title: Associations between smoking and tooth loss according to the reason for tooth loss: the Buffalo OsteoPerio Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is associated with tooth loss. However, smoking's relationship to the specific reason for tooth loss in postmenopausal women is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmenopausal women (n = 1,106) who joined a Women's Health Initiative ancillary study (The Buffalo OsteoPerio Study) underwent oral examinations for assessment of the number of missing teeth, and they reported the reasons for tooth loss. The authors obtained information about smoking status via a self-administered questionnaire. The authors calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) by means of logistic regression to assess smoking's association with overall tooth loss, as well as with tooth loss due to periodontal disease (PD) and with tooth loss due to caries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, education, income, body mass index, history of diabetes diagnosis, calcium supplement use and dental visit frequency, the authors found that heavy smokers (≥ 26 pack-years) were significantly more likely to report having experienced tooth loss compared with never smokers (OR = 1.82; 95 percent CI, 1.10-3.00). Smoking status, packs smoked per day, years of smoking, pack-years and years since quitting smoking were significantly associated with tooth loss due to PD. For pack-years, the association for heavy smokers compared with that for never smokers was OR = 6.83 (95 percent CI, 3.40 -13.72). The study results showed no significant associations between smoking and tooth loss due to caries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking may be a major factor in tooth loss due to PD. However, smoking appears to be a less important factor in tooth loss due to caries. Further study is needed to explore the etiologies by which smoking is associated with different types of tooth loss. Dentists should counsel their patients about the impact of smoking on oral health, including the risk of experiencing tooth loss due to PD.
authors: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
authors: Xiaodan
authors: X
authors: Mai
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Wactawski-Wende
authors: Kathleen M
authors: KM
authors: Hovey
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: LaMonte
authors: Chaoru
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Mine
authors: M
authors: Tezal
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Genco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003729:Dental Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000150:complications; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008875:Middle Aged; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000150:complications; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000150:complications; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000150:complications; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary