title: A computerized photographic method to evaluate changes in head posture and scapular position following rapid palatal expansion: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the applicability of a computerized method to measure on digital photographs the changes in head and scapular posture following rapid palatal expansion (RPE) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial. Twenty-three children (age 9.2 +/- 70.88 years) diagnosed with maxillary constriction were randomly divided into two groups: 1. Study group (n = 12): patients receiving RPE treatment; 2. Untreated controls (n = 11). Postural measurements were taken on frontal, lateral, and dorsal views of each subject. In the study group measurements were taken at T0 (the day orthodontic records were taken), T1 (end of RPE active phase), and T2 (RPE removal). In controls the same observations were conducted at T0 and T1(98.18 +/- 36.01 days after T0). Measurements were statistically analyzed (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, t-tests, Signed Rank test, One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, Tukey test; p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group a significant reduction in forward head posture (FHP) occurred between T0 and T1. Forward shoulder posture (FSP) decreased significantly between T1 and T2. At T1 treated patients exhibited significantly lower values of the measurements indicating FHP and FSP than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in head and scapular posture following RPE treatment can be documented with computerized measurements on digital photographs.
authors.affiliation: Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerruto
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Vece
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doldo
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giovannetti
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goracci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D023861:Photography, Dental; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011187:Posture; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology