title: When to remeasure cardiovascular risk in untreated people at low and intermediate risk: observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the probability of becoming high risk for cardiovascular disease among people at low and intermediate risk and not being treated for high blood pressure or lipid levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General communities in Japan and the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  13,757 participants of the Tokyo health check-up study and 3855 of the Framingham studies aged 30-74 years with complete data on risk equation covariates, not receiving blood pressure or cholesterol lowering treatment, and with an estimated risk of cardiovascular disease <20% within 10 years. We stratified participants on the basis of baseline risk: <5%, 5-<10%, 10-<15%, and 15-<20%.We used follow-up measurements from the Tokyo study done annually over three years (2006-10) and follow-up visits in the Framingham study done between eight (1968-75) and 19 years (1990-1995) after baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimated 10 year risk of a cardiovascular event >20% using the Framingham equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline most participants had <5% risk (60.6% of Tokyo cohort and 45.7% of Framingham cohort) or 5-<10% risk (24.0% and 28.0%, respectively) of a cardiovascular event within 10 years. There was <10% probability of crossing the treatment threshold at 19, 8, and 3 years for baseline risk groups <5%, 5-<10%, and 10-<15%, respectively, and >10% probability of crossing the treatment threshold at one year for the 15-<20% baseline risk group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisions on the frequency of remeasuring for cardiovascular risk should be made on the basis of baseline risk. Repeat risk estimation before 8-10 years is not warranted for most people initially not requiring treatment. However, remeasurement within a year seems warranted in those with an initial 15-<20% risk.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, QLD 4229, Australia.
authors.forename: Katy J L
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Irwig
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohde
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018450:Disease Progression; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014041:Tokyo; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol