title: Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis toward Colletotrichum higginsianum.
abstract: Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus that is adapted to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). After breaching the host surface, the fungus establishes an initial biotrophic phase in the penetrated epidermis cell, before necrotrophic growth is initiated upon further host colonization. We observed that partitioning of major leaf carbohydrates was shifted in favor of sucrose and at the expense of starch during necrotrophic fungal growth. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired starch turnover were more susceptible toward C. higginsianum infection, exhibiting a strong negative correlation between diurnal carbohydrate accumulation and fungal proliferation for the tested genotypes. By altering the length of the light phase and employing additional genotypes impaired in nocturnal carbon mobilization, we revealed that reduced availability of carbon enhances susceptibility in the investigated pathosystem. Systematic starvation experiments resulted in two important findings. First, we showed that carbohydrate supply by the host is dispensable during biotrophic growth of C. higginsianum, while carbon deficiency was most harmful to the host during the necrotrophic colonization phase. Compared with the wild type, the increases in the total salicylic acid pool and camalexin accumulation were reduced in starch-free mutants at late interaction stages, while an increased ratio of free to total salicylic acid did not convey elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in starch-free mutants. These observations suggest that reduced carbon availability dampens induced defense responses. In contrast, starch-free mutants were more resistant toward the fungal biotroph Erysiphe cruciferarum, indicating that reduced carbohydrate availability influences susceptibility differently in the interaction with the investigated hemibiotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Engelsdorf
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pröls
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pröschel
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hückelhoven
authors.forename: Lars M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Voll
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000502:physiology; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000172:deficiency; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005838:Genotype; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D009154:Mutation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005960:Glucosides; D007211:Indoles; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D013213:Starch; D013844:Thiazoles; C102405:camalexin; D000094162:Phytoalexins