title: The biomechanical mechanism of how strength and power training improves walking speed in old adults remains unknown.
abstract: Maintaining and increasing walking speed in old age is clinically important because this activity of daily living predicts functional and clinical state. We reviewed evidence for the biomechanical mechanisms of how strength and power training increase gait speed in old adults. A systematic search yielded only four studies that reported changes in selected gait biomechanical variables after an intervention. A secondary analysis of 20 studies revealed an association of r(2)=0.21 between the 22% and 12% increase, respectively, in quadriceps strength and gait velocity in 815 individuals age 72. In 6 studies, there was a correlation of r(2)=0.16 between the 19% and 9% gains in plantarflexion strength and gait speed in 240 old volunteers age 75. In 8 studies, there was zero association between the 35% and 13% gains in leg mechanical power and gait speed in 150 old adults age 73. To increase the efficacy of intervention studies designed to improve gait speed and other critical mobility functions in old adults, there is a need for a paradigm shift from conventional (clinical) outcome assessments to more sophisticated biomechanical analyses that examine joint kinematics, kinetics, energetics, muscle-tendon function, and musculoskeletal modeling before and after interventions.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M I
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Beijersbergen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Granacher
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vandervoort
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DeVita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hortobágyi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*