title: Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fast weight gain and linear growth in children in low-income and middle-income countries are associated with enhanced survival and improved cognitive development, but might increase risk of obesity and related adult cardiometabolic diseases. We investigated how linear growth and relative weight gain during infancy and childhood are related to health and human capital outcomes in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from five prospective birth cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. We investigated body-mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose concentration, height, years of attained schooling, and related categorical indicators of adverse outcomes in young adults. With linear and logistic regression models, we assessed how these outcomes relate to birthweight and to statistically independent measures representing linear growth and weight gain independent of linear growth (relative weight gain) in three age periods: 0-2 years, 2 years to mid-childhood, and mid-childhood to adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained data for 8362 participants who had at least one adult outcome of interest. A higher birthweight was consistently associated with an adult body-mass index of greater than 25 kg/m(2) (odds ratio 1·28, 95% CI 1·21-1·35) and a reduced likelihood of short adult stature (0·49, 0·44-0·54) and of not completing secondary school (0·82, 0·78-0·87). Faster linear growth was strongly associated with a reduced risk of short adult stature (age 2 years: 0·23, 0·20-0·52; mid-childhood: 0·39, 0·36-0·43) and of not completing secondary school (age 2 years: 0·74, 0·67-0·78; mid-childhood: 0·87, 0·83-0·92), but did raise the likelihood of overweight (age 2 years: 1·24, 1·17-1·31; mid-childhood: 1·12, 1·06-1·18) and elevated blood pressure (age 2 years: 1·12, 1·06-1·19; mid-childhood: 1·07, 1·01-1·13). Faster relative weight gain was associated with an increased risk of adult overweight (age 2 years: 1·51, 1·43-1·60; mid-childhood: 1·76, 1·69-1·91) and elevated blood pressure (age 2 years: 1·07, 1·01-1·13; mid-childhood: 1·22, 1·15-1·30). Linear growth and relative weight gain were not associated with dysglycaemia, but a higher birthweight was associated with decreased risk of the disorder (0·89, 0·81-0·98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions in countries of low and middle income to increase birthweight and linear growth during the first 2 years of life are likely to result in substantial gains in height and schooling and give some protection from adult chronic disease risk factors, with few adverse trade-offs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Wellcome Trust and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA. linda_adair@unc.edu
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: Caroline H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: Aryeh D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Reynaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Zea
authors.forename: Harshpal Singh
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Darren L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dahly
authors.forename: Isabelita
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Micklesfield
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hallal
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology*; D006166:Guatemala; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010679:Philippines; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
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