title: Continuously rethinking the definition of influenza for surveillance systems: a Dependent Bayesian Expert System.
abstract: In the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE), influenza was originally defined by a list of 29 and later by a list of 12 diagnosis codes. This article describes a dependent Bayesian procedure designed to improve the ESSENCE system and exploit multiple sources of information without being biased by redundancy.
  
  
  
  We obtained 13,096 cases within the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technological Application electronic medical records that included an influenza laboratory test. A Dependent Bayesian Expert System (D-BESt) was used to predict influenza from diagnoses, symptoms, reason for visit, temperature, month of visit, category of enrollment, and demographics. For each case, D-BESt sequentially selects the most discriminating piece of information, calculates its likelihood ratio conditioned on previously selected information, and updates the case's probability of influenza.
  
  
  
  When the analysis was limited to definitions based on diagnoses and was applied to a sample of patients for whom laboratory tests had been ordered, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for the previous (29-diagnosis) and current (12-diagnosis) ESSENCE lists and the D-BESt algorithm were, respectively, 0.47, 0.36, and 0.77. Including other sources of information further improved the AUC for D-BESt to 0.79. At the best cutoff point for D-BESt, where the receiver operating characteristic curve for D-BESt is farthest from the diagonal line, the D-BESt algorithm correctly classified 84% of cases (specificity = 88%, sensitivity = 62%). In comparison, the current ESSENCE approach of using a list of 12 diagnoses correctly classified only 31% of this sample of cases (specificity = 29%, sensitivity = 42%).
  
  
  
  False alarms in ESSENCE surveillance systems can be reduced if a probabilistic dynamic learning system is used.
authors.affiliation: District of Columbia Veteran Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC (FA)
authors.forename: Farrokh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alemi
authors.affiliation: SciMetrika, LLC, Falls Church, VA (MJA)
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.affiliation: Planned Systems International, Inc., Falls Church, VA (DCP)
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Pattie
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science and Information Systems Center, Washington, DC (MT)
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torii
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance
keywords: algorithm; dependent Bayesian probability models; dynamic case definition; influenza; reduction of false alarms; redundant predictors; robust models; surveillance