title: A tutorial on propensity score estimation for multiple treatments using generalized boosted models.
abstract: The use of propensity scores to control for pretreatment imbalances on observed variables in non-randomized or observational studies examining the causal effects of treatments or interventions has become widespread over the past decade. For settings with two conditions of interest such as a treatment and a control, inverse probability of treatment weighted estimation with propensity scores estimated via boosted models has been shown in simulation studies to yield causal effect estimates with desirable properties. There are tools (e.g., the twang package in R) and guidance for implementing this method with two treatments. However, there is not such guidance for analyses of three or more treatments. The goals of this paper are twofold: (1) to provide step-by-step guidance for researchers who want to implement propensity score weighting for multiple treatments and (2) to propose the use of generalized boosted models (GBM) for estimation of the necessary propensity score weights. We define the causal quantities that may be of interest to studies of multiple treatments and derive weighted estimators of those quantities. We present a detailed plan for using GBM to estimate propensity scores and using those scores to estimate weights and causal effects. We also provide tools for assessing balance and overlap of pretreatment variables among treatment groups in the context of multiple treatments. A case study examining the effects of three treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse demonstrates the methods.
authors.affiliation: The RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. danielm@rand.org
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: Beth Ann
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Almirall
authors.forename: Mary Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramchand
authors.forename: Lane F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Burgette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D057216:Propensity Score; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: GBM; causal effects; causal modeling; inverse probability of treatment weighting; twang