title: Drug provocation tests in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypersensitivity reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most frequently reported reaction to drugs. They can be induced by pharmacological mechanisms (cyclooxygenase inhibition), with patients classified as cross-intolerant (CI), or by specific immunological mechanisms, IgE or T cell, with patients classified as selective reactors (SR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse a large group of children with a history of NSAID hypersensitivity diagnosed by drug provocation test (DPT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 63 children with a history of NSAID hypersensitivity were evaluated by DPT. The children were classified as CI or SR depending on the acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) response in DPT. The atopic status was also assessed by prick tests and total IgE in serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using DPT, 68.2% were confirmed as having hypersensitivity, 58.1% classified as CI and 41.9% as SR. Of the 119 DPT performed, 73 were positive (53.4% to ibuprofen, 37% to ASA, 8.2% to metamizol and 14% to paracetamol); angio-oedema was present in 86.3% of cases. All CI cases tolerated the administration of paracetamol. A significant number of the CI children were atopic compared with the SR children and non-allergic controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these children, CI hypersensitivity to NSAIDs was the most frequent type of hypersensitivity reaction. Ibuprofen was the drug most often involved, angio-oedema the most common entity, and frequently associated with atopy. DPT proved a safe approach for diagnosing these patients.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zambonino
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Candelaria
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Requena
authors.forename: Cristobalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mayorga
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Posadas
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urda
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanca
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Corzo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007159:Immunologic Tests; D007223:Infant; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D007073:Immunoglobulin E