title: Timing and causes of death after injuries.
abstract: Currently, long-term outcomes are significant because health care system changes will likely lead to a single payment for each occurrence of care, including readmissions-the "bundled payment" system. Therefore, it is essential to understand the outcomes of trauma patients discharged alive from trauma centers. This article reviews the current knowledge base on the timing and causes of deaths after trauma. The trimodal mortality model (immediate deaths, early deaths, and late deaths) is utilized as the early research describing trimodal distribution is discussed. Also covered is the successive work as trauma systems matured, showing a shift toward a bimodal distribution with a decline in late deaths. Finally, studies of long-term outcomes are highlighted. Deaths occurring within minutes or a few hours of injury are largely unchanged, which underscores the enormity of injuries to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Late deaths caused by multiple organ failure and sepsis have declined considerably, however. Also, the causes of death in this patient population remain constant. Lastly, a considerable number of deaths after discharge may be due to nontraumatic causes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Care Research and Improvement, Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobrino
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shafi
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