title: Monocyte and myeloid dendritic cell activation occurs throughout HIV type 2 infection, an attenuated form of HIV disease.
abstract: Monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are important orchestrators of innate and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific immune responses and of the generalized inflammation that characterizes AIDS progression. To our knowledge, we are the first to investigate monocyte and mDC imbalances in HIV type 2 (HIV-2)-positive patients, who typically feature reduced viremia and slow disease progression despite the recognized ability of HIV-2 to establish viral reservoirs and overcome host restriction factors in myeloid cells. We found a heightened state of monocyte and mDC activation throughout HIV-2 infection (characterized by CD14(bright)CD16(+) expansion, as well as increased levels of soluble CD14, HLA-DR, and CD86), together with progressive mDC depletion. Importantly, HIV-2-positive patients also featured overexpression of the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 on monocytes and mDCs, which may act by limiting the production of proinflammatory molecules. These data, from patients with a naturally occurring form of attenuated HIV disease, challenge current paradigms regarding the role of monocytes in HIV/AIDS and open new perspectives regarding potential strategies to modulate inflammatory states.
authors: Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Cavaleiro
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Tendeiro
authors: Russell B
authors: RB
authors: Foxall
authors: Rui S
authors: RS
authors: Soares
authors: António P
authors: AP
authors: Baptista
authors: Perpétua
authors: P
authors: Gomes
authors: Emília
authors: E
authors: Valadas
authors: Rui M M
authors: RM
authors: Victorino
authors: Ana E
authors: AE
authors: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens