title: What happens in the brain of schizophrenia patients?: an investigation from the viewpoint of neuropathology.
abstract: Studies that seek to determine the etiology of schizophrenia through pathological images and morphological abnormalities of the brain have been conducted since the era of E. Kraepelin, and pioneers in neuropathology such as A. Alzheimer have also eagerly pursued such studies. However, there have been no disease-specific findings, and there was a brief era in which it was said that "schizophrenia is the graveyard of neuropathologists." However, since the 1980s, neuroimaging studies with CT and MRI etc., have been used in many reports of cases of schizophrenia with abnormal brain morphology, thus generating renewed interest in developments within brain tissue and leading to new neuropathological studies. There are now many reports in which, in addition to morphological observations, cell distribution and the like are image-processed and statistically processed through computers. Due to methodological problems in making progress in the field of cerebral pathology, we have not yet been able to observe disease-specific findings, although there are several findings with high certainty. However, the neurodevelopmental hypothesis has been supported as being able to reasonably explain the accumulated findings of previous studies. At the same time, results of recent molecular-biological studies have revealed the risk genes for this disease, and because many of those genes are associated with functions related to nerve differentiation, development, and plasticity, there is growing interest in their correlations with cerebral pathology. We are now on the verge of uncovering the etiology of this disease by integrating cerebral neuroimaging, molecular genetics, and cerebral neuropathology. In that sense, neuropathological studies of this disease from new viewpoints have become essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. iritani@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iritani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1999;91(4):1247-55
references.pmid: 10391432
references.citation: Neurology. 1991 Apr;41(4):479-86
references.pmid: 2011243
references.citation: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1994 Winter;8(4):211-27
references.pmid: 7888152
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jul;44(7):608-16
references.pmid: 3606326
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 1;93(20):11213-8
references.pmid: 8855335
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;8(9):797-810
references.pmid: 12931207
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;24(2):241-9
references.pmid: 10800747
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;23(3):409-21
references.pmid: 10378226
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10850-4
references.pmid: 1961755
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 1;64(1):4-10
references.pmid: 18466880
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Nov 1;13(21):2699-708
references.pmid: 15345706
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2004 Jan 30;125(1):21-8
references.pmid: 14967549
references.citation: Brain. 1999 Apr;122 ( Pt 4):593-624
references.pmid: 10219775
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82(4):239-59
references.pmid: 1759558
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jun;54(6):559-66
references.pmid: 9193197
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):738-48
references.pmid: 7726314
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1996 Sep;92(3):217-31
references.pmid: 8870823
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 1;71(2-3):349-51
references.pmid: 15474905
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;58(2):148-57
references.pmid: 11177116
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(4):551-61
references.pmid: 16445981
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 28;95(9):5341-6
references.pmid: 9560277
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Jul 15;44(2):88-97
references.pmid: 9646890
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Oct 15;34(8):529-35
references.pmid: 8274580
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):325-41
references.pmid: 9718627
references.citation: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001 Apr;3(2):138-43
references.pmid: 11276409
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;7(12):1167-78
references.pmid: 16299498
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Nov;48(11):996-1001
references.pmid: 1747023
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2001 May;6(3):293-301
references.pmid: 11326297
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 1990 Oct-Dec;3(5-6):295-301
references.pmid: 2282334
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2005 Nov;20(2):324-35
references.pmid: 16242639
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Jan;43(1):31-5
references.pmid: 3942472
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Oct;52(10):805-18; discussion 819-20
references.pmid: 7575100
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1994 Apr;(23):15-9
references.pmid: 8037896
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2006 Jan 1;81(1):47-63
references.pmid: 16226876
references.citation: Bioessays. 2003 Dec;25(12):1229-35
references.pmid: 14635258
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996 Nov;15(5):442-55
references.pmid: 8914117
references.citation: Sci STKE. 2006 Mar 07;2006(325):pe11
references.pmid: 16522871
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 May 25;1392:47-53
references.pmid: 21458426
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;57(1):65-73
references.pmid: 10632234
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 1993;19(3):537-49
references.pmid: 8235456
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;148(10):1301-8
references.pmid: 1654746
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1990;39(1):25-32
references.pmid: 1982465
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 1;64(1):26-33
references.pmid: 18549874
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2002 Nov;83(4):797-806
references.pmid: 12421351
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;42(8):784-91
references.pmid: 4015323
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;27(5):801-7
references.pmid: 12921913
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jan 7;100(1):289-94
references.pmid: 12506198
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;48(7):625-32
references.pmid: 2069493
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;4(1):39-45
references.pmid: 10089007
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2003 Oct 9;349(3):206-8
references.pmid: 12951204
references.citation: Synapse. 2005 Jul;57(1):47-55
references.pmid: 15858835
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;9(3):299-307
references.pmid: 14569272
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;30(5):924-33
references.pmid: 16581172
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1997 Jan;68(1):333-6
references.pmid: 8978743
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;5(4):425-32
references.pmid: 10889554
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Nov;44(11):1023
references.pmid: 3675129
references.citation: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1991;19(3):189-206
references.pmid: 1878989
references.citation: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1992 Jan-Feb;22(1):59-65
references.pmid: 1614620
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;172(33):7-13
references.pmid: 9764120
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;47(11):1029-34
references.pmid: 2241505
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1995 Nov;69(2):339-43
references.pmid: 8552231
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Oct;32(10):2057-66
references.pmid: 17327887
references.citation: Neuron. 2002 Dec 19;36(6):989-91
references.pmid: 12495613
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Nov 21;352(9141):1669-73
references.pmid: 9853440
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Mar 15;29(6):556-66
references.pmid: 2054430
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Sep 1;56(5):317-22
references.pmid: 15336513
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 2008 Aug;18(4):177-83
references.pmid: 18628679
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;65(4):446-53
references.pmid: 9771764
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;54(7):660-9
references.pmid: 9236550
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 3;27(1):15-26
references.pmid: 17202468
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Feb 15;43(4):239-43
references.pmid: 9513732
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990 Summer;2(3):313-9
references.pmid: 2136091
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;47(11):1016-22
references.pmid: 2133373
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006;138(1):189-96
references.pmid: 16337746
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 1997 Autumn;7(3):97-101
references.pmid: 9323320
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2001 May;25(4):691-707
references.pmid: 11383973
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(9):1353-63
references.pmid: 15124027
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2001 Apr 15;49(1-2):1-52
references.pmid: 11343862
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;50(3):169-77
references.pmid: 7679891
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2000 Sep 28;11(14):3133-7
references.pmid: 11043537
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1999 Feb;97(2):165-9
references.pmid: 9928827
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Sep;64(1):7-13
references.pmid: 10494991
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1998 Apr-May;8(3):261-8
references.pmid: 9617921
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Nov 10;24(45):10099-102
references.pmid: 15537879
references.citation: J Chem Neuroanat. 2000 Dec;20(3-4):259-69
references.pmid: 11207424
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Jun 1;18(11):4177-88
references.pmid: 9592097
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2006 Oct;87(1-3):100-8
references.pmid: 16843641
references.citation: J Psychopharmacol. 1997;11(1):18-20
references.pmid: 9097886
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jul 5;141B(5):513-23
references.pmid: 16741916
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:409-32
references.pmid: 12052915
references.citation: Brain. 2006 Feb;129(Pt 2):399-410
references.pmid: 16330500
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003 Apr 1;118B(1):1-7
references.pmid: 12627456
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2002 Oct;12(10):1063-70
references.pmid: 12217970
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Jun 1;11(12):1373-80
references.pmid: 12023979
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Nov;44(11):1017-21
references.pmid: 2445320
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;162(12):2233-45
references.pmid: 16330585
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;10(1):40-68; image 5
references.pmid: 15263907
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Apr 1;60(2-3):239-58
references.pmid: 12591587
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;156(11):1709-19
references.pmid: 10553733
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;50(3):178-87
references.pmid: 7679892
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 1998 Aug 17;32(3):201-6
references.pmid: 9720125
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;55(3):205-11
references.pmid: 9510214
references.citation: Brain Res. 1997 Mar 21;751(2):217-31
references.pmid: 9099808
references.citation: Synapse. 1997 Jan;25(1):80-92
references.pmid: 8987151
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Oct 15;17(20):3212-22
references.pmid: 18658164
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Jun 15;53(12):1086-98
references.pmid: 12814860
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2005 Mar 1;73(2-3):159-72
references.pmid: 15653259
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):263-72
references.pmid: 15753239
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 26;93(24):14182-7
references.pmid: 8943081
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Jun;7(6):575-80
references.pmid: 15162166
references.citation: Brain Res. 1996 Nov 25;741(1-2):95-102
references.pmid: 9001710
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1997 May;78(1):99-110
references.pmid: 9135092