title: Ecogenomic perspectives on domains of unknown function: correlation-based exploration of marine metagenomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proportion of conserved DNA sequences with no clear function is steadily growing in bioinformatics databases. Studies of sequence and structural homology have indicated that many uncharacterized protein domain sequences are variants of functionally described domains. If these variants promote an organism's ecological fitness, they are likely to be conserved in the genome of its progeny and the population at large. The genetic composition of microbial communities in their native ecosystems is accessible through metagenomics. We hypothesize the co-variation of protein domain sequences across metagenomes from similar ecosystems will provide insights into their potential roles and aid further investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We calculated the correlation of Pfam protein domain sequences across the Global Ocean Sampling metagenome collection, employing conservative detection and correlation thresholds to limit results to well-supported hits and associations. We then examined intercorrelations between domains of unknown function (DUFs) and domains involved in known metabolic pathways using network visualization and cluster-detection tools. We used a cautious "guilty-by-association" approach, referencing knowledge-level resources to identify and discuss associations that offer insight into DUF function. We observed numerous DUFs associated to photobiologically active domains and prevalent in the Cyanobacteria. Other clusters included DUFs associated with DNA maintenance and repair, inorganic nutrient metabolism, and sodium-translocating transport domains. We also observed a number of clusters reflecting known metabolic associations and cases that predicted functional reclassification of DUFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically examining domain covariation across metagenomic datasets can grant new perspectives on the roles and associations of DUFs in an ecological setting. Targeted attempts at DUF characterization in the laboratory or in silico may draw from these insights and opportunities to discover new associations and corroborate existing ones will arise as more large-scale metagenomic datasets emerge.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. pbuttigi@mpi-bremen.de
authors.forename: Pier Luigi
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Buttigieg
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hankeln
authors.forename: Ivaylo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kostadinov
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kottmann
authors.forename: Pelin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Melissa Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Duhaime
authors.forename: Frank Oliver
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Glöckner
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D007501:Iron