title: Facilitating the use of implicit memory and learning in the physical therapy management of individuals with Alzheimer disease: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical rehabilitation of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) is often complicated by impairments in explicit memory and learning. Rehabilitation strategies that facilitate the use of the preserved implicit memory system may be effective in treating patients with AD. The purpose of this case series is to describe the application of these strategies, including high-repetition practice, errorless learning (EL), and spaced retrieval, to the physical therapy management of individuals with moderate AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three women aged 89 to 95 years with moderate AD who resided in an assisted living facility participated in physical therapy to address their mobility limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve physical therapy sessions were scheduled over a period of 4 weeks. Interventions were individually designed to address the mobility needs of each patient, and rehabilitation strategies based on implicit learning principles were integrated into the interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients participated in at least 10 of the 12 physical therapy sessions. Improvements in performance of objective measures of balance were observed in all patients, although only 1 patient's balance score exceeded the minimal detectable change. No significant clinical change was observed in any patients on the Timed Up and Go Test or self-selected gait speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Principles of implicit learning were integrated into the interventions for these patients with moderate AD. However, the feasibility of applying the EL paradigm was limited. Further research on the effectiveness of EL, spaced retrieval, and other rehabilitation strategies that facilitate implicit learning of mobility skills in patients with AD is needed to promote optimal physical therapy outcomes in this patient population.
authors: 1University of South Alabama, Mobile. 2University of Alabama at Birmingham.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: White
authors: Matthew P
authors: MP
authors: Ford
authors: Cynthia J
authors: CJ
authors: Brown
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Peel
authors: Kristen L
authors: KL
authors: Triebel
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008568:Memory; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities