title: Urinary d-lactate levels reflect renal function in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy in mice.
abstract: Urinary d-lactate is highly correlated to diabetic nephropathy - a progressive kidney disease in renal glomeruli. In this study, we used a C3H/3e mouse model to investigate the relationship between urinary d-lactate and aristolochic acid nephropathy where the glomerular structure is not affected. The nephropathy was induced using intravenous injections of aristolochic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days and was characterized biochemically and histologically. The urinary excretions of proteins, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and serum creatinine were determined and connected to histological conventional findings. Urinary d-lactate was analyzed using column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The results showed a remarkable increase of urinary markers, including of urinary proteins and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, and the histological examination confirmed a diagnosis of acute tubule necrosis. The ratio of d-lactate to creatinine in the urine of aristolochic acid-treated mice was approximately 36 times greater than that of the mice in the control group (p < 0.05). The ratios for the two groups of mice were 311.00 ± 71.70 and 8.60 ± 1.80 µmol/mmol creatinine, respectively. These data confirm in vivo that urinary d-lactate reflects renal injury conditions in aristolochic acid-treated mice and may be a marker for the assessment of nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shih-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jen-Ai
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D019344:Lactic Acid; C000228:aristolochic acid I; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase
keywords: aristolochic acid nephropathy; d-lactate; l-lactate; renal injury; urine