title: Novel immunotherapies in GU malignancies.
abstract: Despite the development of several novel therapies in recent years, genitourinary (GU) malignancies remain associated with significant morbidity and mortality. An improved understanding of how the immune system responds to cancer has led to the clinical development of several targeted immunotherapies. Data from recent clinical trials suggests that these agents might improve the prognosis of patients with advanced GU malignancies. This review article will discuss the current state of immunotherapy and describe future directions in combination therapy and biomarker development for cancers of the kidney, bladder and prostate.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Rabb 430, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. adrakaki@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drakaki
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McDermott
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D014565:Urogenital Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2