title: Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on psychological and biological findings on resilience (i.e. the successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities) at the level of the individual, and to integrate findings from animal and human studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic and manual literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PSYCHINFO, using a range of search terms around biological and psychological factors influencing resilience as observed in human and experimental animal studies, complemented by review articles and cross-references.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The term resilience is used in the literature for different phenomena ranging from prevention of mental health disturbance to successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities, and may also include post-traumatic psychological growth. Secure attachment, experiencing positive emotions and having a purpose in life are three important psychological building blocks of resilience. Overlap between psychological and biological findings on resilience in the literature is most apparent for the topic of stress sensitivity, although recent results suggest a crucial role for reward experience in resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving the understanding of the links between genetic endowment, environmental impact and gene-environment interactions with developmental psychology and biology is crucial for elucidating the neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of resilience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands. b.rutten@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: B P F
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammels
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geschwind
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menne-Lothmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pishva
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schruers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van den Hove
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wichers
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008603:Mental Health; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology