title: The Clock Drawing Test: Portuguese norms, by age and education, for three different scoring systems.
abstract: The Clock Drawing Test has been systematically used to assess visuospatial deficits related to the parietal lobes, but we now acknowledge its much more complex relation with other cognitive abilities. Despite its common use in clinical and investigational practices, no study has developed normative data for the Portuguese population. We present the distribution of clock drawing scores using three scoring systems in a representative community sample of cognitively healthy subjects. We found that the systems were well correlated with each other and with cognitive screening tests widely used and had good psychometric properties. Normative data for the three scoring systems were developed considering age and education. These results allow a more rigorous interpretation of the test performance in clinical context and are especially relevant for epidemiological research.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. isabeljsantana@gmail.com
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duro
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Mário R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Simões
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004463:Ecology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011174:Portugal; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Clock Drawing Test; Cognitive screening; Neuropsychological tests; Normative data; Scoring systems