title: An accurate, non-invasive approach to diagnose Cushing's syndrome in at-risk populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of Cushing's syndrome (CS) in at-risk populations in developing countries remains uncertain. Evening urinary cortisol (UFC(22-23)) and salivary cortisol after treatment with 1-mg DST (SAFdex) have seldom been used as diagnostic tools in these populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To establish the prevalence of CS in adults with cortisol-related morbidities using UFC22-23 and SAFdex as markers along with all first-line diagnostic tests recommended for CS; and (2) to assess the performance of each test and define a non-invasive diagnostic approach for CS in at-risk outpatient subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 128 outpatients were evaluated, including type 1 and 2 diabetic patients with poor metabolic control (DM1 and DM2), hypertensive subjects with central obesity (HBP) and premenopausal women with osteoporosis (OS). Controls included 100 healthy volunteers and 23 patients with CS. Total urinary cortisol (UFC), UFC(22-23), late-night salivary cortisol (SAF23) and suppression of cortisol levels in saliva (SAFdex) and serum (Fdex) after treatment with 1-mg DST were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CS was diagnosed in one DM2 and one HBP patient; both women exhibited central obesity. Among CS patients, UFC showed more within-person variability than UFC(22-23) or SAF23. UFC(22-23) and SAF23 were positively and significantly correlated in all groups (r > or = 0.70; p < or = 0.0001). UFC(22-23) > 44.0 ng/mg creatinine or SAF23 > 3.8 nM were 100% sensitive (S) and specific (E) for CS. Furthermore, SAFdex > 2.0 nM or Fdex > 50.0 nM were 100% S and 97.3% E for CS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS was diagnosed in 1.5% of at-risk patients. The combination of UFC(22-23) or SAF23 with SAFdex offers a non-invasive diagnostic tool to assess cortisol nadir and feed-back status in outpatients.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Estela M L
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Alejandro L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Arregger
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monardes
authors.forename: Liliana N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Contreras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012306:Risk; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone