title: Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic suspension and biofilm phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antibacterial efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous ethanolic extracts of O. sanctum, C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum against E. faecalis at various time intervals was assessed using the agar well diffusion test, microdilution test and biofilm susceptibility assay (BSA) on cellulose nitrate membrane as well as in a tooth model. NaOCl was used as the positive control. Distilled water was used as negative control for agar diffusion and microdilution tests and phosphate-buffered saline for the BSA. The results of the agar diffusion test were analysed statistically using anova and Tukey's tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum exhibited minimum bactericidal concentration at 10%, 10% and 40%, respectively. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum, O. sanctum and NaOCl showed complete bacterial inhibition in planktonic form after exposure of 30, 15, 35 and 1 min, respectively. In BSA on cellulose nitrate membrane, NaOCl was associated with complete bacterial inhibition after contact of 2 min, whilst 10% C. zeylanicum, 10% S. aromaticum and 40% O. sanctum showed cessation of growth after 12, 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results of BSA on tooth model were similar except for O. sanctum, which was not included in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cinnamomum zeylanicum, S. aromaticum and O. sanctum demonstrated antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of E. faecalis with C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum having better antimicrobial efficacy than O. sanctum. NaOCl had superior antimicrobial efficacy amongst all the groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duhan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangwan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saini
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002935:Cinnamomum zeylanicum; D003101:Collodion; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D031339:Ocimum; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D027842:Syzygium; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010936:Plant Extracts; D003101:Collodion; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Enterococcus faecalis; Ocimum sanctum; Syzygium aromaticum; antimicrobial activity