title: Proteomics analysis suggests broad functional changes in potato leaves triggered by phosphites and a complex indirect mode of action against Phytophthora infestans.
abstract: Phosphite (salts of phosphorous acid; Phi)-based fungicides are increasingly used in controlling oomycete pathogens, such as the late blight agent Phytophthora infestans. In plants, low amounts of Phi induce pathogen resistance through an indirect mode of action. We used iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics to investigate the effects of phosphite on potato plants before and after infection with P. infestans. Ninety-three (62 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated) differentially regulated proteins, from a total of 1172 reproducibly identified proteins, were identified in the leaf proteome of Phi-treated potato plants. Four days post-inoculation with P. infestans, 16 of the 31 down-regulated proteins remained down-regulated and 42 of the 62 up-regulated proteins remained up-regulated, including 90% of the defense proteins. This group includes pathogenesis-related, stress-responsive, and detoxification-related proteins. Callose deposition and ultrastructural analyses of leaf tissues after infection were used to complement the proteomics approach. This study represents the first comprehensive proteomics analysis of the indirect mode of action of Phi, demonstrating broad effects on plant defense and plant metabolism. The proteomics data and the microscopy study suggest that Phi triggers a hypersensitive response that is responsible for induced resistance of potato leaves against P. infestans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphie triggers complex functional changes in potato leaves that are responsible for the induced resistance against Phytophthora infestans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro NS B2N 5E3, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada. Electronic address: lims@fnpco.com.
authors.forename: Sanghyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Tudor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borza
authors.forename: Rick D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Coffin
authors.forename: Khalil I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Al-Mughrabi
authors.forename: Devanand M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Gefu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang-Pruski
mesh_terms: D060467:Disease Resistance; D015536:Down-Regulation; D017905:Phosphites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055750:Phytophthora infestans / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D017905:Phosphites; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: 2-D LC; HR; Hypersensitive response; IR; Induced resistance; MRM; PCD; PR proteins; Phi; Phosphites; Phytophthora infestans; Potato; Quantitative proteomics; SA; SAR; SEM; TEM; hypersensitive response; iTRAQ; induced resistance; isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification; multiple reaction monitoring; pathogenesis-related proteins; phosphite; programed cell death; salicylic acid; scanning electron microscopy; systemic acquired resistance; transmission electron microscopy; two dimensional liquid chromatography