title: Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of granular magnesium substituted β-tricalcium phosphate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to produce dense granules of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and magnesium (Mg) substituted β-TCP, also known as β-TCMP (Mg/Ca=0.15 mol), in order to evaluate the impact of Mg incorporation on the physicochemical parameters and in vitro biocompatibility of this novel material.
  
  
  METHODS
  The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Biocompatibility was assayed according to ISO 10993-12:2007 and 7405:2008, by two different tests of cell survival and integrity (XTT and CVDE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The XRD profile presented the main peaks of β-TCP (JCPDS 090169) and β-TCMP (JCPDS 130404). The characteristic absorption bands of TCP were also identified by FTIR. The ICP results of β-TCMP granules extract showed a precipitation of calcium and release of Mg into the culture medium. Regarding the cytotoxicity assays, β-TCMP dense granules did not significantly affect the mitochondrial activity and relative cell density in relation to β-TCP dense granules, despite the release of Mg from granules into the cell culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  β-TCMP granules were successfully produced and were able to release Mg into media without cytotoxicity, indicating the suitability of this promising material for further biological studies on its adequacy for bone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Sergipe Federal University, Lagarto, SE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora dos Santos
authors.initials: Ddos S
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Leticia de Oliveira
authors.initials: Lde O
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Gloria Dulce de Almeida
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Gutemberg Gomes
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: José Mauro
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Granjeiro
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D008274:Magnesium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; D008274:Magnesium
references.citation: J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2000 Dec;11(12):799-804
references.pmid: 15348063
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2011 Jan;7(1):16-30
references.pmid: 20655397
references.citation: J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2009 Feb;20(2):521-7
references.pmid: 18987959
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2011 Aug;19(4):337-42
references.pmid: 21655775
references.citation: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;1(1):25-32
references.pmid: 18038389
references.citation: J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008 Jul;19(7):2669-77
references.pmid: 18270806
references.citation: Int J Nanomedicine. 2006;1(3):317-32
references.pmid: 17717972
references.citation: Biomed Mater. 2008 Dec;3(4):045002
references.pmid: 18824780
references.citation: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 May 01;12(3):E258-66
references.pmid: 17468726
references.citation: Toxicol In Vitro. 1998 Jun 1;12(3):251-8
references.pmid: 20654407
references.citation: J Biomater Appl. 2008 Nov;23(3):197-212
references.pmid: 18996965
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res. 1993 Jan;27(1):25-34
references.pmid: 8380596
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011 Sep 1;98(3):351-8
references.pmid: 21626666
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2005 Oct;26(28):5600-8
references.pmid: 15878364
references.citation: J Endod. 2009 Oct;35(10):1387-90
references.pmid: 19801236
references.citation: Braz Dent J. 2011;22(4):322-8
references.pmid: 21861033
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1989 Oct;182(1):16-9
references.pmid: 2604040
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2009 Jan;5(1):508-17
references.pmid: 18644755
references.citation: Biomed Res. 2005 Apr;26(2):51-9
references.pmid: 15889618
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2003 Feb-Jun;24(1-3):3-9
references.pmid: 12537985
references.citation: Biomaterials. 1996 Jul;17(13):1259-64
references.pmid: 8805972
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1988 Sep 1;48(17):4827-33
references.pmid: 3409223
references.citation: J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008 Jan;19(1):239-47
references.pmid: 17597369
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Dec;15(12):710-6
references.pmid: 15607643
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2005 Jan;1(1):65-83
references.pmid: 16701781