title: Depression and risk of mortality in people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between depression and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with diabetes by systematically reviewing the literature and carrying out a meta-analysis of relevant longitudinal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  PUBMED and PSYCINFO were searched for articles assessing mortality risk associated with depression in diabetes up until August 16, 2012. The pooled hazard ratios were calculated using random-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, which were pooled in an overall all-cause mortality estimate, and five in a cardiovascular mortality estimate. After adjustment for demographic variables and micro- and macrovascular complications, depression was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.29-1.66), and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.11-1.73). Heterogeneity across studies was high for all-cause mortality and relatively low for cardiovascular mortality, with an I-squared of respectively 78.6% and 39.6%. Subgroup analyses showed that the association between depression and mortality not significantly change when excluding three articles presenting odds ratios, yet this decreased heterogeneity substantially (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.39-1.61, I-squared = 15.1%). A comparison between type 1 and type 2 diabetes could not be undertaken, as only one study reported on type 1 diabetes specifically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is associated with an almost 1.5-fold increased risk of mortality in people with diabetes. Research should focus on both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes of death associated with depression, and determine the underlying behavioral and physiological mechanisms that may explain this association.
authors.affiliation: CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fleur E P
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: van Dooren
authors.forename: Giesje
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nefs
authors.forename: Miranda T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schram
authors.forename: Frans R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors