title: Source attributions of hazardous aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, suburban and rural areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region.
abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) are both hazardous air pollutants and important precursors to ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Here we investigated 14 C6-C9 AHs at one urban, one suburban and two rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region during November-December 2009. The ratios of individual aromatics to acetylene were compared among these contrasting sites to indicate their difference in source contributions from solvent use and vehicle emissions. Ratios of toluene to benzene (T/B) in urban (1.8) and suburban (1.6) were near that of vehicle emissions. Higher T/B of 2.5 at the rural site downwind the industry zones reflected substantial contribution of solvent use while T/B of 0.8 at the upwind rural site reflected the impact of biomass burning. Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that solvent use, vehicle exhaust and biomass burning altogether accounted for 89-94% of observed AHs. Vehicle exhaust was the major source for benzene with a share of 43-70% and biomass burning in particular contributed 30% to benzene in the upwind rural site; toluene, C8-aromatics and C9-aromatics, however, were mainly from solvent use, with contribution percentages of 47-59%, 52-59% and 41-64%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yanli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xinming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.forename: Isobel J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: Xiaoxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Quanfu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Tengyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution; D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis; D018533:Biomass; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005843:Geography; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010126:Ozone; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011786:Quality Control; D045483:Rivers; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene; D010126:Ozone; D001554:Benzene