title: Evidence for integrating eye health into primary health care in Africa: a health systems strengthening approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of unmet eye care needs in sub-Saharan Africa is compounded by barriers to accessing eye care, limited engagement with communities, a shortage of appropriately skilled health personnel, and inadequate support from health systems. The renewed focus on primary health care has led to support for greater integration of eye health into national health systems. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate available evidence of integration of eye health into primary health care in sub-Saharan Africa from a health systems strengthening perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A scoping review method was used to gather and assess information from published literature, reviews, WHO policy documents and examples of eye and health care interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings were compiled using a health systems strengthening framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limited information is available about eye health from a health systems strengthening approach. Particular components of the health systems framework lacking evidence are service delivery, equipment and supplies, financing, leadership and governance. There is some information to support interventions to strengthen human resources at all levels, partnerships and community participation; but little evidence showing their successful application to improve quality of care and access to comprehensive eye health services at the primary health level, and referral to other levels for specialist eye care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence of integration of eye health into primary health care is currently weak, particularly when applying a health systems framework. A realignment of eye health in the primary health care agenda will require context specific planning and a holistic approach, with careful attention to each of the health system components and to the public health system as a whole. Documentation and evaluation of existing projects are required, as are pilot projects of systematic approaches to interventions and application of best practices. Multi-national research may provide guidance about how to scale up eye health interventions that are integrated into primary health systems.
authors.affiliation: dutoitrenee@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rènée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.forename: Hannah B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Faal
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Etya'ale
authors.forename: Boateng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiafe
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Wanjiku
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mathenge
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Courtright
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D019985:Benchmarking; D054976:Clinical Governance; D019058:Community Networks; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009313:National Health Programs; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D000078329:Workforce