title: Photo-irradiation of proanthocyanidin as a new disinfection technique via reactive oxygen species formation.
abstract: In the present study, the bactericidal effect of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin was evaluated in relation to reactive oxygen species formation. Staphylococcus aureus suspended in proanthocyanidin aqueous solution was irradiated with light from a laser at 405 nm. The bactericidal effect of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin depended on the concentration of proanthocyanidin, the laser irradiation time, and the laser output power. When proanthocyanidin was used at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, the laser irradiation of the bacterial suspension could kill the bacteria with a >5-log reduction of viable cell counts. By contrast, bactericidal effect was not observed when proanthocyanidin was not irradiated. In electron spin resonance analysis, reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, were detected in the photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin aqueous solution. The yields of the reactive oxygen species also depended on the concentration of proanthocyanidin, the laser irradiation time, and the laser output power as is the case with the bactericidal assay. Thus, it is indicated that the bactericidal effect of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin is exerted via the reactive oxygen species formation. The bactericidal effect as well as the yield of the oxygen radicals increased with the concentration of proanthocyanidin up to 4 mg/mL, and then decreased with the concentration. These findings suggest that the antioxidative activity of proanthocyanidin might prevail against the radical generation potency of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin resulting in the decreased bactericidal effect when the concentration is over 4 mg/mL. The present study suggests that photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin whenever used in an optimal concentration range can be a new disinfection technique.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan. keisuke@m.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirato
authors.forename: Hiroyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niwano
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C013221:proanthocyanidin