title: Fixating picture boundaries does not eliminate boundary extension: implications for scene representation.
abstract: Observers frequently remember seeing more of a scene than was shown (boundary extension). Does this reflect a lack of eye fixations to the boundary region? Single-object photographs were presented for 14-15 s each. Main objects were either whole or slightly cropped by one boundary, creating a salient marker of boundary placement. All participants expected a memory test, but only half were informed that boundary memory would be tested. Participants in both conditions made multiple fixations to the boundary region and the cropped region during study. Demonstrating the importance of these regions, test-informed participants fixated them sooner, longer, and more frequently. Boundary ratings (Experiment 1) and border adjustment tasks (Experiments 2-4) revealed boundary extension in both conditions. The error was reduced, but not eliminated, in the test-informed condition. Surprisingly, test knowledge and multiple fixations to the salient cropped region, during study and at test, were insufficient to overcome boundary extension on the cropped side. Results are discussed within a traditional visual-centric framework versus a multisource model of scene perception.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michod Gagnier
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Intraub
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1992 Jan;18(1):180-91
references.pmid: 1532019
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1998 Jun;24(3):859-69
references.pmid: 9627421
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2005 Dec;31(6):1288-307
references.pmid: 16366790
references.citation: Percept Psychophys. 2005 May;67(4):676-90
references.pmid: 16134461
references.citation: Vision Res. 2006 Jul;46(14):2217-35
references.pmid: 16497351
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Jun 6;381(6582):520-2
references.pmid: 8632824
references.citation: Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2010 Aug;63(8):1467-94
references.pmid: 20432178
references.citation: J Vis. 2007 Nov 21;7(14):4.1-17
references.pmid: 18217799
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989 Mar;15(2):179-87
references.pmid: 2522508
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2009 Apr;20(4):464-72
references.pmid: 19399976
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Aug;5(8):617-29
references.pmid: 15263892
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1993 Nov;19(6):1387-97
references.pmid: 8270890
references.citation: Percept Psychophys. 2006 Jul;68(5):759-69
references.pmid: 17076344
references.citation: Percept Psychophys. 2002 Aug;64(6):882-95
references.pmid: 12269296
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2012 Jan;3(1):117-127
references.pmid: 26302476
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1976 Sep;2(5):509-22
references.pmid: 1003124
references.citation: Percept Psychophys. 2008 Oct;70(7):1337-49
references.pmid: 18927017
references.citation: Cognition. 2004 Nov;94(1):19-37
references.pmid: 15302326
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2011 Apr;37(2):382-95
references.pmid: 21463084
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2004 Jun;30(3):519-37
references.pmid: 15161384
references.citation: Atten Percept Psychophys. 2009 Aug;71(6):1251-62
references.pmid: 19633341
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2008 Jun;34(3):543-55
references.pmid: 18505322
references.citation: Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2009 Aug;62(8):1457-506
references.pmid: 19449261
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2008 Oct;19(10):1007-14
references.pmid: 19000211