title: Carbon turnover in the water-soluble protein of the adult human lens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human eye lenses contain cells that persist from embryonic development. These unique, highly specialized fiber cells located at the core (nucleus) of the lens undergo pseudo-apoptosis to become devoid of cell nuclei and most organelles. Ostensibly lacking in protein transcriptional capabilities, it is currently believed that these nuclear fiber cells owe their extreme longevity to the perseverance of highly stable and densely packed crystallin proteins. Maintaining the structural and functional integrity of lenticular proteins is necessary to sustain cellular transparency and proper vision, yet the means by which the lens actually copes with a lifetime of oxidative stress, seemingly without any capacity for protein turnover and repair, is not completely understood. Although many years of research have been predicated upon the assumption that there is no protein turnover or renewal in nuclear fiber cells, we investigated whether or not different protein fractions possess protein of different ages by using the (14)C bomb pulse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult human lenses were concentrically dissected by gently removing the cell layers in water or shaving to the nucleus with a curved micrometer-controlled blade. The cells were lysed, and the proteins were separated into water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. The small molecules were removed using 3 kDa spin filters. The (14)C/C was measured in paired protein fractions by accelerator mass spectrometry, and an average age for the material within the sample was assigned using the (14)C bomb pulse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The water-insoluble fractions possessed (14)C/C ratios consistent with the age of the cells. In all cases, the water-soluble fractions contained carbon that was younger than the paired water-insoluble fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the first direct evidence of carbon turnover in protein from adult human nuclear fiber cells, this discovery supports the emerging view of the lens nucleus as a dynamic system capable of maintaining homeostasis in part due to intricate protein transport mechanisms and possibly protein repair. This finding implies that the lens plays an active role in the aversion of age-related nuclear (ARN) cataract.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Daniel N
authors: DN
authors: Stewart
authors: Jozsef
authors: J
authors: Lango
authors: Krishnan P
authors: KP
authors: Nambiar
authors: Miranda J S
authors: MJ
authors: Falso
authors: Paul G
authors: PG
authors: FitzGerald
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Rocke
authors: Bruce D
authors: BD
authors: Hammock
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Buchholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D003459:Crystallins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007907:Lens Nucleus, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021381:Protein Transport; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003459:Crystallins; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon