title: Note: Rapid offset reduction of impedance bridges taking into account instrumental damping and phase shifting.
abstract: The sensitivity of an imperfectly balanced impedance bridge is limited by the remaining offset voltage. Here, we present a procedure for offset reduction in impedance measurements using a lock-in amplifier, by applying a complex compensating voltage external to the bridge. This procedure takes into account instrumental damping and phase shifting, which generally occur at the high end of the operational frequency range. Measurements demonstrate that the output of the circuit rapidly converges to the instrumentally limited noise at any frequency.
authors.affiliation: Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Wel
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kortschot
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bakelaar
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Erné
authors.forename: B W M
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kuipers