title: On random walks and entropy in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies of neural tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In diffusion-weighted MRI studies of neural tissue, the classical model assumes the statistical mechanics of Brownian motion and predicts a monoexponential signal decay. However, there have been numerous reports of signal decays that are not monoexponential, particularly in the white matter.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We modeled diffusion in neural tissue from the perspective of the continuous time random walk. The characteristic diffusion decay is represented by the Mittag-Leffler function, which relaxes a priori assumptions about the governing statistics. We then used entropy as a measure of the anomalous features for the characteristic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion-weighted MRI experiments were performed on a fixed rat brain using an imaging spectrometer at 17.6 T with b-values arrayed up to 25,000 s/mm(2). Additionally, we examined the impact of varying either the gradient strength, q, or mixing time, Δ, on the observed diffusion dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In white and gray matter regions, the Mittag-Leffler and entropy parameters demonstrated new information regarding subdiffusion and produced different image contrast from that of the classical diffusion coefficient. The choice of weighting on q and Δ produced different image contrast within the regions of interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose these parameters have the potential as biomarkers for morphology in neural tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Carson
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingo
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Magin
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colon-Perez
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Triplett
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mareci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019277:Entropy; D051381:Rats