title: [Insufficient intake of vitamin D in spanish schoolchildren: determinants of the problem and basis for its improvement].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different studies have observed deficiencies in vitamin D in a high percentage of schoolchildren, highlighting the importance of this problem in sunny populations, such as Spain, where this situation is frequently underestimated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake and to find out the food sources of the vitamin in a representative sample of Spanish schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 903 children (7 to 11 years) was studied. Ten Spanish cities were selected to be a representative sample of the Spanish schoolchildren population. Dietetic study was carried out using a three-day food record, including a Sunday. Vitamin D was compared to that recommended (RI) and energy intake was compared with energy expenditure estimated by measuring physical activity level. Weight and height were recorded and body mass index (BMI) was calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D intake (2.49 ± 0.64 [iμ/day) allowed cover only 49.7% of the RI of the children. It was below of 100% of RI in 99.9% of the children, and in 78.7% it was below of 67% of RI. The vitamin intake was lower in girls, those younger than 7 years and in children with obesity than in boys, those older than 7 years and in children with normal weight. The main sources of the vitamin were eggs (28.12%), cereals (24.23%), fish (20.06%) and milk (14.42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D intake is inadequate in Spanish schoolchildren between 7 and 11 years. Taking into account that the consumption of foods which are the main source of vitamin D (fish, eggs, cereals, dairy products) is often lower than the recommended, approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal could help to improve the contribution of the vitamin.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España. rortega@farm.ucm.es
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ortega Anta
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Jiménez Ortega
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Estaire Gómez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perea Sánchez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aparicio Vizuete
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D