title: Determination of urinary stone composition using dual-energy spectral CT: initial in vitro analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of determining the chemical composition of urinary stones using computed tomography (CT) spectral imaging (SI) MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ten urinary stones were scanned in vitro using the SI mode and conventional polychromatic imaging (CPI; 120 kVp) mode. The radiodensity at 50 keV and 120 kVp, the mean calcium density (CD), and the water density (WD) were measured using the 50 keV images, 120 kVp images, calcium-based images, and water-based images, respectively. These parameters and the calcium-water ratio (CWR) were compared between different types of stones. CWR was defined as: CWR = ‌calcium density/water density‌.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results determined by infrared spectroscopy, 116 pure urinary stones were divided into five groups: uric acid (UA, n = 16), struvite (STR, n = 23), cystine (CYS, n = 10), calcium phosphate (CaP, n = 29), and calcium oxalate (COX, n = 38). CD, CWR, and the radiodensity of stones at 50 keV CT imaging of each group were as follows: UA (-3.55 ± 10.85 mg/ml, 0.03 ± 0.05, 510.08 ± 157.29 HU); STR (224.99 ± 64.28 mg/ml, 0.19 ± 0.07, 1058.58 ± 260.13 HU); CYS (139.67 ± 34.66 mg/ml, 0.13 ± 0.03, 725.75 ± 142.35 HU); CaP (619.39 ± 26.13 mg/ml, 0.69 ± 0.11, 2617.46 ± 186.22 HU); COX (518.61 ± 95.5 mg/ml, 0.58 ± 0.1, 2247.47 ± 379.51 HU). The differences in the CD, CRW, and radiodensity of stones at 50 keV CT imaging among the groups were statistically significant by binary comparison (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the radiodensity of stones at 120 keV CT imaging between UA and CYS (p = 0.267), CaP and COX (p = 0.065), and in the WD between STR and CYS (p = 0.108).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SI provides a novel method to better characterize pure urinary stones using the mean CD, CWR, and the radiodensity of stones at 50 keV CT imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
authors.forename: X-H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Y-Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D000069877:Struvite; D034421:Sus scrofa; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D003553:Cystine; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000069877:Struvite