title: Impact of late post-traumatic seizures on physical health and functioning for individuals with brain injury within the community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better characterize, describe and highlight issues that individuals with TBI and active LPTS may face in their daily lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective multi-centre mixed method qualitative and quantitative interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five individuals, 5-13 years post-injury, who had reported having LPTS and TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disability Rating Scale (DRS); Supervision Rating Scale (SRS); Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E); Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique-Short Form (CHART-SF) sub-scales: Physical Independence, Cognitive Independence, Mobility, Occupation, Social Integration; and Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF); and qualitative interview questions pertaining to management of the seizure disorder and its effect on the individual's health, function, community integration and participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data are presented regarding seizure activity and management; return to driving post-seizure; coping and participation; and standardized outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with TBI and LPTS are at a double-barrelled disadvantage regarding ongoing physical, cognitive, psychosocial and reintegration issues following brain injury and epilepsy. Clearer clinical guidelines and treatment strategies need to be developed to help ameliorate these ongoing issues. Additional research is needed to identify what the rehabilitation community can do to continue to facilitate people living safely and independently.
authors.affiliation: Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 751 S Bascom Ave, San Jose, CA 95128, USA. stephanie.hayner@hhs.sccgov.org
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kolakowsky-Hayner
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: Thao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ladley-O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D062309:Community Integration / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States