title: Reliability of unaided naked-eye examination as a screening test for cervical lesions in a developing country setup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to test the reliability of unaided naked-eye examination (UNEE) of the cervix as a sole cervical cancer screening test in a developing country setup compared with the standard cervical cytology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3,500 nonpregnant women aged between 25 and 55 years were included. An unlubricated bivalve speculum was inserted into the vagina under good light to visualize the cervix. A thorough UNEE of the cervix was done to detect any apparent lesions. Cervical smears were obtained using the long tip of an Ayre spatula. An additional endocervical sample was obtained by cytobrush. Women with abnormal Pap smears or visible cervical lesions by UNEE were scheduled for colposcopic examination. A biopsy specimen was obtained in every abnormal colposcopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3,500 cases, there were 9 (2.57%) preinvasive cervical lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1-3) diagnosed with various diagnostic tools used in the study and confirmed by histopathologic examination. Of 3,500 cases, invasive cervical lesions were diagnosed in 6 (1.71%). The sensitivity of UNEE is much better than that of Pap smear (80% vs 60%) but less than that of colposcopy (86.7%). However, the specificity of UNEE (100%) is lower than that of Pap smear (91.16%) and better than that colposcopy (83.12%). The UNEE has a poor positive predictive value (3.75%) when compared with Pap smear (100%) and colposcopy (20%). The negative predictive values of the 3 tests were nearly comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whenever access to Pap smear is limited, UNEE performed by general gynecologists and well-trained nurses is an acceptable alternative for detecting cervical premalignant or malignant lesions especially in low-resource settings.
authors.affiliation: Woman's Health University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. atef_darwish@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Atef M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.forename: Sayed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.forename: Kamal M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zahran
authors.forename: Nermat A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Fattah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015510:Clinical Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D003906:Developing Countries; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears