title: The Western dietary pattern is prospectively associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor dietary habits have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, little is known about the role of specific dietary patterns in the development of NAFLD. We examined prospective associations between dietary patterns and NAFLD in a population-based cohort of adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study completed a food frequency questionnaire at 14 years and had liver ultrasound at 17 years (n=995). Healthy and Western dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis and all participants received a z-score for these patterns. Prospective associations between the dietary pattern scores and risk of NAFLD were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NAFLD was present in 15.2% of adolescents. A higher Western dietary pattern score at 14 years was associated with a greater risk of NAFLD at 17 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.14; P<0.005), although these associations were no longer significant after adjusting for body mass index at 14 years. However, a healthy dietary pattern at 14 years appeared protective against NAFLD at 17 years in centrally obese adolescents (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.41-0.96; P=0.033), whereas a Western dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A Western dietary pattern at 14 years in a general population sample was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD at 17 years, particularly in obese adolescents. In centrally obese adolescents with NAFLD, a healthy dietary pattern may be protective, whereas a Western dietary pattern may increase the risk.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. wendyo@ichr.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oddy
authors.forename: Carly E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Herbison
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: Gina L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Oyekoya T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Ayonrinde
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Olynyk
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Beth P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hands
authors.forename: Leon A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D009043:Motor Activity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055105:Waist Circumference; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers