title: Consumption of buckwheat modulates the post-prandial response of selected gastrointestinal satiety hormones in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In healthy participants and those with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM), to (1) compare the acute 3-hour post-prandial response of glucose, insulin and other gastrointestinal hormones known to influence food intake and glucose metabolism after consumption of a food product made from whole grain buckwheat flour versus rice flour; (2) determine the effect of daily consumption of a food product made from whole grain buckwheat flour on fasting glucose, lipids and apolipoproteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy participants or those with T2DM consumed either buckwheat or rice crackers. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180minutes after consumption. In a second phase of the study, participants consumed one serving of buckwheat crackers daily for 1week; fasting blood samples from day 1 and day 7 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-prandial plasma glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and pancreatic polypeptide were altered after consuming buckwheat versus rice crackers. Interestingly, changes in these hormones did not lead to changes in post-prandial glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations. Significant correlations were observed between both fasting concentrations and post-prandial responses of several of the hormones examined. Interestingly, certain correlations were present only in the healthy participant group or the T2DM group. There was no effect of consuming buckwheat for one week on fasting glucose, lipids or apolipoproteins in either the healthy participants or those with T2DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the buckwheat cracker did not modify acute glycemia or insulinemia, it was sufficient to modulate gastrointestinal satiety hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Carla G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Paulyn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appah
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blewett
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zahradka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002170:Canada; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019612:Fagopyrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1