title: Impact of reduced k-space acquisition on pathologic detectability for volumetric MR spectroscopic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of accelerated acquisitions on the spectral quality of volumetric magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and to evaluate their ability in detecting metabolic changes with mild injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The implementation of a generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method for a high-resolution whole-brain echo planar SI (3D-EPSI) sequence is first described and the spectral accuracy of the GRAPPA-EPSI method is investigated using lobar and voxel-based analyses for normal subjects and patients with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). The performance of GRAPPA was compared with that of fully encoded EPSI for five datasets collected from normal subjects at the same scanning session, as well as on 45 scans (20 normal subjects and 25 mTBI patients) for which the reduced k-space sampling was simulated. For comparison, a central k-space lower-resolution 3D-EPSI acquisition was also simulated. Differences in individual metabolites and metabolite ratio distributions of the mTBI group relative to those of age-matched control subjects were statistically evaluated using analyses divided into hemispheric brain lobes and tissue types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GRAPPA-EPSI with 16-minute scan time yielded robust and similar results in terms of MRSI quantitation, spectral fitting, and accuracy with that of fully sampled 3D-EPSI acquisitions and was more accurate than central k-space acquisition. Primary findings included high correlations (accuracy of 92.6%) between the GRAPPA and fully sampled results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the reduced encoding method is associated with lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that impacts the quality of spectral analysis, the use of the parallel imaging method can lead to the same diagnostic outcomes as the fully sampled data when using the sensitivity-limited volumetric MRSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabati
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Varan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Govind
authors.forename: Kristopher L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Maudsley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D004058:Diffusion; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012984:Software; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MR spectroscopic imaging; clinical equivalency; parallel imaging; traumatic brain injury; undersampled acquisition
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