title: Meat-related compounds and colorectal cancer risk by anatomical subsite.
abstract: Since meat may be involved in the etiology of colorectal cancer, associations between meat-related compounds were examined to elucidate underlying mechanisms in a population-based case-control study. Participants (989 cases/1,033 healthy controls) completed a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-specific module. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between meat variables and colorectal cancer; polytomous logistic regression was used for subsite-specific analyses. The following significant positive associations were observed for meat-related compounds: 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and colorectal, distal colon, and rectal tumors; 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and colorectal and colon cancer tumors; nitrites/nitrates and proximal colon cancer; 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and rectal cancer; and benzo[a]pyrene and rectal cancer (P-trends < 0.05). For analyses by meat type, cooking method, and doneness preference, positive associations between red processed meat and proximal colon cancer and pan-fried red meat and colorectal cancer were found (P-trends < 0.05). Inverse associations were observed between unprocessed poultry and colorectal, colon, proximal colon, and rectal tumors; grilled/barbequed poultry and proximal colon cancer; and well-done/charred poultry and colorectal, colon, and proximal colon tumors (P-trends < 0.05). HCAs, PAHs, nitrites, and nitrates may be involved in colorectal cancer etiology. Further examination into the unexpected inverse associations between poultry and colorectal cancer is warranted.
authors: Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. pmiller@exponent.com
authors: Paige E
authors: PE
authors: Miller
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Lazarus
authors: Samuel M
authors: SM
authors: Lesko
authors: Amanda J
authors: AJ
authors: Cross
authors: Rashmi
authors: R
authors: Sinha
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Laio
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Zhu
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Harper
authors: Joshua E
authors: JE
authors: Muscat
authors: Terryl J
authors: TJ
authors: Hartman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003296:Cooking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects; D009573:Nitrites / Q000009:adverse effects; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011200:Poultry; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000633:toxicity; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D011810:Quinoxalines; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine