title: Individual and neighborhood correlates of membership in drug using networks with a higher prevalence of HIV in New York City (2006-2009).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify individual- and neighborhood-level correlates of membership within high HIV prevalence drug networks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 378 New York City drug users via respondent-driven sampling (2006-2009). Individual-level characteristics and recruiter-recruit relationships were ascertained and merged with 2000 tract-level U.S. Census data. Descriptive statistics and population average models were used to identify correlates of membership in high HIV prevalence drug networks (>10.54% vs. <10.54% HIV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in high HIV prevalence drug networks were more likely to be recruited in neighborhoods with greater inequality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-24.42), higher valued owner-occupied housing (AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.92), and a higher proportion of Latinos (AOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.19-2.80). They reported more crack use (AOR, 7.23; 95% CI, 2.43-21.55), exchange sex (AOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.03-3.23), and recent drug treatment enrollment (AOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.05-2.50) and were less likely to report cocaine use (AOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20-0.79) and recent homelessness (AOR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between exchange sex, crack use, and membership within high HIV prevalence drug networks may suggest an ideal HIV risk target population for intervention. Coupling network-based interventions with those adding risk-reduction and HIV testing/care/adherence counseling services to the standard of care in drug treatment programs should be explored in neighborhoods with increased inequality, higher valued owner-occupied housing, and a greater proportion of Latinos.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol, Policy, and Safety Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD 20705, USA. arudolph@PIRE.org
authors.forename: Abby E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Latkin
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D060756:Social Networking; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires