title: Cognitive impairment and depression in the early 60s: which is more problematic in terms of instrumental activities of daily living?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the impact of cognitive impairment and depression on functional impairment in people aged in their early 60s.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 3034 inhabitants of a rural area of Korea aged 60-64 years. The Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale were used to assess cognitive impairment, depression and functional impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30.8% of participants reported that they were dependent for at least one of the items on the IADL scale, and the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression was 17.3% and 25.9%, respectively. The results showed that cognitive impairment had a stronger relationship with IADL impairment than did depression (odds ratio [OR] = 4.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.91-6.17; c-statistics = 0.647 and OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.67-2.50; c-statistics = 0.622, respectively). In particular, subclinical levels of the MMSE-K and GDS-15 score were associated with IADL impairment in participants without cognitive impairment or depression (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.67-0.80, OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16, per 1 point score increase, respectively). Only the MMSE-K score showed a significant association in participants with either cognitive impairment or depression, or both. Our findings also showed the independent association of IADL impairment with age, employment status, education and type of insurance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with depression, cognitive impairment was more strongly associated with IADL impairment. Subclinical level of cognitive impairment and depression were also associated with IADL impairment in mentally healthy participants. Therefore, early intervention is required to prevent further decline.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Boyoung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jae Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Jonghan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012424:Rural Population
keywords: Lawton's instrumental activities of daily living; cognitive impairment; depression; geriatric depression scale; instrumental activities of daily living; mini-mental state examination