title: A multi-atlas based method for automated anatomical Macaca fascicularis brain MRI segmentation and PET kinetic extraction.
abstract: MRI templates and digital atlases are needed for automated and reproducible quantitative analysis of non-human primate PET studies. Segmenting brain images via multiple atlases outperforms single-atlas labelling in humans. We present a set of atlases manually delineated on brain MRI scans of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. We use this multi-atlas dataset to evaluate two automated methods in terms of accuracy, robustness and reliability in segmenting brain structures on MRI and extracting regional PET measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve individual Macaca fascicularis high-resolution 3DT1 MR images were acquired. Four individual atlases were created by manually drawing 42 anatomical structures, including cortical and sub-cortical structures, white matter regions, and ventricles. To create the MRI template, we first chose one MRI to define a reference space, and then performed a two-step iterative procedure: affine registration of individual MRIs to the reference MRI, followed by averaging of the twelve resampled MRIs. Automated segmentation in native space was obtained in two ways: 1) Maximum probability atlases were created by decision fusion of two to four individual atlases in the reference space, and transformation back into the individual native space (MAXPROB)(.) 2) One to four individual atlases were registered directly to the individual native space, and combined by decision fusion (PROPAG). Accuracy was evaluated by computing the Dice similarity index and the volume difference. The robustness and reproducibility of PET regional measurements obtained via automated segmentation was evaluated on four co-registered MRI/PET datasets, which included test-retest data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dice indices were always over 0.7 and reached maximal values of 0.9 for PROPAG with all four individual atlases. There was no significant mean volume bias. The standard deviation of the bias decreased significantly when increasing the number of individual atlases. MAXPROB performed better when increasing the number of atlases used. When all four atlases were used for the MAXPROB creation, the accuracy of morphometric segmentation approached that of the PROPAG method. PET measures extracted either via automatic methods or via the manually defined regions were strongly correlated, with no significant regional differences between methods. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest data were over 0.87.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to single atlas extractions, multi-atlas methods improve the accuracy of region definition. They also perform comparably to manually defined regions for PET quantification. Multiple atlases of Macaca fascicularis brains are now available and allow reproducible and simplified analyses.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ballanger
authors.forename: Léon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sgambato-Faure
authors.forename: Maude
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaudoin-Gobert
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavenne
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Bars
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Costes
mesh_terms: D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D000818:Animals; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007700:Kinetics; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography