title: Mechanisms of vascular hyporesponsiveness in septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define some of the most common characteristics of vascular hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines during septic shock and outline current therapeutic approaches and future perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Source data were obtained from a PubMed search of the medical literature with the following MeSH terms: Muscle, smooth, vascular/physiopathology; hypotension/etiology; shock/physiopathology; vasodilation/physiology; shock/therapy; vasoconstrictor agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO and peroxynitrite are mainly responsible for vasoplegia and vascular hyporeactivity while COX 2 enzyme is responsible for the increase in PGI2, which also contributes to hyporeactivity. Moreover, K+ATP and BKCa channels are over-activated during septic shock and participate in hypotension. Finally, other mechanisms are involved in vascular hyporesponsiveness such as critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, vasopressin depletion, dysfunction and desensitization of adrenoreceptors as well as inactivation of catecholamines by oxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In animal models, several therapeutic approaches, targeted on one particular compound have proven their efficacy in preventing or reversing vascular hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines. Unfortunately, none have been successfully tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, very high doses of catecholamines ( > 5 μg/kg/min), hydrocortisone, terlipressin or vasopressin could represent an alternative for the treatment of refractory septic shock.
authors.affiliation: Service de Réanimation Médicale Brabois, CHU de Nancy – Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Rue du Morvan, Vandoeuvre cedex, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimmoun
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ducrocq
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000266:history* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000266:history*; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D015221:Potassium Channels; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D009569:Nitric Oxide