title: A study of cephalometric soft tissue profile among adolescents from the three West African countries of Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the introduction of cephalometry, numerous studies have established normal values for Caucasian populations. In Africa, most investigations have established norms and ethnic variations associated with the skeletal pattern. To date, there has been no study comparing soft tissue patterns among adolescents in the West African sub-region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this investigation was to determine and compare soft tissue patterns among 12- to 16-year-old Nigerian, Ghanaian and Senegalese adolescents, establish any gender dimorphism and compare them with published Caucasian norms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalometric radiographs of adolescents with a normal incisor relationship aged between 12 and 16 years from Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal were taken under standardized conditions and traced to determine soft tissue patterns. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total sample consisted of 165 females and 135 males with a mean age of 13·96 (1·58) years. A number of soft tissue parameters showed significant differences (P<0·05). These included comparison between males and females, and Nigerian, Ghanaian and Senegalese, including lip separation, upper lip length, upper lip exposure, Li-esthetic line, lower lip-NP, nasal tip angle, N-Pr-Pg, Pg-Ls, B-N pogonion and pogonion-mandibular angle. Differences also existed between these West African soft tissue values and published Caucasian norms, including nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, nasal depth, nose tip, total soft tissue facial convexity and nasal depth angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comparative analysis of soft tissue patterns among 12- to 16-year-old adolescents from Nigeria, Ghana and Senegal demonstrated statistically significant differences in soft tissue value between these West African adolescents and published Caucasian soft tissue norms. This study provides useful data in relation to soft tissue parameters for subjects originating from the West African sub-region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals' Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. dadafadeju@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fadeju
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Otuyemi
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Ngom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newman-Nartey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044383:Black People; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D061827:Dimensional Measurement Accuracy; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D012016:Reference Values; D012675:Senegal; D012727:Sex Characteristics