title: Inflammatory markers and their association with post stroke cognitive decline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Population-based studies have demonstrated the association of inflammation and cognitive impairment. However, few studies to date have examined this association in ischemic stroke patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to determine the association between inflammatory markers and cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemic stroke patients with baseline neuropsychological assessments at three-months poststroke were followed up with annual neuropsychological assessments for up to five-years. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 12, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were assayed, and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations between inflammatory markers and both baseline cognitive status and subsequent cognitive decline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 243 ischemic stroke patients in the study. In multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis, age, education, ethnicity, stroke subtype, and interleukin 8 (OR 1.23 CI 1.05-1.44) levels were independently associated with baseline cognitive status. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, age, gender, recurrent strokes, and interleukin 12 (OR 25.02 CI 3.73 to 168.03) were independent predictors of subsequent cognitive decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following ischemic stroke, higher serum interleukin 8 is independently associated with baseline cognitive impairment while higher serum interleukin 12 is associated with subsequent cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kaavya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narasimhalu
authors.affiliation: Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jasinda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yi Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: Deidre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Singapore.
authors.forename: Meng Cheong
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hui Meng
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018664:Interleukin-12
keywords: C-reactive protein; interleukin; tumor necrosis factor