title: Phylogenetic analysis, fumonisin production and pathogenicity of Fusarium fujikuroi strains isolated from rice in the Philippines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg is a maize and rice pathogen causing important agricultural losses and produces fumonisins - mycotoxins which pose health risk to humans and farm animals. However, little information is available about the phylogenetics of this species and its ability to produce fumonisins in rice. We studied 32 strains isolated from rice in the Philippines and performed a phylogenetic analysis using the partial sequence of Elongation Factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) including isolates belonging to closely related species. Fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) production was analyzed in 7-day-old cultures grown in fumonisin-inducing medium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based method and by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using primers for FUM1 gene, a key gene in fumonisin biosynthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nucleotide diversities per site (π) were 0.00024 ± 0.00022 (standard deviation) for the 32 F. fujikuroi strains from the Philippines and 0.00189 ± 0.00143 for all 34 F. fujikuroi strains, respectively. F. fujikuroi isolates grouped into one cluster separated from the rest of isolates belonging to the closely related F. proliferatum and showed very low variability, irrespective of their geographic origin. The cluster containing strains of F. proliferatum showed higher intraspecific variability than F. fujikuroi. Thirteen of the 32 strains analyzed were FB1 producers (40.62%), with production ranging from 0.386 to 223.83 ppm. All isolates analyzed showed FUM1 gene expression above 1 and higher than the CT value of the non-template control sample. Both seedling stunting and elongation were induced by the isolates in comparison with the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F. fujikuroi are distinct from F. proliferatum isolates based on phytogenetic analysis and are potential fumonisin producers because all are positive for FUM1 gene expression. No relationship between fumonisin production and pathogenicity could be observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: González-Jaén
authors.forename: Kristel Grace I
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Christian Joseph R
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cumagun
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C056933:fumonisin B1
keywords: FUM1 expression; Fusarium fujikuroi; bakanae disease; fumonisin; phylogenetics; rice