title: Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition.
abstract: Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of T cell co-stimulation continues to evolve through the identification of new co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, the biochemical characterization of their downstream signalling events and the delineation of their immunological functions. Notably, it has been recently appreciated that co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors display great diversity in expression, structure and function, and that their functions are largely context dependent. Here, we focus on some of these emerging concepts and review the mechanisms through which T cell activation, differentiation and function is controlled by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA. lieping.chen@yale.edu
authors.forename: Lieping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dallas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Flies
mesh_terms: D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D053240:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14; C506028:TNFRSF14 protein, human