title: Validation of physical activity monitors in individuals with diabetes: energy expenditure estimation by the multisensor SenseWear Armband Pro3 and the step counter Omron HJ-720 against indirect calorimetry during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to test the agreement between energy expenditure estimate of the SenseWear(®) Armband Pro3 (SWA) (BodyMedia, Pittsburgh, PA) and the Omron HJ-720 (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan) step counter with indirect calorimetry (IC) as a gold standard in older individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus while walking on a treadmill.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, six men (60.3±3.1 years old) and 13 women (51.1±11.0 years old) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Each subject performed three 15-min walking sessions with different combinations of speed and incline (3 km/h, 0%; 4 km/h, 0%; 5 km/h, 5%) on a treadmill. Energy expenditure (EE) was simultaneously measured by the SWA, Omron, and IC. Mean over-/underestimation and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used for statistical evaluation of the agreement between tested methods and IC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the speed of 3 km/h with 0% incline, mean overestimation of +81.19±23.81% was found for SWA (r=0.79, P<0.001) and +70.51±20.91% for Omron (r=0.77, P<0.001). At the speed of 4 km/h and 0% incline, mean overestimation found for SWA was +78.18±33.96% (r=0.63, P<0.01) and +75.77±33.36% for Omron (r=0.52, P<0.05). At the level of high-intensity exercise at the speed of 5 km/h and 5% incline, mean underestimation was -7.88±16.86% for SWA (r=0.74, P<0.001) and -7.37±16.07% for Omron (r=0.75, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both methods led to considerable overestimation of calculated EE in level walking and a relatively minor underestimation during fast uphill walking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic. machac.s@seznam.cz
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Machač
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Procházka
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radvanský
authors.forename: Kryštof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slabý
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018153:Czech Republic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016138:Walking
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