title: Pre-hospital airway management by non-physicians in Northern Finland -- a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway management is an important skill in pre-hospital emergency medicine. The most optimal method depends on the resources and experience of the emergency medical service (EMS) providers. We wanted to study the frequency of occurrence, equipment used, problems experienced and maintenance of skills in pre-hospital airway management by non-physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured questionnaire consisting of 30 questions was distributed to 383 EMS providers in three hospital districts (population 597,521 and area 147,467 km(2) ) in Northern Finland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was answered by 226 EMS providers and 58.5% (224/383) were included in the final analyses. In all, 82.6% (185/224) of the EMS providers were allowed to perform endotracheal intubation (ETI) and 44.2% (99/224) could perform ETI using sedative agents. The annual mean frequency of using a supraglottic airway device (SAD) was 1.0 (range 0-20, n = 224), for ETI it was 2.0 (range 0-16, n = 185) and for bag-valve-mask ventilation it was 4.3 (range 0-30, n = 223). The mean frequency of drug-assisted ETI was 1.1 (range 0-13, n = 99). Unsuccessful ETI had been experienced by 65.7% (119/181) of the EMS providers. Airway management had been practised in an operating room by 25.9% (56/216) and with a manikin by 81.3% (182/224) of the EMS providers during the past 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced airway management procedures are uncommon for most EMS providers in Northern Finland. Procedures, training in and maintenance of airway management skills should be re-evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Central Hospital of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland. lasse.raatiniemi@gmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raatiniemi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Länkimäki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martikainen
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009726:Nurses / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires