title: Imported malaria in Finland 2003-2011: prospective nationwide data with rechecked background information.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although described in several reports, imported malaria in Europe has not been surveyed nationwide with overall coverage of patients and individually rechecked background information. Plasmodium falciparum infections have been reported despite regularly taken appropriate chemoprophylaxis, yet the reliability of such questionnaire-based retrospective data has been questioned. This was the starting-point for conducting a prospective nationwide survey of imported malaria where compliance data was double-checked.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected on all cases of imported malaria confirmed and recorded by the reference laboratory of Finland (population 5.4 million) from 2003 to 2011, and these were compared with those reported to the National Infectious Disease Register (NIDR). Background information was gathered by detailed questionnaires sent to the clinicians upon diagnosis; missing data were enquired by telephone of clinician or patient. Special attention was paid to compliance with chemoprophylaxis: self-reported use of anti-malarials was rechecked for all cases of P. falciparum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 265 malaria cases (average annual incidence rate 0.5/100,000 population) had been recorded by the reference laboratory, all of them also reported to NIDR: 54% were born in malaria-endemic countries; 86% were currently living in non-endemic regions. Malaria was mainly (81%) contracted in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum proved to be the most common species (72%). Immigrants constituted the largest group of travellers (44%). Pre-travel advice was received by 20% of those born in endemic regions and 81% of those from non-endemic regions. Of those with P. falciparum, 4% reported regular use of appropriate chemoprophylaxis (mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil or doxycycline for regions with chloroquine-resistant and atovaquone/proguanil or doxycycline for regions with mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum); after individual rechecking, however, it was found that none of them had been fully compliant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information on compliance with chemoprophylactic regimen cannot be relied on, and it should be rechecked if malaria is suspected. The results of the present study suggest that mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil and doxycycline are effective as chemoprophylaxis against P. falciparum malaria, when taken conscientiously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Aurora Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, HUS, Finland. heli.siikamaki@hus.fi
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siikamäki
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lyytikäinen
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials