title: Race and gender variation in response to evoked inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Race- and gender-variation in innate immunity may contribute to demographic differences in inflammatory and cardiometabolic disease; yet their influence on dynamic responses during inflammatory stress is poorly understood. Our objective was to examine race and gender influence on the response to experimental endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Genetics of Evoked Responses to Niacin and Endotoxemia (GENE) study was designed to investigate regulation of inflammatory and metabolic responses during low-grade endotoxemia (LPS 1 ng/kg intravenously) in healthy individuals (median age 24, IQR=7) of European (EA; n=193, 47% female) and African ancestry (AA; n=101, 59% female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline clinical, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers by race and gender were consistent with epidemiological literature; pre-LPS cytokines (e.g. median (IQR) IL-6, 2.7 (2) vs.2.1 (2) pg/ml, P=0.001) were higher in AA than EA. In contrast, acute cytokine responses during endotoxemia were lower in AA than EA (e.g. median (IQR) peak IL-1RA, 30 (38) vs.43 (45) ng/ml P=0.002) as was the induction of hepatic acute-phase proteins (e.g. median (IQR) peak CRP 12.9 (9) vs.17.4 (12) mg/L P=0.005). Further, baseline levels of cytokines were only weakly correlated with peak inflammatory responses (all r(s) <0.2) both in AA and in EA. There were less pronounced and less consistent differences in the response by gender, with males having a higher AUC for CRP response compared to females (median (IQR) AUC: 185 (112) vs. 155 (118), P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed lower levels of evoked inflammation in response to endotoxin in AA compared with EA, despite similar or higher baseline levels of inflammatory markers in AA. Our data also suggest that levels of inflammatory biomarkers measured in epidemiological settings might not predict the degree of acute stress-response or risk of diseases characterized by activation of innate immunity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  FDA clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT00953667.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-136 Smilow Center for Translational Research, Building 421, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jfer@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Parth N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Rhia Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Claire K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mulvey
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gadi
authors.forename: Prabhjot S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Nijjar
authors.forename: Haris M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Usman
authors.forename: Nehal N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Rachana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Master
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Propert
authors.forename: Muredach P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000276:immunology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009525:Niacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009525:Niacin