title: Comparison of direct medical costs between automated and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We set out to estimate the direct medical costs (DMCs) of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and to compare the DMCs for continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and automated PD (APD). In addition, DMCs according to age, sex, and the presence of peritonitis were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our retrospective cohort analysis considered patients initiating PD, calculating 2008 costs and, for comparison, updating the results for 2010. The analysis took the perspective of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, including outpatient clinic and emergency room visits, dialysis procedures, medications, laboratory tests, hospitalizations, and surgeries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No baseline differences were observed for the 41 patients evaluated (22 on CAPD, 19 on APD). Median annual DMCs per patient on PD were US$15 072 in 2008 and US$16 452 in 2010. When analyzing percentage distribution, no differences were found in the DMCs for the modality groups. In both APD and CAPD, the main costs pertained to the dialysis procedure (CAPD 41%, APD 47%) and hospitalizations (CAPD 37%, APD 32%). Dialysis procedures cost significantly more (p = 0.001) in APD (US$7 084) than in CAPD (US$6 071), but total costs (APD US$15 389 vs CAPD US$14 798) and other resources were not different. The presence of peritonitis increased the total costs (US$16 075 vs US$14 705 for patients without peritonitis, p = 0.05), but in the generalized linear model analysis, DMCs were not predicted by age, sex, dialysis modality, or peritonitis. A similar picture was observed for costs extrapolated to 2010, with a 10% - 20% increase for each component--except for laboratory tests, which increased 52%, and dialysis procedures, which decreased 3%, from 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual DMCs per patient on PD in this study were US$15 072 in 2008 and US$16 452 in 2010. Total DMCs for dialysis procedures were higher in APD than in CAPD, but the difference was not statistically significant. In both APD and CAPD, 90% of costs were attributable to the dialysis procedure, hospitalizations, and medications. In a multivariate analysis, no independent variable significantly predicted a higher DMC.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Renales,1 Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, and Coordinación de Salud Pública,2 Delegación Jalisco, IMSS, Guadalajara;
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortés-Sanabria
authors.forename: Brenda E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Arreola
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Juárez
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soto-Molina
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pazarín-Villaseñor
authors.forename: Héctor R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Alfonso M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cueto-Manzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000191:economics*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000191:economics*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Direct costs; automated peritoneal dialysis; continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
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