title: Decoupled phenotypic variation between floral and vegetative traits: distinguishing between developmental and environmental correlations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In species with specialized pollination, floral traits are expected to be relatively invariant and decoupled from the phenotypic variation affecting vegetative traits. However, inferring the degree of decoupling between morphological characters from patterns of phenotypic correlations is difficult because phenotypic correlations result from the superimposition of several sources of covariance. In this study it is hypothesized that, in some cases, negative environmental correlations generated by non-congruent reaction norms across traits overshadow positive developmental correlations and generate a decoupling of the phenotypic variation between vegetative and floral traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, Campanula rotundifolia were grown from two distinct populations under two temperature treatments, and patterns of correlation were analysed between leaf size and flower size within and among treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flower size was less sensitive to temperature variation than leaf size. Furthermore, flower size and leaf size showed temperature-induced reaction norms in opposite directions. Flower size decreased with an increasing temperature, while leaf size increased. Consequently, among treatments, correlations between leaf size and flower size were negative or absent, while, within treatments, these correlations were positive or absent in the cold and warm environments, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that the decoupling of the phenotypic variation between vegetative and floral traits can be dependent on the environment. They also underline the importance of distinguishing sources of phenotypic covariance when testing hypotheses about phenotypic integration.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. christophe.pelabon@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pélabon
authors.forename: Nora C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Osler
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diekmann
authors.forename: Bente J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Graae
mesh_terms: D029422:Campanulaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors