title: Sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) amplification is an independent indicator of disease recurrence in sinonasal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcription factor SOX2 (3q26.3-q27) is an embryonic stem cell factor contributing to the induction of pluripotency in terminally differentiated somatic cells. Recently, amplification of the SOX2 gene locus has been described in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of different organ sites. Aim of this study was to investigate amplification and expression status of SOX2 in sinonasal carcinomas and to correlate the results with clinico-pathological data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 119 primary tumor samples from the sinonasal region were assessed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for SOX2 gene amplification and protein expression, respectively. Of these, 59 were SSCs, 18 sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (SNUC), 10 carcinomas associated with an inverted papilloma (INVC), 19 adenocarcinomas (AD) and 13 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SOX2 amplifications were found in subsets of SCCs (37.5%), SNUCs (35.3%), INVCs (37.5%) and ADs (8.3%) but not in ACCs. SOX2 amplification resulted in increased protein expression. Patients with SOX2-amplified sinonasal carcinomas showed a significantly higher rate of tumor recurrences than SOX2 non-amplified tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study assessing SOX2 amplification and expression in a large cohort of sinonasal carcinomas. As opposed to AD and ACC, SOX2 amplifications were detected in more than 1/3 of all SCCs, SNUCs and INVCs. We therefore suggest that SNUCs are molecularly closely related to SCCs and INVCs and that these entities represent a subgroup of sinonasal carcinomas relying on SOX2 acquisition during oncogenesis. SOX2 amplification appears to identify sinonasal carcinomas that are more likely to relapse after primary therapy, suggesting that these patients might benefit from a more aggressive therapy regime.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. andreas.schroeck@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schröck
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Göke
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agaimy
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ihrler
authors.forename: Ropika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirsten
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bootz
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lengerke
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008444:Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D018308:Papilloma, Inverted / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors
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