title: Surfactant and temperature effects on paraben transport through silicone membranes.
abstract: This study investigates the effects of two surfactants (one anionic and one non-ionic) and controlled modifications in temperature (298-323K) on the permeation of two structurally similar compounds through a silicone membrane using a Franz diffusion cell system. In all cases the presence of an anionic surfactant, namely sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), reduced the permeation of both compounds (methylparaben and ethylparaben) over a period of 24h. The degree of permeation reduction was proportional to the concentration of surfactant with a maximum effect observed, with an average reduction of approximately 50%, at the highest surfactant concentration of 20mM. Differences were seen around the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS implying the effect was partially connected with the favoured formation of micelles. In contrast, the presence of non-ionic surfactant (Brij 35) had no effect on the permeation of methylparaben or ethylparaben at any of the concentrations investigated, both above and below the CMC of the surfactant. From these findings the authors conclude that the specific effects of SDS are a consequence of ionic surfactant-silicone interactions retarding the movement of paraben through the membrane through indirect modifications to the surface of the membrane. As expected, an increase in experimental temperature appeared to enhance the permeation of both model compounds, a finding that is in agreement with previously reported data. Interestingly, in the majority of cases this effect was optimum at the second highest temperature studied (45°C) which suggests that permeation is a temperature-dependent phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK. l.waters@hud.ac.uk
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bibi
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D004058:Diffusion; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008823:Micelles; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012828:Silicones; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008823:Micelles; D010226:Parabens; D012828:Silicones; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C012313:ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C015358:methylparaben; C515901:Brij 35