title: Sagittal condylar angle and gender differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure sagittal condylar inclination (SCI) in male and female participants and to assess differences between the two groups. This measurement has a clinical value in setting the articulator SCI before fabrication of indirect restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 32 dental students, 16 men and 16 women (aged 18 to 40 years). The participants had no signs of muscular or articular pain. SCI was recorded for participants using a CADIAX® compact 2 electronic axiograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean SCI in both men and women varied between 26.1° and 61.8°, with a mean of 41.9° (SD 7.8). The mean right SCI was 42.0° (SD 8.5), and the mean left SCI was 41.9° (SD 9.2). The mean SCI for men was 40.3° (SD 7.9), and the mean for women was 43.6° (SD 7.7). No statistically significant difference in SCI values was found between the right and left side (p = 0.995), or between the male and female groups (p = 0.133). Also, no correlation could be found between SCI and the age of the participants (r(2) = 0.016, p = 0.489).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean value of SCI was within the range reported in previous studies. SCI is highly variable, but this variability does not seem to be attributed to condylar asymmetry, gender, or age of the adult participants. This high variability suggests that independent condylar measurements should be conducted for each patient instead of relying on reported average values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ruwaida Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Alshali
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Riaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yar
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Julian D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D063405:Anatomic Variation; D003768:Dental Occlusion, Centric; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007574:Jaw Relation Record / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gender; electronic axiography; protrusion; sagittal condylar inclination; variations