title: Features of perceived neighborhood environment associated with daily walking time or habitual exercise: differences across gender, age, and employment status in a community-dwelling population of Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perceived neighborhood environment (NE) is considered a determinant of daily physical activity (PA). However, evidence concerning differences among types of PA, gender, and age is limited. The study purpose was to clarify the association between NE and walking time (WT) or habitual exercise (HE) across gender, age, and employment status in a community-dwelling population of Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire mail survey with a stratified random 7,515 sampling was conducted in a northeast city in January 2007. Multiple logistic analysis was conducted to examine the associations between seven NE indices and WT or HE across gender, age, and employment status: 20-39 (young-employed), 40-59 (middle-employed), and 60-79 (old-employed or old-unemployed) after adjustment for age and means of transportation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3,806 residents (52.4 % females) completed the survey. Traffic and crime safety in old-unemployed males and proximity to service facilities and traffic and crime safety in middle-employed females were significantly associated with a low risk of insufficient WT. Proximity to service facilities in old-employed males, number of service facilities, places for walking, and good view in middle-employed females, and density of dwelling and proximity to service facilities in old-unemployed females were significantly associated with a low risk of non-HE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between NE and WT or HE differed across type of PA, gender, age, and employment status, and was observed mainly in middle- and old-aged females. The middle- and old-aged female residents' PA possibly were more influenced by their NE, and NE would contribute to promote active living.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Science, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Tzu-an
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jung Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakubo
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitaike
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akabayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002947:Cities; D004651:Employment; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult
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