title: SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol regulates production of inflammatory cytokines & adipokine in both macrophages & adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is now considered as a major risk factor for the development of fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. SoSoSo is a newly developed dietary supplement made of seven medicinal herbs. This study was aimed at examining the anti-obesity effect of SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol on the production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine in macrophyage cell line RAW264 and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  No release was measured as a form of nitrite by Griess method. The production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine were measured with the ELISA method. The m-RNA expression of each cytokine and adipokine were measured using RT-PCR. The nuclear proteins for NF-κB were analyzed with western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SoSoSo or chrysophanol significantly inhibited the nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 cells as well as in RAW264 cells-conditioned medium (CM)-treated 3T3-L1 cells. The production of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were inhibited by SoSoSo or chrysophanol. In addition, SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264 cells. SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the productions of IL-6, TNF-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as well as the reduction of adiponectin production in CM-treated 3T3-L1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a potential of SoSoSo or chrysophanol as a source of anti-inflammatory agent for obesity. Further in vivo studies would be required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Kun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.forename: Phil-Dong
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: In-Hwa
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Ja
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D000880:Anthraquinones; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; C027113:chrysophanic acid