title: Petroleum crude oil analysis using low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analysis of crude oil is a challenging task due to sample complexity. In mass spectrometry, several ionization techniques can be used to perform this task. Herein, we report the use of an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe to desorb and ionize compounds of petroleum crude oil from different sources and residual fuel oil standard reference materials (SRMs). LTP is used to perform rapid screening of low molecular weight and relatively volatile components enabling characterization and differentiation of crude oil samples relying solely on mass spectrometric data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude oil samples were analyzed without sample preparation or dilution directly from sampling surfaces of different materials such as polytetrafluorethylene, glass and polyethylene. Analyses were performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with high mass accuracy and high resolving power of 400,000 at m/z 400 to estimate the elemental composition of the ions produced by LTP. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the LTP data for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LTP was found to generate positive ions of lower mass compounds of low to moderate polarity. Three-dimensional PCA plots efficiently differentiated between SRMs and Azerbaijan crude oil samples. Standards of alkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles, hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics and saturated acids were investigated for their behavior in LTP ionization. Alkanes were found to form oxidized products to some extent. The LTP probe worked particularly well in the characterization of sulfur compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LTP ionization of crude oils was found to advantageously complement analysis by electrospray ionization. The LTP probe in combination with miniaturized mass spectrometers has the potential to provide direct composition analysis and source identification of crude oil contaminations in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Building 16, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.forename: Arton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berisha
authors.forename: Wanderson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.forename: Elbay
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Babayev
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Römpp
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spengler