title: Assessing pediatric residents' clinical performance in procedural sedation: a simulation-based needs assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our primary objective in this study was to perform a needs assessment of clinical performance during simulated procedural sedation (PS) by pediatric residents. Our secondary objective was to describe reported experience and confidence with PS during pediatric residency.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective observational cohort study, pediatric residents completed a survey of 15 Likert-scaled items pertaining to confidence in PS, followed by performance of a standardized, video-recorded simulated PS complicated by an adverse event (AE): apnea and desaturation. Clinical performance was evaluated according to an expert consensus-derived checklist of critical tasks. The difference in reported confidence between postgraduate years (PGY) was assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); clinical checklist items were quantified descriptively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 PGY-1, 39 PGY-2, and 7 PGY-3 residents participated. The most frequently completed tasks by all residents are ensuring the cardiorespiratory monitor (73%) and connecting the oxygen tubing (70%) during the preparation phase and recognizing AE (97%) and administering oxygen (95%) during the AE phase. Tasks that were completed infrequently by all residents include ensuring that the shoulder roll is available (11%) and ensuring access to head-of-bed (31%) during the preparation phase and applying shoulder roll (10%) and calling for help (23%) during the AE phase. The median time to recognition of AE from onset of hypoventilation was 33 seconds and that for delivery of oxygen and PPV was 60 and 97 seconds, respectively. Median confidence scores increased by PGY (PGY-1, 2; PGY-2, 3; PGY-3, 4; ANOVA F2,82 = 75, P< 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences exist in the reported confidence and observed performance among PGY levels during simulated PS. Resident performance on this checklist demonstrates educational needs in PS training. A curriculum in PS for pediatric residents should focus on reviewing preparation steps, equipment, and potential interventions should an AE occur.
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. danadoreen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dana Aronson
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schinasi
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nadel
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hales
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boswinkel
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Donoghue
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording