title: Outcomes of repeated pars plana vitrectomy for persistent macular holes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of repeated pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade for persistent macular holes (MHs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine eyes that underwent repeated pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for persistent MHs were included in this retrospective study. Data retrieved included demographic information, visual acuity before the first and second surgeries, MH diameter before and after both surgical procedures and throughout the follow-up, surgical details, time between surgeries, final visual acuity, and the occurrence of any complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reoperation achieved closure of the persistent MH in 68.9% of the eyes. Final visual acuity improved significantly when compared with that before the second surgery, and postoperative complications were minimal. Reoperation achieved significant improvement in visual acuity (P < 0.001), and 62% of patients gained >2 lines. The final visual acuity was significantly better in eyes with closed MH after the second surgery than that in eyes where it persisted (0.68 ± 0.37 vs. 1.17 ± 0.25 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively, P = 0.002). Shorter interoperative time and smaller initial MH diameter were significantly correlated with better visual prognosis (P = 0.029 and 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade is a safe and effective treatment option for persistent MHs. Earlier reoperation is recommended for greater visual recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. elad_moi@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Elad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moisseiev
authors.forename: Ido D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moisseiev
authors.forename: Adiel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D058450:Endotamponade; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000601:surgery*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods*