title: Medicare Part D research highlights and policy updates, 2013: impact and insights.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since its implementation in 2006, Medicare Part D has evolved from a program that offered basic access to covered drugs for beneficiaries to one that has the potential to affect patient outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to highlight key research findings on Medicare Part D published in 2012 and major public policy initiatives for Part D for 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for research studies on Part D published in 2012 in biomedical/scientific, peer-reviewed, English-language journals. For policy updates, sources included the Federal Register, the 2013 Final Call Letter, guidance from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and 2012 publications on Part D policy identified in PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Part D has been associated with higher medication use and lower out-of-pocket (OOP) costs of many long-term medications; however, differences within subgroups of beneficiaries have been observed. Studies on health outcomes have been inconclusive. Part D policy changes in 2013 have addressed problems with the benefit, namely coverage of benzodiazepines and barbiturates; reducing coinsurance in the coverage gap; reducing fraud, waste, and abuse; medication therapy management program standardization; and an expanded appeals process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research continues to suggest that Part D is effective in increasing medication utilization and lowering OOP costs. Further work is needed to clarify the effects of Part D on nondrug health care service utilization and health outcomes. Policy changes for 2013 addressed specific improvements in the Medicare Part D benefit while potentially generating cost-savings for Medicare and Medicaid. Future challenges include alleviating access burden to medications during the phase-out of the coverage gap, minimizing disparities among Part D beneficiaries, and coordinating the Part D benefit with Medicare parts A and B via Medicare Accountable Care Organizations. A more integrated and coordinated Medicare benefit among all of its components would benefit overall health outcomes and increase cost-savings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA. jstubbin@uic.edu
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stubbings
authors.forename: Denys T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D016527:Drug Costs; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D054524:Medicare Part D; D014481:United States