title: Income-related inequalities and inequities in health and health care utilization in Mexico, 2000-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure income-related inequalities and inequities in the distribution of health and health care utilization in Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Health Survey (NHS) 2000 and the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) 2006 were used to estimate concentration indices for health outcomes and health care utilization variables before and after standardization. The study analyzed 110 460 individuals 18 years or older for NHS 2000 and 124 149 individuals for NHNS 2006. Health status variables were self-assessed health, physical limitations, and chronic illness. Health care utilization included curative visits and dental, hospital, and preventive care. Individuals were ranked by three standard-of-living measures: household income, wealth, and expenditure. Other independent variables were area of residence, geographic region, education, employment, ethnicity, and health insurance. Decomposition analysis allowed for assessing the contributions of independent variables to the distribution of health care among individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The worse-off population reports less good self-assessed health and more physical limitations, whereas better-off individuals report more chronic illnesses. Utilization of curative visits and hospitalization is more concentrated among the better-off population. No significant changes in these results can be established between 2000 and 2006. According to available evidence, standard of living, health insurance, and education largely contribute to the inequitable distribution of health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvements in health care utilization patterns, income-related health and health care inequities prevail. Equity remains a challenge for Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Dirección de Finanzas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. mbarrazall@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barraza-Lloréns
authors.forename: Giota
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panopoulou
authors.forename: Beatriz Yadira
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Díaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult