title: Neurocognitive profiles in treatment-resistant bipolar I and bipolar II disorder depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature on the neuropsychological profiles in Bipolar disorder (BD) depression is sparse. The aims of the study were to assess the neurocognitive profiles in treatment-resistant, acutely admitted BD depression inpatients, to compare the neurocognitive functioning in patients with BD I and II, and to identify the demographic and clinical illness characteristics associated with cognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acutely admitted BD I (n = 19) and BD II (n = 32) inpatients who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria for a major depressive episode were tested with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, the National Adult Reading Test, and a battery of clinical measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurocognitive impairments were evident in the BD I and BD II depression inpatients within all MCCB domains. The numerical scores on all MCCB-measures were lower in the BD I group than in the BD II group, with a significant difference on one of the measures, category fluency. 68.4% of the BD I patients had clinically significant impairment (>1.5 SD below normal mean) in two or more domains compared to 37.5% of the BD II patients (p = 0.045). A significant reduction in IQ from the premorbid to the current level was seen in BD I but not BD II patients. Higher age was associated with greater neurocognitive deficits compared to age-adjusted published norms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of patients with therapy-resistant BD I or II depression exhibited global neurocognitive impairments with clinically significant severity. The cognitive impairments were more common in BD I compared to BD II patients, particularly processing speed. These findings suggest that clinicians should be aware of the severe neurocognitive dysfunction in treatment-resistant bipolar depression, particularly in BD I.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00664976.
authors.affiliation: Moodnet Research Group, Psychiatric Division, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. ute.kessler@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Helle K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Schoeyen
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Geir E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Hammar
authors.forename: Ulrik F
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Malt
authors.forename: Ketil J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Oedegaard
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morken
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundet
authors.forename: Arne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Vaaler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2002 Dec;72(3):209-26
references.pmid: 12450638
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22-33;quiz 34-57
references.pmid: 9881538
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2011 Jan;37(1):73-83
references.pmid: 19443616
references.citation: BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 23;10:16
references.pmid: 20178636
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2008 Mar;10(2):245-55
references.pmid: 18271903
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2010 Dec;127(1-3):1-9
references.pmid: 20231037
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):559-60
references.pmid: 19478300
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Mar;123(3):165-74
references.pmid: 21092023
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1979 Apr;134:382-9
references.pmid: 444788
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2009 Mar;11(2):178-89
references.pmid: 19267700
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2002 Jan;16(1):84-91
references.pmid: 11853360
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 2:123-37
references.pmid: 19538691
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012;34(6):667-77
references.pmid: 22439943
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Sep;128(3):149-62
references.pmid: 23617548
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2008 Feb;10(1 Pt 2):163-78
references.pmid: 18199235
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2001 Apr;3(2):88-94
references.pmid: 11333068
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 May;64(5):506-15
references.pmid: 12755652
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2001 May 10;102(1):9-20
references.pmid: 11368835
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2008 Jun;38(6):771-85
references.pmid: 17922938
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2006 May;36(5):609-18
references.pmid: 16469198
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2009 Aug;11(5):547-54
references.pmid: 19624394
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1999 Nov;56(1):67-73
references.pmid: 10626782
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2001 Jun;41:s169-76
references.pmid: 11450179
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2009 Sep;23(5):551-62
references.pmid: 19702409
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;165(2):203-13
references.pmid: 18172019
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2006 Apr;8(2):103-16
references.pmid: 16542180
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;161(2):262-70
references.pmid: 14754775
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76
references.pmid: 3616518
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006 Feb;28(2):243-59
references.pmid: 16484096
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2009 Apr 30;166(2-3):192-200
references.pmid: 19272656
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2009 Nov;11(7):744-52
references.pmid: 19719787
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2011 Jul;132(1-2):209-15
references.pmid: 21440307
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2006 Dec;36(12):1799-809
references.pmid: 16938147
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2001 Dec;67(1-3):45-59
references.pmid: 11869752
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Nov;18(11):787-93
references.pmid: 18725178
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2012 Nov;14(7):749-55
references.pmid: 22998105
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Jul;36(8):1587-92
references.pmid: 21451499
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;65(11):1483-90
references.pmid: 15554760
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2007 Aug;101(1-3):201-9
references.pmid: 17224185
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2010 Jun;12(4):351-63
references.pmid: 20636632
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2007 Feb-Mar;9(1-2):114-25
references.pmid: 17391355
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 2007 Jan-Feb;48(1):88-94
references.pmid: 17145287
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;189:254-9
references.pmid: 16946361
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Feb;136(3):328-39
references.pmid: 22169253