title: Does brain reserve protect older women from vascular depression?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain reserve theory, typically discussed in relation to dementia, was examined with regard to late-life depression symptomatology and cerebrovascular burden (CVB) in older-old women.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was predicted that in a 6-year longitudinal sample (Health and Retirement Study) of 1,355 stroke-free women aged 80 years and older, higher levels of depressive symptomatology (8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression score) would be predicted by high CVB, less educational attainment, and the education × CVB interaction after controlling for age and cognitive functioning (Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status). A latent growth curve model was used to identify differences in depression symptomatology at baseline and over time. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict clinically significant depressive symptomatology at each wave based on CVB, education, and the education × CVB interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that among older women, greater educational attainment predicted fewer depression symptoms at baseline, but this advantage was partially eroded over time. The education × CVB interaction predicted clinically significant depressive symptoms at baseline when the benefits of education were most robust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain reserve, characterized by educational attainment, may counterbalance the effect of high CVB with respect to depressive symptoms, thereby preserving mood in late life. These findings support the application of brain reserve theory to late-life depression.
authors: Correspondence should be addressed to Daniel Paulson, Institute of Gerontology and Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, 226 Knapp Building, Detroit, MI 48202. E-mail: Paulson@wayne.edu.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Paulson
authors: Mary Elizabeth
authors: ME
authors: Bowen
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Lichtenberg
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Cerebrovascular burden; Education; Mood.