title: QTL analysis of the spring wheat "Chapio" identifies stable stripe rust resistance despite inter-continental genotype × environment interactions.
abstract: Chapio is a spring wheat developed by CIMMYT in Mexico by a breeding program that focused on multigenic resistances to leaf rust and stripe rust. A population consisting of 277 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed by crossing Chapio with Avocet. The RILs were genotyped with DArT markers (137 randomly selected RILs) and bulked segregant analysis conducted to supplement the map with informative SSR markers. The final map consisted of 264 markers. Phenotyping against stripe rust was conducted for three seasons in Toluca, Mexico and at three sites over two seasons (total of four environments) in Sichuan Province, China. Significant loci across the two inter-continental regions included Lr34/Yr18 on 7DS, Sr2/Yr30 on 3BS, and a QTL on 3D. There were significant genotype × environment interactions with resistance gene Yr31 on 2BS being effective in most of the Toluca environments; however, a late incursion of a virulent pathotype in 2009 rendered this gene ineffective. This locus also had no effect in China. Conversely, a 5BL locus was only effective in the Chinese environments. There were also complex additive interactions. In the Mexican environments, Yr31 suppressed the additive effect of Yr30 and the 3D locus, but not of Lr34/Yr18, while in China, the 3D and 5BL loci were generally not additive with each other, but were additive when combined with other loci. These results indicate the importance of maintaining diverse, multi-genic resistances as Chapio had stable inter-continental resistance despite the fact that there were QTLs that were not effective in either one or the other region.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding in Wheat (Southwest), Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, #4 Shizishan Rd, Jinjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: E-N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rosewarne
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Herrera-Foessel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huerta-Espino
authors.forename: Z-X
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Z-L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D008800:Mexico; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2009 Sep;119(5):889-98
references.pmid: 19578829
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2008 Sep;117(5):793-802
references.pmid: 18584147
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2005 Aug;111(4):731-5
references.pmid: 15965649
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2006 Dec;114(1):21-30
references.pmid: 17008991
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2011 Dec;123(8):1401-11
references.pmid: 21830107
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2011 Mar;122(4):723-33
references.pmid: 21076811
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2009 Nov;119(8):1349-59
references.pmid: 19756474
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2008 Sep;17(17):3818-26
references.pmid: 18673440
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2005 May;110(8):1401-9
references.pmid: 15841362
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 1987 Aug;41(2):180-8
references.pmid: 3475978
references.citation: Genetics. 2008 Oct;180(2):1177-90
references.pmid: 18780741
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2007 May;114(7):1277-87
references.pmid: 17318493
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2008 May;116(8):1155-66
references.pmid: 18347772
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2009 Aug;99(8):968-73
references.pmid: 19594316
references.citation: Genetics. 2007 Jan;175(1):361-74
references.pmid: 17110476
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2012 May;124(7):1283-94
references.pmid: 22274764
references.citation: Genome. 2006 Aug;49(8):977-90
references.pmid: 17036073
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2010 Apr;100(4):313-8
references.pmid: 20205534
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2011 Aug;123(4):615-23
references.pmid: 21573954
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2003 Jul;93(7):881-90
references.pmid: 18943170
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2009 Jan;99(1):89-94
references.pmid: 19055439
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2009 Feb;118(4):631-42
references.pmid: 18815766
references.citation: Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1360-3
references.pmid: 19229000
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2012 Jun;125(1):109-20
references.pmid: 22350093
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2011 Jan;122(1):239-49
references.pmid: 20848270
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2013 Mar;126(3):711-9
references.pmid: 23139144
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2008 Aug;117(3):391-9
references.pmid: 18481042
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2008 May;116(7):1027-34
references.pmid: 18335201
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2008 Jul;98(7):803-9
references.pmid: 18943256
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2002 Jan;104(1):111-8
references.pmid: 12579435
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 May;108(7):1426-33
references.pmid: 14963651
references.citation: Genome. 2005 Feb;48(1):97-107
references.pmid: 15729401