title: [The death of Goffredo Mameli in 1849].
abstract: After the introduction of firearms, which became increasingly efficient over time, the number of seriously injured soldiers increased considerably during the nineteenth century. As a consequence, surgeons were called upon to broaden their activity, performing operations which had hitherto been considered too hazardous, since they were deemed to be too extensive, or were contraindicated by the risk of complications during surgery (haemorrhage, heart and circulatory failure). From 1846 onwards, the introduction of anaesthetic techniques carried out with ether had expanded surgical perspectives in anatomical districts like the abdomen, which were previously considered a sort of taboo, such that few surgeons ventured into the realm of this internal surgery. In the mid nineteenth century the possibility of suffering from severe infections, as an immediate complication after a firearm injury or after surgical intervention, was very high, ranging between 23% in London, up to 80% in Munich, according to the available records; in Zurich a 46% mortality is reported, and a similar 43% rate came from Edinburgh. The situation worsened during war time, since injured soldiers were recovered in extremely precarious conditions, ad hoc hospitals were located in dilapidated old buildings, and the physicians and health care providers were unaware of the minimum hygiene conditions required, and performed both operations and medications without taking sterility measures into consideration. The author reports and comments on the most significant parts on the documents written by Agostino Bertani, who described in full detail the clinical evolution of the wound suffered by Goffredo Mameli, the poet and patriot of the Italian Risorgimento who wrote the Italian national anthem. The clinical evolution of Mameli's disease was unfavourable: he underwent amputation of the left lower limb after the firearm injury suffered during the defence of the Roman Republic, since a gangrenous complication had become apparent. The poet died of septicaemia on July 6, 1849, 17 days after the surgical operation.
authors.affiliation: Unita Operativa di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. sergio.sabbatani@aosp.bo.it
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbatani
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000266:history*; D003643:Death; D005389:Firearms / Q000266:history; D005734:Gangrene / Q000266:history / Q000473:pathology; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000266:history; D011037:Poetry as Topic / Q000266:history*; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000266:history; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery