title: Ambivalent messages: adolescents' perspectives on pregnancy and birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine, from a youth's perspective, adolescent pregnancy and parenting in Baltimore, Maryland, a city with high rates of adolescent pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six gender-stratified focus groups with 13- to 19-year-olds (4 female and 2 male groups; n = 47). We recorded focus groups, transcribed them verbatim, and analyzed them using the constant comparison method. Participants completed questionnaires to collect demographic and behavioral information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results fit into a social-ecological framework. Individual (e.g., contraceptive use behaviors, religion), interpersonal (e.g., peer norms, maintaining male partners), and community (e.g., clinic factors, perceptions of community) level influences on adolescent pregnancy emerged. Participants discussed contradictory messages that were often gendered in their expectations; for instance, women were responsible for not getting pregnant and raising children. Adolescents expressed beliefs both against (e.g., challenging to complete school) and supporting early childrearing (e.g., religion). Recommendations for addressing the different influences included mentors, education, and community resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents' perspectives and values regarding pregnancy and parenting may not mirror traditional and expected norms for pregnancy and requirements for raising a child. These findings challenge the framing of existing interventions as they may not accurately reflect adolescents' values regarding pregnancy and parenting, and thus may need to be modified to highlight positive attitudes toward contraception and postponing pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA. aetanner@uncg.edu
authors.forename: Amanda Elizabeth
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Shameeka M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jelenewicz
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Caryn R R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Avril Melissa
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paluzzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015142:Baltimore; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology*; D012071:Religion and Sex