title: Symptoms associated with mild traumatic brain injury/concussion: the role of bother.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.4 million Americans annually, and mild TBI (MTBI) accounts for approximately 75% of those injured. For those with mild injury who seek treatment in an emergency department, there is inconsistency in the management and follow-up recommendations. Approximately, 38% of patients treated in the emergency department for MTBI are discharged with no recommendations for follow-up. In addition, there are an unknown number of persons with MTBI who do not seek healthcare after their injury. Persons with MTBI are, for the most part, managing their concussion symptoms on their own. The purpose of this study was to describe the symptom experience for persons with mild TBI and identify whether there was an association between being bothered by symptoms and self-management of symptoms. The sample for this study included 30 persons with MTBI and a 30-person comparison group. Results indicate that persons within 3 months of their MTBI report an average of 19 symptoms, whereas the comparison group reported six symptoms, and that the most frequently reported symptoms are not always the symptoms rated as most severe or most bothersome. Persons with MTBI reported their most common symptoms to be headache (n = 25, 83%), feeling tired (n = 24, 80%), difficulty thinking and being irritable (each n = 22, 73%), dizziness, trouble remembering, and being forgetful (each n = 21, 70%). There is a significant relationship between overall reports of being bothered by symptoms and the use of symptom management strategies (F = 8.322, p = .008). Persons are more likely to use symptom management strategies when they are bothered by the symptoms. Nurses can assist with symptom self-management by providing simple symptom management strategies to assist with the symptom management process. Early symptom management for the MTBI population may improve the outcomes such as return to work and role functions, for this population.
authors.affiliation: Western Michigan University, USA. bergmank@bronsonhg.org
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Given
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fabiano
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schutte
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Eye
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D004244:Dizziness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D016529:Emergency Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult