title: Novel risk factors for premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease in non-diabetic patients: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to determine the prevalence of genetic and environmental vascular risk factors in non diabetic patients with premature peripheral arterial disease, either peripheral arterial occlusive disease or thromboangiitis obliterans, the two main entities of peripheral arterial disease, and to established whether some of them are specifically associated with one or another of the premature peripheral arterial disease subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study included 113 non diabetic patients with premature peripheral arterial disease (diagnosis <45-year old) presenting either a peripheral arterial occlusive disease (N = 64) or a thromboangiitis obliterans (N = 49), and 241 controls matched for age and gender. Both patient groups demonstrated common traits including cigarette smoking, low physical activity, decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (active form of B6 vitamin) and zinc. Premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease was characterized by the presence of a family history of peripheral arterial and carotid artery diseases (OR 2.3 and 5.8 respectively, 95% CI), high lipoprotein (a) levels above 300 mg/L (OR 2.3, 95% CI), the presence of the factor V Leiden (OR 5.1, 95% CI) and the glycoprotein Ia(807T,837T,873A) allele (OR 2.3, 95% CI). In thromboangiitis obliterans group, more patients were regular consumers of cannabis (OR 3.5, 95% CI) and higher levels in plasma copper has been shown (OR 6.5, 95% CI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our results from a non exhaustive list of study parameters, we might hypothesize for 1) a genetic basis for premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease development and 2) the prevalence of environmental factors in the development of thromboangiitis obliterans (tobacco and cannabis). Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated that the 807T/837T/873A allele of platelet glycoprotein Ia may confer an additional risk for development of peripheral atherosclerosis in premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
authors.affiliation: Service de Biochimie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. annie.berard@u-bordeaux2.fr
authors.forename: Annie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bérard
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedel
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Trequesser
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freyburger
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nurden
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colomer
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vergnes
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camelot
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bressolette
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cambou
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bura-Rivière
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Emmerich
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darmon
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Deletraz
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mesli
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colombies
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanbrugghe
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conri
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Constans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013919:Thromboangiitis Obliterans / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II