title: Adolescent and parent diabetes distress in type 1 diabetes: the role of self-efficacy, perceived consequences, family responsibility and adolescent-parent discrepancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of adolescent and parent diabetes distress with perceived consequences, dietary self-efficacy, and discrepancies in diabetes family responsibility, in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  203 adolescents with T1D, aged 12-18, and their parents completed self-report questionnaires cross-sectionally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher HbA1c, greater perceived negative consequences of diabetes, and reduced self-efficacy predicted adolescent diabetes distress. Higher HbA1c predicted parental diabetes distress, as did diabetes family responsibility disagreements when both family members claimed responsibility, and parents' perception of reduced adolescent self-efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary self-efficacy and perceived negative consequences of diabetes are important factors to consider in assessing and managing adolescent diabetes distress. Perceptions of family responsibility for self-care tasks and parental confidence in adolescents' self-management have implications for parental diabetes distress. Clinical implications support long-held recommendations of taking a family-perspective of T1D care.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, UK. g.u.law@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: G Urquhart
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Queralt
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires