title: Total knee arthroplasty using anatomic alignment can produce mid-flexion laxity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern total knee arthroplasty offers two different alignment techniques, anatomic or mechanical, based on the bone axes selected for implantation of the prosthetic components. This study examined the axes of both during simulated physiologic knee joint motion, as well as the relationship between these axes and the implication of medial-lateral soft tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven fresh-frozen, lower limb specimens were stripped at a level 15 cm from joint line, leaving the joint capsule, quadriceps muscle, hamstring tendons and ligamentous structures intact. Specimens were anatomically marked to track precise movements of the tibia and femur--from which both alignment axes were determined. Medial and lateral joint spacings were tracked to determine collateral ligament laxity. A kneeling simulator jig produced physiologic knee motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of medial and lateral joint spacings revealed statistically significant differences at all flexion angles between the two alignment axes. The anatomic alignment axes' pattern demonstrates mid-flexion lateral opening and late-flexion medial joint space opening--mechanical axes revealing a consistent 2-3 mm larger lateral than medial joint space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an effort to produce a more natural feeling knee replacement, understanding the normal kinematic soft tissue balance can serve as a useful reference point, and mid flexion laxity is an important clinical concern. With currently available total knee arthroplasty designs, mechanical alignment is preferable to anatomic alignment because it creates consistent spacing, which can be addressed by ligament lengthening or adjustments in femoral component positioning.
authors.affiliation: The Methodist Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, 6550 Fannin, Suite 2600, Houston, TX 77030, United States. SJIncavo@tmhs.org
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Incavo
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sreenivas
authors.forename: Sabir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ismaily
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Noble
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging