title: Effects of acute ethanol gavage on intestinal integrity after hemorrhage/resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In hemorrhagic shock with subsequent resuscitation (H/R), increased pro-inflammatory changes contribute to tissue injury and mortality in rodent models. Ethanol (EtOH) is assumed to modulate the inflammatory response and the subsequent organ injury after H/R. Therefore, we determined the contribution of acute ethanol gavage on intestinal inflammation and injury as well as survival after H/R in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen hours before H/R, female LEWIS rats were gavaged with single dose of EtOH or saline (5 g/kg, 30% EtOH, H/R_EtOH group or H/R_ctrl group). Then, rats were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30 ± 2 mmHg for 60 min and resuscitated. Control groups underwent surgical procedures and gavage without H/R (sham_ctrl group and sham_EtOH group). Tissue was harvested 2 h after resuscitation. Mortality was assessed 72 h after H/R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol gavage increased survival after H/R from 20% to 80%, but amplified plasma alanineaminotransferase (ALT) release compared to saline gavage (2847 ± 406 vs. 1159 ± 200 IU/L, p < 0.05). Intestinal mucosal damage index, intestinal permeability, ileal myeloperoxidase levels as indicators of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration and systemic IL-6 levels as well as ileal IL-6 and TNF gene expressions after H/R were reduced and partly restored after ethanol gavage when compared to the saline gavaged group after H/R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, we propose that acute ethanol gavage prior to H/R 1) did not enhance intestinal mucosa injury after H/R and 2) suppressed the H/R-induced inflammatory response. Both findings seem to contribute to the ethanol-induced survival benefit after H/R in our model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany. info@bornarelja.com
authors.forename: Borna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Relja
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henrich
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Anna Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maraslioglu
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marzi
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehnert
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000431:Ethanol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D009195:Peroxidase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase