title: Pyrolysing poultry litter reduces N2O and CO2 fluxes.
abstract: Application of poultry litter (PL) to soil can lead to substantial nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to the co-application of labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Slow pyrolysis of PL to produce biochar may mitigate N2O emissions from this source, whilst still providing agronomic benefits. In a corn crop on ferrosol with similarly matched available N inputs of ca. 116 kg N/ha, PL-biochar plus urea emitted significantly less N2O (1.5 kg N2O-N/ha) compared to raw PL at 4.9 kg N2O-N/ha. Urea amendment without the PL-biochar emitted 1.2 kg N2O-N/ha, and the PL-biochar alone emitted only 0.35 kg N2O-N/ha. Both PL and PL-biochar resulted in similar corn yields and total N uptake which was significantly greater than for urea alone. Using stable isotope methodology, the majority (~80%) of N2O emissions were shown to be from non-urea sources. Amendment with raw PL significantly increased C mineralisation and the quantity of permanganate oxidisable organic C. The low molar H/C (0.49) and O/C (0.16) ratios of the PL-biochar suggest its higher stability in soil than raw PL. The PL-biochar also had higher P and K fertiliser value than raw PL. This study suggests that PL-biochar is a valuable soil amendment with the potential to significantly reduce emissions of soil greenhouse gases compared to the raw product. Contrary to other studies, PL-biochar incorporated to 100mm did not reduce N2O emissions from surface applied urea, which suggests that further field evaluation of biochar impacts, and methods of application of both biochar and fertiliser, are needed.
authors.affiliation: New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia; University of New England, Rural Climate Solutions, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. Electronic address: lukas.van.zwieten@dpi.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Zwieten
authors.forename: S W L
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kimber
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Downie
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cowie
keywords: Biochar; C mineralisation; Crop productivity; Ferrosol; Nitrous oxide; PL; Poultry litter; poultry litter