title: Barefoot stubbing injuries to the great toe in children: a new classification by injury mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to categorize barefoot stubbing injuries to the great toe in children by injury mechanism to differentiate benign stubbing injuries from more complex injuries necessitating surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical series of consecutively treated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary university hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one children who had sustained an indirect injury to the great toe during barefoot sports activities between January 2001 and December 2009 were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conservative or surgical treatment was done according to clinical and radiological findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information regarding injury mechanism was collected from patients, parents, and coaches using skeletal models and assessed by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon. Mechanisms of injury were identified and grouped as follows: hyperabduction-flexion, hyperflexion, hyperabduction-extension, hyperextension, and hyperextension-adduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperabduction-flexion was the most common mechanism (n = 16), in which interphalangeal joint dislocation and skin disruption was noted in most cases. The second most common mechanism was hyperabduction-extension (n = 14) in which avulsion fracture of the lateral volar condyle of the proximal phalanx was noted in most cases. This avulsion fracture had the worst prognosis after conservative care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, we have created a grading system and treatment protocol for indirect hallux sports injuries in children. Avulsion fracture of the lateral condyle of the proximal phalanx, a result of hyperabduction-extension, is a high-risk sign of nonunion and should be aggressively treated, contrary to previous guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors: *Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyounggi-do, Korea; †Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyounggi-do, Korea; ‡Division of Foot and ankle surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyounggi-do, Korea; and §Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyounggi-do, Korea.
authors: Do Y
authors: DY
authors: Park
authors: Kyeong J
authors: KJ
authors: Han
authors: Seung H
authors: SH
authors: Han
authors: Jae H
authors: JH
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology*; D006214:Hallux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014033:Toe Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D050277:Toe Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D014034:Toes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery