title: Impact of community-based lymphedema management on perceived disability among patients with lymphatic filariasis in Orissa State, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphatic filariasis (LF) infects approximately 120 million people worldwide. As many as 40 million have symptoms of LF disease, including lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele. India constitutes approximately 45% of the world's burden of LF. The Indian NGO Church's Auxiliary for Social Action (CASA) has been conducting a community-based lymphedema management program in Orissa State since 2007 that aims to reduce the morbidity associated with lymphedema and elephantiasis. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the effects of this program on lymphedema patients' perceived disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For this prospective cohort study, 370 patients ≥14 years of age, who reported lymphedema lasting more than three months in one or both legs, were recruited from villages in the Bolagarh sub-district, Khurda District, Orissa, India. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II was administered to participants at baseline (July, 2009), and then at regular intervals through 24 months (July, 2011), to assess patients' perceived disability. Disability scores decreased significantly (p<0.0001) from baseline to 24 months. Multivariable analysis using mixed effects modeling found that employment and time in the program were significantly associated with lower disability scores after two years of program involvement. Older age, female gender, the presence of other chronic health conditions, moderate (Stage 3) or advanced (Stage 4-7) lymphedema, reporting an adenolymphangitis (ADL) episode during the previous 30 days, and the presence of inter-digital lesions were associated with higher disability scores. Patients with moderate or advanced lymphedema experienced greater improvements in perceived disability over time. Patients participating in the program for at least 12 months also reported losing 2.5 fewer work days per month (p<0.001) due to their lymphedema, compared to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that community-based lymphedema management programs can reduce disability and prevent days of work lost. These effects were sustained over a 24 month period.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Philip.budge@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Budge
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mues
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Aiysha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rout
authors.forename: LeAnne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult