title: Treatment with various ultrasonic scaler tips affects efficiency of brushing of SLA titanium discs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dental implant surface will be colonized by bacteria once it is exposed to the oral cavity. It is necessary to keep the titanium surface clean to prevent peri-implant diseases. Mechanical instrumentation is widely used, but this may cause damage to the implant surfaces. There is limited information whether surface change resulting from instrumentation influences the adherence of bacteria to the implant surface or influences the ease of removal of bacteria from the titanium surface by daily brushing. Therefore, this in vitro study was performed (1) to evaluate removal of Porphyromonas gingivalis from sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium discs after the discs were instrumented by various ultrasonic scaler tips or brushed with a toothbrush with dentifrice using crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (2) to assess the change of surface roughness after the treated discs were brushed with a toothbrush with dentifrice.
  
  
  METHODS
  SLA discs were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips and a toothbrush. The titanium discs were incubated with P. gingivalis for 2 days after treatment (ultrasonic scales tips and brush) and then the disc surfaces were brushed for total of 40 seconds (20 seconds, two cycles) with a toothbrush with dentifrice. Differences in adhering bacteria were evaluated using crystal violet assay and SEM. Surface roughness of the treated discs after brushing with dentifrice was measured using confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The change of surface structure was observed after different treatment modalities. Removal of bacteria was increased with the longer time of brushing, and the ultrasonic metal tip group displayed a significantly lower number of bacteria after brushing when compared to other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that when SLA surface is exposed to the oral cavity, it should firstly be treated with metal tips to smoothen the rough surface and thereby reduce attachment of bacteria and facilitate the removal of bacteria by daily oral hygiene procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Beom
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yun Ji
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Bong-Kyu
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kack-Kyun
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Youngkyung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003802:Dentifrices; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003802:Dentifrices; D014025:Titanium