title: Passive muscle properties are altered in children with cerebral palsy before the age of 3 years and are difficult to distinguish clinically from spasticity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical determination of spasticity is confounded by the difficulty in distinguishing reflex from passive contributions to muscle stiffness. There is, therefore, a risk that children with cerebral palsy (CP) receive antispasticity treatment unnecessarily. To investigate this, we aimed to determine the contribution of reflex mechanisms to changes in the passive elastic properties of muscles and tendons in children with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical and electrophysiological measures were used to determine the relative contribution of reflex and passive mechanisms to ankle muscle stiffness in 35 children with spastic CP (21 males, 14 females; mean age 9 y, SD 3 y 4 mo; range 3-15 y) and 28 control children without CP (19 males, nine females; mean age 8 y 11 mo, SD 2 y 10 mo; range 3-15 y). Twenty-seven children were diagnosed as having spastic hemiplegia, six with spastic diplegia, and two with spastic tetraplegia. According to the Gross Motor Function Classification System, 31 children were classified in level I, two in level II, and two in level III.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only seven children with spastic CP showed reflex stiffness outside the range of the control children. In contrast, 20 children with spastic CP showed abnormal passive muscle stiffness (p<0.001). No correlation between increased reflex or increased passive muscle stiffness and age was observed within the age range studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that increased reflex-mediated muscle stiffness is difficult to distinguish clinically from changes in passive muscle stiffness and that signs of changes in muscle properties are already present from the age of 3 years in children with CP. This emphasizes the importance of accurately distinguishing different contributions to muscle stiffness to avoid unnecessary antispasticity treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willerslev-Olsen
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorentzen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sinkjaer
authors.forename: Jens Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000379:methods; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology