title: Influence of the implant abutment types and the dynamic loading on initial screw loosening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects of the abutment types and dynamic loading on the stability of implant prostheses with three types of implant abutments prepared using different fabrication methods by measuring removal torque both before and after dynamic loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of abutments were produced using different types of fabrication methods; stock abutment, gold cast abutment, and CAD/CAM custom abutment. A customized jig was fabricated to apply the load at 30° to the long axis. The implant fixtures were fixed to the jig, and connected to the abutments with a 30 Ncm tightening torque. A sine curved dynamic load was applied for 10(5) cycles between 25 and 250 N at 14 Hz. Removal torque before loading and after loading were evaluated. The SPSS was used for statistical analysis of the results. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare screw loosening between the abutment systems. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare screw loosening between before and after loading in each group (α=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal torque value before loading and after loading was the highest in stock abutment, which was then followed by gold cast abutment and CAD/CAM custom abutment, but there were no significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The abutment types did not have a significant influence on short term screw loosening. On the other hand, after 10(5) cycles dynamic loading, CAD/CAM custom abutment affected the initial screw loosening, but stock abutment and gold cast abutment did not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
keywords: Computer-aided design; Dental implantation; Prosthesis failure; Removal torque; Screw loosening