title: Differential changes of left ventricular myocardial deformation in diabetic patients with controlled and uncontrolled blood glucose: a three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preclinical left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction has been documented in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with preserved LV ejection fractions (LVEFs). The aims of this study were to investigate whether there is any difference in myocardial deformation between patients with DM with controlled (defined as glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] < 7%) and uncontrolled (HbA1c ≥ 7%) blood glucose using three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and to explore whether the level of HbA1c is associated with preclinical LV systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients with DM with controlled blood glucose, 37 patients with DM with uncontrolled blood glucose, and 63 matched controls were studied. All subjects had normal LVEFs (≥55%). Global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain, global area strain, and global radial strain were assessed using three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite similar LVEFs, patients with uncontrolled DM had decreased peak systolic strain in all directions compared with the other two groups, as evidenced by GLS, global circumferential strain, global area strain, and global radial strain (all P values <.001). However, the difference between patients with controlled DM and controls was observed only for GLS (P = .038). By multivariate liner regression analysis, the level of HbA1c was independently associated with the values of GLS (β = -0.274, P = .024), global circumferential strain (β = -0.245, P = .042), and global area strain (β = -0.272, P = .024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLS may be a sensitive indicator of early LV systolic dysfunction in patients with DM despite normal LVEF. Poor blood glucose control, as defined by HbA1c ≥ 7%, leads to reductions of LV systolic strain in all directions that are independently associated with preclinical LV dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yujia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin