title: Retained surgical sponges, needles and instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retained sponges and instruments (RSI) due to surgery are a recognised medical 'never event' and have catastrophic implications for patients, healthcare professionals and medical care providers. The aim of this review was to elucidate the extent of the problem of RSI and to identify preventative strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was performed on MEDLINE(®), Embase™, the Science Citation Index and Google™ Scholar for articles published in English between January 2000 and June 2012. Studies outlining the incidence, risk, management and attempts to prevent RSI following surgical intervention were retrieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of RSI is low although its incidence is substantially higher in operations performed on open cavities. Sponges are the most commonly retained item when compared with needles and instruments. Clinical presentation is varied, leading to avoidable morbidity, and the error is indefensible medicolegally. Risk factors include emergency operations, operations involving unexpected change in procedure, raised body mass index, and a failure to perform accurate sponge and instrument counts. The existing strategy for prevention is manual counting of sponges and instruments undertaken by surgical personnel. This, however, is fallible. Computer assisted counting of sponges using barcodes and gauze sponges tagged with a radiofrequency identification device aiding manual counting have been trialled recently, with success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vigilance among operating theatre personnel is paramount if RSI is to be prevented. Prospective multicentre trials to assess efficacy of new technologies aiding manual counting should be undertaken if this medical error is to be eliminated completely.
authors.affiliation: Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009339:Needles; D012307:Risk Factors; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D015503:Surgical Sponges