title: Cruciferous vegetables consumption and the risk of female lung cancer: a prospective study and a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies evaluating the association between cruciferous vegetables (CVs) intake and female lung cancer risk have produced inconsistent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study followed 74 914 Chinese women aged 40-70 years who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. CV intake was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline and reassessed during follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models. Furthermore, we carried out a meta-analysis of all observational studies until December 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After excluding the first 2 years of follow-up, 417 women developed lung cancer over a mean of 11.1 years of follow-up. An inverse association of borderline statistical significance was observed between CV consumption and female lung cancer risk, with HR for the highest compared with the lowest quartiles of 0.73 (95% CI 0.54-1.00, P trend = 0.1607). The association was strengthened in analyses restricting to never smokers, with the corresponding HR of 0.59 (95% CI 0.40-0.87, P trend = 0.0510). The finding of an inverse association between CV intake and lung cancer risk in women was supported by our meta-analysis of 10 included studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that CV consumption may reduce the risk of lung cancer in women, particularly among never smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai; State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Q J
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogtmann
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville.
authors.forename: X O
authors.initials: XO
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai; Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: ybxiang@shsci.org.
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D019607:Brassicaceae; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
keywords: cruciferous vegetable; lung cancer; meta-analysis; prospective study; women
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