title: Work relations for time-dependent states.
abstract: For time-dependent states generated by an external operation, a generalized free energy may be introduced by the relative entropy with respect to an equilibrium state realized after sufficient relaxation from the time-dependent states. Recently, by studying overdamped systems, Sivak and Crooks presented a formula that relates the generalized free energy with measurable thermodynamic works. We rederive this relation with emphasizing a connection to an extended Clausius relation proposed in the framework of steady state thermodynamics. As a natural consequence, we generalize this relation to be valid for systems with momentum degrees of freedom, where the Shannon entropy in the generalized free energy is replaced by a symmetric one.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasa
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004735:Energy Transfer; D019277:Entropy; D015233:Models, Statistical