title: Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Haemophilus parainfluenzae in Switzerland.
abstract: Two homosexual men were colonized in the urethra with Haemophilus parainfluenzae nonsusceptible to ampicillin (MIC, 8 μg/ml), amoxicillin-clavulanate (MIC, 4 μg/ml), cefotaxime (MIC, 1.5 μg/ml), cefepime (MIC, 3 μg/ml), meropenem (MIC, 0.5 μg/ml), cefuroxime, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol (all MICs, ≥ 32 μg/ml). Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) showed that the strains were indistinguishable. The isolates had amino acid substitutions in PBP3, L4, GyrA, and ParC and possessed Mef(A), Tet(M), and CatS resistance mechanisms. This is the first report of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) H. parainfluenzae.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tinguely
authors.forename: Salome N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Seiffert
authors.forename: Hansjakob
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perreten
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Droz
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Endimiani
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D044135:Haemophilus parainfluenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013557:Switzerland; D014521:Urethra / Q000382:microbiology; D014526:Urethritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins
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