title: Diclofenac-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: Due to its analgesic properties, diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While residue from this pharmaceutical agent has been found in diverse water bodies in various countries, there is not enough information of its potential toxicity on aquatic organisms, particularly in species which are economically valuable due to their high consumption by humans, such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio. This study aimed to evaluate potential DCF-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of C. carpio. The median lethal concentration of DCF at 96h (96-h LC50) was determined and used to establish the concentration equivalent to the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). Carp specimens were exposed to this concentration for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h) and the following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Also, the DCF and 4-hydroxy DCF was determined by LC-MS/MS. Results show a statistically significant LPX increase (P<0.05) in liver and gill mainly as well as significant changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes evaluated in these organs, with respect to controls (P<0.05). The DCF concentrations decreased in water system and increased in the carp. The DCF biotransformation to 4-hydroxy DCF was observed to 12h. The pharmaceutical agent DCF is concluded to induce oxidative stress on the common carp C. carpio, with the highest incidence of oxidative damage occurring in liver and gill. Furthermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colín-Cruz
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neri-Cruz
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase