title: Pro-inflammatory cytokine predicts reduced rejection of unfair financial offers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine one of biological correlates, pro-inflammatory cytokine, in rejection of unfair financial offers in the Ultimatum Game (UG), where the division of a sum of money is proposed and the player can accept or reject this offer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen participants played 20 trials of the UG as responders, and they were proposed unfair offers in a half of the trials. Baseline levels of several pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, subjective happiness, and depression of them were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6 rejected fewer unfair offers. This effect of IL-6 levels on decision-making was independent from other pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, subjective happiness, and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that chronic higher levels of IL-6 might affect functions of neural regions related to decision making, and thus can modulate rejection of unfair offers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. ohira@lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osumi
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D060909:Economics, Behavioral; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6