title: The thyroid foramen: a systematic review and surgical considerations.
abstract: This study presents an analytic review about the trait of the thyroid foramen. A detailed description about the demographics, frequency, embryology, morphometry, possible content, topography, clinical and surgical considerations is provided. The overall frequency was 28.3% in adults, 15% in children and neonates, 40.6% in embryos and fetuses. The content of the thyroid foramina was a neurovascular bundle in 41.2% of studies. An equal number of studies define a nerve as the common content, while only in 17.6% the usual content was a vessel. Interestingly, in 11.8% the content was just connective tissue or a pit. An updated classification is presented taking into account all the possible content that can cross through a thyroid foramen. The variant is of high interest for surgeons intervening in the larynx due to potential complications such as local bleeding and unwanted neural impairment. The oblique line of the thyroid lamina acts as the best topographical landmark to identify any aberrant anatomy related to a thyroid foramen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia. a.raikos@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raikos
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: content; foramen thyroideum; superior laryngeal nerve; surgical anatomy; thyroid cartilage; thyroid foramen; topography