title: Interventional management of high-flow vascular malformations.
abstract: High-flow vascular malformations are among the most challenging lesions in the field of interventional radiology. For an optimal long-term result, the clinician must have a full understanding of the types of lesions, their natural history, appropriate diagnostic studies, indications for treatment, and all the treatment options, including surgery, embolization, laser, and pharmacotherapy. Surgery should, in general, be used primarily for lesions that are completely resectable or are so bulky that embolization would not provide a satisfactory result. Embolization techniques are directed at elimination of the nidus of the lesion, using a variety of penetrating embolic agents both by direct puncture and transcatheter approaches. This paper reviews the principles and techniques primarily involving embolization for lesions occurring in various parts of the body, emphasizing the lessons learned in treating more than 2000 patients over a 30-year period.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology and Endovascular Surgery, Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute, New York, NY, USA. rrosen2@nshs.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Naiem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassiri
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Drury
mesh_terms: D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000628:therapy*