title: Penile length and genital anomalies in Egyptian male newborns: epidemiology and influence of endocrine disruptors.
abstract: This is an attempt to establish the normal stretched penile length and prevalence of male genital anomalies in full-term neonates and whether they are influenced by prenatal parental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. A thousand newborns were included; their mothers were subjected to the following questionnaire: parents' age, residence, occupation, contact with insecticides and pesticides, antenatal exposure to cigarette smoke or drugs, family history of genital anomalies, phytoestrogens intake and history of in vitro fertilization or infertility. Free testosterone was measured in 150 neonates in the first day of life. Mean penile length was 3.4±0.37 cm. A penile length <2.5 cm was considered micropenis. Prevalence of genital anomalies was 1.8% (hypospadias 83.33%). There was a higher rate of anomalies in those exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs; 7.4%) than in the non-exposed (1.2%; p<0.0001; odds ratio 6, 95% confidence interval 2-16). Mean penile length showed a linear relationship with free testosterone and was lower in neonates exposed to EDs.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Kholy
authors.forename: Rasha Tarif
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Heba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elsedfy
mesh_terms: D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011372:Progestins / Q000633:toxicity; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010575:Pesticides; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D011372:Progestins; D013739:Testosterone