title: Function of type-2 Arabidopsis hemoglobin in the auxin-mediated formation of embryogenic cells during morphogenesis.
abstract: Suppression of Arabidopsis GLB2, a type-2 nonsymbiotic hemoglobin, enhances somatic embryogenesis by increasing auxin production. In the glb2 knock-out line (GLB2-/-), polarization of PIN1 proteins and auxin maxima occurred at the base of the cotyledons of the zygotic explants, which are the sites of embryogenic tissue formation. These changes were also accompanied by a transcriptional upregulation of WUSCHEL (WUS) and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK1), which are markers of embryogenic competence. The increased auxin levels in the GLB2-/- line were ascribed to the induction of several key enzymes of the tryptophan and IAA biosynthetic pathways, including ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE (α subunit; ASA1), CYTOCHROME P79B2 (CYP79B2) and AMIDASE1 (AMI1). The effects of GLB2 suppression on somatic embryogenesis and IAA synthesis are mediated by increasing levels of nitric oxide (NO) within the embryogenic cells, which repress the expression of the transcription factor MYC2, a well-characterized repressor of the auxin biosynthetic pathway. A model is proposed in which the suppression of GLB2 reduces the degree of NO scavenging by oxyhemoglobin, thereby increasing the cellular NO concentration. The increased levels of NO repress the expression of MYC2, relieving the inhibition of IAA synthesis and increasing cellular IAA, which is the inductive signal promoting embryogenic competence. Besides providing a model for the induction phase of embryogenesis in vitro, these studies propose previously undescribed functions for plant hemoglobins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elhiti
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hebelstrup
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chenlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stasolla
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C109042:AHB2 protein, Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; C473611:MYC2 protein, Arabidopsis; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014364:Tryptophan