title: Effects of baked products enriched with n-3 fatty acids, folates, β-glucans, and tocopherol in patients with mild mixed hyperlipidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether a diet containing foods enriched with β-glucans (3.6 g/d), folic acid (1600 μg/d), long-chain (800 mg/d) and short-chain (400 mg/d) n-3 fatty acids, and tocopherols (120 mg/d) is able to modulate positively the cardiovascular risk profile in people at slightly increased cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen subjects with mild plasma lipid abnormalities were studied according to a randomized crossover design. After a 2-week run-in period, they followed a diet containing baked products enriched with active nutrients (active diet) or a diet containing the same products but without active nutrients (control diet) for 1 month and then crossed over to the other diet. At the end of each period, a test meal of the same composition as the corresponding diet was administered, and plasma samples were obtained before and for 6 hours after the meal. Hunger and satiety were evaluated by the visual analog scale at fasting and after the meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma triglycerides were significantly lower after the active versus the control diet (1.56 ± 0.18 vs 1.74 ± 0.16 mmol/l, p < 0.05), as was the postprandial level of chylomicron triglycerides and the insulin peak (p < 0.05). The active diet also reduced fasting homocysteine (8 ± 0.6 vs 10 ± 0.8 μmol/l, p < 0.05) and the feeling of hunger at the fifth and sixth hour (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baked functional products enriched with n-3 fatty acids, folates, β-glucans, and tocopherols within the context of a balanced diet lower fasting and postprandial plasma triglycerides, fasting homocysteinemia, and the postprandial insulin peak. They induce a greater feeling of satiety with possible beneficial implications on energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Natale
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Minerva
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Patti
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzarella
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ciano
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maione
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luongo
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naviglio
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciati
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melegari
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rivellese
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccardi
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006950:Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002914:Chylomicrons; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D047071:beta-Glucans; D005492:Folic Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D024505:Tocopherols