title: Association of smoking cessation and weight change with cardiovascular disease among adults with and without diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking cessation reduces the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but weight gain that follows quitting smoking may weaken the CVD benefit of quitting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that weight gain following smoking cessation does not attenuate the benefits of smoking cessation among adults with and without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective community-based cohort study using data from the Framingham Offspring Study collected from 1984 through 2011. At each 4-year examination, self-reported smoking status was assessed and categorized as smoker, recent quitter (≤ 4 years), long-term quitter (>4 years), and nonsmoker. Pooled Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between quitting smoking and 6-year CVD events and to test whether 4-year change in weight following smoking cessation modified the association between smoking cessation and CVD events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence over 6 years of total CVD events, comprising coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular events, peripheral artery disease, and congestive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up of 25 (SD, 9.6) years, 631 CVD events occurred among 3251 participants. Median 4-year weight gain was greater for recent quitters without diabetes (2.7 kg [interquartile range {IQR}, -0.5 to 6.4]) and with diabetes (3.6 kg [IQR, -1.4 to 8.2]) than for long-term quitters (0.9 kg [IQR, -1.4 to 3.2] and 0.0 kg [IQR, -3.2 to 3.2], respectively, P < .001). Among participants without diabetes, age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of CVD was 5.9 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 4.9-7.1) in smokers, 3.2 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.1-4.5) in recent quitters, 3.1 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.6-3.7) in long-term quitters, and 2.4 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.0-3.0) in nonsmokers. After adjustment for CVD risk factors, compared with smokers, recent quitters had a hazard ratio (HR) for CVD of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.23-0.94) and long-term quitters had an HR of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.34-0.63); these associations had only a minimal change after further adjustment for weight change. Among participants with diabetes, there were similar point estimates that did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this community-based cohort, smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of CVD events among participants without diabetes, and weight gain that occurred following smoking cessation did not modify this association. This supports a net cardiovascular benefit of smoking cessation, despite subsequent weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. carole.willi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rigotti
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porneala
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pencina
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain