title: Genetic polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors among pediatric patients with renal parenchymal infections of different clinical severities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have suggested single gene defects or variations in the genes associated with host immune response could confer differences in susceptibility to urinary pathogen invasion, no studies have examined the genetic polymorphisms in various toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate innate immune responses in pediatric renal parenchymal infections of different clinical severities, namely acute pyelonephritis and the clinically more severe disease, acute lobar nephronia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for acute pyelonephritis (APN) and acute lobar nephronia (ALN) without underlying diseases or structural anomalies, except for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), were enrolled. Genotyping of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, and TLR-6 was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-based mini-sequencing analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 SNPs were selected for genotyping. Analysis of 96 normal and 48 patients' samples revealed that only four SNPs had heterozygosity rates >0.01. These SNPs were selected for further investigation. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was satisfied for the observed genotype frequencies. Statistically significant differences in the genotype frequency of TLR-2 (rs3804100, T1350C) between controls and ALN or (APN+ALN) combined group were identified using the recessive model with the correction for multiple-SNP testing. Further genotype pattern frequency analysis in TLR-2 SNPs (rs3804099 and rs3804100) showed significantly reduced occurrence of the rare allele homozygote (CC+CC) in the no-VUR subgroup of APN and ALN cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the inflammatory responses in ALN patients are more severe than those in APN patients (higher CRP levels, longer duration of fever after antibiotic treatment), these findings suggest that the genetic variant in TLR-2 (rs3804100, T1350C) may protect the host from severe urinary tract infections as ALN.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pedneph.cheng@msa.hinet.net
authors.forename: Chi-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yun-Shien
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chee-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tzou-Yien
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D009393:Nephritis / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013624:Taiwan; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors