title: Transurethral neo-orifice (TUNO) a novel technique for management of upper pole obstruction in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteral duplication is the most common urologic abnormality. The upper pole ureter can sometimes be associated with a ureterocele. In rare cases the ureteral insertion is extravesical and can result in significant hydroureteronephrosis. Patients can present with urinary tract infection, abdominal mass or urinary obstruction. Traditional procedures include ureteral reimplantation, ureteroureterostomy or heminephroureterectomy. These reconstructive procedures are technically challenging in small infants, especially when the hydroureteronephrosis is severe. In some cases a distal cutaneous ureterostomy is performed for immediate drainage followed by definitive surgery when the child is older. We describe our initial experience with a novel cystoscopic technique which provides drainage of the upper pole ureter and avoids the need for an incision or stoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3 month-old boy presented with urinary tract infections and failure to thrive. Ultrasound revealed severe upper pole hydroureteronephrosis. Voiding cystourethrography did not reveal vesicoureteral reflux or the presence of a ureterocele. The patient underwent cytoscopy. The ectopic ureteral orifice was not identified. A transurethral, transvesical needle puncture and confirmatory ureteropyelography was used to access the dilated upper pole ureter. Guidewire passage, followed catheter dilation then allowed creation of a new ureteral orifice using a holmium laser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient tolerated the procedure well. He was discharged after overnight observation. The hydronephrosis improved, urinary tract infections have not recurred and the patient rapidly improved feeding and weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trans-Urethral Neo-Orifice creation is a minimally invasive option for initial decompression for patients with obstructive ureteral ectopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA. hswana@nemours.org
authors.forename: Hubert S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Swana
authors.forename: Tariq S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hakky
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000601:surgery