title: Effects of nicotine on an in vitro reconstituted model oral mucosa in terms of cytokine production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extensive use of tobacco and its associated problematic health issues have been a concern to mankind. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately one-third of the global population aged 15 years or older are smokers and each smoker consumes an average of 15 cigarettes daily. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of nicotine on an in vitro reconstituted oral mucosa model, the effect of treatment with this compound was measured in terms of cytokine production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational laboratory based study design was used to carry out the experiment. The reconstituted human epithelium model used in the study was prepared and supplied by Skin Ethic Laboratories, Nice, France. The effect of nicotine on epithelial cytokine production was assessed using commercially available assay kits (R&D systems). This was done using the enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study there was evidence that after 5 minutes treatment on un-inflamed mucosa with nicotine at 10 mm concentration GM-CSF release decreased, and also after 24 hours treatment with nicotine at 10mM concentration GM-CSF release increased. TNF-alpha increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and also GM-CSF from the model mucosa after 24 hours, but had no effect on the release of IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF after 5 minutes and 24 hours respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion at all the concentrations used in this experiment, nicotine had no effect on the TNF-alpha stimulated tissue and un-inflamed mucosa and had no significant effect on cytokine release including IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF after 5 minutes and 24 hours respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Baqai Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan. Sheikh_692000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad Nauman
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Sajid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanif
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.forename: Zahur
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qayyum
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009538:Nicotine