title: Caudal block and emergence delirium in pediatric patients: Is it analgesia or sedation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergence delirium (ED) although a short-lived and self-limiting phenomenon, makes a child prone to injury in the immediate postoperative period and hence is a cause of concern not only to the pediatric anesthesiologist, surgeons, and post anesthesia care unit staff but also amongst parents. Additional medication to quieten the child offsets the potential benefits of rapid emergence and delays recovery in day care settings. There is conflicting evidence of influence of analgesia and sedation following anesthesia on emergence agitation. We hypothesized that an anesthetic technique which improves analgesia and prolongs emergence time will reduce the incidence of ED. We selected ketamine as adjuvant to caudal block for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double blind prospective study was performed in 150 premedicated children ASA I, II, aged 2 to 8 years who were randomly assigned to either group B (caudal with bupivacaine), BK (bupivacaine and ketamine), or NC (no caudal), soon after LMA placement. Recovery characteristics and complications were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emergence time, duration of pain relief, and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scores were significantly higher in the NC group (P<0.05). Duration of analgesia and emergence time were significantly more in group BK than groups B and NC. However, the discharge readiness was comparable between all groups. No patient in BK group required to be given any medication to treat ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergence time as well as duration of analgesia have significant influence on incidence of emergence delirium. Ketamine, as caudal adjuvant is a promising agent to protect against ED in children, following sevoflurane anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Consultant Anesthesiologist, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Jayashree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sood
keywords: Caudal; delerium; emeregence; ketamine; pediatric