title: Schmallenberg virus outbreak in the Netherlands: routine diagnostics and test results.
abstract: At the end of 2011, a new Orthobunyavirus was discovered in Germany and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In the Netherlands malformations in new-born ruminants were made notifiable from the 20th of December 2011. After a notification, malformed new-borns were necropsied and brain tissue was sampled for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, blood samples from mothers of affected new-borns were tested for antibodies in a virus neutralization test (VNT). The aim of this study was to summarize and evaluate the diagnostic data obtained and to gain insight into the possible regional differences. In total 2166 brains were tested: 800 from lambs, 1301 from calves and 65 from goat kids. Furthermore 1394 blood samples were tested: 458 from ewes, 899 from cows and 37 from goats. Results showed that 29% of the lamb brains, 14% of the calf brains, and 9% of the goat kid brains were RT-PCR positive. The number of malformed and RT-PCR positive lambs decreased over time while the number of malformed and RT-PCR positive calves increased. In the VNT 92% of the ewes, 96% of the cows and 43% of the goats tested positive. Combining RT-PCR and VNT results, 18% of all farms tested positive in both the RT-PCR and VNT. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR are 19% and 97% respectively, and of the VNT 99% and 6%. The results show a widespread exposure to SBV and the regional evaluation seems to indicate an introduction of SBV in the central/eastern part.
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre (CVI-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands. ruth.bouwstra@wur.nl
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kooi
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: de Kluijver
authors.forename: E R A M
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Verstraten
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Maanen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wellenberg
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: van der Spek
authors.forename: W H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van der Poel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006041:Goats; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D016851:Orthobunyavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral