title: Longitudinal study of bowel function in children with anorectal malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Longitudinal follow-up of changes in bowel function in children with anorectal malformations (ARMs) with or without spinal cord pathology and neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) as they grow. Another purpose was to identify predictors influencing bowel functional outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 41 patients with ARM, excluding perineal fistula (21 boys and 20 girls). Bowel function was evaluated at ages 5, 10 and 15 years using a structured questionnaire and a three-week registration of number and time of bowel movements, episodes of fecal leakage and soiling. Additional bowel treatment with enemas and stool softeners and use of diapers were recorded. A group of 52 healthy boys and girls was used as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A successive improvement in functional outcome with age in children with ARM and normal spinal cord was seen with respect to continence, soiling and constipation. Continence was achieved earlier in girls than in boys (at 10 years: girls 80%, boys 36%). Soiling and constipation decreased with age both in grade and frequency (at 10 years low grade soiling: girls 53%, boys 64%). Boys with spinal cord malformation with NBD in combination with prostatic/bladder neck fistula (PRF/BNF) and sacral agenesis had the worst functional outcome with minimal possibility of improvement over time. Functional outcome in girls with NBD and tethered cord did not differ significantly from those without NBD and with a normal spinal cord. Psychosocial co-morbidity, neuropsychiatric disorders, developmental delay and megarectosigmoid were also risk factors impeding the functional outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study there was a successive improvement in bowel function during childhood and adolescence in ARM children, but they did not achieve the level of healthy children. NBD, spinal cord malformation, sacral malformation and PRF all were negative predictive factors for bowel score at 5 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. helena.borg@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Helena C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: Gundela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmdahl
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doroszkiewicz
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000071056:Anorectal Malformations; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male