title: Intraoperative fluorescent imaging of intracranial tumors: a review.
abstract: A review of fluorescent imaging for intracranial neoplasms is presented. Complete resection of brain cancer is seldom possible because of the goal to preserve brain tissue and the inability to visualize individual infiltrative tumor cells. Verification of histology and identification of tumor invasion in macroscopically normal-appearing brain tissue determine prognosis after resection of malignant gliomas. Therefore, imaging modalities aim to facilitate intraoperative decision-making. Intraoperative fluorescent imaging techniques have the potential to enable precise histopathologic diagnosis and to detect tumor remnants in the operative field. Macroscopic fluorescence imaging is effective for gross tumor detection. Microscopic imaging techniques enhance the sensitivity of the macroscopic observations and provide real-time histological information. Further development of clinical grade fluorescent agents specifically targeting tumor cells could improve the diagnostic and prognostic yield of intraoperative imaging.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
authors.forename: Milad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behbahaninia
authors.forename: Nikolay L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Martirosyan
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Udovich
authors.forename: M Yashar S
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kalani
authors.forename: Burt G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Feuerstein
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nakaji
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Preul
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003199:Computer Systems; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid