title: Modelling the fate of pesticides in paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Vietnam, paddy rice fields have been identified as a major non-point source of pesticide pollution of surface- and groundwater which is often directly used for domestic purposes. One strategy to assess the risk of pesticide pollution is to use process-based models. Here, we present a new model developed for simulating short-term pesticide dynamics in combined paddy rice field-fish pond farming systems. The model was calibrated using the Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm and validated against measured pesticide concentrations of a paddy field-fish pond system typical for northern Vietnam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the calibration period, model efficiencies were 0.82 for dimethoate and 0.87 for fenitrothion. In the validation period, modelling efficiencies slightly decreased to 0.42 and 0.76 for dimethoate and fenitrothion, respectively. Scenario simulations revealed that a field closure period of 1 day after pesticide application considerably reduces the risk of pond and surface water pollution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the proposed model is an effective tool to assess and evaluate management strategies, such as extended field closure periods, aiming to reduce the loss of pesticides from paddy fields.
authors.affiliation: University of Hohenheim, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany; Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute, Department of Land Use Research, Dong Ngac, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: La
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: Vien V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Streck
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D005398:Fisheries; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D061005:Ponds / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Vietnam; fish ponds; modelling; pesticides; rice fields; south-east Asia; water quality