title: Throwing injuries of the upper extremity.
abstract: The overhead throwing motion is a complex sequence of maneuvers that requires coordinated muscle activity in the upper and lower extremities. The shoulder and elbow are subject to multidirectional forces and are particularly vulnerable to injury during specific phases of the overhead throwing motion. Ligamentous, tendinous, neural, and osseous pathology that may occur in the shoulder or elbow of an overhead-throwing athlete will be discussed, with an emphasis on the role of MR imaging and MR arthrography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Neel.Patel2@uchospitals.edu
authors.forename: Neel B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lazarus
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*