title: Physical activity, maternal metabolic measures, and the incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones during pregnancy: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a physical activity intervention upon the incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women without gallstones were randomized to an intervention to increase moderate to vigorous physical activity or control. Intervention group women received motivational materials and small-group instruction to increase physical activity. Gallbladder ultrasound and blood draws were obtained at entry, 18 weeks' gestation, and 36 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 591 were randomized to the intervention and 605 women to control groups. Women in the intervention group reported modestly higher levels of physical activity compared with control women, and fewer women in the intervention group reported no physical activity during pregnancy. The incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones was similar in intervention and control groups at 18 weeks (4.8% versus 5.4%; relative risk 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.53, 1.47) and 36 weeks (4.3% versus 3.3%; relative risk 1.31; 95% confidence interval 0.70, 2.54). Fasting glucose, lipid, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were similar in the two groups, as was insulin sensitivity and the incidence of gestational diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An intervention to increase moderate to vigorous physical activity did not decrease the incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones during pregnancy and did not result in improvement in maternal metabolic measures.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Cynthia W
authors: CW
authors: Ko
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington.
authors: Peter G
authors: PG
authors: Napolitano
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Sum P
authors: SP
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Scott D
authors: SD
authors: Schulte
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Marcia A
authors: MA
authors: Ciol
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Shirley A A
authors: SA
authors: Beresford
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001646:Bile / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids