title: Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs.
abstract: Some phthalates, parabens and phenols have shown adverse endocrine disrupting effects in animal studies and are also suspected to be involved in human reproductive problems. However, knowledge about exposure sources and biomonitoring data in different subsets of populations are still scarce. Thus, in this study first morning urine samples were collected from 6 to 11 years Danish children and their mothers. The content of seven parabens, nine phenols and metabolites of eight different phthalates were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Two parabens, six phenols and metabolites from six phthalate diesters were measurable in more than 50%, 75% and 90% of the participants, respectively. Thus the children and their mothers were generally exposed simultaneously to a range of phthalates, phenols and parabens. In general, the levels were low but for several of the compounds extreme creatinine adjusted concentrations 100-500-fold higher than the median level were seen in some participants. Children were significantly higher exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) and some of the phthalates (DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DEHP and DiNP) than their mothers, whereas mothers were higher exposed to compounds related to cosmetics and personal care products such as parabens (MeP, EtP and n-PrP), benzophenone-3, triclosan and diethyl phthalate. However, a very high correlation between mothers and their children was observed for all chemicals. A high individual exposure to one chemical was often associated with a high exposure to other of the chemicals and the possibility of combination effects of multiple simultaneous exposures cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: hanne.frederiksen@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: Jeanette Kolstrup Søgaard
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Thit Aarøe
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mørck
authors.forename: Pernille Winton
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Janne Fangel
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Lisbeth E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Knudsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D003358:Cosmetics; D003718:Denmark; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D010226:Parabens / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003358:Cosmetics; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; 2,4-DCP; 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP; 2,5-dichlorophenol; 2-PP; 2-phenylphenol; 4-PP; 4-phenylphenol; BP-3; BPA; Benzophenone-3; Bisphenol A; BzP; Endocrine disruptors; EtP; Human exposure; MBzP; MCPP; MCiOP; MECPP; MEHHP; MEHP; MEOHP; MEP; MHiNP; MOP; MOiNP; MeP; MiBP; MiDP; MiNP; MnBP; Risk assessment; TCCB; TCS; Tolerable daily intake; Triclosan; benzophenone-3; benzylparaben; bisphenol A; ethylparaben; i-BuP; i-PrP; iso-butylparaben; iso-propylparaben; methylparaben; mono(2-ehthyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; mono(2-ehthyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; mono(2-ehthyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; mono(2-ehthylhexyl) phthalate; mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; mono(carboxy-iso-octyl) phthalate; mono(hydroxy-iso-nonyl) phthalate; mono(oxo-iso-nonyl) phthalate; mono-iso-butyl phthalate; mono-iso-decyl phthalate; mono-iso-nonyl phthalate; mono-n-butyl phthalate; mono-n-octyl phthalate; monobenzyl phthalate; monomethyl phthalate; n-BuP; n-PrP; n-butylparaben; n-propylparaben; triclocarban; triclosan