title: Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, is accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, accelerating the progression of CKD. In CKD rat kidney, the expressions of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its related genes are downregulated. AST-120, an oral sorbent, reduces serum indoxyl sulfate and slows the progression of CKD. The present study aimed to determine whether indoxyl sulfate downregulates Nrf2 expression in human proximal tubular cells and rat kidneys and whether AST-120 upregulates Nrf2 expression in CKD rat kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of indoxyl sulfate on expression of Nrf2 were determined using HK-2 cells as human proximal tubular cells and the following animals: (1) Dahl salt-resistant normotensive rats (DN), (2) Dahl salt-resistant normotensive indoxyl sulfate-administered rats (DN+IS), (3) Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DH), and (4) Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive indoxyl sulfate-administered rats (DH+IS). Further, AST-120 was administered to subtotally nephrectomized CKD rats to determine its effect on the expression of Nrf2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indoxyl sulfate downregulated Nrf2 expression in HK-2 cells. The indoxyl sulfate-induced downregulation of Nrf2 expression was alleviated by an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) and small interfering RNA specific to NF-κB p65. DN+IS, DH, and DH+IS rats showed decreased renal expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and increased renal expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared with DN. Thus, indoxyl sulfate, as well as hypertension, downregulated renal expression of Nrf2 in rats. AST-120 upregulated renal expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 and suppressed renal expression of 8-OHdG compared with control CKD rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indoxyl sulfate downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB, followed by downregulation of HO-1 and NQO1 and increased production of ROS. Further, AST-120 upregulates renal expression of Nrf2 in CKD rats by removing serum indoxyl sulfate, followed by upregulation of HO-1 and NQO1 and decreased production of ROS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Dilinaer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bolati
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Maimaiti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yisireyili
authors.forename: Fuyuhiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niwa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007200:Indican / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014511:Uremia / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D007200:Indican