title: Advantages and limitations of commercially available electrocuting grids for studying mosquito behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquito feeding behaviour plays a major role in determining malaria transmission intensity and the impact of specific prevention measures. Human Landing Catch (HLC) is currently the only method that can directly and consistently measure the biting rates of anthropophagic mosquitoes, both indoors and outdoors. However, this method exposes the participant to mosquito-borne pathogens, therefore new exposure-free methods are needed to replace it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially available electrocuting grids (EGs) were evaluated as an alternative to HLC using a Latin Square experimental design in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Both HLC and EGs were used to estimate the proportion of human exposure to mosquitoes occurring indoors (πi), as well as its two underlying parameters: the proportion of mosquitoes caught indoors (Pi) and the proportion of mosquitoes caught between the first and last hour when most people are indoors (Pfl).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HLC and EGs methods accounted for 69% and 31% of the total number of female mosquitoes caught respectively and both methods caught more mosquitoes outdoors than indoors. Results from the gold standard HLC suggest that An. gambiae s.s. in Dar es Salaam is neither exophagic nor endophagic (Pi ≈ 0.5), whereas An. arabiensis is exophagic (Pi < < 0.5). Both species prefer to feed after 10 pm when most people are indoors (Pfl > >0.5). EGs yielded estimates of Pi for An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An. coustani, that were approximately equivalent to those with HLC but significantly underestimated Pfl for An. gambiae s.s. and An. coustani. The relative sampling sensitivity of EGs declined over the course of the night (p ≤ 0.001) for all mosquito taxa except An. arabiensis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commercial EGs sample human-seeking mosquitoes with high sensitivity both indoors and outdoors and accurately measure the propensity of Anopheles malaria vectors to bite indoors rather than outdoors. However, further modifications are needed to stabilize sampling sensitivity over a full nocturnal cycle so that they can be used to survey patterns of human exposure to mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, P, O, Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. smajambere@ihi.or.tz
authors.forename: Silas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majambere
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Massue
authors.forename: Yeromin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mlacha
authors.forename: Nicodem J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Govella
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Magesa
authors.forename: Gerry F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Killeen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology; D003465:Culex / Q000502:physiology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004560:Electricity; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013636:Tanzania