title: If we offer it, will they accept? Factors affecting patient use intentions of personal health records and secure messaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personal health records (PHRs) are an important tool for empowering patients and stimulating health action. To date, the volitional adoption of publicly available PHRs by consumers has been low. This may be partly due to patient concerns about issues such as data security, accuracy of the clinical information stored in the PHR, and challenges with keeping the information updated. One potential solution to mitigate concerns about security, accuracy, and updating of information that may accelerate technology adoption is the provision of PHRs by employers where the PHR is pre-populated with patients' health data. Increasingly, employers and payers are offering this technology to employees as a mechanism for greater patient engagement in health and well-being.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the antecedents of PHR acceptance in the context of an employer sponsored PHR system. Using social cognitive theory as a lens, we theorized and empirically tested how individual factors (patient activation and provider satisfaction) and two environment factors (technology and organization) influence patient intentions to use a PHR among early adopters of the technology. In technology factors, we studied tool empowerment potential and value of tool functionality. In organization factors, we focused on communication tactics deployed by the organization during PHR rollout.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted cross-sectional analysis of field data collected during the first 3 months post go-live of the deployment of a PHR with secure messaging implemented by the Air Force Medical Service at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska in December 2010. A questionnaire with validated measures was designed and completed by 283 participants. The research model was estimated using moderated multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Provider satisfaction, interactions between environmental factors (communication tactics and value of the tool functionality), and interactions between patient activation and tool empowerment potential were significantly (P<.05) associated with behavioral intentions to use the PHR tool. The independent variables collectively explained 42% of the variance in behavioral intentions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that individual and environmental factors influence intentions to use the PHR. Patients who were more satisfied with their provider had higher use intentions. For patients who perceived the health care process management support features of the tool to be of significant value, communication tactics served to increase their use intentions. Finally, patients who believed the tool to be empowering demonstrated higher intentions to use, which were further enhanced for highly activated patients. The findings highlight the importance of communication tactics and technology characteristics and have implications for the management of PHR implementations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Information and Decision Systems, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. ragarwal@rhsmith.umd.edu
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zarate
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000413:Alaska; D016494:Computer Security; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D055991:Health Records, Personal; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires