title: Specific pain complaints in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans screening positive for post-traumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain are highly comorbid.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association of PTSD with specific pain complaints in veterans of Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 381 primarily male (88.5%) veterans with a mean age of 30 years completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. A positive PTSD screen was defined as a score of ≥40 on the Davidson Trauma Scale. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of positive PTSD screen with specific pain complaints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant demographic or physical and mental health differences between veterans who screened positive for PTSD only and those with PTSD and at least one pain complaint, although differences on rates of combat injury and depression approached significance. Veterans who screened positive for PTSD were 2 to 3 times more likely to report abdominal pain, muscle aches or cramps, and joint aches, even after controlling for age, gender, combat injury, and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to findings in other populations, there is a relationship between PTSD and pain complaints in OEF/OIF veterans. Future research should examine the mechanisms that link PTSD with specific pain complaints, especially abdominal pain.
authors.affiliation: VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moeller-Bertram
authors.affiliation: VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA. Electronic address: nafari@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Afari
authors.affiliation: VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Sheeva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mostoufi
authors.affiliation: VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: VA Northern California Healthcare System, Oakland, CA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson Wright
authors.affiliation: VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Dewleen G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult