title: Transcriptional corepressors HIPK1 and HIPK2 control angiogenesis via TGF-β-TAK1-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Several critical events dictate the successful establishment of nascent vasculature in yolk sac and in the developing embryos. These include aggregation of angioblasts to form the primitive vascular plexus, followed by the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and coalescence of endothelial cells. Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to regulate various aspects of vascular development, the signaling mechanism of TGF-β remains unclear. Here we show that homeodomain interacting protein kinases, HIPK1 and HIPK2, are transcriptional corepressors that regulate TGF-β-dependent angiogenesis during embryonic development. Loss of HIPK1 and HIPK2 leads to marked up-regulations of several potent angiogenic genes, including Mmp10 and Vegf, which result in excessive endothelial proliferation and poor adherens junction formation. This robust phenotype can be recapitulated by siRNA knockdown of Hipk1 and Hipk2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as in endothelial cell-specific TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) conditional mutants. The effects of HIPK proteins are mediated through its interaction with MEF2C, and this interaction can be further enhanced by TGF-β in a TAK1-dependent manner. Remarkably, TGF-β-TAK1 signaling activates HIPK2 by phosphorylating a highly conserved tyrosine residue Y-361 within the kinase domain. Point mutation in this tyrosine completely eliminates the effect of HIPK2 as a transcriptional corepressor in luciferase assays. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role of HIPK proteins in connecting TGF-β signaling pathway with the transcriptional programs critical for angiogenesis in early embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yulei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Christina N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Sebum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Louis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D022005:Adherens Junctions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D053506:Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D059748:Proteolysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D053506:Matrix Metalloproteinase 10; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C578040:MEF2C protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C115114:HIPK2 protein, human; C543644:HIPK1 protein, human; C511770:MMP10 protein, human
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