title: Microwave-assisted extraction of edible Cicerbita alpina shoots and its LC-MS phenolic profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crude extracts obtained from the edible shoots of Cicerbita alpina using microwave-assisted extraction have been qualitatively profiled by liquid chromatography coupled with an ion trap mass spectrometry detector and an electrospray ionization interface (LC/ESI-MS(3) ) for their phenolic content. The main challenge of the present investigation was to create a working strategy designed to obtain a rich phenolic profile despite the limited amount of starting plant material and phytochemical data available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best extraction conditions (temperature 90 °C; time 5 min; solvent methanol:water 50:50; sample weight 3 g) were achieved using a full factorial 2(4) experimental design. Fifteen compounds, including flavonoid conjugates and phenolic acid derivatives, were detected and tentatively identified. The total phenolic content varied from 93.58 mg g(-1) gallic acid equivalents (GAE), for the cultivated plant to 10.54 mg g(-1) GAE for the wild one, whereas the total flavonoid content varied from 145.00 mg g(-1) rutin for the cultivated plant to 25.22 mg g(-1) rutin for the wild one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 11 compounds are herein reported, for the first time, as coming from this plant source.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alexandru
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pizzale
authors.forename: Lanfranco
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barge
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cravotto
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003124:Colorimetry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008872:Microwaves; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Cicerbita alpina; LC/ESI-MS; full 24 factorial design; microwave-assisted extraction; phenolics