title: Evaluating the effect of coating equipment on tablet film quality using terahertz pulsed imaging.
abstract: In this study, terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) was employed to investigate the effect of the coating equipment (fluid bed and drum coater) on the structure of the applied film coating and subsequent dissolution behaviour. Six tablets from every batch coated with the same delayed release coating formulation under recommended process conditions (provided by the coating polymer supplier) were mapped individually to evaluate the effect of coating device on critical coating characteristics (coating thickness, surface morphology and density). Although the traditional coating quality parameter (weight gain) indicated no differences between both batches, TPI analysis revealed a lower mean coating thickness (CT) for tablets coated in the drum coater compared to fluid bed coated tablets (p<0.05). Moreover, drum coated tablets showed a more pronounced CT variation between the two sides and the centre band of the biconvex tablets, with the CT around the centre band being 22.5% thinner than the top and bottom sides for the drum coated tablets and 12.5% thinner for fluid bed coated tablets. The TPI analysis suggested a denser coating for the drum coated tablets. Dissolution testing confirmed that the film coating density was the drug release governing factor, with faster drug release for tablets coated in the fluid bed coater (98 ± 4% after 6h) compared to drum coated tablets (72 ± 6% after 6h). Overall, TPI investigation revealed substantial differences in the applied film coating quality between tablets coated in the two coaters, which in turn correlated with the subsequent dissolution performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; TeraView Ltd., St. John's Innovation Park, Cambridge, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haaser
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naelapää
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rantanen
authors.forename: Clare J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Philip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Taday
authors.forename: J Axel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D055069:Terahertz Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients; D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets
keywords: Delayed release; Dissolution; Film coating; Image analysis; Terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI); Unit operation