title: Self-esteem variability predicts arterial stiffness trajectories in healthy adolescent females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is mounting evidence that high levels of self-esteem are associated with better health outcomes, particularly in older adults dealing with serious medical illnesses. Much less is known about how this linkage unfolds developmentally, particularly during times like adolescence, when youngsters' self-views are typically in flux. Here we explore the self-esteem of adolescent females over a 2.5-year period, and how it covaries with trajectories of vascular function assessed over the same timeframe.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and thirty adolescent females completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale every 6 months for 2.5 years. Vascular function was measured three times over the same period, using peripheral artery tonometry. Indices of endothelial function and arterial stiffness were derived from these measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hierarchical Linear Modeling revealed an association between self-esteem variability and arterial stiffness trajectories, β = 9.0 × 10-3, SE = 4.4 × 10-3, p = .04. To the extent that their self-esteem fluctuated over the 2.5-year study, participants showed increasing trajectories of arterial stiffness, independent of various demographic and biobehavioral confounders. This association was also independent of participants' trait-like self-esteem over the same period of time. Neither trait self-esteem nor self-esteem variability was related to endothelial function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that fluctuating self-esteem may accelerate the early stages of vascular stiffening in young women, regardless of whether self-views are generally positive or negative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. kmross@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Kharah M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lianne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tomfohr
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D012649:Self Concept; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult