title: Genetic diversity and geographical distribution of indigenous soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobia in the United States.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between the genetic diversity of indigenous soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobia and their geographical distribution in the United States using nine soil isolates from eight states. The bradyrhizobia were inoculated on three soybean Rj genotypes (non-Rj, Rj(2)Rj(3), and Rj(4)). We analyzed their genetic diversity and community structure by means of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of PCR amplicons to target the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer region, using 11 USDA Bradyrhizobium strains as reference strains. We also performed diversity analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis based on the Bray-Curtis index, and polar ordination analysis to describe the structure and geographical distribution of the soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobial community. The major clusters were Bradyrhizobium japonicum Bj123, in the northern United States, and Bradyrhizobium elkanii, in the middle to southern regions. Dominance of bradyrhizobia in a community was generally larger for the cluster belonging to B. elkanii than for the cluster belonging to B. japonicum. The indigenous American soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobial community structure was strongly correlated with latitude. Our results suggest that this community varies geographically.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Sokichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiro
authors.forename: Syota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saiki
authors.forename: Gilbert C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sigua
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umehara
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saeki
mesh_terms: D020369:Bradyrhizobium / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D013025:Glycine max / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012987:Soil
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