title: Cluster of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on the microbiota in peri-implantitis is limited. We hypothesized that neither gender nor a history of periodontitis/smoking or the microbiota at implants differ by implant status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline microbiological samples collected at one implant in each of 166 participants with peri-implantitis and from 47 individuals with a healthy implant were collected and analyzed by DNA-DNA checkerboard hybridization (78 species). Clinical and radiographic data defined implant status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen bacterial species were found at higher counts from implants with peri-implantitis including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Helicobacter pylori, Haemophilus influenzae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus anaerobius, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii (p < .001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, T. socranskii, Staph. aureus, Staph. anaerobius, Strep. intermedius, and Strep. mitis in peri-implantitis comprising 30% of the total microbiota. When adjusted for gender (not significant [NS]), smoking status (NS), older age (p = .003), periodontitis history (p < .01), and T. forsythia (likelihood ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 9.1, p = .007) were associated with peri-implantitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cluster of bacteria including T. forsythia and Staph. aureus are associated with peri-implantitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden; Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Departments of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: G Rutger
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D044883:Campylobacter rectus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D034367:Streptococcus intermedius / Q000302:isolation & purification; D034361:Streptococcus mitis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014208:Treponema / Q000145:classification; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: DNA analysis; microbiota; peri-implantitis