title: Phylogeny of Tetillidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Spirophorida) based on three molecular markers.
abstract: Tetillidae are spherical to elliptical cosmopolitan demosponges. The family comprises eight genera: namely, Acanthotetilla Burton, 1959, Amphitethya Lendenfeld, 1907, CinachyraSollas, 1886, CinachyrellaWilson, 1925, Craniella Schmidt, 1870, Fangophilina Schmidt, 1880, Paratetilla Dendy, 1905, and Tetilla Schmidt, 1868. These genera are characterized by few conflicting morphological characters, resulting in an ambiguity of phylogenetic relationships. The phylogeny of tetillid genera was investigated using the cox1, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA (C1-D2 domains) genes in 88 specimens (8 genera, 28 species). Five clades were identified: (i) Cinachyrella, Paratetilla and Amphitethya species, (ii) Cinachyrella levantinensis, (iii) Tetilla, (iv) Craniella, Cinachyra and Fangophilina and (v) Acanthotetilla. Consequently, the phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Tetilla, a genus lacking any known morphological synapomorphy. Acanthotetilla is also recovered. In contrast, within the first clade, species of the genera Paratetilla and Amphitethya were nested within Cinachyrella. Similarly, within the fourth clade, species of the genera Cinachyra and Fangophilina were nested within Craniella. As previously postulated by taxonomists, the loss of ectodermal specialization (i.e., a cortex) has occurred several times independently. Nevertheless, the presence or absence of a cortex and its features carry a phylogenetic signal. Surprisingly, the common view that assumes close relationships among sponges with porocalices (i.e., surface depressions) is refuted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szitenberg
authors.forename: Leontine E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Becking
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Júlio C C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Nadiezhda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santodomingo
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wörheide
authors.forename: Micha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilan
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huchon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1