title: Evaluation of tele-ultrasound as a tool in remote diagnosis and clinical management at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and the McMurdo Research Station.
abstract: Abstract Background: A large number of Antarctic stations do not utilize ultrasound for medical care. Regular use of ultrasound imaging at South Pole and McMurdo Stations first began in October 2002. To date, there has been no evaluation of medical events requiring ultrasound examination from this remote environment. Additionally, the importance of tele-ultrasound for clinical management in Antarctica has not yet been assessed. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of all ultrasound exams performed at South Pole and McMurdo Stations between October 2002 and October 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiology reports and patient charts were reviewed for pre- and post-ultrasound diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six ultrasound exams were conducted on 49 patients. Of the exams, 94.0% were interpreted by the store-and-forward method, whereas 6.0% were interpreted in "real-time" format. Abdominal, genitourinary, and gynecology ultrasound exams accounted for 63.6% of exams. Ultrasound examination prevented an intercontinental aeromedical evacuation in 25.8% of cases, and had a significant effect on the diagnosis and management of illness in patients at South Pole and McMurdo research stations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that diagnostic ultrasound has significant benefits for medical care at Antarctic stations and that tele-ultrasound is a valuable addition to remote medical care for isolated populations with limited access to tertiary-healthcare facilities.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77058, USA. otto@dsls.usra.edu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shemenski
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartshorn
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viegas
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*