title: Wild bees visiting cucumber on midwestern U.S. organic farms benefit from near-farm semi-natural areas.
abstract: Wild bees that provide pollination services to vegetable crops depend on forage resources, nesting sites, and overwintering sites in the agricultural landscape. The scale at which crop-visiting bees use resources in the landscape can vary regionally, and has not been characterized in the Midwestern United States. We investigated the effects of seminatural land cover on wild bee visitation frequency to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and on wild bee species richness on 10 organic farms in Indiana. We estimated the spatial scale at which the effects of land cover were strongest, and also examined the effects of nonlandscape factors on wild bees. The visitation frequency of wild bees to cucumber was positively related to the proportion of seminatural land in the surrounding landscape, and this relationship was strongest within 250 m of the cucumber patch. The species richness of wild cucumber visitors was not affected by land cover at any spatial scale, nor by any of the nonlandscape factors we considered. Our results indicate that wild, crop visiting bees benefit from seminatural areas in the agricultural landscape, and benefit most strongly from seminatural areas within 250 m of the crop field. This suggests that setting aside natural areas in the near vicinity of vegetable fields may be an effective way to support wild, crop-visiting bees and secure their pollination services.
authors: Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. smitha48@msu.edu
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Smith
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Bentley
authors: H L
authors: HL
authors: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D044822:Biodiversity; D018553:Cucumis sativus; D005260:Female; D007196:Indiana; D008297:Male; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D054817:Pollination