title: Nicotine-induced cessation of embryonic development is reversed by γ-tocotrienol in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of various doses of nicotine and protective effects of different concentrations of gamma-tocotrienol (gamma-TCT) on in vitro embryonic development and lipid peroxidation in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A) Effects of various doses of nicotine on in vitro embryonic development: Female mice were treated with 1.0, 3.0, or 5.0 mg/kg/day nicotine for 7 consecutive days. Animals were superovulated, cohabited overnight, and sacrificed. Embryos were cultured in vitro. Plasma was assayed. B) Effects of concomitant treatment of nicotine concurrently with various doses of gamma-TCT on in vitro embryonic development: Female mice were treated with nicotine (5.0 mg/kg/day), gavaged gamma-TCT of 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg/day or nicotine concurrently with gamma-TCT of 3 different doses for 7 consecutive days. Animals were superovulated, cohabited overnight, and sacrificed. Embryos were cultured and plasma was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A) Effects of various doses of nicotine on in vitro embryonic development: Number of hatched blastocysts decreased in 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg/day nicotine groups. Nicotine at 5.0 mg/kg/day stopped embryo development at morula. MDA concentrations increased following all nicotine doses. B) Effects of concomitant treatment of nicotine concurrently with various doses of gamma-TCT on in vitro embryonic development: Embryo development was completed in all groups. MDA concentration increased only in the group treated with nicotine concurrently with 30 mg/kg/day gamma-TCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine impairs in vitro embryo development and increases MDA in plasma. The deleterious impact of nicotine on embryo development is reversed by supplementing gamma-TCT concurrently with nicotine.
authors: Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Hospital, Sg Buloh, Malaysia.
authors: Yuhaniza Shafinie
authors: YS
authors: Kamsani
authors: Mohd Hamim
authors: MH
authors: Rajikin
authors: Nor-Ashikin
authors: NA
authors: Mohamed Nor Khan
authors: Nuraliza
authors: N
authors: Abdul Satar
authors: Amar
authors: A
authors: Chatterjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000473:pathology; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; C013649:plastochromanol 8; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009538:Nicotine