title: Molecular survey of bovine vector-borne pathogens in Cebu, Philippines.
abstract: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) continue to threaten the worldwide livestock industry, but comprehensive epidemiological surveys on such diseases have not been conducted in the Philippines. In the present study, we screened 408 bovine blood samples from 9 areas in Cebu, Philippines, for various VBD pathogens using specific PCR assays. The results revealed prevalences of 54.7, 15.4, 10.0, and 12.0% for Anaplasma spp., Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, and Trypanosoma (Tr.) theileri, respectively. In contrast, none of the samples were positive for Trypanosoma (Tr.) evansi, Theileria (Th.) orientalis, and Theileria (Th.) annulata. Mixed infections were observed in 24.2% of the samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Anaplasma spp. sequences from the present study were genetically close either to Anaplasma marginale or Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In addition, B. bovis RAP-1 and Babesia bigemina AMA-1 gene sequences were identical and monophyletic to other known B. bovis and B. bigemina sequences. On the other hand, Tr. theileri cathepsin-L like protein gene sequences shared 97.1-100% identities with those from the USA and Brazil and clustered within a single genotype in the phylogenetic tree. The molecular identification of several VBD pathogens in Cebu cattle calls for the implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of these pathogens to nearby localities or islands, and ultimately, economic losses to the Philippine economy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Adrian Patalinghug
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ybañez
authors.forename: Thillaiampalam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.forename: Rochelle Haidee Daclan
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ybañez
authors.forename: Mary Rose Bahian
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vincoy
authors.forename: Jocelyn Acido
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tingson
authors.forename: Zandro Obligado
authors.initials: ZO
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Shirleny Reyes
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gabotero
authors.forename: Lyra Paglinawan
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Buchorno
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inokuma
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
mesh_terms: D000709:Anaplasma / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000818:Animals; D001403:Babesia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D007303:Insect Vectors; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014354:Trypanosomiasis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Anaplasma; Babesia; Cattle; The Philippines; Theileria; Trypanosoma