title: The current state of midwifery and development of midwifery research in four European countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to describe the current state of midwifery and explore the development of midwifery research during the last two decades in four non-English speaking European countries in order to understand what factors influenced the course of establishing research as a professional activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  qualitative collective case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  with the ICM Workshop in Germany in 1989 as a central starting point for midwifery research in all four countries, different courses, in timing as well as content, characterised its development in the individual countries. Major factors contributing to this development during the last decades involved the history and character of midwifery, initiatives of individual midwifery researchers, alliances with other professions and the transition of midwifery programmes into higher education. Whereas midwifery research is currently established as a professional role in all countries, future challenges involve the creation of its own profile and identity, while building up its own academic workforce and strengthening the role of midwifery in multidisciplinary alliances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  although a common vision was shared between the four countries in 1989, midwifery research developed as a context-specific phenomenon related to the character of midwifery and education in each country. These factors have to be taken into account in the further development of midwifery as an academic discipline at a national as well as at an international level.
authors.affiliation: Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Section Health, Murtenstrasse 10, Bern, Switzerland. ans.luyben@bfh.ch
authors.forename: Ans G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Luyben
authors.forename: Hennie A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Wijnen
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oblasser
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrenoud
authors.forename: Mechthild M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009426:Netherlands; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000266:history / Q000458:organization & administration; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011247:Pregnancy; D063586:Social Validity, Research / Q000639:trends; D013557:Switzerland