title: Cinnamtannin A2, a tetrameric procyanidin, increases GLP-1 and insulin secretion in mice.
abstract: Procyanidins are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ols consisting of (-)-epicatechin subunits. In this study, we isolated and purified dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric procyanidins from cacao liquor and investigated their influence on the "incretin effect" as compared to the monomer, (-)-epicatechin in mice. Cinnamtannin A2 specifically increased the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin secretion levels in the plasma after 60 min administration. As evidence of the action of insulin, activation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 was observed in the soleus muscle. These results indicate that the intake of cinnamtannin A2 may improve hyperglycemia through an incretin-like effect, accompanied by activation of the insulin-signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Natsume
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019281:Dimerization; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D007328:Insulin; C425558:cinnamtannin A2; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D011972:Receptor, Insulin