title: Buccals are likely to be a more informative surrogate tissue than blood for epigenome-wide association studies.
abstract: There is increasing evidence that interindividual epigenetic variation is an etiological factor in common human diseases. Such epigenetic variation could be genetic or non-genetic in origin, and epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) are underway for a wide variety of diseases/phenotypes. However, performing an EWAS is associated with a range of issues not typically encountered in genome-wide association studies (GWASs), such as the tissue to be analyzed. In many EWASs, it is not possible to analyze the target tissue in large numbers of live humans, and consequently surrogate tissues are employed, most commonly blood. But there is as yet no evidence demonstrating that blood is more informative than buccal cells, the other easily accessible tissue. To assess the potential of buccal cells for use in EWASs, we performed a comprehensive analysis of a buccal cell methylome using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Strikingly, a buccal vs. blood comparison reveals>6X as many hypomethylated regions in buccal. These tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (tDMRs) are strongly enriched for DNaseI hotspots. Almost 75% of these tDMRs are not captured by commonly used DNA methylome profiling platforms such as Reduced Representational Bisulfite Sequencing and the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, and they also display distinct genomic properties. Buccal hypo-tDMRs show a statistically significant enrichment near SNPs associated to disease identified through GWASs. Finally, we find that, compared with blood, buccal hypo-tDMRs show significantly greater overlap with hypomethylated regions in other tissues. We propose that for non-blood based diseases/phenotypes, buccal will be a more informative tissue for EWASs.
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gemma
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Huriya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beyan
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hawa
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK; Department of Haematology; Imperial College London; Hammersmith Hospital; London, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bazeos
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: R David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre; Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montpetit
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Vardhman K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Rakyan
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK.
authors.forename: Sreeram V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ramagopalan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015894:Genome, Human; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: BS-seq; buccal; complex disease; epigenome wide association study; human
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