title: Darkfield adapter for whole slide imaging: adapting a darkfield internal reflection illumination system to extend WSI applications.
abstract: We present a new method for whole slide darkfield imaging. Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), also sometimes called virtual slide or virtual microscopy technology, produces images that simultaneously provide high resolution and a wide field of observation that can encompass the entire section, extending far beyond any single field of view. For example, a brain slice can be imaged so that both overall morphology and individual neuronal detail can be seen. We extended the capabilities of traditional whole slide systems and developed a prototype system for darkfield internal reflection illumination (DIRI). Our darkfield system uses an ultra-thin light-emitting diode (LED) light source to illuminate slide specimens from the edge of the slide. We used a new type of side illumination, a variation on the internal reflection method, to illuminate the specimen and create a darkfield image. This system has four main advantages over traditional darkfield: (1) no oil condenser is required for high resolution imaging (2) there is less scatter from dust and dirt on the slide specimen (3) there is less halo, providing a more natural darkfield contrast image, and (4) the motorized system produces darkfield, brightfield and fluorescence images. The WSI method sometimes allows us to image using fewer stains. For instance, diaminobenzidine (DAB) and fluorescent staining are helpful tools for observing protein localization and volume in tissues. However, these methods usually require counter-staining in order to visualize tissue structure, limiting the accuracy of localization of labeled cells within the complex multiple regions of typical neurohistological preparations. Darkfield imaging works on the basis of light scattering from refractive index mismatches in the sample. It is a label-free method of producing contrast in a sample. We propose that adapting darkfield imaging to WSI is very useful, particularly when researchers require additional structural information without the use of further staining.
authors.affiliation: Olympus America, Center Valley, Pennsylvania, United States of America. yoshihiro.kawano@olympus.com
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Yasuhito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyhus
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Hong-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Harvey J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Karten
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology*