title: Psoriasis and major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register databases for relevant studies in English between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2012. Extraction was by 3 independent reviewers. Summary incidence, risk ratios (RRs), and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effects and random-effects modeling. Meta-regression was also performed to identify sources of between-study variation. Nine studies were included, representing a total of 201 239 patients with mild and 17 415 patients with severe psoriasis. The level of covariate adjustment varied among studies, leading to the possibility of residual confounding. Using the available adjusted effect sizes, mild psoriasis remained associated with a significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.63) and stroke (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.16). Severe psoriasis was associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.74), myocardial infarction (RR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.18), and stroke (RR, 1.56 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.84). Based on these risk ratios and the background population event rates, psoriasis is associated with an estimated excess of 11 500 (95% CI, 1169 to 24 407) major adverse cardiovascular events each year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild and severe psoriasis are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Severe psoriasis is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Future studies should include more complete covariate adjustment and characterization of psoriasis severity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, DavisSacramento, CA 95816, USA. ehrin.armstrong@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Ehrin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Caitlin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Harskamp
authors.forename: April W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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