title: Blood content analysis for evaluating cardiopulmonary function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the role of blood analysis in cardiac and pulmonary evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive understanding of arterial blood gas analysis - often aided by venous blood gas analysis, to help determine the ideal levels of blood oxygenation and hemoglobin (Hb), is reviewed in light of the recent findings. Serum lactate plays an important role in assessing cardiopulmonary function; yet, with the exception of prognosis, as to exactly what an elevated lactate implies remains unclear. Despite considerable research into the pulmonary-specific biomarkers, none are currently sufficiently robust to use in daily practice. Of the cardiac biomarkers, the natriuretic peptides are yet to be established in critical care practice apart from a role in assisting weaning from a ventilator, and cardiac troponin (cTn) continues to be an essential tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ongoing research on blood contents has not resulted in any new outstanding markers to the critical care physician to use in evaluating cardiopulmonary function, with the exception of high-sensitive cTn. Yet, many recent studies assist the clinician by providing a better understanding of how to use routine tools, like arterial and venous blood gas analysis, more effectively and offer guidance in optimizing Hb and lactate blood levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. anthony.mclean@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen