title: Sexual partner accumulation from adolescence through early adulthood: the role of family, peer, and school social norms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An early age of sexual initiation and sexual activity with multiple partners are risk factors for an array of detrimental outcomes. Drawing on social norms theory, this study assessed the role of subjective and descriptive social norms from parents, peers, and schoolmates on trajectories of sexual partner accumulation from early adolescence through early adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the in-home survey sample of Add Health, following 14,797 youth from adolescence through early adulthood. Social norms data were drawn from youth, parent, schoolmate, and school administrator reports. Multi-level growth models assess how parent, peer, and school social norms predicted initial levels and growth in sexual partner accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parent and peer approval of youth sexual behavior, as well as lower perceived negative repercussions of pregnancy, predicted greater initial levels and greater growth over time in the accumulation of sexual partners. Similarly, youth attending schools with a greater proportion of sexually experienced schoolmates reported higher initial levels of sexual partners. In contrast, greater parental warnings regarding negative consequences of sex predicted heightened sexual partner accumulation. Some moderation by youth gender and age emerged as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results highlight the role of both subjective and descriptive social norms, suggesting the importance of understanding and seeking to influence the social beliefs and expectations of youth and their families.
authors.affiliation: Applied Developmental and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA. coleyre@bc.edu
authors.forename: Rebekah Levine
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Coley
authors.forename: Caitlin McPherran
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Alicia Doyle
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mahalik
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sims
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001290:Attitude; D003625:Data Collection; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult