title: Manipulating vineyard nitrogen on a saline site: 1. Effect of nitrogen on growth, grape yield and nutrients of Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With increased prevalence of saline irrigation water applied to vines worldwide, the issue of appropriate nitrogen management is of concern. Different rates of nitrogen per vine as urea were applied to Shiraz vines on own roots over four seasons in a low-rainfall, saline growing environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of nitrogen in the vineyard early in the season not only altered the vine nitrogen status but also increased some other elements in the petioles, notably chloride and sodium but also manganese and magnesium. In contrast, nitrogen application decreased petiole phosphorus. In comparison with the majority of nitrogen studies on non-saline sites, nitrogen-induced growth responses were restricted under the saline conditions in this study. While some changes in canopy density in response to nitrogen were observed, this did not affect light interception in the fruit zone. Yield responses were varied and could be related to the nutritional conditions under which bud development and flowering took place.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that current best practice guidelines, in terms of rate of nitrogen applied, for correcting a nitrogen deficiency on a non-saline site may not be appropriate for saline sites and that application of nitrogen can increase the potential for salt toxicity in vines.
authors.affiliation: The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Sally-Jean
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: I Leigh
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000009:adverse effects; D035264:Flowers; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D012621:Seasons; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology; D027843:Vitis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D005308:Fertilizers; D010758:Phosphorus; D008345:Manganese; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D009584:Nitrogen