title: Using a motor imagery questionnaire to estimate the performance of a Brain-Computer Interface based on object oriented motor imagery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to test whether motor imagery (MI) questionnaires can be used to detect BCI 'illiterate'. The second objective was to test how different MI paradigms, with and without the physical presence of the goal of an action, influence a BCI classifier.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinaesthetic (KI) and visual (VI) motor imagery questionnaires were administered to 30 healthy volunteers. Their EEG was recorded during a cue-based, simple imagery (SI) and goal oriented imagery (GOI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest correlation (Pearson r(2)=0.53, p=1.6e-5) was found between KI and SI, followed by a moderate correlation between KI and GOI (r(2)=0.33, p=0.001) and a weak correlation between VI and SI (r(2)=0.21, p=0.022) and VI and GOI (r(2)=0.17, p=0.05). Classification accuracy was similar for SI (71.1 ± 7.8%) and GOI (70.5 ± 5.9%) though corresponding classification features differed in 70% participants. Compared to SI, GOI improved the classification accuracy in 'poor' imagers while reducing the classification accuracy in 'very good' imagers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KI score could potentially be a useful tool to predict the performance of a MI based BCI. The physical presence of the object of an action facilitates motor imagination in 'poor' able-bodied imagers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this study shows results on able-bodied people, its general conclusions should be transferable to BCI based on MI for assisted rehabilitation of the upper extremities in patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK. aleksandra.vuckovic@glasgow.ac.uk
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vuckovic
authors.forename: Bethel A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Osuagwu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004522:Educational Status; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BCI illiteracy; Brain–Computer Interface; Goal oriented imagination; Kinaesthetic imagery; Motor imagery questionnaire; Visual imagery