title: Sources of submicron aerosol during fog-dominated wintertime at Kanpur.
abstract: The main objective of this atmospheric study was to determine the major sources of PM1 (particles having aerodynamic diameter <1.0 μm) within and near the city of Kanpur, in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Day and night, 10 h long each, filter-based aerosol samples were collected for 4 months (November 2009 to February 2010) throughout the winter season. These samples were subjected to gravimetric and quantitative chemical analyses for determining water-soluble ions (NH4 (+), F(-), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-)) using an ion chromatograph and trace elements using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The mean PM1 mass concentrations were recorded as 114 ± 71 μg/m(3) (day) and 143 ± 86 μg/m(3) (night), respectively. A significantly higher diurnal contribution of ions (NH4 (+), F(-), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-)) in PM1 mass was observed during the fog-affected days and nights throughout the winter season, for which the average values were recorded as 38.09 ± 13.39 % (day) and 34.98 ± 12.59 % (night), respectively, of the total PM1 mass. This chemical dataset was then used in a source-receptor model, UNMIX, and the model results are described in detail. UNMIX provided a maximum number of five source factors, including crustal material, composite vehicle, secondary aerosol, coal combustion, and iron/steel production and metallurgical industries, as the dominant air pollution sources for this study.
authors: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India. tarun@iitk.ac.in
authors: Tarun
authors: T
authors: Gupta
authors: Anil
authors: A
authors: Mandariya
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005461:Fluorine / Q000032:analysis; D007194:India; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010710:Phosphates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D005461:Fluorine; D002713:Chlorine