title: Celecoxib reduces brain dopaminergic neuronaldysfunction, and improves sensorimotor behavioral performance in neonatal rats exposed to systemic lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced in inflammatory cells in response to cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules, suggesting that COX-2 has a role in the inflammatory process. The objective of the current study was to examine whether celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation, dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction and sensorimotor behavioral impairments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS (2 mg/kg) was performed in rat pups on postnatal Day 5 (P5), and celecoxib (20 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered (i.p.) five minutes after LPS injection. Sensorimotor behavioral tests were carried out 24 h after LPS exposure, and brain injury was examined on P6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that LPS exposure resulted in impairment in sensorimotor behavioral performance and injury to brain dopaminergic neurons, as indicated by loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, as well as decreases in mitochondria activity in the rat brain. LPS exposure also led to increases in the expression of α-synuclein and dopamine transporter proteins and enhanced [3H]dopamine uptake. Treatment with celecoxib significantly reduced LPS-induced sensorimotor behavioral disturbances and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction. Celecoxib administration significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases in the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes and in the concentration of IL-1β in the neonatal rat brain. The protective effect of celecoxib was also associated with an attenuation of LPS-induced COX-2+ cells, which were double labeled with TH + (dopaminergic neuron) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) + (astrocyte) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic LPS administration induced brain inflammatory responses in neonatal rats; these inflammatory responses included induction of COX-2 expression in TH neurons and astrocytes. Application of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib after LPS treatment attenuated the inflammatory response and improved LPS-induced impairment, both biochemically and behaviorally.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaizaki
authors.forename: Lu-Tai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Zhengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Numazawa
authors.forename: Abhay J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Lir-Wan
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D000068579:Celecoxib
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