title: Genotoxicity of structurally related copper and zinc containing Schiff base complexes.
abstract: The utilization of Schiff bases in the industrial and pharmaceutical fields has led to an increase in their syntheses and evaluation of their biological activities. In this study, we described the synthesis and genotoxicity of two Schiff bases that share common platform in their construction, namely, naphthalene, and are complexed to either Cu(II) or Zn(II). The genotoxicity of these complexes was evaluated in cultured lymphocytes using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and in rats using the urine 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) assay. The results showed that the examined complexes are genotoxic, but with different degrees. The order of genotoxicity of the complexes at 10 µg/mL was: Cu(L3)(NCS)(H2O) > Zn(L3)(NCS)(H2O) > Cu(L2)(NCS) > Zn(L2)(NCS), where L2 and L3 are the conjugate bases of N-(8-quinolyl)napthaldimine and N-(anilinyl)napthaldimine, respectively. However, at the 1-µg/mL concentration, only the Cu(L3)(NCS)(H2O) complex induced significant CAs, whereas at the 0.1-µg/mL concentration, only Cu(L3)(NCS)(H2O) and Zn(L2)(NCS) complexes induced significant SCEs, compared to controls. In the urine 8-OH-dG assay, all complexes at 10 mg/100 g body weight (b.w.) were found to cause DNA damage with the following order: Cu(L3)(NCS)(H2O) > Zn(L2)(NCS) > Zn(L3)(NCS)(H2O) > Cu(L2)(NCS), whereas no significant DNA damage was observed in animals exposed to 1 and 0.1 mg/100 g b.w. (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the two examined Schiff base complexes are found to induce DNA damage, but with different degrees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. khabour@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Omar F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Khabour
authors.forename: Na'il
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
authors.forename: Soleiman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisaindee
authors.forename: Doaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Al-Fyad
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Al-Kaabi
authors.forename: Arwa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dodeen
authors.forename: Fatima T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Esmadi
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012545:Schiff Bases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009281:Naphthalenes; D012545:Schiff Bases; C031721:naphthalene; D003300:Copper; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D015032:Zinc