title: Association between aristolochic acid and CKD: a cross-sectional survey in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term intake of herbs containing aristolochic acid (AA) has been reported to be associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), whereas population-based studies are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national representative sample of 47,204 adults in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported long-term use of medications containing AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or the presence of albuminuria, defined as albumin-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  467 participants reported long-term AA intake, with a prevalence adjusting for a synthesized weight of 1.5% (95% CI, 1.2%-1.7%). After adjusting for age, sex, and other potential confounders, long-term AA intake was associated with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria, with ORs of 1.83 (95% CI, 1.22-2.74) and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.03-1.87), respectively. Further adjustment for intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not change ORs substantially. A positive association between accumulated time of AA intake and kidney disease also was observed, with fully adjusted ORs of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03-1.12) per 6-month longer intake for eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01-1.08) per 6-month longer intake for albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported intake of herbs containing AA; the AA content of the preparations by weight was unknown; single measurement of indicators of kidney damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term intake of medications containing AA is prevalent in China and is associated with the presence of CKD.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Chifeng Second Hospital; Chifeng, China.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Luxia
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Wenke
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Haiyan
authors: H
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal