title: Caregiver survey of pharmacotherapy to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with Williams syndrome.
abstract: Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition characterized by a unique neurocognitive and behavioral profile, including increased incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of the present study was to examine the perceived helpfulness and side effects of medications used to treat ADHD (methylphenidate class, amphetamine class, atomoxetine) in individuals with WS. This was accomplished with a survey of parents/caregivers of individuals with WS through the Williams Syndrome Association. Five-hundred twelve (512) parents/caregivers responded to the survey regarding their child's/adult child's use of ADHD medications. Twenty-seven percent (27%) of the individuals had been prescribed a medication for ADHD, most commonly a methylphenidate class medication. OROS-methylphenidate was reported as the most helpful methylphenidate class formulation, with 74% reporting it at least somewhat helpful. Survey participants reported similar side effects as typically developing controls, but to a greater degree. Irritability was the most commonly endorsed side effect of an ADHD medication (38%). Individuals reported use of stimulant medications in the presence and absence of underlying cardiac conditions, with 56% of ADHD medication users reporting supravalvular aortic stenosis, 36% pulmonary artery stenosis, and 25% systemic hypertension. Individuals taking ADHD medications were more likely to report dental problems (p=0.004). Additional studies are needed to further investigate these findings and examine short-versus long-acting stimulant medications and dosage effects.
authors.affiliation: The Nisonger Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. martens.22@osu.edu
authors.forename: Marilee A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Daisha L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Seyfer
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Andridge
authors.forename: Jessica E A
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Kelsey E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Coury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001020:Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017028:Caregivers; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate