title: Surface discoloration of composite resins: Effects of staining and bleaching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid composite resins (Esthet•X HD, Clearfil AP-X, Gradia Direct) and five nanohybrid composite resins (Ceram•X, GC Kalore, G-aenial, Grandio, GrandioSO), after staining and bleaching procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The composite resins were polymerized with a curing light (Celalux II, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) into 160 silicon molds (6,4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) to obtain identical specimens. Twenty samples for each composite resin were prepared. The specimens were polished using an automated polishing machine with the sequence of 600-, 800-, 1000-grit abrasive paper under water irrigation. The specimens were immersed in tea and distilled water: the specimens were dipped for 20 min, once a day (every 24 h), for 14 days into the drinks. The specimens were then bleached with carbamide peroxide at 17% (Perfect Bleach-Voco). The color of specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L(*)a(*)b(*) system after light-polymerization of composite resin specimens, after 7 days, after 14 days, and after bleaching. The color difference h index (DEab(*)) between each measurement was calculated. Statistical analysis was made using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All specimens showed a significant increase in staining with a similar trend and no significant differences between microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins. After whitening procedures, materials tested showed both significant and unsignificant differences of the h index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins had similar in vitro surface discoloration in tea. After bleaching, discoloration was removed from some composite resins tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poggio
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beltrami
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scribante
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiesa
keywords: Bleaching; composite resin; surface discoloration
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