title: Bacterial translocation in an experimental model of multiple organ dysfunctions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to investigate the hypothesis that bacterial translocation from the intestine contributes to death after multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a sterile MODS model was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  MODS was induced in 139 male C57BL/6 mice by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) infusion followed by zymozan infusion in four groups: Α, sham-operation; Β, LPS; C, LPS + 0.8 g/kg zymozan; and D, LPS + 1.2 g/kg zymozan. Mice were sacrificed at 24 and 48 h for quantitative tissue cultures, isolation, and stimulation of splenocytes, measurement of apoptosis of lymphocytes and macrophages, and of serum LPS and survival. Some mice with MODS were treated with the antibiotic ertapenem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp were isolated from tissues. Group D had the highest bacterial load and the shortest survival. Release of interleukin-10, of interleukin-17, and of intgerferon-γ by splenocytes and the rate of apoptosis did not concur with immune paralysis. Serum LPS concentrations were higher in mice with MODS versus controls. Ertapenem prolonged survival and decreased the bacterial load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial translocation seems to be an important contributor leading from MODS to death and suggests a change in therapy towards adaptation of antimicrobial treatment upon early signs of MODS.
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.forename: Dionyssia-Pinelopi
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Carrer
authors.forename: Antigone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsaki
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mylona
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistiki
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savva
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roditis
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexis
authors.forename: Jos W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Van der Meer
authors.forename: Evangelos J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015054:Zymosan
keywords: Antimicrobials; Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cytokines; LPS; MODS; Organ failure; Translocation