title: Biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with hydration accelerators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate mixed with selective hydration accelerators such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), citric acid (CA), and calcium lactate gluconate solution (CLG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry analysis was used to measure calcium ions in the extracts of test materials. The 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay was performed using MG-63 cells to examine the cytotoxicity of the test materials. The surface of each sample and the growth pattern of the attached cells were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MTA mixed with 10 wt% CaCl2 and MTA mixed with 43.4 wt% CLG released a higher amount of calcium ions than the other groups. The 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay revealed that the cell viability of MTA mixed with 0.1 wt% CA was significantly higher than pure MTA on 7-day extract (P < .05). MTA mixed with 43.4 wt% CLG showed significantly higher cell viability than the other groups on 1-day extract (P < .05). MTA mixed with 10 wt% CaCl2 in all groups showed the lowest cell viability at all time points (P < .05). Under SEM, elongated and confluent cells were observed in all samples except in samples of MTA mixed with 10 wt% CaCl2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MTA mixed with 0.1 wt% CA showed good biocompatibility. MTA mixed with 43.4 wt% CLG showed favorable biocompatibility on 1 day. MTA mixed with 10 wt% CaCl2 in all groups showed the lowest cell viability at every time point and poor cell attachment under SEM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Bin-Na
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hye-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Jeong-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Seong-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ho-Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Hoon-Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: In-Nam
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Yun-Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Won-Mann
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005942:Gluconates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005942:Gluconates; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C041283:lactogluconic acid; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; D019343:Citric Acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002118:Calcium