title: Effect of temperature on the release of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: chemical analysis and potential toxicity.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of temperature on the release of PET-bottle constituents into water and to assess the potential health hazard using in vitro bioassays with bacteria and human cell lines. Aldehydes, trace metals and other compounds found in plastic packaging were analysed in PET-bottled water stored at different temperatures: 40, 50, and 60°C. In this study, temperature and the presence of CO2 increased the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and antimony (Sb). In parallel, genotoxicity assays (Ames and micronucleus assays) and transcriptional-reporter gene assays for estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity were performed on bottled water extracts at relevant consumer exposure levels. As expected, and in accordance with the chemical formulations specified for PET bottles, neither phthalates nor UV stabilisers were present in the water extracts. However, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, a degradation compound of phenolic antioxidants, was detected. In addition, an intermediary monomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, was found but only in PET-bottled waters. None of the compounds are on the positive list of EU Regulation No. 10/2011. However, the PET-bottled water extracts did not induce any cytotoxic, genotoxic or endocrine-disruption activity in the bioassays after exposure.
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France. cristina.bach@anses.fr
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dauchy
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chagnon
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010969:Plastics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010969:Plastics; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical