title: Predicting the proteins of Angomonas deanei, Strigomonas culicis and their respective endosymbionts reveals new aspects of the trypanosomatidae family.
abstract: Endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids have been considered excellent models for the study of cell evolution because the host protozoan co-evolves with an intracellular bacterium in a mutualistic relationship. Such protozoa inhabit a single invertebrate host during their entire life cycle and exhibit special characteristics that group them in a particular phylogenetic cluster of the Trypanosomatidae family, thus classified as monoxenics. In an effort to better understand such symbiotic association, we used DNA pyrosequencing and a reference-guided assembly to generate reads that predicted 16,960 and 12,162 open reading frames (ORFs) in two symbiont-bearing trypanosomatids, Angomonas deanei (previously named as Crithidia deanei) and Strigomonas culicis (first known as Blastocrithidia culicis), respectively. Identification of each ORF was based primarily on TriTrypDB using tblastn, and each ORF was confirmed by employing getorf from EMBOSS and Newbler 2.6 when necessary. The monoxenic organisms revealed conserved housekeeping functions when compared to other trypanosomatids, especially compared with Leishmania major. However, major differences were found in ORFs corresponding to the cytoskeleton, the kinetoplast, and the paraflagellar structure. The monoxenic organisms also contain a large number of genes for cytosolic calpain-like and surface gp63 metalloproteases and a reduced number of compartmentalized cysteine proteases in comparison to other TriTryp organisms, reflecting adaptations to the presence of the symbiont. The assembled bacterial endosymbiont sequences exhibit a high A+T content with a total of 787 and 769 ORFs for the Angomonas deanei and Strigomonas culicis endosymbionts, respectively, and indicate that these organisms hold a common ancestor related to the Alcaligenaceae family. Importantly, both symbionts contain enzymes that complement essential host cell biosynthetic pathways, such as those for amino acid, lipid and purine/pyrimidine metabolism. These findings increase our understanding of the intricate symbiotic relationship between the bacterium and the trypanosomatid host and provide clues to better understand eukaryotic cell evolution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Machado
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Allan Cezar de Azevedo
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Silvana Sant'Anna
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Carolina Moura Costa
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Catta-Preta
authors.forename: Rosane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Cecilia Coimbra
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Luiz Gonzaga Paula
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Oberdan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Lima Cunha
authors.forename: Luciane Prioli
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ciapina
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brocchi
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Colabardini
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Araujo Lima
authors.forename: Carlos Renato
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Célia Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Almeida Soares
authors.forename: Christian Macagnan
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: Claudia Beatriz Afonso
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.forename: Claudia Elizabeth
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Daniella Castanheira
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bartholomeu
authors.forename: Daniela Fiori
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gradia
authors.forename: Daniela Parada
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Pavoni
authors.forename: Edmundo C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Grisard
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fantinatti-Garboggini
authors.forename: Fabricio Klerynton
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.forename: Gabriela Flávia
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Luiz
authors.forename: Glauber
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Gustavo Henrique
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Juliana Lopes Rangel
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fietto
authors.forename: Maria Carolina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Maria Helena S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sagot
authors.forename: Maristela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Patrícia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Stoco
authors.forename: Rondon Pessoa
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: de Mendonça-Neto
authors.forename: Santuza Maria Ribeiro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Talles Eduardo Ferreira
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: Tiago Antônio
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Mendes
authors.forename: Turán P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ürményi
authors.forename: Wanderley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schenkman
authors.forename: Ana Tereza Ribeiro
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: de Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins
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