title: Kinematics of the hip and body center of mass in front crawl.
abstract: The kinematic profiles of the hip and center of mass in front crawl swimming were compared to quantify the error of using a fixed body point to assess intracyclic velocity variations at moderate intensity exercise. The practical goal was to provide a useful tool, easy and fast to assess, and to use as feedback, for assessing swimming efficiency. Sixteen swimmers performed an intermittent incremental protocol that allowed assessing the individual anaerobic threshold velocity. One complete stroke cycle was analysed at the step intensity corresponding to each swimmer's anaerobic threshold. The subjects were videotaped in the sagittal plane using a double camera set-up for two-dimensional kinematical analyses. The hip and the center of mass presented similar mean velocity and displacement values, being highly related to both parameters. However, the hip reflects the center of mass forward velocity and horizontal displacement with 7.54% and 3.24% associated error, respectively. Differences between hip and center of mass were observed for intracyclic velocity variations (0.19±0.05 and 0.25±0.08, respectively, for a p<0.001), and the negative mean error value found (-0.06) evidenced a tendency of the hip to overestimate the center of mass velocity variation. It is possible to conclude that the hips forward movements might provide a good estimate of the swimmer's horizontal velocity and displacement that is relevant for diagnostic purposes, especially to assess swimming efficiency through the intracyclic velocity variations. Nevertheless, the hip point error magnitude should be taken into consideration in data interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. ; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: João Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vilas-Boas
keywords: Swimming; applicability; biomechanics; displacement; velocity