title: Inhibition of defocus-induced myopia in chickens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of wearing a lens with a unique peripheral optical design on the development and progression of defocus-induced myopia in newly hatched chickens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five newly hatched chickens underwent bilateral retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasound to determine their refractive error and axial length. They were randomly divided into Control and two Test groups, in which each chicken was fitted with a goggle-lens over the right eye, with the left eye remaining untreated. The Control group wore a lens of power -10.00 diopters (D) of standard spherical optical design. The two Test lenses both had a central optical power -10.00 D, but used different peripheral myopia progression control (MPC) designs. For all groups, retinoscopy was repeated on days 3, 7, 10, and 14; ultrasound was repeated on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 0 there was no statistical difference in refractive error (mean +6.92 D) or axial length (mean 8.06 mm) between Test and Control groups or treated and untreated eyes (all P 0.05). At day 14, 37 (43.5%) of 85 chickens had not experienced goggle detachment and were included in the final analyses. in this cohort there was a significant refractive difference between the treated eyes of the control group (n = 17) and those of test 1 (n = 14) and Test 2 (N = 6) groups (both P <0.01): Control -4.65 ± 2.11 D, Test 1 +4.57 ± 3.11 D, Test 2 +1.08 ± 1.24 D (mean ± SEM). There was also a significant axial length difference (both P < 0.01): Control 10.55 ± 0.36 mm, Test 1 9.99 ± 0.14 mm, Test 2 10.17 ± 0.18 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of these unique MPC lens designs over 14 days caused a significant reduction in the development of defocus-induced myopia in chickens; the degree of reduction appeared to be design specific.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. jwoods@uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keir
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dillehay
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Choh
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fonn
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Irving
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005139:Eyeglasses; D008027:Light; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042262:Retinoscopy; D012683:Sensory Deprivation