title: Oxidative stress and the antioxidant enzyme system in the developing brain.
abstract: Preterm infants are vulnerable to the oxidative stress due to the production of large amounts of free radicals, antioxidant system insufficiency, and immature oligodendroglial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of periventricular leukomalacia. The three most common ROS are superoxide (O2(•-)), hydroxyl radical (OH(•)), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Under normal physiological conditions, a balance is maintained between the production of ROS and the capacity of the antioxidant enzyme system. However, if this balance breaks down, ROS can exert toxic effects. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are considered the classical antioxidant enzymes. A recently discovered antioxidant enzyme family, peroxiredoxin (Prdx), is also an important scavenger of free radicals. Prdx1 expression is induced at birth, whereas Prdx2 is constitutively expressed, and Prdx6 expression is consistent with the classical antioxidant enzymes. Several antioxidant substances have been studied as potential therapeutic agents; however, further preclinical and clinical studies are required before allowing clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: So-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Han-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Antioxidants; Brain injuries; Premature infant; Reactive oxygen species
references.citation: Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995 Jul;73(1):F27-31
references.pmid: 7552592
references.citation: Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1992 Mar 20;66(1):55-8
references.pmid: 1600632
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Apr 1;58(1):10-9
references.pmid: 12667942
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 1993 Apr;33(4 Pt 1):405-11
references.pmid: 8479823
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004 Sep;63(9):990-9
references.pmid: 15453097
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Jun;280(6):L1212-7
references.pmid: 11350800
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2001 Apr 3;40(13):4077-86
references.pmid: 11300788
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2012 Mar;46(3):231-9
references.pmid: 22166015
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1995 Sep;337(2):85-95
references.pmid: 7565864
references.citation: Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Aug;15(4):186-90
references.pmid: 20494636
references.citation: Lancet. 1994 Sep 10;344(8924):721-4
references.pmid: 7915779
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 4;269(44):27670-8
references.pmid: 7961686
references.citation: Redox Rep. 2003;8(6):325-40
references.pmid: 14980065
references.citation: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999 Sep;45(2-3):101-12
references.pmid: 10588361
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 24;340(25):1962-8
references.pmid: 10379020
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2009 Aug;66(2):121-7
references.pmid: 19390491
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Aug 15;18(16):6241-53
references.pmid: 9698317
references.citation: J Biomed Sci. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):444-58
references.pmid: 11060493
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Aug;157(7):1097-110
references.pmid: 19508394
references.citation: Neonatology. 2012;102(2):139-44
references.pmid: 22710821
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Jul;27(1):30-5
references.pmid: 12160970
references.citation: Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Dec;14(6):383-90
references.pmid: 19747890
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2001 Nov;50(5):553-62
references.pmid: 11641446
references.citation: Biol Neonate. 2001;79(3-4):180-6
references.pmid: 11275648
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 1991;9(2):181-5
references.pmid: 2058419
references.citation: Biochem J. 1982 May 15;204(2):535-40
references.pmid: 7115348
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993 Aug;5(4):661-73
references.pmid: 8257608
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998 Apr;10(2):248-53
references.pmid: 9561849
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2012;96(1):13-23
references.pmid: 22377769
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Jul 1;39(1):26-50
references.pmid: 15925277
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2005 Apr;17(2):183-9
references.pmid: 15780595
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Apr;18(4):775-94
references.pmid: 7750801
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2001 Feb;49(2):208-12
references.pmid: 11158515
references.citation: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Oct;23 Suppl 3:63-5
references.pmid: 20807155
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Aug;285(2):L363-9
references.pmid: 12851211
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 3;99(18):11599-604
references.pmid: 12193653
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Mar 31;283(1):57-60
references.pmid: 10729633
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 20;277(51):49927-34
references.pmid: 12372839
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 1986;4(6):513-7
references.pmid: 3455609
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jul 1;43(1):4-15
references.pmid: 17561088
references.citation: J Child Neurol. 1998 Feb;13(2):59-63
references.pmid: 9512304
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Feb 1;40(3):388-97
references.pmid: 16443153
references.citation: Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Aug;15(4):191-5
references.pmid: 20452845
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 1996 Jan;85(1):1-4
references.pmid: 8834970
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002 Aug;27(2):227-33
references.pmid: 12151315