title: Development and validation of a screening questionnaire for present or past (hypo)manic episodes based on DSM-IV-TR criteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a self-reported questionnaire, the Manic Episode Screening Questionnaire (MES), based on the eight diagnostic criteria items of DSM-IV-TR (hypo)manic episodes. This study was designed to determine the optimal screening methods to identify bipolar disorders among mood disorder patients of a psychiatric specialty clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 95 mood disorder patients, we assessed the operational characteristics of the MES as a screening and diagnostic instrument using a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis by a trained psychiatrist as a reference standard. The reference criteria were bipolar disorders. MES was used with two methods: the diagnostic algorithm and the one-question method (question #1 only). The diagnostic algorithm was regarded as fulfilled if the answers to question #1 and three or more of questions #2 to #8 were "yes", corresponding to the DSM-IV-TR (hypo)manic episode criteria. In different subjects, the test-retest reliability of the MES was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two methods of the MES showed high specificity (0.93-0.94), high positive predictive value (0.81-0.83) and high negative predictive value (0.88-0.90), but the sensitivity scored lower (0.68-0.75). The test-retest reliability was moderate: 0.75 for the diagnostic algorithm and 0.68 for the one-question method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study includes a small number of bipolar I patients. The findings might not be generalized to patients outside of this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MES is useful for the screening and diagnosis of bipolar disorders among mood disorder patients in psychiatric specialty clinics. The one-question method of the MES is more convenient to use than prior questionnaires and is here recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Teruaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitaichi
authors.forename: Yasuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakato
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashishita
authors.forename: Yukiei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kusumi
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Diagnosis; Manic episode screening questionnaire; Misdiagnosis; Self-report