title: Clinical value of the first dedicated, commercially available automatic injector for ictal brain SPECT in presurgical evaluation of pediatric epilepsy: comparison with manual injection.
abstract: The most challenging technical problem in ictal brain SPECT for localization of an epileptogenic focus is obtaining a timely injection of a radiopharmaceutical. In our institution, the first dedicated commercially available, remotely controlled automatic injector has been used in the pediatric epilepsy unit in conjunction with 24-h video and electroencephalogram monitoring. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the improved success rate of ictal injection by use of the automatic injector in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four pediatric patients and eighty-four (99m)Tc-ethylcysteinate dimer ((99m)Tc-ECD) ictal brain SPECT studies were retrospectively analyzed in a masked manner. The group with manual injection consisted of 45 studies performed from 2004 to 2010 before the introduction of the automatic injector. The group with automatic injection consisted of 39 studies performed from 2010 to 2011 after the introduction of the automatic injector. The 2 groups were comparable in the total duration of seizure, injected dose, and time from the injection to the image acquisition. The latency time from the seizure onset to the initiation time of injection, the ratio of latency time to total duration of seizure (L/T), the number of patients with repeated studies, the number of days of additional hospitalization for each study, and the localization rate for identifying a single focus in each study were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median latency time in the group with automatic injection (8 s) was significantly lower than that of the group with manual injection (18 s) (P < 0.05). Also there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients with repeated studies in the group with automatic injection (2/39 [5%]), compared with the group with manual injection (14/45 [31%]) (P < 0.05). The median number of days of additional hospitalization in the group with manual injection (range, 0-7) was statistically significantly different, compared with the group with automatic injection (range, 0-1) (P < 0.05). In the group with automatic injection, 31 of 39 scans demonstrated a single localizing focus, compared to 22 of 45 scans from the manual-injection group, a significant difference (P < 0.05). The radiation exposure rate to nursing staff during the periods with automatic injection was lower than during the periods with manual injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The automatic injector combined with 24-h video and electroencephalogram monitoring demonstrated significant clinical value by decreasing latency time, the number of patients with repeated studies, and the number of days of additional hospitalization while increasing the number of studies with a single localizing focus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sunhee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Laymon
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tudorascu
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panigrahy
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mountz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001331:Automation; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: automatic injector; epilepsy; ictal SPECT; pediatric