title: Prevalence and variations of the median maxillary labial frenum in children, adolescents, and adults in a diverse population.
abstract: The median maxillary labial frenum (MMLF) is a normal anatomic structure with inherent morphologic variations. This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of those variations in a diverse ethnic population and to educate practitioners about the prevalence of MMLF variations to prevent unnecessary biopsies. This study included adult, adolescent, and child patients at the Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Dentistry. Among the 284 subjects examined, frenum normale was the most common frenum classification, followed by frenum with nodule and frenum with appendix. Most nodules were found in the intermediate third of the MMLF, while appendices were mainly found in the labial third. The prevalence of an appendix was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in Caucasians compared to African-Americans. The prevalence of nodules was marginally higher (P = 0.096) in Caucasians than in African-Americans. No other statistically significant differences were found with regard to ethnicity. Additionally, nodules and appendices on the MMLF were identified in all age groups, and may become more common with increasing age. The authors determined that variations of the MMLF are inherent and do not represent a pathologic condition, nor do they require biopsy for diagnostic purposes.
authors: Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, New Orleans, USA.
authors: Janice A
authors: JA
authors: Townsend
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Brannon
authors: Toby
authors: T
authors: Cheramie
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Hagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000717:Anatomy, Comparative; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007742:Labial Frenum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors