title: Patient-level medication regimen complexity across populations with chronic disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expected treatment effectiveness from medications can be diminished due to suboptimal adherence. Medication nonadherence has been linked to pill burden from the quantity of medications; however, medication regimens with similar quantities of medications vary in complexity due to multiple dosage forms, frequency of dosing, and additional usage directions. Thus, a simple medication count ignores medication regimen complexity, especially as it pertains to a patient-level perspective that includes prescription and over-the-counter medications. A gap exists in the study of a patient-level medication regimen complexity metric across disease-specific populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to implement the quantitative Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) at the patient level in defined populations with chronic disease (geriatric depression, HIV, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension). Patient-level medication regimen complexity included all prescribed medications and over-the-counter medications documented in the electronic medication list.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using electronic medical records at the University of Colorado Hospital ambulatory clinics, we sampled 4 retrospective cohorts of adult patients in active care in 2011 with a qualifying medical diagnosis and prescribed disease-specific medication. Samples were randomly selected from all qualifying patients; de-identified information was coded using the MRCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohort-defining disease-specific prescription medications (eg, antidepressants for the depression-defined cohort) contributed <20% to the total patient-level complexity MRCI score; the MRCI score was dominated by complexity associated with all other prescription medications. Within disease-specific cohorts, MRCI scores differentiated patients with the highest and lowest medication counts, comorbidity counts, and the Charlson comorbidity index scores. For example, geriatric depression patients had a highest quartile mean MRCI score of 41 and a lowest quartile mean MRCI score of 13. Between disease-specific cohorts, high and low MRCI scores differed because each cohort had its own MRCI ranges. For example, highest quartile MRCI scores varied from a mean MRCI score of 41 (geriatric depression) to 30 (hypertension); lowest quartile scores ranged from a mean MRCI score of 7 (hypertension and HIV) to 13 (geriatric depression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRCI components of dosing frequency and prescribed medications outside of the cohort-defining disease medications contributed the most to the patient-level scores. Thus, chronic disease management programs may want to consider all medications that patients are taking and examine ways to reduce complexity, such as reducing multiple dosing frequencies when possible. MRCI scores differentiated high and low patient-level complexity measures, representing possible utility as a prospective tool to identify target patients for intervention. Future work includes simplifying the MRCI and enhancing the scores with medication risk factors, as well as explicitly linking to adherence and health services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. anne.libby@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Libby
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Sunny A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Linnebur
authors.forename: Kelli R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: Kavita V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saseen
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vande Griend
authors.forename: Sara P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Jan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003120:Colorado; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D012189:Retrospective Studies