title: Spinal toll-like receptor signaling and nociceptive processing: regulatory balance between TIRAP and TRIF cascades mediated by TNF and IFNβ.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes, and individual TLRs have been investigated in nociception. We examined overlapping and diverging roles of spinal TLRs and their associated adaptor proteins in nociceptive processing. Intrathecal (IT) TLR2, TLR3, or TLR4 ligands (-L) evoked persistent (7-day) tactile allodynia (TA) that was abolished in respective TLR-deficient mice. Using Tnf(-/-) mice, we found that IT TLR2 and TLR4 TA was tumor necrosis factor (TNF) dependent, whereas TLR3 was TNF-independent. In Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP; Tirap(-/-)) mice (downstream to TLR2 and TLR4), allodynia after IT TLR2-L and TLR4-L was abolished. Unexpectedly, in TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (Trif(lps2)) mice (downstream of TLR3 and TLR4), TLR3-L allodynia was abrogated, but intrathecal TLR4-L produced a persistent increase (>21days) in TA. Consistent with a role for interferon (IFN) β (downstream to TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFNβ [TRIF]) in regulating recovery after IT TLR4-L, prolonged allodynia was noted in Ifnar1(-/-) mice. Further, IT IFNβ given to Trif(lps2) mice reduced TLR4 allodynia. Hence, spinal TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and TRIF cascades differentially lead to robust TA by TNF-dependent and independent pathways, whereas activation of TRIF modulated processing through type I IFN receptors. Based on these results, we believe that processes leading to the activation of these spinal TLRs initiate TNF-dependent and -independent cascades, which contribute to the associated persistent pain state. In addition, TRIF pathways are able to modulate the TNF-dependent pain state through IFNβ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Maripat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corr
authors.forename: Tony L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D016899:Interferon-beta; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D008024:Ligands; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C476286:Ticam1 protein, mouse; C499045:TIRAP protein, mouse