title: Impact of atherosclerotic risk factors on different ankle-brachial-index criteria--results of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On the basis of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study (HNR) we estimated the impact of classical atherosclerotic risk factors on different ankle-brachial-index (ABI) criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a subgroup of participants (n = 2586) who had normal ABI at baseline ABI measurement was repeated at a 5 years follow-up and 3 different ABIs were defined: "ABI-high" calculated from the higher pressure, "ABI-low" from the lower pressure of both foot arteries of each leg. "Pure-ABI-low" was defined by exclusion of participants with ABI-high from those with ABI-low. Mönckebergs mediacalcinosis (MC) was accepted in case of ABI-high > 1.4 in one leg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to ABI-high 2 %, to ABI-low 7.8 % and pure-ABI-low 5.8 % of the participants developed peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (ABI < 0.9) and 3.6 % developed MC within the 5 years. Age did not play any role whereas female gender, diabetes mellitus and smoking were associated with an increased relative risk of pathologic ABI-high and ABI-low. Looking at the pure-ABI-low group only, female gender and smoking showed significant associations. None of the analysed risk factors except gender had an impact on the development of MC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Classical risk factors have different impact on incidence of PAD as defined by different ABI criteria.
authors.affiliation: HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld GmbH, Klinik für Gefäßmedizin, Krefeld, Germany. knut.kroeger@helios-kliniken.de
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmermund
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kälsch
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möhlenkamp
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050380:Monckeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors