title: The survival of cefazolin-resistant bacteria in mesophilic co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk.
abstract: The use of cefazolin to treat mastitic cows leads to cefazolin residues in milk and manure. This is responsible for the high occurrence of cefazolin resistant bacteria (CRB) in waste and the environment. Anaerobic digestion is considered to have the potential to reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in waste that results from concentrated animal feeding operations. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of CRB and the digester performance in mesophilic co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk. The experiment was carried out using three digester compositions: 100% slurry (slurry), 50% slurry + 50% manure (manure mixture) and 50% slurry + 45% manure + 5% waste milk (milk mixture) in batch digesters of 1 l with a working volume of 800 ml in triplicate at 37°C for 34 days. The daily biogas production in each digester, and methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide compositions in the gas were determined. The population densities of total culturable bacteria (TCB) and CRB were determined by plate counts on agar media at day 0, 10, 20 and 34 of digestion. Milk mixture produced the highest (P < 0.05) daily and cumulative total and CH4 gas. The maximum percentage reductions of TCB and CRB in manure and milk mixture was observed at day 20, the values being 96.2%, 96.0% and 99.8% and 99.8% respectively. Final volatile fatty acids (VFA) and pH values of the digesters confirmed the digester stability. Based on the findings, mesophilic anaerobic digestion can be considered a potent method to avoid the dissemination of CRB in nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.
authors.forename: Nilmini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beneragama
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Suraju A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lateef
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umetsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D002437:Cefazolin
keywords: Cefazolin; anaerobic digestion; cefazolin-resistant bacteria; co-digestion; dairy manure; waste milk