title: Haptoglobin polymorphism in relation to antioxidative enzymes activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased oxidative stress and impaired antioxidative capacity are common findings in diabetics. This study reports on the status of antioxidative enzymes in relation to haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 165 type 2 diabetic patients and 94 controls. Erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and plasmatic ceruloplasmin ferroxidase (Cp) were measured by spectrophotometry and Hp phenotypes were determined by gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of Hp phenotype, while the activities of Cp ferroxidase and GPx were significantly higher in patients than in controls, those of SOD were significantly lower. No significant differences observed for CAT. However, significant Hp-phenotype dependent differences were observed between patients and controls regarding the activity of these enzymes. While ferroxidase activity in Hp2-2 patients was significantly higher than that in Hp1-1 or Hp2-1 patients, that of SOD and GPx were significantly lower. When patients were analyzed as a single group, Spearman's univariate analysis has demonstrated that HbA1c positively correlates with ferroxidase activity and negatively correlates with levels of GPx and SOD. However, when patients were treated as separate Hp-dependent groups, similar but stronger correlations between these variable were noted only in the case of Hp2-2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that Hp polymorphism has some bearing on the activity of antioxidative enzymes in type 2 diabetes and that Hp2-2 diabetics are under increased oxidative stress as compared with those expressing Hp1-1 or Hp2-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Lab Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. sawadallah@sharjah.ac.ae
authors.forename: Samir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Awadallah
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Mohamad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nusier
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood*; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood*; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006242:Haptoglobins; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002570:Ceruloplasmin