title: Prospective association of 25(OH)D with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D may play a role in the aetiology of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), yet the majority of previous studies have been cross-sectional, and the limited number of prospective studies has yielded inconsistent results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prospective association of vitamin D [25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D] with MetS in a multi-ethnic cohort of adults in Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nondiabetic individuals with pre-existing MetS risk factors were recruited for participation in the PROspective Metabolism and ISlet cell Evaluation (PROMISE) cohort study, a longitudinal study of the determinants of insulin resistance and MetS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 654 participants enrolled at baseline, 489 attended a 3-year follow-up visit. There were 301 participants eligible for the analysis of 25(OH)D with incident MetS (age 49·2 ± 9·3 years old, 75·4% female), after excluding 188 (38·5%) prevalent MetS cases at baseline. Longitudinal change in MetS components was assessed in the entire follow-up cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 76 (15·5%) participants who developed MetS over the 3-years of follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated a decreased risk of MetS at follow-up per standard deviation increase in baseline 25(OH)D after adjustment for sociodemographics, season, baseline and change in supplement use and physical activity and insulin resistance (OR = 0·63, 95% CI 0·44-0·90). Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed a significant inverse association of baseline 25(OH)D with fasting glucose at follow-up (β = -0·0005, P = 0·025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant inverse association of baseline 25(OH)D with incident MetS, which may be partly driven by its association with glucose homoeostasis.
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Sheena
authors: S
authors: Kayaniyil
authors: Stewart B
authors: SB
authors: Harris
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Retnakaran
authors: Reinhold
authors: R
authors: Vieth
authors: Julia A
authors: JA
authors: Knight
authors: Hertzel C
authors: HC
authors: Gerstein
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Perkins
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Zinman
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D