title: Extramacrochaetae imposes order on the Drosophila eye by refining the activity of the Hedgehog signaling gradient.
abstract: The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster is configured by a differentiating wave, the morphogenetic furrow, that sweeps across the eye imaginal disc and transforms thousands of undifferentiated cells into a precisely ordered repetitive array of 800 ommatidia. The initiation of the furrow at the posterior margin of the epithelium and its subsequent movement across the eye field is controlled by the activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Differentiating photoreceptors that lie behind the furrow produce and secrete the Hh morphogen, which is captured by cells within the furrow itself. This leads to the stabilization of the full-length form of the zinc-finger transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci(155)), the main effector of Hh signaling. Ci(155) functions as a transcriptional activator of a number of downstream targets, including decapentaplegic (dpp), a TGFβ homolog. In this report, we describe a mechanism that is in place within the fly retina to limit Hh pathway activity within and ahead of the furrow. We demonstrate that the helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein Extramacrochaetae (Emc) regulates Ci(155) levels. Loss of emc leads to an increase in Ci(155) levels, nuclear migration, apical cell constriction and an acceleration of the furrow. We find that these roles are distinct from the bHLH protein Hairy (H), which we show restricts atonal (ato) expression ahead of the furrow. Secondary furrow initiation along the dorsal and ventral margins is blocked by the activity of the Wingless (Wg) pathway. We also show that Emc regulates and cooperates with Wg signaling to inhibit lateral furrow initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Spratford
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019521:Body Patterning; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054910:Compound Eye, Arthropod / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060227:Imaginal Discs / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051155:Wnt1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051155:Wnt1 Protein; C092937:ci protein, Drosophila; C064196:dpp protein, Drosophila; C063577:emc protein, Drosophila; C074622:wg protein, Drosophila; C077245:hh protein, Drosophila
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