title: Intrapartum uncertainty: a feature of normal birth, as experienced by midwives in Scotland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to explore midwives' perceptions of intrapartum uncertainty when caring for women in low risk labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  a grounded theory approach was used to capture the experiences of midwives practising in Scotland. Data were generated through unstructured in-depth one-to-one interviews and focus groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  four Health Boards in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 midwives, practising in a range of maternity settings, participated in the study. The maternity settings included; obstetric led labour wards, along-side maternity units, stand-alone community maternity units, and community and independent practice. They also had a mixture of clinical experience, ranging from one to 20 years in practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three categories emerged from the analysis, intrapartum uncertainty, the normality boundary and threshold pressures. Recognising the point at which a labour deviates away from normal constitutes 'intrapartum uncertainty'. In these situations midwives develop a normality boundary that shape their clinical judgements and decisions. The boundary becomes the limit, edge or border of what they accept as normal in a labour. Therefore if midwives tolerate intrapartum uncertainty they are more likely to construct labours as normal, than midwives with a lower tolerance of uncertainty. This can be mediated by threshold pressures that expand or contract their definitions of normality. So that supportive environments and good relationships with women enable midwives to tolerate uncertainty and thus maintain normality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the reemphasise on midwifery practice as a means of supporting normal birth has been promoted as a way of 'demedicalising' birth for low risk women. However to maintain normality midwives need to understand the impact uncertainty has on their decision making. Supporting midwives to tolerate uncertainty, either at unit or national level, will expand definitions of normality so that birth can remain natural and dynamic.
authors: NMAHP Research Unit, Iris Murdoch Building, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK. Electronic address: m.e.page@stir.ac.uk.
authors: Miranda
authors: M
authors: Page
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: Mander
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D004420:Dystocia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008880:Midwifery; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D012606:Scotland; D035501:Uncertainty
keywords: Grounded theory; Midwifery practice; Normality; Uncertainty