title: Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and insulinemia between a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern in obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a counterbalanced order, eight obese women completed two, 12-h conditions in which they consumed 1,500 calories (14% protein, 21% fat, and 65% carbohydrate) either as three 500 calorie liquid meals every 4-h or six 250 calorie liquid meals every 2-h. Blood samples were taken every 30 min and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1 activity, and insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the three meal condition (321 ± 129 mg/dl · 12 h) was significantly lower (P = 0.04) compared with the six meal condition (481 ± 155 mg/dl · 12 h). The insulin iAUC during the three meal condition (5,549 ± 1,007 pmol/l · 12 h) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared with the six meal condition (4,230 ± 757 pmol/l(.) 12 h). Meal frequency had no influence on the other biochemical variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern differentially alters postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations but has no effect on postprandial cholesterol, oxidative stress, or antioxidant activity in obese women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Heden
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Whaley-Connell
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chockalingam
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Dellsperger
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanaley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D062407:Meals; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol