title: Cerebral hemorrhage, brain edema, and heme oxygenase-1 expression after experimental traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Intracranial bleeding is a common and serious consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we investigated cerebral hematoma occurrence, brain edema formation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression after TBI. Moderate severity (1.8-2.2 atmospheres [ATM]) TBI was induced by lateral fluid percussion in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Sham rats underwent only a craniotomy. Rats were euthanized 24 h later for brain histology and immunoblotting analysis. We found TBI-induced cerebral hematomas and iron deposition in the ipsilateral hemisphere in all rats. TBI also caused marked BBB disruption (p < 0.05) and brain swelling (p < 0.05). HO-1, a key enzyme for heme degradation, was upregulated significantly after TBI (419 ± 89 vs 194 ± 59 pixels in the sham, p < 0.05). These results suggest that cerebral hematomas might play a role in brain injury after TBI. Future studies should determine the role of iron released from the cerebral hematoma in TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Muraszko
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007839:Functional Laterality; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1