title: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and prognosis of breast cancer among African-American and Hispanic women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D plays a role in cancer development and acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although African-Americans have the lowest levels of serum vitamin D, there is a dearth of information on VDR gene polymorphisms and breast cancer among African-Americans and Hispanics. This study examines whether VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer in these cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from 232 breast cancer patients (Cases) and 349 non-cancer subjects (Controls). Genotyping for four polymorphic variants of VDR (FokI, BsmI, TaqI and ApaI) was performed using the PCR-RFLP method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased association of the VDR-Fok1 f allele with breast cancer was observed in African-Americans (OR = 1.9, p = 0.07). Furthermore, the FbTA, FbtA and fbtA haplotypes were associated with breast cancer among African-Americans (p<0.05). Latinas were more likely to have the VDR-ApaI alleles (Aa or aa) (p = 0.008). The VDR-ApaI aa genotype was significantly associated with poorly-differentiated breast tumors (p = 0.04) in combined Cases. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed decreased 5-year disease-free-survival (DFS) in breast cancer patients who had the VDR-Fok1 FF genotype (p<0.05). The Cox regression with multivariate analysis revealed the independent predictor value of the VDR-FokI polymorphism for DFS. The other three variants of VDR (BsmI, TaqI and ApaI) were not associated with disease outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VDR haplotypes are associated with breast cancer in African-Americans, but not in Hispanic/Latinas. The VDR-FokI FF genotype is linked with poor prognosis in African-American women with breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Research and Training, Center to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Dhruva K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Yanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkissyan
authors.forename: Suren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkissyan
authors.forename: Zujian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heber
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
authors.forename: Jaydutt V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Vadgama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000483:Alleles; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D
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