title: The predictive utility of a brief kindergarten screening measure of child behavior problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kindergarten teacher ratings, such as those from the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (TOCA-R), are a promising cost- and time-effective screening method to identify children at risk for later problems. Previous research with the TOCA-R has been mainly limited to outcomes in a single domain measured during elementary school. The goal of the current study was to examine the ability of TOCA-R sum scores to predict outcomes in multiple domains across distinct developmental periods (i.e., late childhood, middle adolescence, late adolescence).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Fast Track Project, a large multisite study with children at risk for conduct problems (n = 752; M age at start of study = 6.55 years; 57.7% male; 49.9% Caucasian, 46.3% African American). Kindergarten TOCA-R sum scores were used as the predictor in regression analyses; outcomes included school difficulties, externalizing diagnoses and symptom counts, and substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TOCA-R sum scores predicted school outcomes at all time points, diagnosis of ADHD in 9th grade, several externalizing disorder symptom counts, and cigarette use in 12th grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate the predictive utility of the TOCA-R when examining outcomes within the school setting. Therefore, these results suggest the 10-item TOCA-R may provide a quick and accurate screening of children at risk for later problems. Implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. sracz@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Sarah Jensen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Racz
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witkiewitz
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*
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