title: A comparison of robotic, laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comparison of treatments for partial nephrectomy is limited by case selection. We compared robotic (RPN), laparoscopic (LPN), and open partial nephrectomy (OPN), controlling for tumor size, patient age, sex, and nephrometry score.
  
  
  METHODS
  RPN, LPN, and OPN procedures between March 2003 and March 2010 were reviewed. All RPN and LPN were included, and 2 OPN were matched for each RPN in tumor size (±0.5cm), patient age (±10 y), sex, and nephrometry score. Perioperative outcomes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six partial nephrectomy procedures were reviewed: 27 RPN, 15 LPN, and 54 OPN. RPN, LPN, and OPN had similar median tumor size (2.4, 2.2, and 2.3cm, respectively), nephrometry score (6.0 each), and preoperative glomerular filtration rate (71.5, 84.6, and 77.0 mL/min/1.73m(2), respectively). Blood loss was higher for OPN (250 mL) than for RPN or LPN (100 mL), P < 0.001. Operative time was shorter in OPN (147 min) than in RPN (190 min) or LPN (195 min), P < .001. Median warm ischemia time was shorter for OPN (12.0 min) than for RPN (25.0 min) or LPN (29.5 min), P Kt; .05. Cold ischemia time for OPN was 25.0 min. A 10% glomerular filtration rate decline occurred in 10 RPN, 5 LPN, and 29 OPN cases (P < .252). Median hospital stay for LPN and RPN was 2.0 d versus 3.0 d for OPN (P < .001). Urine leak occurred in 1 RPN and 3 OPN cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 4 RPN (3 were Clavien grade 2 or less), 1 LPN (grade 1), and 7 OPN (6 were grade 2 or less) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal function preservation and complications are similar for each treatment modality. OPN offers faster operative and ischemia times at the expense of greater blood loss and hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, IN University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mellon
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erntsberger
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome