title: Effects of depressive symptoms and family satisfaction on health related quality of life: the Hong Kong FAMILY study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of depressive symptoms and satisfaction with family support (FS) on physical and mental Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Hong Kong FAMILY Project baseline survey in 2009-2011, which included 16,039 community residents (age ≥ 20). The FS was measured using the Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve (APGAR, range 0-10) Questionnaire. HRQoL were assessed using the SF-12 version 2. Depressive symptoms were recorded using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Demographic and lifestyle variables, stressful life events, perceived neighborhood cohesion were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multilevel regression model, socio-demographic and behavioral variables explained 21% and 19% of the variance in physical and mental HRQoL. The presence of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10, standardized coefficients, β of -1.73) and high FS (APGAR score 7-10, 1.15) were associated with mental HRQoL, after adjustment for age, education, household monthly income, drinking status, physical activity, chronic conditions, life stress and neighborhood cohesion. Not FS but the presence of depressive symptoms (β of -0.88) was associated with physical HRQoL. The presence of depressive symptoms in women than men were more associated with a poorer physical HRQoL (p<0.01) while depressive symptoms in men were associated with a decrease in mental HRQoL (p<0.001). The interaction between FS and depressive symptoms was nonsignificant in relation to HRQoL. Among those with depressive symptoms, high FS was associated with a better mental HRQoL (41.1 vs. 37.9, p<0.001) in women but not contribute to variance in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher FS and presence of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with HRQoL in general population in Hong Kong. Among those with depressive symptoms, high FS was associated with a favorable mental HRQoL in women but not men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR China.
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Brandford H Y
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Tai-Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires