title: Exploiting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 to reactivate the host immune response against cancer.
abstract: The past few years have witnessed something of a renaissance in the field of cancer immunotherapy, relating largely to the clinical advances that have been associated with the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune inhibitory co-receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 and to the pursuit of genetically modified antigen-redirected adoptive T-cell therapies. These advances are based on a more substantial understanding of the factors restricting effective immune therapies that has been derived from the study of pre-clinical models of tumour growth in immune competent mice. Just as the recognition of the importance of positive co-stimulatory signaling has been instrumental to recent advances in the development of genetically modified antigen-specific adoptive cellular therapies, an increasing awareness of the ability of tumours to subvert multiple immune inhibitory pathways, effectively blunting the development or expansion of any anti-tumour immunity, is fostering the development of novel therapies that appear active as monotherapies but may achieve their greatest impact in combinatorial regimens. This mini-review will focus on attempts to target co-inhibitory members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Immunology Unit, Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Quezada
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Peggs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen