title: Motivational interviewing to enhance nicotine patch treatment for smoking cessation among homeless smokers: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of adding motivational interviewing (MI) counseling to nicotine patch for smoking cessation among homeless smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-group randomized controlled trial with 26-week follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 430 homeless smokers from emergency shelters and transitional housing units in Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants received 8-week treatment of 21-mg nicotine patch. In addition, participants in the intervention group received six individual sessions of MI counseling which aimed to increase adherence to nicotine patches and to motivate cessation. Participants in the standard care control group received one session of brief advice to quit smoking. Primary outcome was 7-day abstinence from cigarette smoking at 26 weeks, as validated by exhaled carbon monoxide and salivary cotinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using intention-to-treat analysis, verified 7-day abstinence rate at week 26 for the intervention group was non-significantly higher than for the control group (9.3% versus 5.6%, P = 0.15). Among participants who did not quit smoking, reduction in number of cigarettes from baseline to week 26 was equally high in both study groups (-13.7 ± 11.9 for MI versus -13.5 ± 16.2 for standard care).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding motivational interviewing counseling to nicotine patch did not increase smoking rate significantly at 26-week follow-up for homeless smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA. kokuyemi@umn.edu
authors.forename: Kolawole S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Okuyemi
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goldade
authors.forename: Guy-Lucien
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Whembolua
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eischen
authors.forename: Barrett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sewali
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Connett
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Jasjit S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gelberg
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016903:Drug Monitoring