title: Maternal HIV infection and other factors associated with growth outcomes of HIV-uninfected infants in Entebbe, Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the associations between maternal HIV infection and growth outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected infants and to identify other predictors for poor growth among this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a trial of de-worming during pregnancy, the cohort of offspring was followed from birth. HIV status of the mothers and their children was investigated and growth data for children were obtained at age 1 year. Length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores were calculated for each child; Z-scores ,22 were defined as stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Entebbe municipality and Katabi subcounty, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1502 children aged 1 year: HIV-unexposed (n 1380) and HIV-exposed not infected (n 122).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 14.2%, 8.0% and 3.9%, respectively. There was evidence for an association between maternal HIV infection and odds of being underweight (adjusted OR52.32; 95% CI 1.32, 4.09; P=0.006) but no evidence for an association with stunting or with wasting. Young maternal age, low maternal education, low birth weight, early weaning and experiencing a higher number of episodes of malaria during infancy were independent predictors for stunting and underweight. A higher number of living children in the family was associated with wasting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal HIV infection was associated with being underweight in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. The success of programmes for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission means that an increasing number of infants will be born to HIV-infected women without acquiring HIV. Therefore, viable nutritional interventions need to be identified for this population.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Plot 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, Uganda. Lawrence.Muhangi@mrcuganda.org
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muhangi
authors.forename: Swaib A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lule
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mpairwe
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndibazza
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizza
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nampijja
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakazibwe
authors.forename: Macklyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kihembo
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D014886:Weaning; D055815:Young Adult