title: Decreased physical effort, fatigue, and mental distress in patients with coronary artery disease: importance of personality-related differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of cardio-toxic psychological symptoms in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients is important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association of negative affectivity (NA), social inhibition (SI), and their combination in the distressed (Type D) personality with functional status, fatigue, and mental distress in CAD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following acute coronary syndrome, 690 consecutive CAD patients agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study and were evaluated for clinical characteristics, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and for NA, SI, and Type D personality (i.e., NA and SI; DS14 scale) when they entered a cardiac rehabilitation program in Lithuania. Patient-centered outcomes included functional status (bicycle ergometer), symptoms of fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20), and mental distress (Beck Depression Inventory-II and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference subgroup (neither NA nor SI) included 34 % of patients; 13 % had NA only, 19 % had SI only, and 34 % had Type D profile. Type D patients had worse functional status, and Type D patients and NA-only patients had higher symptom levels of fatigue and mental distress. In multivariate regression models that included LVEF, clinical characteristics, and depressive symptoms, Type D personality was an independent predictor of decreased exercise capacity (OR = 1.77, 95 % CI 1.06-2.95, p = .03) and decreased motivation for activity (OR = 3.14, 95 % CI 1.73-5.73, p < .001). Type D, NA, and SI were also independent predictors of mental distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type D personality traits independently predicted poor functional status and worse patient-centered outcomes independently from LVEF and depression. Further studies exploring personality-related differences in cardiovascular outcomes are needed.
authors: Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno al. 4, 00135, Palanga, Lithuania, a.bunevicius@yahoo.com.
authors: Adomas
authors: A
authors: Bunevicius
authors: Julija
authors: J
authors: Brozaitiene
authors: Margarita
authors: M
authors: Staniute
authors: Vaidute
authors: V
authors: Gelziniene
authors: Inga
authors: I
authors: Duoneliene
authors: Victor J M
authors: VJ
authors: Pop
authors: Robertas
authors: R
authors: Bunevicius
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Denollet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009341:Negativism; D010552:Personality Assessment; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D064415:Type D Personality