title: Low-intensity vibrations partially maintain intervertebral disc mechanics and spinal muscle area during deconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced spinal loading degrades the intervertebral disc and alters the muscle size.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of high-frequency and low-intensity vibrations to maintain disc biomechanics and prevent muscle changes during hindlimb unloading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were hindlimb unloaded for 4 weeks. In two hindlimb unloaded groups, unloading was interrupted for 15 min/d and the rats were positioned upright on a 90 Hz vertically oscillating plate or a sham control inactive plate. One author owns (provisional) patents regarding the application of vibrations to the musculoskeleton.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motion segments L4-L5 were mechanically evaluated in compression-tension, axial creep, and torsion loading. In vivo microcomputed tomography was used to determine longitudinal psoas and paraspinal muscle area. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate, and NASA-Harriett G. Jenkins Predoctoral and W. Burghardt Turner Fellowships. The author (SJ) holds (provisional) patents regarding the application of vibrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the discs of uninterrupted unloading and sham animals and these groups were pooled. Compared with normally ambulating age-matched controls, hindlimb unloaded discs had altered properties in every loading modality. Psoas area of the unloaded rats increased at L4 and L5 and the paraspinal area decreased at L4. Vibrations (90 Hz) maintained compression-tension properties, partially maintained creep properties, but did not mitigate torsional weakening because of unloading. Low-intensity vibrations prevented the increase in psoas area but did not abate paraspinal muscle loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In support of clinical studies, unloading deconditioned the rodent disc and altered the muscle area. Although brief exposures to upright posture provided only limited benefits, low-intensity vibrations superimposed on upright posture served to preserve disc mechanics during unloading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA.
authors.forename: Nilsson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holguin
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judex
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000502:physiology*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014732:Vibration