title: An active hAT transposable element causing bud mutation of carnation by insertion into the flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene.
abstract: The molecular mechanisms underlying spontaneous bud mutations, which provide an important breeding tool in carnation, are poorly understood. Here we describe a new active hAT type transposable element, designated Tdic101, the movement of which caused a bud mutation in carnation that led to a change of flower color from purple to deep pink. The color change was attributed to Tdic101 insertion into the second intron of F3'H, the gene for flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase responsible for purple pigment production. Regions on the deep pink flowers of the mutant can revert to purple, a visible phenotype of, as we show, excision of the transposable element. Sequence analysis revealed that Tdic101 has the characteristics of an autonomous element encoding a transposase. A related, but non-autonomous element dTdic102 was found to move in the genome of the bud mutant as well. Its mobilization might be the result of transposase activities provided by other elements such as Tdic101. In carnation, therefore, the movement of transposable elements plays an important role in the emergence of a bud mutation.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratories for Key Technologies, Kirin Co., Ltd, Fukuura 1-13-5, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. mmomose@kirin.co.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Momose
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Umemoto
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toguri
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozeki
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D029749:Dianthus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018744:DNA, Plant; D010940:Plant Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C038888:flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase
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