title: MicroRNAs overexpressed in ovarian ALDH1-positive cells are associated with chemoresistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide among gynecological malignancies, and the majority of cases are related with recurrence and chemoresistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be one of the causes of recurrent or chemoresistant ovarian cancer, and microRNAs are regulatory molecules newly implicated to control a variety of cellular processes, including CSCs. Therefore, we identified ovarian CSC-specific microRNAs and investigated their clinicopathological implication in ovarian carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We isolated ALDH1 (+) cell population using the Aldefluor assay, and examined the differential expression pattern of miRNAs between ALDH1 (+) and ALDH1 (-) cells using a high-throughput microRNA microarray. We further investigated the expression patterns of differentially expressed miRNAs in human ovarian cancer samples using the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and analyzed their clinical impact in patients with ovarian cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that high ALDH1 expression was associated with chemoresistance in in vitro and ex vivo samples (p = 0.024). We identified six miRNAs, including miR-23b, miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-346, miR-424, and miR-503, overexpressed in ALDH1 (+) cells, and they were significantly upregulated in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells (1.4 ~ 3.5-fold) and tumor samples (2.8 ~ 5.5-fold) compared with chemosensitive group. Upregulation of ALDH1 (p = 0.019) and miR-503 (p = 0.033) correlated with high clinical stage, and upregulation of miR-27a was related with distant metastasis (p = 0.046) in patients with ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that ALDH1 is a useful marker for enriching ovarian CSCs, and high expression of ALDH1 and its related miRNAs, particularly miR-23b, miR-27b, miR-424, and miR-503, are significantly implicated in chemoresistance and tumor progression in ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, CHA University, Sungnam, 463-712, South Korea. ercir@cha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ju-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Mi-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwang-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Heon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-do
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ok Jun
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: An