title: Enhanced noradrenergic activity potentiates fear memory consolidation and reconsolidation by differentially recruiting α1- and β-adrenergic receptors.
abstract: Consolidation and reconsolidation are phases of memory stabilization that diverge slightly. Noradrenaline is known to influence both processes, but the relative contribution of α1- and β-adrenoceptors is unclear. The present study sought to investigate this matter by comparing their recruitment to consolidate and/or reconsolidate a contextual fear memory trace under enhanced noradrenergic activity induced by yohimbine. We report that this α2-adrenoceptor antagonist was able to potentiate fear memory trace consolidation or reconsolidation when administered immediately after acquisition or retrieval, respectively, resulting in increased freezing expression. In either case, generalization of this response to an unpaired context was also seen when it achieved a ceiling level in the paired context. These effects endured for over 7 d and relied on action at central rather than peripheral sites, but were prevented when a memory trace was not acquired, when memory reactivation was omitted, or when administration of yohimbine was delayed until 6 h after acquiring or retrieving the memory trace. The β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol was able to prevent the above-mentioned effects of yohimbine, while pretreatment with the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin blocked only its facilitating effects on memory reconsolidation. These results highlight a differential participation of α1- and β-adrenoceptors in fear memory processing. Moreover, it was shown that the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, as opposed to yohimbine, mitigates fear expression by weakening memory consolidation or reconsolidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gazarini
authors.forename: Cristina A Jark
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Antônio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carobrez
authors.forename: Leandro J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bertoglio
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D009638:Norepinephrine