title: Percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection in the treatment of distal meta-diaphyseal tibial nonunions and delayed unions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the outcomes of percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection for nonunion or delayed union of the distal tibial metaphysis in patients with prior plating.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven consecutive patients (aged 24-51 years) were referred to us with a nonunion or delayed union of the distal tibial metaphysis after open reduction and internal fixation (plates and screws) at the time of fracture. The average time from initial injury to nonunion or delayed union and bone marrow treatment was 8 months (range, 3-20 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40-80 mL of bone marrow aspirated from the posterior iliac crest and injected in and around the nonunion or delayed union site under fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healing at the injury site was evaluated using clinical and radiographic criteria, including computed tomography. Measures included American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Lower Limb Core Scale (LLCS), Brief Pain Inventory, and Short Form 12 Physical Component Summary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of the 11 patients attained bony union within 6 months of bone marrow injection. Six of these 9 patients who were followed-up an average of 4.4 years (range, 1.3-8.2 years) after the injection reported significant (P < 0.05) improvements in Lower Limb Core Scale (59.9-89.7), pain intensity (2.9-1.7), pain interference (4.6-2.3), and Short Form 12 Physical Component Summary (29.5-46.6) and 5.6 years improvement in quality-adjusted life years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection is a minimally invasive, safe, and inexpensive treatment option for distal metaphyseal tibial nonunions or delayed unions after internal fixation and should be considered when the retained hardware seems to be intact and stable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Fondren Orthopedic Group, Texas Orthopedic Hospital, Houston, Texas 77204-6015, USA.
authors: Houston L
authors: HL
authors: Braly
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: O'Connor
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Brinker
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D064592:Autografts; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome