title: The effect of diabetes mellitus on the association between measures of glycaemic control and ICU mortality: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In critical illness, four measures of glycaemic control are associated with ICU mortality: mean glucose concentration, glucose variability, the incidence of hypoglycaemia (≤2.2 mmol/l) or low glucose (2.3 to 4.7 mmol/l). Underlying diabetes mellitus (DM) might affect these associations. Our objective was to study whether the association between these measures of glycaemic control and ICU mortality differs between patients without and with DM and to explore the cutoff value for detrimental low glucose in both cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective database cohort study included patients admitted between January 2004 and June 2011 to a 24-bed medical/surgical ICU in a teaching hospital. We analysed glucose and outcome data from 10,320 patients: 8,682 without DM and 1,638 with DM. The cohorts were subdivided into quintiles of mean glucose and quartiles of glucose variability. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the independent association between the four measures of glycaemic control and ICU mortality, and for defining the cutoff value for detrimental low glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding mean glucose, a U-shaped relation was observed in the non-DM cohort with an increased ICU mortality in the lowest and highest glucose quintiles (odds ratio=1.4 and 1.8, P<0.001). No clear pattern was found in the DM cohort. Glucose variability was related to ICU mortality only in the non-DM cohort, with highest ICU mortality in the upper variability quartile (odds ratio=1.7, P<0.001). Hypoglycaemia was associated with ICU mortality in both cohorts (odds ratio non-DM=2.5, P<0.001; odds ratio DM=4.2, P=0.001), while low-glucose concentrations up to 4.9 mmol/l were associated with an increased risk of ICU mortality in the non-DM cohort and up to 3.5 mmol/l in the DM cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean glucose and high glucose variability are related to ICU mortality in the non-DM cohort but not in the DM cohort. Hypoglycaemia (≤2.2 mmol/l) was associated with ICU mortality in both. The cutoff value for detrimental low glucose is higher in the non-DM cohort (4.9 mmol/l) than in the DM cohort (3.5 mmol/l). While hypoglycaemia (≤2.2 mmol/l) should be avoided in both groups, DM patients seem to tolerate a wider glucose range than non-DM patients.
authors.forename: Marjolein K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sechterberger
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.forename: Heleen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oudemans-van Straaten
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Siegelaar
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermanides
authors.forename: Joost B L
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: J Hans
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: De Vries
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose