title: The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CONSORT guidelines call for precise reporting of behavior change interventions: we need rigorous methods of characterizing active content of interventions with precision and specificity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to develop an extensive, consensually agreed hierarchically structured taxonomy of techniques [behavior change techniques (BCTs)] used in behavior change interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a Delphi-type exercise, 14 experts rated labels and definitions of 124 BCTs from six published classification systems. Another 18 experts grouped BCTs according to similarity of active ingredients in an open-sort task. Inter-rater agreement amongst six researchers coding 85 intervention descriptions by BCTs was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This resulted in 93 BCTs clustered into 16 groups. Of the 26 BCTs occurring at least five times, 23 had adjusted kappas of 0.60 or above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  "BCT taxonomy v1," an extensive taxonomy of 93 consensually agreed, distinct BCTs, offers a step change as a method for specifying interventions, but we anticipate further development and evaluation based on international, interdisciplinary consensus.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Outcomes Research Effectiveness, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK. s.michie@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hardeman
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Eccles
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cane
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome