title: Integrated analysis of COX-2 and iNOS derived inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages pre-exposed to Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen extract.
abstract: Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in disease development. This study intended to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen to support its claimed health beneficial effects. The hydromethanol extract efficiently scavenged nitric oxide ((•)NO) although against superoxide (O2(•-)) it behaved as antioxidant at lower concentrations and as pro-oxidant at higher concentrations. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The levels of (•)NO and L-citrulline decreased for all extract concentrations tested, while the levels of prostaglandins, their metabolites and isoprostanes, evaluated by UPLC-MS, decreased with low extract concentrations. So, E. plantagineum bee pollen extract can exert anti-inflammatory activity by reducing (•)NO and prostaglandins. The extract is able to scavenge the reactive species (•)NO and O2(•-) and reduce markers of oxidative stress in cells at low concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eduarda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moita
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil-Izquierdo
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreres
authors.forename: Luís R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valentão
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Perles
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baenas
authors.forename: Paula B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D002460:Cell Line; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D036661:Echium / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D013481:Superoxides; D002956:Citrulline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2