title: Impact of T1r3 and Trpm5 on carbohydrate preference and acceptance in C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: Knockout (KO) mice missing the sweet taste receptor subunit T1r3 or the signaling protein Trpm5 have greatly attenuated sweetener preferences but learn to prefer sucrose in 24-h tests. Here, we examined 24-h preferences of T1r3 KO, Trpm5 KO, and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice for glucose, fructose, galactose, and corn starch. Unlike glucose, fructose has little postoral reward effect in WT mice, whereas conflicting data have been obtained with galactose. Naïve KO mice were initially indifferent to dilute glucose solutions (0.5-4%) but exhibited strong preferences for 8-32% concentrations. In a second test, they strongly preferred (~90%) all glucose concentrations although they drank less sugar than WT mice. Naïve KO mice were indifferent to 0.5-8% fructose and avoided 16-32% fructose. However, the glucose-experienced KO mice displayed significant preferences for all fructose solutions. Naïve KO mice preferred only 8% galactose, whereas WT mice preferred 4-16% galactose, and all mice avoided 32% galactose. Galactose experience enhanced the preference for this sugar in KO and WT mice. Naïve T1r3 KO and WT mice displayed similar preferences for 0.5-32% corn starch, which were enhanced by starch experience. Naïve Trpm5 KO mice did not prefer starch but did so after 1-bottle starch experience. The results confirm the sweet taste deficits of T1r3 KO and Trpm5 KO mice but demonstrate their ability to develop strong glucose and milder galactose preferences attributed to the postoral actions of these sugars. The acquired preference for the non-sweet flavor properties of glucose generalized to those of fructose. The findings further demonstrate that although Trpm5 (but not T1r3) signaling is essential for starch preference, Trpm5 KO mice can learn to prefer starch based on its postoral effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zukerman
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Glendinning
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Margolskee
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sclafani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C498617:Trpm5 protein, mouse; C431926:taste receptors, type 1
keywords: T1r3 KO mice; Trpm5 KO mice; experience; fructose; galactose; glucose; postoral conditioning; starch
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012 May 15;302(10):R1119-33
references.pmid: 22442194
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2013 Jan 17;109:33-41
references.pmid: 23200639
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1979 Mar;193(1):232-41
references.pmid: 453851
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Oct;293(4):R1504-13
references.pmid: 17652359
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2003 Sep;79(4-5):783-8
references.pmid: 12954423
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Aug 9;190(3):285-96
references.pmid: 20696704
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2012 Aug 20;107(1):50-8
references.pmid: 22683548
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Nov;299(5):R1333-41
references.pmid: 20702804
references.citation: Genet Res. 1989 Apr;53(2):95-9
references.pmid: 2744455
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2006 Apr 15;87(4):745-56
references.pmid: 16529783
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 18;104(38):15075-80
references.pmid: 17724332
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Oct 31;115(3):255-66
references.pmid: 14636554
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1987 Summer;11(2):231-40
references.pmid: 3614791
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2009 Oct;34(8):685-94
references.pmid: 19736224
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2001 Apr;72(5):691-703
references.pmid: 11337001
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2010 Jun;460(1):69-76
references.pmid: 20393858
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Aug;265(2 Pt 2):R320-5
references.pmid: 8368385
references.citation: Biomed Res. 2007 Apr;28(2):79-83
references.pmid: 17510492
references.citation: Genes Brain Behav. 2008 Feb;7(1):1-13
references.pmid: 17376151
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2006 Mar;31(3):253-64
references.pmid: 16436689
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):R960-71
references.pmid: 19211717
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2012 Jun 25;106(4):457-61
references.pmid: 22445944
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1994 Feb;55(2):355-60
references.pmid: 8153178
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1991 Aug;50(2):389-92
references.pmid: 1745684
references.citation: Kumamoto Med J. 1971 Mar 31;24(1):1-9
references.pmid: 5566435
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1987 Summer;11(2):131-53
references.pmid: 3302790
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1991 Oct;50(4):699-703
references.pmid: 1663627
references.citation: Metabolism. 1978 Dec;27(12):1721-31
references.pmid: 723628
references.citation: J Nutr. 2009 Jun;139(6):1253S-1256S
references.pmid: 19403706
references.citation: Brain Res. 1976 Jul 16;110(3):491-504
references.pmid: 947469
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Apr;252(4 Pt 1):G574-84
references.pmid: 3565573
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug 15;303(4):E464-74
references.pmid: 22669246
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2011 Apr;91(2):733-94
references.pmid: 21527736
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1999 Aug;67(2):227-34
references.pmid: 10477054
references.citation: Appetite. 1997 Feb;28(1):73-83
references.pmid: 9134096
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2007 Mar 16;90(4):602-11
references.pmid: 17210165
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2010 Mar 30;99(4):509-14
references.pmid: 20045421
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Jun 9;30(23):8012-23
references.pmid: 20534849
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Jan;260(1 Pt 2):R192-9
references.pmid: 1704196
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Jul;263(1 Pt 1):E42-9
references.pmid: 1636699
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):R855-65
references.pmid: 19158407
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Feb 7;112(3):293-301
references.pmid: 12581520
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Sep 2;1350:151-8
references.pmid: 20388497
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):R866-76
references.pmid: 19091911
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009 Aug;19(4):370-7
references.pmid: 19674892
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2010 May;41(3):232-43
references.pmid: 20145204
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2009 Jun;336(3):411-21
references.pmid: 19408014
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jul;13(4):447-51
references.pmid: 20453646
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Dec;301(6):R1635-47
references.pmid: 21975648
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 21;31(38):13527-34
references.pmid: 21940444
references.citation: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1974 Jul;87(1):47-55
references.pmid: 4416044
references.citation: Appetite. 2013 Dec;71:454-8
references.pmid: 22664300
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2001 Sep;26(7):905-13
references.pmid: 11555485
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Dec;299(6):R1643-50
references.pmid: 20926763
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2008 Jan 28;93(1-2):37-43
references.pmid: 17764708
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 21;109(8):E524-32
references.pmid: 22315413
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 18;104(38):15069-74
references.pmid: 17724330
references.citation: Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):850-3
references.pmid: 12869700
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2010 Nov;68(11):643-55
references.pmid: 20961295
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2001 Mar;72(4):603-13
references.pmid: 11282146
references.citation: Neuron. 2008 Mar 27;57(6):930-41
references.pmid: 18367093
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 1991 Sep-Oct;27(3-4):383-6
references.pmid: 1959034
references.citation: Appetite. 2004 Aug;43(1):1-3
references.pmid: 15262010