title: Positive and Negative Affect in Clinic-Referred Youth With ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine self-reported positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) among youth with ADHD (only and comorbid) and other non-ADHD-referred youth in an ethnically diverse clinical sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews identified 80 pure ADHD, 284 ADHD plus one or more comorbidities, and 730 non-ADHD youth (e.g., other diagnoses or no diagnosis). The Positive and Negative Affect Scale-Children (PANAS-C) was used to assess affective states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even after controlling for the influence of potential confounds, youth with only ADHD reported higher PA and lower NA than other clinic-referred youth. The ADHD-comorbid group reported higher PA than the "non-ADHD" group, but these groups did not differ on level of NA. ADHD subtype did not influence results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among clinic-referred youth, ADHD is associated with higher levels of PA and when there are no comorbid disorders, lower levels of NA.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okado
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA cmueller@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Brad J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests
keywords: ADHD; comorbidity; negative affect; positive affect