title: Secondary reconstruction of panfacial fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the primary management of patients with panfacial fractures has been well discussed in the medical and dental literature, secondary management of those patients who were not treated or were incompletely treated has not been as well addressed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this paper are to review the basic concepts of panfacial fractures and to address the secondary reconstruction of patients whose primary management was less than ideal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, we present three cases of secondary reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton following complicated panfacial fractures. We also discuss the challenges that exist in treatment planning and executing treatment in these complex cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, rubakhader@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khader
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallender
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Van Sickels
authors.forename: Larry L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed