title: Leishmania donovani whole cell antigen delivered with adjuvants protects against visceral leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops).
abstract: In a previous immunogenicity and efficacy study in mice, montanide ISA 720 (MISA) was indicated to be a better adjuvant than bacillus calmette guerin vaccine (BCG) for a Leishmania vaccine. In the present study, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) sonicated antigen delivered with alum-BCG (AlBCG), MISA or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in vervet monkeys following intradermal inoculums. Vaccinated and control animals were challenged with virulent L. donovani parasites and the parasitic burden was determined. Only animals vaccinated with alum-BCG adversely reacted to the inoculum by producing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric ANOVA followed by a post test showed significantly higher IgG antibodies, and revealed the presence of lymphoproliferative and interferon gamma responses in both AlBCG+Ag and MISA+Ag as compared to the MPLA+Ag or other groups (P < 0.001). We conclude that L. donovani sonicated antigen containing MISA is safe and is associated with protective immune response against Leishmania donovani infection in the vervet monkey model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi 24481-00502, Kenya; ; Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 43844-00100, Kenya.
authors.forename: Joshua Muli
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mutiso
authors.forename: John Chege
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Macharia
authors.forename: Evans
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taracha
authors.forename: Michael Muita
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gicheru
keywords: Leishmania donovani; adjuvants; sonicated antigen; vervet monkey; visceral leishmaniasis
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