title: Participation in organized sports is positively associated with employment in adults with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the association between participation in organized sports programs and employment in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of 149 adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Motor level and completeness of injury were confirmed by physical examination. Information related to demographics, employment, level of education, body mass index, duration of injury, participation in individually planned exercise, and participation in organized sports was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with employment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analyses, employment was associated with younger age (P = 0.001) and a higher level of education (P = 0.01), whereas obesity decreased the likelihood of employment (P = 0.04). Participation in organized sports approached significance (P = 0.06). In the multivariable analysis and after adjusting for age, education, and body mass index, participation in organized sports was significantly associated with employment (odds ratio, 2.4; P = 0.04). Sex, duration of injury, wheelchair use, and participation in individually planned exercise were not significantly associated with employment (P = 0.16-0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the adults with chronic spinal cord injury, participation in organized sports was positively associated with employment. Further studies are necessary to determine the causative nature of this association and how various factors related to sports participation may contribute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Cheri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blauwet
authors.forename: Supreetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garshick
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.forename: Leslie R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult