title: Treatment patterns, risk factor control and functional capacity in patients with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in the cardiac rehabilitation setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent comorbidity among elderly patients and those with cardiovascular disease. CKD carries prognostic relevance. We aimed to describe patient characteristics, risk factor management and control status of patients in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), differentiated by presence or absence of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 92,071 inpatients with adequate information to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula were analyzed at the beginning and the end of a 3-week CR stay. CKD was defined as estimated GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-CKD patients, CKD patients were significantly older (72.0 versus 58.0 years) and more often had diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and atherothrombotic manifestations (previous stroke, peripheral arterial disease), but fewer were current or previous smokers had a CHD family history. Exercise capacity was much lower in CKD (59 vs. 92 Watts). Fewer patients with CKD were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but more had coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Patients with CKD compared with non-CKD less frequently received statins, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), clopidogrel, beta blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and more frequently received angiotensin receptor blockers, insulin and oral anticoagulants. In CKD, mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were slightly higher at baseline, while triglycerides were substantially lower. This lipid pattern did not change at the discharge visit, but overall control rates for all described parameters (with the exception of HDL-C) were improved substantially. At discharge, systolic blood pressure (BP) was higher in CKD (124 versus 121 mmHg) and diastolic BP was lower (72 versus 74 mmHg). At discharge, 68.7% of CKD versus 71.9% of non-CKD patients had LDL-C <100 mg/dl. Physical fitness on exercise testing improved substantially in both groups. When the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula was used for CKD classification, there was no clinically relevant change in these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within a short period of 3-4 weeks, CR led to substantial improvements in key risk factors such as lipid profile, blood pressure, and physical fitness for all patients, even if CKD was present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Klinik am See, Rüdersdorf, Germany Center of Rehabilitation Research, University of Potsdam, Germany heinz.voeller@uni-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völler
authors.affiliation: Institut für Herzinfarktforschung an der Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anselm
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gitt
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs und Klinische Forschung, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jannowitz
authors.affiliation: Klinik Königsfeld der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Westfalen in Ennepetal (NRW), Klinik der Universität Witten-Herdecke, Germany.
authors.forename: Marthin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karoff
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs und Klinische Forschung, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Technical University of Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Klinik am See, Rüdersdorf, Germany Cardiological Outpatient Clinic, Am Park Sanssouci, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Rona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reibis
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs und Klinische Forschung, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Germany Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie I, Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hildemann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiac rehabilitation; chronic kidney disease; control rates; dyslipidemia; glomerular filtration rate; lipids; registry; risk factor