title: Vocal indices of stress: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification of stress patterns in the voice has multiple potential applications. The objective was to review literature pertaining to the effects of various forms of stress upon the healthy voice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review, discussion of results, and direction for further study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article offers a model of stress and a review of the historical and recent research into the effects of stress on the voice. Electronic databases were searched using the key words. No studies were excluded on the basis of design; however, an attempt was made to include in the discussion studies which primarily address physiological and acoustic vocal parameters. The results of greater than 50 studies examining the effect of stressors ranging from lie and guilt to high altitude and space flight upon the voice were included in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increase in fundamental frequency is the most commonly reported effect of stress in well-controlled trials. The trend, however, is not universal. A reduction in noise as reflected by the diminished vocal jitter is reported, but less frequently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stress types, gender, and individual differences in baseline autonomic tone may explain the primarily equivocal findings of effects of stressor exposure or perceived stress on voice; and as such, the article concludes with a discussion of directions for future study.
authors: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. cheryl.giddens@okstate.edu
authors: Cheryl L
authors: CL
authors: Giddens
authors: Kirk W
authors: KW
authors: Barron
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Byrd-Craven
authors: Keith F
authors: KF
authors: Clark
authors: A Scott
authors: AS
authors: Winter
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008192:Deception; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014833:Voice Quality; D016526:Workload