title: Particulate matter strongly associated with human Q fever in The Netherlands: an ecological study.
abstract: There are still questions about the importance of different animal reservoirs and environmental factors that played a role in the large Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands. We therefore investigated the spatial association between reported Q fever cases and different livestock and environmental factors at the national level. A spatial regression analysis was performed, with four-digit postal code areas as the unit of analysis. High level of particulate matter (< 24.5 μg/m³) with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) was by far the strongest risk factor for human Q fever with an odds ratio of 10.4 (95% confidence interval 7.0-15.6) using PM10 <24.5 μg/m³ as reference, in logistic regression analysis, controlling for differences in animal densities, vegetation and other risk factors. Particulate matter seems to play an important role in the transmission of Q fever from infected animals to humans and should be a focus for further studies on zoonotic infectious diseases and decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reedijk
authors.forename: J P G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Leuken
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van der Hoek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011778:Q Fever / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019371:Topography, Medical; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter