title: High economic burden of caring for patients with suspected extraesophageal reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extraesophageal symptoms are common manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lack of a definitive diagnostic or treatment standards complicate management, which often leads to multiple specialty consultations, procedures, pharmaceuticals and diagnostic tests. The aim of this study was to determine the economic burden associated with extraesophageal reflux (EER).
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct costs of evaluation were estimated for patients referred with symptoms attributed to EER between 2007 and 2011. Medicare payment for evaluation and management and pharmaceutical prices was used to calculate first year and overall costs of evaluating and treating extraesophageal symptoms attributed to reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 281 patients were studied (cough (50%), hoarseness (23%), globus/post-nasal drainage (15%), asthma (9%), and sore throat (3%)). Over a median (interquartile range) of 32 (16-46) months follow-up, patients had a mean (95% confidence interval) of 10.1 (9.4-10.9) consultations with specialists and underwent 6.4 (3-9) diagnostic procedures. Overall, the mean initial year direct cost was $5,438 per patient being evaluated for EER. Medical and non-medical components contributed $5,154 and $283. Of the overall cost, 52% were attributable to the use of proton pump inhibitors. During the initial year, direct costs were 5.6 times higher than those reported for typical GERD ($971). A total of 54% of patients reported improvement of symptoms. Overall cost per improved patient was $13,700.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EER contributes substantially to health-care expenditures. In this cohort, the cost for initial year's evaluation and treatment of EER symptoms was quintuple that of typical GERD. Prescription costs and, in particular, proton pump inhibitors were the single greatest contributor to the cost of EER management.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Voice Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5280, USA.
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rymer
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Yash
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choksi
authors.forename: Pawina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiramongkolchai
authors.forename: Evbu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogbeide
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goutte
authors.forename: C Gaelyn
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hagaman
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vaezi
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003371:Cough / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000191:economics; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors