title: The effects of exposure to traumatic stressors on inhibitory control in police officers: a dense electrode array study using a Go/NoGo continuous performance task.
abstract: Exposure to psychologically stressful and traumatic experiences and the requirement of heightened attention to environmental stimuli are common in police work. Police officers are at increased risk for stress-related disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Traumatic experiences can result in changes to brain structure and function associated with attention and cognitive control processes (such as response inhibition). Despite the significance that these cognitive functions may have on job performance in police officers, few studies have examined the effects of exposure to traumatic events on top-down cognitive control functions in police. In the present study, a dense electrode array system was used to examined the N2 and P3 components of the event-related potential (ERP) during a Go/NoGo continuous performance task (Go/NoGo CPT) in trauma-exposed police officers who did not meet criteria for a current diagnosis of PTSD and in non-trauma exposed civilian controls. Amplitude and latency were obtained to Go, NoGo, and non-target trials. The major between-group findings were for P3 amplitude. There were no group effects for N2. Both groups had an enhanced fronto-central P3 amplitude to NoGo compared to Go trials. However, police had greater P3 amplitude compared to controls for all trial types (Go, NoGo, non-target). PTSD symptom scores in police officers were positively correlated with fronto-central NoGo P3 amplitude, but not with posterior NoGo amplitude. This study provides evidence of heightened attention and/or arousal in police officers as indicated by the generally greater P3 amplitude in police compared to controls during a task requiring sustained attention and inhibitory control. Greater PTSD symptom severity in trauma-exposed individuals may affect frontal cognitive control systems related to response inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA. tjcovey@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shucard
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Violanti
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shucard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D004566:Electrodes; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D016495:Police; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology*