title: Evaluation of exercise capacity after severe stroke using robotics-assisted treadmill exercise: a proof-of-concept study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotics-assisted treadmill exercise (RATE) with focus on motor recovery has become popular in early post-stroke rehabilitation but low endurance for exercise is highly prevalent in these individuals. This study aimed to develop an exercise testing method using robotics-assisted treadmill exercise to evaluate aerobic capacity after severe stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Constant load testing (CLT) based on body weight support (BWS) control, and incremental exercise testing (IET) based on guidance force (GF) control were implemented during RATE. Analyses focussed on step change, step response kinetics, and peak performance parameters of oxygen uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three subjects with severe motor impairment 16-23 days post-stroke were included. CLT yielded reasonable step change values in oxygen uptake, whereas response kinetics of oxygen uptake showed low goodness of fit. Peak performance parameters were not obtained during IET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise testing in post-stroke individuals with severe motor impairments using a BWS control strategy for CLT is deemed feasible and safe. Our approach yielded reasonable results regarding cardiovascular performance parameters. IET based on GF control does not provoke peak cardiovascular performance due to uncoordinated walking patterns. GF control needs further development to optimally demand active participation during RATE. The findings warrant further research regarding the evaluation of exercise capacity after severe stroke.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Rehabilitation and Performance Technology, Division of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf, Switzerland. oliver.stoller@bfh.ch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stoller
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindelholz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012371:Robotics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013557:Switzerland; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*