title: Miniaturized biological and electrochemical fuel cells: challenges and applications.
abstract: This paper discusses the fundamentals and developments of miniaturized fuel cells, both biological and electrochemical. An overview of microfluidic fuel cells, miniaturized microbial fuel cells, enzymatic biofuel cells, and implanted biofuel cells in an attempt to provide green energy and to power implanted microdevices is provided. Also, the challenges and applications of each type of fuel cell are discussed in detail. Most recent developments in fuel cell technologies such as novel catalysts, compact designs, and fabrication methods are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghobadian
authors.forename: Payton J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montazami
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashemi
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources / Q000382:microbiology; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D008904:Miniaturization; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes