title: Retrograde cardioplegia revisited: open technique for long aortic cross clamping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of retrograde cardioplegia for myocardial protection is still controversial. In our institution, we exclusively use intermittent administration of tepid, undiluted blood supplemented with potassium and magnesium for the cases with aortic insufficiency, requiring aortotomy, or undergoing mitral valve repair. In using this retrograde technique, we make a point of cannulating a retrograde perfusion catheter under direct vision following right atriotomy. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of using this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprises 49 patients who underwent elective valve surgery using direct-vision retrograde cardioplegia exclusively, requiring more than 3h aortic cross-clamping. Their clinical outcome was reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no hospital mortality in this study. No patient was noted to have evidence of mediastinitis, myocardial infarction, or cerebral complications in the postoperative period. The case requiring the longest aortic cross-clamping time (380 min) survived the operation without the use of intra-aortic balloon pumping or percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, and the postoperative course was uneventful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our result suggests that direct-vision retrograde cardioplegia is a safe and effective method of cardioplegia delivery, and provides a longer period of myocardial protection than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-8558, Japan. Electronic address: sinngehide@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Shunei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions
keywords: Cardioplegia; Myocardial protection; Valve surgery