title: Immunization coverage and its determinants among children aged 12 - 23 months in a peri-urban area of Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The institutionalization of strong immunization services over recent years has ensured that today more than 70% of the worlds' targeted population is reached. In Kenya, approximately 77% of children aged 12-23 months are fully vaccinated with some districts reporting even lower levels of coverage. However, low immunization coverage remains a challenge in low income and high population settings such as Kaptembwo Location, Nakuru district.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional community based survey was undertaken between January and March 2011. Cluster sampling method was employed. Data was collected using pretested interviewer guided structured questionnaires through house to house visits. Data was analyzed in SPSS using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of full immunization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete immunization coverage was 76.6%. Coverage for specific antigens was; BCG (99.5%), OPV0 (97.6%), OPV 1(98.7%), OPV2 (96.6%), OPV3 (90.5%), Penta 1(98.9), Penta 2 (96.6%), Penta 3 (90.0%), Measles (77.4%). The drop-out rate between the first and third pentavalent vaccine coverage was 8.9%. Predictors of full immunization included number of children within the family, place of birth of the child, advice on date of next visit for growth monitoring and opinion on the health immunization services offered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months is still below target. Efforts to improve vaccination coverage must take into account the immunization determinants found in this study. There is need to focus on strengthening of awareness strategies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Jomo Kenyatta University of agriculture and Technology, P.O.BOX 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Lilian Chepkemoi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karanja
authors.forename: Janeth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kombich
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013383:Suburban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Expanded Programme on immunization; Immunization; coverage; determinants; predictors; vaccine preventable diseases