title: Detection of multiple human sapoviruses from imported frozen individual clams.
abstract: Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is an important acute gastroenteritis pathogen in humans. Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked clams is one transmission route of human SaV. Sixty individual clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) were from market and tested for human SaVs using two nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, one of which was recently developed and effectively detected human SaV from environmental water samples. The nested RT-PCR effective for water samples showed a higher detection rate (68.3 %, 41 of 60 clams) than the other nested RT-PCR (43.3 %, 26 of 60 clams). Based on the sequence analysis of the partial capsid region, SaV strains detected in this study were classified into nine genotypes: GI.1, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.4, GIV.1, and GV.1. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of multiple genogroups and/or genotypes of SaV strains in the individual clams. Using a more sensitive assay such as we described to test individual clam samples will help to identify the source of a SaV-gastroenteritis outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan.
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takai-Todaka
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohshiro
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: Qiuhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.forename: Takaji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D005628:Frozen Foods / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral