title: Examining the nature of the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nicotine dependence: a familial risk analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use familial risk analysis to examine the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nicotine dependence (ND).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were children with (n = 257) and without (n = 229) ADHD of both sexes ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric referral sources and their first-degree relatives (N = 1627).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ND in probands increased the risk for ND in relatives irrespective of ADHD status. There was no evidence of cosegregation or assortative mating between these disorders. Patterns of familial risk analysis suggest that the association between ADHD and ND is most consistent with the hypothesis of independent transmission of these disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may have important implications for the identification of a subgroup of children with ADHD at high risk for ND based on parental history of ND.
authors: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Biederman
authors: Carter R
authors: CR
authors: Pettye
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Hammerness
authors: K Yvonne
authors: KY
authors: Woodworth
authors: Stephen V
authors: SV
authors: Faraon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D035781:Siblings; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult