title: Auditory-motor adaptation to frequency-altered auditory feedback occurs when participants ignore feedback.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Auditory feedback is important for accurate control of voice fundamental frequency (F(0)). The purpose of this study was to address whether task instructions could influence the compensatory responding and sensorimotor adaptation that has been previously found when participants are presented with a series of frequency-altered feedback (FAF) trials. Trained singers and musically untrained participants (nonsingers) were informed that their auditory feedback would be manipulated in pitch while they sang the target vowel [/α /]. Participants were instructed to either 'compensate' for, or 'ignore' the changes in auditory feedback. Whole utterance auditory feedback manipulations were either gradually presented ('ramp') in -2 cent increments down to -100 cents (1 semitone) or were suddenly ('constant') shifted down by 1 semitone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that singers and nonsingers could not suppress their compensatory responses to FAF, nor could they reduce the sensorimotor adaptation observed during both the ramp and constant FAF trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to previous research, these data suggest that musical training is effective in suppressing compensatory responses only when FAF occurs after vocal onset (500-2500 ms). Moreover, our data suggest that compensation and adaptation are automatic and are influenced little by conscious control.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department & Laurier Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Dwayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawco
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000162:Acoustics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult