title: Clinical characteristics and risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: We enrolled and reviewed 26 medical records of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with intracranial hemorrhage (cases) and 104 randomly matched records of SLE without intracranial hemorrhage (controls) out of 6653 admitted patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1994 to 2012, to analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage in SLE. The incidence of SLE with intracranial hemorrhage was only 0.39% within the last 18 years at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. However, the in-hospital fatality rate was quite high (23.1%). Headache was the most common symptom (53.5%) in SLE patients with intracranial hemorrhage. The anatomical localization of the hemorrhages in the brain was predominantly located in the cerebrum. Intracranial hemorrhage could happen in either stable or active SLE patients. SLE patients with intracranial hemorrhage presented other neuropsychiatric syndromes defined by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 1999, thrombocytopenia and antiphospholipid syndrome more frequently than controls. Thrombocytopenia was the independent risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage coexisting with SLE (OR=3.687, 95% CI 1.510-9.001, p=0.004).
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Z L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Y Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult