title: Perceived control and sleep in hospitalized older adults: a sound hypothesis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between perceived control over sleep, noise levels, sleep duration, and noise complaints in a cohort of hospitalized adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General medicine ward in an academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighteen hospitalized patients age 50 years and over (mean age, 65 years; 57% female; 67% African American).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep duration was measured via wrist actigraphy, and noise levels in patient rooms were measured via sound monitors. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sleep characteristics at baseline and sleep quality for each night. Perceived control over sleep was measured at baseline using the Sleep Self-Efficacy (SSE) scale (range 9-45).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean SSE score was 32.1 (standard deviation, 9.4), and the median score was 34 (interquartile range, 24-41). Average sleep duration for patients in the hospital was 333 minutes (5.5 hours). Forty-two percent of patients complained of noise disrupting their sleep. Linear regression clustered by subject showed that above median SSE was associated with longer sleep duration (+55 minutes 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14, 97; P = 0.010). This association remained significant after controlling for objective noise levels and patient demographics (+50 minutes 95% CI: 11, 90; P = 0.014). In logistic regression controlling for noise level and patient demographics, those patients with high SSE were 51% less likely to complain of noise disruptions (odds ratio: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.96; P = 0.039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher perceived control over sleep is associated with longer sleep duration, better sleep quality, and fewer reports of noise disruptions. In addition to noise control, interventions to boost perceived control may improve in-hospital sleep.
authors.affiliation: Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Staisiunas
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beveridge
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: Vineet M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*