title: Sphingomicrobium astaxanthinifaciens sp. nov., an astaxanthin-producing glycolipid-rich bacterium isolated from surface seawater and emended description of the genus Sphingomicrobium.
abstract: A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, flagellated and non-spore-forming marine bacterium designated strain CC-AMO-30B(T) was isolated from coastal surface seawater, Taiwan. Strain CC-AMO-30B(T) synthesized astaxanthin [40 µg (g dry weight)(-1)] and formed reddish-orange-coloured colonies on marine agar (Difco 2216). The strain showed highest pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Sphingomicrobium lutaoense CC-TBT-3(T) (96.4%) followed by other members of the family Sphingomonadaceae (<94%) and established a discrete phyletic lineage associated with the former. The polar lipid profile constituted a remarkable number of unidentified glycolipids (GL1-8), in addition to diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid and two unidentified lipids (L1-2). The major fatty acids (>5% of total fatty acids) were C(18:1)ω7c/C(18:1)ω6c (summed feature 8), C(16:1)ω7c/C(16:1)ω6c (summed feature 3), C(18:1) 2-OH, methyl C(18:1)ω7c, C(17:1)ω6c and C(16 : 0). DNA G+C content was 70.6%; major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10; predominant polyamine was the triamine sym-homospermidine. Chemotaxonomic evidence including characteristic glycolipid profile, presence of significant amounts of C(18:1) 2-OH and absence of typical hydroxylated fatty acids such as C(14:0) 2-OH, C(15:0) 2-OH and C(16:0) 2-OH in considerable amounts, accompanied by phylogenetic distinctiveness and several other phenotypic features support the classification of strain CC-AMO-30B(T) as a representative of a novel species within the genus Sphingomicrobium for which the name Sphingomicrobium astaxanthinifaciens sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is CC-AMO-30B(T) ( =JCM 18551(T) =BCRC 80465(T)).
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mariyam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahina
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: You-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Chen
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Maw-Rong
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-An
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ren-Jye
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.|Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiu-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001482:Base Composition; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D042301:Sphingomonadaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013624:Taiwan; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000032:analysis; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D006017:Glycolipids; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D024341:Xanthophylls; D014451:Ubiquinone; C005948:astaxanthine; C025204:Ubiquinone Q2