title: Cost effectiveness analysis of elementary school-located vaccination against influenza--results from a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: School-located vaccination against influenza (SLV-I) has been suggested to help meet the need for annual vaccination of large numbers of school-aged children with seasonal influenza vaccine. However, little is known about the cost and cost-effectiveness of SLV-I. We conducted a cost-analysis and a cost-effectiveness analysis based on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an SLV-I program implemented in Monroe County, New York during the 2009-2010 vaccination season. We hypothesized that SLV-I is more cost effective, or less-costly, compared to a conventional, office-located influenza vaccination delivery. First and second SLV-I clinics were offered in 21 intervention elementary schools (n=9027 children) with standard of care (no SLV-I) in 11 control schools (n=4534 children). The direct costs, to purchase and administer vaccines, were estimated from our RCT. The effectiveness measure, receipt of ≥1 dose of influenza vaccine, was 13.2 percentage points higher in SLV-I schools than control schools. The school costs ($9.16/dose in 2009 dollars) plus project costs ($23.00/dose) plus vendor costs excluding vaccine purchase ($19.89/dose) was higher in direct costs ($52.05/dose) than the previously reported mean/median cost [$38.23/$21.44 per dose] for providing influenza vaccination in pediatric practices. However SLV-I averted parent costs to visit medical practices ($35.08 per vaccine). Combining direct and averted costs through Monte Carlo Simulation, SLV-I costs were $19.26/dose in net costs, which is below practice-based influenza vaccination costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated to be $92.50 or $38.59 (also including averted parent costs). When additionally accounting for the costs averted by disease prevention (i.e., both reduced disease transmission to household members and reduced loss of productivity from caring for a sick child), the SLV-I model appears to be cost-saving to society, compared to "no vaccination". Our findings support the expanded implementation of SLV-I, but also the need to focus on efficient delivery to reduce direct costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA. byoo@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Byung-Kwang
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Sharon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Humiston
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Szilagyi
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolasa
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009518:New York; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics; D012574:Schools; D012621:Seasons; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines