title: Systemic causes of cholestasis.
abstract: Systemic causes of cholestasis constitute a diverse group of diseases across organ systems. The pathophysiology of cholestasis in systemic disease can be a consequence of direct involvement of a disease process within the liver or extrahepatic biliary system or secondary to immune-mediated changes in bile flow. Evaluating a patient with cholestasis for a systemic cause requires an understanding of the patient's risk factors, clinical setting (eg, hospitalized or immunosuppressed patient), clinical features, and pattern of laboratory abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Delemos
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000150:complications*; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000209:etiology*; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D051359:Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / Q000150:complications; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000150:complications; D009181:Mycoses / Q000150:complications; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2009 Sep;51(3):565-80
references.pmid: 19595470
references.citation: Clin Liver Dis. 2008 Feb;12(1):151-72, ix
references.pmid: 18242502
references.citation: Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1999 Apr;23(4):431-2
references.pmid: 10416104
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1963 Jul;63:121-32
references.pmid: 13952334
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul 21;11(27):4199-205
references.pmid: 16015689
references.citation: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995 May-Jun;10(3):344-50
references.pmid: 7548816
references.citation: Ann Hepatol. 2010 Jan-Mar;9(1):96-8
references.pmid: 20308730
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jun;8(6):483-9; quiz e70
references.pmid: 20215064
references.citation: Diagn Cytopathol. 2000 Dec;23(6):422-4
references.pmid: 11074651
references.citation: Gut. 2003 May;52(5):688-93
references.pmid: 12692054
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Jan;45(1):84-7; discussion 87-8
references.pmid: 20105585
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Jan;50(1):196-200
references.pmid: 15712660
references.citation: J Pediatr Surg. 2000 Jul;35(7):1049-51
references.pmid: 10917294
references.citation: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007 Feb;13(2):206-17
references.pmid: 17241926
references.citation: Hepatology. 1984 May-Jun;4(3):408-12
references.pmid: 6327485
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2005 Aug;98(8):357-9
references.pmid: 16055900
references.citation: Semin Liver Dis. 1987 Aug;7(3):269-77
references.pmid: 3317863
references.citation: Hepatology. 2001 Mar;33(3):633-46
references.pmid: 11230744
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Sep;82(5):291-8
references.pmid: 14530778
references.citation: Thyroid. 2012 Apr;22(4):437-9
references.pmid: 22458973
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 1998 May;73(5):467-72
references.pmid: 9581591
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Sep;16(9):1598-619
references.pmid: 20198712
references.citation: J Intern Med. 1992 May;231(5):531-5
references.pmid: 1602289
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1964 Dec;47:590-9
references.pmid: 14234676
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1999 Jul;117(1):211-4
references.pmid: 10381929
references.citation: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005 Mar;53(3):199-207
references.pmid: 15718146
references.citation: Liver Transpl. 2007 Apr;13(4):483-5
references.pmid: 17394145
references.citation: Bone Marrow Transplant. 1995 Jun;15(6):825-8
references.pmid: 7581076
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 1989 Oct;149(10):2246-8
references.pmid: 2802891
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 2008;47(5):962-70
references.pmid: 17906981
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 1982 Jun;58(680):346-50
references.pmid: 7122367
references.citation: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Jan;24(1):17-24
references.pmid: 22008629
references.citation: South Med J. 2008 Apr;101(4):356-61
references.pmid: 18360350
references.citation: Gut Liver. 2011 Jun;5(2):221-7
references.pmid: 21814605
references.citation: Gut. 2001 Mar;48(3):409-13
references.pmid: 11171834
references.citation: Liver Int. 2009 Aug;29(7):1044-50
references.pmid: 19141031
references.citation: Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988 May;27(5):254-6
references.pmid: 3365907
references.citation: Ann Surg. 2002 Oct;236(4):429-36; discussion 436-7
references.pmid: 12368671
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Mar;75(2):99-113
references.pmid: 8606631
references.citation: Hepatology. 2007 Jan;45(1):230-41
references.pmid: 17187426
references.citation: Infection. 1993 Mar-Apr;21(2):112-4
references.pmid: 8491519
references.citation: World J Surg. 1997 May;21(4):384-8; discussion 388-9
references.pmid: 9143569
references.citation: Clin Liver Dis. 1999 Aug;3(3):465-75
references.pmid: 11291234
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Mar;96(3):852-7
references.pmid: 11280564
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1988 Sep;12(9):716-20
references.pmid: 3414894
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 28;18(16):1851-60
references.pmid: 22563164
references.citation: Z Gastroenterol. 1997 Oct;35(10):929-34
references.pmid: 9432814
references.citation: Med Klin (Munich). 1998 Mar 15;93(3):170-3
references.pmid: 9564164
references.citation: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov-Dec;42(10):1110-5
references.pmid: 18458641
references.citation: Neth J Med. 1993 Jun;42(5-6):171-4
references.pmid: 8377875
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Aug;39(2):200-2
references.pmid: 15269629
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb;29(2):438-41
references.pmid: 11246328
references.citation: Singapore Med J. 2010 Sep;51(9):744-51
references.pmid: 20938617
references.citation: JAMA. 1976 Jun 14;235(24):2628
references.pmid: 775138
references.citation: J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Jul;21(7):C11-3
references.pmid: 16808761
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;3(10):574-85
references.pmid: 17008927
references.citation: J Med Genet. 2004 Feb;41(2):137-44
references.pmid: 14757862
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1986 Jun;90(6):2013-21
references.pmid: 3516788
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1985 Apr;88(4):1055-9
references.pmid: 3972225
references.citation: Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012 May-Jun;18(3):208-13
references.pmid: 22626801
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 1982 Jul;13(7):662-5
references.pmid: 6282733
references.citation: Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(5):386-91
references.pmid: 12069027
references.citation: Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Sep-Oct;52(65):1347-50
references.pmid: 16201071
references.citation: Int Urol Nephrol. 2004;36(3):433-5
references.pmid: 15783120
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;9(1):36-41.e1
references.pmid: 20888436
references.citation: Hepatology. 2007 Nov;46(5):1650-8
references.pmid: 17969053
references.citation: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Feb;32(2):181-4
references.pmid: 11205661
references.citation: Rev Infect Dis. 1985 Jan-Feb;7(1):1-9
references.pmid: 3983523
references.citation: Trop Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct-Dec;32(4):328-30
references.pmid: 22696919
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Jan;130(1):27-32
references.pmid: 16390234
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1974 Oct;67(4):680-5
references.pmid: 4412423
references.citation: Anemia. 2011;2011:975731
references.pmid: 21490769
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1981 Mar;105(3):152-6
references.pmid: 6781446
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1988 May;157(5):863-7
references.pmid: 3283260
references.citation: Clin Liver Dis. 2002 Nov;6(4):947-67, viii-ix
references.pmid: 12516201
references.citation: Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Dec;17(12):1272-80
references.pmid: 8238735
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Jun;42(6):1295-301
references.pmid: 9201098
references.citation: Am J Med. 2000 Aug 1;109(2):109-13
references.pmid: 10967151
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 15;39(10):e100-5
references.pmid: 15546070
references.citation: Hepatology. 1993 Jan;17(1):70-7
references.pmid: 7678577
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Mar;48(3):539-41
references.pmid: 12757167