title: Mirrors and reflections: the evolution of indirect laryngoscopy.
abstract: Indirect laryngoscopy traditionally entails the use of both a head mirror and laryngeal mirror. It is the first and most basic successful technique for viewing the larynx, and arguably remains the most commonly used diagnostic method for laryngoscopy today. This article reviews its evolution, from Albucasis' early applications of reflection and succeeding experiments with refraction, to Hoffman's design of the head mirror and subsequent modifications with illumination, culminating in Manuel Garcia's description of mirror laryngoscopy in 1854 and its refinement by Türck and Czermak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines. lapenajf@upm.edu.ph
authors.forename: Jose Florencio
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lapeña
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D020704:Laryngoscopes / Q000266:history*; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009656:North America
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