title: In vitro read-through of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) nonsense mutations using aminoglycosides: a potential therapy for phenylketonuria.
abstract: Phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism, predominantly caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Approximately 10% of patients carry a nonsense mutation, which results in an inactive or unstable truncated protein. In some genetic disorders, including cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, restoration of full-length protein has been achieved by aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin and G-418 (Geneticin). More recently, nonsense read-through has been induced at greater rates using a non-aminoglycoside drug, PTC124 (Ataluren), which has the advantage of being non-toxic in contrast to the antibiotics. The efficacy of read-through induced by three compounds, aminoglycosides G418 and gentamicin, and PTC124 were evaluated for four nonsense mutations of PAH in an in vitro expression system in two mammalian cell lines (COS-7 and HEK293). The production of full-length PAH was investigated using western blotting and the functionality confirmed by enzyme activity. Gentamicin and G-418 induced read-through of nonsense PAH mutations in HEK293 cells. The read-through product partially restored enzymatic activity, which was significantly less than that of wild-type, but comparable to a missense mutation of PAH associated with less severe forms of PKU. Treatment with PTC124 up to 100 μM did not result in full-length PAH polypeptide. Nonsense read-through drugs are a potential form of treatment for PKU, although the high dosage of aminoglycosides used is not appropriate in a clinical setting. In vitro studies with new non-toxic read-through agents as well as in vivo studies would also be essential to determine the extent of read-through required to restore normal phenylalanine levels.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D018389:Codon, Nonsense / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D005839:Gentamicins; D010069:Oxadiazoles; C010680:antibiotic G 418; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase; C515878:ataluren