title: Comparison of topical tramadol and ketamine in pain treatment after tonsillectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of topically applied ketamine or tramadol on early postoperative pain scores in children undergoing tonsillectomy. The secondary aim of the study is to assess nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat characteristics of the patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tonsillectomy surgery is frequently associated with postoperative pain, which usually requires substantial consumption of analgesics including opioids. Safe and effective post-tonsillectomy pain control is still a clinical dilemma, in spite of the use of various surgical and anesthetic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 children, aged between 4 and 10 years, scheduled for tonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Study drugs were administered to both tonsillar fossae for 5 min. In 5 ml artificial saliva, Group K (n = 20) received 0.4 ml (20 mg) ketamine and Group T (n = 20) received 0.8 ml tramadol HCl solution. Group C (n = 20) received only 5 ml saline as a control. Ramsay Sedation Scale and FACES PRS Score, nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference among the groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and ASA profile (P > 0.05 for all). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2 ) values were not significantly different among the groups in all time points (P > 0.05 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups according to Ramsay Sedation Scales in 40th minute (P < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Score in all time points (P < 0.004 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of rescue analgesia necessity in 5th and 10th minute (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of sore throat in 5th and 10th minute (P < 0.001 for both). Neither rescue analgesia necessity nor sore throat characteristics was different between the Group T and Group K in all time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical tramadol and ketamine seem to be safe, effective, and easy analgesic approach for decreasing tonsillectomy pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Abant Izzet Baysal University Medical School, Bolu, Turkey. drtekelioglu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Umit Y
authors.initials: UY
authors.lastname: Tekelioglu
authors.forename: Tayfun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apuhan
authors.forename: Akcan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akkaya
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Tugce
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.forename: Uzeyir
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gok
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kocoglu
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D007649:Ketamine