title: Prostaglandin receptor EP3 mediates growth inhibitory effect of aspirin through androgen receptor and contributes to castration resistance in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Although numerous epidemiological studies show aspirin to reduce risk of prostate cancer, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Here, we first confirmed that aspirin downregulated androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer cells. We also found that aspirin upregulated prostaglandin receptor subtype EP3 but not EP2 or EP4. The EP3 antagonist L798106 and EP3 knockdown increased AR expression and cell proliferation, whereas the EP3 agonist sulprostone decreased them, indicating that EP3 affects AR expression. Additionally, EP3 (PTGER3) transcript levels were significantly decreased in human prostate cancer tissues compared with those in normal human prostate tissues, suggesting that EP3 is important to prostate carcinogenesis. Decreased EP3 expression was also seen in castration-resistant subtype CxR cells compared with parental LNCaP cells. Finally, we found that aspirin and EP3 modulators affected prostate cancer cell growth. Taken together, aspirin suppressed LNCaP cell proliferation via EP3 signaling activation; EP3 downregulation contributed to prostate carcinogenesis and to progression from androgen-dependent prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer by regulating AR expression. In conclusion, cyclooxygenases and EP3 may represent attractive therapeutic molecular targets in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokomizo
authors.forename: Momoe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itsumi
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiumi
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002369:Castration; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; C545647:PTGER3 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D058308:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D015232:Dinoprostone; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: EP3; androgen receptor; aspirin; castration-resistant prostate cancer; cyclooxygenase; prostate cancer