title: [Tunneled catheter infections in patients on hemodialysis--one center experience].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central venous catheters in hemodialysis patients can be used as vascular access for hemodialysis. At our clinic, our doctors use temporary and tunneled catheters for hemodialysis treatment. The presence of the catheter, increases the risk of bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. Risk factors are nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, prolonged use of catheters, previous bacteremia, anover dose of iron, low hemoglobin, low albumins, diabetes mellitus, and surgical procedures. The aim of this study was prevention of catheter sepsis and timely disclosures of existing and effective cures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients with tunnelled catheters as vascular access for hemodialysis were included into the study. The study was conducted between January 1, 2011 and January 3, 2012. Outof 38 patients, 60% (23) were male and 40% (15) were female, while the average age was 67.48 +/- 13.9 years. The duration of hemodialysis treatment was 108.9 +/- 16.54 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period, 9 patients developed bacteriemia associated with the use of catheter as a vascular approach. The incidence of infection in our study was 3.5 cases per 1000 catheter days. Two patients (5.2%) developed an infection in the first three months after the day of catheter placement, and the remaining 6 (15.8%) patients after one year of the use of catheter as a vascular approach. Regarding the causes of infection, in 3 (33%) patients these were gram-positive pathogens, in 5 (56%) patients gram-negative pathogens, and in one (11%) patient it was polimicrobe flora. According to the protocol and pending the outcome of susceptibility testing (antibiogram), all the patients were prescribed with antibiotic treatment therapy. In 7 (75%) patients tunnelled catheter was removed and replaced with temporary catheters for hemodialysis treatment. In 2 (25%) patients, was antibiotic-lock solution was injected into the catheter. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) in age, duration of dialysis treatment, hemoglobin levels, iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin and albumin in patients without infection and those who developed an infection. Only one patient has had a nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. One patient developed severe thrombocytopenia, followed by sepsis anda lethal outcome due to heavy gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  tunneled venous catheter is the increasingly common vascular access with the hemodialytic patients, but it is also a common cause of infection. Proper care and use of catheters, making the unique protocols of care and treatment algorithm occupy a significant place in each hemodialysis center. Our goal is to prevent the catheter sepsis, and to promptly detect the existing and a fast treatment of the same.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Hemodialysis, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosni and Herzegovina. halimaresic@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Halima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Resić
authors.forename: Selma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ajanović
authors.forename: Nihad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kukavica
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corić
authors.forename: Fahrudin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masnić
authors.forename: Amela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bećiragić
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents