title: New biomarker panel of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and endotoxin activity assay for detecting sepsis in acute kidney injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Septic acute kidney injury (AKI) shows an unacceptably high mortality rate. Detection of sepsis is important for the clinical management of AKI patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate 2 biomarkers of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and endotoxin activity (EA) assay and their combination for detecting sepsis in AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult intensive care unit patients consisting of 40 non-AKI, 65 AKI without sepsis, 10 non-AKI with sepsis, and 24 septic AKI were examined in a cross-sectional manner. Plasma NGAL and EA values in whole blood were measured at recruitment. We evaluated whether combining 2 different biomarkers would improve the performance of each biomarker using receiver operating characteristic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma NGAL was significantly higher in septic AKI patients than in the other AKI patients and non-AKI patients, whereas EA values were higher in septic patients than nonseptic patients irrespective of AKI complication. Combination of plasma NGAL and EA value increased the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve and showed better performance compared with a clinical model consisting of clinically available variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combinations of plasma NGAL and EA, which are operating via different pathological pathways, significantly improved their detection performance in complicated conditions of septic AKI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Kousuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Negishi
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yahagi
authors.forename: Eisei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noiri
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D054834:Lipocalins
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Biomarker; Endotoxin; Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin; Sepsis