title: Experiences of discrimination and their impact on the mental health among African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino men who have sex with men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations between specific types and sources of discrimination and mental health outcomes among US racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM) and how these associations varied by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chain-referral sample of 403 African American, 393 Asian and Pacific Islander (API), and 400 Latino MSM recruited in Los Angeles County, California completed a standardized questionnaire. Data were obtained from the Ethnic Minority Men's Health Study from May 2008 to October 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past-year experiences of racism within the general community and perceived homophobia among heterosexual friends were positively associated with depression and anxiety. Past-year homophobia experienced within the general community was also positively associated with anxiety. These statistically significant associations did not vary across racial/ethnic groups. The positive association of perceived racism within the gay community with anxiety differed by race/ethnicity, and was statistically significant only for APIs. Perceived homophobia within the family was not associated with either depression or anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of experiences of discrimination were associated with psychological distress among MSM of color. However, specific types and sources of discrimination were differentially linked to negative mental health outcomes among African American, API, and Latino MSM.
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. kyung-hee.choi@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Kyung-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boylan
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gregorich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D063509:Homophobia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires