title: Estimating salt intake in a Caucasian population: can spot urine substitute 24-hour urine samples?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A simple and valid alternative for 24-hour urine collection to estimate populational 24-hour urinary sodium excretion would be desirable for monitoring sodium intake in populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity of the predicted 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine and two different prediction methods in a Danish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 473 Danish individuals provided a para-aminobenzoic acid-validated complete 24-hour urine collection and a spot urine sample. Data were collected in the DanThyr study (248 women aged 25-30 years and 60-65 years) and the Inter99 study (102 men and 113 women aged 30-60 years), respectively. The measured 24-hour urine sodium excretion was compared with the predicted 24-hour sodium excretion from a causal urine specimen, using both the Tanaka prediction method and a prediction model developed in a Danish population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured 24-hour sodium excretion (median, 5th to 95th percentile) was men 195 (110 to 360) and women 139 (61 to 258), whereas the predicted 24-hour sodium excretion for the Tanaka model was men 171 (117 to 222) and women 153 (92 to 228) and for the Danish model was men 207 (146 to 258); women 134 (103 to 163). The Spearman correlation between predicted and measured 24-hour sodium excretion was 0.39 and 0.49 for the Tanaka and the Danish model, respectively. For both prediction models, the proportion of individuals classified in the same or adjacent quintile was 74% for men and 64% for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both prediction models gave a reasonable classification of individuals according to their sodium excretion. However, the median daily sodium intake was estimated more precisely by the Danish model, especially among men.
authors.affiliation: Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark ulla.toft@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.affiliation: Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Helms
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.affiliation: Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Betina Heinsbæk
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Thuesen
authors.affiliation: Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
authors.affiliation: Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.affiliation: Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perrild
authors.affiliation: Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009318:Natriuresis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000652:urine*; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Monitoring; prediction model; sodium; validation