title: Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data on the bronchodilatory effects of adding short-acting bronchodilators (SABA) to maintenance, long-acting bronchodilator therapy. This study assessed the additional bronchodilation and safety of adding supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol (SALB) or ipratropium bromide (IPR) to the novel bi-functional molecule (or dual pharmacophore) GSK961081 400 μg (MABA 400) or 1200 μg (MABA 1200).
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomised, double-blind, complete, crossover study in 44 patients with moderate to severe COPD, evaluated 6 treatments with a washout of at least 7 days between treatments: single doses of MABA 400 or MABA 1200 followed by cumulative doses of either SALB (3× 200 μg at 20 min intervals), IPR (20 μg, 20 μg and 40 μg at 20 min intervals) or placebo (PLA) (three doses at 20 min intervals) at 1 h, 12 h and 24 h post-MABA dose. The primary endpoint was maximal increase in FEV1, from pre-dose bronchodilator (SABA/PLA), measured 15 min after each cumulative dose of SALB, IPR or PLA. Systemic pharmacodynamics (potassium, heart rate, glucose and QTc), adverse events and systemic pharmacokinetics were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The additional bronchodilatory effects at 12 h and 24 h for both SALB and IPR were of a similar magnitude and statistically significant relative to PLA; mean differences (SE) (L) following MABA 400 dosing: 0.139 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.123 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.124 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.141 (0.021) after IPR at 24 h; and after MABA 1200 dosing: 0.091 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.126 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.055 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.122 (0.022) after IPR at 24 h. Any additional bronchodilator effects at 1 h were small and not clinically significantly different from PLA. There were small, non-clinically significant increases in mean heart rate after both MABA doses plus SALB, and decreased potassium levels in four patients after MABA 1200 plus SALB (×3) or PLA (×1) were observed but overall all treatments were well tolerated and raised no significant safety signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The additional bronchodilation achieved following supratherapeutic doses of SALB and IPR on top of single doses of MABA 400 or 1200 was comparable for the two agents and neither were associated with any clinically relevant systemic pharmacodynamic effects other than the small transient hypokalemic effect in a 3 out of 41 patients receiving additional high dose salbutamol and MABA 1200. Either short-acting bronchodilator could potentially be used as rescue medication on top of MABA therapy.
authors.affiliation: Emerging Markets Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK. virginia.h.norris@gsk.com
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ambery
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002219:Carbamates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D015363:Quinolones; C588122:batefenterol; D009241:Ipratropium; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: Bi-functional molecule; Bronchodilatory effects; COPD; Dual pharmacophore; GSK961081; Ipratropium bromide; MABA; Salbutamol