title: Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation growth is sensitive to lunisolar tidal acceleration and may also be weakly correlated with geomagnetic variations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Correlative evidence suggests a relationship between the lunisolar tidal acceleration and the elongation rate of arabidopsis roots grown under free-running conditions of constant low light.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown in a controlled-climate chamber maintained at a constant temperature and subjected to continuous low-level illumination from fluorescent tubes, conditions that approximate to a 'free-running' state in which most of the abiotic factors that entrain root growth rates are excluded. Elongation of evenly spaced, vertical primary roots was recorded continuously over periods of up to 14 d using high temporal- and spatial-resolution video imaging and were analysed in conjunction with geophysical variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the lunisolar tidal/root elongation relationship. Also presented are relationships between the hourly elongation rates and the contemporaneous variations in geomagnetic activity, as evaluated from the disturbance storm time and ap indices. On the basis of time series of root elongation rates that extend over ≥4 d and recorded at different seasons of the year, a provisional conclusion is that root elongation responds to variation in the lunisolar force and also appears to adjust in accordance with variations in the geomagnetic field. Thus, both lunisolar tidal acceleration and the geomagnetic field should be considered as modulators of root growth rate, alongside other, stronger and more well-known abiotic environmental regulators, and perhaps unexplored factors such as air ions. Major changes in atmospheric pressure are not considered to be a factor contributing to oscillations of root elongation rate.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. p.w.barlow@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisahn
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yazdanbakhsh
authors.forename: Thiago A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Khabarova
authors.forename: Cristiano M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gallep
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D018522:Gravitropism; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D016081:Moon; D010507:Periodicity; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D016082:Solar System; D055871:Tidal Waves; D013997:Time Factors