title: Mobile phone use, blood lead levels, and attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns have developed for the possible negative health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure to children's brains. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the association between mobile phone use and symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) considering the modifying effect of lead exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,422 children at 27 elementary schools in 10 Korean cities were examined and followed up 2 years later. Parents or guardians were administered a questionnaire including the Korean version of the ADHD rating scale and questions about mobile phone use, as well as socio-demographic factors. The ADHD symptom risk for mobile phone use was estimated at two time points using logistic regression and combined over 2 years using the generalized estimating equation model with repeatedly measured variables of mobile phone use, blood lead, and ADHD symptoms, adjusted for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD symptom risk associated with mobile phone use for voice calls but the association was limited to children exposed to relatively high lead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that simultaneous exposure to lead and RF from mobile phone use was associated with increased ADHD symptom risk, although possible reverse causality could not be ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Ho-Jang
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jong-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Leem
authors.forename: Joon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sakong
authors.forename: Su Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chul Gab
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dongmug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hyung-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Nam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D040421:Cell Phone; D002648:Child; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007854:Lead
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