title: Individual- and community-level correlates of cigarette-smoking trajectories from age 13 to 32 in a U.S. population-based sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characterizing smoking behavior is important for informing etiologic models and targeting prevention efforts. This study explored the effects of both individual- and community-level variables in predicting cigarette use vs. non-use and level of use among adolescents as they transition into adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 14,779 youths (53% female) were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health); a nationally representative longitudinal cohort. A cohort sequential design allowed for examining trajectories of smoking typologies from age 13 to 32 years. Smoking trajectories were evaluated by using a zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) latent growth analysis and latent class growth analysis modeling approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant relationships emerged between both individual- and community-level variables and smoking outcomes. Maternal and peer smoking predicted increases in smoking over development and were associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to any of the four identified smoking groups versus Non-Users. Conduct problems and depressive symptoms during adolescence were related to cigarette use versus non-use. State-level prevalence of adolescent smoking was related to greater cigarette use during adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual- and community-level variables that distinguish smoking patterns within the population aid in understanding cigarette use versus non-use and the quantity of cigarette use into adulthood. Our findings suggest that efforts to prevent cigarette use would benefit from attention to both parental and peer smoking and individual well-being. Future work is needed to better understand the role of variables in the context of multiple levels (individual and community-level) on smoking trajectories.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Durham, NC 27710, United States. bernard.fuemmeler@duke.edu
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fuemmeler
authors.forename: Chien-Ti
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Krista W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ranby
authors.forename: Trenette
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
authors.forename: Chongming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009035:Mothers; D063588:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012931:Social Environment; D013660:Taxes; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Add health; LCGA; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; Smoking trajectories; Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP)