title: Advances in clinical neuroimaging: implications for autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroimaging research has been labeled 'modern phrenology', suggesting that this line of research does not advance our knowledge of neuropsychiatric disorders beyond spatial localization of brain abnormalities. In this paper, we argue against this claim and discuss the application of neuroimaging techniques in neuropsychiatric disorders in general and in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in particular.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent neuroimaging literature, and its role in increasing our understanding of the neurobiologic underpinnings of several disorders, is reviewed. Neuroimaging is discussed, with respect to the identification of at-risk individuals, prediction of treatment response and development of new treatment approaches. Furthermore, the authors discuss the clinical relevance of such methodologies in the context of autism. Specifically, the article shows how recent advances in the understanding of psychiatric and neurologic disorders, through the use of neuroimaging techniques, can be beneficially applied to the unique needs of ASD diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is an exciting time for neuroimaging research. Studies have already shown the potential of neuroimaging to better inform clinicians about disorders such as depression, anxiety and psychosis. The application of neuroimaging to ASD may provide new insight into the disorder and help deliver better care for affected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University,401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 , USA naamab@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Naama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnea-Goraly
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hardan