title: Issues of fish consumption for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
abstract: Increasing fish consumption is recommended for intake of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and to confer benefits for the risk reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most Americans are not achieving intake levels that comply with current recommendations. It is the goal of this review to provide an overview of the issues affecting this shortfall of intake. Herein we describe the relationship between fish intake and CVD risk reduction as well as the other nutritional contributions of fish to the diet. Currently recommended intake levels are described and estimates of fish consumption at a food disappearance and individual level are reported. Risk and benefit factors influencing the choice to consume fish are outlined. The multiple factors influencing fish availability from global capture and aquaculture are described as are other pertinent issues of fish nutrition, production, sustainability, and consumption patterns. This review highlights some of the work that needs to be carried out to meet the demand for fish and to positively affect intake levels to meet fish intake recommendations for CVD risk reduction.
authors.affiliation: Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA. susan.raatz@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Raatz
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jahns
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Picklo
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005398:Fisheries; D005523:Food Supply; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011639:Public Opinion; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D017747:Seafood / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
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