title: In vitro evaluation of cellular responses induced by ZnO nanoparticles, zinc ions and bulk ZnO in fish cells.
abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are inevitably released into the environment and are potentially dangerous for aquatic life. However, the potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity of zinc nanoparticles remain unclear. Studying the toxicity of ZnO-NPs with In vitro systems will help to determine their interactions with cellular biomolecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potentials of ZnO-NPs in established fish cell lines (RTG-2, RTH-149 and RTL-W1) and compare them with those of bulk ZnO and Zn(2+) ions. Membrane function (CFDA-AM assay), mitochondrial function (MTT assay), cell growth (KBP assay), cellular stress (β-galactosidase assay), reductase enzyme activity (AB assay), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione cellular content (tGSH assay) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were assessed for all cell lines. ZnO-NPs cytotoxicity was greater than those of bulk ZnO and Zn(2+). ZnO-NPs induced oxidative stress is dependent on their dose. Low cost tests, such as CFDA-AM, ROS, GST activity and tGSH cell content test that use fish cell lines, may be used to detect oxidative stress and redox status changes. Particle dissolution of the ZnO-NPs did not appear to play an important role in the observed toxicity in this study.
authors.affiliation: INIA, Department of Environment, Madrid, Spain. mdfernandez@inia.es
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Gómez
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Babín
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005399:Fishes; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D005978:Glutathione; D015032:Zinc; D015034:Zinc Oxide