title: Performance on Standard Indexes of Effort Among Patients with Dementia.
abstract: Assessment of response validity is an integral part of neuropsychological practice. Although many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of stand alone and embedded effort measures in a variety of medical and compensation-seeking contexts, much less is known about the robustness of these measures in elderly populations, particularly in patients with dementia. Although older adults may be viewed as less likely to intentionally feign symptoms for an external gain, there are a variety of other factors that could result in suboptimal effort, including fatigue, lack of interest or cooperation in the testing process, or failure to fully appreciate the implications of the assessment on treatment care and outcome. The current study examined the clinical utility of several stand alone and embedded effort measures including the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status Effort Index, Trail-Making Test Ratio, Rey 15-Item Test, and the Test of Memory Malingering in a sample of patients with dementia. Results found that the majority of effort indexes demonstrated unacceptably high false-positive error rates with specificity levels as high as 83%. These findings demonstrate the need for caution in interpreting effort measure performance in dementia samples due to the fact that despite their best effort, many patients with dementia fail effort measures and are at risk for being misclassified.
authors.affiliation: a Fuller Graduate School of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina.
authors.forename: Kirsty E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bortnik
authors.affiliation: b Neuropsychology Clinic, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina.
authors.forename: Michael David
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Horner
authors.affiliation: b Neuropsychology Clinic, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bachman
keywords: dementia; effort; geriatric; symptom validity testing