title: Leaching of heavy metals from water bottle components into the drinking water of rodents.
abstract: Providing high-quality, uncontaminated drinking water is an essential component of rodent husbandry. Acidification of drinking water is a common technique to control microbial growth but is not a benign treatment. In addition to its potential biologic effects, acidified water might interact with the water-delivery system, leading to the leaching of heavy metals into the drinking water. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of water acidification and autoclaving on water-bottle assemblies. The individual components of the system (stainless-steel sipper tubes, rubber stoppers, neoprene stoppers, and polysulfone water bottles) were acid-digested and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc to quantify the metal composition of each material. In addition the amounts of these metals that leached into tap and acidified water with and without autoclaving were quantified after 1 wk of contact time. On a weight basis, sipper tubes contained the largest quantities of all metals except magnesium and zinc, which were greatest in the neoprene stoppers. Except for cadmium and selenium, all metals had leached into the water after 1 wk, especially under the acidified condition. The quantities of copper, lead, and zinc that leached into the drinking water were the most noteworthy, because the resulting concentrations had the potential to confound animal experiments. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that water-quality monitoring programs include heavy metal analysis at the level of water delivery to animals.
authors.affiliation: Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. enunamak@uic.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunamaker
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Artwohl
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortman
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007756:Laboratory Animal Science / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012377:Rodentia; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014867:Water
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