title: Skeletal development on fetal magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being increasingly used, in addition to standard ultrasound, for the diagnosis of congenital diseases beyond the central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated that MRI may be useful for the in utero visualization of spinal dysraphism and for differentiating between isolated and complex skeletal disorders with associated abnormalities. More recently, attention has focused on the visualization of the human fetal skeleton for the delineation of normal and pathological development of skeletal structures. On 1.5 T, in particular, echoplanar imaging enables the delineation of various epimetaphyseal structures and morphometric measurements of the fetal long bones from 18 gestational weeks until term. This information gathered from prenatal MRI might be helpful in the diagnosis of focal bone abnormalities and generalized skeletal disorders, such as bone dysplasias. Further clinical research, along with the refinement of the newest techniques, will enable expansion of the preliminary findings and help in determining the impact of fetal magnetic resonance bone imaging in the routine clinical setting. This review summarizes the current data in the literature and the authors' clinical experience with the magnetic resonance visualization of the developing fetal skeleton and also comments on the potential future applications of this technique.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. stefan.nemec@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Stefan Franz
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.forename: Isha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wadhawan
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prayer
mesh_terms: D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology*; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*