title: Computer simulation of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and process economics of the fluid milk process.
abstract: Energy-savings measures have been implemented in fluid milk plants to lower energy costs and the energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Although these measures have resulted in reductions in steam, electricity, compressed air, and refrigeration use of up to 30%, a benchmarking framework is necessary to examine the implementation of process-specific measures that would lower energy use, costs, and CO2 emissions even further. In this study, using information provided by the dairy industry and equipment vendors, a customizable model of the fluid milk process was developed for use in process design software to benchmark the electrical and fuel energy consumption and CO2 emissions of current processes. It may also be used to test the feasibility of new processing concepts to lower energy and CO2 emissions with calculation of new capital and operating costs. The accuracy of the model in predicting total energy usage of the entire fluid milk process and the pasteurization step was validated using available literature and industry energy data. Computer simulation of small (40.0 million L/yr), medium (113.6 million L/yr), and large (227.1 million L/yr) processing plants predicted the carbon footprint of milk, defined as grams of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per kilogram of packaged milk, to within 5% of the value of 96 g of CO 2e/kg of packaged milk obtained in an industry-conducted life cycle assessment and also showed, in agreement with the same study, that plant size had no effect on the carbon footprint of milk but that larger plants were more cost effective in producing milk. Analysis of the pasteurization step showed that increasing the percentage regeneration of the pasteurizer from 90 to 96% would lower its thermal energy use by almost 60% and that implementation of partial homogenization would lower electrical energy use and CO2e emissions of homogenization by 82 and 5.4%, respectively. It was also demonstrated that implementation of steps to lower non-process-related electrical energy in the plant would be more effective in lowering energy use and CO2e emissions than fuel-related energy reductions. The model also predicts process-related water usage, but this portion of the model was not validated due to a lack of data. The simulator model can serve as a benchmarking framework for current plant operations and a tool to test cost-effective process upgrades or evaluate new technologies that improve the energy efficiency and lower the carbon footprint of milk processing plants.
authors.affiliation: Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. peggy.tomasula@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tomasula
authors.forename: W C F
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McAloon
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Nutter
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bonnaillie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058572:Carbon Footprint; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D061353:Food Storage / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005524:Food Technology / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect / Q000191:economics; D008892:Milk / Q000191:economics; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods