title: Organizational culture in the primary healthcare setting of Cyprus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of organizational culture is important in understanding the behaviour of individuals in organizations as they manage external demands and internal social changes. Cyprus healthcare system is under restructuring and soon a new healthcare scheme will be implemented starting at the Primary Healthcare (PHC) level. The aim of the study was to investigate the underlying culture encountered in the PHC setting of Cyprus and to identify possible differences in desired and prevailing cultures among healthcare professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population of the study included all general practitioners (GPs) and nursing staff working at the 42 PHC centres throughout the island. The shortened version of the Organizational Culture Profile questionnaire comprising 28 statements on organizational values was used in the study. The instrument was already translated and validated in Greek and cross-cultural adaptation was performed. Participants were required to indicate the organization's characteristic cultural values orientation along a five-point Likert scale ranging from "Very Much = 1" to "Not at all= 5". Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0. Student t-test was used to compare means between two groups of variables whereas for more than two groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the total of 306 healthcare professionals, 223 participated in the study (72.9%). The majority of participants were women (75.3%) and mean age was 42.6 ± 10.7 years. Culture dimension "performance orientation" was the desired culture among healthcare professionals (mean: 1.39 ± 0.45). "Supportiveness" and "social responsibility" were the main cultures encountered in PHC (means: 2.37 ± 0.80, 2.38 ± 0.83). Statistical significant differences were identified between desired and prevailing cultures for all culture dimensions (p= 0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first study performed in Cyprus assessing organizational culture in the PHC setting. In the forthcoming health system reform, healthcare professionals will face challenges both at organizational level and professional status. Results of the study can serve as background knowledge for leaders and policy makers who seek interventions to improve performance before the implementation of a new national healthcare scheme.
authors.affiliation: Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. andthe@cytanet.com.cy
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zachariadou
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zannetos
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003535:Cyprus; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008875:Middle Aged; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D012945:Social Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management