title: The multiphasic learning curve for robot-assisted rectal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic rectal surgery is gaining in popularity. We aimed to define the learning curve of an experienced laparoscopic colorectal surgeon in performing robot-assisted rectal surgery. We hypothesized that there are multiple phases in this learning process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis. Consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted rectal surgery between July 2007 and August 2011 were identified. Operating times were analyzed using the CUSUM (cumulative sum) technique. CUSUMs were model fitted as a fourth-order polynomial. χ(2), Fisher's exact, two independent samples t test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 197 patients. The median (range) total operative, robot, console, and docking times (min) were 265 (145-515), 140 (59-367), 135 (50-360), and 5 (3-40), respectively. CUSUM analysis of docking time showed a learning curve of 35 cases. CUSUM analysis of total operative, robot, and console times demonstrated three phases. The first phase (35 patients) represented the initial learning curve. The second phase (93 patients) involved more challenging cases with increased operative time. The third phase (69 patients) represented the concluding phase in the learning curve. There was increased complexity of cases in the latter two phases. Of phase 1 patients, 45.7% had tumors ≤7 cm from the anal verge compared to 64.2% in phases 2 and 3 (p = 0.042). Of phase 1 patients, 2.9% had neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy compared to 32.7% of patients in phases 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Splenic flexure was mobilized in 8.6% of phase 1 patients compared to 56.8% of patients in phases 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Median blood loss was <50 ml in all three phases. The patients in phases 2 and 3 had a longer hospital stay compared to those in phase 1 (9 vs. 8 days, p = 0.002). There were no conversions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least three phases in the learning curve for robot-assisted rectal surgery are defined in our study.
authors.affiliation: Colorectal Division, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5 ga, Sungbook-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea. k_k_sng@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kevin Kaity
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sng
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Byung-Eun
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Kyung-Sook
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Seon-Hahn
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education*; D016896:Treatment Outcome