title: Dietary and sociodemographic determinants of bisphenol A urine concentrations in pregnant women and children.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during early life may have endocrine-disrupting effects, but the dietary and sociodemographic predictors of BPA exposure during pregnancy and childhood remain unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the correlations between, and sociodemographic and dietary predictors of, serial urinary BPA concentrations measured during pregnancy and childhood in a Spanish birth cohort study. BPA was measured in two spot urine samples collected from 479 women during the first and third trimester of pregnancy and in one urine sample from their 4-year old children (n=130). Average dietary intakes were reported in food frequency questionnaires during the first and third pregnancy trimester and at age 4years. Multivariate mixed models and linear regression models were used to estimate associations between sociodemographic and dietary factors and BPA concentrations. A small, but statistically significant correlation was found between serial maternal BPA concentrations measured during pregnancy (r=0.17). Pregnant women who were younger, less-educated, smoked, and who were exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) had higher BPA concentrations than others. BPA concentrations were also higher in children exposed to SHS. High consumption of canned fish during pregnancy was associated with 21% [GM ratio=1.21; 95%CI 1.02, 1.44] and 25% [GM ratio=1.25; 95%CI 1.05, 1.49] higher urinary BPA concentrations in the first and third pregnancy trimester, respectively, compared to the lowest consumption group. This study suggests that canned fish may be a major source of BPA during pregnancy in Spain, a country of high canned fish consumption. Further evaluation of specific BPA exposure sources in the sociodemographic group of younger women who smoke, are exposed to SHS, and have a low educational level is needed. Studies identifying sources of exposure would benefit from repeat BPA measurements and questionnaires specifically focused on dietary and packaging sources.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology CREAL, Barcelona, Spain. mcasas@creal.cat
authors.forename: Maribel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Damaskini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valvi
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballesteros-Gomez
authors.forename: Anne-Elie
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Carsin
authors.forename: Marieta F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Holger M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vrijheid
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds