title: Impact of hourly emergency department patient volume on blood culture contamination and diagnostic yield.
abstract: Emergency departments (EDs) are an important diagnostic site for outpatients with potentially serious infections. EDs frequently experience high patient volumes, and crowding has been shown to negatively impact the delivery of early care for serious infections, such as pneumonia. Here, we hypothesized that other important factors in the early care of infectious diseases, the rate of blood culture contamination and the accurate detection of pathogens, would be sensitive to ED operational stress, as proper collection requires fastidious attention to technique and timing. We related all blood samples collected over 1 year and their rates of recovery of likely contaminants and pathogens to the number of patients being cared for in the ED at the time of sample collection. Likely pathogens and contaminants were classified through combined microbiological and manual chart review criteria. Zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to relate crowding to culture results. Blood samples were obtained from 7,586 patients over 82,521 adult and pediatric patient visits. The unadjusted rates of recovering a likely pathogen or a likely contaminant were 8.0% and 3.7%, respectively. Periods of increased crowding (3rd and 4th quartiles of hourly occupancy) were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with increased rates of contamination (relative risk, 1.23 compared to the least busy quartile). Collecting samples for culture during busy times was also associated with a reduced likelihood of recovering a likely pathogen (relative risk, 0.93 compared to the least busy quartile). ED crowding was associated with degraded performance of blood cultures, both increasing the rate of contamination and decreasing the diagnostic yield.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Schuyler
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halverson
authors.forename: Preeti N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Malani
authors.forename: Duane W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habicht
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vander Have
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Younger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003441:Crowding; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult