title: Radiation protection in dental X-ray surgeries--still rooms for improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the authors' experience in the provision of radiation protection adviser (RPA)/medical physics expert (MPE) services and critical examination/radiation quality assurance (QA) testing, to demonstrate any continuing variability of the compliance of X-ray sets with existing guidance and of compliance of dental practices with existing legislation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected from a series of critical examination and routine three-yearly radiation QA tests on 915 intra-oral X-ray sets and 124 panoramic sets. Data are the result of direct measurements on the sets, made using a traceably calibrated Unfors Xi meter. The testing covered the measurement of peak kilovoltage (kVp); filtration; timer accuracy and consistency; X-ray beam size; and radiation output, measured as the entrance surface dose in milliGray (mGy) for intra-oral sets and dose-area product (DAP), measured in mGy.cm(2) for panoramic sets. Physical checks, including mechanical stability, were also included as part of the testing process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Health and Safety Executive has expressed concern about the poor standards of compliance with the regulations during inspections at dental practices. Thirty-five percent of intra-oral sets exceeded the UK adult diagnostic reference level on at least one setting, as did 61% of those with child dose settings. There is a clear advantage of digital radiography and rectangular collimation in dose terms, with the mean dose from digital sets 59% that of film-based sets and a rectangular collimator 76% that of circular collimators. The data shows the unrealised potential for dose saving in many digital sets and also marked differences in dose between sets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provision of radiation protection advice to over 150 general dental practitioners raised a number of issues on the design of surgeries with X-ray equipment and critical examination testing. There is also considerable variation in advice given on the need (or lack of need) for room shielding. Where no radiation protection adviser (RPA) or medical physics expert (MPE) appointment has been made, there is often a very low level of compliance with legislative requirements. The active involvement of an RPA/MPE and continuing education on radiation protection issues has the potential to reduce radiation doses significantly further in many dental practices.
authors.affiliation: YourRPA - Independent Radiation and Laser Protection Adviser, 96 Sefton Road, Morecambe, Lancashire, LA3 1UD.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dugdale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D054976:Clinical Governance / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D003770:Dental Offices / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005374:Filtration; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom; D014962:X-Ray Film / Q000592:standards; D014965:X-Rays