title: Differences in interaction and subgroup-specific effects were observed between randomized and nonrandomized studies in three empirical examples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the comparability of subgroup-specific and interaction effects (differences between subgroups) between different study designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared effects of interventions based on observational studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and individual patient data meta-analyses (IPDMAs) of RCTs (reference) on three clinical topics: (1) mammography screening and breast cancer mortality, (2) coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and all-cause mortality, and (3) statins and incidence of major coronary events. Main, subgroup-specific, and interaction effects were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main and subgroup-specific effects were comparable with respect to the direction of the effects. Differences in the magnitude of subgroup-specific effects in observational studies yielded different interactions compared with those in IPDMA. In the mammography example, the ratio of risk ratios (RRR) (i.e., interaction effect) among observational studies was 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.96] compared with an IPDMA effect of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.37). For the CABG studies, the observational RRR was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.26), whereas in the IPDMA, this was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.1.81). Finally, in the statin example, the RRR was 1.35 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.61) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.97) for observational studies and IPDMA, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Main and subgroup-specific effects based on observational data were similar to main and subgroup-specific effects in IPDMAs based on RCTs, yet interactions differed.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.f.schmidt@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Amand F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Maroeska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rovers
authors.forename: Olaf H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Klungel
authors.forename: Arno W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoes
authors.forename: Mirjam J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nielen
authors.forename: Antonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Rolf H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Groenwold
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000401:mortality; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors