title: Induction of oxidative and nitrosative damage leads to cerebrovascular inflammation in an animal model of mild traumatic brain injury induced by primary blast.
abstract: We investigate the hypothesis that oxidative damage of the cerebral vascular barrier interface (the blood-brain barrier, BBB) causes the development of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) during a primary blast-wave spectrum. The underlying biochemical and cellular mechanisms of this vascular layer-structure injury are examined in a novel animal model of shock tube. We first established that low-frequency (123kPa) single or repeated shock wave causes BBB/brain injury through biochemical activation by an acute mechanical force that occurs 6-24h after the exposure. This biochemical damage of the cerebral vasculature is initiated by the induction of the free radical-generating enzymes NADPH oxidase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Induction of these enzymes by shock-wave exposure paralleled the signatures of oxidative and nitrosative damage (4-HNE/3-NT) and reduction of the BBB tight-junction (TJ) proteins occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occluden 1 in the brain microvessels. In parallel with TJ protein disruption, the perivascular unit was significantly diminished by single or repeated shock-wave exposure coinciding with the kinetic profile. Loosening of the vasculature and perivascular unit was mediated by oxidative stress-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases and fluid channel aquaporin-4, promoting vascular fluid cavitation/edema, enhanced leakiness of the BBB, and progression of neuroinflammation. The BBB leakiness and neuroinflammation were functionally demonstrated in an in vivo model by enhanced permeativity of Evans blue and sodium fluorescein low-molecular-weight tracers and the infiltration of immune cells across the BBB. The detection of brain cell proteins neuron-specific enolase and S100β in the blood samples validated the neuroastroglial injury in shock-wave TBI. Our hypothesis that cerebral vascular injury occurs before the development of neurological disorders in mild TBI was further confirmed by the activation of caspase-3 and cell apoptosis mostly around the perivascular region. Thus, induction of oxidative stress and activation of matrix metalloproteinases by shock wave underlie the mechanisms of cerebral vascular BBB leakage and neuroinflammation.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors: P M Abdul
authors: PMA
authors: Muneer
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Schuetz
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Wang
authors: Maciej
authors: M
authors: Skotak
authors: Joselyn
authors: J
authors: Jones
authors: Santhi
authors: S
authors: Gorantla
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Zimmerman
authors: Namas
authors: N
authors: Chandra
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Haorah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D020521:Stroke / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases