title: Analysis of reserve pit sludge from unconventional natural gas hydraulic fracturing and drilling operations for the presence of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM).
abstract: Soil and water (sludge) obtained from reserve pits used in unconventional natural gas mining was analyzed for the presence of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM). Samples were analyzed for total gamma, alpha, and beta radiation, and specific radionuclides: beryllium, potassium, scandium, cobalt, cesium, thallium, lead-210 and -214, bismuth-212 and -214, radium-226 and -228, thorium, uranium, and strontium-89 and -90. Laboratory analysis confirmed elevated beta readings recorded at 1329 ± 311 pCi/g. Specific radionuclides present in an active reserve pit and the soil of a leveled, vacated reserve pit included 232Thorium decay series (228Ra, 228Th, 208Tl), and 226Radium decay series (214Pb, 214Bi, 210Pb) radionuclides. The potential for impact of TENORM to the environment, occupational workers, and the general public is presented with potential health effects of individual radionuclides. Current oversight, exemption of TENORM in federal and state regulations, and complexity in reporting are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, UNT Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Alisa.Rich@unthsc.edu
authors.forename: Alisa L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Ernest C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Crosby
mesh_terms: D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry / Q000379:methods*; D033161:Government Regulation; D059206:Natural Gas; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012722:Sewage; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive