title: A molecular investigative approach to an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Egypt, October 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During October 2010, Egypt reported an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). A total of 1831 cases were reported from three governorates; 1703 cases in El Daqahliya, 92 cases in Port Said, and 36 in Damietta. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the causative agent associated with this outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  The U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.3 (NAMRU-3) was contacted by the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population to perform diagnostic laboratory testing on eighteen conjunctival swabs from patients with conjunctivitis from El Daqahliya Governorate. Conjunctival swabs were tested by molecular methods for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV). Virus isolation was performed; the isolated virus was further characterized by molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the samples (17/18) were positive for enterovirus and all were negative for HAdV. Molecular typing and sequencing of the isolated virus revealed the presence of coxsackievirus A24 variant. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 and 3C regions demonstrated that the Egyptian viruses belonged to Genotype IV and are closely related to coxsackievirus A24 variant, reported in a similar outbreak in China in August 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study strongly suggests that coxsackievirus A24 variant was associated with the acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak reported in Egypt in October 2010. There is a possibility that the same strain of CV-A24v was implicated in the AHC outbreaks in both China and Egypt in 2010.
authors.affiliation: US Naval Medical Research Unit No,3, Cairo, 11517, Egypt. ehab.amir.eg@med.navy.mil
authors.forename: Ehab A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Caroline F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shafik
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: Emad W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Mohareb
authors.forename: Magdy A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Aymen S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Refaey
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genedy
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandeel
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003232:Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny