title: How methodologic differences affect results of economic analyses: a systematic review of interferon gamma release assays for the diagnosis of LTBI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cost effectiveness analyses (CEA) can provide useful information on how to invest limited funds, however they are less useful if different analysis of the same intervention provide unclear or contradictory results. The objective of our study was to conduct a systematic review of methodologic aspects of CEA that evaluate Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) for the detection of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI), in order to understand how differences affect study results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of studies was conducted with particular focus on study quality and the variability in inputs used in models used to assess cost-effectiveness. A common decision analysis model of the IGRA versus Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) screening strategy was developed and used to quantify the impact on predicted results of observed differences of model inputs taken from the studies identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies were ultimately included in the review. Several specific methodologic issues were identified across studies, including how study inputs were selected, inconsistencies in the costing approach, the utility of the QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year) as the effectiveness outcome, and how authors choose to present and interpret study results. When the IGRA versus TST test strategies were compared using our common decision analysis model predicted effectiveness largely overlapped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many methodologic issues that contribute to inconsistent results and reduced study quality were identified in studies that assessed the cost-effectiveness of the IGRA test. More specific and relevant guidelines are needed in order to help authors standardize modelling approaches, inputs, assumptions and how results are presented and interpreted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oxlade
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Anete
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trajman
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Menzies
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011786:Quality Control; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods