title: Supermacroporous poly(vinyl alcohol)-carboxylmethyl chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold: an in vitro and in vivo pre-assessments for cartilage tissue engineering.
abstract: This study aims to pre-assess the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of poly(vinyl alcohol)-carboxylmethyl-chitosan-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCP) scaffold. PCP was lyophilised to create supermacroporous structures. 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of PCP scaffolds for chondrocytes attachment and proliferation. The ultrastructural was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Extracellular matrix (ECM) formation was evaluated using collagen type-II staining, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen assays. Histological analysis was conducted on 3-week implanted Sprague-Dawley rats. The MTT, IHC, SEM and TEM analyses confirm that PCP scaffolds promoted cell attachment and proliferation in vitro. The chondrocyte-PCP constructs secreted GAG and collagen type-II, both increased significantly from day-14 to day-28 (P < 0.05). PCP scaffolds did not elicit any adverse effects on the host tissue, but were partially degraded. These results suggest that supermacroporous PCP is a biocompatible scaffold for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group-TEG, National Orthopaedic Centre for Research and Learning-NOCERAL, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Si-Yuen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ai-Sze
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: Chin-Keong
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Azlina Amir
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Selvaratnam
authors.forename: Azhar Mahmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Merican
authors.forename: Tunku Sara
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Tunku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D019902:Chondrocytes; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C514968:carboxymethyl-chitosan; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D048271:Chitosan