title: Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on intratubular Candida albicans.
abstract: This study investigated the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine gel for the elimination of intratubular Candida albicans (C. albicans). Human single-rooted teeth contaminated with C. albicans were treated with calcium hydroxide, 2% chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide plus 2% chlorhexidine gel, or saline (0.9% sodium chloride) as a positive control. The samples obtained at depths of 0-100 and 100-200 µm from the root canal system were analyzed for C. albicans load by counting the number of colony forming units and for the percentage of viable C. albicans using fluorescence microscopy. First, the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and the 2% chlorhexidine gel was evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units. After 14 days of intracanal medication, there was a significant decrease in the number of C. albicans colony forming units at a depth of 0-100 µm with chlorhexidine treatment either with or without calcium hydroxide compared with the calcium hydroxide only treatment. However, there were no differences in the number of colony forming units at the 100-200 µm depth for any of the medications investigated. C. albicans viability was also evaluated by vital staining techniques and fluorescence microscopy analysis. Antifungal activity against C. albicans significantly increased at both depths in the chlorhexidine groups with and without calcium hydroxide compared with the groups treated with calcium hydroxide only. Treatments with only chlorhexidine or chlorhexidine in combination with calcium hydroxide were effective for elimination of C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. ronanjacques@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ronan Jacques Rezende
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Thaís Helena
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Gasparoto
authors.forename: Carla Renata
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Sipert
authors.forename: Claudia Ramos
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Ivaldo Gomes
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Roberto Brandão
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Marco Antônio Hungaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Clóvis Monteiro
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bramante
authors.forename: Sérgio Aparecido
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Gustavo Pompermaier
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Garlet
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Campanelli
authors.forename: Norberti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernardineli
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods; D016369:Smear Layer; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine
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