoms is associated with hospital admission and prognosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the time-course of depressive symptoms and determine the relationship with hospitalisation and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was analysed using 611 patients with completed CES-D questionnaires at baseline and at 18 months. Data on hospitalisation was collected 18 months after discharge and data on mortality was collected 18 and 36 months post-discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 140 (61%) of the 229 patients with depressive symptoms at discharge had recovered from depressive symptoms after 18 months whereas 71 (18%) of the 382 non-depressed developed depressive symptoms and 89 (39%) of the 229 depressed remained depressed. Patients with recently (i.e. during the last 18 months) developed depressive symptoms showed a significantly higher risk for cardiovascular hospitalisation (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6, P=.016). After 36 months, patients with developed depressive symptoms after discharge were at a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5, P=.012) and there was a trend towards a higher risk of all-cause mortality in patients with ongoing depressive symptoms (HR 1.7, 95% CI 0.98-3.1, P=.056).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant proportion of patients with HF, who were reported depressive symptoms at discharge recovered from depressive symptoms during the following 18 months. However, patients who remained having depressive symptoms or patients who developed depressive symptoms had a worse prognosis.
authors: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Linköping, Sweden. peter.johansson@aries.vokby.se
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Johansson
authors: Ivonne
authors: I
authors: Lesman-Leegte
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Lundgren
authors: Hans L
authors: HL
authors: Hillege
authors: Arno
authors: A
authors: Hoes
authors: Robbert
authors: R
authors: Sanderman
authors: Dirk J
authors: DJ
authors: van Veldhuisen
authors: Tiny
authors: T
authors: Jaarsma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors