title: Effect of chlorogenic acid on LPS-induced proinflammatory signaling in hepatic stellate cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed at investigating the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory signaling in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  An immortalized rat HSC line was cultured in vitro and treated with LPS in the absence or presence of CGA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the HSCs was monitored by flow cytometer using DCFH-DA. The protein expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and p-IκB-α were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were detected by RT-PCR. The levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 in the culture supernatant of HSCs were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CGA had no effect on expression of TLR4 and MyD88. However, the treatment of CGA can inhibit LPS-induced production of ROS in HSCs. Meanwhile, CGA can inhibit LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and IκB-α phosphorylation in HSCs, as well as NAC (a ROS scavenger). The mRNA expression and the levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 in the culture supernatant of the HSCs in this study were elevated by LPS stimulation and inhibited by CGA treatment, as well as NAC and PDTC (a NF-κB inhibitor).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that CGA can efficiently inhibit LPS-induced proinflammatory responses in HSCs and the anti-inflammatory effect may be due to the inhibition of LPS/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliate Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China. shihaitao7@163.com
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid