title: [The mental foramen or "the crossroads of the mandible." An anatomic and clinical observation].
abstract: This paper presents a clinical and anatomical review of the mental foramen (MF) based on recent publications (since 1990). Usually, the MF is located below the 2nd premolar or between the two premolars, but it may also be positioned below the 1st premolar or below the mesial root of the 1st molar. At the level of the MF, lingual canals may join the mandibular canal (hence the term "crossroads"). Accessory MF are frequently described in the literature with large ethnic variations in incidence. The emergence pattern of the mental canal usually has an upward and posterior direction. The presence and extent of an "anterior loop" of the mental canal may be overestimated with panoramic radiography. Limited cone-beam computed tomography currently appears to be the most precise radiographic technique for assessment of the "anterior loop". The mental nerve exiting the MF usually has three to four branches for innervation of the soft tissues of the chin, lower lip, facial gingiva and mucosa in the anterior mandible. The clinician is advised to observe a safety distance when performing incisions and osteotomies in the vicinity of the MF.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Oralchirurgie und Stomatologie, ZMK Zahnmedizinische Kliniken der Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland. thomas.vonarx@zmk.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Arx
mesh_terms: D063405:Anatomic Variation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D061221:Trigeminal Nerve Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control