title: Through the back door: nurse migration to the UK from Malawi and Nepal, a policy critique.
abstract: The UK National Health Service has a long history of recruiting overseas nurses to meet nursing shortages in the UK. However, recruitment patterns regularly fluctuate in response to political and economic changes. Typically, the UK government gives little consideration of how these unstable recruitment practices affect overseas nurses. In this article, we present findings from two independent research studies from Malawi and Nepal, which aimed to examine how overseas nurses encountered and overcame the challenges linked to recent recruitment and migration restrictions. We show how current UK immigration policy has had a negative impact on overseas nurses' lives. It has led them to explore alternative entry routes into the UK, affecting both the quality of their working lives and their future decisions about whether to stay or return to their home country. We conclude that the shifting forces of nursing workforce demand and supply, leading to abrupt policy changes, have significant implications on overseas nurses' lives, and can leave nurses 'trapped' in the UK. We make recommendations for UK policy-makers to work with key stakeholders in nurse-sending countries to minimize the negative consequences of unstable nurse recruitment, and we highlight the benefits of promoting circular migration.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Studies Department, The School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Doorway 6, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK. E-mail: radhika2@staffmail.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Radha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Astrida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grigulis
mesh_terms: D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005551:Foreign Professional Personnel / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D009390:Nepal; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011640:Public Policy; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: International migration; Malawi; Nepal; brain drain; circular migration; globalization; human resources; migration policy; nurse migration; return migration