title: Vaccinia virus GLV-1h153 is a novel agent for detection and effective local control of positive surgical margins for breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is currently the definitive treatment for early-stage breast cancer. However, the rate of positive surgical margins remains unacceptably high. The human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) is a naturally occurring protein in human thyroid tissue, which enables cells to concentrate radionuclides. The hNIS has been exploited to image and treat thyroid cancer. We therefore investigated the potential of a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV1h-153 engineered to express the hNIS gene for identifying positive surgical margins after tumor resection via positron emission tomography (PET). Furthermore, we studied its role as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in achieving local control of remaining tumors in an orthotopic breast cancer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  GLV-1h153, a replication-competent vaccinia virus, was tested against breast cancer cell lines at various multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Cytotoxicity and viral replication were determined. Mammary fat pad tumors were generated in athymic nude mice. To determine the utility of GLV-1h153 in identifying positive surgical margins, 90% of the mammary fat pad tumors were surgically resected and subsequently injected with GLV-1h153 or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the surgical wound. Serial Focus 120 microPET images were obtained six hours post-tail vein injection of approximately 600 μCi of 124I-iodide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viral infectivity, measured by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, was time- and concentration-dependent. All cell lines showed less than 10% of cell survival five days after treatment at an MOI of 5. GLV-1h153 replicated efficiently in all cell lines with a peak titer of 27 million viral plaque forming units (PFU) ( <10,000-fold increase from the initial viral dose ) by Day 4. Administration of GLV-1h153 into the surgical wound allowed positive surgical margins to be identified via PET scanning. In vivo, mean volume of infected surgically resected residual tumors four weeks after treatment was 14 mm3 versus 168 mm3 in untreated controls (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate a novel vaccinia virus carrying hNIS as an imaging tool in identifying positive surgical margins of breast cancers in an orthotopic murine model. Moreover, our results suggest that GLV-1h153 is a promising therapeutic agent in achieving local control for positive surgical margins in resected breast tumors.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.forename: Chun-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Laurence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Belin
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antonacci
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carew
authors.forename: Nanhai G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Brot
authors.forename: Pat B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Zanzonico
authors.forename: Aladar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Szalay
authors.forename: Yuman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D016923:Cell Death; D005260:Female; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D027981:Symporters; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters