title: Prevalence of renal and hepatobiliary disease, laboratory abnormalities, and potentially toxic medication exposures among persons with COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of renal and hepatic disease, related laboratory abnormalities, and potentially hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic medication use in a population-based cohort of persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective case-control cohort analysis of COPD patients enrolled in one regional health system for at least 12 months during a 36-month study period (n = 2284). Each COPD patient was matched by age and gender to up to three persons not diagnosed with COPD (n = 5959).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age for cases and controls was 70.3 years, and 52.5% were women. The COPD cohort had significantly higher prevalences (cases/100) of acute, chronic, and unspecified renal failure as compared with controls (1.40 versus 0.59, 2.89 versus 0.79, and 1.09 versus 0.44, respectively). Among the cases, 31.3% had at least one renal or urinary tract diagnosis during the study period, as compared with 21.1% of controls. COPD cases also had more gallbladder disease (2.76 versus 1.63) and pancreatic disease (1.40 versus 0.60), but not hepatic disease. COPD patients were more likely to have at least one serum creatinine level (5.1 versus 2.1) or liver aspartate aminotransferase level (4.5 versus 2.7) that was more than twice the upper limit of normal. COPD patients had prescription fills for an average of 17.6 potentially nephrotoxic and 27.4 hepatotoxic drugs during the study period, as compared with 13.6 and 19.9 for the controls (P value for all comparisons < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD patients have a substantially increased prevalence of renal, gallbladder, and pancreatic diseases, as well as abnormal renal and hepatic laboratory values, but not diagnosed liver disease. COPD patients are also more likely to be prescribed medications with potentially toxic renal or hepatic side effects.
authors.affiliation: Lovelace Clinic Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, NM 87106-4264, USA. dmapel@comcast.net
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mapel
authors.forename: Jenõ P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Marton
mesh_terms: D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases
keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; epidemiology; health care utilization; kidney diseases; liver diseases; toxicology