title: US school morbidity and mortality, mandatory vaccination, institution closure, and interventions implemented during the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic.
abstract: The 2009 H1N1 pandemic disproportionately affected school-aged children, but only school-based outbreak case studies have been conducted. The purposes of this study were to evaluate US academic institutions' experiences during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in terms of infection prevention interventions implemented and to examine factors associated with school closure during the pandemic. An online survey was sent to school nurses in May through July 2011. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to determine predictive models for having a mandatory H1N1 vaccination policy for school nurses and school closure. In all, 1,997 nurses from 26 states participated. Very few nurses (3.3%, n=65) reported having a mandatory H1N1 influenza vaccination policy; nurses were more likely than all other school employees (p<.001) to be mandated to receive vaccine. Determinants of having a mandatory H1N1 vaccination policy were being employed by a hospital or public health agency, and the school being located in a western or northeastern state. Factors related to school closure included being in a western or northeastern state, having higher H1N1-related morbidity/mortality, being a school nurse employed by a public health agency or hospital, and being a private school. The most commonly implemented interventions included encouraging staff and students to exercise hand hygiene and increasing classroom cleaning; least commonly implemented interventions included discouraging face-to-face meetings, training staff on H1N1 influenza and/or respiratory hygiene, and discouraging handshaking. Schools should develop and continue to improve their pandemic plans, including collaborating with community response agencies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biosecurity, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Saint Louis University, School of Public Health, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. rebmannt@slu.edu
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rebmann
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Swick
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reddick
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D063373:Hand Hygiene; D006796:Household Work; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012573:School Nursing; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*