title: Triple cysteine module within M-type K+ channels mediates reciprocal channel modulation by nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.
abstract: We have identified a new signaling role for nitric oxide (NO) in neurons from the trigeminal ganglia (TG). We show that in rat sensory neurons from the TG the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine, inhibited M-current. This inhibitory effect was blocked by NO scavenging, while inhibition of NO synthases increased M-current, suggesting that tonic NO levels inhibit M-current in TG neurons. Moreover NO increased neuronal excitability and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release and these effects could be prevented by perturbing M-channel function. First, NO-induced depolarization was prevented by pre-application of the M-channel blocker XE991 and second, NO-induced increase in CGRP release was prevented by incubation with the M-channel opener retigabine. We investigated the mechanism of the effects of NO on M-channels and identified a site of action of NO to be the redox modulatory site at the triplet of cysteines within the cytosolic linker between transmembrane domains 2 and 3, which is also a site of oxidative modification of M-channels by reactive oxygen species (ROS). NO and oxidative modifications have opposing effects on M-current, suggesting that a tightly controlled local redox and NO environment will exert fine control over M-channel activity and thus neuronal excitability. Together our data have identified a dynamic redox sensor within neuronal M-channels, which mediates reciprocal regulation of channel activity by NO and ROS. This sensor may play an important role in mediating excitatory effects of NO in such trigeminal disorders as headache and migraine.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. lezanne@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: Lezanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gigout
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pettinger
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gamper
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: C112297:10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000873:Anthracenes; D001565:Benzoates; D002219:Carbamates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; C117367:KCNQ4 protein, human; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C101866:ezogabine; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; C008625:nitroaniline; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001710:Biotin; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D003545:Cysteine
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