title: Alveograph and Mixolab parameters associated with Puroindoline-D1 genes in Chinese winter wheats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grain texture is one of the most important characteristics of bread wheat and has a significant influence on end-use qualities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three Chinese cultivars were tested under three environments and used to characterise kernel hardness, Puroindoline-D1 alleles and Alveograph and Mixolab parameters. The results indicated that SKCS hardness was positively correlated with Alveograph tenacity and P/L and Mixolab protein weakening (C2) and water absorption and negatively correlated with Mixolab starch gelatinisation (C3), amylasic activity (C4) and starch gelling (C5). Variance analysis showed that Puroindoline-D1 had a significant impact on SKCS hardness and most Alveograph and Mixolab parameters. Furthermore, among three Puroindoline-D1 genotypes, PINA-null/Pinb-D1a possessed the highest SKCS hardness, Alveograph tenacity and W and Mixolab stability and water absorption but the lowest Alveograph extensibility and G and Mixolab C3, C4 and C5. Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a had the lowest SKCS hardness, Alveograph tenacity and W and Mixolab C2, water absorption and stability but the highest Alveograph extensibility and G and Mixolab C3, C4 and C5. Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b possessed the lowest Mixolab C2 - C1, C3 - C2, C4 - C3 and C5 - C4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a was softer and had lower tenacity and water absorption. PINA-null/Pinb-D1a was harder and had higher tenacity and water absorption. Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b had lower difference values among Mixolab parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China. chf0088@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiangnan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhongdong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Aihui
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Dangqun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D001939:Bread; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D005782:Gels; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D010940:Plant Proteins; C082942:puroindoline protein, Triticum aestivum; D014867:Water; D013213:Starch; D000681:Amylases