title: Does DNA methylation of PPARGC1A influence insulin action in first degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes?
abstract: Epigenetics may play a role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and increased DNA methylation of the metabolic master regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) has been reported in muscle and pancreatic islets from T2D patients and in muscle from individuals at risk of T2D. This study aimed to investigate DNA promoter methylation and gene expression of PPARGC1A in skeletal muscle from first degree relatives (FDR) of T2D patients, and to determine the association with insulin action as well as the influence of family relation. We included 124 Danish FDR of T2D patients from 46 different families. Skeletal muscle biopsies were excised from vastus lateralis and insulin action was assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests. DNA methylation and mRNA expression levels were measured using bisulfite sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. The average PPARGC1A methylation at four CpG sites situated 867-624 bp from the transcription start was associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity in a paradoxical positive manner (β = 0.12, P = 0.03), supported by a borderline significant inverse correlation with fasting insulin levels (β = -0.88, P = 0.06). Excluding individuals with prediabetes and overt diabetes did not affect the overall result. DNA promoter methylation was not associated with PPARGC1A gene expression. The familiality estimate of PPARGC1A gene expression was high (h(2) = 79±27% (h(2)±SE), P = 0.002), suggesting genetic regulation to play a role. No significant effect of familiality on DNA methylation was found. Taken together, increased DNA methylation of the PPARGC1A promoter is unlikely to play a major causal role for the development of insulin resistance in FDR of patients with T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. linn.gillberg@rh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Linn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillberg
authors.forename: Stine C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ribel-Madsen
authors.forename: Anette Prior
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gjesing
authors.forename: Trine W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Boesgaard
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009679:Nuclear Family; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors