title: Effects of the beta-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone on nicotine withdrawal and nicotine-induced reinstatement of preference in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies suggest that repeated nicotine administration causes alterations in glutaminergic transmission that may play an important role in developing and maintaining nicotine addiction. Chronic nicotine administration in rats decreases the expression of the glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and cysteine-glutamate exchanger (system xC-) in the nucleus accumbens. We hypothesized that ceftriaxone, a GLT-1 and system xC- activator, would decrease murine behavioral aspects of nicotine dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated ceftriaxone administration on the behavioral effects of nicotine using mouse models of conditioned reward and withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using male ICR mice, the ability of repeated ceftriaxone injections to modulate the development and reinstatement of a nicotine-conditioned place preference (CPP) was evaluated. Additionally, nicotine withdrawal-associated signs were assessed. These included both physical (somatic signs and hyperalgesia) and affective (anxiety-related behaviors) withdrawal signs in mice. Finally, the effects of ceftriaxone on nicotine-induced antinociception and hypothermia after acute nicotine injection were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ceftriaxone had no effect on the development of nicotine preference but significantly attenuated nicotine-induced reinstatement of CPP. Furthermore, ceftriaxone reversed all nicotine withdrawal signs measured in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, these findings show that a β-lactam antibiotic reduces nicotine withdrawal and nicotine-seeking behavior. Our results suggest that the documented efficacy of ceftriaxone against cocaine and morphine dependence-related behaviors effects extends to nicotine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alajaji
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knackstedt
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Damaj
mesh_terms: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; C493396:Slc1a2 protein, mouse; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009538:Nicotine; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D003545:Cysteine