title: Compressive rib fracture: peri-mortem and post-mortem trauma patterns in a pig model.
abstract: Despite numerous studies on high impact fractures of ribs, little is known about compressive rib injuries. We studied rib fractures from a biomechanical and morphological perspective using 15, 5th ribs of domestic pigs Sus scrofa, divided into two groups, desiccated (representing post-mortem trauma) and fresh ribs with intact periosteum (representing peri-mortem trauma). Ribs were axially compressed and subjected to four-point bending in an Instron 3339 fitted with custom jigs. Morphoscopic analysis of resultant fractures consisted of standard optical methods, micro-CT (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During axial compression, fresh ribs had slightly higher strength because of energy absorption capabilities of their soft and fluidic components. In flexure tests, dry ribs showed typical elastic-brittle behaviour with long linear load-extension curves, followed by relatively short non-linear elastic (hyperelastic) behaviour and brittle fracture. Fresh ribs showed initial linear-elastic behaviour, followed by strain softening, visco-plastic responses. During the course of loading, dry bone showed minimal observable damage prior to the onset of unstable fracture. In contrast, fresh bone showed buckling-like damage features on the compressive surface and cracking parallel to the axis of the bone. Morphologically, all dry ribs fractured precipitously, whereas all but one of the fresh ribs showed incomplete fracture. The mode of fracture, however, was remarkably similar for both groups, with butterfly fractures predominating (7/15, 46.6% dry and wet). Our study highlights the fact that under controlled loading, despite seemingly similar butterfly fracture morphology, fresh ribs (representing perimortem trauma) show a non-catastrophic response. While extensive strain softening observed for the fresh bone does show some additional micro-cracking damage, it appears that the periosteum may play a key role in imparting the observed pseudo-ductility to the ribs. The presence of fibrous pull-out and grooving of the outer tensile surface associated with periosteal stretching suggests that the periosteum under tension is able to sustain very high strain and bridge the mouth of the extending butterfly crack, thereby contributing to the observed strain-softening behaviour.
authors: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. jules.kieser@otago.ac.nz
authors: Jules A
authors: JA
authors: Kieser
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Weller
authors: Michael V
authors: MV
authors: Swain
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Neil Waddell
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Das
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012272:Ribs / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed