title: Emerging mechanisms of glutathione-dependent chemistry in biology and disease.
abstract: Glutathione has traditionally been considered as an antioxidant that protects cells against oxidative stress. Hence, the loss of reduced glutathione and formation of glutathione disulfide is considered a classical parameter of oxidative stress that is increased in diseases. Recent studies have emerged that demonstrate that glutathione plays a more direct role in biological and pathophysiological processes through covalent modification to reactive cysteines within proteins, a process known as S-glutathionylation. The formation of an S-glutathionylated moiety within the protein can lead to structural and functional modifications. Activation, inactivation, loss of function, and gain of function have all been attributed to S-glutathionylation. In pathophysiological settings, S-glutathionylation is tightly regulated. This perspective offers a concise overview of the emerging field of protein thiol redox modifications. We will also cover newly developed methodology to detect S-glutathionylation in situ, which will enable further discovery into the role of S-glutathionylation in biology and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA. yvonne.janssen@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Yvonne M W
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Janssen-Heininger
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nolin
authors.forename: Sidra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Jos L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Karolyn G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lahue
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Niki L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Reynaert
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Vliet
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anathy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D001710:Biotin; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: BIOTIN SWITCH; GLUTAREDOXIN-1; PROTEIN S-GLUTATHIONYLATION; REDOX
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