title: Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after spinal anesthesia with single shot femoral nerve block in total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Femoral nerve block is commonly established for postoperative analgesia in total knee arthroplasty but no evidence of plasma bupivacaine level has been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in patients who had single-injection of femoral nerve block.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was undertaken with 25 patients scheduled for unilateral total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia and single shot femoral nerve block with 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after femoral nerve block. Plasma bupivacaine levels were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four males and 21 females, ASA I-II were enrolled in the present study. Mean age, body mass index, and serum albumin level were 69.9 +/- 5.95 years, 27 +/- 3.67 kg/m2, and 4.46 +/- 0.26 mg/dL, respectively. The median of peak plasma concentration was 538.35 ng/mL (min = 176.30, max = 1,383.99) at 60 minutes after femoral nerve block, while the maximal plasma concentration of bupivacaine was 1,883.39 ng/mL at 10 minutes. None showed signs or symptoms of bupivacaine toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peak plasma concentrations of bupivacaine were demonstrated at 60 minutes after a single shot femoral nerve block, and no signs or symptoms of bupivacaine toxicity were observed Therefore, single shot femoral nerve block with 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine is safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Saowaphak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lapmahapaisan
authors.forename: Thitima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chinachoti
authors.forename: Supornchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kongpatanakul
authors.forename: Somruedee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatsiricharoenkul
authors.forename: Bhisoot
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tovnich
authors.forename: Winai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duangkaew
authors.forename: Piyapat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongnarin
authors.forename: Nuchanat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakulpacharoen
authors.forename: Wannakorn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Somcharoen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine