title: Diagnostic issues in childhood and adult dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a general agreement among movement disorder specialists that the recognition of dystonia may be underestimated. In parallel, the growing interest and the improving knowledge of genetic and physiopathological aspects of dystonias require systematization.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on the phenomenology and etiology of pediatric and adult dystonias. It is designed to provide practical help for neurologists and neuropediatricians to make appropriate diagnoses and plan the therapeutical management of these disorders. The reader will get a systematization of the main etiological and diagnostic aspects that differentiate child-onset from adult-onset dystonias. The reader will also gain insights into specific treatments or cures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because dystonia can vary in clinical presentation and etiology, proper diagnosis and classification of these disorders are important in making therapeutic decisions.
authors.affiliation: Neurologia I, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Via Celoria, 11, 20133 Milano , Italy +02 2394 2552 ; +02 2394 2539 ; alberto.albanese@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalli
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canavese
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zorzi
authors.forename: Nardo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nardocci
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albanese