title: Nutritional status of indigenous children: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of undernutrition, which is closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitation conditions, is often higher among indigenous than non-indigenous children in many countries. In Brazil, in spite of overall reductions in the prevalence of undernutrition in recent decades, the nutritional situation of indigenous children remains worrying. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil, conducted in 2008-2009, was the first study to evaluate a nationwide representative sample of indigenous peoples. This paper presents findings from this study on the nutritional status of indigenous children < 5 years of age in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-stage sampling was employed to obtain a representative sample of the indigenous population residing in villages in four Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, and Southeast/South). Initially, a stratified probabilistic sampling was carried out for indigenous villages located in these regions. Households in sampled villages were selected by census or systematic sampling depending on the village population. The survey evaluated the health and nutritional status of children < 5 years, in addition to interviewing mothers or caretakers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Height and weight measurements were taken of 6,050 and 6,075 children, respectively. Prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 25.7%, 5.9%, and 1.3%, respectively. Even after controlling for confounding, the prevalence rates of underweight and stunting were higher among children in the North region, in low socioeconomic status households, in households with poorer sanitary conditions, with anemic mothers, with low birthweight, and who were hospitalized during the prior 6 months. A protective effect of breastfeeding for underweight was observed for children under 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated rate of stunting observed in indigenous children approximates that of non-indigenous Brazilians four decades ago, before major health reforms greatly reduced its occurrence nationwide. Prevalence rates of undernutrition were associated with socioeconomic variables including income, household goods, schooling, and access to sanitation services, among other variables. Providing important baseline data for future comparison, these findings further suggest the relevance of social, economic, and environmental factors at different scales (local, regional, and national) for the nutritional status of indigenous peoples.
authors.forename: Bernardo L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.forename: Ricardo Ventura
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Andrey M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Janaína Vieira
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Ana Marlúcia Oliveira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Assis
authors.forename: Pedro C I
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: Carlos E A
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Coimbra
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology
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