title: Validity and Reliability of MOS Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for Use in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being than just the absence of disease or infirmity. In order to measure health in the community, a reliable and validated instrument is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To adapt and translate the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) for use in India, to study its validity and reliability and to explore its higher order factor structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 184 adult subjects by two trained interviewers. Statistical analyses for establishing item-level validity, scale-level validity and reliability and tests of known group comparison were performed. The higher order factor structure was investigated using principal component analysis with varimax rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was well understood by the respondents. Item-level validity was established using tests of item internal consistency, equality of item-scale correlations and item-discriminant validity. Tests of scale-level validity and reliability performed well as all the scales met the required internal consistency criteria. Tests of known group comparison discriminated well across groups differing in socio-demographic and clinical variables. The higher order factor structure was found to comprise of two factors, with factor loadings being similar to those observed in other Asian countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The item-and scale-level statistical analyses supported the validity and reliability of SF-36 for use in India.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Occupational Health, Research Institute SHARE, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Wim J A
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Perianayagam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arokiasamy
keywords: Health surveys; quality of life; questionnaires; reliability; translations; validity
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2005 Jun;14(5):1203-18; dicussion 1219-21, 1223-4
references.pmid: 16047498
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2004 Feb;13(1):251-6
references.pmid: 15058805
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):925-32
references.pmid: 9817109
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1013-23
references.pmid: 9817119
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1167-70
references.pmid: 9817134
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2005 Apr;60(8):1845-53
references.pmid: 15686814
references.citation: Singapore Med J. 2001 Mar;42(3):131-5
references.pmid: 11405568
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):913-23
references.pmid: 9817108
references.citation: Indian J Med Sci. 2006 Jan;60(1):3-12
references.pmid: 16444082
references.citation: Mod Rheumatol. 2007;17(4):290-5
references.pmid: 17694261
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1129-38
references.pmid: 9817130
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1139-47
references.pmid: 9817131
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1025-36
references.pmid: 9817120
references.citation: Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003 Aug 06;1:30
references.pmid: 12952543
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):945-52
references.pmid: 9817111
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2005 Oct;122(4):297-304
references.pmid: 16394320
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2005 Oct;14(8):1953-8
references.pmid: 16155783
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 1993 Dec;2(6):441-9
references.pmid: 8161978
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2005 Aug;58(8):815-22
references.pmid: 16018917
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1149-58
references.pmid: 9817132
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2005 Apr;14(3):875-82
references.pmid: 16022079
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2005 Aug;14(6):1641-7
references.pmid: 16110943
references.citation: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007 Aug;11(8):887-92
references.pmid: 17705955
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1159-65
references.pmid: 9817133
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1037-44
references.pmid: 9817121
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Nov;51(11):1179-88
references.pmid: 9817136
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2005 Jun;14(5):1433-8
references.pmid: 16047519
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Jan;54:17-21
references.pmid: 16649733