title: Relationship between milk and calcium intake and lipid metabolism in female patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the association between intake of milk and dairy products as well as calcium and biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in Korean female patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 509 female subjects (mean age: 59.0 years; range: 35-80 years) was recruited from Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul between 2005 and 2010. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of their daily intake of milk and dairy products [<50 g/day (0<50 g/day), 50-200 g/day, and >200 g/day (>200-1201 g/day)] and then further divided into two groups according to their daily calcium intake: below and above the estimated average requirement (EAR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, body mass index, energy intake, exercise, use of nutritional supplements and cholesterol medication, the level of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was significantly higher in subjects with milk and dairy products consumption of >200 g/day than in subjects in the other two groups. Those subjects with a milk and dairy products consumption of >200 g/day had significantly higher levels of apolipoprotein A-1 and a significantly lower atherogenic index than the other two groups. Patients with a calcium intake above the EAR exhibited a significantly greater serum HDL-cholesterol level than those with a calcium intake below the EAR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk and dairy products, good sources of calcium, play a positive role in lipid profiles in female patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: JaeHee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ki Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kap-Bum
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D015415:Biomarkers; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL
keywords: Milk; calcium; dairy products; dyslipidemias
references.citation: Food Nutr Res. 2010 Aug 19;54:
references.pmid: 20806084
references.citation: Korean Diabetes J. 2010 Jun;34(3):166-73
references.pmid: 20617077
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Feb;55(2):247-58
references.pmid: 20715096
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2011 Jul;94(7):3288-94
references.pmid: 21700013
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2009 Jun;48(4):191-203
references.pmid: 19259609
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Feb;28 Suppl 1:91S-102S
references.pmid: 19571167
references.citation: J Nutr. 1993 Jun;123(6):1047-53
references.pmid: 8505664
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):813-7
references.pmid: 21447660
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan;91(1):131-9
references.pmid: 19906800
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1992 Dec;152(12):2441-4
references.pmid: 1456855
references.citation: Gut. 1993 Mar;34(3):365-70
references.pmid: 8472985
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2002 Nov;43(11):1899-907
references.pmid: 12401889
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;65(9):1027-31
references.pmid: 21559046
references.citation: JAMA. 2005 Oct 12;294(14):1773-81
references.pmid: 16219880
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Jun 15;109(23 Suppl 1):III8-14
references.pmid: 15198960
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1988 Sep;82(3):309-18
references.pmid: 3405659
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Mar;34(3):351-6
references.pmid: 7211734
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jan;69(1):22-9
references.pmid: 9925119
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Apr 24;287(16):2081-9
references.pmid: 11966382
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2005 May 9;165(9):997-1003
references.pmid: 15883237
references.citation: J Korean Med Sci. 2010 Oct;25(10):1473-9
references.pmid: 20890429
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1972 Jun;18(6):499-502
references.pmid: 4337382
references.citation: Am J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):343-7
references.pmid: 11904107
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2001 Sep;44 Suppl 2:S14-21
references.pmid: 11587045
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1001-8
references.pmid: 10584044
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):158-71
references.pmid: 21068345
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):723S-34S
references.pmid: 19155432
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):741S-6S
references.pmid: 19155434
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Sep;21(9):1414-31
references.pmid: 9727886
references.citation: Menopause. 2009 Sep-Oct;16(5):992-7
references.pmid: 19741428
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Jan 12;371(9607):117-25
references.pmid: 18191683