title: Yoga experience as a predictor of psychological wellness in women over 45 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although high levels of subjective well-being (SWB) are common in old age, a subset of older individuals is disproportionately vulnerable to negative affect. Yoga has been shown to have many short-term benefits, but researchers have not determined whether a long-term or frequent yoga practice increasingly protects older women from low levels of psychological well-being.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which psychological attitudes, transcendence, mental mastery, and subjective vitality in a sample of female yoga practitioners over 45 years varied according to the length and frequency of yoga practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered online surveys to a non-probability sample of 211 female yoga practitioners 45 to 80. We used weighted least squares regression analyses to evaluate the relationship of extent of yoga experience to the outcome variables after accounting for age and lifestyle factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had practiced yoga for as long as 50 years and for up to 28 h per week. There were significant positive relationships between yoga experience and all outcome variables. These significant relationships remained after accounting for age and lifestyle factors. When we computed yoga experience in terms of total calendar years, without accounting for hours of practice, significant relationships did not remain. Transcendence of the ordinary was the most strongly associated with current yoga practice frequency, and positive psychological attitudes were the most strongly associated with total lifetime hours of practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among a non-probability sample of female yoga practitioners between 45 and 80 years, increased yoga experience predicted increased levels of psychological well-being. Results showed a dose-response effect, with yoga experience exercising an increasingly protective effect against low levels of SWB and vitality.
authors: School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Northcentral University, Arizona, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Moliver
authors: Em
authors: E
authors: Mika
authors: Ms
authors: M
authors: Chartrand
authors: Re
authors: R
authors: Haussmann
authors: Sbs
authors: S
authors: Khalsa
keywords: Aging; vitality; well-being; women; yoga