title: Multilevel model of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients for model-based glucose controllers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose homeostasis is the result of complex interactions across different biological levels. This multilevel characteristic should be considered when analyzing and designing closed-loop glucose control algorithms. Classic control schemes use only a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) perspective to describe the gluco-regulatory system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multilevel model combining a PKPD model with an insulin signaling model is proposed for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus T1DM (T1DM). The PKPD Dalla Man model for T1DM is expanded to include an intracellular level involving insulin signaling to control glucose uptake through glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation. A model-based controller is then designed and used as an example to illustrate the feasibility of the proposal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two significant results were obtained for the controller explicitly utilizing multilevel information. No hypo-glycemic events were registered and an excellent performance for interpatient variability was achieved. Controller performance was evaluated using two indexes. The glucose was kept inside the range (70-180) mg/dl        more than 99% of the time, and the intrapatient variability measured using control variability grid analysis was solid with 90% of the population inside the target zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multilevel models open new possibilities for designing glucose control algorithms. They allow controllers to take into account variables that have a strong influence on glucose homeostasis. A model-based controller was used for demonstrating how improved knowledge of the multilevel nature of diabetes increases the robustness and performance of glucose control algorithms. Using the proposed multi-level approach, a reduction of the hypoglycemic risk and robust behaviour for intrapatient variability was demonstrated.
authors: Automatic Control Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. wgarcia@kth.se
authors: Winston
authors: W
authors: Garcia-Gabin
authors: Elling W
authors: EW
authors: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D055361:Multilevel Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose