title: Prevalence and risk factors for penile lesions/anomalies in a cohort of Brazilian men ≥ 40 years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the prevalence and risk factors of penile lesions/anomalies in a Metropolitan Brazilian city.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants undergoing prostate cancer screening in the city of Curitiba were systematically examined to identify penile lesions including cutaneous mycosis, sexually transmitted diseases, penile cancer, meatal stenosis, hypospadias, and Peyronie's disease. Outcomes of interest included the prevalence and the relative risk and 95% confidence intervals of the lesions/anomalies according to age, school level, race, personal history of diabetes, arterial hypertension, nonspecific urethritis, and vasectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balanoposthitis occurred in 11.8% of all participants, with an increased risk in those with diabetes (RR = 1.73), or past history of nonspecific urethritis (RR = 1.58); tinea of the penis was present in 0.2% ; condyloma acuminata in 0.5% ; herpes virus infection in 0.4% ; urethral discharge in 0.2% ; genital vitiligo in 0.7%, with an increased prevalence in non-white men (RR = 4.43), and in subjects with lower school level (RR = 7.24); phimosis in 0.5%, with a nearly 7-fold increased risk in diabetics; lichen sclerosus in 0.3%; stenosis of the external urethral meatus in 0.7%, with a higher prevalence in subjects with lichen sclerosus (RR = 214.9), and in those older than 60 years of age (RR = 3.57); hypospadia in 0.6%; fibrosis suggestive of Peyronie's disease in 0.9%, especially in men older than 60 years (RR = 4.59) and with diabetes (RR = 3.91); and penile cancer in 0.06%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of commonly seen penile diseases in an adult cohort of Brazilian men.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Policlinica Cascavel, Cascavel. frederico.romero@gmail.com
authors.forename: Frederico R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Antonio W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Rui Manuel S de
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Fernando Cesar de
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Renato Tambara
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Filho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000293:injuries*; D012307:Risk Factors