title: Anti-biofilm and anti-adherence activity of Glm-U inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravascular catheters and urinary catheters are an important source of hospital-acquired infections. Many microorganisms colonize indwelling catheters, including central venous catheters (CVCs) forming biofilms and cause infections that are difficult to treat. Although various methods have been employed to reduce biofilms, enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis could provide novel targets for the development of anti-biofilm agents. N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GlmU) is an essential enzyme in aminosugars metabolism and catalyzes the formation of uridine-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an important precursor in the peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Previous study has been conducted on the anti-biofilm effect of GlmU inhibitors such as N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) and NEM analogs along with a cationic polypeptide protamine sulfate (PS), which enhanced its anti-biofilm activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed at finding the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) and protamine sulfate (PS) on the biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp. isolated from cases of catheter-associated UTI as well as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to enhance the activity of NEM and to develop a broad-spectrum anti-microbial composition, NEM (50 μg/ml) was combined with protamine sulfate (50 μg/ml) and tested for anti-biofilm activity using a standard quantitative biofilm assay method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was observed that NEM had no effect on the biofilm produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as by Enterococcus spp. NEM also caused a significant decrease in biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus while it had no effect on the biofilm produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae. There was a significant synergistic inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae remained unaffected. Combination of GlmU inhibitor-plus-protamine sulfate failed to significantly reduce bacterial adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae to catheter and cannula pieces, respectively. We found that the GlmU inhibitor was mainly effective in preventing the adherence and biofilm formation by gram-positive organisms. The combination of NEM and protamine sulfate may, therefore, be tried as anti-infective coatings for medical devices such as catheters and cannulas, and thus help in overcoming microbial resistance in the current era of increasing device-associated hospital infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India. ethel.suman@manipal.edu
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suman
authors.forename: Sushma Janet
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: D'souza
authors.forename: Pyari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sushruth
authors.forename: M Shashidhar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kotian
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005033:Ethylmaleimide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009713:Nucleotidyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009713:Nucleotidyltransferases; C023226:UDPacetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase; D005033:Ethylmaleimide