title: Exploring pig raising in Bangladesh: implications for public health interventions.
abstract: Pigs are intermediate hosts and potential reservoirs of a number of pathogens that can infect humans. The objectives of this manuscript are to understand pig raising patterns in Bangladesh, interactions between pigs and humans, social stigma and discrimination that pig raisers experience and to explore the implications of these findings for public health interventions. The study team conducted an exploratory qualitative study by interviewing backyard pig raisers and nomadic herders (n=34), observing daily interactions between pigs and humans (n=18) and drawing seasonal diagrams (n=6) with herders to understand the reasons for movement of nomadic herds. Pig raisers had regular close interaction with pigs. They often touched, caressed and fed their pigs which exposed them to pigs' saliva and feces. Herders took their pigs close to human settlements for scavenging. Other domestic animals and poultry shared food and sleeping and scavenging places with pigs. Since pigs are taboo in Islam, a majority of Muslims rejected pig raising and stigmatized pig raisers. This study identified several potential ways for pigs to transmit infectious agents to humans in Bangladesh. Poverty and stigmatization of pig raisers make it difficult to implement health interventions to reduce the risk of such transmissions. Interventions that offer social support to reduce stigma and highlight economic benefits of disease control might interest of pig raisers in accepting interventions targeting pig borne zoonoses.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. nahar.nazmun@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nazmun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.forename: Main
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.forename: Rouha Anamika
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gurley
authors.forename: M Salah
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Uddin Khan
authors.forename: M Jahangir
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001459:Bangladesh; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health; D013552:Swine; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bangladesh; Discrimination; Pig raisers; Pig-human interactions; Public health; Social stigma; Zoonoses