title: Tissue microarrays and quantitative tissue-based image analysis as a tool for oncology biomarker and diagnostic development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Translational oncology has been improved by using tissue microarrays (TMAs), which facilitate biomarker analysis of large cohorts on a single slide. This has allowed for rapid analysis and validation of potential biomarkers for prognostic and predictive value, as well as for evaluation of biomarker prevalence. Coupled with quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, objective and standardized biomarker data from tumor samples can further advance companion diagnostic approaches for the identification of drug-responsive or resistant patient subpopulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review covers the advantages, disadvantages and applications of TMAs for biomarker research. Research literature and reviews of TMAs and quantitative image analysis methodology have been surveyed for this review (with an AQUA® analysis focus). Applications such as multi-marker diagnostic development and pathway-based biomarker subpopulation analyses are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue microarrays are a useful tool for biomarker analyses including prevalence surveys, disease progression assessment and addressing potential prognostic or predictive value. By combining quantitative image analysis with TMAs, analyses will be more objective and reproducible, allowing for more robust IHC-based diagnostic test development. Quantitative multi-biomarker IHC diagnostic tests that can predict drug response will allow for greater success of clinical trials for targeted therapies and provide more personalized clinical decision making.
authors.affiliation: HistoRx, Inc. , 35 Northeast Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405 , USA +1 203 498 7500 ; Mark.gustavson@historx.com.
authors.forename: Marisa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dolled-Filhart
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gustavson