title: A nationally representative survey of healthcare provider counselling and provision of the female condom in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Female condoms are the only female-initiated HIV and pregnancy prevention technology currently available. We examined female condom counselling and provision among providers in South Africa and Zimbabwe, high HIV-prevalence countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using a nationally representative survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  All facilities that provide family planning or HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) services.
  
  
  METHODS
  National probability sample of 1444 nurses and physicians who provide family planning or HIV/STI services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female condom practices with different female patients, including adolescents, married women, women using hormonal contraception and by HIV status. Using multivariable logistic analysis, we measured variations in condom counselling by provider characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most providers reported offering female condoms (88%; 1239/1415), but perceived a need for novel female barrier methods for HIV/STI prevention (85%; 1191/1396). By patient type, providers reported less frequent female condom counselling of adolescents (55%; 775/1411), women using hormonal contraception (65%; 909/1409) and married women (66%; 931/1416), compared to unmarried (74%; 1043/1414) or HIV-positive women (82%; 1161/1415). Multivariable results showed providers in South Africa were less likely to counsel women on female condoms than in Zimbabwe (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.68, p≤0.001). However, South African providers were more likely to counsel women on male condoms (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.65, p≤0.001). Nurses counselled patients on female condoms more frequently than physicians (OR=5.41, 95% CI 3.26 to 8.98, p≤0.001). HIV training, family planning training, location (urban vs rural) and facility type (hospital vs clinic) were not associated with greater condom counselling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female condoms were integrated into provider counselling and care, although providers reported a need for new female-initiated multipurpose prevention technologies, suggesting female condoms do not meet all patient/provider needs or are not adequately well known or accessible. Providers should be included in HIV training efforts to raise awareness of new and existing products, and encouraged to educate all women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Tsungai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chipato
authors.forename: Taazadza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nhemachena
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: Neetha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morar
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramjee
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harper