title: Internalizing early memories of shame and lack of safeness and warmth: the mediating role of shame on depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing evidence supports the association between early memories of shame and lack of safeness and current shame and depression. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether shame serves as a mediator between such early memories and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at testing whether the impact of shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness (predictors), on depressive symptoms (outcome) would be mediated by current external and internal shame.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student participants (N = 178) recalled an early shame experience and completed self-report instruments measuring centrality and traumatic characteristics of the shame memory, early memories of warmth and safeness, external and internal shame and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Path analysis' results revealed that internal shame fully mediated the relationship between shame traumatic memory, centrality of shame memory, and early memories of warmth and safeness, and depression. However, current feelings of external shame, highly linked to internal shame, did not significantly predict depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings shed light on the role of internalizing early shame and lack of safeness memories into a sense of self as globally self-condemning in the vulnerability to experience depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive-Behavioural Research Centre-CINEICC, University of Coimbra, Portugal. marcela.s.matos@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto-Gouveia
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008016:Life Change Events; D008149:Love; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012449:Safety; D012649:Self Concept; D012752:Shame; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult