title: Metacognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metacognition has been described as the knowledge of our own cognitive processes. Metacognitive deficits are common in schizophrenia, but little is known about metacognition before the onset of full-blown psychosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to longitudinally characterize metacognition in a sample of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, and to determine if metacognition was related to later conversion to psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (153 CHR individuals; 68 help seeking controls, HSC) were part of the large multi-site PREDICT study, which sought to determine predictors of conversion to psychosis. They were tested at baseline and 6 months using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) that has five sub-scales assessing different domains of metacognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESULTS of the mixed-effect models demonstrated significantly poorer scores at baseline for the CHR group compared to the HSC group in Negative beliefs about uncontrollability, Negative beliefs and the overall MCQ score. At the 6-month assessment, no difference was observed in metacognition between the two groups, but both groups showed improvement in metacognition over time. Those who later converted to psychosis had poorer performance on metacognitive beliefs at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A poorer performance in metacognition can be seen as a marker of developing a full blown psychotic illness and confirms the potential value of assessing metacognitive beliefs in individuals vulnerable for psychosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Mariapaola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbato
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Penn
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,USA.
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Yale University,New Haven,USA.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001364:Awareness; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult