title: Alcohol use, military sexual trauma, expectancies, and coping skills in women veterans presenting to primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known regarding alcohol use and its correlates in women veterans. An understanding of these variables is of utility to providers in primary care at Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, who are among the first to identify and intervene for problem drinking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to describe and explore the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, experience of military sexual trauma (MST), expectancies for alcohol use, and coping skills in predicting drinking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each month all women veterans attending appointments in primary care were mailed a letter alerting them to the study. Women then received a call asking them to participate, and many were directly recruited at their primary care appointment. Participants then completed a survey of current alcohol use and related variables in a private room.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 93 women veterans seeking care at VA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, a modified version of the VA MST screen, the Davidson Trauma Scale; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive expectancies and evaluations emerged as significant correlates of AUDIT scores, while PTSD symptoms were not related to AUDIT scores. A hierarchical regression revealed a significant positive interaction between avoidance coping and positive evaluations. Depression, positive evaluations and avoidance coping were significant independent predictors of AUDIT scores in the final model, but MST was not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings highlight the importance of considering of the function of alcohol use when delivering clinical interventions and the need for further research on the association between MST and drinking in women veterans.
authors.affiliation: Providence VA Medical Center, Building 32, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908-4799, United States; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Campus Box G-VAMC, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States; National Center for PTSD (116B-2), VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02130, United States. Electronic address: Suzannah.creech@va.gov.
authors.forename: Suzannah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Creech
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borsari
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009511:New England / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Alcohol; Coping; Expectancies; Military sexual trauma; Women veterans