title: Intervertebral anticollision constraints improve out-of-plane translation accuracy of a single-plane fluoroscopy-to-CT registration method for measuring spinal motion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to propose a new single-plane fluoroscopy-to-CT registration method integrated with intervertebral anticollision constraints for measuring three-dimensional (3D) intervertebral kinematics of the spine; and to evaluate the performance of the method without anticollision and with three variations of the anticollision constraints via an in vitro experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed fluoroscopy-to-CT registration approach, called the weighted edge-matching with anticollision (WEMAC) method, was based on the integration of geometrical anticollision constraints for adjacent vertebrae and the weighted edge-matching score (WEMS) method that matched the digitally reconstructed radiographs of the CT models of the vertebrae and the measured single-plane fluoroscopy images. Three variations of the anticollision constraints, namely, T-DOF, R-DOF, and A-DOF methods, were proposed. An in vitro experiment using four porcine cervical spines in different postures was performed to evaluate the performance of the WEMS and the WEMAC methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The WEMS method gave high precision and small bias in all components for both vertebral pose and intervertebral pose measurements, except for relatively large errors for the out-of-plane translation component. The WEMAC method successfully reduced the out-of-plane translation errors for intervertebral kinematic measurements while keeping the measurement accuracies for the other five degrees of freedom (DOF) more or less unaltered. The means (standard deviations) of the out-of-plane translational errors were less than -0.5 (0.6) and -0.3 (0.8) mm for the T-DOF method and the R-DOF method, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed single-plane fluoroscopy-to-CT registration method reduced the out-of-plane translation errors for intervertebral kinematic measurements while keeping the measurement accuracies for the other five DOF more or less unaltered. With the submillimeter and subdegree accuracy, the WEMAC method was considered accurate for measuring 3D intervertebral kinematics during various functional activities for research and clinical applications.
authors: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 10051, Republic of China.
authors: Cheng-Chung
authors: CC
authors: Lin
authors: Tung-Wu
authors: TW
authors: Lu
authors: Ting-Fang
authors: TF
authors: Shih
authors: Tsung-Yuan
authors: TY
authors: Tsai
authors: Ting-Ming
authors: TM
authors: Wang
authors: Shih-Jung
authors: SJ
authors: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*