title: The effects of continuous application of the TASER X26 waveform on Sus scrofa.
abstract: This study investigated and evaluated the safety margins of the continuous long duration (up to 30 min) effect of the TASER X26 waveform, using a Sus scrofa model. Long duration continuous stimulus has not been evaluated on humans or human surrogates prior to this study. Swine were used as models due to similarities with humans in their skin and cardiovascular systems. Very long duration was used to determine both exposure dose and possible adverse physiological effects of dose. The trial began with an application of 10 min, and subsequent animals received increasing exposure time up to a survived maximum duration of 30 min. At the onset of this work, it was hypothesized that there would be a time limit after which most animals would not survive consistent with increased dose response. However, this hypothesis was not supported by the experimental results. All animals (10 of 10) survived up to 3 min. Seven of the 10 animals survived up to a 10-min exposure and 3 of 5 animals with a 30-min target exposure survived the full exposure. Surviving animals were recovered and observed for 24 h, with no postrecovery deaths. This suggests that swine (based on physiology) will not experience a fatal event when exposed to the TASER X26 for a continuous 3 min. Conclusions regarding longer duration (10-30 min) are not as certain due to the small sample sizes at these time intervals.
authors.affiliation: Penn State Applied Research Laboratory, PO Box 30, State College, PA 16804, USA. dmj114@psu.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: W Bosseau
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kennett
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Jacob R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D057667:Conducted Energy Weapon Injuries; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006400:Hematocrit; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D023421:Models, Animal; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium