title: The antioxidant property of pachymic acid improves bone disturbance against AH plus-induced inflammation in MC-3T3 E1 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytotoxicity of resin-based sealer is influential on the inflammatory reaction and cell survival for oral periapical cells. In this study, pachymic acid as an antioxidant was investigated for the improvement of bone disturbance against AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany)-induced inflammation in MC-3T3 E1 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  AH Plus was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Using mouse osteoblast cells (MC-3T3 E1), a specimen of AH Plus was eluted with the culture medium for 1 day and was diluted by 30%. The cellular cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species formation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of inflammatory and osteogenic molecules was determined by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells with AH Plus elutes showed a decrease of cell viability and ALP activity. However, pachymic acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (control antioxidant) restored cell viability and ALP activity damaged by AH plus. The secretion of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-1β were increased in AH Plus-stimulated MC-3T3 E1 cells, but pachymic acid suppressed its production. Furthermore, pachymic acid reduced the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -7, and runt-related transcription factor 2 despite AH Plus stimuli. In addition, pachymic acid affected the removal effect of reactive oxygen species formation as did N-acetyl-L-cysteine. More importantly, pachymic acid inhibited nuclear factor-κB translocation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The property of pachymic acid can mitigate the unfavorable conditions induced by AH Plus stimuli. Therefore, the use of pachymic acid is suggested to prevent the complications of oral diseases such as inflammation and alveolar destruction of the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Gun
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nan-Hee
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Govinda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhattarai
authors.forename: In-Kyoung
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bong-Sik
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Ho-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D014315:Triterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C102487:pachymic acid