title: The E3-ligase TRIM family of proteins regulates signaling pathways triggered by innate immune pattern-recognition receptors.
abstract: Innate immunity conferred by the type I interferon is critical for antiviral defense. To date only a limited number of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been implicated in modulation of innate immunity and anti-microbial activity. Here we report the complementary DNA cloning and systematic analysis of all known 75 human TRIMs. We demonstrate that roughly half of the 75 TRIM-family members enhanced the innate immune response and that they do this at multiple levels in signaling pathways. Moreover, messenger RNA levels and localization of most of these TRIMs were found to be altered during viral infection, suggesting that their regulatory activities are highly controlled at both pre- and posttranscriptional levels. Taken together, our data demonstrate a very considerable dedication of this large protein family to the positive regulation of the antiviral response, which supports the notion that this family of proteins evolved as a component of innate immunity.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors: Gijs A
authors: GA
authors: Versteeg
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Rajsbaum
authors: Maria Teresa
authors: MT
authors: Sánchez-Aparicio
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Maestre
authors: Julio
authors: J
authors: Valdiviezo
authors: Mude
authors: M
authors: Shi
authors: Kyung-Soo
authors: KS
authors: Inn
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Fernandez-Sesma
authors: Jae
authors: J
authors: Jung
authors: Adolfo
authors: A
authors: García-Sastre
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D018116:Vesiculovirus / Q000276:immunology; D016335:Zinc Fingers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C477346:TRIM5 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases