title: Deeper chest compression - more complications for cardiac arrest patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sternal and rib fractures are frequent complications caused by chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study aimed to investigate the potential association of CPR-related thoracic and abdominal injuries and compression depth measured with an accelerometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the autopsy records, CT scans or chest radiographs of 170 adult patients, suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest at the Tampere University Hospital during the period 2009-2011 to investigate possible association of chest compressions and iatrogenic injuries. The quality of manual compressions during CPR was recorded on a Philips, HeartStart MRx Q-CPR™-defibrillator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were 110 males and 60 females. Injuries were found in 36% of male and 23% of female patients. Among male patients CPR-related injuries were associated with deeper mean - and peak compression depths (p<0.05). No such association was observed in women. The frequency of injuries in mean compression depth categories <5, 5-6 and >6 cm, was 28%, 27% and 49% (p=0.06). Of all patients 27% sustained rib fractures, 11% sternal fracture and eight patients had haematomas/ruptures in the myocardium. In addition, we observed one laceration of the stomach without bleeding, one ruptured spleen, one mediastinal haemorrhage and two pneumothoraxes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of iatrogenic injuries in male patients was associated with chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased as the measured compression depth exceeded 6 cm. While there is an increased risk of complications with deeper compressions it is important to realize that the injuries were by and large not fatal.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland. Heidi.hellevuo@uta.fi
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hellevuo
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sainio
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.forename: Klaus T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Olkkola
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tenhunen
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoppu
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*