title: Incorporating geographical factors with artificial neural networks to predict reference values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The measurement of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) value is a standard procedure performed during a typical blood test. In order to formulate a unified standard of establishing reference ESR values, this paper presents a novel prediction model in which local normal ESR values and corresponding geographical factors are used to predict reference ESR values using multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local normal ESR values were obtained from hospital data, while geographical factors that include altitude, sunshine hours, relative humidity, temperature and precipitation were obtained from the National Geographical Data Information Centre in China.The results show that predicted values are statistically in agreement with measured values. Model results exhibit significant agreement between training data and test data. Consequently, the model is used to predict the unseen local reference ESR values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reference ESR values can be established with geographical factors by using artificial intelligence techniques. ANN is an effective method for simulating and predicting reference ESR values because of its ability to model nonlinear and complex relationships.
authors.affiliation: School of Resources and Environment, Guangdong University of Business Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Qingsheng.Yang@Uleth.ca
authors.forename: Qingsheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mwenda
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002681:China; D005544:Forecasting; D005843:Geography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012016:Reference Values