title: Physiologic and acoustic patterns of essential vocal tremor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes a case study of physiologic and acoustic patterns of essential vocal tremor (EVT). Simulations of vocal tremor were used to test hypotheses regarding measured acoustic patterns and expected physiologic sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case study of EVT using an analysis by synthesis approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oscillations of vocal tract and laryngeal structures were identified using rigid videostroboscopic examination. Acoustical analyses of sustained phonation were completed using the methods previously described in the literature and custom-written MATLAB functions. Simulations of the client's vocal tremor were created using a computational model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The client exhibited vocal fold length changes and oscillation within the laryngeal vestibule during sustained phonation at a comfortable pitch and loudness. Despite the involvement of vocal fold length changes, a low average extent of fundamental frequency (F0) modulation (ie, 5.3%) and high average extent of intensity modulation (ie, 23.0%) were measured. Simulations of vocal tremor involving modulation of F0 demonstrated that this source of tremor contributes to frequency-induced intensity modulation, although there was a greater extent of F0 modulation than intensity modulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater extent of intensity than F0 modulation in one client with EVT exhibiting predominant vocal fold length changes contrasted with the lower extent of intensity than F0 modulation in simulated vocal tremor involving F0 modulation. These findings demonstrate that other potential sources of intensity modulation outside the larynx should be determined during the evaluation of clients with vocal tremor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ralester@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barkmeier-Kraemer
authors.forename: Brad H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Story
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D009991:Oscillometry; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D049489:Stroboscopy; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014741:Video Recording; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014833:Voice Quality