title: Threshold values of physical performance tests for locomotive syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous study determined which physical performance tests were the most useful for evaluating locomotive syndrome. Our current study establishes reference values for these major physical performance tests with regards to diagnosing and assessing risk of locomotive syndrome (LS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured timed-up-and-go test, one-leg standing time, back muscle strength, grip strength, 10-m gait time and maximum stride in 406 individuals (167 men, 239 women) between the ages of 60-88 years (mean 68.8 ± 6.7 years) during Yakumo Study 2011-12. The LS was defined as having a score of >16 points on the 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25). The reference value of each physical test was determined using receiver operating characteristics analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women had a significantly higher prevalence of LS than men did and also scored significantly higher on the GLFS-25: women, 9.2 ± 10.3 pts; men, 6.7 ± 8.0 pts. Both genders in the non-LS group performed significantly better in all physical performance test gender except for back muscle strength in men and grip strength in both genders than those in the LS group, even after adjusting for age. The results of all the physical performance tests correlated significantly with the GLFS-25 scores of both genders even after adjusting for age except for grip strength. Reference values for TUG, one-leg standing time, back muscle strength, 10-m gait time, maximum stride and grip strength in men were 6.7 s, 21 s, 78 kg, 5.5 s and, 119 cm and 34 kg, respectively, and those for women were 7.5 s, 15 s, 40 kg, 6.2 s, 104 cm, and 22 kg, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established reference values for major physical performance tests used when assessing locomotive syndrome as defined by the GLFS-25. Our results can be used to characterize physical function and to help tailor an anti-LS training program for each individual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muramoto
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imagama
authors.forename: Zenya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tauchi
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Yukiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010808:Physical Examination; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013577:Syndrome