title: Beyond the bundle--journey of a tertiary care medical intensive care unit to zero central line-associated bloodstream infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We set a goal to reduce the incidence rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections to rate of <1 per 1,000 central line days in a two-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an observational cohort study with historical controls in a 25-bed intensive care unit at a tertiary academic hospital. All patients admitted to the unit from January 2008 to December 2011 (31,931 patient days) were included. A multidisciplinary team consisting of hospital epidemiologist/infectious diseases physician, infection preventionist, unit physician and nursing leadership was convened. Interventions included: central line insertion checklist, demonstration of competencies for line maintenance and access, daily line necessity checklist, and quality rounds by nursing leadership, heightened staff accountability, follow-up surveillance by epidemiology with timely unit feedback and case reviews, and identification of noncompliance with evidence-based guidelines. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of a cluster of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was undertaken resulting in staff education for proper acquisition of blood cultures, environmental decontamination and daily chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing for patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Center for Disease Control/National Health Safety Network (CDC/NHSN) definition was used to measure central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI) rates during the following time periods: baseline (January 2008 to December 2009), intervention year (IY) 1 (January to December 2010), and IY 2 (January to December 2011). Infection rates were as follows: baseline: 2.65 infections per 1,000 catheter days; IY1: 1.97 per 1,000 catheter days; the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.74 (95% CI=0.37 to 1.65, P=0.398); residual seven CLA-BSIs during IY1 were VRE faecium blood cultures positive from central line alone in the setting of findings explicable by noninfectious conditions. Following staff education, environmental decontamination and CHG bathing (IY2): 0.53 per 1,000 catheter days; the IRR was 0.20 (95% CI=0.06 to 0.65, P=0.008) with 80% reduction compared to the baseline. Over the two-year intervention period, the overall rate decreased by 53% to 1.24 per 1,000 catheter-days (IRR of 0.47 (95% CI=0.25 to 0.88, P=0.019) with zero CLA-BSI for a total of 15 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residual CLA-BSIs, despite strict adherence to central line bundle, may be related to blood culture contamination categorized as CLA-BSIs per CDC/NHSN definition. Efforts to reduce residual CLA-BSIs require a strategic multidisciplinary team approach focused on epidemiologic investigations of practitioner- or unit-specific etiologies.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Exline
authors.forename: Naeem A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zikri
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mangino
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torrence
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vermillion
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: St Clair
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lustberg
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pancholi
authors.forename: Madhuri M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sopirala
mesh_terms: D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D063128:Tertiary Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends