title: Risk-based prostate cancer screening: who and how?
abstract: The purpose of this review is to identify clinical risk factors for prostate cancer and to assess the utility and limitations of our current tools for prostate cancer screening. Prostate-specific antigen is the single most important factor for identifying men at increased risk of prostate cancer but is best assessed in the context of other clinical factors; increasing age, race, and family history are well-established risk factors for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In addition to clinical risk calculators, novel tools such as multiparametric imaging, serum or urinary biomarkers, and genetic profiling show promise in improving prostate cancer diagnosis and characterization. Optimal use of existing and future tools will help alleviate the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of low-risk prostate cancer without reversing the substantial mortality declines that have been achieved in the screening era.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero St, Box 1695, San Francisco, CA 94143-1695, USA.
authors.forename: Allison S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: K Clint
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D000367:Age Factors; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D018579:Patient Selection; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen