title: Inhibition of AKT in human pancreatic, renal and colorectal cancer cells by four cardiac hormones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein kinase-B (AKT) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has a key role in cell proliferation and cancer cell invasiveness. Four cardiac peptide hormones, namely vessel dilator, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), kaliuretic peptide, and long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) have anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cardiac hormones were examined for their ability to inhibit AKT, measured with a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in human colorectal, pancreatic, and renal cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, ANP, and LANP maximally reduced the concentration of AKT by 47%, 45%, 52%, and 46% in human colorectal cancer cells (p<0.0001), by 60%, 61%, 64%, and 59% in human pancreatic carcinoma cells (p<0.0001), and by 31%, 32%, 31%, and 31% in renal adenocarcinoma cells (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These four cardiac hormones are significant inhibitors of AKT in human cancer cells, as part of their anticancer mechanism(s) of action.
authors.affiliation: Director, USF Cardiac Hormone Center, J.A. Haley Veterans Medical Center-151, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA. david.vesely@va.gov
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skelton
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Vesely
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; C075322:atrial natriuretic factor precursor (79-98); C054547:atrial natriuretic factor prohormone (1-30), human; C054548:atrial natriuretic factor prohormone (31-67); D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt