title: Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide into healthy rabbit eyes alters retinal function and morphology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of intravitreally injected triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and/or its preservative benzyl alcohol (BA) in healthy rabbit retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight rabbits (aged 4 months, body weight ≈3 kg) were randomized into four groups (n = 12). They were examined with electroretinography (ERG) prior to drug exposure, and then injected intravitreally with a combination of TA and BA, TA without BA, BA alone or a balanced saline solution (BSS). The electroretinograms were assessed 1 week and 7 weeks post-injection. The rabbits were euthanized and the sectioned retinas were studied. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on rods, cones, rod bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and Müller cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rabbits injected with BA showed a significantly lower rod-mediated b-wave amplitude than the controls 1 week after injection. TA-injected rabbits demonstrated significantly higher a- and b-wave amplitudes in the total retinal response than the controls 1 week post-injection. The rabbits injected with TA + BA demonstrated a significantly higher b-wave amplitude in the total retinal response than the controls 1 week after injection. The significantly higher a-wave amplitude in the total retinal response remained in the TA-injected rabbits 7 weeks after injection. Immunohistochemistry revealed that protein kinase C alpha (PKC α) was down-regulated in both the perikarya and the axons of bipolar cells in histological sections from rabbit retina injected with TA + BA, BA and TA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal injection of the preservative BA reduces the isolated rod-mediated retinal response in the rabbit, transiently and selectively. Intravitreal injection of TA increases the total retinal response in the rabbit up to seven weeks after injection. The effects observed are not only limited to retinal function, but also include changes in the expression of PKC α in rod bipolar cells, indicating drug-related interference with normal retinal physiology in the healthy rabbit eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna Cardiakidis
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruun
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Monica Lövestam
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andréasson
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponjavic
mesh_terms: D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051248:Retinal Horizontal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol