title: Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of melanoma initiation and progression.
abstract: Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes that can spread to other organs of the body, resulting in severe and/or lethal malignancies. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells found in the deep layer of the epidermis and are originated from melanocytes stem cells through a cellular process called melanogenesis. Several genes and epigenetic and micro-environmental factors are involved in this process via the regulation and maintenance of the balance between melanocytes stem cells proliferation and their differentiation into melanocytes. Dysregulation of this balance through gain or loss of function of key genes implicated in the control and regulation of cell cycle progression and/or differentiation results in melanoma initiation and progression. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview about the origin of melanocytes, the oncogenic events involved in melanocytes stem cells transformation, and the mechanisms implicated in the perpetuation of melanoma malignant phenotype.
authors.affiliation: The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK, tarik.regad@ntu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Regad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs