title: Heparin and cAMP modulators interact during pre-in vitro maturation to affect mouse and human oocyte meiosis and developmental competence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does heparin ablate the advantageous effects of cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP) modulators during pre-in vitro maturation (IVM) and have a deleterious effect in standard oocyte IVM?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heparin interrupts energy metabolism and meiotic progression and adversely affects subsequent development of oocytes under conditions of elevated cAMP levels in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) after pre-IVM treatment with forskolin.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In animal IVM studies, artificial regulation of meiotic resumption by cAMP-elevating agents improves subsequent oocyte developmental competence. Heparin has no effect on spontaneous, FSH- or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated meiotic maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro cross-sectional study was conducted using immature mouse and human COCs. Depending on individual experimental design, COCs were treated during pre-IVM with or without heparin, in the presence or absence of forskolin and/or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and then COC function was assessed by various means.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two women with polycystic ovaries (PCOs) or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) donated COCs after oocyte retrieval in a non-hCG-triggered IVM cycle. COCs were collected in pre-IVM treatments and then cultured for 40 h and meiotic progression was assessed. COCs from 21- to 24-day-old female CBA F1 mice were collected 46 h after stimulation with equine chorionic gonadotrophin. Following treatments, COCs were checked for meiotic progression. Effects on mouse oocyte metabolism were measured by assessing oocyte mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 staining and oocyte ATP content. Post-IVM mouse oocyte developmental competence was assessed by in vitro fertilization and embryo production. Blastocyst quality was evaluated by differential staining of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) layers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of heparin in pre-IVM culture, the addition of cAMP modulators did not affect human oocyte MII competence after 40 h. In standard IVM, heparin supplementation in pre-IVM did not affect MII competence; however, when heparin was combined with cAMP modulators, MII competence was significantly reduced from 65 to 15% (P < 0.05). In mouse experiments, heparin alone in pre-IVM significantly delayed germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) so that fewer GVBDs were observed at 0 and 1 h of IVM (P < 0.05), but not by 2 or 3 h of IVM. Combined treatment with IBMX and forskolin in the pre-IVM medium produced a large delay in GVBD such that no COCs exhibited GVBD in the first 1 h of IVM, and the addition of heparin in pre-IVM further significantly delayed the progression of GVBD (P < 0.05), in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Combined IBMX and forskolin treatment of mouse COCs during pre-IVM significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production in the oocyte at the end of pre-IVM (P < 0.05), and significantly improved fertilization, embryo development and quality (P < 0.05). However, heparin abolished the IBMX + forskolin-stimulated increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production (P < 0.05), and adversely affected embryonic cleavage, development rates and embryo quality (P < 0.05). This latter adverse combinational effect was negated when mouse COCs were collected in heparin and IBMX for 15 min, washed and then cultured for 45 min in IBMX and forskolin without heparin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiments in mice found that heparin ablation of the advantageous effects of cAMP modulators during pre-IVM was associated with altered oocyte metabolism, but the mechanism by which heparin affects metabolism remains unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has revealed a novel and unexpected interaction between heparin and cAMP modulators in pre-IVM in immature mouse and human oocytes, and established a means to collect oocytes using heparin while modulating oocyte cAMP to improve developmental potential.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Hai-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sutton-McDowall
authors.forename: Lesley J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smitz
authors.forename: Jeremy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques; D008540:Meiosis; D051379:Mice; D054315:Oocyte Retrieval; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005576:Colforsin; D006493:Heparin; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
keywords: embryo development; metabolism; oocyte maturation; oocyte quality