title: Polarization of macrophages and microglia in inflammatory demyelination.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and microglia and macrophages play important roles in its pathogenesis. The activation of microglia and macrophages accompanies disease development, whereas depletion of these cells significantly decreases disease severity. Microglia and macrophages usually have diverse and plastic phenotypes. Both pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory microglia and macrophages exist in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The polarization of microglia and macrophages may underlie the differing functional properties that have been reported. in this review, we discuss the responses and polarization of microglia and macrophages in MS, and their effects on its pathogenesis and repair. Harnessing their beneficial effects by modulating their polarization states holds great promise for the treatment of inflammatory demyelinating diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. caoli.smmu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 28;29(43):13435-44
references.pmid: 19864556
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 Oct;162(1):1-11
references.pmid: 20682002
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Aug;10(8):554-67
references.pmid: 20616810
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 3;27(40):10714-21
references.pmid: 17913905
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Apr 1;176(7):4385-98
references.pmid: 16547277
references.citation: Neurol Res Int. 2011;2011:383087
references.pmid: 22203900
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1994 Sep 12;178(2):184-9
references.pmid: 7824192
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2012 Jul 2;209(7):1325-34
references.pmid: 22734047
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Jul;134(Pt 7):1914-24
references.pmid: 21653539
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Apr;116(4):905-15
references.pmid: 16557302
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2003 Feb;53(2):174-80
references.pmid: 12557283
references.citation: Neurosci Bull. 2008 Dec;24(6):381-6
references.pmid: 19037324
references.citation: Brain. 1992 Dec;115 ( Pt 6):1611-31
references.pmid: 1486453
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2012 Apr;234(2):302-15
references.pmid: 21985863
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1996 Nov;70(2):145-52
references.pmid: 8898723
references.citation: Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009 Feb;217(2):87-92
references.pmid: 19212100
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Jan 25;26(4):1098-106
references.pmid: 16436595
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 May;55(5):607-16
references.pmid: 15122700
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2011 Jan;17(1):2-15
references.pmid: 20813772
references.citation: Brain. 2008 Jul;131(Pt 7):1749-58
references.pmid: 18515322
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Jan;17(1):64-70
references.pmid: 21131957
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Oct 25;11(11):750-61
references.pmid: 22025054
references.citation: FASEB J. 2013 Mar;27(3):1176-90
references.pmid: 23207546
references.citation: Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2816-29
references.pmid: 17890734
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1999 Jul 1;98(1):49-56
references.pmid: 10426362
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Jan 15;18(2):601-9
references.pmid: 9425002
references.citation: Nat Med. 2005 Feb;11(2):146-52
references.pmid: 15665833
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Apr;55(4):458-68
references.pmid: 15048884
references.citation: Immunity. 2003 Jul;19(1):71-82
references.pmid: 12871640
references.citation: Stroke. 2012 Nov;43(11):3063-70
references.pmid: 22933588
references.citation: Brain. 2009 Sep;132(Pt 9):2487-500
references.pmid: 19531531
references.citation: Glia. 2009 Aug 1;57(10):1072-81
references.pmid: 19115387
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 2005 Jan;61(1):10-7
references.pmid: 15644118
references.citation: Glia. 2013 Jan;61(1):91-103
references.pmid: 22653784
references.citation: Immunity. 2012 Aug 24;37(2):249-63
references.pmid: 22884314
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:451-83
references.pmid: 19105661
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Apr 1;172(7):4410-7
references.pmid: 15034056
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jan;8(1):57-69
references.pmid: 17180163
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):83-7
references.pmid: 16322423
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Apr 2;113(14):3190-7
references.pmid: 19196868
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2006 Jul;84(7):532-43
references.pmid: 16773356
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Mar 18;29(11):3442-52
references.pmid: 19295150
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Aug;13(8):935-43
references.pmid: 17676050
references.citation: Glia. 2012 May;60(5):717-27
references.pmid: 22290798
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 27;5(10):e13693
references.pmid: 21060874
references.citation: Brain. 2012 Mar;135(Pt 3):886-99
references.pmid: 22366799
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Sep 15;173(6):3916-24
references.pmid: 15356140
references.citation: Glia. 2008 Feb;56(3):271-83
references.pmid: 18069669
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2001 Jun;14(3):259-69
references.pmid: 11371747
references.citation: Neurology. 2007 May 29;68(22 Suppl 3):S13-21; discussion S43-54
references.pmid: 17548563
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2007 May;25(3):149-53
references.pmid: 17408905
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Sep 1;179(5):2774-86
references.pmid: 17709491
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Apr 15;221(1-2):7-14
references.pmid: 19931190
references.citation: J Immunol. 1993 Aug 15;151(4):2132-41
references.pmid: 8102159
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 17;346(3):165-73
references.pmid: 11796850
references.citation: Brain. 2006 Feb;129(Pt 2):517-26
references.pmid: 16364958
references.citation: Glia. 2009 Aug 15;57(11):1204-15
references.pmid: 19170181
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 May 1;184(9):5333-43
references.pmid: 20368278
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2009 Apr 28;6:14
references.pmid: 19400960
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2009 Dec;66(6):739-53
references.pmid: 20035511
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1993 Feb;33(2):137-51
references.pmid: 8434875
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Dec 13;26(50):12904-13
references.pmid: 17167081
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1998 Oct 1;54(1):68-78
references.pmid: 9778151
references.citation: J Pathol. 2013 Jan;229(2):332-46
references.pmid: 23007711
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2011 May;69(5):878-91
references.pmid: 21391234
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Jun 15;12(7):388-99
references.pmid: 21673720
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2011 Dec;121(12):4722-34
references.pmid: 22056384
references.citation: Brain Res. 2012 May 9;1453:77-86
references.pmid: 22483960
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1990 Oct 1;172(4):1025-33
references.pmid: 2145387
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 23;5(2):e9380
references.pmid: 20186338
references.citation: Neurosci Bull. 2011 Dec;27(6):366-82
references.pmid: 22108814
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1994 Jul 1;38(4):365-75
references.pmid: 7932870
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Mar 15;8:24
references.pmid: 21401967
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2011 Jan;89(1):93-104
references.pmid: 20940325
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2009 Oct 26;206(11):2407-16
references.pmid: 19808254
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2002 Jan;122(1-2):1-8
references.pmid: 11777538
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Feb;1812(2):265-74
references.pmid: 20637861
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2011 Dec 1;585(23):3821-8
references.pmid: 21443876
references.citation: Glia. 2005 Jan 15;49(2):220-9
references.pmid: 15390090
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 Jan;6(1):67-70
references.pmid: 10613826
references.citation: Brain. 2008 Oct;131(Pt 10):2564-78
references.pmid: 18757884
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):253-62
references.pmid: 21068834
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Jul 25;32(30):10117-28
references.pmid: 22836247
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2010 May;24(4):641-51
references.pmid: 20138983
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2006 Jan;31(1):149-60
references.pmid: 16297637
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2007 Nov;62(5):504-14
references.pmid: 17879969
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;436:11-32
references.pmid: 6598010
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1994 Jul 1;38(4):433-43
references.pmid: 7932874