title: Engineering of an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing nanoemulsion system for combination C6-ceramide and 17β-estradiol delivery and bioactivity in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Delayed endothelial cell (EC) regeneration and the medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation contribute to arterial restenosis. Although ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 17β-estradiol (17-βE) and C6-ceramide (CER) have shown therapeutic promise in addressing restenosis, extensive protein binding and lipophilicity complicate their (co-)delivery to cellular targets. We report engineering of an ω-3-PUFA-rich oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation that effectively delivers 17-βE and CER cargo to cultured vascular cells. The cargo-free, ω-3-PUFA-rich nanoemulsion itself typically reduced growth factor-stimulated cellular proliferation, as did nanoemulsion-delivered CER alone, through enhanced pro-apoptotic caspase 3/7 activity. 17-βE loaded nanoemulsion inhibited VSMC proliferation and supported EC proliferation, responses associated with the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) signaling. Co-administration of 17-βE and CER loaded nanoemulsions exerted an anti-proliferative effect more pronounced on VSMCs than ECs. These therapeutically beneficial responses to ω-3-PUFA, CER, and/or 17-βE in our nanoemulsion formulation invite evaluation of this novel approach in animal models of restenosis and other occlusive vasculopathies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This team of investigators report the engineering of an ω-3-PUFA-rich oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation that effectively delivers 17-βE and C6-ceramide cargo to cultured vascular cells in an effort to address vascular restenosis. Further preclinical studies will be needed in animal models before this approach could be considered for clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.
authors.forename: Dipti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Janero
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiji
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004655:Emulsions; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D004655:Emulsions; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; C101954:N-caproylsphingosine; D004958:Estradiol; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7
keywords: Apoptosis; Arterial injury; Coronary disease; Endothelial dysfunction; Smooth muscle proliferation; Sphingolipid