title: Comparing the experience of regret and its predictors among smokers in four Asian countries: findings from the ITC surveys in Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, and China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nearly all smokers in high-income Western countries report that they regret smoking (Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Laux, F. L., Zanna, M. P., Cummings, M. K., Borland, R., & Ross, H. [2004]. The near-universal experience of regret among smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, S341-S351. doi:10.1080/14622200412331320743), but no research to date has examined the prevalence of regret among smokers in non-Western, low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Surveys of smokers in 4 Asian countries (China, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand); N = 9,738. Regret was measured with the statement: "If you had to do it over again, you would not have started smoking."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of regret in 3 countries (South Korea = 87%, Malaysia = 77%, and China = 74%) was lower than that found by Fong et al. in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (89%-90%); but was higher in Thailand (93%). These significant country differences in regret corresponded with differences in tobacco control and norms regarding smoking. The predictors of regret in the Asian countries were very similar to those in the 4 Western countries: Regret was more likely to be experienced by smokers who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, perceived greater benefits of quitting and higher financial costs of smoking, had more prior quit attempts, worried that smoking would damage their health, and felt that their loved ones and society disapproved of smoking. Regret was also positively associated with intentions to quit (r = 0.23, p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across the Asian countries and high-income Western countries, the prevalence of regret varies, but the factors predicting regret are quite consistent. Regret may be an important indicator of tobacco control and is related to factors associated with future quitting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sansone
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Wonkyong B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Fritz L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.forename: Buppha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sirirassamee
authors.forename: Hong-Gwan
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Maizurah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013785:Thailand