title: Radiosurgery for patients with unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The appropriate management of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial. In the present study, the authors evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of radiosurgery for a large cohort of patients with unruptured AVMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a prospective database of 1204 cases of AVMs involving patients treated with radiosurgery at their institution, the authors identified 444 patients without evidence of rupture prior to radiosurgery. The patients' mean age was 36.9 years, and 50% were male. The mean AVM nidus volume was 4.2 cm(3), 13.5% of the AVMs were in a deep location, and 44.4% were at least Spetzler-Martin Grade III. The median radiosurgical prescription dose was 20 Gy. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine risk factors associated with obliteration, postradiosurgery hemorrhage, radiation-induced changes, and postradiosurgery cyst formation. The mean duration of radiological and clinical follow-up was 76 months and 86 months, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative AVM obliteration rate was 62%, and the postradiosurgery annual hemorrhage rate was 1.6%. Radiation-induced changes were symptomatic in 13.7% and permanent in 2.0% of patients. The statistically significant independent positive predictors of obliteration were no preradiosurgery embolization (p < 0.001), increased prescription dose (p < 0.001), single draining vein (p < 0.001), radiological presence of radiation-induced changes (p = 0.004), and lower Spetzler-Martin grade (p = 0.016). Increased volume and higher Pittsburgh radiosurgery-based AVM score were predictors of postradiosurgery hemorrhage in the univariate analysis only. Clinical deterioration occurred in 30 patients (6.8%), more commonly in patients with postradiosurgery hemorrhage (p = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgery afforded a reasonable chance of obliteration of unruptured AVMs with relatively low rates of clinical and radiological complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Chun-Po
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Zhiyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheehan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000601:surgery*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult