title: Variation in family physicians' recording of auscultation abnormalities in patients with acute cough is not explained by case mix. A study from 12 European networks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflicting data on the diagnostic and prognostic value of auscultation abnormalities may be partly explained by inconsistent use of terminology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe general practitioners use of chest auscultation abnormality terms for patients presenting with acute cough across Europe, and to explore the influence of geographic location and case mix on use of these terms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicians recorded whether 'diminished vesicular breathing', 'wheezes', 'crackles' and 'rhonchi' were present in an observational study of adults with acute cough in 13 networks in 12 European countries. We describe the use of these terms overall and by network, and used multilevel logistic regression to explore variation by network, controlling for patients' gender, age, comorbidities, smoking status and symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2345 patients were included. Wheeze was the auscultation abnormality most frequently recorded (20.6% overall) with wide variation by network (range: 8.3-30.8%). There was similar variation for other auscultation abnormalities. After controlling for patient characteristics, network was a significant predictor of auscultation abnormalities with odds ratios for location effects ranging from 0.37 to 4.46 for any recorded auscultation abnormality, and from 0.25 to 3.14 for rhonchi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is important variation in recording chest auscultation abnormalities by general practitioners across Europe, which cannot be explained by differences in patient characteristics. There is a need and opportunity for standardization in the detection and classification of lung sounds.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK. francisna@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Hasse
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Melbye
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Jochen W L
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cals
authors.forename: Rogier M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hopstaken
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coenen
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001314:Auscultation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D003371:Cough / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D009626:Terminology as Topic