title: Correlation between occlusal abnormalities and parameters investigated by three-dimensional facial photography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify, by three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, if 4- to 6-year-old children with intraoral sagittal discrepancies and open-bite occlusion show differences in facial morphology when compared to children without anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scans of 290 children presenting with occlusal abnormalities were compared to 1772 face scans of age-matched individuals photographed with a faceSCAN II® 3D data acquisition system. From these, three study groups were formed comprising 188 children with distal occlusion/increased overjet (Class II), 37 with mesial occlusion/inverse overjet (Class III), and 65 with open-bite occlusion. These groups were evaluated by age and gender for each group compared to the control individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Class II group showed statistically significant reduced dimensions of head width, upper face width, and midface length. In addition, the mean values for mouth width and lip thickness were higher, and their upper lips were located more anteriorly than in the control group. The Class III group exhibited more markedly retruded upper lips. The facial profile of female 5-year-old Class III patients was significantly more concave. Patients in the open-bite group showed reduced upper lip length, with differences only being statistically significant in male 4-year-olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental Class II with increased overjet and dental Class III with decreased overjet influence soft tissue morphology and are represented on 3D facial scans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godt
authors.forename: Till Edward
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Bechtold
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaupp
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeyher
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koos
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berneburg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000503:physiopathology*; D024343:Open Bite / Q000503:physiopathology*; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric