title: [Neoadjuvant radiotherapy and hormonotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer: state of the art].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is a health problem of great magnitude. In recent years we have seen an increasing incidence and decreasing mortality from this disease due to implementation of campaigns for early diagnosis and the effectiveness of existing treatments. For more than a century that we know the evidence that growth and development of some tumours depends in part on hormonal stimuli, and the purpose of hormone therapy to prevent the hormonal stimulation of cell proliferation, decreasing the plasma levels of different hormones. Radiotherapy which uses a controlled ionizing radiation for therapeutic purposes, it is one of the fundamental modalities in the treatment of cancer. According to the international guidelines these modalities of treatment, radiotherapy and hormone therapy, can be used in the treatment of breast cancer both within the neoadjuvant, adjuvant or palliative treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Obtain data to support or not the use of concomitant radiotherapy and neoadjuvant hormone therapy instead to neoadjuvante chemotherapy in post menopausal patients diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer and positive hormone receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bibliographic search in MEDLINE databases, and evidence based review databases, using the MeSH terms: Radiotherapy, Hormonotherapy, Tamoxifen, Neoadjuvant, Endocrine Therapy, Breast of articles published at any time and in English, Portuguese, French and Spanish. It was also researched the Index of Portuguese Medical Journal and scientific societies dedicated to Oncology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 32 studies (in vitro experiments, animal studies and clinical studies). There was the existence of antagonistic interaction between Radiotherapy and Tamoxifen in the in vitro studies, which has not been confirmed in the animal studies and clinical trial. Clinical studies suggest that a combination of radiotherapy and Tamoxifen increases the local control in the in situ carcinoma like in the invasive breast cancer. The available clinical studies do not demonstrate that the simultaneous application of Radiotherapy and tamoxifen is disadvantageous, as suggested in the in vitro studies. However, the tolerance of lung tissue to radiation may be slightly reduced if tamoxifen is given concurrently with radiotherapy, such as swelling of the breast and its duration can be increased. The cosmetic results were not harmed in the combined treatment, except for one study where there was an increased of hyperpigmentation. Finally, the combined treatment was an increase in cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the literature there are few studies on these issues, most of which are adjuvant intention in women with breast cancer at an early stage, and the results are inconclusive. There is great uncertainty in the combination of the two modalities. There isn't a randomized study where differences in local control when hormonotherapy is initiated before, during or after radiation therapy were investigated.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Radioterapia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padilha
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guardado
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D059186:Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging