title: Factors affecting the use of prenatal care by non-western women in industrialized western countries: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the potential of prenatal care for addressing many pregnancy complications and concurrent health problems, non-western women in industrialized western countries more often make inadequate use of prenatal care than women from the majority population do. This study aimed to give a systematic review of factors affecting non-western women's use of prenatal care (both medical care and prenatal classes) in industrialized western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science, Women's Studies International, MIDIRS, CINAHL, Scopus and the NIVEL catalogue) were searched for relevant peer-reviewed articles from between 1995 and July 2012. Qualitative as well as quantitative studies were included. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Factors identified were classified as impeding or facilitating, and categorized according to a conceptual framework, an elaborated version of Andersen's healthcare utilization model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen articles provided relevant factors that were all categorized. A number of factors (migration, culture, position in host country, social network, expertise of the care provider and personal treatment and communication) were found to include both facilitating and impeding factors for non-western women's utilization of prenatal care. The category demographic, genetic and pregnancy characteristics and the category accessibility of care only included impeding factors.Lack of knowledge of the western healthcare system and poor language proficiency were the most frequently reported impeding factors. Provision of information and care in women's native languages was the most frequently reported facilitating factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The factors found in this review provide specific indications for identifying non-western women who are at risk of not using prenatal care adequately and for developing interventions and appropriate policy aimed at improving their prenatal care utilization.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), PO Box 1568, 3500 BN, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.boerleider@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Agatha W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Boerleider
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wiegers
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manniën
authors.forename: Anneke L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Francke
authors.forename: Walter L J M
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Devillé
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D054521:Cultural Competency; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
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