title: De novo triplication of 11q12.3 in a patient with developmental delay and distinctive facial features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Triplication is a rare chromosomal anomaly. We identified a de novo triplication of 11q12.3 in a patient with developmental delay, distinctive facial features, and others. In the present study, we discuss the mechanism of triplications that are not embedded within duplications and potential genes which may contribute to the phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identified triplication of 11q12.3 was 557 kb long and not embedded within the duplicated regions. The aberrant region was overlapped with the segment reported to be duplicated in 2 other patients. The common phenotypic features in the present patient and the previously reported patient were brain developmental delay, finger abnormalities (including arachnodactuly, camptodactyly, brachydactyly, clinodactyly, and broad thumbs), and preauricular pits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triplications that are not embedded within duplicated regions are rare and sometimes observed as the consequence of non-allelic homologous recombination. The de novo triplication identified in the present study is novel and not embedded within the duplicated region. In the 11q12.3 region, many copy number variations were observed in the database. This may be the trigger of this rare triplication. Because the shortest region of overlap contained 2 candidate genes, STX5 and CHRM1, which show some relevance to neuronal functions, we believe that the genomic copy number gains of these genes may be responsible for the neurological features seen in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ward, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. yamamoto.toshiyuki@twmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sangu
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimojima
authors.forename: Seijiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aso
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
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