title: Paper-filtered coffee increases cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers independent of roasting degree: a clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of medium light roast (MLR) and medium roast (MR) paper-filtered coffee on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized crossover trial compared the effects of consuming three or four cups (150 mL) of MLR or MR coffee per day for 4 wk in 20 healthy volunteers. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]), total homocysteine, and endothelial dysfunction-related inflammation biomarkers, serum glycemic biomarkers, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and after each intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both roasts increased plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations (10%, 12%, and 18% for MLR; 12%, 14%, and 14% for MR, respectively) (P < 0.05). MR also increased high-density lipoportein-cholesterol concentration by 7% (P = 0.003). Plasma fibrinogen concentration increased 8% after MR intake (P = 0.01), and soluble E-selectin increased 12% after MLR intake (P = 0.02). No changes were observed for Lp(a), total homocysteine, glycemic biomarkers, and blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate paper-filtered coffee consumption may have an undesirable effect on plasma cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers in healthy individuals regardless of its antioxidant content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Telma A F
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.forename: Marcelo M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rogero
authors.forename: Bruno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mioto
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tarasoutchi
authors.forename: Vera L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tuda
authors.forename: Luiz A M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: César
authors.forename: Elizabeth A F S
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005374:Filtration; D005511:Food Handling; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003069:Coffee; D019040:E-Selectin; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D006710:Homocysteine; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002784:Cholesterol