title: Oral glucose for pain relief during examination for retinopathy of prematurity: a masked randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ophthalmologic examination for retinopathy of prematurity is a painful procedure. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been proposed to reduce pain during eye examinations. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic effect of 25% glucose using a validated pain scale during the first eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants with birth weight <1,500 g and/or gestational age <32 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  A masked, randomized clinical trial for one dose of 1 ml of oral 25% glucose solution 2 minutes before the first ophthalmologic examination for retinopathy of prematurity was conducted between March 2008 and April 2010. The results were compared to those of a control group that did not receive oral glucose solution. Pain was evaluated using a Neonatal Infant Pain Scale immediately before and immediately after the ophthalmologic examination in both groups. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00648687
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-four patients who were examined for the first time for retinopathy of prematurity were included. Seventy were included in the intervention group and 54 in the control group. The number of patients with pain immediately before the procedure was similar in both groups. The number of patients with pain after ophthalmologic examination was 15.7% in the intervention group and 68.5% in the control group (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One ml of oral 25% glucose solution given 2 minutes before an ophthalmologic examination for retinopathy of prematurity was an effective measure for pain relief.
authors.affiliation: Newborn Section, Departments of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlene Coelho da
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Gabriela Unchalo
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Barbara Gastal Borges
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: João Borges
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fortes Filho
authors.forename: Rita C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Renato S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Procianoy
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects*; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005947:Glucose