title: Minimally invasive reconstruction of lateral ligaments of the ankle using semitendinosus autograft.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple techniques have been described for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. Most require extensive exposure and dissection, which may lead to potential problems with wound healing, higher risk of nerve injury, fibrosis, and stiffness. This study reports on the results of a minimally invasive method to reconstruct the ligaments using a semitendinosus tendon autograft and achieve a stable ankle while avoiding these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  From September 2006 to May 2010, 25 patients (14 males, 11 females) with chronic ankle instability underwent lateral ligament reconstruction. The average age was 32.4 (range, 17 to 62) years old. A semitendinosus autograft was harvested through 2 small knee incisions. For the ankle reconstruction, 4 small incisions of 5 mm each were made at the medial and lateral side of the fibular tip, the talar neck, and the middle of the calcaneus. Anatomical reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) was then performed through these small incisions. The mean final follow-up was 32.3 (range, 12 to 56) months. AOFAS questionnaires were used to measure clinical outcomes and donor site morbidity and patient satisfaction are also reported. Preoperative and postoperative stress tests were performed and radiographic parameters were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean AOFAS score increased on average from 71.1 to 95.1 (P < .001). Two patients reported residual instability on uneven ground. No patient reported weakness or disability from the donor site. The satisfaction level was excellent in 20 patients and good in 5 patients. Significant improvement in stress radiographic parameters was noted for the talar tilt angle, with reduction from a mean of 14.0 to 3.8 degrees (P < .001); anterior talar displacement reduced from a mean of 12.3 to 4.6 mm (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments using a semitendinosus tendon autograft and a minimally invasive approach can achieve a stable ankle while avoiding extensive exposure and risk of nerve injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, retrospective case series.
authors: Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, China.
authors: Bibo
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Xiang-Yang
authors: XY
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017844:Lateral Ligament, Ankle / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ligament reconstruction; minimal invasive; semitendinosus tendon