title: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) postmarket reported side effects and adverse events associated with pulmonary hypertension therapy in pediatric patients.
abstract: Because most medications for pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) are used off label and based on adult trials, little information is available on pediatric-specific adverse events (AEs). Although drug manufacturers are required to submit postmarket AE reports to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), this information is rarely transmitted to practitioners. In the setting of a recent FDA warning for sildenafil, the authors sought to give a better description of the AEs associated with current therapies in pediatric PH. In January 2010, a written request was made to the Food and Drug Administration for AE records of commonly used PH medications. Reports were screened for pediatric patients, analyzed in terms of AEs, and compared with the medical literature. Arbitrarily, AEs that could be attributed to concomitant medications were not attributed to the PH medication in question. Adverse events occurring in more than 5 % of events for each drug were assumed to be associated with the targeted PH medication. Between November 1997 and December 2009, 588 pediatric AE reports (death in 257 cases) were reported for the three most commonly used therapies: bosentan, epoprostenol, and sildenafil. Many of the AEs were similar to those reported previously. However, 27 AEs not previously reported in the literature (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage, hemoptysis, and pneumonia) were found. The FDA postmarket records for PH medications in pediatric patients show a significant number of AEs. The discovery of AEs not previously reported will better inform those caring for these complex and critically ill children, and the large number of deaths suggest they may be underreported in current literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, 750 Welch Road, Suite 305, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maxey
authors.forename: D Dunbar
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ivy
authors.forename: Michelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Feinstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077300:Bosentan; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000379:methods*; D011687:Purines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D011464:Epoprostenol; D000077300:Bosentan