title: Extracellular facile biosynthesis, characterization and stability of gold nanoparticles by Bacillus licheniformis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of a reliable, eco-friendly process for synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has gained impetus in recent years to counter the drawbacks of chemical and physical methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study illustrates simple, green synthesis of AuNPs in vitro using cell lysate supernatant (CLS) of non-pathogenic bacteria and to investigate its potential antimicrobial activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of precursor AuCl4- ions using the CLS of Bacillus licheniformis at 37°C upon 24 h of incubation. The nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology, particle size, optical absorption, zeta potential, and stability. Further the antimicrobial activity was assayed using cup-plate method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process of biosynthesis was extracellular and the gold ions were reduced to stable nanogold of average size 38 nm. However, upon storage of AuNPs for longer duration at room temperature stability was influenced in terms of increase in particle size and decrease in zeta potential with respect to as synthesized nanoparticles. SEM micrographs revealed the spherical shape of AuNPs and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of gold in the sample. Also clear zone of inhibition was observed against Bacilllus subtilis MTCC 8364, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7925, and Escherichia coli MTCC 1698 confirming the antimicrobial activity of AuNPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioprocess under study was simple and less time consuming as compared to other methods as the need for harvesting AuNPs from within the microbial cells via downstream process will be eliminated. Nanoparticles exhibited good stability even in absence of external stabilizing agents. AuNPs showed good antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extracellular biosynthesis from CLS may serve as a suitable alternative for large scale synthesis of gold nanoparticles in vitro. The synthesis from lysed bacterial cell strongly suggests that exposure of microbial whole cells to the gold solution for nanoparticle formation is not necessary and that microorganism even in lysed state retained its bioreduction potential. Further the potential of biologically synthesized AuNPs as antimicrobial agents will be of great commercial importance.
authors: Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra, Ranchi , India.
authors: Sneha
authors: S
authors: Singh
authors: Ambarish Sharan
authors: AS
authors: Vidyarthi
authors: Vinod Kumar
authors: VK
authors: Nigam
authors: Abhimanyu
authors: A
authors: Dev
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001433:Bacteriolysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017612:Gold Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002712:Chlorides; D017612:Gold Compounds; D006046:Gold; C024568:gold tetrachloride, acid