title: Predictors of nurse manager stress: a dominance analysis of potential work environment stressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nurse managers have important but stressful jobs. Clinical or bedside nurse predictors of stress have been studied more frequently, but less has been done on work environment predictors for those in this first-line leadership role. Understanding the relative importance of those work environment predictors could be used to help identify the most fruitful areas for intervention, potentially improving recruitment and retention for nurse managers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using Role Stress Theory and the Job Demands-Resources Theory, a model was tested examining the relative importance of five potential predictors of nurse manager stress (i.e., stressors). The work environment stressors included role ambiguity, role overload, role conflict, organizational constraints, and interpersonal conflict.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quantitative, cross-sectional survey study was conducted with a convenience sample of 36 hospitals in the Southwestern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  All nurse managers working in these 36 hospitals were invited to participate. Of the 636 nurse managers invited, 480 responded, for a response rate of 75.5%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were distributed during nursing leadership meetings and were returned in person (in sealed envelopes) or by mail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because work environment stressors were correlated, dominance analysis was conducted to examine which stressors were the most important predictors of nurse manager stress. Role overload was the most important predictor of stress, with an average of 13% increase in variance explained. The second- and third-most important predictors were organizational constraints and role conflict, with an average of 7% and 6% increase in variance explained, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because other research has shown deleterious effects of nurse manager stress, organizational leaders are encouraged to help nurse managers reduce their actual and/or perceived role overload and organizational constraints.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: lisa.kath@sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kath
authors.forename: Jaynelle F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stichler
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ehrhart
authors.forename: Andree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sievers
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000523:psychology*; D015206:Southwestern United States; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Dominance analysis; Nurse managers; Relative weights; Stressors; Survey; Work stress