title: Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent delphinidin glycoside inhibit photoreceptor cell death induced by visible light.
abstract: The protective effects of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) extract (MBE) and its major anthocyanins [delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (D3G5G) and delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (D3S5G)] against light-induced murine photoreceptor cells (661W) death were evaluated. Viability of 661W after light treatment for 24 h, assessed by the tetrazolium salt (WST-8) assay and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, was improved by addition of MBE, D3G5G, and D3S5G. Intracellular radical activation in 661W, evaluated using the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive probe 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA), was reduced by MBE and its anthocyanins. The anti-apoptosis mechanism of MBE was evaluated by light-induced phosphorylation of p38. MBE significantly suppressed the light-induced phosphorylation of p38. These findings indicate that MBE and its anthocyanidins suppress the light-induced photoreceptor cell death by inhibiting ROS production, suggesting that the inhibition of phosphorylated-p38 may be involved in the underlying mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadekaru
authors.forename: Kenjirou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Shoketsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hitoe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimoda
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D045467:Elaeocarpaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D006027:Glycosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C017185:delphinidin