title: The effect of smoking and major vein resection on post-therapy lymphedema in soft tissue sarcomas treated with neoadjuvant radiation and limb-salvage surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neoadjuvant therapy with radiation +/- chemotherapy is an accepted management for soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The incidence of post-therapy lymphedema is around 30%. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that predict for post-therapy lymphedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000 to 2010, 132 patients with STS were treated with neoadjuvant radiation +/- chemotherapy followed by resection. Patient variables and treatment outcomes were reviewed. Presence of lymphedema was determined by the treating physician. The Fisher exact test was used for univariate analysis and logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 3.1 years. Of the lower extremity STS, major veins were sacrificed in 34% of patients. Lymphedema occurred in 22.4% of patients. Smoking negatively predicted for lymphedema on univariate analysis (P=0.007), and sacrifice of a major vein was associated with an increased risk of lymphedema (P=0.02). On multivariate analysis, smoking (P=0.02, odds ratio 0.31) negatively predicted for and sacrifice of a major vein (P=0.03, odds ratio 2.7) positively predicted for lymphedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be an association between smoking and decrease post-therapy lymphedema. Also, patients who undergo resection of a major vein seem to be more prone to post-therapy lymphedema.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Radiation Oncology †Orthopaedic Surgery ‡Plastic Surgery §Medical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hackbarth
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Neilson
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Charlson
authors.forename: Dian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D012907:Smoking; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult