title: A high-throughput assay for the detection of Tyr-phosphorylated proteins in urine of bladder cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder cancer has the peculiarity of shedding neoplastic cells and their components in urine representing a valuable opportunity to detect diagnostic markers. Using a semi-quantitative method we previously demonstrated that the levels of Tyr-phosphorylated proteins (TPPs) are highly increased in bladder cancer tissues and that soluble TPPs can also be detected in patient's urine samples. Although the preliminary evaluation showed very promising specificity and sensitivity, insufficient accuracy and very low throughput of the method halted the diagnostic evaluation of the new marker. To overcome this problem we developed a quantitative methodology with high sensitivity and accuracy to measure TPPs in urine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) was miniaturized in a 96 well format. Luminescence, visible and infrared fluorescence antibody-based detection methods were comparatively evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to their low abundance we evidenced that both phosphoprotein enrichment step and very sensitive detection methods are required to detect TPPs in urine samples. To pursue high throughput, reproducibility and cost containment, which are required for bladder cancer screening programs, we coupled the pre-analytical IMAC procedure with high sensitive detection phases (infrared fluorescence or chemiluminescence) in an automated platform.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high throughput method for measuring with high sensitivity TPP levels in urine samples is now available for large clinical trial for the establishment of the diagnostic and predictive power of TPPs as bladder cancer marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new assay represents the first quantitative and high throughput method for the measurement of TPPs in urine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy. amina.khadjavi@unito.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khadjavi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Notarpietro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pantaleo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferru
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Destefanis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turrini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000652:urine*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D019000:Phosphotyrosine