title: Radiological and clinical examination in the diagnosis of Spigelian hernias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spigelian hernia are rarely reported lateral abdominal wall hernias. Clinical diagnosis of a suspected hernia can be challenging owing to vague presenting symptoms and signs. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of preoperative imaging and clinical examination in the diagnosis of Spigelian hernias.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who presented to North Tyneside and Wansbeck General Hospitals between 1998 and 2010. All patients were assessed by a consultant general surgeon in the outpatient clinic or on the surgical admissions ward. Patients were included who presented with a history suggestive of a Spigelian hernia and a palpable lump or equivocal clinical examination. All patients proceeded to surgery, which was used as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, correlation with operative findings showed computed tomography (CT) to have a sensitivity of 100% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 90% and a PPV of 100%. Clinical assessment alone had a sensitivity of 100% and a PPV of 36%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that ultrasonography and CT have a high sensitivity and PPV in relation to occult Spigelian hernias. When no obvious Spigelian hernia is present, patients should be evaluated with radiological investigation to establish a diagnosis. Owing to diagnostic uncertainty, a laparoscopic approach should be favoured.
authors.affiliation: Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK. duncan.light@yahoo.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bawa
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography