title: Iodine status in pregnant women in the National Children's Study and in U.S. women (15-44 years), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This report presents iodine data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and from a sample of pregnant women in the National Children's Study (NCS) Vanguard Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary iodine (UI) was measured in a one third subsample of NHANES 2005-2006 and 2009-2010 participants and in all 2007-2008 participants age 6 years and older. These measurements are representative of the general U.S. population. UI was also measured in a convenience sample of 501 pregnant women enrolled in the NCS initial Vanguard Study from seven study sites across the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NHANES median UI concentration in 2009-2010 (144 μg/L) was significantly lower than in 2007-2008 (164 μg/L). Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest UI concentrations (131 μg/L) compared with non-Hispanic whites or Hispanics (147 and 148 μg/L, respectively). The median for all pregnant women in NHANES 2005-2010 was less than adequate (129 μg/L), while third trimester women had UI concentrations that were adequate (median UI 172 μg/L). Third trimester women participating in the NCS similarly had an adequate level of iodine intake, with a median UI concentration of 167 μg/L. Furthermore, NCS median UI concentrations varied by geographic location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dairy, but not salt, seafood, or grain consumption, was significantly positively associated with median UI concentration in women of childbearing age. Pregnant women in their third trimester in the NHANES 2005-2010 had adequate median UI concentrations, but pregnant women in NHANES who were in their first or second trimesters had median UI concentrations that were less than adequate. Non-Hispanic black pregnant women from both the NHANES 2005-20010 and the NCS consistently had lower UI median concentrations than non-Hispanic whites or Hispanics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. klc7@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makhmudov
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine