title: Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 24 hospitals in Belgium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the point prevalence of carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae (CNSE) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates among hospitalized patients in Belgium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four hospital-based laboratories prospectively collected 200 non-duplicated Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients over a 2 month period. All isolates were screened locally for decreased susceptibility to carbapenem drugs using a disc diffusion method according to CLSI interpretative criteria. CNSE strains were referred centrally for confirmation of carbapenemase by phenotypic and molecular testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From February to April 2012, 158 of the 4564 screened Enterobacteriaceae isolates were categorized as non-susceptible to carbapenems, resulting in a point prevalence of CNSE of 3.5% (95% CI: 2.9%-4.2%; range per centre: 0.5%-8.5%). Of the 125 referred CNSE isolates, 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates [OXA-48 (n = 7), KPC type (n = 3) and NDM type (n = 1)], 1 OXA-48-positive Escherichia coli isolate and 1 KPC-positive Klebsiella oxytoca isolate were detected in eight hospitals. None of the 72 carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacter spp. isolates were confirmed as CPE. The minimal estimated point prevalence of CPE isolates was 0.28% (13/4564; 95% CI: 0.13%-0.44%) overall (range per centre: 0%-1.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the overall low prevalence of CNSE found in this study, the detection of CPE isolates in one-third of the participating centres raises concerns and highly suggests the spread and establishment of CPE in Belgian hospitals.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria, CHU Mont-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1 Avenue Docteur Gaston Therasse, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium. te-din.huang@uclouvain.be
authors.forename: Te-Din
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berhin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.forename: Youri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Glupczynski
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: carbapenem resistance; carbapenemases; epidemiology