title: Transversus abdominis is part of a global not local muscle synergy during arm movement.
abstract: The trunk muscle transversus abdominis (TrA) is thought to be controlled independently of the global trunk muscles. Methodological issues in the 1990s research such as unilateral electromyography and a limited range of arm movements justify a re-examination of this theory. The hypothesis tested is that TrA bilateral co-contraction is a typical muscle synergy during arm movement. The activity of 6 pairs of trunk and lower limb muscles was recorded using bilateral electromyography during anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) associated with the arm movements. The integrated APA electromyographical signals were analyzed for muscle synergy using Principle Component Analysis. TrA does not typically bilaterally co-contract during arm movements (1 out of 6 participants did). APA muscle activity of all muscles during asymmetrical arm movements typically reflected a direction specific diagonal pattern incorporating a twisting motion to transfer energy from the ground up. This finding is not consistent with the hypothesis that TrA plays a unique role providing bilateral, feedforward, multidirectional stiffening of the spine. This has significant implications to the theories underlying the role of TrA in back pain and in the training of isolated bilateral co-contraction of TrA in the prophylaxis of back pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, Australia. Electronic address: s.morris@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: 2330; Abdominal muscles; Anticipatory postural adjustments; Low back pain; Postural control; Trunk stability