title: Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detecting plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase-producing organism is important for optimal infection control and providing accurate and effective treatment option for physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pAmpC β-lactamase and compare the results of boronic acid (BA) disk test with other phenotypic tests detecting AmpC positive isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 273 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n: 82) and Escherichia coli (n: 191) were analysed. The presence of pAmpC β-lactamase was determined by BA disk test, cefoxitin (FOX) screening test, modified three dimensional test (M3DT), and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to evaluate the genetic similarities between isolates. To detect extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in the presence of AmpC β-lactamase, ESBL confirmation test was carried out with and without BA solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 273 strains tested, 127 strains were found FOX resistant, 114 were positive by M3DT, 108 were positive in BA disk test, and the multiplex PCR detected 24 pAmpC β-lactamase-positive isolate. The prevalence of AmpC-producing strains was 10.9% in E. coli and 3.6% in K. pneumoniae in the tested population by PCR. CIT and MOX group genes were predominant type in these strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results emphasize that clinical laboratories should consider testing the presence of pAmpC enzymes particularly in FOX-resistant isolates, and BA disk test will improve detection of this emerging resistance phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Tepecik Educational and Research Hospital, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bozcal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uzel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001888:Boric Acids; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D058889:Molecular Typing; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010957:Plasmids; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001888:Boric Acids; D047090:beta-Lactams; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C032688:boric acid