title: A cholinergic mechanism for reward timing within primary visual cortex.
abstract: Neurons in rodent primary visual cortex (V1) relate operantly conditioned stimulus-reward intervals with modulated patterns of spiking output, but little is known about the locus or mechanism of this plasticity. Here we show that cholinergic basal forebrain projections to V1 are necessary for the neural acquisition, but not the expression, of reward timing in the visual cortex of awake, behaving animals. We then mimic reward timing in vitro by pairing white matter stimulation with muscarinic receptor activation at a fixed interval and show that this protocol results in the prolongation of electrically evoked spike train durations out to the conditioned interval. Together, these data suggest that V1 possesses the circuitry and plasticity to support reward time prediction learning and the cholinergic system serves as an important reinforcement signal which, in vivo, conveys to the cortex the outcome of behavior.
authors: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Alexander A
authors: AA
authors: Chubykin
authors: Emma B
authors: EB
authors: Roach
authors: Mark F
authors: MF
authors: Bear
authors: Marshall G Hussain
authors: MG
authors: Shuler
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D000109:Acetylcholine