title: Homologous recombination DNA repair genes play a critical role in reprogramming to a pluripotent state.
abstract: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for personalized regenerative medicine. However, recent studies show that iPSC lines carry genetic abnormalities, suggesting that reprogramming may be mutagenic. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of reprogramming factors increases the level of phosphorylated histone H2AX, one of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Additional mechanistic studies uncover a direct role of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, a pathway essential for error-free repair of DNA DSBs, in reprogramming. This role is independent of the use of integrative or nonintegrative methods in introducing reprogramming factors, despite the latter being considered a safer approach that circumvents genetic modifications. Finally, deletion of the tumor suppressor p53 rescues the reprogramming phenotype in HR-deficient cells primarily through the restoration of reprogramming-dependent defects in cell proliferation and apoptosis. These mechanistic insights have important implications for the design of safer approaches to creating iPSCs.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgieva
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vanoli
authors.forename: Zhong-Dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stadtfeld
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jasin
authors.forename: Danwei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huangfu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000235:genetics*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D017353:Gene Deletion; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059765:Homologous Recombination / Q000235:genetics*; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D006657:Histones