title: Increased detection of invasive enteropathogenic bacteria in pre-incubated blood culture materials by real-time PCR in comparison with automated incubation in Sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive enteropathogenic bacteria can cause systemic infections. Data from studies with PCR detection suggest, at least for Salmonella enterica, that blood culture may lead to underestimation in the tropics. Corresponding data are lacking for other invasive enteropathogenic bacteria. We compared classical blood culture and molecular methods for the diagnosis of blood infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real-time multiplex PCR for Salmonella spp., Shigella spp./entero- invasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), Yersinia spp., and Campylobacter jejuni was applied to 2321 retained blood culture samples from Ghanaian patients, after enrichment by automated culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR detected Salmonella DNA in 56 out of 58 pre-incubated Ghanaian blood cultures with growth of S. enterica. In 2 samples molecular diagnosis was only possible after 1:10 dilution. Twenty-two samples negative by blood culture and 1 positive with Micrococcus spp. were PCR-positive for Salmonella spp. In addition, 3 Shigella spp./EIEC, 2 Yersinia spp., and 1 C. jejuni were detected by PCR but not by culture growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time PCR was more sensitive in identifying invasive enteropathogenic bacteria than automated blood culture, which is hampered by a lack of evidence-based standardization of pre-analytic conditions in the tropics. Primary agar culture and Gram-staining prior to automated blood culture is advisable in cases where transportation times are long.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Germany. Frickmann@bni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Hagen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frickmann
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Kennedy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boahen
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acquah
authors.forename: Nimako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarpong
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adu-Sarkodie
authors.forename: Norbert G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poppert
authors.forename: Dorothea F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wiemer
authors.forename: Ralf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hagen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity