title: Comparative proteomic analysis of the sun- and freeze-dried earthworm Eisenia fetida with differentially thrombolytic activities.
abstract: The dried earthworm is a traditional thrombolytic medicine in East Asia. Its thrombolytic mechanism has been extensively studied. However, the effects of drying process on thrombolysis were rarely investigated. Herein, we compared the thrombolytic activity of earthworm Eisenia fetida processed by sun-drying to that by freeze-drying. Fibrin plate and blood clot lysis assays showed that freeze-dried earthworms gave dramatically higher fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities than the sun-dried earthworms. To address the thrombolytic difference, comparative proteomic analysis was carried out using fibrin zymography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The freeze- and sun-dried earthworms generated remarkably different 2-DE protein spot patterns. A total of 126 differential protein spots were detected, 83 of them were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database searching with 13 quantitative changes and 70 qualitative changes. Five of these differential proteins were identified as fibrinolytic proteases (lumbrokinases), responsible for dissolving fibrin, the main protein component of thrombus. The total abundance of these fibrinolytic proteases in the freeze-dried earthworms was significantly higher, consistent with the results of fibrin zymography. Therefore, the higher concentration of fibrinolytic enzymes along with their broad substrate specificity explained the stronger fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities of the freeze-dried earthworms. This study suggests that freeze-drying represents an improved processing method for earthworm as the thrombolytic therapy in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombosis has become one of the biggest concerns all over the world. The dried earthworms have been intensively used as thrombolytic agents. Its thrombotic mechanism has been studied by the modern pharmacological researches. However, the drying procedure of the earthworm and its effects on the thrombolysis were rarely investigated. The present study compared the thrombolytic effects of the freeze-dried and the normal dried earthworm E. fetida. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for differential thrombolytic effects, the fibrin zymography and the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) were employed to identify sets of differential proteins. Therefore, this study provides not only the comparative proteomic analysis but also molecular mechanism underlying the differential thrombolytic effects.
authors.affiliation: Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaobao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qianlan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ximin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lianli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jingkui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000737:chemistry*; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome