title: Serologic vaccination response after solid organ transplantation: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious diseases after solid organ transplantation (SOT) are one of the major complications in transplantation medicine. Vaccination-based prevention is desirable, but data on the response to active vaccination after SOT are conflicting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this systematic review, we identify the serologic response rate of SOT recipients to post-transplantation vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria, polio, hepatitis A and B, influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, tick-borne encephalitis, rabies, varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2478 papers initially identified, 72 were included in the final review. The most important findings are that (1) most clinical trials conducted and published over more than 30 years have all been small and highly heterogeneous regarding trial design, patient cohorts selected, patient inclusion criteria, dosing and vaccination schemes, follow up periods and outcomes assessed, (2) the individual vaccines investigated have been studied predominately only in one group of SOT recipients, i.e. tetanus, diphtheria and polio in RTX recipients, hepatitis A exclusively in adult LTX recipients and mumps, measles and rubella in paediatric LTX recipients, (3) SOT recipients mount an immune response which is for most vaccines lower than in healthy controls. The degree to which this response is impaired varies with the type of vaccine, age and organ transplanted and (4) for some vaccines antibodies decline rapidly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccine-based prevention of infectious diseases is far from satisfactory in SOT recipients. Despite the large number of vaccination studies preformed over the past decades, knowledge on vaccination response is still limited. Even though the protection, which can be achieved in SOT recipients through vaccination, appears encouraging on the basis of available data, current vaccination guidelines and recommendations for post-SOT recipients remain poorly supported by evidence. There is an urgent need to conduct appropriately powered vaccination trials in well-defined SOT recipient cohorts.
authors: Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. eckerle@virology-bonn.de
authors: Isabella
authors: I
authors: Eckerle
authors: Kerstin Daniela
authors: KD
authors: Rosenberger
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Zwahlen
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Junghanss
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D014612:Vaccines