title: Prospective memory in Parkinson disease during a virtual week: effects of both prospective and retrospective demands.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) on event-based prospective memory tasks with varying demand on (1) the amount of strategic attentional monitoring required for intention retrieval (prospective component), and (2) the retrospective memory processes required to remember the contents of the intention or the entire constellation of prospective memory tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four older adults with PD and 28 healthy older adults performed the computerized Virtual Week task, a multi-intention prospective memory paradigm that simulates everyday prospective memory tasks. The Virtual Week included regular (low retrospective memory demand) and irregular (high retrospective memory demand) prospective memory tasks with cues that were focal (low strategic monitoring demand) or less focal (high strategic monitoring demand) to the ongoing activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the regular prospective memory tasks, PD participants were impaired when the prospective memory cues were less focal. For the irregular prospective memory tasks, PD participants were impaired regardless of prospective memory cue type. PD participants also had impaired retrospective memory for irregular tasks, which was associated with worse prospective memory for these tasks during the Virtual Week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When retrospective memory demands are minimized, prospective memory in PD can be supported by cues that reduce the executive control demands of intention retrieval. However, PD-related deficits in self-initiated encoding or planning processes have strong negative effects on the performance of prospective memory tasks, with increased retrospective memory demand.
authors.affiliation: Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. erfoster@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Erin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McDaniel
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Rendell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014584:User-Computer Interface