title: Predictive biomarkers of renal allograft failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Survival of renal allografts is limited by chronic allograft deterioration resulting from processes that are difficult to detect in their early stages, when therapeutic interventions would be most effective. Predictive biomarkers from easily accessible specimens, such as blood or urine, might improve early diagnosis of smoldering graft-damaging processes and help with the identification of patients at particularly high risk of sustained injury, thereby helping to tailor therapy and appropriate follow-up screening.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews recently investigated biomarkers for the prediction of renal allograft failure, outlines the new '-omic' technologies as a potential source for the identification of new predictive biomarkers and judges the practical value of predictive biomarkers at the present timepoint.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using the medical database PubMed. No general restrictions (e.g., year of publication) were applied, but the focus was set on more recently published articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a large number of interesting studies, none of the investigated candidate biomarkers is robustly established for widespread clinical use or able to replace biopsies for graft assessment.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Woman's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Transplantation Research Center, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA +1 617 732 5951 ; +1 617 732 6392 ; achandraker@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boenisch
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandraker