title: Two cases of fetal goiter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior fetal neck masses are rarely encountered. Careful routine ultrasound screening can reveal intrauterine fetal goiters (FGs). The incidence of goitrous hypothyroidism is 1 in 30,000-50,000 live births. The consequences of both FG and impaired thyroid function are serious.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To emphasize role of ultrasound in both invasive and non-invasive management of FG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two pregnant patients, during second trimester, underwent routine antenatal ultrasound revealing FG, were investigated and managed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case 1: Revealed FG with fetal hypothyroidism. Intra-amniotic injection l-thyroxine given. Follow-up ultrasound confirmed the reduction of the goiter size. At birth, thyroid dyshormogenesis was suspected and neonate discharged on 50 mcg levothyroxine/day with normal growth and development so far. Case 2: Hypothyroid mother with twin pregnancy revealed FG, in twin 1, confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 × 1.63 cm). The other twin had no thyroid swelling. Cordocentesis confirmed hypothyroidism in twin 1. Maternal thyroxine dose increased as per biochemical parameters leading to reduction in FG size. Mother delivered preterm and none of the twins had thyroid swelling. Fetal euthyroidism was confirmed on biochemical screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FG during pregnancy should be thoroughly evaluated, diagnosed and immediately treated; although in utero options for fetal hypothyroidism management are available, emphasis should be laid on non-invasive procedures. Newer and better resolution techniques in ultrasonography are more specific and at the same time are less harmful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Murli Manohar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Roopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panchani
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Nitinranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
keywords: Fetal goiter; hypothyroidism
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