title: Generation of 4-dimensional CT images based on 4-dimensional PET-derived motion fields.
abstract: Respiratory motion can potentially reduce accuracy in anatomic and functional image fusion from multimodality systems. It can blur the uptake of small lesions and lead to significant activity underestimation. Solutions presented to date include respiration-synchronized anatomic and functional acquisitions. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the synchronized PET images, methods using nonrigid transformations during the reconstruction process have been proposed. In most of these methods, 4-dimensional (4D) CT images were used to derive the required deformation matrices. However, variations between acquired 4D PET and corresponding CT image series due to differences in respiratory conditions during PET and CT acquisitions have been reported. In addition, the radiation dose burden resulting from a 4D CT acquisition may not be justifiable for every patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we present a method for the generation of dynamic CT images from the combination of one reference CT image and deformation matrices obtained from the elastic registration of 4D PET images not corrected for attenuation. On the one hand, our approach eliminates the need for the acquisition of dynamic CT. On the other hand, it also ensures a good match between CT and PET images, allowing accurate attenuation correction to be performed for respiration-synchronized PET acquisitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method was first validated on Monte Carlo-simulated datasets, and then on patient datasets (n = 4) by comparing generated 4D CT images with the corresponding acquired original CT images. Different levels of PET image statistical quality were considered in order to investigate the impact of image noise in the derivation of the 4D CT series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that clinically relevant PET acquisition times can be used for the implementation of such an approach, making this an even more attractive solution considering the absence of the extra dose given by a standard 4D CT acquisition. Finally, this approach may be applicable to other multimodality devices such as PET/MR.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR1101, LaTIM, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France. fayad@univ-brest.fr
authors.forename: Hadi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamare
authors.forename: Catherine Cheze
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Le Rest
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bettinardi
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Visvikis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009068:Movement; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration