title: Interdisciplinary investigation on ancient Ephedra twigs from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 B.P.) in Xinjiang region, northwest China.
abstract: In the dry northern temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the genus Ephedra comprises a series of native shrub species with a cumulative application history reaching back well over 2,000 years for the treatment of asthma, cold, fever, as well as many respiratory system diseases, especially in China. There are ethnological and philological evidences of Ephedra worship and utilization in many Eurasia Steppe cultures. However, no scientifically verifiable, ancient physical proof has yet been provided for any species in this genus. This study reports the palaeobotanical finding of Ephedra twigs discovered from burials of the Gumugou archaeological site, and ancient community graveyard, dated around 3800 BP, in Lop Nor region of northwestern China. The macro-remains were first examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and then by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for traits of residual biomarkers under the reference of modern Ephedra samples. The GC-MS result of chemical analysis presents the existence of Ephedra-featured compounds, several of which, including benzaldehyde, tetramethyl-pyrazine, and phenmetrazine, are found in the chromatograph of both the ancient and modern sample. These results confirm that the discovered plant remains are Ephedra twigs. Although there is no direct archaeological evidence for the indication of medicinal use of this Ephedra, the unified burial deposit in which the Ephedra was discovered is a strong indication of the religious and medicinal awareness of the human inhabitants of Gumugou towards this plant.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Evolution, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Mingsi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Binghua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Changsui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001901:Botany / Q000379:methods; D055699:Cemeteries; D002681:China; D029789:Ephedra / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005580:Fossils; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers