title: Arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel in cancerous and healthy tissues from patients with head and neck cancer.
abstract: Chronic exposure to heavy metals has long been recognized as being capable to increase head and neck cancer incidence among exposed human populations. Head and neck cancer is a significant public health issue in Tunisia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr and Ni in healthy and tumor tissues of head and neck cancer patients. Metal concentrations were determined in tumor and healthy tissues of 101 head and neck cancer patients, using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The As, Cd, Cr, and Ni levels in tumor tissues were 3.4, 2.5, 1.3 and 1.5 times higher than those of healthy tissues (p<0.05), respectively. Tumor tissue metal levels were higher in men than in women. As and Cd levels in tumor and healthy tissue samples of patients smokers are significantly higher than those of non-smokers (p<0.05). A strong effect of cumulative smoking as expressed in the number of pack per year, and tumor tissue Cd levels were positively associated with three groups of age (<40, 51-60 and >60 years) in both never-smokers and ever-smokers (<20 and ≥20 pack per year). Healthy tissue Cd levels were negatively associated with age in those three groups of smokers. The highest Cd and Cr concentrations among both workers and non-workers were observed in tumor tissues. The Cd and Cr in tissues of farmers, bricklayers and painters were all significantly higher among the workers as compared with the non-workers group. Tissue metal levels have increased due to smoking and occupational exposure. Heavy metal exposure via tobacco smoking and occupational exposures may increase the risk of head and neck in the Tunisian population.
authors.affiliation: Marine Ecotoxicology, Sfax University, IPEIS, Sfax, Tunisia. rimkhlifi@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Rim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khlifi
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olmedo
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Bouthaina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakroun
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebai
authors.forename: Amel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamza-Chaffai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D009532:Nickel; D001151:Arsenic