title: Maternal magnesium supplementation reduces intrauterine growth restriction and suppresses inflammation in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with increased inflammatory responses. We sought to investigate whether magnesium (Mg) attenuates inflammation and IUGR in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant Wistar rats (12 weeks, gestational day 18) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: normal diet with bilateral uterine artery ligation (BL) (n = 6) or sham surgery (SH) (n = 5); and Mg chloride (MgCl2) 1% (wt/vol) in the drinking water throughout gestation + BL (MgBL) (n = 6) or SH (MgSH) (n = 5). Dams were euthanized 24 hours postsurgery (gestational day 19). Maternal plasma, fetal plasma (pooled), individual amniotic fluid (AF) samples, and placentas (PL) were collected and assessed from live fetal pups only (BL, n = 36; SH, n = 20; MgBL, n = 20; MgSH, n = 20). All samples were analyzed for cytokines/chemokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1 [CXCL1], chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 2 [CCL2], and tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α] sensitivity <3 pg/mL) using a multiplex platform. Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney, analysis of variance, and Fisher exact tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of IUGR (pup weight <10th percentile of SH) in the MgBL group was significantly lower (31%) than the BL group (86.3%) (relative risk, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.6; P < .0001). BL significantly increased AF levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α (P < .05), and CCL2 (P < .001) vs SH and PL levels of IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2 and CXCL1 (P < .001), and TNF-α (P < .05) vs SH. Maternal MgCl2 supplementation significantly decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 levels in AF and IL-1β in PL tissues of MgBL vs BL rats (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal oral MgCl2 supplementation reduced BL-induced IUGR by 64% and suppressed cytokine/chemokine levels in the AF and PL.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Burton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rochelson
authors.forename: Madhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Malvika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.forename: Xiangying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Prodyot K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Christine N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D060766:Drinking Water; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D060766:Drinking Water; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020011:Protective Agents; D015636:Magnesium Chloride