title: Functional limitations in older adults who have cognitive impairment without dementia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the prevalence of functional limitations among older adults with cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis was performed using the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study data set. A total of 856 individuals aged ≥ 71 years were assigned to 3 diagnostic cognitive categories. A questionnaire was completed by a proxy informant regarding functional limitations for 744 of the 856 respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 744 patients, 263 (13.9%) had dementia, 201 (21.3%) had CIND, and 280 (64.8%) had normal cognition. Informants reported ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) limitation in 45% of the patients with CIND compared to 13% of the patients with normal cognition and 85% of the patients with dementia (P < .001). The ADL impairments among individuals with CIND were primarily attributed to physical health problems (n = 41; 40%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many individuals with CIND have impairment in a range of complex and basic daily activities, largely due to physical health problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. tanruff@umich.edu
authors.forename: Tanya R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gure
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Langa
authors.forename: Gwenith G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Piette
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Plassman
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ADL; IADL; cognitive impairment; functional impairment; functional limitations
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct;59(10):1589-93
references.pmid: 12374497
references.citation: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 May;23(5):523-30
references.pmid: 18058828
references.citation: Optom Vis Sci. 1994 Dec;71(12):750-60
references.pmid: 7898882
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1990 Mar;12(2):355-63
references.pmid: 2341561
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2004 Jan;61(1):59-66
references.pmid: 14732621
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1994 Jul;47(7):747-60
references.pmid: 7722588
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jan;56(1):37-44
references.pmid: 18028344
references.citation: Neurology. 1999 Jul 22;53(2):321-31
references.pmid: 10430421
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;9(6):950-7
references.pmid: 17254435
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98
references.pmid: 1202204
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2004 Sep;256(3):183-94
references.pmid: 15324362
references.citation: JAMA. 1963 Sep 21;185:914-9
references.pmid: 14044222
references.citation: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006 Oct-Dec;20(4):217-23
references.pmid: 17132965
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Aug;55(8):1192-8
references.pmid: 17661957
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2006 May;35(3):240-5
references.pmid: 16513677
references.citation: Neurology. 2002 Mar 12;58(5):758-64
references.pmid: 11889240
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2003 Oct;60(10):1385-9
references.pmid: 14568808
references.citation: CMAJ. 1994 Mar 15;150(6):899-913
references.pmid: 8131123
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Sep 25;288(12):1475-83
references.pmid: 12243634
references.citation: Neurology. 1993 Feb;43(2):250-60
references.pmid: 8094895
references.citation: Gerontologist. 1990 Aug;30(4):497-502
references.pmid: 2394384
references.citation: Control Clin Trials. 2001 Aug;22(4):453-79
references.pmid: 11514044
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 1993 Jul;3(4):358-66
references.pmid: 8275211
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 May 8;56(9):1133-42
references.pmid: 11342677
references.citation: Neurology. 1984 Jul;34(7):939-44
references.pmid: 6610841
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Jan;52(1):27-37
references.pmid: 9973071
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Feb;58(2):248-55
references.pmid: 20070417
references.citation: J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991 Oct-Dec;4(4):189-93
references.pmid: 1789906
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2008 Mar 18;148(6):427-34
references.pmid: 18347351
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2007 Mar;64(3):416-20
references.pmid: 17353386
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2001 May-Jun;12(3):206-10
references.pmid: 11244214
references.citation: Alzheimers Dement. 2011 Nov;7(6):611-4
references.pmid: 22055977
references.citation: J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(6):481-9
references.pmid: 3597653
references.citation: Neurology. 2000 Oct 24;55(8):1158-66
references.pmid: 11071494
references.citation: Neuroepidemiology. 2005;25(4):181-91
references.pmid: 16103729
references.citation: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;21(2):158-62
references.pmid: 16416470
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Jul;48(7):775-82
references.pmid: 10894316