title: Gastrointestinal hormones and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss.
abstract: Obesity continues to be a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. While recent statistics have demonstrated that obesity rates have begun to plateau, more severe classes of obesity are accelerating at a faster pace with important implications in regards to treatment. Bariatric surgery has a profound and durable effect on weight loss, being to date one of the most successful interventions for obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide updates to the possible role of gut hormones in post bariatric surgery weight loss and weight loss maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current review examines the changes in gastro-intestinal hormones with bariatric surgery and the potential mechanisms by which these changes could result in decreased weight and adiposity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanism by which bariatric surgery results in body weight changes is incompletely elucidated, but it clearly goes beyond caloric restriction and malabsorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in gastro-intestinal hormones, including increases in GLP-1, PYY, and oxyntomodulin, decreases in GIP and ghrelin, or the combined action of all these hormones might play a role in induction and long-term maintenance of weight loss.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Viorica.Ionut@cshs.org
authors.forename: Viorica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ionut
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Youdim
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Bergman
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000601:surgery; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000601:surgery; D053772:Oxyntomodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000378:metabolism; D011184:Postoperative Period; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D053772:Oxyntomodulin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1