title: The effect of chromium on inflammatory markers, 1st and 2nd phase insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired insulin sensitivity (SI) and β-cell function are the two main causes of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and are related to low-grade inflammation status. Trivalent chromium has shown to improve SI in our previous study. This might be due to the ability of decreasing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) shown in animal studies. In the current study, we measured SI, β-cell function, and plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after treatment of chromium chloride (GaCr) in T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients were randomly assigned to the 20 g of GaCr milk powder studying group or the milk powder placebo group. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and after the treatment. The SI and the β-cell function were measured as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SI was significantly improved. At the same time, the static insulin responsivity index (Φs) was significantly higher after the treatment (p = 0.003). On the other hand, the dynamic insulin responsivity index (Φd) remained unchanged. Interestingly, a significant decrease in the IL-6 level after the treatment (p = 0.015) was noted. Although there was a trend of decreasing in TNF-α, it was not statistically significant. Finally, there was no significant correlation between the δ-IL-6, SI, and Φd after GaCr treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, other than the improvement of SI, GaCr could also improve the second phase of insulin responsivity (Φs) and IL-6. However, δ-IL-6 was correlated with neither δ-SI nor δ-Φs which indicated that the improvement of SI and Φs might involve mechanisms other than lower inflammatory effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yen-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiunn-Diann
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Te-Lin
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: Frank Chiahung
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Chun-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Dee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002857:Chromium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002857:Chromium; D014527:Uric Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase