title: Prediction of invasive candidal infection in critically ill patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with severe acute pancreatitis are at risk of candidal infections carrying the potential risk of an increase in mortality. Since early diagnosis is problematic, several clinical risk scores have been developed to identify patients at risk. Such patients may benefit from prophylactic antifungal therapy while those patients who have a low risk of infection may not benefit and may be harmed. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and discrimination of existing risk scores for invasive candidal infections in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted with severe acute pancreatitis to the intensive care unit were analysed. Outcomes and risk factors of admissions with and without candidal infection were compared. Accuracy and discrimination of three existing risk scores for the development of invasive candidal infection (Candida score, Candida Colonisation Index Score and the Invasive Candidiasis Score) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 101 patients were identified from 2003 to 2011 and 18 (17.8%) of these developed candidal infection. Thirty patients died, giving an overall hospital mortality of 29.7%. Hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with candidal infection (55.6% compared to 24.1%, P=0.02). Candida colonisation was associated with subsequent candidal infection on multivariate analysis. The Candida Colonisation Index Score was the most accurate test, with specificity of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68 to 0.88), sensitivity of 0.67 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.87), negative predictive value of 0.91 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.97) and a positive likelihood ratio of 3.2 (95% CI 1.9 to 5.5). The Candida Colonisation Index Score showed the best discrimination with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study the Candida Colonisation Index Score was the most accurate and discriminative test at identifying which patients with severe acute pancreatitis are at risk of developing candidal infection. However its low sensitivity may limit its clinical usefulness.
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Lee A L
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renton
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Halloran
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hampshire
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058365:Candidiasis, Invasive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index