title: Developing a method for specifying the components of behavior change interventions in practice: the example of smoking cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a difference between interventions as planned and as delivered in practice. Unless we know what was actually delivered, we cannot understand "what worked" in effective interventions. This study aimed to (a) assess whether an established taxonomy of 53 smoking cessation behavior change techniques (BCTs) may be applied or adapted as a method for reliably specifying the content of smoking cessation behavioral support consultations and (b) develop an effective method for training researchers and practitioners in the reliable application of the taxonomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen transcripts of audio-recorded consultations delivered by England's Stop Smoking Services were coded into component BCTs using the taxonomy. Interrater reliability and potential adaptations to the taxonomy to improve coding were discussed following 3 coding waves. A coding training manual was developed through expert consensus and piloted on 10 trainees, assessing coding reliability and self-perceived competence before and after training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average of 33 BCTs from the taxonomy were identified at least once across sessions and coding waves. Consultations contained on average 12 BCTs (range = 8-31). Average interrater reliability was high (88% agreement). The taxonomy was adapted to simplify coding by merging co-occurring BCTs and refining BCT definitions. Coding reliability and self-perceived competence significantly improved posttraining for all trainees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to apply a taxonomy to reliably identify and classify BCTs in smoking cessation behavioral support delivered in practice, and train inexperienced coders to do so reliably. This method can be used to investigate variability in provision of behavioral support across services, monitor fidelity of delivery, and identify training needs.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training and Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, UK. fabi.lorencatto@ncsct.co.uk
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lorencatto
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000145:classification / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult