title: A mathematical model for removal of human pathogenic viruses and bacteria by slow sand filtration under variable operational conditions.
abstract: Slow sand filtration (SSF) in drinking water production removes pathogenic microorganisms, but detection limits and variable operational conditions complicate assessment of removal efficiency. Therefore, a model was developed to predict removal of human pathogenic viruses and bacteria as a function of the operational conditions. Pilot plant experiments were conducted, in which bacteriophage MS2 and Escherichia coli WR1 were seeded as model microorganisms for pathogenic viruses and bacteria onto the filters under various temperatures, flow rates, grain sizes and ages of the Schmutzdecke. Removal of MS2 was 0.082-3.3 log10 and that of E. coli WR1 0.94-4.5 log10 by attachment to the sand grains and additionally by processes in the Schmutzdecke. The contribution of the Schmutzdecke to the removal of MS2 and E. coli WR1 increased with its ageing, with sticking efficiency and temperature, decreased with grain size, and was modelled as a logistic growth function with scale factor f0 and rate coefficient f1. Sticking efficiencies were found to be microorganism and filter specific, but the values of f0 and f1 were independent of microorganism and filter. Cross-validation showed that the model can be used to predict log removal of MS2 and ECWR1 within ±0.6 log. Within the range of operational conditions, the model shows that removal of microorganisms is most sensitive to changes in temperature and age of the Schmutzdecke.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Expert Centre for Methodology and Information Services, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Jack.schijven@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schijven
authors.forename: Harold H J L
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dullemont
authors.forename: Wim A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hijnen
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magic-Knezev
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Oorthuizen
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wubbels
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D012492:Salts; D012722:Sewage; D012822:Silicon Dioxide