title: Intracranial haemorrhage among Chinese children with immune thrombocytopenia in a Hong Kong regional hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate potential risk factors, presenting symptoms, management, and outcomes of intracranial haemorrhage in Chinese children with immune thrombocytopenia managed in a regional hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A regional hospital in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  All paediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia complicated by intracranial haemorrhage in the period January 1996 to December 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine episodes of intracranial haemorrhage were reported in eight patients (aged 0.9 to 19 years) with immune thrombocytopenia; three of the patients had acute immune thrombocytopenia and the other five had chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Intracranial haemorrhage occurred as early as the initial presentation with immune thrombocytopenia (n=2) and as late as up to 5 years after the diagnosis. The median platelet count at the time of intracranial haemorrhage was 12 x 10(9) /L (<10 x 10(9) /L [n=4]; 10-20 x 10(9) /L [n=2]; >20 x 10(9) /L [n=3]). The bleeding was considered spontaneous in six episodes, while head trauma (n=2) and vascular malformation (n=1) were identified in three patients with mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia (42-82 x 10(9) /L) at the time of the bleed. Headache and mucosal bleeding were the commonest presenting symptoms (n=5). All patients received multimodal treatment after diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage, and included platelet transfusion (n=8), intravenous immunoglobulin (n=6), methylprednisolone (n=4), and splenectomy (n=4); three individuals underwent neurosurgical interventions. One (11%) patient died of posterior fossa bleeding and one (11%) had neurological sequelae. All survivors achieved remission of their immune thrombocytopenia with a median follow-up of 5.3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial haemorrhage can occur anytime during the course of immune thrombocytopenia. A high index of suspicion for intracranial haemorrhage should be maintained during follow-up, as favourable outcomes can be achieved after early and vigorous interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Anselm C W
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kwong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017713:Platelet Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D008775:Methylprednisolone
keywords: Child; Chinese; Intracranial hemorrhages; Purpura, thrombocytopenic, idiopathic