title: Neither microbial translocation nor TLR responsiveness are likely explanations for preexisting immune activation in women who subsequently acquired HIV in CAPRISA 004.
abstract: Innate immune activation was a strong predictor of HIV acquisition in women at risk for HIV in CAPRISA 004. Identifying the cause(s) of activation could enable targeted prevention interventions. In this study, plasma concentrations of lipopolysaccharide, soluble CD14, and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein did not differ between subjects who did or did not subsequently acquire HIV nor were these levels correlated with plasma cytokines or natural killer cell activation. There was no difference between HIV acquirers and non-acquirers in the chemokine and cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with TLR2, 4, or 7/8 agonists. Further studies are required.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naranbhai
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samsunder
authors.forename: Netanya G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Annalys
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roque
authors.forename: Quarraisha
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
authors.forename: Thumbi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ndungʼu
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altfeld
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Douek
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abdool Karim
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000819:agonists; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000819:agonists; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000819:agonists; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8 / Q000819:agonists; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D063065:Organophosphonates; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; C495349:TLR8 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine