title: Ginsenoside Rg1 decreases Aβ(1-42) level by upregulating PPARγ and IDE expression in the hippocampus of a rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to examine the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in the hippocampus of rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to determine how ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) decreases Aβ levels in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental AD was induced in rats by a bilateral injection of 10 µg soluble beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Aβ(1-42)) into the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and the rats were treated with Rg1 (10 mg·kg(-1), intraperitoneally) for 28 days. The Morris water maze was used to test spatial learning and memory performance. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to analyze the hippocampal histopathological damage. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to detect Aβ(1-42), PPARγ, and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression in the hippocampus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of soluble Aβ(1-42) into the hippocampus led to significant dysfunction of learning and memory, hippocampal histopathological abnormalities and increased Aβ(1-42) levels in the hippocampus. Rg1 treatment significantly improved learning and memory function, attenuated hippocampal histopathological abnormalities, reduced Aβ(1-42) levels and increased PPARγ and IDE expression in the hippocampus; these effects of Rg1 could be effectively inhibited by GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that PPARγ can upregulate IDE expression and IDE can degrade Aβ(1-42), these results indicate that Rg1 can increase IDE expression in the hippocampus by upregulating PPARγ, leading to decreased Aβ levels, attenuated hippocampal histopathological abnormalities and improved learning and memory in a rat model of AD.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, National Engineering Research Center of Health Care and Medical Devices, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: QianKun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007339:Insulysin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000813:Anilides; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D036145:Ginsenosides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D007339:Insulysin; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1