title: Bed bug detection: current technologies and future directions.
abstract: Technologies to detect bed bugs have not kept pace with their global resurgence. Early detection is critical to prevent infestations from spreading. Detection based exclusively on bites is inadequate, because reactions to insect bites are non-specific and often misdiagnosed. Visual inspections are commonly used and depend on identifying live bugs, exuviae, or fecal droplets. Visual inspections are inexpensive, but they are time-consuming and unreliable when only a few bugs are present. Use of a dog to detect bed bugs is gaining in popularity, but it can be expensive, may unintentionally advertise a bed bug problem, and is not foolproof. Passive monitors mimic natural harborages; they are discreet and typically use an adhesive to trap bugs. Active monitors generate carbon dioxide, heat, a pheromone, or a combination to attract bed bugs to a trap. New technologies using DNA analysis, mass spectrometry, and electronic noses are innovative but impractical and expensive for widespread use.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Biodefense Research, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA. rajeev.vaidyanathan@sri.com
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Feldlaufer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs; D004285:Dogs; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2006 May;98(6):550-6
references.pmid: 16425065
references.citation: Pest Manag Sci. 2011 Jan;67(1):10-20
references.pmid: 20859928
references.citation: Med Health Care Philos. 2013 Aug;16(3):417-27
references.pmid: 22422134
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Mar 30;6(3):e18156
references.pmid: 21479180
references.citation: Naturwissenschaften. 1974 Dec;61(12):684-5
references.pmid: 4449574
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1998 Sep;201(Pt 18):2659-64
references.pmid: 9716517
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jun;17(6):1132-4
references.pmid: 21749792
references.citation: J Insect Physiol. 1974 Jul;20(7):1231-48
references.pmid: 4854436
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2012 Jul;49(4):922-6
references.pmid: 22897053
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2012 Jun;110(6):2577-9
references.pmid: 22190128
references.citation: Am J Med. 2012 Jul;125(7):688-94
references.pmid: 22560811
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2009 Jun;23(2):163-6
references.pmid: 19292820
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2009 Jun;23(2):99-105
references.pmid: 19499616
references.citation: S Afr Med J. 1980 Jan 12;57(2):36
references.pmid: 7404021
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2009 May;46(3):566-71
references.pmid: 19496428
references.citation: Talanta. 2001 May 10;54(3):487-500
references.pmid: 18968273
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2009 May;46(3):572-9
references.pmid: 19496429
references.citation: BMC Biol. 2010 Sep 09;8:121
references.pmid: 20828381
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 2006 Jan-Feb;22(1):2-8
references.pmid: 16454485
references.citation: Psychosomatics. 2012 Jan-Feb;53(1):85-91
references.pmid: 22221725
references.citation: Insects. 2012 Apr 02;3(2):402-9
references.pmid: 26466533
references.citation: Bull Entomol Res. 2011 Feb;101(1):1-8
references.pmid: 20102661
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003 Aug;376(8):1212-24
references.pmid: 12845400
references.citation: CMAJ. 2009 Sep 1;181(5):287-8
references.pmid: 19720710
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2007 Mar;44(2):175-8
references.pmid: 17427684
references.citation: S Afr Med J. 1983 Jan 15;63(3):77-81
references.pmid: 6849170
references.citation: Anim Cogn. 2011 May;14(3):387-94
references.pmid: 21225441
references.citation: J Econ Entomol. 2009 Aug;102(4):1580-5
references.pmid: 19736771
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;96(7):2194-8
references.pmid: 11467652
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2011 Jul;48(4):937-40
references.pmid: 21845958
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jan;25(1):164-92
references.pmid: 22232375
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1962 May;56:218-21
references.pmid: 13925320
references.citation: J Econ Entomol. 2011 Feb;104(1):274-8
references.pmid: 21404868
references.citation: Experientia. 1971 Jan 15;27(1):102-3
references.pmid: 5549217
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1971;40:533-48
references.pmid: 4108191
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Jan;126(1):91-6
references.pmid: 16417223
references.citation: J Econ Entomol. 2008 Aug;101(4):1389-96
references.pmid: 18767752
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2012 Feb 15;215(Pt 4):623-9
references.pmid: 22279069
references.citation: J Chem Ecol. 2008 Jun;34(6):708-18
references.pmid: 18470566
references.citation: J Environ Health. 2011 Apr;73(8):8-14
references.pmid: 21488465
references.citation: Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002 Jan;27(1):74-5
references.pmid: 11952681
references.citation: Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2012 Mar;105(2):135-149
references.pmid: 26543242
references.citation: J Environ Health. 2008 May;70(9):24-7, 52-3
references.pmid: 18517150
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1995 Jul;198(Pt 7):1519-26
references.pmid: 7658188
references.citation: Insects. 2012 Apr 30;3(2):442-52
references.pmid: 26466537
references.citation: Anal Chim Acta. 2012 Feb 24;716:2-10
references.pmid: 22284870
references.citation: Nature. 1959 Jan 3;183(4653):55-6
references.pmid: 13622694
references.citation: AIDS. 1987 Sep;1(3):171-4
references.pmid: 2450552
references.citation: Talanta. 2005 Aug 15;67(2):313-27
references.pmid: 18970171
references.citation: Am J Med. 2012 Jan;125(1):101-3
references.pmid: 22195533
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2001 Sep;38(5):694-700
references.pmid: 11580042
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 Apr 1;301(13):1358-66
references.pmid: 19336711
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1989 Dec;160(6):970-7
references.pmid: 2479697
references.citation: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003 Jul;17(4):461-3
references.pmid: 12834463
references.citation: Sensors (Basel). 2011;11(5):4744-66
references.pmid: 22163873
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Sep 23;60(37):1269-74
references.pmid: 21937972
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2012 Sep;26(3):241-54
references.pmid: 22235873
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2008 Feb;108(2):705-25
references.pmid: 18205411
references.citation: J Econ Entomol. 2010 Oct;103(5):1636-46
references.pmid: 21061963
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2010 Mar;47(2):140-3
references.pmid: 20380293