title: A synthetic PPAR-γ agonist triterpenoid ameliorates experimental fibrosis: PPAR-γ-independent suppression of fibrotic responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent fibroblast activation initiated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis, and its pharmacological inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy. The nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), exerts potent fibrotic activity. The synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-olean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), is a PPAR-γ agonist with potential effects on TGF-β signalling and dermal fibrosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the modulation of fibrogenesis by CDDO in explanted fibroblasts, skin organ cultures and murine models of scleroderma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of CDDO on experimental fibrosis induced by bleomycin injection or by overexpression of constitutively active type I TGF-β receptor (TgfbR1ca) were evaluated. Modulation of fibrotic gene expression was examined in human skin organ cultures. To delineate the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effects of CDDO, explanted skin fibroblasts cultured in two-dimensional monolayers or in three-dimensional full-thickness human skin equivalents were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDDO significantly ameliorated dermal fibrosis in two complementary mouse models of scleroderma, as well as in human skin organ cultures and in three-dimensional human skin equivalents. In two-dimensional monolayer cultures of explanted normal fibroblasts, CDDO abrogated fibrogenic responses induced by TGF-β. These CDDO effects occurred via disruption of Smad-dependent transcription and were associated with inhibition of Akt activation. In scleroderma fibroblasts, CDDO attenuated the elevated synthesis of collagen. Remarkably, the in vitro antifibrotic effects of CDDO were independent of PPAR-γ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPAR-γ agonist triterpenoid CDDO attenuates fibrogenesis by antagonistically targeting canonical TGF-β/Smad and Akt signalling in a PPAR-γ-independent manner. These findings identify this synthetic triterpenoid as a potential new therapy for the control of fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, , Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komura
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomcik
authors.forename: Wenxia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sruthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doniparthi
authors.forename: Zenshiro
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinchcliff
authors.forename: Joerg H W
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Distler
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varga
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C116817:2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid; D047495:PPAR gamma; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: CDDO; PPAR-γ; TGF-β; fibroblast; fibrosis; murine scleroderma; triterpenoid