title: Population pharmacodynamic analysis of erythropoiesis in preterm infants for determining the anemia treatment potential of erythropoietin.
abstract: A population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to describe changes in erythropoiesis as a function of plasma erythropoietin (EPO) concentration over the first 30 days of life in preterm infants who developed severe anemia requiring red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Several covariates were tested as possible factors influencing the responsiveness to EPO. Discarded blood samples in 27 ventilated preterm infants born at 24-29 wk of gestation were used to construct plasma EPO, hemoglobin (Hb), and RBC concentration-time profiles. The amount of Hb removed for laboratory testing and that transfused throughout the study period were recorded. A population PK/PD model accounting for the dynamic Hb changes experienced by these infants was simultaneously fitted to plasma EPO, Hb, and RBC concentrations. A covariate analysis suggested that the erythropoietic efficacy of EPO is increased for preterm infants at later gestational ages. The PD analysis showed a sevenfold difference in maximum Hb production rate dependent on gestational age and indicated that preterm infants, when stimulated by EPO, have the capacity to produce additional Hb that may result in a decrease in RBC transfusions. The present model has utility in clinical trial simulations investigating the treatment potential of erythropoietic stimulating agents in the treatment of anemia of prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52212, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nalbant
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Widness
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veng-Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004905:Erythrocyte Aging / Q000502:physiology; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000502:physiology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018962:Phlebotomy; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology; D011153:Population; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa
keywords: erythropoiesis; gestational age; pharmacodynamics; preterm infants