title: Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chitin/chitosan production using marine waste sources: characteristics, applications and eco-friendly processes: a review.
abstract: In the last decade, an increasing number of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chitin and chitosan applications have been reported. Their commercial demands have been extended to different markets, such as cosmetics, medicine, biotechnology, food and textiles. Marine wastes from fisheries and aquaculture are susceptible sources for polymers but optimized processes for their recovery and production must be developed to satisfy such necessities. In the present work, we have reviewed different alternatives reported in the literature to produce and purify chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitin/chitosan (CH/CHs) with the aim of proposing environmentally friendly processes by combination of various microbial, chemical, enzymatic and membranes strategies and technologies.
authors.affiliation: Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain. jvazquez@iim.csic.es
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Amado
authors.forename: María Ignacia
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Montemayor
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fraguas
authors.forename: María Del Pilar
authors.initials: Mdel P
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Miguel Anxo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Murado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002686:Chitin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005398:Fisheries; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D014866:Waste Products; D002686:Chitin; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D048271:Chitosan