title: Cradles of industry and occupational medicine in the modern world: Milan 1906 -- Annus Mirabilis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The example examined is Milan, Italy's main industrial city, where the great International Exhibition was held in 1906. This was the culmination of a period of accelerated industrial growth that modern-day historiography considers to be when Italy's first real industrial revolution began. The twenty-five years between the National Industrial Exhibition of 1881, which was also held in Milan, and the 1906 Exhibition truly reflected a period which was crucial for this transformation to take of. Alongside industry, which was then going through a phase of reorganization and development, Milanese civil society was increasingly turning its interest and attention to what was called the "social question". In an atmosphere of debate and exchange of ideas and experience with Turin, another major industrial city of the north and the birthplace of the Italian engineering and automobile industries, social organizations, political parties and trade unions began to be established thus heralding the Italian approach towards twentieth-century welfare.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This is the context in which the first International Congress on Occupational Diseases was held in Milan from 9 to 14 June 1906 within the framework of the International Exhibition. The success achieved with this initiative. organized by Luigi Devoto and Malachia De Cristoforis, which was to continue with the founding of the International Permanent Commission on Occupational Health, showed that the time was ripe for a new subject to appear on the scene--the occupational health physician--who from then on was to play an important role in the promotion of workers' health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The article outlines the main features of the Italian industrial transformation at the turn of the new century with special attention focused on Milan, the capital of industry in Italy. It also describes the impact on public opinion caused by the events surrounding the epic construction of the transalpine railway tunnels which began in 1856 with the Mont Cenis tunnel, then the tragic enterprise of the St. Gotthard tunnel in 1883, ending in 1906 with the inauguration of the Simplon tunnel. The Milan congress is examined as well as the developments which, from then on, began increasingly to give physicians specialised in occupational diseases a higher profile in events of an international nature in the defence of workers' health but also in the interests of economic development.
authors.affiliation: CeRIMP, Regione Toscana, Firenze. alberto.baldasseroni@asf.toscana.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baldasseroni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomassini
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000266:history*; D003226:Congresses as Topic / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000266:history*; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000266:history; D007558:Italy; D007750:Labor Unions / Q000266:history; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000266:history*; D009787:Occupational Medicine / Q000266:history*; D013557:Switzerland