title: Macrophage plasticity and the role of inflammation in skeletal muscle repair.
abstract: Effective repair of damaged tissues and organs requires the coordinated action of several cell types, including infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident cells. Recent findings have uncovered a central role for macrophages in the repair of skeletal muscle after acute damage. If damage persists, as in skeletal muscle pathologies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), macrophage infiltration perpetuates and leads to progressive fibrosis, thus exacerbating disease severity. Here we discuss how dynamic changes in macrophage populations and activation states in the damaged muscle tissue contribute to its efficient regeneration. We describe how ordered changes in macrophage polarization, from M1 to M2 subtypes, can differently affect muscle stem cell (satellite cell) functions. Finally, we also highlight some of the new mechanisms underlying macrophage plasticity and briefly discuss the emerging implications of lymphocytes and other inflammatory cell types in normal versus pathological muscle repair.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) and CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Yacine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kharraz
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Pura
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Cánoves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000469:parasitology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology