title: Improved efficiency on editing MRS of lactate and γ-aminobutyric acid by inclusion of frequency offset corrected inversion pulses at high fields.
abstract: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and lactate are metabolites which are present in the brain. These metabolites can be indicators of psychiatric disorders or tumor hypoxia, respectively. The measurement of these weakly coupled spin systems can be performed using MRS editing techniques; however, at high field strength, this can be challenging. This is due to the low available B1 (+) field at high fields, which results in narrow-bandwidth refocusing pulses and, consequently, in large chemical shift displacement artifacts. In addition, as a result of the increased chemical shift displacement artifacts and chemical shift dispersion, the efficiency of the MRS method is reduced, even when using adiabatic refocusing pulses. To overcome this limitation, frequency offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses have been suggested as a mean to substantially increase the bandwidth of adiabatic pulses. In this study, a Mescher-Garwood semi-localization by adiabatic selection and refocusing (MEGA-sLASER) editing sequence with refocusing FOCI pulses is presented for the measurement of GABA and lactate in the human brain. Metabolite detection efficiencies were improved by 20% and 75% for GABA and lactate, respectively, when compared with editing techniques that employ adiabatic radiofrequency refocusing pulses. The highly efficient MEGA-sLASER sequence with refocusing FOCI pulses is an ideal and robust MRS editing technique for the measurement of weakly coupled metabolites at high field strengths.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Arteaga de Castro
authors.forename: V O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreychenko
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wijnen
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Luijten
authors.forename: D W J
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Klomp
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011846:Radio Waves; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: 7 T; MRS; editing; frequency offset corrected inversion