title: Sodium butyrate promotes generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells through induction of the miR302/367 cluster.
abstract: Small molecules (SM) can greatly enhance the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation, but the mechanisms by which they act have not been fully explored. We show here that an SM cocktail (NaB, PD03259, and SB431542) significantly promotes iPS cell generation from human fibroblasts, and NaB is more potent than the other two common histone deacetylase inhibitors (valproic acid and Trichostatin A) in promoting cellular reprogramming. Our data indicate that the SM cocktail substantially upregulates the miR302/367 cluster expression by increasing the stability and transcriptional level of this microRNA (miRNA) cluster in a manner dependent on the four defined transcription factors (TFs). Among the four TFs, Oct4 in particular appears to be required for the induction of the miR302/367 cluster by the SM cocktail. We also found that NaB alone can enhance the TFs-dependent upregulation of the miR302/367 cluster. Using a promoter reporter assay, we show that the SM cocktail remarkably enhanced the transcriptional activity of the four TFs in the miR302/367 promoter. Notably, attenuation of miRNA302/367 using a miRZip impairs the ability of the SM cocktail in promoting reprogramming. Collectively, these findings suggest that the SM cocktail promotes reprogramming at least partly through the induction of the miR302/367 cluster expression. Further insights into this process may pave the way for the generation of iPS cells using only SM cocktails.
authors.affiliation: Jordan Family Center for Blood & Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
authors.forename: Zhonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Shu
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000187:drug effects*; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004159:Diphenylamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020871:RNA Stability; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C459179:4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide; D001549:Benzamides; D004149:Dioxoles; C532169:MIRN302A microRNA, human; C568081:MIRN367 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D020148:Butyric Acid; C506614:mirdametinib; D004159:Diphenylamine
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