title: Urokinase plasminogen activator induces pro-fibrotic/m2 phenotype in murine cardiac macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation and fibrosis are intertwined in multiple disease processes. We have previously found that over-expression of urokinase plasminogen activator in macrophages induces spontaneous macrophage accumulation and fibrosis specific to the heart in mice. Understanding the relationship between inflammation and fibrosis in the heart is critical to developing therapies for diverse myocardial diseases. Therefore, we sought to determine if uPA induces changes in macrophage function that promote cardiac collagen accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the effect of the uPA transgene on expression of pro-inflammatory (M1) and pro-fibrotic (M2) genes and proteins in hearts and isolated macrophages of uPA overexpressing mice. We found that although there was elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in hearts of transgenic mice, IL-6 is not a major effector of uPA induced cardiac fibrosis. However, uPA expressing bone marrow-derived macrophages are polarized to express M2 genes in response to IL-4 stimulation, and these M2 genes are upregulated in uPA expressing macrophages following migration to the heart. In addition, while uPA expressing macrophages express a transcriptional profile that is seen in tumor-associated macrophages, these macrophages promote collagen expression in cardiac but not embryonic fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urokinase plasminogen activator induces an M2/profibrotic phenotype in macrophages that is fully expressed after migration of macrophages into the heart. Understanding the mechanisms by which uPA modulates macrophage function may reveal insights into diverse pathologic processes.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meznarich
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malchodi
authors.forename: Deri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helterline
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bertko
authors.forename: Tabitha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plawman
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stempien-Otero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005355:Fibrosis; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D003094:Collagen; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
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