title: A review of developmental and reproductive toxicity of CS2 and H2 S generated by the pesticide sodium tetrathiocarbonate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) is an example of a pesticide that when prepared for use in aqueous solution releases two toxic products carbon disulfide (CS2 ) (active ingredient) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in ambient air in equimolar concentrations resulting in potential exposure to workers and bystanders. CS2 and H2 S are pollutants that are generated from several pesticides as well as in industrial settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Registrant submitted reports and open literature studies for STTC, CS2 and H2 S were reviewed. Previous reports suggest that CS2 was a concern as a developmental and reproductive toxicant. H2 S was also examined since it is a neurotoxicant and potentially harmful to developing fetuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STTC did not induce developmental or reproductive effects in animal studies. CS2 was a developmental neurobehavioral toxin in rat pups (inhalation no observed effect level [NOEL]=0.01 ppm). Reproductive effects occurred in male and female factory workers after CS2 exposure (NOEL=1 ppm). H2 S had developmental effects in rats at doses at or above those observed for nasal pathology (NOEL=10 ppm) but was not a reproductive or developmental toxin in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The database for CS2 indicates a strong potential for developmental neurotoxicity in animals at low doses but it is lacking in acceptable, well-performed studies. There is also a lack of studies performed with CS2 and H2 S as a mixture.
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California 95812, USA. msilva@cdpr.ca.gov
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C584234:tetrathiocarbonic acid; D002246:Carbon Disulfide; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide