title: Towards Accurate Prediction of Protonation Equilibrium of Nucleic Acids.
abstract: The role of protonated nucleotides in modulating the pH-dependent properties of nucleic acids is one of the emerging frontiers in the field of nucleic acid biology. The recent development of a constant pH molecular dynamics simulation (CPHMDMSλD) framework for simulating nucleic acids has provided a tool for realistic simulations of pH-dependent dynamics. We enhanced the CPHMDMSλDframework with pH-based replica exchange (pH-REX), which significantly improves the sampling of both titration and spatial coordinates. The results from our pKacalculations for the GAAA tetraloop, which was predicted with lower accuracy previously due to sampling challenges, demonstrates that pH-REX reduces the average unsigned error (AUE) to 0.7 pKaunits, and the error of the most poorly predicted residue A17 was drastically reduced from 2.9 to 1.2 pKaunit. Lastly, we show that pH-REX CPHMDMSλDsimulations can be used to identify the dominant conformation of nucleic acid structures in alternate pH environments. This work suggests that pH-REX CPHMDMSλDsimulations provide a practical tool for predicting nucleic acid protonation equilibrium from first-principles, and offering structural and mechanistic insight into the study of pH-dependent properties of nucleic acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Garrett B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brooks
keywords: CPHMD; dynamics; electrostatics; molecular dynamics; nucleic acids; pH-dependent; pKa; λ-dynamics