title: New insights into the cardiovascular risk of migraine and the role of white matter hyperintensities: is gold all that glitters?
abstract: The role of migraine as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events has been debated for several years, while it is more established for ischemic stroke. Recently, new studies have examined the likelihood of migraine to determine cardiovascular events, supporting the hypothesis of a predominant role in patients with migraine with aura, the risk including both sexes. In the literature, multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are described to explain this association, and are here discussed. Furthermore, the emerging evidence that a higher headache frequency and long-term migraine may worsen the cardio-metabolic profile in migraineurs (e.g. with a higher Framingham risk score and risk of developing atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome) makes it increasingly necessary to reduce the number and severity of attacks, not only to alleviate the painful symptoms, but also to improve the prognosis in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, "G, D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G, D'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tana
authors.forename: Emmanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tafuri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tana
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martelletti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.forename: Giannapia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Affaitati
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabrizio
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezzetti
authors.forename: Maria Adele
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Giamberardino
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors
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