title: Intrabony defects, open-flap debridement, and decortication: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intramarrow penetration (IMP) is often incorporated in regenerative periodontal surgical procedures. However, the actual benefits of adding IMP to such a procedure remain undocumented. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the contribution of IMP to the outcomes of open-flap debridement (OFD) treatment of intrabony defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two chronic periodontitis patients, each contributing a 2-wall, 3-wall, or combined 2- to 3-wall intrabony defect, were treated. Sites were randomly assigned into one of two groups: control (OFD alone) or test (OFD + IMP). Papilla preservation flaps were raised, and defects were thoroughly debrided. In the control group, complete primary closure of flaps was ensured after debridement. In the test group, IMP was performed before flap closure, using a round bur to penetrate the cortical defect wall. Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed at baseline and 12 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. At 12 months, both groups experienced significant improvements, in terms of probing depth reduction, clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and bone level (clinical and radiographic). The test group experienced significantly greater clinical bone gain (3.07 ± 1.74 mm) and prevalence of CAL gain ≥2 mm (93% of sites) compared with the control group (1.76 ± 2.71 mm, P <0.03; 62%, P = 0.024). The test treatment benefits were particularly evident in mandibular sites, in which OFD + IMP doubled the radiographic bone gain obtained by OFD alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of IMP to an OFD procedure used to treat intrabony defects results in statistically and clinically significant enhancement of both clinical and radiographic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crea
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deli
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Littarru
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lajolo
authors.forename: Gianluca Vittorini
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Orgeas
authors.forename: Dimitris N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tatakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000601:surgery*; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000601:surgery*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000601:surgery; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D011859:Radiography; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome