title: Highly sensitive detection of urinary cadmium to assess personal exposure.
abstract: A series of Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) ultramicroelectrode arrays were fabricated and investigated for their performance as electrochemical sensors to detect trace level metals such as cadmium. The steady-state diffusion behavior of these sensors was validated using cyclic voltammetry followed by electrochemical detection of cadmium in water and in human urine to demonstrate high sensitivity (>200 μA ppb(-1) cm(-2)) and low background current (<4 nA). When an array of ultramicroelectrodes was positioned with optimal spacing, these BDD sensors showed a sigmoidal diffusion behavior. They also demonstrated high accuracy with linear dose dependence for quantification of cadmium in a certified reference river water sample from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as well as in a human urine sample spiked with 0.25-1 ppb cadmium.
authors.affiliation: Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States.
authors.forename: Avni A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Argun
authors.affiliation: Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States.
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States.
authors.forename: Gwendolynne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Merlen
authors.affiliation: Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tempelman
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer USA - CCL, 1449 Engineering Research Ct., East Lansing 48824, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer USA - CCL, 1449 Engineering Research Ct., East Lansing 48824, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schuelke
authors.affiliation: Giner, Inc., 89 Rumford Ave., Newton 02466, MA United States. Electronic address: bdweik@ginerinc.com.
authors.forename: Badawi M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dweik
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000592:standards; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D010969:Plastics; D012987:Soil; D002104:Cadmium
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