title: Nanoparticle characterization: state of the art, challenges, and emerging technologies.
abstract: Nanoparticles have received enormous attention as a promising tool to enhance target-specific drug delivery and diagnosis. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques are used to characterize a new system and predict its clinical efficacy. These techniques enable efficient comparison across nanoparticles and facilitate a product optimization process. On the other hand, we recognize their limitations as a prediction tool, due to inadequate applications and overly simplified test conditions. We provide a critical review of in vitro and in vivo techniques currently used for evaluation of nanoparticles and introduce emerging techniques and models that may be used complementarily.
authors: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors: Eun Jung
authors: EJ
authors: Cho
authors: Hillary
authors: H
authors: Holback
authors: Karen C
authors: KC
authors: Liu
authors: Sara A
authors: SA
authors: Abouelmagd
authors: Joonyoung
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Yoon
authors: Y
authors: Yeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature