title: Is there an association between type 1 diabetes in children and gallbladder stones formation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of studies in adults have evaluated the prevalence of gallstones in the diabetic population and showed a significant association with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes. The pediatric literature is limited to a single small case series. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate for the presence of association between T1D in children and gallstones formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children diagnosed with T1D in a diabetic clinic have been examined for existence of gall bladder stone formation from November 2008 through November 2009. All have been subjected to the following: History, physical examination, blood tests (liver function tests, lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1C]), and an ultrasound (US) of the gall bladder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and five children with T1D have been enrolled consecutively over a 1-year period: age ranged between 8 months and 15.5 years, 62 patients were females. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.3 ± 2.9 years (range 0.85-11 years), mean duration of T1D was 2.2 ± 2.1 years (range 0.2-8 years), mean body mass index was 16.5 ± 3.4, mean HbA1c was 10.7 ± 2.4%, and 61.3% of patients had a HbA1c level >10%. The mean serum cholesterol was 4.16 ± 0.75 mmol/L (normal 3.65-5.15 mmol/L) and mean serum triglyceride 1.02 ± 1.3 mmol/L (normal 0-1.7 mmol/L). Two patients had hyperlipidemia. US of the gallbladder did not show any case of gallstones or sludge formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from our study do not show any association between T1D in children and gallstones formation, with diabetes duration of less than 8 years. The relatively short duration of diabetes and possibility that our study was underpowered might have been reasons for the absence of any association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Hussaini
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alenizi
authors.forename: Musa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: AlZahrani
authors.forename: Nimer M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Mannan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic
chemical_list: D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C500144:cormycin A