title: How often are ineffective interventions still used in clinical practice? A cross-sectional survey of 6,272 clinicians in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The World Health Organization reported in 2011 that irrational use of medicines was a serious global problem that is wasteful and harmful. The worst is use of ineffective or harmful interventions which should not be used at all. However, little is known about the changes that 20 years of evidence-based medicine has made particularly in reducing use of ineffective interventions. We surveyed clinicians in China to show how often ineffective interventions were still used in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  3,246 clinicians from 24 tertiary hospitals were surveyed in person and another 3,063 through an online survey between 2006-2007. The main outcomes are prescription by a clinician, and use in a patient of, an ineffective intervention and of a matched effective intervention in patients with the same disease. 129 ineffective interventions for 68 diseases were identified from the BMJ Clinical Evidence and included in the survey. One effective intervention was identified for each disease and a total of 68 effective interventions were thus also included. The frequency of use of effective interventions was used as a reference for that of ineffective intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean prescription rate by clinicians is 59.0% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 58.6% to 59.4%) and 81.0% (95% CI: 80.6% to 81.4%) respectively for ineffective and effective interventions. The mean frequency of use in patients is 31.2% (95% CI: 30.8% to 31.6%) and 56.4% (95% CI: 56.0% to 56.8%) for ineffective and effective interventions respectively. The relative reduction in use of ineffective interventions as compared with that of matched effective interventions is 27.2% (95% CI: 27.0% to 27.4%) and 44.7% (95% CI: 44.3% to 45.1%) for clinician's prescription and use in patients respectively. 8.6% ineffective interventions were still routinely used in practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ineffective interventions were still commonly used. Efforts are necessary to further reduce and eventually eliminate ineffective interventions from practice.
authors.affiliation: Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jin-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yong-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-Zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiao-hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Guang-cai
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome