title: The effect of glutamine on cerebral ischaemic injury after cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate whether glutamine (GLN) enhances heat shock protein-25 (Hsp-25) and heat shock protein-72 (Hsp-72) expressions and attenuates cerebral ischaemic injury in rat cardiac arrest model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats survived from cardiac arrest model were randomly assigned to CPR+GLN group (0.75 g/kg of alanyl-glutamine, n=6) or CPR group (same volume of 0.9% saline, n=6). Additional 6 rats were used for SHAM group. For the outcome measures, neurologic deficit score (NDS, 0-80) was checked at 24h and 72 h after cardiac arrest. At 72 h after cardiac arrest, rats were euthanised and the brain was harvested. Then, right hemisphere was used for cresyl-violet and TUNEL staining. Left hemisphere was used for Western blot analysis of phosphorylated heat shock factor-1 (p-HSF-1), Hsp-25, Hsp-72, and cleaved caspase-3. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U post hoc test with Bonferroni correction were used for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resuscitation variables were not different between CPR and CPR+GLN. NDS in CPR+GLN was higher than that in CPR (p<0.017) and lower than that in SHAM (p<0.017) at both 24h and 72 h. p-HSF-1, Hsp-25 and Hsp-72 expressions in CPR+GLN were significantly enhanced (p<0.017) than those in other groups. Cleaved caspase-3 expression in CPR was significantly higher (p<0.017) than in SHAM and CPR+GLN. Ischaemic and TUNEL-positive neurons were more frequently observed in CPR than in CPR+GLN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine attenuates cerebral ischaemic injury in cardiac arrest model of rats and this is associated with the enhancement of Hsp-25 and Hsp-72 expressions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gil Joon
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Woon Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Hui Jai
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ki Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Sung Koo
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000099190:MAP-Kinase-Activated Kinase 2
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Cerebral ischaemia; Glutamine; Heat-shock proteins