title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal from petroleum sludge cake using thermal treatment with additives.
abstract: Petroleum sludge is a hazardous waste that contains various organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have carcinogenic-mutagenic and toxic characteristics. This study focuses on the thermal treatment (indirect heating) of petroleum sludge cake for PAH degradation at 250, 450, and 650 degrees C using Ca(OH)2 + NaHCO3 as an additive. The treatment was conducted in a rotary drum electric heater. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs in gas (absorbed on Amberlite XAD-4 adsorbent), particulate (on quartz filter) and residue phases were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile by ultra-sonication prior to GC-MS analysis. The use of additive was beneficial and a temperature of 450 degrees C was suitable for PAH degradation. Low levels of PAH emissions, particularly carcinogenic PAH and toxic equivalent concentration (sigma TEC), were observed in gas, particulate and residue phases after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Edward Nixon
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Pakpahan
authors.forename: Mohamed Hasnain
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Isa
authors.forename: Shamsul Rahman Mohamed
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.forename: Somporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chantara
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wiriya
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007220:Industrial Waste; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide