title: Coffee consumption and risk of localized, advanced and fatal prostate cancer: a population-based prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidemiological evidence on possible relationships between coffee consumption and prostate cancer (PCa) risk by subtype of the disease (localized, advanced) and fatal PCa risk is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort of 44 613 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed up from January 1998 through December 2010 for incidence of localized (n = 2368), advanced (n = 918) and fatal (n = 515) PCa. We assessed the associations between coffee consumption and localized, advanced and fatal PCa risk using competing-risk regressions. We examined possible effect modification by body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For localized PCa, each one cup increase in daily coffee consumption was associated with a 3% reduced risk [sub-hazard ratio (SHR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.99]. For advanced and fatal PCa, we found a non-significant inverse association; each one cup increase was associated with a 2% reduced risk of advanced [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.95-1.02)] and fatal PCa [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.93-1.03)]. We observed evidence of effect modification by BMI for localized PCa (Pinteraction = 0.03); the inverse association was stronger among overweight and obese men (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) compared with normal-weight men (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a clear inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of localized PCa, especially among overweight and obese men.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Discacciati
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro; Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: S-O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro; Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro; Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: J-E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm. Electronic address: alicja.wolk@ki.se.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: coffee; epidemiology; prospective cohort study; prostate cancer