title: Race as a factor for intensification of diabetes medications.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate if patients of nonwhite race are less likely to receive insulin therapy for treatment of poorly controlled diabetes than patients of white race.
  
  
  
  A retrospective review was performed of patients with an A1C >10%. The primary objective was to determine any difference in the initiation of insulin between white and nonwhite patients. Secondary outcomes measured the impact of clinic type and provider specialty on the initiation of insulin therapy. Exclusion criteria included those patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, those who were previously receiving insulin, and those without an outpatient clinic visit within 14 days of an A1C >10%.
  
  
  
  A total of 277 patients were included. Of these patients, 132 (47.7%) were white, followed by 95 (34.2%) black non-Hispanic patients and 30 (10.8%) Hispanic/Latino patients. No difference was found in receipt of insulin therapy for nonwhite patients as compared to white patients (12.5 vs 21.4, P = .117). Neither clinic type nor provider specialty impacted initiation of insulin therapy. No changes to medication regimen were made at 35% of clinic visits.
  
  
  
  Failure to intensify diabetic medications was common in this outpatient setting. There were no disparities in the receipt of insulin therapy between white and nonwhite patients.
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice; Veterans Affairs North Texas Health
  Care System (VANTHCS), Dallas, Texas (Dr Bullock, Dr Edwards, Dr Greene, Dr Shah, Dr Blaszczyk)
authors.forename: Katura C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice; Veterans Affairs North Texas Health
  Care System (VANTHCS), Dallas, Texas (Dr Bullock, Dr Edwards, Dr Greene, Dr Shah, Dr Blaszczyk)
authors.forename: Krystal L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice; Veterans Affairs North Texas Health
  Care System (VANTHCS), Dallas, Texas (Dr Bullock, Dr Edwards, Dr Greene, Dr Shah, Dr Blaszczyk)
authors.forename: Ronald Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice; Veterans Affairs North Texas Health
  Care System (VANTHCS), Dallas, Texas (Dr Bullock, Dr Edwards, Dr Greene, Dr Shah, Dr Blaszczyk)
authors.forename: Sachin R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice; Veterans Affairs North Texas Health
  Care System (VANTHCS), Dallas, Texas (Dr Bullock, Dr Edwards, Dr Greene, Dr Shah, Dr Blaszczyk)
authors.forename: Amie Taggart
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Blaszczyk
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human