title: Bisphenol-A and residual monomer leaching from orthodontic adhesive resins and polycarbonate brackets: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this systematic review was to assess the short- and long-term release of components of orthodontic adhesives and polycarbonate brackets in the oral environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic database searches of published and unpublished literature were performed. The following electronic databases with no language and publication date restrictions were searched: MEDLINE (via Ovid and PubMed), EMBASE (via Ovid), Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, and CENTRAL. Unpublished literature was searched on ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register, and Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database. The reference lists of all eligible studies were checked for additional studies. Two review authors performed data extraction independently and in duplicate using data collection forms. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or the involvement of an arbiter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomized controlled trial was identified. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, observational studies were included. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All were observational studies conducted in vivo or in vitro. The bisphenol-A release from orthodontic bonding resins was found to be between 0.85 and 20.88 ng per milliliter in vivo, and from traces to 65.67 ppm in vitro. Polycarbonate brackets released amounts of 22.24 μg per gram in ethanol solution and 697 μg per gram after 40 months in water. Bis-GMA and TEGDMA leaching in vitro reached levels of 64 and 174 mg per 10 μL, respectively. Because of the heterogeneity in methodologies and reporting, only qualitative synthesis was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence on this topic derived from observational in-vivo and in-vitro studies that represent a moderate level of evidence. The variety of setups and the different units allied to the diversity of reporting among studies did not allow calculation of pooled estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kloukos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; C005506:polycarbonate; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds