title: Delivery systems of opioid analgesics for pain relief: a review.
abstract: Chronic pain is usually treated with pharmacological measures using opioids alone or in combination with adjuvant analgesics that play an important role in the treatment of pain not fully responsive to opioids administered alone, especially in neuropathic, bone and visceral colicky pain. The important part of the chronic pain treatment is the appropriate use of non-pharmacological measures along with psychosocial and spiritual support. Opioids may be administered by different routes; the most common and most convenient for majority of treated patients are oral and transdermal. However, in certain circumstances such as inability to swallow, lack of analgesic efficacy and intractable opioid-induced adverse effects parenteral routes (subcutaneous, intravenous) might be more useful. When these routes fail, in some patients intrathecal administration of opioids is required. Recently, more patients have been treated with short-acting opioids for breakthrough pain with sublingual, buccal and intranasal routes of opioid administration that may provide efficacy superior to oral and comparable to intravenous routes. Alternative routes comprise rectal, inhaled and topical administration of opioids. This article discusses various routes of opioid administration.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krajnik
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Osiedle Rusa 25 A, 61 - 245 Poznan, Poland. wojciechleppert@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wordliczek
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid