title: Pain-related behaviour in children: a randomised study during two sequential dental visits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the difference in pain- and distress-related behaviour in children between two consecutive dental treatment sessions using a computer-controlled local anaesthetic delivery system, with dental anxiety as co-variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised prospective study over two sequential visits in three paediatric dental practices. For both visits 112 young, healthy children needing dental treatment were randomly assigned to either the use of the Wand(®) or the Sleeper One(®). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17. A significance level of p < 0.01 was used, correcting for conducting a high number of tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children showed significantly more muscle tension, more verbal protest, and more crying or screaming during the second treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sequential dental treatments seem to have a conditioning effect. It is important to know the level of dental anxiety to adjust the treatment sequence to the needs of the child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioral Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, e.hembrecht@acta.nl.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hembrecht
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: I H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Aartman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krikken
authors.forename: J S J
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Veerkamp
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D016854:Dental Anxiety; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local