title: Characterization of the interaction between cadmium and chlorpyrifos with integrative techniques in incurring synergistic hepatoxicity.
abstract: Mixture toxicity is an important issue for the risk assessment of environmental pollutants, for which an extensive amount of data are necessary in evaluating their potential adverse health effects. However, it is very hard to decipher the interaction between compounds due to limited techniques. Contamination of heavy metals and organophosphoric insecticides under the environmental and biological settings poses substantial health risk to humans. Although previous studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of cadmium (Cd) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in environmental medium and food chains, their interaction and potentially synergistic toxicity remain elusive thus far. Here we integrated the approaches of thin-layer chromatography and (1)H NMR to study the interaction between Cd(2+) and CPF in inducing hepatoxicity. A novel interaction was identified between Cd(2+) and CPF, which might be the bonding between Cd(2+) and nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring of CPF, or the chelation formation between one Cd(2+) and two CPF molecules. The Cd-CPF complex was conferred with distinct biological fate and toxicological performances from its parental components. We further demonstrated that the joint hepatoxicity of Cd ion and CPF was chiefly due to the Cd-CPF complex-facilitated intracellular transport associated with oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guangbo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sijin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002104:Cadmium; D004390:Chlorpyrifos