title: Viewing health expenditures, payment and coping mechanisms with an equity lens in Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper examines socio-economic and geographic differences in payment and payment coping mechanisms for health services in southeast Nigeria. It shows the extent to which the poor and rural dwellers disproportionally bear the burden of health care costs and offers policy recommendations for improvements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were used to collect data from 3071 randomly selected households in six communities in southeast Nigeria using a four week recall. The sample was divided into quintiles (Q1-Q5) using a socio-economic status (SES) index as well as into geographic groups (rural, peri-urban and urban). Tabulations and logistic regression were used to determine the relationships between payment and payment coping mechanisms and key independent variables. Q1/Q5 and rural/urban ratios were the measures of equity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the respondents used out-of-pocket spending (OOPS) and own money to pay for healthcare. There was statistically significant geographic differences in the use of own money to pay for health services indicating more use among rural dwellers. Logistic regression showed statistically significant geographic differences in the use of both OOPS and own money when controlling for the effects of potential cofounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows statistically significant geographic differences in the use of OOPS and own money to pay for health services. Though the SES differences were not statistically significant, they showed high equity ratios indicating more use among poor and rural dwellers. The high expenditure incurred on drugs alone highlights the need for expediting pro-poor interventions like exemptions and waivers aimed at improving access to health care for the vulnerable poor and rural dwellers.
authors.affiliation: Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria. ofor3011@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Oforbuike
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ewelukwa
authors.forename: Chima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Onoka
authors.forename: Obinna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onwujekwe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000379:methods*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D011203:Poverty; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires