title: Saphenous vein graft perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcomes of perforation during aortocoronary saphenous vein graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all 12 SVG perforations that occurred between November 2005 and November 2011 at two tertiary referral centers. The acute and long-term outcomes of these patients were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The perforation was located in the SVG body (n = 6), aortic (n = 3), or distal (n = 3) anastomosis. Most perforations occurred after stent implantation (n = 5) or after stent postdilation (n = 3). The perforation was Ellis class I in 1 patient, II in 3 patients, III in 4 patients, and III with cavity spilling in 3 patients. The perforation spontaneously sealed without requiring further treatment in 3 patients. In the remaining 9 patients, the perforation was treated with prolonged balloon inflation (n = 2) or covered stent implantation (n = 5), but could not be treated in 2 patients who died during the procedure. Seven of the 10 survivors underwent follow-up angiography 5 months to 2 years after the perforation. The target SVG was occluded in 5 patients and had developed severe stenosis in the remaining 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SVG perforation during PCI carries a high mortality and frequently requires implantation of a covered stent. Perforated SVGs frequently occlude within 2 years post PCI.
authors.affiliation: Citizens Memorial Hospital Heart and Vascular Institute, 1500 North Oakland, Bolivar, MO 65613 USA. c.marmagiolis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marmagkiolis
authors.forename: Emmanouil S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brilakis
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakeem
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cilingiroglu
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bilodeau
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000601:surgery*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012421:Rupture / Q000453:epidemiology; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000293:injuries* / Q000637:transplantation; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome