title: Evolution of codon usage in the smallest photosynthetic eukaryotes and their giant viruses.
abstract: Prasinoviruses are among the largest viruses (>200 kb) and encode several hundreds of protein coding genes, including most genes of the DNA replication machinery and several genes involved in transcription and translation, as well as transfer RNAs (tRNAs). They can infect and lyse small eukaryotic planktonic marine green algae, thereby affecting global algal population dynamics. Here, we investigate the causes of codon usage bias (CUB) in one prasinovirus, OtV5, and its host Ostreococcus tauri, during a viral infection using microarray expression data. We show that 1) CUB in the host and in the viral genes increases with expression levels and 2) optimal codons use those tRNAs encoded by the most abundant host tRNA genes, supporting the notion of translational optimization by natural selection. We find evidence that viral tRNA genes complement the host tRNA pool for those viral amino acids whose host tRNAs are in short supply. We further discuss the coevolution of CUB in hosts and prasinoviruses by comparing optimal codons in three evolutionary diverged host-virus-specific pairs whose complete genome sequences are known.
authors.affiliation: UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michely
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toulza
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Subirana
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cognat
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maréchal-Drouard
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grimsley
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Gwenaël
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piganeau
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D012343:RNA, Transfer
keywords: NCLDV; Ostreococcus; codon usage bias; microarray; picoeukaryote; selection; tRNA
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