title: Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Gullah African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations of metabolic syndrome, and its individual components, with extent of severe periodontitis among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a secondary data analysis (N = 283) using a cross-sectional study population of Gullah African Americans with T2DM. Extent of severe periodontitis was assessed as total diseased tooth-sites/person [evaluated as separate outcomes: 6+mm clinical attachment level (CAL), 5+mm periodontal probing depth (PPD)] using negative binomial regression techniques. Primary independent variables assessed in separate models included metabolic syndrome (yes/no), each metabolic syndrome component (low HDL, hypertension, high triglycerides, large waist circumference) and glycemic control (poor/good).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable CAL-model results showed a significant association for metabolic syndrome status with extent of severe periodontitis (RR = 2.77, p = 0.03). The separate multivariable CAL-model including each metabolic syndrome component showed marginally increased rates among those with large waist circumference (RR = 2.33, p = 0.09) and those with HbA1c ≥ 7% (RR = 1.73, p = 0.06). Multivariable PPD-models showed marginally increased rates among those with metabolic syndrome (RR = 2.18, p = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome is associated with the extent of severe periodontitis in this Gullah population with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Nicoleta D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Sora
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Renata S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Slate
authors.forename: Jyotika K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000150:complications; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
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