title: Evaluation of energy in heated water vapor for the application of lung volume reduction in patients with severe emphysema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A method of achieving endoscopic lung volume reduction for emphysema has been developed that utilizes precise amounts of thermal energy in the form of water vapor to ablate lung tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the energy output and implications of the commercial InterVapor system and compares it to the clinical trial system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two methods of evaluating the energy output of the vapor systems were used, a direct energy measurement and a quantification of resultant thermal profile in a lung model. Direct measurement of total energy and the component attributable to gas (vapor energy) was performed by condensing vapor in a water bath and measuring the temperature and mass changes. Infrared images of a lung model were taken after vapor delivery. The images were quantified to characterize the thermal profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total energy and vapor energy of the InterVapor system was measured at various dose levels and compared to the clinical trial system at a dose of 10.0 cal/g. An InterVapor dose of 8.5 cal/g was found to have the most similar vapor energy output with the smallest associated reduction in total energy. This was supported by characterization of the thermal profile in the lung model that demonstrated the profile of InterVapor at 8.5 cal/g to not exceed the profile of the clinical trial system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering both total energy and vapor energy is important during the development of clinical vapor applications. For InterVapor, a closer study of both energy types justified a reduced target vapor-dosing range for lung volume reduction. The clinical implication is a potential improvement for benefiting the risk profile.
authors.affiliation: Uptake Medical Corp., Tustin, CA 92780, USA. ehenne@uptakemedical.com
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henne
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesten
authors.forename: Felix J F
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Herth
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004646:Emphysema / Q000601:surgery*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013227:Steam
chemical_list: D013227:Steam