title: Effects of perturbations to balance on neuromechanics of fast changes in direction during locomotion.
abstract: This study investigated whether the modular control of changes in direction while running is influenced by perturbations to balance. Twenty-two healthy men performed 90° side-step unperturbed cutting manoeuvres while running (UPT) as well as manoeuvres perturbed at initial contact (PTB, 10 cm translation of a moveable force platform). Surface EMG activity from 16 muscles of the supporting limb and trunk, kinematics, and ground reaction forces were recorded. Motor modules composed by muscle weightings and their respective activation signals were extracted from the EMG signals by non-negative matrix factorization. Knee joint moments, co-contraction ratios and co-contraction indexes (hamstrings/quadriceps) and motor modules were compared between UPT and PTB. Five motor modules were enough to reconstruct UPT and PTB EMG activity (variance accounted for UPT  = 92 ± 5%, PTB = 90 ± 6%). Moreover, higher similarities between muscle weightings from UPT and PTB (similarity = 0.83 ± 0.08) were observed in comparison to the similarities between the activation signals that drive the temporal properties of the motor modules (similarity = 0.71 ± 0.18). In addition, the reconstruction of PTB EMG from fixed muscle weightings from UPT resulted in higher reconstruction quality (82 ± 6%) when compared to reconstruction of PTB EMG from fixed activation signals from UPT (59 ± 11%). Perturbations at initial contact reduced knee abduction moments (7%), as well as co-contraction ratio (11%) and co-contraction index (12%) shortly after the perturbation onset. These changes in co-contraction ratio and co-contraction index were caused by a reduced activation of hamstrings that was also verified in the activation signals of the specific motor module related to initial contact. Our results suggested that perturbations to balance influence modular control of cutting manoeuvres, especially the temporal properties of muscle recruitment, due to altered afferent inputs to the motor patterns. Furthermore, reduced knee stability during perturbed events may be related to overall control of lower limb muscles.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anderson Souza
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Priscila Brito
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Morten Enemark
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gizzi
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Uwe Gustav
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Kersting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult