title: Dose-response tests and semi-field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxyfen granules (Sumilarv®0.5G) for the control of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae sensu lato.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently research has shown that larviciding can be an effective tool for integrated malaria vector control. Nevertheless, the uptake of this intervention has been hampered by the need to re-apply larvicides frequently. There is a need to explore persistent, environmentally friendly larvicides for malaria vector control to reduce intervention efforts and costs by reducing the frequency of application. In this study, the efficacy of a 0.5% pyriproxyfen granule (Surmilarv®0.5G, Sumitomo Chemicals) was assessed for the control of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis, the major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose-response and standardized field tests were implemented following standard procedures of the World Health Organization's Pesticide Evaluation Scheme to determine: (i) the susceptibility of vectors to this formulation; (ii) the residual activity and appropriate retreatment schedule for field application; and, (iii) sub-lethal impacts on the number and viability of eggs laid by adults after exposure to Sumilarv®0.5G during larval development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis were highly susceptible to Sumilarv®0.5G. Estimated emergence inhibition (EI) values were very low and similar for both species. The minimum dosage that completely inhibited adult emergence was between 0.01-0.03 parts per million (ppm) active ingredient (ai). Compared to the untreated control, an application of 0.018 ppm ai prevented 85% (95% confidence interval (CI) 82%-88%) of adult emergence over six weeks under standardized field conditions. A fivefold increase in dosage of 0.09 ppm ai prevented 97% (95% CI 94%-98%) emergence. Significant sub-lethal effects were observed in the standardized field tests. Female An. gambiae s.s. that were exposed to 0.018 ppm ai as larvae laid 47% less eggs, and females exposed to 0.09 ppm ai laid 74% less eggs than females that were unexposed to the treatment. Furthermore, 77% of eggs laid by females exposed to 0.018 ppm ai failed to hatch, whilst 98% of eggs laid by females exposed to 0.09 ppm ai did not hatch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis are highly susceptible to Sumilarv®0.5G at very low dosages. The persistence of this granule formulation in treated habitats under standardized field conditions and its sub-lethal impact, reducing the number of viable eggs from adults emerging from treated ponds, enhances its potential as malaria vector control tool. These unique properties warrant further field testing to determine its suitability for inclusion in malaria vector control programmes.
authors.affiliation: icipe-Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, Kenya. ufillinger@mbita.icipe.org
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mbare
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fillinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015053:Zygote / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011725:Pyridines; C055613:pyriproxyfen