title: Volitional determinants and age-related decline in fecundability: a general population prospective cohort study in Denmark.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the natural decline in fecundability by age and assess the effect of selected volitional factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of women attempting conception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,820 women without infertility, trying to conceive for less than 3 cycles at study entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fecundability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age had little effect on fecundability except for women 35-40 years, for whom it was 0.77 relative to women aged 20-24 years. Male age showed a similar but smaller decrease, declining to 0.95 for men aged 35-39 years. The effect of age differed for parous and nulliparous women, with the latter experiencing much stronger age-related declines relative to fecundability at age 20 years. Frequency of intercourse, use of nonhormonal birth control as the last method, and timing of intercourse, each had small effects on fecundability. Women who were in the high-fecundability categories for all three of these volitional factors had an estimated probability of conceiving of 88% (95% confidence interval 83%-93%). Unlike age, these factors represent individual choices that together can offset some of the age-related decline in fecundability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fecundability peaks around age 30 years, slightly earlier for nulliparous than for parous women, and then declines. The decline with age is more modest for men. Couples will experience a compounded effect of their separate age-related declines. At age 40 years, a couple's fecundability would be approximately half of what it was at age 30 years, but some of this decline can be counteracted by volitional factors affecting conception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. krothman@bu.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Henrik T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Anders H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Riis
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hatch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003075:Coitus; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014836:Volition; D055815:Young Adult