title: Factors affecting the viscosity of sodium hypochlorite and their effect on irrigant flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of concentration, temperature and surfactant addition to a sodium hypochlorite solution on its dynamic viscosity and to calculate the corresponding Reynolds number to determine the corresponding flow regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dynamic viscosity of the irrigant was assessed using a rotational viscometer. Sodium hypochlorite with concentrations ranging from 0.6% to 9.6% was tested at 37 and 22 °C. A wide range of concentrations of three different surfactants was mixed in 2.4% sodium hypochlorite for viscosity measurements. The Reynolds number was calculated under each condition. Data were analysed using two-way anova.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant influence of sodium hypochlorite concentration (P < 0.001) and temperature (P < 0.001) on dynamic viscosity: the latter significantly increased with sodium hypochlorite concentration and decreased with temperature. A significant influence of surfactant concentration on dynamic viscosity (P < 0.001) occurred, especially for high surfactant concentrations: 6.25% for benzalkonium chloride, 15% for Tween 80 and 6.25% for Triton X-100. Reynolds number values calculated for a given flow rate (0.14 mL s(-1)), and root canal diameter (sizes 45 and 70) clearly qualified the irrigant flow regimen as laminar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic viscosity increased with sodium hypochlorite and surfactant concentration but decreased with temperature. Under clinical conditions, all viscosities measured led to laminar flow. The transition between laminar and turbulent flow may be reached by modifying different parameters at the same time: increasing flow rate and temperature whilst decreasing irrigant viscosity by adding surfactants with a high value of critical micellar concentration.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire biologie santé et Nanosciences, UFR Odontologie de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bukiet
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guivarch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camps
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tassery
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuisinier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Candoni
mesh_terms: D006358:Hot Temperature; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Reynolds number; critical micellar concentration; dynamic viscosity; irrigation; laminar flow; sodium hypochlorite; surfactant; turbulent flow