title: Robotic surgical simulation.
abstract: Robotic surgery has undergone exponential growth and has ever developing utilization. The explosion of new technologies and regulation have led to challenges in training surgeons who desire this skill set. We review the current state of robotic simulation and incorporation of simulation into surgical training curricula. In addition to the literature review, results of a questionnaire survey study of 21 expert and novice surgeons attending a Urologic Robotic Oncology conference using 3 different robotic skill simulation devices are discussed. An increasing number of robotic surgery simulators have had some degree of validation study of their use in surgical education curricula and proficiency testing. Although simulators are advantageous, confirmation of construct and predictive validity of robotic simulators and their reliability as a training tool will be necessary before they are integrated into the surgical credentialing process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liss
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003406:Credentialing; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface