title: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism in younger 'at risk' UK adults: insights from the STAND programme of research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rising rates of obesity have led to an increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in young people. Uncertainty exists over the utility of screening younger adults for Type 2 diabetes, as existing data sets have focused on mature (> 40 years) cohorts. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in higher risk younger adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overweight (with an additional risk factor) or obese adults (18-40 years) were recruited for the Sedentary Time And Diabetes (STAND) randomized controlled trial. Measures included an oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c , biochemical and anthropometric data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ninety-three individuals (68% female; median age 33.8 years; median BMI 33.9 kg/m²) were recruited. Forty-three per cent had a first-degree family history of Type 2 diabetes. Previously undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes was present in 4.7% (n = 9). Of participants, 18.1% (n = 35) had impaired glucose metabolism: 4.7% (n = 9) HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%); 9.3% (n = 18) HbA1c 42-46 mmol/mol (6.0-6.4%); 3.1% (n = 6) Type 2 diabetes on oral glucose tolerance test; 6.2% (n = 12) isolated impaired glucose tolerance; 2.1% (n = 4) isolated impaired fasting glucose; 1% (n = 2) both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Of participants, 58.5% (n = 113) had dyslipidaemia, 28.0% (n = 54) had hypertension, 31.1% (n = 60) were vitamin D deficient and 7.3% (n = 14) had abnormal liver function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified a high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in overweight and obese younger adults. These findings require confirmation in a larger, representative, population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. emma.g.wilmot@gmail.com
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Wilmot
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Edwardson
authors.forename: S J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Biddle
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gorely
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nimmo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D048550:Hepatic Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult