title: New frontiers in assessing pain and analgesia in laboratory animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Translating promising analgesic compounds into reliable pain therapeutics in humans is made particularly challenging by the difficulty in measuring the pain quantitatively. This problem is manifest not only in clinical settings in which patient pain assessments involve mostly subjective measures but also in preclinical settings wherein laboratory animals, most commonly rodents, are typically evaluated in stimulus-evoked response tests.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given the limitations of traditional pain tests, we sought out new approaches to measure pain, and analgesia, in laboratory animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the peer reviewed literature to identify pain tests that could be utilized in preclinical settings to understand the effects of new and established analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tests identified include weight bearing differential, suppression of feeding, reduction in locomotor activity, gait analysis, conditioning models and functional MRI. Although the pharmacology of known and new analgesics has not been broadly established in these models, they hold the promise of better predictive utility for the discovery of pain relievers.
authors.affiliation: Neurogen Corporation, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Cortright
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Broom