title: Signaling pathways differentially affect RNA polymerase II initiation, pausing, and elongation rate in cells.
abstract: RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribes hundreds of kilobases of DNA, limiting the production of mRNAs and lncRNAs. We used global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) to measure the rates of transcription by Pol II following gene activation. Elongation rates vary as much as 4-fold at different genomic loci and in response to two distinct cellular signaling pathways (i.e., 17β-estradiol [E2] and TNF-α). The rates are slowest near the promoter and increase during the first ~15 kb transcribed. Gene body elongation rates correlate with Pol II density, resulting in systematically higher rates of transcript production at genes with higher Pol II density. Pol II dynamics following short inductions indicate that E2 stimulates gene expression by increasing Pol II initiation, whereas TNF-α reduces Pol II residence time at pause sites. Collectively, our results identify previously uncharacterized variation in the rate of transcription and highlight elongation as an important, variable, and regulated rate-limiting step during transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Danko
authors.forename: Nasun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hah
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Core
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lis
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siepel
authors.forename: W Lee
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D061785:Transcription Initiation, Genetic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D059467:Transcriptome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004958:Estradiol; D012319:RNA Polymerase II