title: [Clinical value of inferior vena caval filter insertion under color Doppler flow imaging guidance through the right internal jugular vein].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the efficacy and feasibility of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)-guided inferior vena caval filter (IVCF) insertion through the right internal jugular vein for prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients with lower extremity DVT confirmed by clinical and CDFI examinations underwent IVCF insertion through the right internal jugular vein under guidance of CDFI for prevention of pulmonary embolism. The shape and position of IVCF were monitored by CDFI regularly. After 32 to 45 days, the retrievable filters were removed under CDFI guidance via the right internal jugular vein. All patients were followed up to monitor the occurrence of filter complications and pulmonary embolism PE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative CDFI clearly displayed the locations of the right internal jugular vein, inferior vena caval (IVC), bifurcation of the common iliac vein, and the bilateral renal veins in all the 38 patients. All the veins were free of anatomical variations or embolism. Under CDFI guidance, 23 retrievable IVCF and 15 permanent IVCF were placed without technical difficulty via the right internal jugular vein. Follow-up examination with CDFI and abdominal plain X-ray film showed that all the filters were placed in right positions with complete opening. The 23 retrievable filters were retrieved via the right internal jugular vein after 32-45 days. IVCF captured venous emboli in 14 cases (36.5%). None of the patients had filter displacement, tilting, or fracture or showed IVC perforation or the occurrence of pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDFI-guided IVCF insertion via the jugular vein is safe and feasible. Compared with X-ray guidance, CDFI guidance is convenient and substantially reduces the procedural cost and avoids the risk of radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China. 17792439@qq.com
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Shuangming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult