title: A coordinated national model for diabetes prevention: linking health systems to an evidence-based community program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twenty-six million U.S. adults have diabetes, and 79 million have prediabetes. A 2002 Diabetes Prevention Program research study proved the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention that yielded a 58% reduction in conversion to type 2 diabetes. However, cost per participant was high, complicating efforts to scale up the program.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  UnitedHealth Group (UHG) and the YMCA of the USA, in collaboration with the CDC, sought to develop the infrastructure and business case to scale the congressionally authorized National Diabetes Prevention Program nationwide. Emphasis was placed on developing a model that maintained fidelity to the original 2002 Diabetes Prevention Program research study and could be deployed for a lower cost per participant while yielding similar outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The UHG created the business case and technical and operational infrastructure necessary for nationwide dissemination of the YMCA's Diabetes Prevention Program (YMCA's DPP), as part of the National Diabetes Prevention Program. The YMCA's DPP is a group-based model of 16 core sessions with monthly follow-up delivered by trained lifestyle coaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  A variety of mechanisms were used to identify, screen, and encourage enrollment for people with prediabetes into the YMCA's DPP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Substantial investments were made in relationship building, business planning, technology, development, and operational design to deliver an effective and affordable 12-month program. The program intervention was conducted July 2010-December 2011. Data were collected on the participants over a 15-month period between September 2010 and December 2011. Data were analyzed in February 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measures were infrastructure (communities involved and personnel trained); engagement (screening and enrollment of people with prediabetes); program outcomes (attendance and weight loss); and service delivery cost of the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In less than 2 years, the YMCA's DPP was effectively scaled to 46 communities in 23 states. More than 500 YMCA Lifestyle Coaches were trained. The program enrolled 2369 participants, and 1723 participants completed the core program at an average service-delivery cost of about $400 each. For those individuals completing the program, average weight loss was about 5%. UHG anticipates that within 3 years, savings from reduced medical spending will outweigh initial costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large-scale prevention efforts can be scalable and sustainable with collaboration, health information technology, community-based delivery of evidence-based interventions, and novel payment structures that incentivize efficiency and outcomes linked to better health and lower future costs.
authors.affiliation: UnitedHealth Center for Health Reform and Modernization, UnitedHealth Group, Minnetonka, Minnesota 55343, USA. deneen_vojta@uhg.com
authors.forename: Deneen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vojta
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longjohn
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: Nadine F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Caputo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008490:Medical Informatics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology