title: Internal limiting membrane contrast after staining with indocyanine green and brilliant blue G during macular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the difference in color contrast by performing a color contrast ratio (CR) analysis and resulting visibility of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) when stained with indocyanine green and brilliant blue G (BBG) during macular surgery by performing a color CR analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed 40 consecutive cases in which vitrectomy with ILM removal was performed to treat a macular hole or an epiretinal membrane. The surgical procedure was performed in 21 patients (21 eyes) after staining with indocyanine green and in 19 patients (19 eyes) after staining with BBG. The color CRs were estimated based on digital analysis of the red, green, and blue data of the digital images captured, and the CRs obtained with the two dyes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Color contrast analysis was performed in all 40 eyes, in which the ILM was removed after staining with indocyanine green or BBG, and the CRs were estimated in every eye. The CR (mean ± SD) obtained with indocyanine green and BBG was 4.3 ± 0.3 and 2.4 ± 0.1, respectively. Indocyanine green provided a significantly higher CR than BBG (P = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Digital color contrast analysis can be used to evaluate the visibility of digital images, and it may be useful when choosing the dye to use for staining the ILM better.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan. kado@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadonosono
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uchio
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taguri
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jamison R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ridgeley
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yanagi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue