title: Day/night whole sky imagers for 24-h cloud and sky assessment: history and overview.
abstract: A family of fully automated digital whole sky imagers (WSIs) has been developed at the Marine Physical Laboratory over many years, for a variety of research and military applications. The most advanced of these, the day/night whole sky imagers (D/N WSIs), acquire digital imagery of the full sky down to the horizon under all conditions from full sunlight to starlight. Cloud algorithms process the imagery to automatically detect the locations of cloud for both day and night. The instruments can provide absolute radiance distribution over the full radiance range from starlight through daylight. The WSIs were fielded in 1984, followed by the D/N WSIs in 1992. These many years of experience and development have resulted in very capable instruments and algorithms that remain unique. This article discusses the history of the development of the D/N WSIs, system design, algorithms, and data products. The paper cites many reports with more detailed technical documentation. Further details of calibration, day and night algorithms, and cloud free line-of-sight results will be discussed in future articles.
authors.affiliation: Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0701, USA. jshields@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Monette E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Karr
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Art R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Burden