title: Stigma, discrimination, or symptomatology differences in self-reported mental health between US-born and Somalia-born Black Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined differences in self-reported mental health (SRMH) between US-born and Somalia-born Black Americans compared with White Americans. We tested how SRMH was affected by stigma toward seeing a mental health provider, discrimination in the health care setting, or symptoms of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from a 2008 survey of adults in Minnesota and were limited to US-born and Somalia-born Black and White Americans (n = 938).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Somalia-born adults were more likely to report better SRMH than either US-born Black or White Americans. They also reported lower levels of discrimination (18.6%) than US-born Black Americans (33.4%), higher levels of stigma (23.6% vs 4.7%), and lower levels of depressive symptoms (9.1% vs 31.6%). Controlling for stigma, discrimination, and symptomatology, Somalia-born Black Americans reported better SRMH than White and Black Americans (odds ratio = 4.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental health programming and health care providers who focus on Black Americans' mental health might be missing important sources of heterogeneity. It is essential to consider the role of race and ethnicity, but also of nativity, in mental health policy and programming.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. 0329@umn.edu
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henning-Smith
authors.forename: Tetyana P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Shippee
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McAlpine
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardeman
authors.forename: Farhiya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D057545:Social Stigma; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult