title: Thrombin generation in children with sickle cell disease: relationship with age, hemolysis, transcranial Doppler velocity, and hydroxyurea treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased thrombin generation (TG) was described in sickle cell disease (SCD) children. The aim of this study was to characterize TG at the individual level and assess its relationship with age, hemolysis, transcranial Doppler velocity (TCD), and hydroxyurea treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  TG was triggered in the platelet-poor plasma using tissue factor and phospholipids with addition of thrombomodulin in 97 SCD at steady state and 80 control children. Patients and controls were aged from 2 to 20 years, and they were distributed in four categories of age: [2-5], [6-10], [11-15], and [16-20] years. For each subject, ratio of endogenous thrombin potential (rETP) and peak height (rPeak) was calculated as subject's value divided by the mean value of controls of the same age range. rETP and rPeak of patients were considered abnormal when > mean + 2SD of controls. LDH, total hemoglobin, and reticulocyte count were measured as markers of hemolysis. Data on hydroxyurea treatment and TCD were collected from medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 38.1% and 44.3% of patients showed elevated rETP and rPeak, respectively. rETP and rPeak decreased significantly with increasing age. In homozygous (SS) patients, TCD velocities and all markers of hemolysis correlated significantly with both rETp and rPeak. Negative correlations were observed between these ratios and the duration of hydroxyurea treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated TG in SCD children is mainly related to younger age and to the intensity of hemolysis. There probably a link between TG and cerebral vasculopathy in these patients. Hydroxyurea may have a beneficial effect, which could be related to the duration of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hematology and Haemostasis, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium. noubouossie75@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Denis C F
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Noubouossie
authors.forename: Phu Q
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Lê
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rozen
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ziereisen
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demulder
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010743:Phospholipids; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013917:Thrombin; D006918:Hydroxyurea