title: A guide to understanding and implementing risk evaluation and mitigation strategies in organ transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the components of the Congressional mandate for risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) managed by the Food and Drug Administration and assess their impact on health care providers practicing within the organ transplant arena.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-date-limited search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (January 2007-June 2012) was conducted by using the following search terms: risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, REMS, and organ transplant, including a query of the individual organs. Information from the Federal Register and the Food and Drug Administration was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REMS are strategies implemented to manage known or potential risks associated with medications and to ensure ongoing pharmacovigilance throughout the life of a pharmaceutical product. Elements of REMS programs may consist of 3 levels: a medication guide, communication plan, and elements to assure safe use. A medication guide is used to help prevent serious adverse events, aid in patients' decision making, and enhance medication adherence. Communication plans help educate health care providers and encourage adherence with REMS. The elements to assure safe use is a restrictive process implemented when it is deemed necessary to ensure safe access for patients to products with known serious risks. In transplant medicine, REMS currently exist for belatacept (medication guide and communication plan) and the mycophenolic acid derivatives (medication guide and elements to assure safe use).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  REMS are another step in the evolution of the development and marketing of pharmaceutical agents. Use of REMS in solid-organ transplant is becoming common. Transplant clinicians must provide required patient education and become involved with other aspects of REMS implementation to reduce the serious risks of pharmaceuticals and to improve patients' outcomes.
authors: Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Gabardi
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Tichy
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D012308:Risk Management; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents