title: Polyspecies biofilm formation on implant surfaces with different surface characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the microbial adherence and colonization of a polyspecies biofilm on 7 differently processed titanium surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-species biofilms were formed anaerobically on 5-mm-diameter sterilized, saliva-preconditioned titanium discs. Material surfaces used were either machined, stained, acid-etched or sandblasted/acid-etched (SLA). Samples of the latter two materials were also provided in a chemically modified form, with increased wettability characteristics. Surface roughness and contact angles of all materials were determined. The discs were then incubated anaerobically for up to 16.5 h. Initial microbial adherence was evaluated after 20 min incubation and further colonization after 2, 4, 8, and 16.5 h using non-selective and selective culture techniques. Results at different time points were compared using ANOVA and Scheffé post hoc analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean differences in microorganisms colonizing after the first 20 min were in a very narrow range (4.5 to 4.8 log CFU). At up to 16.5 h, the modified SLA surface exhibited the highest values for colonization (6.9±0.2 log CFU, p<0.05) but increasing growth was observed on all test surfaces over time. Discrepancies among bacterial strains on the differently crafted titanium surfaces were very similar to those described for total log CFU. F. nucleatum was below the detection limit on all surfaces after 4 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, surface roughness had a moderate influence on biofilm formation, while wettability did not seem to influence biofilm formation under the experimental conditions described. The modified SLA surface showed the highest trend for bacterial colonization.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. patrick.schmidlin@zzm.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guggenheim
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
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