title: Yellow fever vaccination coverage following massive emergency immunization campaigns in rural Uganda, May 2011: a community cluster survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following an outbreak of yellow fever in northern Uganda in December 2010, Ministry of Health conducted a massive emergency vaccination campaign in January 2011. The reported vaccination coverage in Pader District was 75.9%. Administrative coverage though timely, is affected by incorrect population estimates and over or under reporting of vaccination doses administered. This paper presents the validated yellow fever vaccination coverage following massive emergency immunization campaigns in Pader district.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional cluster survey was carried out in May 2011 among communities in Pader district and 680 respondents were indentified using the modified World Health Organization (WHO) 40 × 17 cluster survey sampling methodology. Respondents were aged nine months and above. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics, vaccination status and reasons for none vaccination. Vaccination status was assessed using self reports and vaccination card evidence. Our main outcomes were measures of yellow fever vaccination coverage in each age-specific stratum, overall, and disaggregated by age and sex, adjusting for the clustered design and the size of the population in each stratum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 680 survey respondents, 654 (96.1%, 95% CI 94.9 - 97.8) reported being vaccinated during the last campaign but only 353 (51.6%, 95% CI 47.2 - 56.1) had valid yellow fever vaccination cards. Of the 280 children below 5 years, 269 (96.1%, 95% CI 93.7 - 98.7) were vaccinated and nearly all males 299 (96.9%, 95% CI 94.3 - 99.5) were vaccinated. The main reasons for none vaccination were; having travelled out of Pader district during the campaign period (40.0%), lack of transport to immunization posts (28.0%) and, sickness at the time of vaccination (16.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that actual yellow fever vaccination coverage was high and satisfactory in Pader district since it was above the desired minimum threshold coverage of 80% according to World Health Organization. Massive emergency vaccination done following an outbreak of Yellow fever achieved high population coverage in Pader district. Active surveillance is necessary for early detection of yellow fever cases.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. drjamesbagonza@gmail.com
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bagonza
authors.forename: Elizeus
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rutebemberwa
authors.forename: Malimbo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugaga
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tumuhamye
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makumbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine