title: Functional and perceived benefits of wearing coloured filters by patients with age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to investigate the visual effect of coloured filters compared to transmission-matched neutral density filters, in patients with dry age-related macular degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual acuity (VA, logMAR), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson) and colour vision (D15) were recorded for 39 patients (average age 79.1 ± 7.2 years) with age-related macular degeneration, both in the presence and absence of glare from a fluorescent source. Patients then chose their preferred coloured and matched neutral density transmission filters (NoIR). Visual function tests were repeated with the chosen filters, both in the presence and absence of glare from the fluorescent source. Patients trialled the two filters for two weeks each, in random order. Following the trial of each filter, a telephone questionnaire was completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VA and contrast sensitivity were unaffected by the coloured filters but reduced through the neutral density filters (p < 0.01). VA and contrast sensitivity were reduced by similar amounts, following the introduction of the glare source, both in the presence and absence of filters (p < 0.001). Colour vision error scores were increased following the introduction of a neutral density filter (from 177.6 ± 60.2 to 251.9 ± 115.2) and still further through coloured filters (275.1 ± 50.8; p < 0.001). In the absence of any filter, colour vision error scores increased by 29.1 ± 55.60 units in the presence of glare (F2,107 = 3.9, p = 0.02); however, there was little change in colour vision error scores, in the presence of glare, with either the neutral density or coloured filters. Questionnaires indicated that patients tended to gain more benefit from the coloured filters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coloured filters had minimal impact on VA and contrast sensitivity in patients with age-related macular degeneration; however, they caused a small reduction in objective colour vision, although this was not registered subjectively by patients. Patients indicated that they received more benefit from the coloured filters compared with neutral density filters.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailie
authors.forename: James Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolffsohn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: A Jonathan
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003116:Color; D055253:Color Vision; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D019466:Glare; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: coloured filters; low vision; macular degeneration; tints; visual rehabilitation