title: Antioxidant and micronutrient-rich milk formula reduces lead poisoning and related oxidative damage in lead-exposed mice.
abstract: Lead poisoning is a global environmental disease that induces lifelong adverse health effects. The effect of a milk formula consisting of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), vitamin C (Vc), calcium lactate (CaLac), ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the reduction of lead and lead-induced oxidative damage in lead-exposed mice was studied. The lead-reducing effect of milk formula was investigated via a 7-week toxicokinetics study and a tissue distribution level examination. The ameliorating effect of milk formula on lead-induced oxidative damage was investigated. Results demonstrated current milk formula could effectively reduce blood lead levels (BLLs) and lead distribution levels of liver, kidneys, thighbones and brain in mice based on metal ion-mediated antagonism and chelation mechanisms. This milk formula could not only protect lead-susceptible tissues against lead poisoning, but also maintain normal absorption and distribution of essential elements in vivo. Meanwhile, current milk formula could prevent the reduction of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity and enhancement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrins (FEP) levels in blood erythrocytes of mice. Also, this formula could indirectly protect blood cell membranes against lead-induced lipid peroxidation. We conclude that current optimized milk formula effectively reduces lead poisoning and lead-induced in vivo oxidative damage in lead-exposed mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D005526:Food, Formulated; D007773:Lactates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008892:Milk; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D031787:Sasa / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D007773:Lactates; D018977:Micronutrients; D007854:Lead; C110051:calcium lactate; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid