title: Local anesthetic effects on gene transcription in human skeletal muscle biopsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined if epinephrine in the local anesthetic to help control incision-related bleeding interferes with molecular measurements obtained with the Duchenne-Bergström percutaneous needle biopsy technique for sampling human skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups received 2.5-3.0 ml of 1% lidocaine in 2 injections: (1) 0.5-1.0 ml superficially, which varied among the groups according to (i) -Epi; intra- and subcutaneous without epinephrine, (ii) +Epi -Fascia; intra- and subcutaneous with epinephrine, avoiding the fascia, and (iii) +Epi +Fascia; intra- and subcutaneous with epinephrine, directing a small amount (∽0.2 ml) into the fascia area; and (2) ∽2.0 ml without epinephrine into the fascia area for all subjects. A muscle biopsy was obtained 5-10 min later for IL-6 and MuRF-1 mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6 mRNA levels were low in -Epi and +Epi -Fascia, but ∽300-fold higher in +Epi +Fascia. MuRF-1 mRNA levels were similar among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine with epinephrine can confound intramuscular measurements from needle biopsies, but this can be avoided with a careful injection approach.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Standley
authors.forename: Sophia Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jemiolo
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Harber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000145:classification; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004837:Epinephrine; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008012:Lidocaine; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors; C440908:TRIM63 protein, human
keywords: IL-6; MuRF-1; epinephrine; lidocaine; xylocaine