title: Sublingual administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus affects respiratory immune responses and facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice.
abstract: The extensive morbidity and mortality caused by influenza A viruses worldwide prompts the need for a deeper understanding of the host immune response and novel therapeutic and/or prophylactic interventions. In this study, we assessed the sublingual route as an effective means of delivering probiotics against influenza virus in mice. In addition, IgA levels, NK cell activity, T cell activation, and cytokine profiles in the lungs were examined to understand the mechanism underlying this protective effect. Sublingual administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus provided enhanced protection against influenza virus infection by enhancing mucosal secretory IgA production, and T and NK cell activity. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-12 levels in the lungs increased significantly. Conversely, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in the lungs decreased significantly. On the basis of these promising findings, we propose that the sublingual mucosal route is an attractive alternative to mucosal routes for administering probiotics against influenza virus.
authors.affiliation: Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Na
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ha-Na
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Jung-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Dong-Hun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae-Keun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seong-Su
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yuk
authors.forename: Tseren-Ochir
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Erdene-Ochir
authors.forename: Ki-Taek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joong-Bok
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: In-Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Chang-Seon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A