title: Gut microbial diversity is reduced and is associated with colonic inflammation in a piglet model of short bowel syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following small bowel resection (SBR), the luminal environment is altered, which contributes to clinical manifestations of short bowel syndrome (SBS) including malabsorption, mucosal inflammation and bacterial overgrowth. However, the impact of SBR on the colon has not been well-defined. The aims of this study were to characterize the colonic microbiota following SBR and to assess the impact of SBR on mucosal inflammation in the colon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the colonic microbiota demonstrated that there was a significant level of dysbiosis both two and six weeks post-SBR, particularly in the phylum Firmicutes, coupled with a decrease in overall bacterial diversity in the colon. This decrease in diversity was associated with an increase in colonic inflammation six weeks post-surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female (4-week old) piglets (5-6/group) received a 75% SBR, a transection (sham) or no surgery. Compositional analysis of the colonic microbiota was performed by high-throughput sequencing, two- and six-weeks post-surgery. The gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the colonic mucosa was assessed by qRT-PCR and the number of macrophages and percentage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) staining in the colonic epithelium were quantified by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBR significantly decreased the diversity of the colonic microbiota and this was associated with an increase in colonic mucosal inflammation. This study supports the hypothesis that SBR has a significant impact on the colon and that this may play an important role in defining clinical outcome.
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia. susan.lapthorne@mcri.edu.au
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lapthorne
authors.forename: Prue M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pereira-Fantini
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fouhy
authors.forename: Guineva
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Dellios
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scurr
authors.forename: Orla
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bines
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine
keywords: bacterial diversity; colonic microbiota; high-throughput sequencing; mucosal immunology; short bowel syndrome; small bowel resection
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