title: Elevated 4-aminobiphenyl and 2,6-dimethylaniline hemoglobin adducts and increased risk of bladder cancer among lifelong nonsmokers--The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  4-Aminobiphenyl (ABP) is an established human bladder carcinogen, with tobacco smoke being a major source of human exposure. Other arylamine compounds, including 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), have been implicated as possible human bladder carcinogens. Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA are validated biomarkers of exposure to those compounds in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study enrolled 581 incident bladder cancer cases and 604 population controls. Each participant was solicited for his/her history of tobacco use and other lifestyle factors and donation of blood and urine specimens. Red blood cell lysates were used to quantify both hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA. Urine samples were used to quantify total cotinine. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for bladder cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for low (below median of positive values) and high versus undetectable levels of 2,6-DMA hemoglobin adducts were 3.87 (1.39-10.75) and 6.90 (3.17-15.02), respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Similarly, among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for third and fourth versus first/second quartiles of 4-ABP hemoglobin adducts was 1.30 (0.76-2.22) and 2.29 (1.23-4.24), respectively (Ptrend = 0.009). The two associations were independent of each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA were significantly and independently associated with increased bladder cancer risk among lifelong nonsmokers in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study in China with previous data in Los Angeles, California strongly implicate arylamines as potential causal agents of human bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Billy W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Bibin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yong-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mariana C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gago-Dominguez
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Cortessis
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Den Berg
authors.forename: Malcolm C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Mimi C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jian-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006454:Hemoglobins; C062091:hemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-; C007766:2,6-xylidine
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