title: Staphylococcus aureus spa type t267, clonal ancestor of bovine subclinical mastitis in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the virulence determinants and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis milk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR detection of virulence genes was performed for 173 Staph. aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis milk. Further, genetic diversity was analysed by agr and spa typing followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of selected isolates. Screening of virulence genes (n = 19) showed the adherence genes viz. fnbA, clfA, fnbB and cna in 98·8, 97·1, 68·8 and 28·3 percentage of isolates, respectively, and 80 strains (46·24%) positive for enterotoxin genes were distributed as 23 toxinotypes, of which, 5 genotypes contained a single gene and the rest comprised of multiple toxin genes. Out of agr type-1 (87·3%), 74·2 per cent belonged to the three predominant spa types. Of 27 spa types, 11 were identified for the first time. The predominant spa types were t267 (N =44), t359 (N = 42) and t6877 (N =29), which together accounts to 66·5 per cent of isolates. PFGE analysis of isolates (N = 45) covering all the spa types revealed mostly similar or closely related pulsotypes. Local emergence of spa type t6877 in herd-dependant manner was observed. spa sequence-based phylogenetic analysis suggested t267 as the ancestral clone of t359, t6877 and other spa types except two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogenous virulence profile of the isolates had no significant association with the genotype. High prevalence of agr group I reaffirms their association with persistent subclinical mastitis. The spa type t267 appears to be the ancestral clone endemic in the region causing subclinical mastitis. In addition, few new spa types have emerged in the geographic region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gives an insight into the genetic and evolutionary behaviour of Staph. aureus associated with bovine subclinical mastitis in India. The study would pave the way for devising effective control strategy for bovine mastitis in Indian context.
authors.affiliation: Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Velu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhuvana
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krithiga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shome
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Shome
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007194:India; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000382:microbiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins; D037521:Virulence Factors