title: Heart dysfunction induced by choline-deficiency in adult rats: the protective role of L-carnitine.
abstract: Choline is a B vitamin co-factor and its deficiency seems to impair heart function. Carnitine, a chemical analog of choline, has been used as adjunct in the management of cardiac diseases. The study investigates the effects of choline deficiency on myocardial performance in adult rats and the possible modifications after carnitine administration. Wistar Albino rats (n=24), about 3 months old, were randomized into four groups fed with: (a) standard diet (control-CA), (b) choline deficient diet (CDD), (c) standard diet and carnitine in drinking water 0.15% w/v (CARN) and (d) choline deficient diet and carnitine (CDD+CARN). After four weeks of treatment, we assessed cardiac function under isometric conditions using the Langendorff preparations [Left Ventricular Developed Pressure (LVDP-mmHg), positive and negative first derivative of LVDP were evaluated], measured serum homocysteine and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and performed histopathology analyses. In the CDD group a compromised myocardium contractility compared to control (P=0.01), as assessed by LVDP, was noted along with a significantly impaired diastolic left ventricular function, as assessed by (-) dp/dt (P=0.02) that were prevented by carnitine. Systolic force, assessed by (+) dp/dt, showed no statistical difference between groups. A significant increase in serum BNP concentration was found in the CDD group (P<0.004) which was attenuated by carnitine (P<0.05), whereas homocysteine presented contradictory results (higher in the CDD+CARN group). Heart histopathology revealed a lymphocytic infiltration of myocardium and valves in the CDD group that was reduced by carnitine. In conclusion, choline deficiency in adult rats impairs heart performance; carnitine acts against these changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athina A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Strilakou
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lazaris
authors.forename: Apostolos I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Perelas
authors.forename: Iordanis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Mourouzis
authors.forename: Ioannis Ch
authors.initials: ICh
authors.lastname: Douzis
authors.forename: Petros L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Karkalousos
authors.forename: Aikaterini Th
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stylianaki
authors.forename: Costas I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Pantos
authors.forename: Charis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Liapi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004489:Edema, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005355:Fibrosis; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000209:etiology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006710:Homocysteine; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D002331:Carnitine