title: [Dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs and anxiety, depression and self-esteem among healthy subjects with hallucinatory-like experiences].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study focuses on the relationship between dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs, depression, anxiety and self-esteem and hallucinatory-like experiences among healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  198 participants (149 women), mostly recruited from universities, took part in the study. Hallucinatory-like experiences were assessed with the Polish version of the Revised Hallucinations Scale (RHS). Based on two sub-scales of RHS that measure visual and auditory hallucinatory-like experiences, two groups were divided: 1--participants with no auditory and visual hallucinatory-like experiences (n = 35) and 2--participants with high frequent hallucinatory-like experiences (n = 40). Meta-cognitive beliefs were assessed with the Metacognitions Questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (R-SES) were used for emotional processes assessment. Further correlations between meta-cognitive beliefs, hallucinatory-like experiences and emotional processes were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons with frequent hallucinatory-like experiences tend to exhibit higher dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs in comparison to those who had no psychotic-like experiences. Moreover, those who had more frequent hallucinatory-like experiences revealed subclinical depression, were more anxious and exhibit lower level of self-esteem. Besides a total score in the RHS scale, dissociative experiences and auditory and visual perceptual alternations were found to be related to more dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hallucinatory-like experiences among healthy subjects are related to dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs. In addition, hallucination-like experiences were found to be linked to emotional dysfunctions, which implies that psychotic-like experiences observed in healthy persons may be of clinical interest.
authors.affiliation: II Klinika Psychiatryczna WUM, Warszawa.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Gaweda
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holas
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kokoszka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult