title: The association of breakfast skipping and television viewing at breakfast with weight status among parents of 10-12-year-olds in eight European countries; the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective was to assess the relationship of breakfast skipping, television (TV) viewing at breakfast and breakfast without TV with weight status among parents of 10-12-year-olds in eight European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey assessed breakfast eating and TV viewing at breakfast by three frequency questions and parents were categorized into: (i) breakfast skippers; (ii) breakfast with TV (TV watchers at breakfast); and (iii) breakfast without TV (breakfast eaters who do not watch TV during breakfast). Self-reported weight and height were used to categorize weight status as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted with weight status as the dependent variable and breakfast habits as predictors, adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey was conducted in 2010 in 199 primary schools across eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents (n 6512) of 10-12-year-olds responded to the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total study sample, with breakfast without TV as the reference group and adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education, the OR of being respectively overweight or obese (compared with normal weight) was 1.2 (95% CI 1.0, 1.4) or 1.8 (95% CI 1.5, 2.3) for breakfast skippers. The OR of being respectively underweight or obese was 0.5 (95% CI 0.2, 0.9) or 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.8) for breakfast with TV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, and those eating breakfast while watching TV were significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be underweight.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Helga Birgit
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bjørnarå
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Frøydis N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Vik
authors.affiliation: 2 EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
authors.affiliation: 5 Slovenian Heart Foundation, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: 7 GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, EU Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: 8 The Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dössegger
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Elling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bere
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television