title: Maximal heart rate: influence of sport practice during childhood and adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The heart rate (HR) achieved at the end of an exercise test (ET) is called maximal HR and is known to have clinical and epidemiological relevance. For its correct measurement, it is necessary that the ET be truly maximal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of a history of intense physical activity and/or participation in sports competitions during youth on the maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) on a clinical cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 600 non-athlete individuals (65.8% males) with a mean age of 46 ± 13.7 years, under primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and who underwent maximal CPET, were retrospectively selected. Their physical activity profile during childhood/adolescence (PAPCA) was classified in scores growing from 0 to 4, with value 2 corresponding to their respective age-predicted levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 20 individuals with maximal HR values equal to or greater than 200 bpm had been inactive or somewhat active during childhood/adolescence. A significant association was observed between PAPCA scores and maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) (p = 0.02), with a 7-bpm higher value for PAPCA scores 3-4 (32.9% of the sample) in comparison to PAPCA 0-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two hypotheses exist to explain these results in individuals who had been more active during youth: a) persistence of chronic adaptations to training on the cardiac chronotropism, or b) higher ability and/or motivation to achieve a truly maximal CPET. Information on the physical activity profile during childhood / adolescence may contribute to the interpretation of maximal HR on ET.
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Medicina do Exercício.
authors.forename: Débora Helena
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Balassiano
authors.forename: Claudio Gil Soares de
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Araújo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data