title: Current approach to fertility preservation by embryo cryopreservation.
abstract: The ovaries are susceptible to damage following treatment with gonadotoxic chemotherapy, pelvic radiotherapy, and/or ovarian surgery. Gonadotoxic treatments have also been used in patients with various nonmalignant systemic diseases. Any women of reproductive age with a sufficiently high risk of developing future ovarian failure due to those medical interventions may benefit from embryo cryopreservation though the tools of assessment of such a risk are still not very precise. Furthermore, the risk assessment can be influenced by many other factors such as the delay expected after chemotherapy and the number of children desired in the future. Embryo cryopreservation is an established and most successful method of fertility preservation when there is sufficient time available to perform ovarian stimulation. This publication will review the current state, approach, and indications of embryo cryopreservation for fertility preservation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction and Fertility Preservation, Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoschi
authors.forename: Kutluk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oktay
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D059247:Fertility Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2009 Oct;92(4):1360-1365
references.pmid: 18930226
references.citation: Br J Haematol. 2011 May;153(3):291-308
references.pmid: 21391973
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2006 Jul;86(1):70-80
references.pmid: 16818031
references.citation: Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005 Jul-Aug;15(4):657-62
references.pmid: 16014120
references.citation: Haematologica. 2009 Apr;94(4):550-65
references.pmid: 19278966
references.citation: In Vivo. 2007 Jul-Aug;21(4):657-62
references.pmid: 17708362
references.citation: Oncologist. 2012;17(11):1409-17
references.pmid: 23006497
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1987 Sep;107(3):344-6
references.pmid: 3619224
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2011 Jul-Aug;61(4):212-36
references.pmid: 21685461
references.citation: Leuk Res. 2006 Apr;30(4):483-5
references.pmid: 16171861
references.citation: BioDrugs. 2001;15(1):25-35
references.pmid: 11437673
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994 Sep;14(3):373-80
references.pmid: 7994257
references.citation: Am J Surg. 2007 Oct;194(4):477-81
references.pmid: 17826059
references.citation: J Assist Reprod Genet. 2008 Feb-Mar;25(2-3):63-6
references.pmid: 18256922
references.citation: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1989 Nov;1(2):75-9
references.pmid: 2486484
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2008 Jun;16(6):792-800
references.pmid: 18549688
references.citation: Am J Med. 2003 Apr 15;114(6):463-9
references.pmid: 12727579
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 2010 Jun;49(5):694-712
references.pmid: 20491526
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2007 Sep;88(3):657-64
references.pmid: 17428480
references.citation: Cancer. 1999 Oct 1;86(7):1231-9
references.pmid: 10506708
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2010 May;11(5):490-8
references.pmid: 20153978
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 Feb 13;5(172):172ra21
references.pmid: 23408054
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2010 Sep;25(9):2239-46
references.pmid: 20591872
references.citation: Cancer. 1999 May 1;85(9):1973-8
references.pmid: 10223238
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jan-Feb;62(1):10-29
references.pmid: 22237781
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct;21(10):2052-2060
references.pmid: 20305034
references.citation: J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010 Aug;27(8):491-4
references.pmid: 20455017
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jan 10;28(2):240-4
references.pmid: 19996028
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jun;37(11):1023-9
references.pmid: 16604098
references.citation: Aging (Albany NY). 2011 Aug;3(8):782-93
references.pmid: 21869459
references.citation: Prenat Diagn. 2009 May;29(5):508-13
references.pmid: 19248143
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2003 Jan;18(1):90-5
references.pmid: 12525446
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010 Feb;24(1):101-12
references.pmid: 20116335
references.citation: Blood. 1986 Nov;68(5):1129-35
references.pmid: 3533180
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2010 Jun;20(6):783-8
references.pmid: 20382080
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2013 Jan;99(1):156-162
references.pmid: 23040524
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 1;23(16):3858-9
references.pmid: 15911867
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 1996 Jan;11(1):197-9
references.pmid: 8671185
references.citation: Hum Reprod Update. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(5):587-97
references.pmid: 19433413
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 1;28(31):4683-6
references.pmid: 20876425
references.citation: Cancer. 2013 May 1;119(9):1652-9
references.pmid: 23362014
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Dec;193(6):1908-14
references.pmid: 16325591
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct 15;22(20):4174-83
references.pmid: 15483028
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 1;23(19):4347-53
references.pmid: 15824416
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2005 Jun;83(6):1622-8
references.pmid: 15950628
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2012 Dec;98(6):1363-9
references.pmid: 23058686
references.citation: Cancer Treat Rev. 2012 Aug;38(5):354-61
references.pmid: 22078869
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Jul;49(1):148-50
references.pmid: 12833031
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3885-90
references.pmid: 16882752
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;(34):25-7
references.pmid: 15784817
references.citation: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011 Oct;115(1):11-5
references.pmid: 21767834
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2011 Aug;96(2):277-85
references.pmid: 21718983
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2010 Jun;94(1):28-32
references.pmid: 19361793
references.citation: Hematol Oncol. 2007 Mar;25(1):11-5
references.pmid: 17036376
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):101-8
references.pmid: 17890454
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1988 Apr;6(4):588-95
references.pmid: 3128648
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Apr;5(4):269-72
references.pmid: 16697968
references.citation: Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Aug;284(2):427-35
references.pmid: 21431846
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2007 May 7;96(9):1442-9
references.pmid: 17406362
references.citation: Reprod Biomed Online. 2010 May;20(5):634-8
references.pmid: 20219430
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2011 Jul;96(1):126-133.e3
references.pmid: 21550046
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD002806
references.pmid: 17636707
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 20;24(18):2917-31
references.pmid: 16651642
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Feb;60(2):105-13
references.pmid: 3974288
references.citation: Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 Apr;47(4):623-7
references.pmid: 16690520
references.citation: J Am Coll Surg. 2009 Nov;209(5):603-7
references.pmid: 19854400
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 May 23;346(21):1609-15
references.pmid: 12023992
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Jul 28;358(9278):271-6
references.pmid: 11498213
references.citation: Gut. 2003 Mar;52(3):377-82
references.pmid: 12584219
references.citation: Nature. 1983 Oct 20-26;305(5936):707-9
references.pmid: 6633637
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD004992
references.pmid: 18425908
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2003 May;72(5):1117-30
references.pmid: 12677558
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2630-5
references.pmid: 18509175