title: Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking in a representative sample of English school pupils: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, in a representative sample of English pupils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 13,635 school pupils in the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) on usage of cigarettes from 2004 (typical age 14) to 2006 (age 16) and alcohol from 2004 to 2007 (age 17), analyzed with latent growth curve models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weighted percentage of pupils drinking alcohol increased from 26% at age 14 to 71% by age 17, smoking from 12% to 27% by age 16. Pupils with lower socio-economic status were more likely to smoke but less likely to drink alcohol regularly. Both behaviors were positively correlated at age 14, adjusted for several confounding factors. The rate of increase over time was also positively correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are already correlated by age 14, are socio-economically patterned, and 'move together' during adolescence. Future studies and interventions should be targeted at a younger age range, to identify early smoking and potentially hazardous alcohol drinking patterns.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, UK. g.hagger-johnson@ucl.ac.uk
authors: Gareth
authors: G
authors: Hagger-Johnson
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Bell
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Britton
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Cable
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Conner
authors: Daryl B
authors: DB
authors: O'Connor
authors: Darren
authors: D
authors: Shickle
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Shelton
authors: Bridgette M
authors: BM
authors: Bewick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*