title: Vaccine and immunotherapeutic interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As we enter the fourth decade in HIV epidemic, advances in understanding HIV pathogenesis and development of potent and safer antiretroviral drugs have been spectacular. More than 30 antiviral drugs have been registered and the impact of combination antiviral therapy on morbidity and mortality has been dramatic. However, despite long-term virus suppression, HIV invariably rebounds after interruption of therapy. Long-term antiviral therapy does not cure HIV infection nor does it induce restoration/development of virus-specific immune responses capable of controlling HIV replication. Therefore, development of immune-based interventions is needed to restore effective defenses that can lead to HIV functional cure and ultimately eradication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Therapeutic vaccination and immune interventions that generate de-novo or that boost preexisting HIV-specific T-cell responses are being investigated as a potential means to achieve a 'functional HIV cure'. One major hurdle in the quest of an HIV cure is control and elimination of the HIV latent reservoir. Several immune interventions that target the latent reservoir have been tried in recent years. In parallel, several therapeutic vaccination strategies have been developed and tested in early clinical studies. Recent encouraging studies show for the first time that vaccination can have an impact on HIV load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review summarizes the main immune interventions evaluated over the last years. Ways to improve them, as well as challenges in monitoring/evaluating effects of such strategies, are being discussed. In addition, clinical efficacy and potential clinical benefits of immunotherapeutic interventions are particularly difficult to measure. This review highlights current assays used and their shortcoming.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology and Allergy and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. giuseppe.pantaleo@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pantaleo
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lévy
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines