title: Carriers in mesenchymal stem cell osteoblast mineralization--state-of-the-art.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue engineering is a new way to regenerate bone tissue, where osteogenic capable cells combine with an appropriate scaffolding material. Our aim was in a Medline Search to evaluate osteoblast mineralization in vitro and in vivo including gene expressing combining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and five different carriers, titanium, collagen, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer for purpose of a meta-or a descriptive analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search included the following MeSH words in different combinations-mesenchymal stem cells, alkaline phosphatase, bone regeneration, tissue engineering, drug carriers, tissue scaffolds, titanium, collagen, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates and polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two out of 80 articles included numerical values and as control, carriers and cells, on mineralization and gene expression. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) revealed elevated alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite a greater gene expression of osteocalcin when seeded with induced MSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No data are published on titanium used as a carrier in MSC osteoblast mineralization. A meta- as well as a descriptive analysis includes numerical values of test materials and of control reactions from carrier and cells, respectively. Only two articles fulfilled these requirements.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Odontology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niklas Rye
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Odontology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hørberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Odontology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: emp@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Else Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pinholt
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D014025:Titanium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Bone regeneration; Drug carriers; Mesenchymal stem cells; Tissue engineering; Tissue scaffolds