title: Metabolic responses to 4 different body weight-supported locomotor training approaches in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe metabolic responses accompanying 4 different locomotor training (LT) approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rehabilitation research laboratory, academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (N=62) with minimal walking function due to chronic motor-incomplete spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants trained 5 days/week for 12 weeks. Groups were treadmill-based LT with manual assistance (TM), transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TS), and a driven gait orthosis (DGO) and overground (OG) LT with electrical stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxygen uptake (V˙o2), walking velocity and economy, and substrate utilization during subject-selected "slow," "moderate," and "maximal" walking speeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  V˙o2 did not increase from pretraining to posttraining for DGO (.00 ± .18L/min, P=.923). Increases in the other groups depended on walking speed, ranging from .01 ± .18 m/s (P=.860) for TM (slow speed) to .20 ± .29 m/s (P=.017) for TS (maximal speed). All groups increased velocity but to varying degrees (DGO, .01 ± .18 Ln[m/s], P=.829; TM, .07 ± .29 Ln[m/s], P=.371; TS, .33 ± .45 Ln[m/s], P=.013; OG, .52 ±.61 Ln[m/s], P=.007). Changes in walking economy were marginal for DGO and TM (.01 ± .20 Ln[L/m], P=.926, and .00 ± .42 Ln[L/m], P=.981) but significant for TS and OG (.26 ± .33 Ln[L/m], P=.014, and .44 ± .62 Ln[L/m], P=.025). Many participants reached respiratory exchange ratios ≥ 1 at any speed, rendering it impossible to statistically discern differences in substrate utilization. However, after training, fewer participants reached this ceiling for each speed (slow: 9 vs 6, n=32; moderate: 12 vs 8, n=29; and maximal 15 vs 13, n=28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DGO and TM walking training was less effective in increasing V˙o2 and velocity across participant-selected walking speeds, while TS and OG training was more effective in improving these parameters and also walking economy. Therefore, the latter 2 approaches hold greater promise for improving clinically relevant outcomes such as enhanced endurance, functionality, or in-home/community ambulation.
authors.affiliation: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. jkressler@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kressler
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Edelle C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Field-Fote
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: ANOVA; CRF; DGO; Exercise; LT; LTA; MLI; OG; Oxygen consumption; Rehabilitation; SCI; TM; TS; Vo(2peak); analysis of variance; cardiorespiratory fitness; driven gait orthosis; locomotor training; locomotor training approach; manual assistance on a treadmill; motor level of injury; o(2); overground; oxygen uptake; peak oxygen consumption; spinal cord injury; transcutaneous electrical stimulation