title: Cells co-expressing luteinising hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are present in the ovine pituitary pars distalis but not the pars tuberalis: implications for the control of endogenous circannual rhythms of prolactin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A mammalian circannual pacemaker responsible for regulating the seasonal pattern of prolactin has been recently described in sheep. This pacemaker resides within the pars tuberalis, an area of the pituitary gland that densely expresses melatonin receptors. However, the chemical identity of the cell type which acts as the pacemaker remains elusive. Mathematical-modelling approaches have established that this cell must be responsive to the static melatonin signal as well as prolactin negative feedback. Considering that in sheep the gonadotroph is the only cell in the pars tuberalis which expresses the prolactin receptor, and that in other photoperiodic species the thyrotroph is the only cell expressing the melatonin receptor in this tissue, a cell type which expresses both proteins would fulfil the theoretical criteria of a circannual pacemaker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pituitary glands were obtained from female sheep under short days (breeding season) and long days (non-breeding season) and double immunofluorescent staining was conducted to determine the prevalence of bi-hormonal cells in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis using specific antibodies to luteinising hormone-β and thyroid-stimulating hormone-β.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results reveal that whilst such a bihormonal cell is clearly present in the pars distalis and constitute 4% of the gonadotroph population in this region, the same cell type is completely absent from the pars tuberalis even though LH gonadotrophs are abundantly expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, together with existing data, we are able to propose an alternative model where the gonadotroph itself is controlled indirectly by neighbouring melatonin responsive cells, allowing it to act as a pacemaker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Domingo J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tortonese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D052681:Gonadotrophs / Q000378:metabolism; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017440:Photoperiod; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011388:Prolactin; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D008550:Melatonin