title: Endovascular stent placement for nutcracker phenomenon.
abstract: The nutcracker syndrome is a rare clinic condition associated with severe hematuria and left flank pain due to the entrapment of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Its diagnostic criteria are not well defined, often causing delayed or misdiagnosis. Although surgical repair has been the standard of care, more recently endovascular stenting of the renal vein has been proposed. We presented six patients (aged 7 to 31 years old; median age, 16.5 years old) with nutcracker syndrome who were endovascularly managed from June 2002 to July 2011. All patients underwent laboratory test and computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound examination before and after endovascular procedures. Self-expandable stents were successfully placed in all cases. The diameter of the left renal vein at aorto-superior mesenteric artery portion significantly increased from 1.88 ± 0.95 mm pre-procedure to 5.24 ± 0.61 mm post-procedure (p< 0.01). Left renal vein pressure significantly decreased from 11.00 ± 4.34 mmHg pre-procedure to 6.00 ± 2.55 mmHg post-procedure (p< 0.01). Severe gross hematuria completely subsided within 2 months to 6 months and left flank pain completely subsided within 7 days to 1 month after treatment. Endovascular therapy provides an alternative therapy with satisfactory long-term clinical and imaging results for symptomatic patients with nutcracker syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiangzhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Guihua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D059228:Renal Nutcracker Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000652:urine; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome