title: A genome-wide analysis of populations from European Russia reveals a new pole of genetic diversity in northern Europe.
abstract: Several studies examined the fine-scale structure of human genetic variation in Europe. However, the European sets analyzed represent mainly northern, western, central, and southern Europe. Here, we report an analysis of approximately 166,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in populations from eastern (northeastern) Europe: four Russian populations from European Russia, and three populations from the northernmost Finno-Ugric ethnicities (Veps and two contrast groups of Komi people). These were compared with several reference European samples, including Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Czechs, Germans, and Italians. The results obtained demonstrated genetic heterogeneity of populations living in the region studied. Russians from the central part of European Russia (Tver, Murom, and Kursk) exhibited similarities with populations from central-eastern Europe, and were distant from Russian sample from the northern Russia (Mezen district, Archangelsk region). Komi samples, especially Izhemski Komi, were significantly different from all other populations studied. These can be considered as a second pole of genetic diversity in northern Europe (in addition to the pole, occupied by Finns), as they had a distinct ancestry component. Russians from Mezen and the Finnic-speaking Veps were positioned between the two poles, but differed from each other in the proportions of Komi and Finnic ancestries. In general, our data provides a more complete genetic map of Europe accounting for the diversity in its most eastern (northeastern) populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. khrunin@img.ras.ru
authors.forename: Andrey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Khrunin
authors.forename: Denis V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Khokhrin
authors.forename: Irina N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Filippova
authors.forename: Tõnu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esko
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelis
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bebyakova
authors.forename: Natalia L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bolotova
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klovins
authors.forename: Liene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nikitina-Zake
authors.forename: Karola
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rehnström
authors.forename: Samuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ripatti
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macek
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krulišová
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubinski
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Limborska
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012426:Russia; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*