title: Studies to reduce unnecessary medication use in frail older adults: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overuse of unnecessary medications in frail older adults with limited life expectancy remains an understudied challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify intervention studies that reduced use of unnecessary medications in frail older adults. A secondary goal was to identify and review studies focusing on patients approaching end of life. We examined criteria for identifying unnecessary medications, intervention processes for medication reduction, and intervention effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of English articles using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from January 1966 to September 2012. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies. Search terms included prescription drugs, drug utilization, hospice or palliative care, and appropriate or inappropriate. A manual review of 971 identified abstracts for the inclusion criteria (study included an intervention to reduce chronic medication use; at least 5 participants; population included patients aged at least 65 years, hospice enrollment, or indication of frailty or risk of functional decline-including assisted living or nursing home residence, inpatient hospitalization) yielded 60 articles for full review by 3 investigators. After exclusion of review articles, interventions targeting acute medications, or studies exclusively in the intensive care unit, 36 articles were retained (including 13 identified by bibliography review). Articles were extracted for study design, study setting, intervention description, criteria for identifying unnecessary medication use, and intervention outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies included 15 randomized controlled trials, 4 non-randomized trials, 6 pre-post studies, and 11 case series. Control groups were used in over half of the studies (n = 20). Study populations varied and included residents of nursing homes and assisted living facilities (n = 16), hospitalized patients (n = 14), hospice/palliative care patients (n = 3), home care patients (n = 2), and frail or disabled community-dwelling patients (n = 1). The majority of studies (n = 21) used implicit criteria to identify unnecessary medications (including drugs without indication, unnecessary duplication, and lack of effectiveness); only one study incorporated patient preference into prescribing criteria. Most (25) interventions were led by or involved pharmacists, 4 used academic detailing, 2 used audit and feedback reports targeting prescribers, and 5 involved physician-led medication reviews. Overall intervention effect sizes could not be determined due to heterogeneity of study designs, samples, and measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very little rigorous research has been conducted on reducing unnecessary medications in frail older adults or patients approaching end of life.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School Biotech Four, 377 Plantation Street, Suite 315, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. jennifer.tjia@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tjia
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Velten
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Sruthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valluri
authors.forename: Becky A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Briesacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006738:Hospices; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D010595:Pharmacists; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome