title: Lifestyle interventions for secondary disease prevention in stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary prevention in ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is dominated by pharmacological interventions with evidence for non-pharmacological interventions being less robust. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the impact of lifestyle interventions on secondary prevention in stroke or TIA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of intervention packages incorporating any key component of health education/promotion/counselling on lifestyle and/or aerobic exercise compared to usual care ± a sham intervention in participants with ischaemic stroke or TIA were included. Outcomes of interest were mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) event rates, cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, lipid profiles and physical activity participation. Methodological quality was assessed. Statistical analyses determining treatment effect were conducted using Cochrane Review Manager Software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen RCTs were included. Data pooled from eight studies with a total of 2478 patients, demonstrated no effect in favour of lifestyle interventions compared to routine or sham interventions on mortality (risk ratio (RR) = 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.85-1.52), I(2) = 0%). Data relating to CVD events were pooled from four studies (1013 patients), demonstrated non-significant findings (RR = 1.16 (95% CI, 0.80--1.71), I(2) = 0%). Similar results were reported for total cholesterol. Physical activity participation demonstrated significant improvement [SMD 0.24 (95% CI, 0.08-0.41), l (2) = 47%]. Blood pressure reductions were noted but were non-significant when corrected for multimodal packages including enhanced pharmacotherapy compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently insufficient high quality research to support lifestyle interventions post-stroke or TIA on mortality, CVD event rates and cardio-metabolic risk factor profiles. Promising blood pressure reductions were noted in multimodal interventions which addressed lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland olive.lennon@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: Olive
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Republic of Ireland HRB Centre for Primary Care Research, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.affiliation: The Library, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doody
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blake
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008019:Life Style; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Stroke; secondary prevention; transient ischaemic attack