title: Diagnosis and management of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwers.
abstract: Although ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are reported most commonly in baseball players (especially in pitchers), these also have been observed in other throwing sports including water polo, javelin throw, tennis, and volleyball. This article reviews the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the UCL with associated pathophysiology of UCL injuries of the elbow of the athlete participating in overhead throwing. Evaluation, including pertinent principles in history, physical examination, and imaging modalities, is discussed, along with the management options.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Freehill
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Safran
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010808:Physical Examination; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014457:Ulna; D000092464:Elbow Injuries