title: Higher levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between small dense LDL cholesterol and cardiac autonomic neuropathy among patients with Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 175 patients who had not taken lipid-lowering agents previously were enrolled consecutively in this study. Small dense LDL cholesterol level was measured using polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis, which fractionates LDL cholesterol into seven components according to particle size and charge. We analysed the mean LDL cholesterol particle size and the proportion of small dense LDL cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (± sd) patient age was 56 (± 14) years, the mean (± sd) duration of diabetes was 10.3 (± 8.3) years, the mean (± sd) proportion of small dense LDL cholesterol was 21.3 (± 17.6)% and the mean (± sd) LDL cholesterol size was 26.33 (± 0.8) nm. Men with cardiac autonomic neuropathy had a longer duration of diabetes compared with those without cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Women with cardiac autonomic neuropathy had a larger waist circumference, higher plasma triglyceride levels, smaller mean (± sd) LDL cholesterol size [26.8 (± 4.3) nm vs 26.4 (± 6.9) nm; P < 0.01] and larger mean (± sd) proportion of small dense LDL cholesterol [10.1 (± 9.9)% vs 19.1 (± 16.8)%; P < 0.01] compared with those without cardiac autonomic neuropathy. After adjusting for other confounding risk factors, the triglyceride/ HDL cholesterol ratio (odds ratio = 1.698, 95% CI: 1.07-2.69; P = 0.025) and mean LDL cholesterol size (odds ratio = 0.873, 95% CI: 0.77-0.99; P = 0.038) remained as independent risk factors for cardiac autonomic neuropathy in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more atherogenic lipid profile such as the triglyceride: HDL cholesterol ratio and a smaller mean LDL cholesterol particle size were related to the prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in women with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: E-H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Y-M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: M-K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides