title: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the phenolic extracts of Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The leaves of Sapium sebiferum have long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for the treatment of eczema, shingles, edema, swelling, ascites, scabs, and snakebites, among other maladies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the phenolic extracts of Sapium sebiferum leaves using in vitro and in vivo models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured using common chemical methods (total phenolic content; total flavonoid content; scavenging of DPPH·, ABTS+·, superoxide, and nitrite radicals; reducing power; β-carotene bleaching; and FTC assays). The in vivo topical anti-inflammatory activities were tested using the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis animal model. The SOD and CAT activities and the GSH content of ear tissue were also determined using test kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracts of Sapium sebiferum leaves exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant activities. They also showed significant (P<0.001) and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activities in an acute dermatitis model at the doses of 0.03 mg/ear, 0.1mg/ear, and 0.3mg/ear. The application of Sapium sebiferum leaf extracts increased the SOD and CAT activities and the GSH content relative to those of the TPA treatment group. The anti-inflammatory effect of the Sapium sebiferum leaf extract was positively correlated with its antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that Sapium sebiferum leaf extract is an effective anti-inflammatory agent in the TPA-induced dermatitis model, and its anti-inflammatory effect is related, at least in part, to its antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biopharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Rao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-Ran
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qiu-Lan
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D031287:Sapium; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D009573:Nitrites; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate