title: Use of transnasal endoscopy for screening of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in high-risk patients: yield rate, completion rate, and safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are at high risk for synchronous and/or metachronous esophageal cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of unsedated transnasal endoscopy (TNE) for screening these high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive high-risk patients including patients with suspicious or diagnosed head and neck cancer or patients with alarming symptoms received screening TNE. All endoscopic procedures, including sequential conventional white-light, narrow-band imaging, and Lugol chromoendoscopy, were done without sedation. All suspicious lesions in the esophagus were biopsied for histological evaluation. The completion rate, procedure time, and significant adverse events of all endoscopic procedures were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From May 2007 to August 2011, a total of 500 TNE were carried out in 441 high-risk patients. Among them, 294 patients (66.7%) had diagnosed head and neck squamous cellcarcinoma, and most were hypopharyngeal cancer (n = 186). Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms were detected in 10.1% and 7.3%, respectively, of the cases. Completion rate of TNE in head and neck cancer was 96.7%; tumor obstruction and stenosis of anastomosis site were the main reasons for incomplete procedures. Mean duration of the endoscopic procedure was 14.6 min. One patient had post-endoscopic epistaxis while another patient had post-biopsy hemoptysis, both of whom were treated conservatively. No procedure-related mortality or significant morbidity occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unsedated TNE is safe and feasible for screening synchronous or metachronous esophageal neoplasms in high-risk patients, especially those with head and neck cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi-Chia
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cheng-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chien-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jenq-Yuh
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Ming-Lun
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Tseng-Cheng
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pei-Jen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Tsung-Lin
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Ming-Shiang
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hsiu-Po
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ping-Huei
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
keywords: esophageal screening; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); head and neck cancer; hypopharyngeal cancer; squamous cell carcinoma; transnasal endoscopy (TNE)