title: The impact of the increased use of piperacillin/tazobactam on the selection of antibiotic resistance among invasive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing antimicrobial resistance is related to the selective pressure exerted by antibiotic usage. This study evaluated the impact of the increased use of piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) on the selection of antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1999 to 2010, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive isolates obtained from hospitalized Korean children were analyzed in antibiotic susceptibility tests and subjected to characterization of the β-lactamase types. Antibiotic consumption data were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 1999 and December 2010, 409 invasive isolates of E. coli (n=170) and K. pneumoniae (n=239) were obtained. A rebound of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) prevalence with an increase in total antibiotics was noted. Non-susceptibility to TZP was determined in 7.6% of E. coli isolates and 20.9% of K. pneumoniae isolates. Despite the increase in TZP usage, the overall prevalence of TZP resistance did not significantly increase over time, especially in E. coli. The mechanisms for TZP resistance included the presence of AmpC producers, possible TEM-1 hyperproducers, and multiple β-lactamases in individual organisms of a given isolate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replacement of only the antibiotic class appears to be insufficient to control antibiotic resistance, and continued efforts to decrease overall antibiotic pressure are needed, especially in highly endemic situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Jina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chi Eun
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Eun Hwa
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hoan Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010397:Penicillanic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078142:Tazobactam
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010397:Penicillanic Acid; D000078142:Tazobactam; D010878:Piperacillin