title: Detecting regulatory gene-environment interactions with unmeasured environmental factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genomic studies have revealed a substantial heritable component of the transcriptional state of the cell. To fully understand the genetic regulation of gene expression variability, it is important to study the effect of genotype in the context of external factors such as alternative environmental conditions. In model systems, explicit environmental perturbations have been considered for this purpose, allowing to directly test for environment-specific genetic effects. However, such experiments are limited to species that can be profiled in controlled environments, hampering their use in important systems such as human. Moreover, even in seemingly tightly regulated experimental conditions, subtle environmental perturbations cannot be ruled out, and hence unknown environmental influences are frequent. Here, we propose a model-based approach to simultaneously infer unmeasured environmental factors from gene expression profiles and use them in genetic analyses, identifying environment-specific associations between polymorphic loci and individual gene expression traits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In extensive simulation studies, we show that our method is able to accurately reconstruct environmental factors and their interactions with genotype in a variety of settings. We further illustrate the use of our model in a real-world dataset in which one environmental factor has been explicitly experimentally controlled. Our method is able to accurately reconstruct the true underlying environmental factor even if it is not given as an input, allowing to detect genuine genotype-environment interactions. In addition to the known environmental factor, we find unmeasured factors involved in novel genotype-environment interactions. Our results suggest that interactions with both known and unknown environmental factors significantly contribute to gene expression variability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  and implementation: Software available at http://pmbio.github.io/envGPLVM/.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. nicolo.fusi@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicoló
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fusi
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borgwardt
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stegle
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008957:Models, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci