title: The value of finding a closed internal ring on laparoscopy in unilateral nonpalpable testis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an ongoing debate about whether initial laparoscopy is as efficient as initial extra-abdominal exploration for unilateral nonpalpable testis. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the finding of a closed internal ring on laparoscopy accurately predicts extra-abdominal findings in unilateral nonpalpable testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both laparoscopy and subsequent extra-abdominal exploration were prospectively performed in consecutive patients with unilateral nonpalpable testis. Laparoscopic findings were reviewed with respect to the status of the vas deferens, spermatic vessels, and the appearance of the internal ring. Except for patients with an abdominal testis, all patients underwent subsequent open exploration regardless of the laparoscopic findings. Open explorations were primarily performed by scrotal incision. During open exploration, any testicular remnants were removed and evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 patients with unilateral nonpalpable testis were evaluated, of whom 15 had an abdominal testis. Of the 85 patients without an abdominal testis, an open internal ring was recognized in only 8. Of the remaining 77 with a closed internal ring, subsequent open exploration revealed testicular nubbins in all patients (100%), regardless of the laparoscopic findings of the vessels and vas. Nine nubbins were associated with intra-abdominal vanishing vessels above the closed internal ring. All nubbins were confirmed by histological findings, and the incidence of viable germ cell elements was 7.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When laparoscopy demonstrates no abdominal testis in patients with unilateral nonpalpable testis, the finding of a closed internal ring on laparoscopy is always associated with the presence of an extra-abdominal nubbin, regardless of the status of the vessels and the vas at the internal ring. Subsequent extra-abdominal exploration can be obviated in this circumstance if nubbin excisions are skipped. Initial diagnostic laparoscopy for unilateral nonpalpable testis provides not only the intra-abdominal findings, but also exact prediction of the extra-abdominal findings in patients with a closed internal ring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobufumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiroyanagi
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Woo Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Yukichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies