title: Markers of Inflammation and Lineage on Exfoliated Colonic Cells In Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
abstract: The diagnosis (endoscopy, and biopsy) and continued clinical management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), remain highly invasive, expensive, and inconvenient for the pediatric patient. The objective of this study was to see if colonocytes obtained from stools of subjects with IBD and normal controls would demonstrate higher levels of inflammatory markers (Cox 2 in CD45+ and CD45- cells) and if the inflammatory process and treatment effects would be reflected in an altered cytokine expression in the subjects compared to controls.
  
  
  
  Outpatient hospital based pediatric gastroenterology clinic.
  
  
  
  Stool samples (~ 1 gm), were obtained from 18 children between the ages of 4 and 18 diagnosed with IBD, and from a normal first degree relative. Colonocytes were isolated using the Somatic Cell Sampling Recovery (SCSR) system and assessed for the expression of COX-2, CD-45, IgA, IgG, IL6, IL18, TGF β, TNF, and IL16β using flow cytometry. In addition, levels of COX-2 and cytokeratin 19 transcripts were measured by microwell plate hybridization assay.
  
  
  
  Expression of COX-2 and co-expression of IgA and IgG were significantly higher in the IBD cases compared to the controls. In ulcerative colitis, the expression of COX-2 and co-expression of COX-2 and CD45 were greater than that in patients with Crohn's disease. In contrast, cells expressing IgA and IgG were higher in Crohn's. Subjects on immunosuppressants and/or anti-inflammatory medications, expressed significantly lower levels of COX-2 and IL-18 compared to those who were not on treatment.
  
  
  
  This study indicates that the use of disease markers on exfoliated colonic cells can be used for non-invasive assessment of disease status, for follow-up of response to treatment and for forecasting flare-up of disease before its symptomatic manifestations.
authors.affiliation: NonInvasive Technologies, Elkridge, Maryland, USA ; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Padmanabhan P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamra
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kessie
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalavapudi
authors.forename: June-Home
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shores
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madairos
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nair
keywords: CD45+ and CD45− cells; Cox 2; Cytokine expression; Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Pediatric patient; TNF