title: Smoking status in Iranian male adolescents: a cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis.
abstract: The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of smoking status and its associated factors in Iranian adolescents and a meta-analysis of recent cross-sectional studies in order to estimate the corresponding prevalence for all Iranian adolescents. In a cross-sectional study, 1064 male high school students in Zanjan city (northwest of Iran) were recruited. A self-administered questionnaire was used for smoking status and associated factors. Through the meta-analysis, all relevant published studies were reviewed. Almost one-third of adolescents (34.2%, n=354) have experienced smoking either experimentally (23.4%, n=242), or regularly (10.8%, n=112). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (OR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.05-1.37), risky behaviors (OR=1.83; 1.25-2.68), Tramadol medication (OR=2.19; 1.54-3.11), low self-esteem (OR=1.07; 1.03-1.11), positive attitude toward smoking (OR=1.15; 1.09-1.21), positive thinking about smoking (OR=1.07; 1.01-1.14) and having smoker friends (OR=1.94; 1.36-2.77) were significantly associated with cigarette smoking in adolescents. Meta-analysis results showed that 7% of Iranian adolescents are regular smokers and 27% are experimenters. Increasing prevalence of smoking in Iranian adolescents is a major concern for public health. Controlling risky behaviors and increasing health education are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries, Research Centre, Ilam Universty of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Nazarzadeh_milad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Milad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazarzadeh
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bidel
authors.forename: Erfan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ayubi
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahrami
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Asghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadpoorasl
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delpisheh
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taremian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001290:Attitude; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol