title: Outcomes and complications of endoscopic approaches for malignancies of the paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses are traditionally approached by a variety of external incisions. Recent advances in endoscopic endonasal surgery have allowed for some of these tumors to be treated endoscopically. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes and complications of the endoscopic approach in a series of patients with paranasal sinus malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with sinonasal or skull base malignancies treated with endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted resections at a tertiary care institution from 2002 to 2010. Patient data were collected on symptoms, tumor type, operative technique, and postoperative course. Baseline risk factors, overall and disease-free survival data, and surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 49 patients, 36 (73%) underwent an endoscopic approach and 13 (27%) underwent endoscopic-assisted approaches. Sarcomas (9 cases) were the most common tumor type, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (8), adenocarcinoma (8), and melanoma (7). The mean follow-up time for all patients was 3.58 years (range, 1.1 to 8.8 years). Surgical complications were more frequent with open approaches than with endoscopic approaches (23.1% versus 5.6%; p = 0.11). Medical complications were significantly more common with open approaches (38.5% versus 8.3%; p = 0.02). The disease-specific mortality rate was 8% (4 of 49). The local tumor recurrence rate was 16% (8 of 49). The 3-year disease-free survival rates were 86.8% in the endoscopic group and 67.7% in the open group (p = 0.047); however, the patients in the endoscopic group had lower T stages (p = 0.0068) and lower ASA scores (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic approaches to the sinuses and skull base have become progressively more sophisticated with advances in skull base reconstruction, advances in surgical technique, and improvements in technology. This study demonstrates the relative safety and utility of the endoscopic approach for sinonasal and skull base malignancies. In carefully selected patients, endoscopic approaches demonstrate survival rates comparable to those of traditional surgery, and fewer perioperative complications. With appropriate planning and careful surgical decision-making, endoscopic surgery shows promise as a minimally invasive alternative in the treatment of sinonasal malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Vijay R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome