title: Loading enhances the occurrence of startle responses in leg muscles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The startle reflex is an involuntary reaction to sudden sensory input and consists of a generalized flexion response. Startle responses in distal leg muscles occur more frequently during standing compared to sitting. We hypothesized that sensory input from load receptors modulates the occurrence of startle responses in leg muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered sudden startling auditory stimuli (SAS) to 11 healthy subjects while (1) sitting relaxed, (2) standing relaxed, (3) standing while bearing 60% of their weight on the right leg, (4) standing while bearing 60% of their weight on the left leg, and (5) standing with 30% body weight support ('bilateral unloaded'). The requested weight distribution for each condition was verified using force plates. Electromyography data were collected from both tibialis anterior (TA) and the left sternocleidomastoid muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the TA, startle responses occurred much more frequently during normal standing (26% of trials) compared to both sitting (6% of trials, p<0.01) and bilateral unloading (3% of trials, p<0.01). In the asymmetrical stance conditions, startle responses in the TA were more common in the loaded leg (21% of trials) compared to the unloaded leg (10% of trials, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of startle responses in the leg muscles was strongly influenced by load. Hence, it is likely that information from load receptors influences startle response activity. We suggest that, in a stationary position, startling stimuli result in a descending volley from brainstem circuits, which is gated at the spinal level by afferent input from load receptors.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.nonnekes@reval.umcn.nl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nonnekes
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Geel
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Oude Nijhuis
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weerdesteyn
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D011930:Reaction Time; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult