title: (-)-Gossypol-enriched cottonseed oil inhibits proliferation and adipogenesis of human breast pre-adipocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Obesity is an important risk factor for developing breast cancer and is one of few risk factors that women can modify to prevent cancer. (-)-Gossypol-enriched cottonseed oil [(-)-GPCSO] contains 65% (-)-gossypol and 35% (+)-gossypol. Previous studies have demonstrated that both (-)-gossypol and (-)-GPCSO have potent anticancer activity against multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer. In addition, (-)-GPCSO reduced body weight gain and food intake in young female rats. However, the role of (-)-GPCSO on adipogenesis in human breast pre-adipocytes remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human breast pre-adipocytes were induced to differentiate in adipogenic medium in the presence of (-)-GPCSO. The proliferation of pre-adipocytes was determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Lipid accumulation and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity were measured during adipocyte differentiation. mRNA expression of cyclin-D1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and leptin was analyzed by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (-)-GPCSO inhibited proliferation of pre-adipocytes and down-regulated the expression of cyclin-D1 and BCL-2. (-)-GPCSO also significantly decreased adipogenesis, as determined by inhibition of GPDH activity, triglyceride content (TG), and down-regulation of the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and leptin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that (-)-GPCSO has the potential as a food supplement to inhibit adipogenesis, and therefore, reduce obesity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reproductive and Molecular Endocrinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. lin.15@osu.edu
authors.forename: Saiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shu-Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jie-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Young C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003369:Cottonseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019254:Genes, bcl-2; D006072:Gossypol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; C530104:CCND1 protein, human; D003369:Cottonseed Oil; D020738:Leptin; D047495:PPAR gamma; D019938:Cyclin D1; D006072:Gossypol