title: Comprehensive high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography combined with high temperature gradient chromatography-infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of impact polypropylene copolymers.
abstract: Impact polypropylene copolymers (IPC) are extremely complex materials that can only be effectively analysed by multidimensional analytical approaches. IPC consists of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) as the major phase, ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers of various compositions and small amounts of polyethylene. The molecular heterogeneity of two IPC samples having different ethylene contents was studied by using a novel cross-fractionation technique, developed from a combination of various analytical separation methods into an effective characterisation tool for complex polyolefins. The initial step involves the fractionation of the sample into EP rubber, EP segmented copolymer, and iPP, by preparative temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF). The resulting fractions are still distributed with regards to chemical composition and molar mass. The separation with respect to these parameters is conducted by comprehensive HT 2D-LC. This is the first time that the individual components in all TREF fractions of an IPC are separated and analysed mutidimensionally, by both SEC-FTIR, high-temperature (HT) HPLC-FTIR, and HT 2D-LC. Molar mass analysis of the chemically homogeneous fractions from HT HPLC is accomplished by HT SEC in the second dimension of HT 2D-LC. The chemical composition of all species is determined by coupling FTIR spectroscopy to HT HPLC via an LC-transform interface. This novel approach reveals the capability of this hyphenated technique to determine the exact chemical composition of the individual components in the complex TREF fractions of IPCs. The HT HPLC-FTIR results confirm the separation mechanism in the given chromatographic system using a 1-decanol to TCB solvent gradient and a Hypercarb stationary phase. The components of differing chemical composition are separated according to the nature and length of the propylene/ethylene segments, with their arrangement in the chains strongly affecting their adsorption/desorption on the stationary phase. FTIR analysis provides information on the ethylene and propylene contents of the fractions as well as on the ethylene and propylene crystallinities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: Sadiqali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheruthazhekatt
authors.forename: Gareth W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pasch
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D011126:Polypropylenes; C036216:ethylene