title: Is the SNARC effect related to the level of mathematics? No systematic relationship observed despite more power, more repetitions, and more direct assessment of arithmetic skill.
abstract: The SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) described that larger numbers are responded faster with the right hand and smaller numbers with the left hand. It is held in the literature that arithmetically skilled and nonskilled adults differ in the SNARC. However, the respective data are descriptive, and the decisive tests are nonsignificant. Possible reasons for this nonsignificance could be that in previous studies (a) very small samples were used, (b) there were too few repetitions producing too little power and, consequently, reliabilities that were too small to reach conventional significance levels for the descriptive skill differences in the SNARC, and (c) general mathematical ability was assessed by the field of study of students, while individual arithmetic skills were not examined. Therefore we used a much bigger sample, a lot more repetitions, and direct assessment of arithmetic skills to explore relations between the SNARC effect and arithmetic skills. Nevertheless, a difference in SNARC effect between arithmetically skilled and nonskilled participants was not obtained. Bayesian analysis showed positive evidence of a true null effect, not just a power problem. Hence we conclude that the idea that arithmetically skilled and nonskilled participants generally differ in the SNARC effect is not warranted by our data.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cipora
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Nuerk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult