title: Working hours and depressive symptomatology among full-time employees: Results from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the distribution of working hours and the association between working hours and depressive symptomatology using representative data from a national, population-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009), which employed a systematic, stratified cluster-sampling method. We used logistic regression procedures to estimate the importance of weekly working hours as a predictor of depressive symptomatology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was 10.2%. The work week, which averaged 48.3 hours for the sample as a whole, was longer for men (49.8 hours) than women (45.3 hours), and 12.1% of respondents were engaged in shift work. In logistic regression analyses, compared to those working < 52 hours per week, the odds ratios (OR) of working hours as a predictor of depressive symptomatology were 1.19 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.77-1.85] for those working 52-59 hours per week and 1.62 (95% CI 1.20-2.18) for those working ≥ 60 hours per week, after adjustment for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, socioeconomic status, employment status, and work schedules. It showed a positive dose-response relationship between working hours and depressive symptomatology (P = 0.0059).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Working hours in Korea are long. There is an association between working hours and depressive symptomatology, and there seems be a trend in working hours and depressive symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Inah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunjoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sinye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jinwook
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bahk
authors.forename: Kyung Ja
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: June
authors.forename: Soyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Won Joon
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D055815:Young Adult