title: Maximum allowable values of the heavy metals in recycled water for household laundry.
abstract: Household laundry as a new end use of recycled water in dual reticulation systems has a great potential as the significant amount of potable water from urban households can be saved. However, there is still no sufficient evidence and supporting recycled water quality guidelines for this particular use. A key gap in knowledge is the impact of heavy metals in recycled water on clothes and washing machines. Thus, this study aims to determine the maximum allowable values (MAVs) of the heavy metals iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in recycled water for washing clothes in washing machines. Six different concentrations of each targeted metals were prepared in tap water for the washing machine experiments. The tearing/tensile strength tests were used for the assessment of cloth durability. MINITAB 16 as a statistical tool was used and ANOVA one way test was applied for the significance analysis (Turkey's test p<0.05). The results show that the MAVs of the heavy metals Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn were found to be 1 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 1 mg/l respectively in terms of cloth durability.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technologies in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Bandita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mainali
authors.forename: Thi Thu Nga
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Huu Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Wenshan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D003020:Clothing; D005191:Family Characteristics; D007846:Laundering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D059027:Recycling; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical