title: Multidirectional scattering models for 3-dimensional ultrasound imaging.
abstract: An ultrasound image is created from backscattered echoes originating from both diffuse and directional scattering. It is potentially useful to separate these two components for the purpose of tissue characterization. This article presents several models for visualization of scattering fields on 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging. By scanning the same anatomy from multiple directions, we can observe the variation of specular intensity as a function of the viewing angle. This article considers two models for estimating the diffuse and specular components of the backscattered intensity: a modification of the well-known Phong reflection model and an existing exponential model. We examine 2-dimensional implementations and also propose novel 3D extensions of these models in which the probe is not constrained to rotate within a plane. Both simulation and experimental results show that improved performance can be achieved with 3D models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. Umer.Ijaz@glasgow.ac.uk
authors.forename: Umer Zeeshan
authors.initials: UZ
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Housden
authors.forename: Graham M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Treece
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gee
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*