title: Streptomyces spp. as efficient expression system for a D,D-peptidase/D,D-carboxypeptidase involved in glycopeptide antibiotic resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  VanYn, encoded by the dbv7 gene (also known as vanYn) of the biosynthetic cluster devoted to A40926 production, is a novel protein involved in the mechanism of self-resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. This filamentous actinomycete is an uncommon microorganism, difficult-to-handle but biotechnologically valuable since it produces the glycopeptide antibiotic A40926, which is the precursor of the second-generation dalbavancin in phase III of clinical development. In order to investigate VanYn role in glycopeptide resistance in the producer actinomycete an appropriate host-vector expression system is required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cloning strategy of vanYn gene (G-C ratio 73.3%) in the expression vector pIJ86 yielded a recombinant protein with a tag encoding for a histidine hexamer added at the C-terminus (C-His6-vanYn) or at the N-terminus (N-His6-vanYn). These plasmids were used to transform three Streptomyces spp., which are genetically-treatable high G-C content Gram-positive bacteria taxonomically related to the homologous producer Nonomuraea sp.. Highest yield of protein expression and purification (12 mg of protein per liter of culture at 3 L bioreactor-scale) was achieved in Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10595, that is a fast growing streptomyces susceptible to glycopeptides. VanYn is a transmembrane protein which was easily detached and recovered from the cell wall fraction. Purified C-His6-VanYn showed d,d-carboxypeptidase and d,d-dipeptidase activities on synthetic analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) precursors. C-His6-VanYn over-expression conferred glycopeptide resistance to S. venezuelae. On the contrary, the addition of His6-tag at the N-terminus of the protein abolished its biological activity either in vitro or in vivo assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterologous expression of vanYn from Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 in S. venezuelae was successfully achieved and conferred the host an increased level of glycopeptide resistance. Cellular localization of recombinant VanYn together with its enzymatic activity as a d,d-peptidase/d,d-carboxypeptidase agree with its role in removing the last d-Ala from the pentapeptide PG precursors and reprogramming cell wall biosynthesis, as previously reported in glycopeptide resistant pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J, H, Dunant 3, Varese, Italy. elisa.binda@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Binda
authors.forename: Giorgia Letizia
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Marcone
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berini
authors.forename: Loredano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pollegioni
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marinelli
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000201:enzymology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D002268:Carboxypeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006020:Glycopeptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002268:Carboxypeptidases