title: Patterns of cognitive dysfunction in progressive MS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive MS is associated with a high frequency of cognitive impairment. However, it is not clear to what extent this reflects global dysfunction, or independent deficits in specific functions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise patterns of cognitive impairment in progressive MS on a multi-dimensional cognitive assessment tool well established in neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with secondary (SPMS; n=60) and primary progressive MS (PPMS; n=28) were assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) multi-dimensional cognitive assessment scale. Independent dimensions of impairment and their relative contribution to the overall burden of cognitive dysfunction were then determined by factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two independent dimensions of impairment were seen: frontal-executive (attention, verbal fluency, recall) on one hand, and language and visuospatial functions on the other. These accounted for 55% and 45% respectively of the variance not explained by a global influence (14.2% and 11.6% respectively of total variance). Isolated language and visuospatial dysfunction was seen in both groups, whereas isolated impairment in frontal-executive functions was underrepresented in SPMS (p=0.001) and not seen in PPMS patients (p=0.040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to a prominent global influence on cognitive performance, patients with progressive MS commonly exhibit language and visuospatial deficits. Evaluation of these abilities should therefore be included in clinical assessment of cognition in progressive MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Connick
authors.forename: Siddharthan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Bak
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology