title: Acute respiratory failure.
abstract: Acute respiratory failure is common in critically ill children, who are at increased risk of respiratory embarrassment because of the developmental variations in the respiratory system. Although multiple etiologies exist, pneumonia and bronchiolitis are most common. Respiratory system monitoring has evolved, with the clinical examination remaining paramount. Invasive tests are commonly replaced with noninvasive monitors. Children with ALI/ARDS have better overall outcomes than adults, although data regarding specific therapies are still lacking. Most children will have some degree of long-term physiologic respiratory compromise after recovery from ALI/ARDS. The physiologic basis for respiratory failure and its therapeutic options are reviewed here.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, 269-01 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA. jschneide2@nshs.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sweberg
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D016684:Prone Position; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide