title: Adrenal diseases during pregnancy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management strategies.
abstract: : Adrenal diseases--including disorders such as Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia--are relatively rare in pregnancy, but a timely diagnosis and proper treatment are critical because these disorders can cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Making the diagnosis of adrenal disorders in pregnancy is challenging as symptoms associated with pregnancy are also seen in adrenal diseases. In addition, pregnancy is marked by several endocrine changes, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The aim of this article was to review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of various adrenal disorders during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamoun
authors.forename: Mouna F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mnif
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charfi
authors.forename: Faten H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kacem
authors.forename: Basma B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Naceur
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mnif
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dammak
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rekik
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abid
mesh_terms: D000224:Addison Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology