title: Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy is a suggested determinant of bone-mineral content (BMC) in offspring, but has been assessed in small studies. We investigated this association in a large prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible participants were mother-and-singleton-offspring pairs who had participated in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, and in which the mother had recorded measurements of 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy and the offspring had undergone dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at age 9-10 years. 25(OH)D concentrations in pregnancy were assessed per 10·0 nmol/L and classified as sufficient (more than 50·00 nmol/L), insufficient (49·99-27·50 nmol/L), or deficient (lower than 27·50 nmol/L). Associations between maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations and offspring total body less head (TBLH) and spinal BMC were assessed by trimester.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3960 mother-and-offspring pairs, mainly of white European origin, were assessed (TBLH BMC n=3960, spinal BMC n=3196). Mean offspring age was 9·9 years. 2644 (67%) mothers had sufficient, 1096 (28%) insufficient, and 220 (6%) deficient 25(OH)D concentrations in pregnancy, but TBLH and spinal BMC did not differ between offspring of mothers in the lower two groups versus sufficient 25(OH)D concentration. No associations with offspring BMC were found for any trimester, including the third trimester, which is thought to be most relevant (TBLH BMC confounder-adjusted mean difference -0·03 g per 10·0 nmol/L, 95% CI -1·71 to 1·65; spinal BMC 0·04 g per 10·0 nmol/L, 95% CI -0·12 to 0·21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no relevant association between maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring BMC in late childhood.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, and University of Bristol.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol UK. d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sayers
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tobias
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D