title: Psychopathological symptoms in two generations of the same family: a cross-cultural comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aims of the present study were to compare the frequency and correlates of psychopathological symptoms in two generations of the same family in Japan and in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 689 adolescents and one of their parents/guardians. All participants completed a set of questionnaires to measure psychopathological symptoms, self-construals, and perceived social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both parent and adolescent data, the Japanese sample reported significantly lower psychopathological symptoms than the English sample. The relationship between parental and adolescent psychopathology was significant in England, but not in Japan. In both countries, perceived social support and independent self-construal were generally associated with less psychopathological symptoms, and interdependent self-construal was associated with more symptoms. Additionally, in England, a significant interaction effect was found between social support and the self-construals. Participants with low independent and high interdependent self-construal had elevated levels of psychopathological symptoms when perceived social support was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study illustrates the importance of culture in the transmission of psychopathological symptoms across different generations in the same family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK, C.Essau@roehampton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Cecilia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Essau
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasagawa
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsui
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011599:Psychopathology; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires