title: The Pillbox Test: an ecological measure of executive functioning and estimate of medication management abilities.
abstract: Studies indicate that executive functioning (EF) is a strong predictor of everyday function. However, assessment can be problematic as no single standardized instrument is known to measure all EF domains simultaneously. Thus, the Pillbox Test was developed as a new measure tapping four EF factors through the real-time assessment of medication management, a complex instrumental activity of daily living. The Pillbox Test showed good criterion-related validity and was effective in differentiating graduated levels of executive dysfunction between a mixed neurological group, medical control group, and healthy community control group. This test also showed good convergent validity as it correlated significantly in expected directions with established EF measures in all four of selected EF domains and the Direct Assessment of Functional Status. Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve found a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 87.5%, suggesting that the Pillbox Test is a promising new ecological measure of EF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA. andrea.zartman@va.gov
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zartman
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hilsabeck
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Guarnaccia
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houtz
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000150:complications; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications
keywords: Assessment; Executive functions; Test construction