title: Gene rearrangements in hormone receptor negative breast cancers revealed by mate pair sequencing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromosomal rearrangements in the form of deletions, insertions, inversions and translocations are frequently observed in breast cancer genomes, and a subset of these rearrangements may play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. To identify novel somatic chromosomal rearrangements, we determined the genome structures of 15 hormone-receptor negative breast tumors by long-insert mate pair massively parallel sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified and validated 40 somatic structural alterations, including the recurring fusion between genes DDX10 and SKA3 and translocations involving the EPHA5 gene. Other rearrangements were found to affect genes in pathways involved in epigenetic regulation, mitosis and signal transduction, underscoring their potential role in breast tumorigenesis. RNA interference-mediated suppression of five candidate genes (DDX10, SKA3, EPHA5, CLTC and TNIK) led to inhibition of breast cancer cell growth. Moreover, downregulation of DDX10 in breast cancer cells lead to an increased frequency of apoptotic nuclear morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using whole genome mate pair sequencing and RNA interference assays, we have discovered a number of novel gene rearrangements in breast cancer genomes and identified DDX10, SKA3, EPHA5, CLTC and TNIK as potential cancer genes with impact on the growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 751 85, Sweden.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Djureinovic
authors.forename: Chatarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wärnberg
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tellgren-Roth
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Botling
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sjöblom
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D034622:RNA Interference; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D011987:Receptors, Steroid