title: Overweight and obese adult humans have a defective cellular immune response to pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obese adults have a greater risk of morbidity and mortality from infection with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (pH1N1). The objective of the present study was to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which obesity and overweight impact the cellular immune response to pH1N1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy weight, overweight, and obese individuals were stimulated ex vivo with live pH1N1 and then markers of activation and function were measured using flow cytometry and cytokine secretion was measured using cytometric bead array assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from overweight and obese individuals expressed lower levels of CD69, CD28, CD40 ligand, and interleukin-12 receptor, as well as, produced lower levels of interferon-γ and granzyme B, compared with healthy weight individuals, suggesting deficiencies in activation and function are indicated. Dendritic cells from the three groups expressed similar levels of major histocompatibility complex-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86, as well as, produced similar levels of interleukin-12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The defects in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality from pH1N1 in obese individuals. These data also provide evidence that both overweight and obesity cause impairments in immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Paich
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Handy
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schultz-Cherry
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hudgens
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Melinda A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult