title: Differences in working conditions and employment arrangements among migrant and non-migrant workers in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine migrant workers' exposure to select occupational risks and compare it with that of non-migrant workers in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS-2005, n=29,654 workers, 31 countries) we examined differential prevalence amongst migrant and non-migrant workers' primary paid jobs in terms of employment arrangements (working >10 hours/day, working >5 days/week, on Sundays, without a contract, changes in the work schedule and not free to decide when to take holidays or days off) and working conditions (exposure to hazards including chemical, physical agents, physical load and psychological conditions). For the purpose of this study, a migrant is defined as a person without nationality of the country of residence (n=926). Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for age, economic sector and education were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in employment arrangements and working conditions were noted by migration status, gender and occupational status. Among non-manual workers, migrant males are more exposed than non-migrant males to negative psychosocial conditions--working at a very high speed (aPR 1.23; 95% CI 1.07-1.42) and shift work (aPR 1.66; 95% CI 1.27-2.17)--and adverse employment arrangements: working on Sundays (aPR 1.91; 95% CI 1.42-2.55), variable starting/finishing times (aPR 1.17; 95% CI 1.04-1.32) and changes in work schedule (aPR 1.56; 95% CI 1.30-1.88). Compared with non-migrant males, male migrant manual workers are the group with a greater number of disparities in terms of exposure to negative working conditions. Female migrant non-manual workers are more exposed to psychosocial conditions - working at very high speed (aPR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10-1.44) and shift work (aPR 1.61; 95% CI 1.29-2.01) while female manual migrant workers were more likely to report standing or walking (aPR 2.43; 95% CI 1.98-2.97), not having a contract (aPR 2.94; 95% CI 2.07-4.10) and not being free to decide days off and holidays (aPR 1.25; 95% CI 1.07-1.48) than non-migrants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migrant workers across Europe are more likely to be exposed to certain working and employment arrangements that may place them at higher risk of future health problems.
authors.affiliation: CISAL, Research Centre in Occupational Health, Parc Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. elena.ronda@ua.es
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ronda Pérez
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levecque
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Felt
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Rossem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003625:Data Collection; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult