title: Fate of tetracyclines in swine manure of three selected swine farms in China.
abstract: Veterinary antibiotics can enter the environment due to the common practice of land application of manure from treated animals. The environmental fate of tetracyclines in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. This study analyzed the concentrations of tetracyclines in manure, manure-based compost and compost amended soil in selected swine farms from Beijing, Jiaxing and Putian, China to determine the dilution effects of antibiotics when released into the soil environment. The results demonstrate that residues of antibiotics were detected in all samples and chlortetracycline as well as its degradation products should be regarded critically concerning their potential ecotoxicity. Application of manure-based compost to soil could reduce the possible risk posed by antibiotic contamination, but the trigger value of 100 microg/kg was still exceeded in soil samples (776.1 microg/kg dw) from Putian City after application of compost. Field studies such as the present one can help to improve the routine administration of antibiotic-containing composted manure.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. minqiao@rcees.ac.cn
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Wangda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013552:Swine; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013754:Tetracyclines