title: Patterns and predictors of amelioration of genitourinary toxicity after high-dose intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: implications for defining postradiotherapy urinary toxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment-related toxicity and quality of life (QoL) considerations are important when counseling patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and longitudinal pattern of late genitourinary (GU) toxicity and QoL after high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 268 patients with localized PCa were treated between June 2004 and December 2008 at a tertiary referral center. Median follow-up was 5 yr (range: 3-7.7 yr).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent IMRT to a total dose of 86.4Gy; 50% of patients underwent neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen-deprivation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were evaluated with the prospectively obtained International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. GU toxicity was also scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v.4.0; toxicity events were defined as increase over baseline. Differences in increases in IPSS sums and QoL index between baseline IPSS sum and QoL index groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall median IPSS sum increase during follow-up was 3 and was less pronounced among patients with severe baseline symptoms compared with those with mild baseline symptoms (median increase: 0 vs 4; p<0.0001). Overall QoL index was unchanged after IMRT but appeared to improve in patients with dissatisfied baseline QoL compared with satisfied baseline QoL (p<0.0001). Fifty-five (20%) and 2 (1%) patients developed grade 2 and 3 late GU toxicities, respectively; however, in 28 of 57 patients (49%), toxicity resolved during follow-up. Even though the IPSS data were prospectively obtained, most patients were not treated within a prospective protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late GU toxicity after high-dose IMRT was mild; severe, late GU toxicity was rare. Changes in IPSS sum and QoL index were dependent on the baseline GU function, which might be useful for future patient counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Pirus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadjar
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Spratt
authors.forename: Jung Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munck af Rosenschöld
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kollmeier
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Joseph O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Deasy
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Prostatic neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Toxicity; Urogenital abnormalities