title: Proton bridging in the interactions of thrombin with hirudin and its mimics.
abstract: Thrombin is the pivotal serine protease enzyme in the blood cascade system and thus a target of drug design for control of its activity. The most efficient nonphysiologic inhibitor of thrombin is hirudin, a naturally occurring small protein. Hirudin and its synthetic mimics employ a range of hydrogen bonding, salt bridging, and hydrophobic interactions with thrombin to achieve tight binding with K(i) values in the nano- to femtomolar range. The one-dimensional (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum recorded at 600 MHz reveals a resonance 15.33 ppm downfield from silanes in complexes between human α-thrombin and r-hirudin in pH 5.6-8.8 buffers and between 5 and 35 °C. There is also a resonance between 15.17 and 15.54 ppm seen in complexes of human α-thrombin with hirunorm IV, hirunorm V, an Nα(Me)Arg peptide, RGD-hirudin, and Nα-2-naphthylsulfonyl-glycyl-DL-4-amidinophenylalanyl-piperidide acetate salt (NAPAP), while there is no such low-field resonance observed in a complex of porcine trypsin and NAPAP. The chemical shifts suggest that these resonances represent H-bonded environments. H-Donor-acceptor distances in the corresponding H-bonds are estimated to be <2.7 Å. Addition of Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone (PPACK) to a complex of human α-thrombin with r-hirudin results in an additional signal at 18.03 ppm, which is 0.10 ppm upfield from the observed signal [Kovach, I. M., et al. (2009) Biochemistry 48, 7296-7304] for thrombin covalently modified with PPACK. In contrast, the peak at 15.33 ppm remains unchanged. The fractionation factors for the thrombin-hirudin complexes are near 1.0 within 20% error. The most likely site of the short H-bond in complexes of thrombin with the hirudin family of inhibitors is in the hydrophobic patch of the C-terminus of hirudin where Glu(57') and Glu(58') are embedded and interact with Arg(75) and Arg(77) and their solvate water (on thrombin). Glu(57') and Glu(58') present in the hirudin family of inhibitors make up a key binding epitope of fibrinogen, thrombin's prime substrate, which lends substantial interest to the short hydrogen bond as a binding element at the fibrinogen recognition site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
authors.forename: Ildiko M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kovach
authors.forename: Lazaros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kakalis
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Daoning
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D006629:Hirudins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D011522:Protons; D013917:Thrombin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D011522:Protons; D013917:Thrombin