title: Acute toxicity of arsenic under different temperatures and salinity conditions on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine acute toxicity in the post larvae of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after 96 h of exposure to dissolved arsenic under three different temperatures and salinity conditions. Recent reports have shown an increase in the presence of this metalloid in coastal waters, estuaries, and lagoons along the Mexican coast. The white shrimp stands out for its adaptability to temperature and salinity changes and for being the main product for many commercial fisheries; it has the highest volume of oceanic capture and production in Mexican shrimp farms. Lethal concentrations (LC50-96 h) were obtained at nine different combinations (3 × 3 combinations in total) of temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) and salinity (17, 25, and 33) showing mean LC50-96 h values (±standard error) of 9.13 ± 0.76, 9.17 ± 0.56, and 6.23 ± 0.57 mgAs L(-1)(at 20 °C and 17, 25, and 33 salinity); 12.29 ± 2.09, 8.70 ± 0.82, and 8.03 ± 0.59 mgAs L(-1) (at 25 °C and 17, 25, and 33 salinity); and 7.84 ± 1.30, 8.49 ± 1.40, and 7.54 ± 0.51 mgAs L(-1) (at 30 °C and 17, 25, and 33 salinity), respectively. No significant differences were observed for the optimal temperature and isosmotic point of maintenance (25 °C-S 25) for the species, with respect to the other experimental conditions tested, except for at 20 °C-S 33, which was the most toxic. Toxicity under 20 °C-S 33 conditions was also higher than 25 °C-S 17 and 20 °C (S 17 or 25). The least toxic condition was 25 °C-S 17. All this suggests that the toxic effect of arsenic is not affected by temperature changes; it depends on the osmoregulatory pattern developed by the shrimp, either hyperosmotic at low salinity or hiposmotic at high salinity, as observed at least on the extreme salinity conditions here tested (17 and 33). However, further studies testing salinities near the isosmotic point (between 20 and 30 salinities) are needed to clarify these mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Bioterio de Peces y Crustáceos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México DF 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Valentino-Álvarez
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Núñez-Nogueira
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández-Bringas
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008800:Mexico; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D054712:Salinity; D013696:Temperature; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide