title: Impact of a patient-centered pharmacy program and intervention in a high-risk group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medication therapy management (MTM) program identified high-risk members in a large employer group and invited them to participate in an MTM program. The intervention consisted of at least 3 consultations with a clinical pharmacist to review and discuss drug therapy. The goal was to improve drug therapy adherence and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of MTM on plan-paid health care costs, utilization of medical services, overall days supply of targeted medications, and medication possession ratios (MPRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The MTM and control group comprised eligible members of a large employer prescription benefit plan who were identified between October 1, 2007, and November 12, 2008, and invited to participate. Control group members were selected from targeted members who declined. After propensity score matching to ensure similarity of groups at baseline, each group had 2,250 members. Baseline comparisons and post-period impact analyses between groups were conducted using bivariate analysis. Post-period analyses used tests for paired comparisons. The MTM and control group members were studied for the year before and after their individual program invitations. We measured pre-post differences between the MTM members and controls in total heath care costs, inpatient visits, emergency room (ER) visits, total days supply, and MPRs for 5 conditions: diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, depression, and asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MTM members significantly reduced their plan-paid health care costs by 10.3% or $977, compared with an increase of 0.7% or $62 in the control group (P = 0.048). Inpatient visits in the MTM group decreased by 18.6%, while the control group experienced an increase of 24.2% (P  less than  0.001). While both groups had decreases in ER visits, the groups were not significantly different (P = 0.399). Average days supply for the MTM group increased by 72.7 days over baseline; for the control group, it decreased by 111.1 days (P  less than  0.001). MTM members with hypertension and dyslipidemia had pre-post increases in MPR of 2.29% and 2.10%, respectively, while the control group had decreases of 2.31% and 2.61% (both P  less than  0.001). The mean MPRs for members with diabetes, depression, and asthma did not change in either group. Program costs per patient in 2009 were estimated to be $478. The program had a return on investment (ROI) of 2.0 in 2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that the pharmacist-managed MTM program to reconcile the medication therapies of high-risk patients and improve adherence, as measured by MPR, was effective in reducing total health care costs. The results show that those patients in the intervention group with hypertension and dyslipidemia had significant improvements in medication adherence, as compared with the control group. In fact, the intervention group used significantly more days of therapy in the intervention period, and the control group used significantly fewer days than either group used during the baseline period. MTM interventions were associated with a significant decrease in the MTM members' overall plan-paid health care costs, driven largely by decreases in inpatient utilization and mediated by increases in average days supply and in MPR increases for hypertension and dyslipidemia. Overall, the MTM program was cost-effective. The ROI estimated for this program of 2.0 is only slightly lower than the average disease management ROIs reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Enterprise Analytics, CVS Caremark, 2211 Sanders Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062, USA. janice.moore@caremark.com
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shartle
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faudskar
authors.forename: Olga S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Matlin
authors.forename: Troyen A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000191:economics*; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies