title: 4-corner arthrodesis and proximal row carpectomy: a biomechanical comparison of wrist motion and tendon forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy exists as to whether a proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is a better procedure than scaphoid excision with 4-corner arthrodesis for preserving motion in the painful posttraumatic arthritic wrist. The purpose of this study was to determine how the kinematics and tendon forces of the wrist are altered after PRC and 4-corner arthrodesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 6 fresh cadaver forearms for the extremes of wrist motion and then used a wrist simulator to move them through 4 cyclic dynamic wrist motions, during which time we continuously recorded the tendon forces. We repeated the extremes of wrist motion measurements and the dynamic motions after scaphoid excision with 4-corner arthrodesis, and then again after PRC. We analyzed extremes of wrist motion and the peak tendon forces required for each dynamic motion using a repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrist extremes of motion significantly decreased after both the PRC and 4-corner arthrodesis compared with the intact wrist. Wrist flexion decreased on average 13° after 4-corner arthrodesis and 12° after PRC. Extension decreased 20° after 4-corner arthrodesis and 12° after PRC. Four-corner arthrodesis significantly decreased wrist ulnar deviation from the intact wrist. Four-corner arthrodesis allowed more radial deviation but less ulnar deviation than the PRC. The average peak tendon force was significantly greater after 4-corner arthrodesis than after PRC for the extensor carpi ulnaris during wrist flexion-extension, circumduction, and dart throw motions. The peak forces were significantly greater after 4-corner arthrodesis than in the intact wrist for the extensor carpi ulnaris during the dart throw motion and for the flexor carpi ulnaris during the circumduction motion. The peak extensor carpi radialis brevis force after PRC was significantly less than in the intact wrist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measured wrist extremes of motion decreased after both 4-corner arthrodesis and PRC. Larger peak tendon forces were required to achieve identical wrist motions with the 4-corner arthrodesis compared with the intact wrist. We observed smaller forces for the PRC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may help explain why PRC shows early clinical improvement, yet may lead to degenerative arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Debottis
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Levi G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Harley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*