title: Positional guidelines for orthodontic mini-implant placement in the anterior alveolar region: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the adequacy of potential sites for insertion of orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) in the anterior alveolar region (delimited by the first premolars) through a systematic review of studies that used computed tomography (CT) or cone beam CT (CBCT) to assess anatomical hard tissue parameters, such as bone thickness, available space, and bone density.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to identify all relevant papers published between 1980 and September 2011. An extensive search strategy was performed that included the key words "computerized (computed) tomography" and "mini-implants." Information was extracted from the eligible articles for three anatomical areas: maxillary anterior buccal, maxillary anterior palatal, and mandibular anterior buccal. Quantitative data obtained for each anatomical variable under study were evaluated qualitatively with a scoring system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 790 articles identified by the search, 8 were eligible to be included in the study. The most favorable area for OMI insertion in the anterior maxilla (buccally and palatally) and mandible is between the canine and the first premolar. The best alternative area in the maxilla (buccally) and the mandible is between the lateral incisor and the canine, while in the maxillary palatal area it is between the central incisors or between the lateral incisor and the canine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is considerable heterogeneity among studies, there is a good level of agreement regarding the optimal site for OMI placement in the anterior region among investigations of anatomical hard tissue parameters based on CT or CBCT scans. In this context, the area between the lateral incisor and the first premolar is the most favorable. However, interroot distance seems to be a critical factor that should be evaluated carefully.
authors.affiliation: Departmenr of Orthodonctics, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alsamak
authors.forename: Simos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Psomiadis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gkantidis
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001641:Bicuspid; D015519:Bone Density; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010159:Palate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed