title: Systematic review: macrophage activation syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, there have been increasingly frequent reports on the occurrence of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinically, MAS is characterized mainly by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and elevated circulating ferritin and CD25. Mortality, even if diagnosed rapidly, is high.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify all reports on MAS in IBD and to establish data on triggering agents, immunosuppression leading to MAS, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A language unrestricted search on Pubmed and Scopus relating to the past 30 years was carried out by matching the following search-terms: h(a)emophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis OR h(a)emophagocytic lymphohistiocytic syndrome OR macrophage activation syndrome OR opportunistic infections OR cytomegalovirus OR Epstein-Barr virus AND Crohn's disease OR ulcerative colitis OR inflammatory bowel disease(s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty cases were identified with an overall mortality of 30%. Virus-related MAS associated with cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus infections represents the main type of MAS, but in isolated cases bacterial infections precipitated the syndrome. In four cases (8%), a lymphoma was present at the time of MAS diagnosis or developed shortly thereafter. Thiopurine monotherapy was given before MAS onset in 56% of the patients, whereas multiple immunosuppression, including biologics, was administered to 24%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IBD patients, the syndrome appears to be triggered by infections, but genetic susceptibility may contribute to its development. Since immunosuppressive therapy represents the backbone of therapeutic interventions in IBD, with the risk of new, or the reactivation of latent infections, even more frequent cases of macrophage activation syndrome may be expected.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit for Chronic Bowel Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, IBD-unit Messina, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. fwalter@unime.it
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cascio
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D055501:Macrophage Activation Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents