title: Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone intoxication in children - how strong is the risk?
abstract: Opioid maintenance therapy with methadone or buprenorphine is an established and first-line treatment for opioid dependence. Risk of diversion and toxicity of opioid prescription drugs, including buprenorphine, causes significant concerns. This is particularly the case in the United States, where the number of related emergency visits is increasing, especially in children. A systematic literature research (Medline, Pubmed) was performed to assess the risk associated with buprenorphine. The search, which was not limited to particular publication years, was performed with the key words buprenorphine AND toxicity (114 counts ) AND children (4 counts) and buprenorphine AND mortality AND children (5 counts). In addition, the author obtained information from relevant websites (NIDA, SAMSHA) and pharmacovigilance data from the manufacturer of buprenorphine. Clinical and toxicological data suggest a low risk for fatal intoxications associated with bupreorphine in adults. Data from emergency units indicate a dramatic, 20-fold increase in buprenorphine exposure in children over the past decade, mostly in those under 6. The US 'Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance' (RADARS) system indicates a lower risk of severe opioid intoxications with buprenorphine than with other opioids, with no fatal outcomes recorded. Correspondingly, data from spontaneous reports to the surveillance programme of the manufacturer of buprenorphine (13,600 buprenorphine exposures, 4879 of these in children under six) show a serious medical outcome in 34% of children under the age of six but only one fatal outcome. Although exposure to buprenorphine and other opioids remains a significant concern in children, the drug seems rather to be safe with respect to severe outcomes, in particular death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Germany. Michael.Soyka@privatklinik-meiringen.ch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soyka
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000506:poisoning*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D009270:Naloxone / Q000506:poisoning*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D064226:Prescription Drug Diversion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine