title: Protostane and fusidane triterpenes: a mini-review.
abstract: Protostane triterpenes belong to a group of tetracyclic triterpene that exhibit unique structural characteristics. Their natural distribution is primarily limited to the genus Alisma of the Alismataceae family, but they have also been occasionally found in other plant genera such as Lobelia, Garcinia, and Leucas. To date, there are 59 known protostane structures. Many of them have been reported to possess biological properties such as improving lipotropism, hepatoprotection, anti-viral activity against hepatitis B and HIV-I virus, anti-cancer activity, as well as reversal of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. On the other hand, fusidanes are fungal products characterized by 29-nor protostane structures. They possess antibiotic properties against staphylococci, including the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fusidic acid is a representative member which has found clinical applications. This review covers plant sources of the protostanes, their structure elucidation, characteristic structural and spectral properties, as well as biological activities. The fungal sources, structural features, biological activities of fusidanes are also covered in this review. Additionally, the biogenesis of these two types of triterpenes is discussed and a refined pathway is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborative Center for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. mingz@uic.edu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gödecke
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Jin-Ao
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Che
mesh_terms: D034902:Alisma / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D005672:Fusidic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003169:Complement Inactivator Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; C012749:anticomplement; D005672:Fusidic Acid
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