title: The effects of cell phone conversations on the attention and memory of bystanders.
abstract: The pervasive use of cell phones impacts many people-both cell phone users and bystanders exposed to conversations. This study examined the effects of overhearing a one-sided (cell phone) conversation versus a two-sided conversation on attention and memory. In our realistic design, participants were led to believe they were participating in a study examining the relationship between anagrams and reading comprehension. While the participant was completing an anagram task, the researcher left the room and participants overheard a scripted conversation, either two confederates talking with each other or one confederate talking on a cell phone. Upon the researcher's return, the participant took a recognition memory task with words from the conversation, and completed a questionnaire measuring the distracting nature of the conversation. Participants who overheard the one-sided conversation rated the conversation as significantly higher in distractibility than those who overheard the two-sided conversation. Also, participants in the one-sided condition scored higher on the recognition task. In particular they were more confident and accurate in their responses to words from the conversation than participants in the two-sided condition. However, participants' scores on the anagram task were not significantly different between conditions. As in real world situations, individual participants could pay varying amounts of attention to the conversation since they were not explicitly instructed to ignore it. Even though the conversation was irrelevant to the anagram task and contained less words and noise, one-sided conversations still impacted participants' self-reported distractibility and memory, thus showing people are more attentive to cell phone conversations than two-sided conversations. Cell phone conversations may be a common source of distraction causing negative consequences in workplace environments and other public places.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America. vgalvan@sandiego.edu
authors.forename: Veronica V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: Rosa S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vessal
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Golley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D040421:Cell Phone; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult