title: Reciprocity between depressive symptoms and physical limitations pre- and postretirement: exploring racial differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses (a) the reciprocity between mental and physical health pre- and postretirement, and (b) the extent to which these associations vary by race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the 1994 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses based on structural equation modeling reveal that depression and physical health exert reciprocal effects for Whites pre- and postretirement. For Blacks preretirement, physical limitations predict changes in depression but there is no evidence of the reverse association. Further, the association between physical limitations and changes in depressive symptoms among Blacks is no longer significant after retirement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transition into retirement alleviates the translation of physical limitations into depressive symptoms for Blacks only. The findings underscore the relevance of retirement for reciprocity between mental and physical health and suggest that the health implications associated with this life course transition vary by race.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-5020, USA. mgayman@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gayman
authors.forename: Manacy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Ben Lennox
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kail
authors.forename: Miles G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: health; race; retirement