title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of diabetes prevention among adherent participants.
abstract: We report the 10-year effectiveness and within-trial cost-effectiveness of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and its Outcomes Study (DPPOS) interventions among participants who were adherent to the interventions.
  
  
  
  DPP was a 3-year randomized clinical trial followed by 7 years of open-label modified intervention follow-up.
  
  
  
  Data on resource utilization, cost, and quality of life were collected prospectively. Economic analyses were performed from health system and societal perspectives. Lifestyle adherence was defined as achieving and maintaining a 5% reduction in initial body weight, and metformin adherence as taking metformin at 80% of study visits.
  
  
  
  The relative risk reduction was 49.4% among adherent lifestyle participants and 20.8% among adherent metformin participants compared with placebo. Over 10 years, the cumulative, undiscounted, per capita direct medical costs of the interventions, as implemented during the DPP, were greater for adherent lifestyle participants ($4810) than adherent metformin participants ($2934) or placebo ($768). Over 10 years, the cumulative, per capita non-interventionrelated direct medical costs were $4250 greater for placebo participants compared with adherent lifestyle participants and $3251 greater compared with adherent metformin participants. The cumulative quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) accrued over 10 years were greater for lifestyle (6.80) than metformin (6.74) or placebo (6.67). Without discounting, from a modified societal perspective (excluding participant time) and a full societal perspective (including participant time), lifestyle cost < $5000 per QALY-gained and metformin was cost saving compared with placebo.
  
  
  
  Over 10 years, lifestyle intervention and metformin were cost-effective or cost saving compared with placebo. These analyses confirm that lifestyle and metformin represent a good value for money.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Montez
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Foulkes
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Saudek
authors.forename: Morton B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin
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