title: Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of alpha-[F-18]fluoromethyl phenylalanine for brain tumor imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiolabeled amino acids have proven utility for imaging brain tumors in humans, particularly those that target system L amino acid transport. We have prepared the novel phenylalanine analogue, (FMePhe, 9), as part of an effort to develop new system L tracers that can be prepared in high radiochemical yield through nucleophilic [(18)F]fluorination. The tumor imaging properties of both enantiomers of this new tracer were evaluated through cell uptake, biodistribution and microPET studies in the mouse DBT model of high grade glioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The non-radioactive form of 9 and the cyclic sulfamidate labeling precursor were prepared from commercially available racemic α-benzylserine. Racemic [(18)F]9 was prepared from the labeling precursor in two steps using standard[(18)F]fluoride nucleophilic reaction conditions followed by acidic deprotection. The individual enantiomers [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b were isolated using preparative chiral HPLC. In vitro uptake inhibition assays were performed with each enantiomer using DBT cells. Biodistribution and microPET/CT studies were performed with each enantiomer in male BALB/c mice at approximately 2 weeks after implantation of DBT tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiolabeling of the cyclic sulfamidate precursor 5 provides racemic [(18)F]9 in high radiochemical yield (60%-70%, n=4) and high radiochemical purity (>96%, n=4). In vitro uptake assays demonstrate that both [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b undergo tumor cell uptake through system L transport. The biodistribution studies using the single enantiomers [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b demonstrated good tumor uptake with lower uptake in most normal tissues, and [(18)F]9a had higher tumor uptake than [(18)F]9b. MicroPET imaging demonstrated good tumor visualization within 10 min of injection, rapid uptake of radioactivity, and tumor to brain ratios of approximately 6:1 at 60 min postinjection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel PET tracer, [(18)F]FMePhe, is readily synthesized in good yield from a cyclic sulfamidate precursor. Biodistribution and microPET studies in the DBT model demonstrate good tumor to tissue ratios and tumor visualization, with enantiomer [(18)F]9a having higher tumor uptake. However, the brain availability of both enantiomers was lower than expected for system L substrates, suggesting the [(18)F]fluorine group in the β-position affects uptake of these compounds by system L transporters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8223, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Chaofeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McConathy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011854:Radiochemistry; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
chemical_list: C531055:2-fluoromethylphenylalanine; D010649:Phenylalanine