title: Fetal weight estimation in gestational diabetic pregnancies: comparison between conventional and three-dimensional fractional thigh volume methods using gestation-adjusted projection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of gestation-adjusted birth-weight estimation using a three-dimensional (3D) fractional thigh volume (TVol) method in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to compare it with the conventional two-dimensional method of Hadlock et al.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women with GDM were referred at 34 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation for ultrasound examination. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was obtained using both the Hadlock and the TVol methods. Using a gestation-adjusted projection method, predicted birth weight was compared to actual birth weight at delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 125 pregnancies, the TVol method with gestation-adjusted projection had a mean (± SD) percentage error in estimating birth weight of -0.01 ± 5.0 (95% CI, -0.96 to 0.98)% while the method of Hadlock with gestation-adjusted projection had an error of 1.28 ± 9.1 (95% CI, -0.33 to 2.87)%. The mean percentage error of the two methods was significantly different (P = 0.039), while the random error was not (P = 1.0). For the prediction of macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4000 g, n = 19), sensitivity was 84 and 63% for the TVol and Hadlock methods, respectively (95% CI for difference -2 to 44%, P = 0.22) and specificity was 96 and 89% for the TVol and Hadlock methods, respectively (95% CI for difference 5-9%, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with GDM, a new method of estimating birth weight based on 3D-TVol measurements performed at 34 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation and gestation-adjusted projection of estimated fetal weight, is more accurate than the standard method based on Hadlock's formula in predicting birth weight. The TVol method has comparable sensitivity but higher specificity than the Hadlock method in predicting neonatal macrosomia.
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zatti
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fratelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prefumo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frusca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013848:Thigh / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods
keywords: 3D ultrasound; accuracy; birth weight; estimated fetal weight; gestational diabetes; macrosomia