title: Listeners' attitude toward people with dysphonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The human voice provides extensive information about the speaker, in addition to the intended linguistic message. Therefore, voice is an essential component in the process of forming an initial attitude toward the speaker. People with communication disorders are typically judged by listeners more negatively than those speaking normally. This trend, however, was not reported consistently regarding voice disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine listeners' attitude toward dysphonic speakers. In addition, the impact of speaker's and listener's gender on these attitudes was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four naive listeners evaluated recorded voice samples of six dysphonic and six nondysphonic speakers. Evaluation was performed using a semantic differential scale with 12 bipolar items. In addition, factor analysis was performed to validate listeners' attitudes and allow generalization of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant negative attitudes toward dysphonic speakers were found at all 12 scales (P<0.001). Moreover, dysphonic women were rated more negatively than dysphonic men. Nonetheless, listeners' gender and age did not affect their attitude toward speakers (P>0.05). These results were further enhanced and supported by a factor analysis performed based on the original attitude rating scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide empirical evidence for the negative attitudes with which dysphonic speakers are faced; demonstrating how women are affected by these attitudes more than men and highlight the importance of addressing and relating to these facets in the diagnostic and therapeutic process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. oferamir@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.forename: Reut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levine-Yundof
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001290:Attitude; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult