title: Dosimetric impact of intrafraction motion during RapidArc stereotactic vertebral radiation therapy using flattened and flattening filter-free beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the dosimetric impact of relatively short-duration intrafraction shifts during a single fraction of RapidArc delivery for vertebral stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using flattened (FF) and flattening filter-free (FFF) beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RapidArc plans, each with 2 to 3 arcs, were generated for 9 patients using 6-MV FF and 10-MV FFF beams with maximum dose rates of 1000 and 2400 MU/min, respectively. A total of 1272 plans were created to estimate the dosimetric consequences in target and spinal cord volumes caused by intrafraction shifts during one of the arcs. Shifts of 1, 2, and 3 mm for periods of 5, 10, and 30 seconds, and 5 mm for 5 and 10 seconds, were modelled during a part of the arc associated with high doses and steep dose gradients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For FFF plans, shifts of 2 mm over 10 seconds and 30 seconds could increase spinal cord Dmax by up to 6.5% and 13%, respectively. Dosimetric deviations in FFF plans were approximately 2-fold greater than in FF plans. Reduction in target coverage was <1% for 83% and 96% of the FFF and FF plans, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even short-duration intrafraction shifts can cause significant dosimetric deviations during vertebral SBRT delivery, especially when using very high dose rate FFF beams and when the shift occurs in that part of the arc delivering high doses and steep gradients. The impact is greatest on the spinal cord and its planning-at-risk volume. Accurate and stable patient positioning is therefore required for vertebral SBRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.ong@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Chin Loon
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahele
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Slotman
authors.forename: Wilko F A R
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Verbakel
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*