title: Persistent visual impairment in multiple sclerosis: prevalence, mechanisms and resulting disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to evaluate in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients the prevalence of persistent complaints of visual disturbances and the mechanisms and resulting functional disability of persistent visual complaints (PVCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Firstly, the prevalence of PVCs was calculated in 303 MS patients. MS-related data of patients with or without PVCs were compared. Secondly, 70 patients with PVCs performed an extensive neuro-ophthalmologic assessment and a vision-related quality of life questionnaire, the National Eye Institute Visual Functionary Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVCs were reported in 105 MS patients (34.6%). Patients with PVCs had more frequently primary progressive MS (30.5% vs 13.6%) and more neuro-ophthalmologic relapses (1.97 vs 1.36) than patients without PVCs. In the mechanisms/disability study, an afferent visual and an ocular-motor pathways dysfunction were respectively diagnosed in 41 and 59 patients, mostly related to bilateral optic neuropathy and bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. The NEI-VFQ 25 score was poor and significantly correlated with the number of impaired neuro-ophthalmologic tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study emphasizes the high prevalence of PVC in MS patients. Regarding the nature of neuro-ophthalmologic deficit, our results suggest that persistent optic neuropathy, as part of the progressive evolution of the disease, is not rare. We also demonstrate that isolated ocular motor dysfunctions induce visual disability in daily life.
authors: INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, France.
authors: Laurence
authors: L
authors: Jasse
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Vukusic
authors: Françoise
authors: F
authors: Durand-Dubief
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Vartin
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Piras
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Bernard
authors: Denis
authors: D
authors: Pélisson
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Confavreux
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Vighetto
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Tilikete
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities
keywords: Multiple sclerosis; neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations; nystagmus; ocular motor disorders; optic neuropathy