title: Topical treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
abstract: Hyperpigmentation has traditionally been a relatively difficult condition to treat, especially in darker racial ethnic groups. Multiple topical agents available act upon different steps of the pigmentation pathway. We review these topical agents, their mechanisms of action, and their effectiveness as monotherapy and in combination with other compounds. Ultimately, combination therapy is the most efficacious when considering overall depigmentation as well as treatment time required to achieve clinical improvement.
authors.affiliation: The Rendon Center for Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, USA University of Miami, Florida, USA. martarendon@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rendon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001104:Arbutin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002867:Chromones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005960:Glucosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012176:Retinoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D002867:Chromones; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005960:Glucosides; D006873:Hydroquinones; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D028321:Plant Preparations; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D012176:Retinoids; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D009536:Niacinamide; D001104:Arbutin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; C031927:hydroquinone; C069868:aloesin