title: Prevalence of orofacial clefts in Nigeria.
abstract: Orofacial clefts are the most common malformations of the head and neck. In Africa, orofacial clefts are underascertained, with little or no surveillance system in most parts for clefts and other birth defects. A Nigerian craniofacial anomalies study, NigeriaCRAN, was established in 2006 to support cleft research specifically for epidemiological studies, treatment outcomes, and studies into etiology and prevention. We pooled data from seven of the largest Smile Train treatment centers in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Data from September 2006 to June 2011 were analyzed and clefts compared between sides and genders using the Fisher exact test. A total of 2197 cases were identified during the study period, with an estimated prevalence rate of 0.5 per 1000. Of the total number of orofacial clefts, 54.4% occur in males and 45.6% in females. There was a significant difference (P = .0001) between unilateral left clefts and unilateral right clefts, and there was a significant difference (P = .0001) between bilateral clefts and clefts on either the left or right side. A significant gender difference (P = .03) was also observed for cleft palate, with more females than males. A total of 103 (4.7%) associated anomalies were identified. There were nine syndromic cleft cases, and 10.4% of the total number of individuals with clefts have an affected relative. The significant difference between unilateral clefts and the gender differences in the proportion of cleft palate only are consistent with the literature. The present study emphasizes the need for birth defects registries in developing countries in order to estimate the exact prevalence of birth defects including orofacial clefts.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butali
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mossey
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Olasoji
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Onah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adebola
authors.lastname: Efunkoya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akintububo
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Adeosun
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ogunlewe
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ladeinde
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Mofikoya
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Adeyemi
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ekhaguere
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emeka
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Awoyale
authors.lastname: The Nigeriacran Collaboration
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries
keywords: Nigeria; OFC; prevalence
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2007 Jul;44(4):374-7
references.pmid: 17608554
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998 Nov;35(6):473-80
references.pmid: 9832217
references.citation: Head Face Med. 2009 May 10;5:11
references.pmid: 19426559
references.citation: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Nov 01;15(6):e898-901
references.pmid: 20526256
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Mar;84(3):406-11
references.pmid: 19249007
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008 Jul;45(4):414-9
references.pmid: 18616370
references.citation: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jan;103(1):34-8
references.pmid: 9915161
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Jun 1;143A(11):1143-9
references.pmid: 17497721
references.citation: Pan Afr Med J. 2009 Apr 30;2:5
references.pmid: 21532901
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1993 Mar;30(2):250-1
references.pmid: 8452851
references.citation: Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2011 Nov 15;157C(4):288-304
references.pmid: 22002956
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008 Nov;45(6):597-602
references.pmid: 18956943
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2009 Jun;149A(6):1149-58
references.pmid: 19441124
references.citation: Ethiop Med J. 2011 Jan;49(1):1-5
references.pmid: 21456466
references.citation: J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2001 Jun;29(3):131-40; discussion 141-2
references.pmid: 11465251
references.citation: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2011 Jun;18(2):151-3
references.pmid: 21670785
references.citation: Cleft Palate J. 1982 Jul;19(3):201-5
references.pmid: 6956462
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000 Mar;37(2):191-6
references.pmid: 10749061
references.citation: J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2006 Sep;34 Suppl 2:1-2
references.pmid: 17071381
references.citation: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010 Apr;88(4):251-5
references.pmid: 20213697
references.citation: J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Mar;22(2):532-6
references.pmid: 21403549
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011 Nov;48(6):646-53
references.pmid: 21740177
references.citation: S Afr Med J. 1982 Oct 16;62(17):599-602
references.pmid: 6750816
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Mar 15;143A(6):528-37
references.pmid: 17286264
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2007 Oct;86(10):986-91
references.pmid: 17890676
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2011 Jul;155A(7):1588-96
references.pmid: 21671378
references.citation: BMC Oral Health. 2011 Feb 02;11:5
references.pmid: 21288337
references.citation: Lancet. 2009 Nov 21;374(9703):1773-85
references.pmid: 19747722
references.citation: Br J Plast Surg. 2003 Mar;56(2):106-9
references.pmid: 12791351
references.citation: Cent Afr J Med. 2009 Jan-Apr;55(1-4):10-4
references.pmid: 21977841
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Mar;12(3):167-78
references.pmid: 21331089
references.citation: Acta Chir Plast. 1996;38(2):57-60
references.pmid: 8908732
references.citation: Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999 May;36(3):189-95
references.pmid: 10342606