title: Nanoscale examination of microdamage in sheep cortical bone using synchrotron radiation transmission x-ray microscopy.
abstract: Microdamage occurs in bone through repeated and excessive loading. Accumulation of microdamage weakens bone, leading to a loss of strength, stiffness and energy dissipation in the tissue. Imaging techniques used to examine microdamage have typically been limited to the microscale. In the current study microdamage was examined at the nanoscale using transmission x-ray microscopy with an x-ray negative stain, lead-uranyl acetate. Microdamage was generated in notched and unnotched beams of sheep cortical bone (2×2×20 mm), with monotonic and fatigue loading. Bulk sections were removed from beams and stained with lead-uranyl acetate to identify microdamage. Samples were sectioned to 50 microns and imaged using transmission x-ray microscopy producing projection images of microdamage with nanoscale resolution. Staining indicated microdamage occurred in both the tensile and compressive regions. A comparison between monotonic and fatigue loading indicated a statistically significant greater amount of stain present in fatigue loaded sections. Microdamage occurred in three forms: staining to existing bone structures, cross hatch damage and a single crack extending from the notch tip. Comparison to microcomputed tomography demonstrated differences in damage morphology and total damage between the microscale and nanoscale. This method has future applications for understanding the underlying mechanisms for microdamage formation as well as three-dimensional nanoscale examination of microdamage.
authors.affiliation: Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Garry R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ingraffea
authors.forename: Joy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pianetta
authors.forename: Marjolein C H
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D017356:Synchrotrons; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography; D014965:X-Rays