title: The effects of N-acetylcysteine and ozone therapy on oxidative stress and inflammation in acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetaminophen (APAP) is an analgesic and antipyretic agent. In overdoses, it is associated with nephrotoxicity. We examined the potential protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and NAC + ozone therapy (OT) combination against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham, control (APAP), NAC, and NAC + OT. In the APAP, NAC, and NAC + OT groups, kidney injury was induced by oral administration of 1 g/kg APAP. The NAC group received NAC (100 mg/kg/day). NAC + OT group received NAC (100 mg/kg/day) and ozone/oxygen mixture (0.7 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 5 days immediately after APAP administration. All animals were killed at 5 days after APAP administration. Renal tissues and blood samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological analyses. Neopterin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels were measured in sera. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were determined in renal homogenates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAC and NAC + OT significantly decreased MDA and TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels and GPx activities. Serum neopterin and IL-6 levels were not different among all groups. APAP administration caused tubular necrosis in the kidney. The degrees of renal necrosis of the APAP group were higher than the other groups. Renal injury in rats treated with combination of NAC and OT were found to be significantly less than the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that NAC and OT prevented renal injury in rats and reduced inflammation. These findings suggest that combination of NAC and OT might improve renal damages because of both oxidative stress and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey. drfucar@gmail.com
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.forename: Mine Yavuz
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Taslipinar
authors.forename: Bilal Firat
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Alp
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Fevzi Nuri
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agilli
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toygar
authors.forename: Esin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Enis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macit
authors.forename: Muzaffer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oztosun
authors.forename: Tuncer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cayci
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009393:Nephritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000082:Acetaminophen; D010126:Ozone; D000111:Acetylcysteine