title: Spray-dried chitosan microparticles for cellular delivery of an antigenic protein: physico-chemical properties and cellular uptake by dendritic cells and macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spray-dried chitosan microparticles for cellular delivery of antigen to dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mϕ) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chitosan microparticles were prepared by spray drying. For comparison, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(α-butyl cyanoacrylate) (BCA) micro-/nanoparticles were generated. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model antigen. The particles were characterized in terms of size, morphology, surface charge, surface composition, protein content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, and protein integrity. Additionally, they were subject to cell viability and cellular uptake study with DC and Mϕ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Size of chitosan, PLGA, and BCA micro-/nanoparticles ranged between 3.11-7.18, 0.94-6.26, and 0.30-6.34 μm, respectively. Particle morphology and in vitro protein release varied, depending on polymer type, particle composition and preparation process parameters. Chitosan microparticles were cationic, while PLGA microparticles were neutral. BCA micro-/nanoparticles were either anionic or cationic, according to polymerization pH. Protein content and entrapment efficiency of chitosan and PLGA microparticles were relatively consistent. Only integrity and conformational structure of protein encapsulated in chitosan microparticles were completely retained. Chitosan and PLGA microparticles were non-toxic to DC and Mϕ, but the former were internalized more efficiently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spray-dried chitosan microparticles delivered the antigen efficiently to DC and Mϕ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chirasak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kusonwiriyawong
authors.forename: Vimolmas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lipipun
authors.forename: Nontima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vardhanabhuti
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Garnpimol C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ritthidej
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D011108:Polymers; D011506:Proteins; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D019344:Lactic Acid; D048271:Chitosan