title: HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons with HIV infection have been reported to develop age-related diseases at younger ages than those without HIV. Whether this finding is related to HIV infection or failure to control for other risk factors is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether persons with HIV infection develop hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease at younger ages than similar persons without HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of the severity of liver fibrosis by age among persons who have HCV with and without HIV followed concurrently in the same protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort from Baltimore, Maryland, participating in the ALIVE (AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  1176 current and former injection drug users with antibodies to HCV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liver fibrosis assessed semiannually from 2006 to 2011 by elastography (FibroScan, Echosens, Paris, France) and using previously validated thresholds for clinically significant fibrosis and cirrhosis; concurrent assessment of medical history, alcohol and illicit drug use, HCV RNA levels, hepatitis B virus surface antigen level, body mass index, and (for those with HIV) CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV RNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1176 participants with antibodies to HCV, the median age was 49 years and 34% were coinfected with HIV and HCV. Participants contributed 5634 valid liver fibrosis measurements. The prevalence of clinically significant fibrosis without cirrhosis (12.9% vs. 9.5%) and of cirrhosis (19.5% vs. 11.0%) was greater in persons coinfected with HIV and HCV than in those with only HCV (P < 0.001). Increasing age and HIV infection were independently associated with liver fibrosis, as were daily alcohol use, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2, and greater plasma HCV RNA levels. When these factors were kept constant, persons with HIV had liver fibrosis measurements equal to those of persons without HIV, who were, on average, 9.2 years older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process of liver fibrosis began before the study in most persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort, persons who have HCV with HIV have liver fibrosis stages similar to those without HIV who are nearly a decade older.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institute on Drug Abuse.
authors: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Gregory D
authors: GD
authors: Kirk
authors: Shruti H
authors: SH
authors: Mehta
authors: Jacquie
authors: J
authors: Astemborski
authors: Noya
authors: N
authors: Galai
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Washington
authors: Yvonne
authors: Y
authors: Higgins
authors: Ashwin
authors: A
authors: Balagopal
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D018450:Disease Progression; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015438:Health Behavior; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D012367:RNA, Viral