title: Assessment of effects of physical or chemical factors on fat particle viability by glucose transport test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to protect fat viability during grafting. This study aimed to clarify whether physical or chemical factors damage fat viability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fat was harvested under high and low tumescence pressure, using syringes and a liposuction machine; this fat was injected through different gauge needles and cultured with lidocaine or epinephrine. Samples were subjected to glucose transport test and observed histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The viability and microstructure of fat harvested under high and low tumescence pressure, and by syringe and liposuction machine, were similar (P > 0.05). The viability and intactness of fat cells injected through needles decreased with decreasing needle diameter (P < 0.05). Lidocaine (P < 0.05) and epinephrine (P < 0.05) weakened fat viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fat used for grafting can be harvested by tumescent techniques and a liposuction machine. Fat cell viability during injection increases with increasing needle diameter. Fat should be purified to remove drugs.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department 15 of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing; and †Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Danning
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Gui-E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D015187:Lipectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D015415:Biomarkers; D008012:Lidocaine; D005947:Glucose; D004837:Epinephrine