title: Use of self-administered instruments to assess psychiatric disorders in older people: validity of the General Health Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the self-completion version of the revised Clinical Interview Schedule.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of depressive disorder using interviewer-administered instruments is expensive and frequently impractical in large epidemiological surveys. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of three self-completion measures of depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders in older people against an interviewer-administered instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample stratified by sex, age and social position was selected from the Whitehall II study participants. This sample was supplemented by inclusion of depressed Whitehall II participants. Depressive disorder and other mental disorders were assessed by the interviewer-administered structured revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) in 277 participants aged 58-80 years. Participants also completed a computerized self-completion version of the CIS-R in addition to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total score was similar for the interviewer-administered (4.43) and self-completion (4.35) versions of the CIS-R [95% confidence interval (CI) for difference -0.31 to 0.16]. Differences were not related to sex, age, social position or presence of chronic physical illness. Sensitivity/specificity of self-completion CIS-R was 74%/98% for any mental disorder and 75%/98% for depressive episode. The corresponding figures were 86%/87% and 78%/83% for GHQ and 77%/89% and 89%/86% for CES-D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-completion computerized version of the CIS-R is feasible and has good validity as a measure of any mental disorder and depression in people aged ≥ 60 years. GHQ and CES-D also have good criterion validity as measures of any mental disorder and depressive disorder respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stansfeld
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ebmeier
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*