title: Reliability and validity of the Italian nose obstruction symptom evaluation (I-NOSE) scale.
abstract: The NOSE scale is a questionnaire assessing QOL related with nasal obstruction. The aim of this study was to culturally adapt the NOSE scale into Italian (I-NOSE). Prospective instrument validation study. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation were accomplished. Cronbach α was used to test internal consistency in 116 patients complaining nasal obstruction and 232 asymptomatic subjects. Pearson and ICC tests were used for test-retest reliability analysis. Normative data were gathered from the 232 asymptomatic subjects. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the I-NOSE scores in patients and asymptomatic subjects and in 40 patients before and after septoplasty. I-NOSE scores obtained in 60 patients were correlated with rhinomanometric results and with the score of a visual analog scale (VAS) measuring the subjective sensation of nasal obstruction. Good internal consistency and good test-retest reliability were found. I-NOSE mean score of the normal cohort was 12.1 ± 13.2. Asymptomatic subjects scored lower than patients with nasal obstruction (p = 0.001). Positive correlations between I-NOSE scores and VAS and rhinomanometric results were found. The mean I-NOSE score improved from 64.4 ± 23.6 to 22.1 ± 13.5 after septoplasty (p < 0.001). The I-NOSE scale is a reliable, valid, self-administered, symptom-specific questionnaire; its application is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy, francesco.mozzanica@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mozzanica
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Urbani
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atac
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scottà
authors.forename: Ketty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulgheroni
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Cristofaro
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025363:Rhinomanometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires