title: Ovine subclinical mastitis: proteomic analysis of whey and milk fat globules unveils putative diagnostic biomarkers in milk.
abstract: Subclinical mastitis is one of the main causes of alteration in milk content and has a major impact on both animal welfare and economy in the dairy industry. A better knowledge is needed to understand the ovine mammary gland metabolism and its response to bacterial infection. In this study, the proteomic changes in ovine milk as a result of subclinical mastitis were investigated by comparing both whey and fat globule membrane profiles of samples from Staphylococcus chromogenes-positive individuals, with those from non-infected counterparts having high or low somatic cell count; the latter were used as control. 2-DE and combined MS procedures were utilized for this purpose. Although sample bromatological parameters were very similar, proteomic analysis highlighted significant differences between the three experimental groups. Most relevant changes were observed between samples of infected milk and control. Modifications related to the defense response of the mammary gland to the pathogen were evident, with important consequences on nutritional and technological properties of milk. On the other hand, quantitative protein changes between non-infected samples with low and high levels of somatic cells indicated that the latter may result as a consequence of a probable unpaired cellular metabolism due to cellular stress, hormonal variations or previous infections. Putative biomarkers useful for the monitoring of sheep mammary metabolism and for the careful management of ovine subclinical mastitis to avoid its clinical degeneration are proposed and discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteomics has been here applied to the differentiation of healthy and subclinical mastitic sheep milk samples, evidencing the response of the mammary gland to S. chromogenes infection. Presented results propose useful protein biomarkers for the detection of ewe mammary infection at its subclinical stages and, subsequently, mastitis recognition and treatment. Differently from bovine, these data confirm that the increase in somatic cell count in sheep milk is not always associated with protein factors that characterize the mammary gland infection; accordingly, somatic cell count cannot be considered as a useful parameter to certainly diagnose subclinical mastitis in ovine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathologic, Diagnostic and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy. elisabetta.chiaradia@unipg.it
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiaradia
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valiani
authors.forename: Micaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scoppetta
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renzone
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avellini
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benda
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaiti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scaloni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D066292:Lipid Droplets; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D008413:Mastitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000662:veterinary*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006017:Glycolipids; D006023:Glycoproteins; C110367:milk fat globule