title: Expectations about insulin therapy, perceived insulin-delivery system social acceptability, and insulin treatment satisfaction contribute to decreases in insulin therapy self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes after 36 weeks insulin therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-efficacy plays a critical role in diabetes self-care. Herein we explore factors contributing to decreased insulin therapy self-efficacy in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) initiating and managing insulin therapy over 36 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted within an international, randomized clinical trial comparing two insulin therapies administered by insulin pen in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with oral antihyperglycemic medications. Patients completed the Self-Efficacy about Insulin Therapy Questionnaire (SEITQ) at baseline and endpoint. Patients also completed patient-reported measures assessing expectations about insulin therapy at baseline and perceptions about insulin therapy and insulin-delivery system (IDS) satisfaction at endpoint. Baseline and endpoint SEITQ scores were compared. Using prespecified criteria, patients were classified as having "decreased" or "no change/improved" insulin self-efficacy. Demographic, clinical, and patient-reported variables were entered into a logistic regression model with decreased insulin self-efficacy (yes or no) as the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline and endpoint SEITQ data were available for 450 insulin-naïve T2DM patients (mean age 59 years; 53% female; 57% Caucasian; mean baseline HbA1c 9.4%; 80.0 mmol/mol). Insulin therapy self-efficacy improved from baseline to endpoint (74.0 vs 77.5; P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower IDS satisfaction (P<0.0001), lower IDS social acceptability (P=0.004), and more positive expectations of insulin therapy (P<0.0001) were associated with decreased insulin self-efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A candid discussion between clinicians and their insulin-naïve T2DM patients about the benefits and challenges of insulin therapy may prevent unrealistic expectations that could potentially undermine insulin self-efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. hayes_clarice@lilly.com
authors.forename: Risa P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ilag
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Mayme
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funnell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: insulin therapy; pretreatment expectations; self-efficacy; type 2 diabetes; 胰岛素治疗，治疗之前的期望，自我效能感，2型糖尿病