title: Neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence in New York City: a multilevel approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence and morbidity among New York City adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multilevel modeling techniques and data from the New York City Community Health Survey (2004) to analyze the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence, adjusting for individual-level sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental characteristics. We examined interactions between neighborhood incarceration rate, respondent incarceration history, and race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean neighborhood rate of incarceration was 5.4% (range = 2.1%-12.8%). Neighborhood incarceration rate was associated with individual-level asthma prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.10) in unadjusted models but not after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.04). This association did not differ according to respondent race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among New York City adults, the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence is explained by the sociodemographic composition of neighborhoods and disparities in asthma prevalence at the individual level. Public health practitioners should further engage with criminal justice professionals and correctional health care providers to target asthma outreach efforts toward both correctional facilities and neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, USA. josephwfrank@gmail.com
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Clemens S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D012923:Social Class