title: Trail Making Test A improves performance characteristics of the International HIV Dementia Scale to identify symptomatic HAND.
abstract: Although HIV-associated dementia (HAD) occurs in less than 5 % of individuals with access to combination antiretroviral therapy, rates of milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are much higher. We sought to define an optimal cut point for the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) in Thailand for the identification of symptomatic HAND, defined as both HAD and mild neurocognitive disorder. We then sought to determine if adding a simple test from a larger neuropsychological battery could improve the performance characteristics for identifying symptomatic HAND. In this study, subjects comprising 75 seropositive adults in Bangkok, Thailand, completed neuropsychological tests and underwent a full neurological assessment. HAND diagnoses were determined by consensus conference using the 2007 Frascati criteria, blinded to the IHDS results. The optimal IHDS cut point was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis with cross-validation. Individual neuropsychological tests were then evaluated and combined with the IHDS to test performance characteristics. The IHDS was poor at detecting symptomatic HAND at the optimized cut point of ≤ 10 (sensitivity, 53.3 %; specificity, 89.8 %). Trail Making Test A was most effective in improving performance characteristics when combined with the IHDS, with net sensitivity of 86 % and specificity of 79 %. In this setting, the IHDS performed poorly in identifying symptomatic HAND, but was substantially improved by the addition of Trail Making Test A, which typically requires less than 2 min to complete. This combination should be validated in a larger setting since it may address the critical need for HAND screening instruments in international settings.
authors.affiliation: SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thep
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chalermchai
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valcour
authors.forename: Pasiri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sithinamsuwan
authors.forename: Suteeraporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinyakorn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Somporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tipsuk
authors.forename: James L K
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Degruttola
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ratto-Kim
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shikuma
authors.forename: Jintanat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ananworanich
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012372:ROC Curve; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013785:Thailand; D014145:Trail Making Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*