title: Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Advancements in phosphodiesterase (PDE)-targeted therapies have shown promise in recent years for treating patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the development of PDE4 inhibitors and the associated literature with a focus on treatments for autoimmune diseases. After the initial investigations of the prototypic PDE inhibitor, rolipram, more selective inhibitors targeting the PDE4 isozyme have been developed. With phase II and phase III clinical trials currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the latest generation of PDE4 inhibitors, namely apremilast, a new class of treatments may be around the corner for patients suffering from chronic, autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #114, Boston, MA 02111, USA. neal.kumar@tufts.edu
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Ari M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goldminz
authors.forename: Noori
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Alice B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D006801:Humans; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020889:Rolipram / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D013792:Thalidomide; D020889:Rolipram; C505730:apremilast
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