title: Relationship between major depression and insulin resistance: does it vary by gender or race/ethnicity among young adults aged 20-39 years?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the relationship between major depression and insulin resistance by gender and race/ethnicity among young adults without diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 were performed (n = 2265). Major depression was measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Insulin resistance was measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for risk factors of insulin resistance were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant negative association between major depression and insulin resistance among men. For women, no significant association was found. There was no significant interaction between race/ethnicity and major depression on insulin resistance (Wald χ(2) = 4.2927, P = 0.2315). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly associated with insulin resistance among both men (odds ratio [OR] 1.255, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.195-1.318 for BMI; OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.076-1.115 for WC) and women (OR 1.220, 95% CI 1.182-1.260 for BMI; OR 1.084, 95% CI 1.064-1.105 for WC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are gender differences in the relationship between major depression and insulin resistance among adults aged 20-39 years. No evidence was found to support the role of race/ethnicity in this relationship. Health care professionals should be aware of risk factors for insulin resistance and develop interventions to help prevent the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Qiuhua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergquist-Beringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gender; insulin resistance; major depression; race/ethnicity; type 2 diabetes mellitus; 性别，胰岛素抵抗，严重抑郁症，种族/族裔，2型糖尿病