title: Antimicrobial gageomacrolactins characterized from the fermentation of the marine-derived bacterium Bacillus subtilis under optimum growth conditions.
abstract: Marine bacteria are a potential source of structurally diversified bioactive secondary metabolites that are not found in terrestrial sources. In our continuous effort to search for new antimicrobial agents from marine-derived bacteria, we isolated bacterial strain 109GGC020 from a marine sediment sample collected from Gageocho, Republic of Korea. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on a 16s rRNA sequence analysis. After a 7-day fermentation of the B. subtilis strain under optimum growth conditions three new and four known secondary metabolites were discovered using chromatographic procedures, and their biological activities were evaluated against both bacteria and crop-devastating fungi. The discovered metabolites were confirmed by extensive 2D NMR and high-resolution ESI-MS data analyses to have the structures of new macrolactin derivatives gageomacrolactins 1-3 and known macrolactins A (4), B (5), F (6), and W (7). The stereoconfigurations of 1-3 were assigned based on coupling constant values, chemical derivatization studies, and a literature review. The coupling constants were very crucial to determine the relative geometries of olefins in 1-3 because of overlap of the ¹H NMR signals. The NMR data of these compounds were recorded in different solvents to overcome this problem and obtain accurate coupling constant values. The new macrolactin derivatives 1-3 displayed good antibiotic properties against both Gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis, and B. cereus) and Gram-negative (E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa) bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.02-0.05 μM. Additionally, the antifungal activities of 1-7 were evaluated against pathogenic fungi and found to inhibit mycelial growth of A. niger, B. cinerea, C. acutatum, C. albicans, and R. solani with MIC values of 0.04-0.3 μM, demonstrating that these compounds were good fungicides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Fakir Shahidullah
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Tareq
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min Ah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyi-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yeon-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hee Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D055808:Drug Discovery; D005285:Fermentation; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018942:Macrolides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D018942:Macrolides