title: Repression of exogenous gene expression by the retinoic acid target gene G0S2.
abstract: The G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is rapidly induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and other cells. G0S2 regulates lipolysis via inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). This study found that retinoic acid receptor (RAR), but not retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists induced G0S2 expression in APL cells. Novel G0S2 functions were uncovered that included repression of exogenous gene expression and transcriptional activity. Transient G0S2 transfection repressed the activities of multiple reporter constructs (including the retinoid-regulated species RARβ, UBE1L and G0S2); this occurred in diverse cell contexts. This inhibition was antagonized by siRNA-mediated G0S2 knockdown. To determine the inhibitory effects were not due to transient G0S2 expression, G0S2 was stably overexpressed in cells without appreciable basal G0S2 expression. As expected, this repressed transcriptional activities. Intriguingly, transfection of G0S2 did not affect endogenous RARβ, UBE1L or G0S2 expression. Hence, only exogenously expressed genes were affected by G0S2. The domain responsible for this repression was localized to the G0S2 hydrophobic domain (HD). This was the same region responsible for the ability of G0S2 to inhibit ATGL activity. Whether an interaction with ATGL accounted for this new G0S2 activity was studied. Mimicking the inhibition of ATGL by oleic acid treatment that increased lipid droplet size or ATGL siRNA knockdown did not recapitulate G0S2 repressive effects. Engineered gain of ATGL expression did not rescue G0S2 transcriptional repression either. Thus, transcriptional repression by G0S2 did not depend on the ability of G0S2 to inhibit ATGL. Subcellular localization studies revealed that endogenous and exogenously-expressed G0S2 proteins were localized to the cytoplasm, particularly in the perinuclear region. Expression of a mutant G0S2 species that lacked the HD domain altered cytosolic G0S2 localization. This linked G0S2 subcellular localization to G0S2 transcriptional repression. The potential mechanisms responsible for this G0S2 repression are examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jessica P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sekula
authors.forename: Dennis Liang
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lamph
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blumen
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freemantle
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dmitrovsky
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D000217:Acyltransferases
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008049:Lipase; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes; C508073:G0S2 protein, human; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; C494794:PNPLA2 protein, human; D000217:Acyltransferases; C534879:UBA7 protein, human
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