title: Non-motile primary cilia as fluid shear stress mechanosensors.
abstract: Primary cilia are sensory organelles that transmit extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical responses. Structural and functional defects in primary cilia are associated with a group of human diseases, known as ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from cystic kidney and obesity to blindness and mental retardation. Primary cilia mediate mechano- and chemosensation in many cell types. The mechanosensory function of the primary cilia requires the atypical G-protein-coupled receptor polycystin-1 and the calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel polycystin-2. Mechanical stimulations such as fluid-shear stress of the primary cilia initiate intracellular calcium rise, nitric oxide release, and protein modifications. In this review, we describe a set of protocols for cell culture to promote ciliation, mechanical stimulations of the primary cilia, and measurements of calcium rise and nitric oxide release induced by fluid shear stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA. surya.nauli@utoledo.edu
authors.forename: Surya M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nauli
authors.forename: Xingjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Wissam A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: AbouAlaiwi
authors.forename: Wassim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Jouni
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D050396:TRPP Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D050396:TRPP Cation Channels