title: A rat model for muscle regeneration in the soft palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with a cleft in the soft palate have difficulties with speech, swallowing, and sucking. Despite successful surgical repositioning of the muscles, optimal function is often not achieved. Scar formation and defective regeneration may hamper the functional recovery of the muscles after cleft palate repair. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the anatomy and histology of the soft palate in rats, and to establish an in vivo model for muscle regeneration after surgical injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Groups 1 (n = 4) and 2 (n = 2) were used to investigate the anatomy and histology of the soft palate, respectively. Group 3 (n = 6) was used for surgical wounding of the soft palate, and group 4 (n = 2) was used as unwounded control group. The wounds (1 mm) were evaluated by (immuno)histochemistry (AZAN staining, Pax7, MyoD, MyoG, MyHC, and ASMA) after 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study shows that the anatomy and histology of the soft palate muscles of the rat is largely comparable with that in humans. All wounds showed clinical evidence of healing after 7 days. AZAN staining demonstrated extensive collagen deposition in the wound area, and initial regeneration of muscle fibers and salivary glands. Proliferating and differentiating satellite cells were identified in the wound area by antibody staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model is the first, suitable for studying muscle regeneration in the rat soft palate, and allows the development of novel adjuvant strategies to promote muscle regeneration after cleft palate surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paola L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Carvajal Monroy
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grefte
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
authors.forename: Maria P A C
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Helmich
authors.forename: Dietmar J O
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Johannes W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Von den Hoff
authors.forename: Frank A D T G
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Wagener
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003094:Collagen
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