title: Association between having no sons and using no contraception among a nationally representative sample of young wives in Nepal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether a lack of sons predicts non-use of contraception among young wives in Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from married females aged 15-24 years who participated in the Nepal 2011 Demographic and Health Survey (n=2439). Multivariate models were used to test predictions of modern contraception use with the following variables: having no sons, social inequities (wealth, education, rural residence, and caste), gender inequities (early age at marriage, spousal age, and education gaps), respondent age, parity, and geographic region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most wives (79%) reported using no modern contraception. Non-use was more likely among those with no living sons (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.2), and those who married as a minor (AOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.02-1.9) and/or resided in a rural area (AOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5). Having no daughters was negatively associated with non-use of contraception (AOR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contraception use is not common among young wives in Nepal. It is, however, more likely among wives with sons and less likely among wives with daughters, demonstrating that son preference continues to affect contraception use among the next generation of mothers in Nepal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, USA. anitaraj@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Rohan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vilms
authors.forename: Lotus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008393:Marriage; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009390:Nepal; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology*; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult