title: Variability of prehospital spinal immobilization in children at risk for cervical spine injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare prehospital spinal immobilization techniques applied to age-based cohorts of children with and without cervical spine injury (CSI) after blunt trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared prehospital spinal immobilization in 3 age-based cohorts of children with blunt trauma-related CSI transported to 1 of 17 participating hospitals. We also compared children younger than 2 years with CSI with those at risk for but without CSI after blunt trauma. We identified patients through query of billing and radiology databases. We compared immobilization methods using Fisher's exact test for homogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 16 children younger than 2 years, 78 children 2 to 7 years old, and 221 children 8 to 15 years old with CSI, and 66 children younger than 2 years without CSI. There were no significant differences in spinal immobilization techniques applied to children younger than 2 years old with and without CSI (P = 0.34). Of the 82 children younger than 2 years, 34 (41%) were fully immobilized in a cervical collar and rigid long board. There was a significant difference between spinal immobilization techniques applied to children with CSI younger than 2 years and 8 to 15 years old (P < 0.01). Six (38%) children with CSI younger than 2 years were fully immobilized versus 49 (63%) children 2 to 7 years old and 175 (79%) children 8 to 15 years old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective, observational study involving several emergency departments and Emergency Medical Services systems, we found that full spinal immobilization is inconsistently applied to children younger than 2 years after blunt trauma regardless of the presence of CSI. Full spinal immobilization is applied more consistently to older children with CSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Emily G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: Cody S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000628:therapy*