title: The effect of dietary supplementation of nitric oxide donor and inhibitor on nNOS expression in and motility of the small intestine of broilers.
abstract: We investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO inhibitor, on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in and motility of small intestinum in broilers. A total of 560, one-day-old Ross 308 hybrid mixed sex broiler chicks were divided randomly into one control and seven treatment groups for a 42 day feeding trial including starter phase (0-21 days) and grower phase (22-42 days). The control group was fed a basal diet and the experimental groups were the fed basal diet supplemented with 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg SNP and 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg L-NAME. Ten chickens from each group were sacrificed to collect samples on days 21 and 42. The expression patterns of nNOS immunoreactivity in nerve fibers were determined by immunohistochemistry. In the contractility studies, longitudinal isolated strips of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were treated with 10(-5) M L-arginine and 10(-4) M SNP. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nNOS expression was not detectable in the duodenum or ileum of either the control or experimental groups. On the other hand, nNOS immunoreactivity in the jejunum control group showed a strong reaction on day 21, but the reaction was weak on day 42. nNOS expression clearly was suppressed on day 21 by the diet supplemented with L-NAME, while the diet supplemented with SNP stimulated nNOS expression on day 21. Contractility experiments revealed that spontaneous contractility of isolated strips of duodenum, jejunum and ileum showed no significant difference among groups. Spontaneous contractions of all strips were inhibited by L-arginine and SNP in all groups. The percentage inhibition rate of spontaneous contractions of jejunum application on days 21 and 42 after L-arginine decreased in the group supplemented with 100 mg/kg L-NAME. The percentage inhibition rate on day 21 after SNP application decreased in both groups that received 50 and 100 mg/kg L-NAME. We demonstrated the expression pattern of nNOS in nerve fibers in jejunum of broiler chickens. Contractility studies revealed that the NOS-NO pathway may play a role in smooth muscle contraction of small intestine of chickens. Feeding strategies that supplement NO donor and NO inhibitor can be of physiological importance to small intestine motility owing to alteration of nNOS expression in the jejunum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. abulbul@aku.edu.tr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bulbul
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bulbul
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevimli
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009599:Nitroprusside; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester