title: Ellagic acid induces apoptosis in TSGH8301 human bladder cancer cells through the endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways.
abstract: To investigate the effects of ellagic acid on the growth inhibition of TSGH8301 human bladder cancer cells in vitro, cells were incubated with various doses of ellagic acid for different time periods. The phase-contrast microscope was used for examining and photographing the morphological changes in TSGH8301 cells. Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the percentage of viable cells, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic cells, ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), Ca(2+) , caspase-9 and -3 activities in TSGH8301 cells after exposure to ellagic acid. Western blotting was used to examine the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis associated proteins levels. Results indicated that ellagic acid induced morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells through the induction of G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis, and also showed that ellagic acid promoted ROS and Ca(2+) productions and decreased the level of ΔΨm and promoted activities of caspase-9 and -3. The induction of apoptosis also confirmed by annexin V staining, comet assay, DAPI staining and DNA gel electrophoresis showed that ellagic acid induced apoptosis and DNA damage in TSGH8301 cells. Western blotting assay showed that ellagic acid promoted p21, p53 and decreased CDC2 and WEE1 for leading to G0/G1 phase arrest and promoting BAD expression, AIF and Endo G, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and -3 for leading to apoptosis in TSGH8301 cells. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that ellagic acid induced cytotoxic effects for causing a decrease in the percentage of viable cells via G0/G1 phase arrest and induction of apoptosis in TSGH8301 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: An-Cheng
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chun-Shu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jin-Cherng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Shin-Hwar
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yi-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hui-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jehn-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Wen-Yen
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Jai-Sing
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Po-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jing-Gung
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9
keywords: Apoptosis; DNA damage; Mitochondria; TSGH8301 human bladder cancer cells; ellagic acid