title: Risks and benefits associated with antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for acute nonspecific respiratory infections (ARIs), presumably to avoid small risks of progression to serious bacterial illness. However, even low risks of associated adverse drug events could result in many such events at the population level. Our objective was to assess the risks and benefits of antibiotic use in a cohort of patients with ARIs, comparing outcomes of patients who were prescribed antibiotics with outcomes of patients not receiving antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a June 1986 to August 2006 cohort of adult patients with ARI visits from a UK primary care database. Exposure was an antibiotic prescribed with the visit. Primary outcomes were hospitalization within 15 days for (1) severe adverse drug events (hypersensitivity, diarrhea, seizure, arrhythmia, hepatic or renal failure), and (2) community-acquired pneumonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort included 1,531,019 visits with an ARI diagnosis; prescriptions for antibiotics were given in 65% of cases. The adjusted risk difference for treated vs untreated patients per 100,000 visits was 1.07 fewer adverse events (95% CI, -4.52 to 2.38; P = .54) and 8.16 fewer pneumonia hospitalizations (95% CI, -13.24 to -3.08; P = .002). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 hospitalization for pneumonia was 12,255.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with patients with ARI who were not treated with antibiotics, patients who were treated with antibiotics were not at increased risk of severe adverse drug events and had a small decreased risk of pneumonia hospitalization. This small benefit from antibiotics for a common ambulatory diagnosis creates persistent tension; at the societal level, physicians are compelled to reduce antibiotic prescribing, thus minimizing future resistance, whereas at the encounter level, they are compelled to optimize the benefit-risk balance for that patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Meropol
authors.forename: A Russell
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Localio
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Metlay
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents