title: Retinoblastoma diagnosis: a proposal based on the experience of Centro Infantil Boldrini, Brazil.
abstract: Advanced disease is a risk factor for eye loss in patients with retinoblastoma (RB). We still record critical rates of enucleation, especially for unilateral RB due to advanced stages of disease at diagnosis. This retrospective study of 223 RB patient records referred to treatment at Centro Infantil Boldrini, Brazil, between 1978 and 2008, showed that 176 patients (79%) presented intraocular tumors while 47 (21%) already had extraocular involvement. At the time of diagnosis, the age of patients was 26.2 months in the group that had enucleated eyes and 13.7 months in the group that preserved both eyes. Under a multiple logistic regression model, familial history (OR = 0.195; p = .01) and age at diagnosis in months (OR = 1.047; p = .04) were significantly correlated with enucleation. Strategies to early detect RB must be changed in order to offer better chances of ocular preservation with visual function. Authors propose a systematic referral of all children to the ophthalmologist for an indirect ophthalmoscopy once a year in the first two years of life, as a measure to be adopted by all pediatricians in daily routine to early detect the tumor.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Oncology/Ophthalmology, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. palazzi@boldrini.org.br
authors.forename: Maristela A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Silvia R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Brandalise
authors.forename: Simone Dos Santos
authors.initials: Sdos S
authors.lastname: Aguiar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies