title: Treadmill exercise protects against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and oxidative stress after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of acquired epilepsy, and significant resources are required to develop a better understanding of the pathologic mechanism as targets for potential therapies. Thus, we decided to investigate whether physical exercise after fluid percussion injury (FPI) protects from oxidative and neurochemical alterations as well as from behavioral electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures induced by subeffective convulsive doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 35 mg/kg). Behavioral and EEG recordings revealed that treadmill physical training increased latency to first clonic and tonic-clonic seizures, attenuated the duration of generalized seizures, and protected against the increase of PTZ-induced Racine scale 5 weeks after neuronal injury. EEG recordings also revealed that physical exercise prevented PTZ-induced amplitude increase in TBI animals. Neurochemical analysis showed that exercise training increased glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and glutathione levels per se. Exercise training was also effective against alterations in the redox status, herein characterized by lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), protein carbonyl increase, as well as the inhibition of superoxide dismutase and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities after FPI. On the other hand, histologic analysis with hematoxylin and eosin revealed that FPI induced moderate neuronal damage in cerebral cortex 4 weeks after injury and that physical exercise did not protect against neuronal injury. These data suggest that the ability of physical exercise to reduce FPI-induced seizures is not related to its protection against neuronal damage; however, the effective protection of selected targets, such as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase elicited by physical exercise, may represent a new line of treatment for post-traumatic seizure susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Almeida
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Maurício Scopel
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Rogério da Rosa
authors.initials: Rda R
authors.lastname: Gerbatin
authors.forename: Fernando da Silva
authors.initials: Fda S
authors.lastname: Fiorin
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dobrachinski
authors.forename: Bibiana Castagna
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Angelica Terezinha Barth
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Saulo Petinatti
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pavarini
authors.forename: Félix Alexandre Antunes
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Michele Rechia
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fighera
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Freire
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Royes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003292:Convulsants; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003292:Convulsants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole