title: Determining the influence of type 1 diabetes on two common eating disorder questionnaires.
abstract: This research evaluated the level of influence that having type 1 diabetes (T1DM) has on responses to questions about food choices, eating concerns, dietary restraint, and others that are included on two widely used, validated eating disorder (ED) questionnaires and examined responses to these two questionnaires from patients with T1DM and an eating disorder (ED-T1DM) and an ED-no-diabetes.
  
  
  
  An expert panel rated each item on the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Eating Disorders Inventory, version 3 (EDI-3) regarding T1DM level of influence on item interpretation. These questionnaires were completed by 2 matched samples (ED-T1DM, n = 48 and ED-no-diabetes, n = 96); responses were compared between the samples with particular attention to items of high T1DM influence.
  
  
  
  The expert panel identified that 50% (19/38) of the items on the EDE-Q and 6.6% (6/91) on the EDI-3 could be highly influenced by having T1DM. Before Bonferroni correction, the 2 groups responded statistically different on 9 out of 38 items on the EDE-Q and 27 out of 91 items on the EDI-3; generally responses were healthier for those with ED-T1DM than ED-no-diabetes. Of these items, on the EDE-Q, 5 were rated high T1DM influence and on the EDI-3, 3 were rated high.
  
  
  
  Having T1DM influences responses on ED questionnaires developed for the general population. This influence may be greater when questionnaires focus on eating, weight, and shape and result in misinterpretation of total and subscale scores by even well-trained clinicians. A careful review of individual item responses by the treatment team is warranted.
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Powers, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Park Nicollet Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Criego, Ms Richter)
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Park Nicollet Melrose Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Ackard, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)|Offices of Diann M Ackard, PhD, LP, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Ackard)
authors.forename: Diann
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ackard
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Powers, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)|Park Nicollet Melrose Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Ackard, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.affiliation: International Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Powers, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)|Park Nicollet Melrose Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Ackard, Ms Critchley, Ms Meier)
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Park Nicollet Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Criego, Ms Richter)
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Criego
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires