title: In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of imidazolium ionic liquids: biological effects in fish Channel Catfish Ovary (CCO) cell line.
abstract: Increasing interest in the application of ionic liquids as green replacement for volatile organic solvents emphasized the need for the evaluation of their toxic effects at different biological systems in order to reduce the risk for human health and environment. To our knowledge, effects of imidazolium ionic liquids on cellular level of fish cell lines have not been studied yet. The cytotoxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids containing different anions and alkyl chain lengths as the substituent at the cation ring towards the fish CCO cell line was determined by WST-1 proliferation assay. Morphological alterations were examined by fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry analysis was also performed. The results showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of ionic liquids in CCO cells, related to the type of anion and alkyl chain length, while EC50 values showed moderate to high cytotoxicity of tested imidazolium ionic liquids. Distinct morphological changes observed under fluorescence microscope and data obtained by flow cytometry suggest that the toxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids with longer alkyl chains could be related to necrosis. Results presented in here may be helpful for filling existing gaps of knowledge about ionic liquids toxicity and their impact on aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Culture Technology and Biotransformation, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radošević
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cvjetko
authors.forename: Nevenka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopjar
authors.forename: Rudjer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Jerka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dumić
authors.forename: Višnja Gaurina
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Srček
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D007059:Ictaluridae; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical