title: Comparison of the global gene expression of choroid plexus and meninges and associated vasculature under control conditions and after pronounced hyperthermia or amphetamine toxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The meninges (arachnoid and pial membranes) and associated vasculature (MAV) and choroid plexus are important in maintaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) generation and flow. MAV vasculature was previously observed to be adversely affected by environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) and more so by a neurotoxic amphetamine (AMPH) exposure. Herein, microarray and RT-PCR analysis was used to compare the gene expression profiles between choroid plexus and MAV under control conditions and at 3 hours and 1 day after EIH or AMPH exposure. Since AMPH and EIH are so disruptive to vasculature, genes related to vasculature integrity and function were of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data shows that, under control conditions, many of the genes with relatively high expression in both the MAV and choroid plexus are also abundant in many epithelial tissues. These genes function in transport of water, ions, and solutes, and likely play a role in CSF regulation. Most genes that help form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tight junctions were also highly expressed in MAV but not in choroid plexus. In MAV, exposure to EIH and more so to AMPH decreased the expression of BBB-related genes such as Sox18, Ocln, and Cldn5, but they were much less affected in the choroid plexus. There was a correlation between the genes related to reactive oxidative stress and damage that were significantly altered in the MAV and choroid plexus after either EIH or AMPH. However, AMPH (at 3 hr) significantly affected about 5 times as many genes as EIH in the MAV, while in the choroid plexus EIH affected more genes than AMPH. Several unique genes that are not specifically related to vascular damage increased to a much greater extent after AMPH compared to EIH in the MAV (Lbp, Reg3a, Reg3b, Slc15a1, Sct and Fst) and choroid plexus (Bmp4, Dio2 and Lbp).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that the disruption of choroid plexus function and damage produced by AMPH and EIH is significant, but the changes may not be as pronounced as they are in the MAV, particularly for AMPH. Expression profiles in the MAV and choroid plexus differed to some extent and differences were not restricted to vascular related genes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U,S, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA. john.bowyer@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: Tucker A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Upasana T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hanig
authors.forename: Monzy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Nysia I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000633:toxicity; D001099:Arachnoid / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004777:Environment; D005334:Fever; D006801:Humans; D008578:Meninges / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D000073718:Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins; C000612141:REG3A protein, human; D000661:Amphetamine