title: Food responsiveness, parental food control and anthropometric outcomes among young American Indian children: cross-sectional and prospective findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess cross-sectional and prospective associations between food responsiveness and parental food control and anthropometric outcomes among American Indian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents/caregivers completed psychosocial surveys and trained staff measured children's anthropometry at baseline (kindergarten) and at follow-up (1st grade) as part of a school-based obesity prevention trial (Bright Start).
  
  
  METHODS
  On/near the Pine Ridge Indian reservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  422 child (51% female, mean age=5.8 years, 30% overweight/obese) and parent/caregiver (89% mothers) dyads.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent variables (child's Food Responsiveness and Parental Control scales) and six child anthropometric dependent variables (overweight status, body mass index z-score, % body fat, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold). Linear regression analyses, stratified by sex and adjusted for age and treatment condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline Food Responsiveness scale scores were positively associated with all six baseline anthropometric outcomes among boys (P's all <.01), but not girls. Parental Control scale scores were not significantly associated with outcomes and no prospective associations were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Responsiveness to food may be associated with excess adiposity in young American Indian boys, however, the effects are not detectable over time. Obesity prevention programs for American Indian children may benefit by addressing eating without hunger among boys.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-160 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. fulke001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Jayne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fulkerson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: Bonnie Holy
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Himes
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Story
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010290:Parents