title: Association between depression and functional vision loss in persons 20 years of age or older in the United States, NHANES 2005-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study provides further evidence from a national sample to generalize the relationship between depression and vision loss to adults across the age spectrum. Better recognition of depression among people reporting reduced ability to perform routine activities of daily living due to vision loss is warranted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate, in a national survey of US adults 20 years of age or older, the prevalence of depression among adults reporting visual function loss and among those with visual acuity impairment. The relationship between depression and vision loss has not been reported in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Previous studies have been limited to specific cohorts and predominantly focused on the older population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults, with prevalence estimates weighted to represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 480 US adults 20 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression, as measured by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, and vision loss, as measured by visual function using a questionnaire and by visual acuity at examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2005-2008, the estimated crude prevalence of depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score of ≥10) was 11.3% (95% CI, 9.7%-13.2%) among adults with self-reported visual function loss and 4.8% (95% CI, 4.0%-5.7%) among adults without. The estimated prevalence of depression was 10.7% (95% CI, 8.0%-14.3%) among adults with presenting visual acuity impairment (visual acuity worse than 20/40 in the better-seeing eye) compared with 6.8% (95% CI, 5.8%-7.8%) among adults with normal visual acuity. After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, living alone or not, education, income, employment status, health insurance, body mass index, smoking, binge drinking, general health status, eyesight worry, and major chronic conditions, self-reported visual function loss remained significantly associated with depression (overall odds ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6-2.3]), whereas the association between presenting visual acuity impairment and depression was no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported visual function loss, rather than loss of visual acuity, is significantly associated with depression. Health professionals should be aware of the risk of depression among persons reporting visual function loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Data Management and Scientific Reporting, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. xinzhi.zhang@nih.gov
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kai McKeever
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bullard
authors.forename: Mary Frances
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cotch
authors.forename: M Roy
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Barry W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Rovner
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owsley
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: Jinan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Saaddine
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult