title: Conflicts between work and family life and subsequent sleep problems among employees from Finland, Britain, and Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research on the association between family-to-work and work-to-family conflicts and sleep problems is sparse and mostly cross-sectional. We examined these associations prospectively in three occupational cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the Finnish Helsinki Health Study (n = 3,881), the British Whitehall II Study (n = 3,998), and the Japanese Civil Servants Study (n = 1,834). Sleep problems were assessed using the Jenkins sleep questionnaire in the Finnish and British cohorts and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in the Japanese cohort. Family-to-work and work-to-family conflicts measured whether family life interfered with work or vice versa. Age, baseline sleep problems, job strain, and self-rated health were adjusted for in logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for age and baseline sleep, strong family-to-work conflicts were associated with subsequent sleep problems among Finnish women (OR, 1.33 (95 % CI, 1.02-1.73)) and Japanese employees of both sexes (OR, 7.61 (95 % CI, 1.01-57.2) for women; OR, 1.97 (95 % CI, 1.06-3.66) for men). Strong work-to-family conflicts were associated with subsequent sleep problems in British, Finnish, and Japanese women (OR, 2.36 (95 % CI, 1.42-3.93), 1.62 (95 % CI, 1.20-2.18), and 5.35 (95 % CI, 1.00-28.55), respectively) adjusted for age and baseline sleep problems. In men, this association was seen only in the British cohort (OR, 2.02 (95 % CI, 1.42-2.88)). Adjustments for job strain and self-rated health produced no significant attenuation of these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family-to-work and work-to-family conflicts predicted subsequent sleep problems among the majority of employees in three occupational cohorts.
authors.affiliation: Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, tea.lallukka@ttl.fi.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lallukka
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatsuse
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pietiläinen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rahkonen
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014937:Work / Q000523:psychology*