title: Biological therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: progress to date.
abstract: Biologic drugs for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have revolutionized the therapeutic armamentarium with the development of several novel monoclonal antibodies, which include murine, chimeric, humanized, fully human antibodies and fusion proteins. These biologics bind to their targets with high affinity and specificity. Since 1998, nine different biologics have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of RA, and several others are in different stages of clinical trials. This field is in continuous evolution and new biologics are tested every year. Therefore a precise analysis is required in order to have a detailed and updated state of the art of this field. In this review, our main aim is to analyse all available biological therapies that are FDA and EMA approved for the treatment of RA and also those that are in clinical trials for the management of RA patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malviya
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laganà
authors.forename: Andrea Picchianti
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Diamanti
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Signore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins