title: Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae adherence to human epithelial cells in vitro by the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. Probiotic bacteria can influence disease outcomes through various mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen colonization. Here, we examine the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on S. pneumoniae colonization of human epithelial cells using an in vitro model. We investigated the effects of LGG administered before, at the same time as, or after the addition of S. pneumoniae on the adherence of four pneumococcal isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LGG significantly inhibited the adherence of all the pneumococcal isolates tested. The magnitude of inhibition varied with LGG dose, time of administration, and the pneumococcal isolate used. Inhibition was most effective when a higher dose of LGG was administered prior to establishment of pneumococcal colonization. Mechanistic studies showed that LGG binds to epithelial cells but does not affect pneumococcal growth or viability. Administration of LGG did not lead to any significant changes in host cytokine responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that LGG can inhibit pneumococcal colonization of human epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that probiotics could be used clinically to prevent the establishment of pneumococcal carriage.
authors.affiliation: Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Sook-San
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Quan Toh
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: E Kim
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Mimi L K
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Robins-Browne
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Licciardi
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Satzke
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000502:physiology*; D019936:Probiotics; D013234:Stem Cells; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines
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