title: Factors affecting reflex pelvic floor muscle contraction patterns in women with pelvic floor disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore factors affecting the presence of two reflex pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) patterns in women with pelvic floor disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of pelvic floor ultrasonography and urodynamic data for 667 consecutive symptomatic women with pelvic floor disorders. We identified on ultrasonography the presence or absence of two reflex PFMC patterns, anorectal lift (ARL) and inward clitoral motion (ICM), preceding or occurring during coughing, and evaluated their associations with possible factors affecting reflex PFMC reactivity, including patient demographics, pelvic organ prolapse stages, ultrasonography findings and urodynamic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 667 women, 560 (84.0%) clearly demonstrated reflex ARL and 536 (80.4%) demonstrated ICM. There were significant differences in age (P < 0.001), parity (P = 0.033) and menopausal status (P = 0.005) between women with and those without reflex ICM before or during coughing. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that age was the only independent factor associated with presence of reflex ICM (odds ratio, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88-0.99), P = 0.017). In contrast, no significant differences were noted between women with and without reflex ARL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing age is negatively associated with the presence of reflex ICM during coughing in symptomatic women with pelvic floor disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C-R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tzeng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D002987:Clitoris / Q000502:physiology; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology; D059952:Pelvic Floor Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: pelvic floor disorders; pelvic floor muscle; reflex contraction; urinary incontinence