title: Protective and therapeutic potency of N-acetyl-cysteine on propionic acid-induced biochemical autistic features in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The investigation of the environmental contribution for developmental neurotoxicity is very critical. Many environmental chemical exposures are now thought to contribute to the development of neurological disorders, especially in children. Results from animal studies may guide investigations of human populations towards identifying either environmental toxicants that cause or drugs that protect from neurotoxicity and may help in treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study both the protective and therapeutic effects of N-acetyl cysteine on brain intoxication induced by propionic acid (PPA) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight young male Western Albino rats were enrolled in the present study. They were grouped into four equal groups, each of 7 animals. Group 1: control group, orally received only phosphate buffered saline; Group 2: PPA-treated group, received a neurotoxic dose of of PPA of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 3 days; Group 3: protective group, received a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight/day N-acetyl-cysteine for one week followed by a similar dose of PPA for 3 days; and Group 4: therapeutic group, treated with the same dose of N-acetyl cysteine after being treated with the toxic dose of PPA. Serotonin, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and glutathione-s-transferase activity, together with Comet DNA were assayed in the brain tissue of rats in all different groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained data showed that PPA caused multiple signs of brain toxicity as measured by depletion of serotonin (5HT), increase in IFN-γ and inhibition of glutathione-s-transferase activity as three biomarkers of brain dysfunction. Additionally Comet DNA assay showed remarkably higher tail length, tail DNA % damage and tail moment. N-acetyl-cysteine was effective in counteracting the neurotoxic effects of PPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low dose and the short duration of N-acetyl-cysteine treatment tested in the present study showed much more protective rather than therapeutic effects on PPA-induced neurotoxicity in rats, as there was a remarkable amelioration in the impaired biochemical parameters representing neurochemical, inflammatory, detoxification and DNA damage processes.
authors.forename: Abeer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aldbass
authors.forename: Ramesa Shafi
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Afaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Ansary
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011422:Propionates / Q000633:toxicity*; D012372:ROC Curve; D051381:Rats; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011422:Propionates; D012701:Serotonin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C029658:propionic acid; D000111:Acetylcysteine
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