title: Lifetime risk for heart failure among white and black Americans: cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to estimate lifetime risk for heart failure (HF) by sex and race.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior estimates of lifetime risk for developing HF range from 20% to 33% in predominantly white cohorts. Short-term risks for HF appear higher for blacks than whites, but only limited comparisons of lifetime risk for HF have been made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using public-release and internal datasets from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored cohorts, we estimated lifetime risks for developing HF to age 95 years, with death free of HF as the competing event, among participants in the CHA (Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry), ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), and CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study) cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 39,578 participants (33,652 [85%] white; 5,926 [15%] black) followed for 716,976 person-years; 5,983 participants developed HF. At age 45 years, lifetime risks for HF through age 95 years in CHA and CHS were 30% to 42% in white men, 20% to 29% in black men, 32% to 39% in white women, and 24% to 46% in black women. Results for ARIC demonstrated similar lifetime risks for HF in blacks and whites through age 75 years (limit of follow-up). Lifetime risk for HF was higher with higher blood pressure and body mass index at all ages in both blacks and whites, and did not diminish substantially with advancing index age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are among the first data to compare lifetime risks for HF between blacks and whites. Lifetime risks for HF are high and appear similar for black and white women, yet are somewhat lower for black compared with white men due to competing risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. m-huffman@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: Jarett D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Garside
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult