title: Women Inmate Substance Abusers' Reactivity to Visual Alcohol, Cigarette, Marijuana, and Crack-Cocaine Cues: Approach and Avoidance as Separate Dimensions of Reactivity.
abstract: Despite the growing recognition for multidimensional assessments of cue-elicited craving, few studies have attempted to measure multiple response domains associated with craving. The present study evaluated the Ambivalence Model of Craving (Breiner et al., 1999; Stritzke et al., 2007) using a unique cue reactivity methodology designed to capture both the desire to use (approach inclination) and desire to not consume (avoidance inclination) in a clinical sample of incarcerated female substance abusers. Participants were 155 incarcerated women who were participating in or waiting to begin participation in a nine-month drug treatment program. Results indicated that all four substance cue-types (alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and crack cocaine) had good reliability and showed high specificity. Also, the validity of measuring approach and avoidance as separate dimensions was supported, as demonstrated by meaningful clinical distinctions between groups evincing different reactivity patterns and incremental prediction of avoidance inclinations on measures of stages of change readiness. Taken together, results continue to highlight the importance of measuring both approach and avoidance inclinations in the study of cue-elicited craving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schlauch
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Breiner
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stasiewicz
authors.forename: Rita L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lang
keywords: approach; avoidance; craving; cue reactivity; incarcerated females
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1984 Apr;91(2):251-68
references.pmid: 6571424
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1990 Apr;97(2):147-68
references.pmid: 2186423
references.citation: J Clin Psychol. 1962 Apr;18:227-31
references.pmid: 13862990
references.citation: Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(3):197-206
references.pmid: 10890815
references.citation: Addict Behav. 2012 Jul;37(7):824-30
references.pmid: 22459327
references.citation: Addiction. 1999 Mar;94(3):327-40
references.pmid: 10605857
references.citation: Psychol Addict Behav. 2004 Dec;18(4):402-6
references.pmid: 15631616
references.citation: Psychol Addict Behav. 2004 Jun;18(2):148-59
references.pmid: 15238057
references.citation: Nebr Symp Motiv. 1986;34:257-323
references.pmid: 3627296
references.citation: Addiction. 2004 Apr;99(4):482-97
references.pmid: 15049748
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003 Mar;24(2):149-60
references.pmid: 12745032
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;106(2):143-53
references.pmid: 1549642
references.citation: Am Psychol. 1995 May;50(5):372-85
references.pmid: 7762889
references.citation: Addiction. 2000 Aug;95 Suppl 2:S189-210
references.pmid: 11002914
references.citation: J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(1):3-7
references.pmid: 9584962
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1997 Jul-Aug;14(4):339-49
references.pmid: 9368210
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 2004 Jan;111(1):33-51
references.pmid: 14756584
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1988 May;97(2):133-52
references.pmid: 3290304
references.citation: J Subst Abuse. 2001;13(3):291-301
references.pmid: 11693453
references.citation: Psychol Addict Behav. 2001 Sep;15(3):268-71
references.pmid: 11563808
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Aug;27(8):1251-6
references.pmid: 12966318
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2000;23:155-84
references.pmid: 10845062
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 2005 May;66(3):332-43
references.pmid: 16047522