title: Neurofeedback in ADHD: further pieces of the puzzle.
abstract: Among the different neuromodulation techniques, neurofeedback (NF) is gaining increasing interest in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this article, a methodological framework is summarised considering the training as a neuro-behavioural treatment. Randomised controlled trials are selectively reviewed. Results from two smaller-scale studies are presented with the first study comprising a tomographic analysis over the course of a slow cortical potential (SCP) training and a correlational analysis of regulation skills and clinical outcome in children with ADHD. In the second study, ADHD-related behaviour was studied in children with tic disorder who either conducted a SCP training or a theta/low-beta (12-15 Hz) training (single-blind, randomised design). Both studies provide further evidence for the specificity of NF effects in ADHD. Based on these findings, a refined model of the mechanisms contributing to the efficacy of SCP training is developed. Despite a number of open questions concerning core mechanisms, moderators and mediators, NF (theta/beta and SCP) training seems to be on its way to become a valuable and ethically acceptable module in the treatment of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gevensleben
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleemeyer
authors.forename: Lillian Geza
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flaig-Röhr
authors.forename: Gunther H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058765:Neurofeedback; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic