title: Propofol attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury aggravated by hyperglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia exacerbates renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury via aggravated inflammatory response and excessive production of reactive oxygen species. This study aimed to investigate the ability of propofol, a known antioxidant, to protect kidneys against IR injury in hyperglycemic rats in comparison with normoglycemic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normoglycemia-etomidate, normoglycemia-propofol, hyperglycemia-etomidate, and hyperglycemia-propofol. Anesthesia was provided with propofol or etomidate depending on the group. Also, the rats received 1.2 g/kg dextrose or the same volume of normal saline depending on the group. Renal ischemia was induced for 25 min. The rats were killed, and samples were collected 65 min after starting intravenous anesthetics (sham) and 15 min and 24 h after reperfusion injury to compare the histologic degree of renal tubular damage and levels of inflammatory markers and enzymes related to reactive oxygen species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with etomidate, propofol significantly attenuated tubular damage after reperfusion in hyperglycemic rats. Also, tubular damage was greater under hyperglycemia compared with normoglycemia in the etomidate group, whereas it was similar in the propofol group. Propofol preserved superoxide dismutase level and attenuated the increase in levels of myeloperoxidase, interlukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α after reperfusion compared with etomidate especially in hyperglycemic rats. Propofol also attenuated the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB and nuclear factor-κB after reperfusion, which were more prominent under hyperglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol conveyed renoprotection against IR injury by preserved antioxidation ability and attenuated inflammatory response, which were more prominent under hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Kyung-Jong
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Beom Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ji-Hae
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Jae-Kwang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Young-Lan
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005045:Etomidate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000975:Antioxidants; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015742:Propofol; D005045:Etomidate
keywords: Antioxidation; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Ischemia/reperfusion; Kidney; Propofol