title: microRNA signature is altered in both human epididymis and seminal microvesicles following vasectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does vasectomy impact microRNA (miRNA) expression in the epididymis and seminal microvesicles (SMVs) in a non-reversible manner?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The miRNA signature in the epididymis and SMVs is altered by vasectomy and only partially restored after vasovasostomy surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vasectomy modifies the epididymal transcriptome and triggers non-reversible changes that affect sperm function. Some vasovasostomized men experience a reduced fertility outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human epididymides provided by three control donors and three vasectomized donors were collected under artificial circulation through Transplant Quebec (Quebec, QC, Canada). Semen from three normal, three vasectomized and five vasovasostomized donors was provided by the andrology clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epididymides and semen were collected from donors between 26 and 50 years of age with no known pathologies that could potentially affect reproductive function. After RNA extraction, epididymal miRNA profiles were determined by microarray (Affimetrix), compared by ANOVA and confirmed by real-time PCR. The correlation between miRNA and gene expression profiles was investigated by an integrated genomic approach. miRNA signature from purified SMVs was established by microarray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vasectomy significantly modified the expression of epididymal miRNAs, which were mainly correlated with mRNAs for transcription factors. Vasectomy also impacted the detection of 118 of the miRNAs found in SMVs from normal donors, including miRNAs of epididymal origin contained in epididymosomes. Among seminal miRNAs changes, 52 were reversible according to the expression levels of miRNA in the semen samples from vasovasostomized donors, while 66 were non-reversible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of miRNAs responsive to vasectomy was determined with a limited number of samples due to the low number of human specimen samples available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the critical role played by miRNAs in all biological systems, we believe that miRNA changes occurring upstream and downstream of the vasectomy site may be related to the reduced fertility outcome reported following surgically successful vasectomy reversal. This study may provide new tools for predicting vasovasostomy success and open avenues for the identification of the molecular players involved in male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Département d'Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belleannée
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Légaré
authors.forename: Ezéquiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thimon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004822:Epididymis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: epididymis; fertility; miRNAs; seminal microvesicles; vasectomy