title: Insights into the preclinical treatment of blood-stage malaria by the antibiotic borrelidin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood-stage Plasmodium parasites cause morbidity and mortality from malaria. Parasite resistance to drugs makes development of new chemotherapies an urgency. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been validated as antimalarial drug targets. We explored long-term effects of borrelidin and mupirocin in lethal P. yoelii murine malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term (up to 340 days) immunological responses to borrelidin or mupirocin were measured after an initial 4 day suppressive test. Prophylaxis and cure were evaluated and the inhibitory effect on the parasites analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Borrelidin protected against lethal malaria at 0.25 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹. Antimalarial activity of borrelidin correlated with accumulation of trophozoites in peripheral blood. All infected mice treated with borrelidin survived and subsequently developed immunity protecting them from re-infection on further challenges, 75 and 340 days after the initial infection. This long-term immunity in borrelidin-treated mice resulted in negligible parasitaemia after re-infections and marked increases in total serum levels of antiparasite IgGs with augmented avidity. Long-term memory IgGs mainly reacted against high and low molecular weight parasite antigens. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that circulating IgGs bound predominantly to late intracellular stage parasites, mainly schizonts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low borrelidin doses protected mice from lethal malaria infections and induced protective immune responses after treatment. Development of combination therapies with borrelidin and selective modifications of the borrelidin molecule to specifically inhibit plasmodial threonyl tRNA synthetase should improve therapeutic strategies for malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Azcárate
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marín-García
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-Benavente
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puyet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diez
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ribas de Pouplana
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bautista
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000915:Antibody Affinity / Q000187:drug effects; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D052939:Schizonts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013914:Threonine-tRNA Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000962:Antimalarials; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C005066:borrelidin; D016712:Mupirocin; D013914:Threonine-tRNA Ligase