title: Performance of flow cytometry to screen urine for bacteria and white blood cells prior to urine culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gold standard test for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection is bacterial culture. However, urine cultures are labor intensive and costly. Furthermore, since results take 1-2 days many patients are treated presumptively prior to culture results being known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the Sysmex UF-1000i for the quantification of bacteria and white blood cells (WBCs) in urine in order to determine if it could be used to predict positive culture in comparison to the use of gram stain as a screening tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UF-1000i demonstrated good linearity, within and between run precision for bacterial and WBC quantification. Using ROC analysis, the AUC for predicting a positive culture (>10(5)cfu/mL) was 0.95 and 0.90 for bacteria and WBCs, respectively, with optimum cutoffs of 288.9 bacteria/μL and 31.8WBCs/μL, respectively. At these cutoffs, sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) for culture positivity were 0.93 and 0.86, respectively, for bacterial counts and 0.89 and 0.79, respectively, for WBC counts. The use of gender specific bacterial cutoffs improved performance, especially in males. In comparison, SE and SP of urine Gram stain were 0.94 and 0.68, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantification of bacteria in unspun urine samples by the Sysmex UF-1000i can be used to screen urine samples for those likely to grow >10(5)cfu/mL. The Sysmex UF-1000i demonstrated increased SP over urine Gram stain, and in this study population could reduce unnecessary reflex urine cultures by 55%.
authors.affiliation: Renal Testing Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Callen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Giesen
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Greeno
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lieske
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001437:Bacteriuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D012372:ROC Curve; D016482:Urinalysis