title: Certified reference materials and reference methods for nuclear safeguards and security.
abstract: Confidence in comparability and reliability of measurement results in nuclear material and environmental sample analysis are established via certified reference materials (CRMs), reference measurements, and inter-laboratory comparisons (ILCs). Increased needs for quality control tools in proliferation resistance, environmental sample analysis, development of measurement capabilities over the years and progress in modern analytical techniques are the main reasons for the development of new reference materials and reference methods for nuclear safeguards and security. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) prepares and certifices large quantities of the so-called "large-sized dried" (LSD) spikes for accurate measurement of the uranium and plutonium content in dissolved nuclear fuel solutions by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and also develops particle reference materials applied for the detection of nuclear signatures in environmental samples. IRMM is currently replacing some of its exhausted stocks of CRMs with new ones whose specifications are up-to-date and tailored for the demands of modern analytical techniques. Some of the existing materials will be re-measured to improve the uncertainties associated with their certified values, and to enable laboratories to reduce their combined measurement uncertainty. Safeguards involve the quantitative verification by independent measurements so that no nuclear material is diverted from its intended peaceful use. Safeguards authorities pay particular attention to plutonium and the uranium isotope (235)U, indicating the so-called 'enrichment', in nuclear material and in environmental samples. In addition to the verification of the major ratios, n((235)U)/n((238)U) and n((240)Pu)/n((239)Pu), the minor ratios of the less abundant uranium and plutonium isotopes contain valuable information about the origin and the 'history' of material used for commercial or possibly clandestine purposes, and have therefore reached high level of attention for safeguards authorities. Furthermore, IRMM initiated and coordinated the development of a Modified Total Evaporation (MTE) technique for accurate abundance ratio measurements of the "minor" isotope-amount ratios of uranium and plutonium in nuclear material and, in combination with a multi-dynamic measurement technique and filament carburization, in environmental samples. Currently IRMM is engaged in a study on the development of plutonium reference materials for "age dating", i.e. determination of the time elapsed since the last separation of plutonium from its daughter nuclides. The decay of a radioactive parent isotope and the build-up of a corresponding amount of daughter nuclide serve as chronometer to calculate the age of a nuclear material. There are no such certified reference materials available yet.
authors.affiliation: European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium. Electronic address: rozle.jakopic@ec.europa.eu.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakopič
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraiem
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aregbe
mesh_terms: D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D011005:Plutonium / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014501:Uranium; D011005:Plutonium
keywords: Age dating; Certified reference materials; IDMS; Nuclear safeguards and security; Quality control; Traceability