title: Therapeutic implications of endothelin and thrombin G-protein-coupled receptor transactivation of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase cell surface receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review discusses the latest developments in G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling related to the transactivation of cell surface protein kinase receptors and the therapeutic implications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple GPCRs have been known to transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors for almost two decades. More recently it has been discovered that GPCRs can also transactivate protein serine/threonine kinase receptors such as that for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Using the model of proteoglycan synthesis and glycosaminoglycan elongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells which is a component of an in vitro model of atherosclerosis, the dual tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase receptor transactivation pathways appear to account for all of the response to the agonists, endothelin and thrombin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The broadening of the paradigm of GPCR receptor transactivation explains the broad range of activities of these receptors and also the efficacy of GPCR antagonists in cardiovascular therapeutics. Deciphering the mechanisms of transactivation with the aim of identifying a common therapeutic target remains the next challenge.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamato
authors.forename: Micah L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Narin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015195:Drug Design; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D016232:Endothelins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D016232:Endothelins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D013917:Thrombin