title: [Health risk assessment of exposure to metals in the workers of the steel foundry and in the general population of Taranto (Italy)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the urinary excretion of As, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Ba, Hg, Pb, Sb in workers at the Taranto integrated-cycle steel foundry and in subjects from the general population of Taranto, to assess the health risk posed by occupational exposure and environmental exposure, respectively, to these metals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 49 steel foundry workers (exposed), working in the minerals and agglomerates pools, steel processing plants 1 and 2 and maritime plants, and 50 subjects belonging to the general population of Taranto resident at various distances from the factory (controls), randomly selected from the exposed subjects and controls enrolled in previous research conducted in 2005. A questionnaire was administered to all participants, enquiring into general characteristics, lifestyle, diet, and any medical conditions. Informed written consent to take part in the study was obtained from all subjects before enrolment. The results of environmental monitoring performed in 2005 in the workers' sectors, consisting of determining As, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the respirable dust, revealed by both samplers applied in fixed positions and personal samplers, were considered. Urine samples were obtained from all participants on a Friday, to determine As and Cr by AAS and all the other metal elements by a multielement technique with ICP-MS. Urinary creatinine was also determined to make any necessary adjustments. All urine analyses were performed in 2005 within one month of urine collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the respirable dust, As and Cd were always within the LOD, whereas Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Pb were 1-2 orders of magnitude below the respective TLV-TWA of the ACGIH. Mn was the only metal element that presented significantly higher urinary concentrations in exposed subjects as compared to controls, although the values in both groups were in any case within the Italian reference range. Co, Cu, Zn, Sn and Sb showed significantly higher urinary concentrations in controls than in the exposed subjects, while there were no differences in As, Cr, Cd, Ba, Hg and Pb between the two groups. Ni was within the LOD in the 60% of the subjects in the two groups. Multiple stepwise regression showed a dependence of Cr on age, of As on the number of days since the last meal of mollusks and crustaceans, of Zn on the consumption of mollusks, and of Cd and Pb on smoking expressed as the number of pack/year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research did not reveal higher urinary excretion of the metal elements in the steelworkers than in the subjects from the general population of Taranto resident at different distances from the factory, except for Mn, that was anyway within the reference range. This allows us to consider that there is no relevant health risk posed by occupational exposure to metal elements in the steelworkers, nor by environmental exposure to the same elements in the residents of the city of Taranto. In particular, no pollution of the living environment by metal elements of industrial origin was demonstrated, whereas other non occupational factors seem to condition the intake of these metal elements.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro E.C. Vigliani, Università di Bari A. Moro, Bari.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soleo
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lovreglio
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panuzzo
authors.forename: Maria Nicolà
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: D'Errico
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.forename: Maria Enrica
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gilberti
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apostoli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001151:Arsenic / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002857:Chromium / Q000652:urine; D003300:Copper / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007854:Lead / Q000652:urine; D008345:Manganese / Q000652:urine; D008669:Metallurgy; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013232:Steel; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000652:urine; D014896:Welding; D015032:Zinc / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D013232:Steel; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D003404:Creatinine; D015032:Zinc; D001151:Arsenic