title: Unmasking snake venom of Bothrops leucurus: purification and pharmacological and structural characterization of new PLA2 Bleu TX-III.
abstract: Bleu TX-III was isolated from Bothrops leucurus snake venom on one-step analytical chromatography reverse phase HPLC, was homogeneous on SDS-PAGE, and was confirmed by Q-Tof Ultima API ESI/MS (TOF MS mode) mass spectrometry in 14243.8 Da. Multiple alignments of Bleu TX-III show high degree of homology with basic PLA2 myotoxins from other Bothrops venoms. Our studies on local and systemic myotoxicity "in vivo" reveal that Bleu TX-III is myotoxin with local but not systemic action due to the decrease in the plasmatic CK levels when Bleu TX-III is administrated by intravenous route in mice (dose 1 and 5  μg). And at a dose of 20  μg myotoxin behaves like a local and systemic action. Bleu TX-III induced moderate marked paw edema, evidencing the local increase in vascular permeability. The inflammatory events induced in the mice (I.M.) were investigated. The increase in the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α was observed in the plasma. It is concluded that Bleu TX-III induces inflammatory events in this model. The enzymatic phospholipid hydrolysis may be relevant to these phenomena. Bothrops leucurus venom is still not extensively explored, and the knowledge of its toxins separately through the study of structure/function will contribute for a better understanding of its action mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio André
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Marangoni
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ponce-Soto
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marangoni
authors.forename: Elen Cristina Teizem
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Landucci
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030162:Reptilian Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D030162:Reptilian Proteins; D012910:Snake Venoms; C584305:Bleu TX-III protein, Bothrops leucurus; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory