title: Higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ or its activation by agonist thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone promotes bladder cancer cell migration and invasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in bladder cancer (BCa) progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gene copy number of PPARγ in human BCa tissue samples was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The migration and invasive ability of human BCa cell lines with different PPARγ expression levels or treated with thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist and an antidiabetic drug, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARγ amplification was increased dramatically in BCa tissue compared with normal urothelium (38.1% vs 4.3%, P = .0082) and in tumors with lymph node metastasis compared with those without metastasis (75.0% vs 15.4%, P = .0176). The human BCa cell line 5637 with strong PPARγ expression demonstrated a greater ability for cell migration and invasion than the UMUC-3 cell line with weak PPARγ expression. Knocking down PPARγ in BCa 5637 cells led to decreased cell migration, and activation of PPARγ with thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone promoted their migration and invasive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPARγ amplification in BCa could play an important role in BCa cell migration and invasion. Alteration of PPARγ expression by PPARγ-small interfering ribonucleic acid or activation by its agonist rosiglitazone, a diabetic thiazolidinedione drug, could lead to alternation of BCa cell migration and invasion.
authors.affiliation: George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14646, USA.
authors.forename: Dong-Rong
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shin-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xian-Fan
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Li-Qiong
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chawnshang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000819:agonists* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone