title: Hospital fall prevention: a systematic review of implementation, components, adherence, and effectiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically document the implementation, components, comparators, adherence, and effectiveness of published fall prevention approaches in U.S. acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review. Studies were identified through existing reviews, searching five electronic databases, screening reference lists, and contacting topic experts for studies published through August 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. acute care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies reporting in-hospital falls for intervention groups and concurrent (e.g., controlled trials) or historic comparators (e.g., before-after studies).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fall prevention interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence rate ratios (IRR, ratio of fall rate postintervention or treatment group to the fall rate preintervention or control group) and ratings of study details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Implementation strategies were sparsely documented (17% not at all) and included staff education, establishing committees, seeking leadership support, and occasionally continuous quality improvement techniques. Most interventions (81%) included multiple components (e.g., risk assessments (often not validated), visual risk alerts, patient education, care rounds, bed-exit alarms, and postfall evaluations). Fifty-four percent did not report on fall prevention measures applied in the comparison group, and 39% neither reported fidelity data nor described adherence strategies such as regular audits and feedback to ensure completion of care processes. Only 45% of concurrent and 15% of historic control studies reported sufficient data to compare fall rates. The pooled postintervention incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 0.77 (95% confidence interval = 0.52-1.12, P = .17; eight studies; I(2) : 94%). Meta-regressions showed no systematic association between implementation intensity, intervention complexity, comparator information, or adherence levels and IRR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Promising approaches exist, but better reporting of outcomes, implementation, adherence, intervention components, and comparison group information is necessary to establish evidence on how hospitals can successfully prevent falls.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407, USA. susanne_hempel@rand.org
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: Sydne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newberry
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanman
authors.forename: Breanne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shier
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ganz
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States