title: Excisional wound healing is delayed in a murine model of chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 15% of the United States population suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD), often demonstrating an associated impairment in wound healing. This study outlines the development of a surgical murine model of CKD in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying this impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  CKD was induced in mice by partial cauterization of one kidney cortex and contralateral nephrectomy, modifying a previously published technique. After a minimum of 6-weeks, splinted, dorsal excisional wounds were created to permit assessment of wound healing parameters. Wounds were harvested on postoperative days (POD) 0, 3, 7, and 14 for histological, immunofluorescent, and quantitative PCR (qPCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CKD mice exhibited deranged blood chemistry and hematology profiles, including profound uremia and anemia. Significant decreases in re-epithelialization and granulation tissue deposition rates were found in uremic mice wounds relative to controls. On immunofluorescent analysis, uremic mice demonstrated significant reductions in cellular proliferation (BrdU) and angiogenesis (CD31), with a concurrent increase in inflammation (CD45) as compared to controls. CKD mice also displayed differential expression of wound healing-related genes (VEGF, IL-1β, eNOS, iNOS) on qPCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings represent the first reported investigation of cutaneous healing in a CKD animal model. Ongoing studies of this significantly delayed wound healing phenotype include the establishment of renal failure model in diabetic strains to study the combined effects of CKD and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Akhil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De la Garza
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Seok J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Galiano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing
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