title: Assessment of cytogenetic and cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on cultured human lymphocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the genetic and cellular toxicity of Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on peripheral human lymphocytes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Micronucleus assay was used to investigate the genotoxicity, while the cell viability and proliferation were evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion test and Nuclear Division Index in control and CHX-treated (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 mg/ml) human blood cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-dependent toxic effect was found depending on CHX incubation on the genetic and cell viability of the lymphocytes. Micronucleus frequency was found to be statistically higher at 0.5 mg/ml concentration compared to lower doses and the control group (p < 0.05). A significant reduction was shown in the cell viability and cell proliferation of the exposed lymphocytes at the concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5 mg/ml (p < 0.05), while no significant toxicity was found at lower concentrations compared to control (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed dose-dependent genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of CHX on human lymphocytes in vitro. It should be considered during periodontal irrigation or novel CHX products at lower concentrations should be manufactured for clinical usage.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. t-arabaci@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Taner
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arabaci
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Türkez
authors.forename: Cenk Fatih
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Çanakçi
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özgöz
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests
chemical_list: C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine