title: A virtual source model of a kilo-voltage radiotherapy device.
abstract: The purpose of this work is to develop a virtual source model (VSM) for the 50 kV INTRABEAM® device for Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation. The geometry of the device was modelled in Geant4. A phase space file (PSF) was computed by simulating the interactions of monoenergetic primary electrons with the target. The PSF was approximated by computing the energy spectrum of the photons in the PSF. The variation of photon intensity, mean direction cosine and standard deviation along the axis of the source was thereafter computed. The isotropy of the source was used to approximate the properties of the source on the transverse plane. These functional approximations thereafter defined the VSM of the device. A sub-source was used to account for two kinds of photons, which were suppressed by the PSF approximation method. The intensity (relative to the main source) and emission directions of the sub-source required optimization. Optimization was achieved by the iterative adjustment of either or both parameters following MC simulation with the VSM and comparison of the calculated results to experimental data. The optimized source model was validated by comparing the calculated dose to water under several experimental setups, with reference data from the manufacturer, independent dosimetric check, and to literature results. The calculated photon energy spectra at other operating potentials (30 and 40 kV) of the device were also compared to literature data. The calculated energy spectra at all operating voltages are consistent with literature reports. The optimized sub-source has a relative intensity of 5% and an emission direction that is favoured along the axis of the source. The calculated depth dose curve for the bare probe agreed with the reference data, and the isodose lines are similar to published experimental results. Validation of the source model under a more complex experimental setup by film dosimetry agreed to within 2%/1 mm (98% pixel pass rate) of the values calculated with the VSM. We derived a VSM of the 50 kVp INTRABEAM source from a PSF. The dose predicted by the model agreed with reports in literature, reference data from the device manufacturer, and with an independent validation check. The algorithm could be used for treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 D-68167, Mannheim, Germany. Charles.Nwankwo@medma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nwankwo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wenz
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014584:User-Computer Interface