title: [Rationale for the use of long-acting injectable risperidone: a survey of French psychiatrists].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor adherence is a major concern for the effectiveness of antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. In particular, compliance problems constitute a poor prognostic factor for this disorder due to increasing risk of relapse and hospitalization. As maintaining antipsychotic therapy is a key element to prevent relapse, the use of depot preparations is therefore considered as a useful therapeutic option since it prevents covert non-adherence. When compared with neuroleptics, novel antipsychotic agents are also better tolerated by patients. In this study, the rationale for the use of long-acting injectable risperidone combining the benefits of novel antipsychotic agent and depot preparation is investigated in patients with psychosis. A secondary objective of the study is to assess the level of therapeutic adherence and to confirm the role of its key determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational survey assessed the time and reasons to switch to long-acting risperidone in 1887 hospitalized and community-dwelling patients with psychosis (61.6% schizophrenia) defined by the CIM-10, and treated by 399 psychiatrists with oral risperidone for a recent acute episode. In a cross-sectional study performed under real-life conditions, treatment adherence was assessed by patients themselves using the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) and therapeutic alliance was assessed by the 4-Point Alliance Scale (4-PAS). Psychiatrists assessed treatment acceptance using the Compliance Rating Scale (CRS), disease severity using the CGI, and insight using the G12 item from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the population studied, disorder severity (CGI) was defined as "moderate to marked" in 67.7% and "severe or among the most severe" for 21.1%. Insight (PANSS G12) was defined as normal for 36.6% of patients, moderate for 34.8% and low for 28.6%. The mean time to medication switch was 8 weeks after the start of care of the acute episode. The two main reasons to start the long-acting injectable risperidone were related to non-compliance with oral antipsychotic treatment (92.4%) and intention to improve efficacy (86.4%). Maintenance of a good therapeutic alliance (70.3%) and treatment tolerability (54.6%) were also often cited. For psychiatrists, 41.6% of patients demonstrated reticence or active reluctance to treatment. Therapeutic compliance (MAQ) for oral medication before the long-acting injectable risperidone was started was estimated as "mild" for 53.1% (n=852) of patients. Poor adherence strongly correlated with low insight (P<0.001) and with a disorder estimated as "severe" (P<0.001). Therapeutic alliance was higher for patients with a better level of treatment acceptance assessed by psychiatrists (P<0.001) and with a higher compliance with MAQ estimated by patients (P<0.001). Therapeutic alliance was lower for patients with a disorder defined as "severe" (P<0.001) and with poor insight (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this French survey, the two main reasons for psychiatrists to start long-acting injectable risperidone were related to non-compliance with oral antipsychotic treatment and with the desire to improve therapeutic efficacy. In accordance with results of previous studies, insight and therapeutic alliance were found to be associated with poor compliance. The main goal in the treatment of psychotic disorders is to obtain a functional remission and to reduce the incidence of relapse. Considering its improved efficiency and reduced dependence on patient compliance, the use of long-acting injectable risperidone is recommended as a useful therapeutic strategy.
authors.affiliation: Pôle 347 de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital Charles-Perrens, 121, rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France. dmisdrahi@ch-perrens.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouju
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Comet
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chiariny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D057915:Drug Substitution; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018967:Risperidone