title: The economic cost of heroin dependency and quality of life among heroin users in Taiwan.
abstract: Heroin dependence may cause an economic burden and has an impact on quality of life (QOL). However, assessments of economic cost are scarce and the relationship between economic cost and QOL is unclear in the Asian population. In the present study, an established questionnaire was modified to assess the economic cost and its association with QOL. A total of 121 volunteer subjects in a methadone maintenance therapy programme and 157 normal controls were enrolled. The total economic cost of heroin dependency is US$ 18,310 per person-year. The direct cost is US$ 11,791 per person-year (64% of the total cost), mostly consisting of the cost of heroin and other illegal drugs. The indirect cost is US$ 6519 (36% of the total cost) per person-year, most of which arises from productivity loss caused by unemployment and incarceration. The QOL of heroin-dependent patients is poorer than that of healthy controls in all domains. The overall QOL is negatively related to direct cost and total cost. The economic cost of heroin dependency is huge, equal to 1.07 times the average gross domestic product per capita. Reduction of the economic cost to society and the economic burden for heroin users is important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Hsien
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kao Chin
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sheng-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: I Hui
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tzung Lieh
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Po See
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ru-Band
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yen Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000191:economics; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone
keywords: Cost-of-illness; Economic cost; HIV carrier; Heroin dependence; Methadone maintenance therapy; QOL