title: Smoking in movies and adolescent smoking initiation: longitudinal study in six European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longitudinal studies from the U.S. suggest a causal relationship between exposure to images of smoking in movies and adolescent smoking onset.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether adolescent smoking onset is predicted by the amount of exposure to smoking in movies across six European countries with various cultural and regulatory approaches to tobacco.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal survey of 9987 adolescent never-smokers recruited in the years 2009-2010 (mean age=13.2 years) in 112 state-funded schools from Germany, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, and the United Kingdom (UK), and followed up in 2011. Exposure to movie smoking was estimated from 250 top-grossing movies in each country. Multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions were performed in 2012 to assess the relationship between exposure at baseline and smoking status at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the observation period (M=12 months), 17% of the sample initiated smoking. The estimated mean exposure to on-screen tobacco was 1560 occurrences. Overall, and after controlling for age; gender; family affluence; school performance; TV screen time; personality characteristics; and smoking status of peers, parents, and siblings, exposure to each additional 1000 tobacco occurrences increased the adjusted relative risk for smoking onset by 13% (95% CI=8%, 17%, p<0.001). The crude relationship between movie smoking exposure and smoking initiation was significant in all countries; after covariate adjustment, the relationship remained significant in Germany, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, and UK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seeing smoking in movies is a predictor of smoking onset in various cultural contexts. The results confirm that limiting young people's exposure to movie smoking might be an effective way to decrease adolescent smoking onset.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Therapy and Health Research (IFT-Nord) and the Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: morgenstern@ift-nord.de.
authors.forename: Matthis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.affiliation: Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RCME
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron H J
authors.initials: RHJ
authors.lastname: Scholte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Florek
authors.affiliation: MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sweeting
authors.affiliation: Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale Avogadro, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faggiano
authors.affiliation: Institute for Therapy and Health Research (IFT-Nord) and the Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanewinkel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology