title: Educational Achievement Gaps between Immigrant and Native Students in Two "New Immigration Countries": Italy and Spain in comparison.
abstract: We use PISA 2009 data to determine how immigrant children in Italy and Spain compare with native students in reading and mathematics skills. Drawing on the vast empirical literature in traditional immigration countries, we test the extent to which the most well-established patterns and hypotheses of immigrant/native educational achievement gaps also apply to these new immigration countries. Findings show that both first- and second-generation immigrant students underperform natives in both countries. Although socioeconomic background and language skills contribute to the explanation of achievement gaps, significant differences remain within countries. While modeling socioeconomic background reduces the observed gaps to a very similar extent in the two countries, language spoken at home is more strongly associated with achievement in Italy. School-type differentiation, such as tracking in Italy and school ownership in Spain, do not reduce immigrant/native gaps, although in Italy tracking is strongly associated with students' test scores.
authors.affiliation: Davide Azzolini is a doctoral student at the School of Social Sciences, University of Trento. His research focuses on inequality in educational opportunity and the educational achievement gaps between children of immigrants and natives.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Azzolini
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmer
keywords: Italy; PISA; Spain; educational achievement gap; generational status; immigrant children; new immigration countries