title: Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in school aged children: the role of personal and parents related socio-economic and educational factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nocturnal enuresis is a common psychosocial concern for both parents and children. In the present study we have determined the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in Urmia, Iran children and associated personal and familial factors with this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional epidemiological study for detection of nocturnal enuresis prevalence rate and evaluation of associated familial and personal factors in elementary school children (7-11 years old) from Urmia were investigated. The subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Chi square test and logistic regression were used in univariate and multivariate respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1600 questionnaires distributed, 918 (57%) were completed and included in the final analysis. The rest, which were not filled by parents and also those out of our study age range were excluded. Gender of the subjects was almost equally distributed (48.6% males and 51.4% females). Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 18.7% (n = 172) and prevalence of day time incontinence was 5.5% (n=51). There was no significant gender difference between these two groups. Enuretics had crowded families, positive family history, low educational level of parents, jobless father, working mother, single parent, poor school performance, positive history of urinary tract infection (UTI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results with enuresis prevalence and associated factors were comparable to other epidemiological studies from various countries. We found that Iranian families do not pay sufficient attention to their enuretic children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoodzadeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashem
authors.forename: Amestejani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morteza
authors.forename: Karamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Nikibakhsh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad-Ali
keywords: Children; Diurnal enuresis; Nocturnal enuresis; Prevalence
references.citation: Pediatr Int. 2004 Feb;46(1):58-63
references.pmid: 15043666
references.citation: J Pediatr Urol. 2007 Dec;3(6):443-52
references.pmid: 18947792
references.citation: Urol Int. 2008;81(1):47-53
references.pmid: 18645271
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(6):1188-91
references.pmid: 15823714
references.citation: BJU Int. 2001 May;87(7):678-81
references.pmid: 11350412
references.citation: BJU Int. 2000 May;85(7):869-73
references.pmid: 10792168
references.citation: Turk J Pediatr. 2001 Jan-Mar;43(1):38-43
references.pmid: 11297157
references.citation: Trop Doct. 2003 Oct;33(4):234-6
references.pmid: 14620431
references.citation: Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997 Dec;31(6):537-9
references.pmid: 9458511
references.citation: J Urol. 2006 Jul;176(1):314-24
references.pmid: 16753432
references.citation: Int Braz J Urol. 2007 Mar-Apr;33(2):216-22
references.pmid: 17488542
references.citation: J Urol. 2002 Sep;168(3):1142-6
references.pmid: 12187256
references.citation: Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(4):512-517
references.pmid: 17315220
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2007 Feb;96(2):242-5
references.pmid: 17429913
references.citation: An Esp Pediatr. 1996 Jun;44(6):561-7
references.pmid: 8849099
references.citation: Indian J Urol. 2007 Oct;23(4):354-7
references.pmid: 19718287
references.citation: Saudi Med J. 2006 Oct;27(10):1572-7
references.pmid: 17013485
references.citation: BJU Int. 2005 Aug;96(3):404-10
references.pmid: 16042739
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(4):475-9
references.pmid: 12061366
references.citation: Urol Int. 2004;73(2):149-55
references.pmid: 15331900
references.citation: Pediatr Clin North Am. 1992 Jun;39(3):413-32
references.pmid: 1574352