title: Current pharmacotherapy of nocturia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturia is a bothersome urologic symptom and is defined as awakening from sleep once or more times to void. The condition is highly prevalent in men and women and increases in prevalence with age. Impact on quality of life is substantial as is the associated morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed literature search was undertaken to identify evidence for the currently available and utilized pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of nocturia. Available pharmacologic treatments include desmopressin, α-blockers, antimuscarinics, and other less commonly utilized therapies. Desmopressin is generally found to have high-level evidence to support its use for the indication of nocturnal polyuria, a form of nocturia caused by excessive nighttime urine production. α-blockers and antimuscarinics are generally recommended in the setting of benign prostatic hypertrophy in men and overactive bladder in both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical trials addressing nocturia often report statistically significant results that do not translate to clinically significant reductions in nighttime voids. As a result, the clinical utility of these agents has been called into question. Further drug development and clinical trials specifically focused on nocturia are needed. Furthermore, improved patient-focused assessment tools to measure the impact on symptom reduction, improvement in sleep quality, and improvement in quality of life are important in understanding what matters most to patients and what outcomes translate to patient satisfaction with care.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ariana.smith@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Ariana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wein
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053158:Nocturia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin