title: High-dose propofol reduces S-100β protein and neuron-specific enolase levels in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a variety of experimental models, propofol has been shown to protect the brain. It was hypothesized that a clinically achievable high dose of propofol would induce cerebral protective effects in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The authors investigated the effects of different target plasma concentrations of propofol on cerebral injury by measuring serum S-100β protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in patients undergoing single-valve replacement with CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients undergoing single-valve replacement with CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 14 each). Each group received a target-controlled infusion of propofol with plasma concentrations of 1.8 μg/mL (low dose, Group-L), 2.4 μg/mL (medium dose, Group-M), or 3.2 μg/mL (high dose, Group-H). The propofol target concentrations were unchanged throughout the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 3 groups of patients, at all time points after CPB, the plasma S-100β protein and NSE levels, which served as biochemical markers of brain damage, were significantly higher than the preoperative levels (p<0.05). Group-H showed significant decreases in S-100β protein and NSE compared with Group-L (p< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the range of commonly used clinical concentrations, administration of a high dose of propofol during CPB attenuated the biochemical markers of brain damage as compared with low-dose propofol anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiangkun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jinhai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D056346:Sternotomy
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol