title: Adipocytokines as features of the metabolic syndrome determined using confirmatory factor analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the hypothesis whether adipocytokines are associated with the risk factor cluster that characterizes the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 134 nondiabetic subjects were analyzed using CFA. Insulin sensitivity (SI) was quantified using intravenous glucose tolerance tests, visceral fat area by computed tomography and fasting high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), serum amyloid A (SAA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basic model representing the MetS included six indicators comprising obesity, SI, lipids, and hypertension, and demonstrated excellent goodness of fit. Using multivariate analysis, MCP-1, SAA, and TNF-α were not independently associated with any of the MetS variables. Adiponectin, resistin, leptin, CRP, and IL-6 were associated with at least one of the risk factors, but when added to the basic model decreased all goodness-of-fit parameters. PAI-1 was associated with all cardiometabolic factors and improved goodness-of-fit compared with the basic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of PAI-1 increased the CFA model goodness of fit compared with the basic model, suggesting that this protein may represent an added feature of the MetS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Pier
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Woudstra
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Utzschneider
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerchman
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faulenbach
authors.forename: Darcy B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aston-Mourney
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chait
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):2413-7
references.pmid: 9409209
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Jan;29(1):113-22
references.pmid: 16373906
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2007 Jun;50(6):1156-60
references.pmid: 17387445
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 May;19(4):271-6
references.pmid: 18809301
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Apr 19;111(15):1938-45
references.pmid: 15837947
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 Jun;33(6):1370-2
references.pmid: 20299487
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1999 May;40(5):913-9
references.pmid: 10224160
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53(2):336-46
references.pmid: 14747283
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Apr 3;115(13):1806-10; discussion 1811
references.pmid: 17404171
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jan 30;49(4):403-14
references.pmid: 17258085
references.citation: J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jul;1(7):1575-9
references.pmid: 12871293
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Aug 1;23(8):1437-43
references.pmid: 12816878
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2010 Jul;72(6):587-97
references.pmid: 20467001
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Mar;20(3):194-200
references.pmid: 20071194
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Apr 15;157(8):701-11
references.pmid: 12697574
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Jun 14;111(23):3058-62
references.pmid: 15939816
references.citation: Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):963-74
references.pmid: 15380884
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2289-304
references.pmid: 16123508
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Oct;26(10):2209-15
references.pmid: 16825598
references.citation: Diabetes. 1986 Mar;35(3):362-9
references.pmid: 3512346
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Jan;22(1):173-8
references.pmid: 11788479
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009 Jun;20(3):182-9
references.pmid: 19369869
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Apr;19(4):972-8
references.pmid: 10195925
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Nov 24;98(21):2241-7
references.pmid: 9826309
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Nov;18(11):1679-85
references.pmid: 9812904
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 15;342(24):1792-801
references.pmid: 10853003
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Apr;51(4):1131-7
references.pmid: 11916936
references.citation: Metabolism. 2010 Dec;59(12):1801-8
references.pmid: 20619428
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Oct;26(10):2200-7
references.pmid: 16931789
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52
references.pmid: 16157765
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2003 Apr;46(4):459-69
references.pmid: 12687327
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov;22 Suppl 2:3-10
references.pmid: 16225463
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2005 May;5(3):333-9
references.pmid: 15892652
references.citation: Diabetes. 1988 Dec;37(12):1595-607
references.pmid: 3056758
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Nov;26(11):3153-9
references.pmid: 14578254
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 1988 Dec 22;60(3):491-4
references.pmid: 3149048
references.citation: Metabolism. 2004 Jul;53(7):852-7
references.pmid: 15254876