title: Diagnosis and treatment of leprosy reactions in integrated services--the patients' perspective in Nepal.
abstract: Leprosy care has been integrated with peripheral health services, away from vertical programmes. This includes the diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions, which cause significant morbidity. We surveyed patients with leprosy reactions at two leprosy hospitals in Nepal to assess their experience of leprosy reaction management following integration to identify any gaps in service delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct and referral patients with leprosy reactions were interviewed in two of Nepal's leprosy hospitals. We also collected quantitative and qualitative data from clinical examination and case-note review to document the patient pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five patients were interviewed. On development of reaction symptoms 39% presented directly to specialist services, 23% to a private doctor, 17% to a district hospital, 10% to a traditional healer, 7% to a health post and 4% elsewhere. Those who presented directly to specialist services were 6.6 times more likely to start appropriate treatment than those presenting elsewhere (95% CI: 3.01 to 14.45). The average delay between symptom onset to commencing corticosteroids was 2.9 months (range 0-24 months). Obstacles to early presentation and treatment included diagnostic challenge, patients' lack of knowledge and the patients' view of health as a low priority. 40% received corticosteroids for longer than 12 weeks and 72% required an inpatient stay. Treatment follow-up was conducted at locations ranging from health posts to specialist hospitals. Inconsistency in the availability of corticosteroids peripherally was identified and 41% of patients treated for leprosy and a reaction on an outpatient basis attended multiple sites for follow-up treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that specialist services are necessary and continue to provide significant critical support within an integrated health system approach towards the diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. soniaraffe@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Sonia F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Raffe
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Saraswoti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khadge
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamang
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hagge
authors.forename: Diana N J
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lockwood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007918:Leprosy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D055815:Young Adult