title: The Lebanese Cigarette Dependence (LCD) Score: a comprehensive tool for cigarette dependence assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking induces dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this work was to validate the use of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) in the Lebanese population, and to broaden it eventually by adding new items covering DSM-IV and ICD-10 dependence components.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from two samples: a cross-sectional national study and a case-control study. A standardized questionnaire was administered, with items related to cigarette dependence: the FTND and the new Lebanon Cigarette Dependence (LCD) scale. For both tools, an exploratory factor analysis was performed on sample 1, while confirmatory factor analysis was performed on sample 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the FTND test showed satisfactory psychometric properties, the LCD showed better validity and reliability, covered dependence concept better, and showed a higher correlation with the number of times the participant tried to stop smoking (r = -0.087; p = 0.029 versus r = -0.215; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FTND could be used in the Lebanese population; however, the LCD scale may be more useful.
authors.affiliation: Faculties of Pharmacy and of Public Health, Lebanese University, Jdeidet El Meten, Chalet Suisse street, Ramza Azzam bldg, 5th floor, Beirut, Lebanon, pascalesalameh1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khayat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waked
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology