title: Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a self-diagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the Korean self-diagnostic program for Internet addiction (K-scale) and the smartphone's own features. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) was demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 197 participants were selected from Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2012 to accomplish a set of questionnaires, including SAS, K-scale, modified Kimberly Young Internet addiction test (Y-scale), visual analogue scale (VAS), and substance dependence and abuse diagnosis of DSM-IV. There were 64 males and 133 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 53 years (M = 26.06; SD = 5.96). Factor analysis, internal-consistency test, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of SAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the factor analysis results, the subscale "disturbance of reality testing" was removed, and six factors were left. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967). SAS and its subscales were significantly correlated with K-scale and Y-scale. The VAS of each factor also showed a significant correlation with each subscale. In addition, differences were found in the job (p<0.05), education (p<0.05), and self-reported smartphone addiction scores (p<0.001) in SAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study developed the first scale of the smartphone addiction aspect of the diagnostic manual. This scale was proven to be relatively reliable and valid.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Joon-Yeop
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wang-Youn
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Jae-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jung-Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Changtae
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Ji-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dai-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult