title: Socioeconomic status is significantly associated with dietary salt intakes and blood pressure in Japanese workers (J-HOPE Study).
abstract: The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with nutrients intakes attracts public attention worldwide. In the current study, we examined the associations of SES with dietary salt intake and health outcomes in general Japanese workers (2,266) who participated in this Japanese occupational cohort. SES was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intakes were assessed with a validated, brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Multiple linear regression and stratified analysis were used to evaluate the associations of salt intake with the confounding factors. Education levels and household incomes were significantly associated with salt intake, as well as blood pressures (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex and total energy intake, both years of education and household income significantly affect the salt intake (for education, β = -0.031, P = 0.040; for household income, β = -0.046, P = 0.003). SES factors also affect the risk of hypertension, those subjects with higher levels of education or income had lower risk to become hypertensive (ORs for education was 0.904, P < 0.001; ORs for income was 0.956, P = 0.032). Our results show that SES is an independent determinant of salt intake and blood pressure, in order to lower the risk of hypertension, the efforts to narrow the social status gaps should be considered by the health policy-makers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research and Informatics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. miyaki-keio@umin.net
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyaki
authors.forename: Yixuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taneichi
authors.forename: Akizumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Akiomi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurioka
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimbo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007182:Income; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary