title: Cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning in mouse neocortex is lamina specific.
abstract: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is able to confer neuroprotection when delivered at least 1 day in advance of an ischemic event. However, its ability to confer neuroprotection in a more immediate time frame has not previously been investigated. Here we have used mouse neocortical brain slices to study the effects of repeated episodes of CSD in layer V and layer II/III pyramidal neurons. In layer V, CSD evoked at 15-min intervals caused successively smaller membrane depolarizations and increases in intracellular calcium compared with the response to the first CSD. With an inter-CSD interval of 30 min this preconditioning effect was much less marked, indicating that preconditioning lasts between 15 and 30 min. A single episode of CSD also provided a degree of protection in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) by significantly lengthening the time a cell could withstand OGD before anoxic depolarization occurred. In layer II/III pyramidal neurons no preconditioning by CSD on subsequent episodes of CSD was observed, demonstrating that the response of pyramidal neurons to repeated CSD is lamina specific. The A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl theophylline (8-CPT) reduced the layer V preconditioning in a concentration-related manner. Inhibition of extracellular formation of adenosine by blocking ecto-5'-nucleotidase with α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate prevented preconditioning in most but not all cells. Block of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 with dipyramidole alone or in combination with 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine also prevented preconditioning in some but not all cells. These data provide evidence that rapid preconditioning of one CSD by another is primarily mediated by adenosine.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biology, The Australian National Univ. Bldg. 134, Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 0200, Australia. helen.gniel@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gniel
authors.forename: Rosemary L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D058256:Brain Waves; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D051379:Mice; D019579:Neocortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C053907:8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine; D004176:Dipyridamole; D013806:Theophylline; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: adenosine; preconditioning; spreading depression