title: Adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes in a simulated cheese medium: effects on virulence using the Galleria mellonella infection model.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the acid and salt adaptation in a cheese-based medium on the virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from cheese and dairy processing environment using the Galleria mellonella model. Four L. monocytogenes strains were exposed to a cheese-based medium in conditions of induction of an acid tolerance response and osmotolerance response (pH 5·5 and 3·5% w/v NaCl) and injected in G. mellonella insects. The survival of insects and the L. monocytogenes growth kinetics in insects were evaluated. The gene expression of hly, actA and inlA genes was determined by real-time PCR. The adapted cells of two dairy strains showed reduced insect mortality (P < 0·05) in comparison with nonadapted cells. Listeria monocytogenes Scott A was the least virulent, whereas the cheese isolate C882 caused the highest insect mortality, and no differences (P > 0·05) was found between adapted and nonadapted cells. The gene expression results evidenced an overexpression of virulence genes in cheese-based medium, but not in simulated insect-induced conditions. Our results suggest that adaptation to low pH and salt in a cheese-based medium can affect the virulence of L. monocytogenes, but this effect is strain dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the impact of adaptation to low pH and salt in a cheese-based medium on L. monocytogenes virulence was tested using the Wax Moth G. mellonella model. This model allowed the differentiation of the virulence potential between the L. monocytogenes strains. The effect of adaptation on virulence is strain dependent. The G. mellonella model revealed to be a prompt method to test food-related factors on L. monocytogenes virulence.
authors: IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Schrama
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Helliwell
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Neto
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Faleiro
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D009036:Moths / Q000382:microbiology*; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C038705:hlyA protein, Listeria monocytogenes