title: Advances in the identification of molecular markers for bone neoplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone tumors represent a heterogeneous and poorly understood group of neoplasms affecting patients of all ages. This review is intended to highlight recent advances in the identification of diagnostically relevant molecular biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review offers a summary of basic techniques in molecular pathology. In the case of primary bone tumors with diagnostically applicable molecular markers, an overview of the tumor is provided incorporating the germane background and advances in the identification of molecular markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reader will gain an understanding of the techniques governing the discovery of biomarkers, and their applicability in diagnostic bone pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular analysis has identified key diagnostic biomarkers in only a small proportion of bone tumors. Many of these findings owe their existence to earlier karyotype-based cytogenetic studies. In cases where characteristic cytogenetic findings are absent, there remains a tremendous need to interrogate rigorously these lesions using emerging techniques such as whole genome sequencing. It is assumed that with a more precise understanding of the tumor genetic code, more accurate diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers will emerge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada +1 416 586 8719 ; +1 416 586 8719 ; bdickson@mtsinai.on.ca.
authors.forename: Brendan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Rita A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kandel