title: Urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer: a review.
abstract: Although the routine use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has undoubtedly increased prostate cancer (PCa) detection, one of its main drawbacks is its lack of specificity. As a consequence, many men undergo unnecessary biopsies or treatments for indolent tumours. PCa-specific markers are needed for the early detection of the disease and the prediction of aggressiveness of a prostate tumour. Since PCa is a heterogeneous disease, a panel of tumour markers is fundamental for a more precise diagnosis. Several biomarkers are promising due to their specificity for the disease in tissue. However, tissue is unsuitable as a possible screening tool. Since urine can be easily obtained in a non-invasive manner, it is a promising substrate for biomarker testing. This article reviews the biomarkers for the non-invasive testing of PCa in urine.
authors.affiliation: NovioGendix BV, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hessels
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine*; D055354:Exosomes; D015870:Gene Expression; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000652:urine; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine*; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: C555337:APC protein, human; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; C533416:RARB2 protein, human; C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C515553:TMPRSS2-ERG fusion protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C479341:prostate cancer antigen 3, human; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; C473848:FOLH1 protein, human; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase