title: The effects of simulated microgravity on intervertebral disc degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Astronauts experience back pain, particularly low back pain, during and after spaceflight. Recent studies have described histologic and biochemical changes in rat intervertebral discs after space travel, but there is still no in vitro model to investigate the effects of microgravity on disc metabolism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of microgravity on disc degeneration and establish an in vitro simulated microgravity study model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discs were cultured in static and rotating conditions in bioreactor, and the characteristics of disc degeneration were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice discs were cultured in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor where the microgravity condition was simulated. Intervertebral discs were cultured in static and microgravity condition. Histology, biochemistry, and immunohistochemical assays were performed to evaluate the characteristics of the discs in microgravity condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervertebral discs cultured in rotating bioreactors were found to develop changes of disc degeneration manifested by reduced red Safranin-O staining within the annulus fibrosus, downregulated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and GAG/hydroxyproline ratio, increased matrix metalloproteinase 3 expression, and upregulated apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that simulated microgravity induces the molecular changes of disc degeneration. The rotating bioreactor model will provide a foundation to investigate the effects of microgravity on disc metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Davis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reames
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shimer
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D051379:Mice; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D003094:Collagen
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