title: Recognition of face-name associations after errorless and errorful learning: an fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Errorless learning has advantages over errorful learning. The erroneous items produced during errorful learning compete with correct items at retrieval resulting in decreased memory performance. This interference is associated with an increased demand on executive monitoring processes. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to contrast errorless and errorful learning. Learning mode was manipulated by the number of distractors during learning of face-name associations: in errorless learning only the correct name was introduced. During errorful learning either one incorrect name or two incorrect names were additionally introduced in order to modulate the interference in recognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The behavioural results showed an enhanced memory performance after errorless learning. The veridicality of recognition of the face-name associations was reflected in a left lateralized fronto-temporal-parietal network. The different learning modes were associated with modulations in left prefrontal and parietal regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Errorless learning enhances memory performance as compared to errorful learning and underpins the known advantages for errorless learning. During memory retrieval different networks are engaged for specific purposes: Recognition of face-name associations engaged a lateralized fronto-temporal-parietal network and executive monitoring processes of memory engaged the left prefrontal and parietal regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tempelmann
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009275:Names; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen