title: Effect of gingival application of melatonin on alkaline and acid phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary fluid concentrations of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease and 30 healthy subjects. Diabetic patients were treated with topical application of melatonin (1% orabase cream formula) once daily for 20 days and controls with a placebo formulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before treatment with melatonin, diabetic patients showed significantly higher mean salivary levels of alkaline and acid phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin than healthy subjects (P < 0.01). After treatment with melatonin, there was a statistically significant decrease of the gingival index (15.84 ± 10.3 vs 5.6 ± 5.1) and pocket depth (28.3 ± 19.5 vs 11.9 ± 9.0) (P < 0.001). Also, use of melatonin was associated with a significant reduction of the four biomarkers. Changes of salivary acid phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the gingival index, whereas changes of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the pocket depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with topical melatonin was associated with an improvement in the gingival index and pocket depth, a reduction in salivary concentrations of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. acutando@ugr.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutando
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Valverde
authors.forename: Rafel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez-de-Diego
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arias-Santiago
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vicente-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D008550:Melatonin