title: Long-term psychosocial consequences of false-positive screening mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer screening programs have the potential of intended beneficial effects, but they also inevitably have unintended harmful effects. In the case of screening mammography, the most frequent harm is a false-positive result. Prior efforts to measure their psychosocial consequences have been limited by short-term follow-up, the use of generic survey instruments, and the lack of a relevant benchmark-women with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study with a 3-year follow-up, we recruited 454 women with abnormal findings in screening mammography over a 1-year period. For each woman with an abnormal finding on a screening mammogram (false and true positives), we recruited another 2 women with normal screening results who were screened the same day at the same clinic. These participants were asked to complete the Consequences of Screening in Breast Cancer-a validated questionnaire encompassing 12 psychosocial outcomes-at baseline, 1, 6, 18, and 36 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six months after final diagnosis, women with false-positive findings reported changes in existential values and inner calmness as great as those reported by women with a diagnosis of breast cancer (Δ = 1.15; P = .015; and Δ = 0.13; P = .423, respectively). Three years after being declared free of cancer, women with false-positive results consistently reported greater negative psychosocial consequences compared with women who had normal findings in all 12 psychosocial outcomes (Δ >0 for 12 of 12 outcomes; P <.01 for 4 of 12 outcomes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  False-positive findings on screening mammography causes long-term psychosocial harm: 3 years after a false-positive finding, women experience psychosocial consequences that range between those experienced by women with a normal mammogram and those with a diagnosis of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. john.brodersen@sund.ku.dk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brodersen
authors.forename: Volkert Dirk
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Siersma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003718:Denmark; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors