title: Free oscillation rheometry monitoring of haemodilution and hypothermia and correction with fibrinogen and factor XIII concentrates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemodilution and hypothermia induce coagulopathy separately, but their combined effect on coagulation has not been widely studied. Fibrinogen concentrate can correct dilutional coagulopathy and has an additional effect when combined with factor XIII concentrate. However, their effect on dilutional coagulopathy concomitant with hypothermia has not been studied previously. Free oscillation rheometry - FOR (Reorox®) - is a novel viscoelastic haemostatic assay that has not been studied in this context before.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood from 10 healthy volunteers was diluted by 33% with hydroxyethyl starch or Ringer's acetate solutions. Effects of fibrinogen added in vitro with and without factor XIII were studied at 33°C and 37°C. Coagulation velocity (coagulation time) and clot strength (elasticity) were assessed with FOR. Coagulation was initiated in vitro with thromboplastin alone, or thromboplastin plus a platelet inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroxyethyl starch increased the coagulation time and decreased clot strength significantly more than Ringer's acetate solution, both in the presence and absence of a platelet inhibitor. There was a significant interaction between haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch and hypothermia, resulting in increased coagulation time. After addition of fibrinogen, coagulation time shortened and elasticity increased, with the exception of fibrinogen-dependent clot strength (i.e., elasticity in the presence of a platelet inhibitor) after hydroxyethyl starch haemodilution. Factor XIII had an additional effect with fibrinogen on fibrinogen-dependent clot strength in blood diluted with Ringer's acetate solution. Hypothermia did not influence any of the coagulation factor effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both haemodilution and mild hypothermia impaired coagulation. Coagulopathy was more pronounced after haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch than with Ringer's acetate. Addition of fibrinogen with factor XIII was unable to reverse hydroxyethyl starch induced clot instability, but improved coagulation in blood diluted with Ringer's acetate solution. Fibrinogen improved coagulation irrespective of hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane Universisty Hospital, Lund, 221 85 Lund, Sweden. dag.winstedt@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winstedt
authors.forename: Nahreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tynngård
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olanders
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schött
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods*; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D003029:Coagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006438:Hemodilution; D018056:Hemorheology; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D013916:Thrombelastography
chemical_list: D003029:Coagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006490:Hemostatics; D005340:Fibrinogen; D005341:Fibrinolysin