title: Repeated detection of microbes in beverages dispensed from soda fountain machines and the effect of flushing on microbial density.
abstract: Few studies have examined patterns of microbial contamination in soda fountain beverages. In this study, patterns of microbial contamination in beverages dispensed from soda fountain machines (SFMs) sampled in June 2009 and then again 13 months later were compared. Over 70% of beverages contained microbes in both years, suggesting that contamination of beverages dispensed from SFMs can continue for long periods of time. In addition, the impact of disinfecting the dispensing nozzles and plastic tubing of SFMs, as well as the impact of machine use on microbial contamination was assessed. Managers from 26 establishments (fast-food and convenience stores) were interviewed about their SFM disinfecting practices and no correlation was found between the self-reported disinfecting practices and levels of microbial contamination in beverages dispensed from SFMs. Furthermore, in a direct study of two SFMs with an established disinfecting regimen, CFU/mL in beverages increased significantly immediately after disinfecting of plastic tubing yet returned to pre-disinfecting concentrations within 11 days. These results suggest that disinfecting may disturb microbial communities, resulting in increased planktonic microbes, but not the ultimate removal of communities themselves. Additionally, samples of a sugar and a diet soda were collected from 15 different SFMs before and after dispensing of ~0.95 L (the approximate size of a large beverage cup). Samples collected before dispensing this volume had significantly higher microbial counts than those collected after, suggesting that planktonic microbes in the beverage lines had been reduced by flushing. As there are currently no regulations regarding the disinfecting of SFM tubing or periodic inspections of beverages dispensed from SFMs, it would be valuable for consumers to encourage increased surveillance of SFMs, and to dispense some beverage before filling their cups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke VA, 24020, USA. rgodard@hollins.edu
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Godard
authors.forename: Puja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Carlie Jo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: C Morgan
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Amie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleming-Haddock
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Beach
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000382:microbiology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D013997:Time Factors