title: Impact of Starting Point and Bicortical Purchase of C1 Lateral Mass Screws on Atlantoaxial Fusion: Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Structured review of literature and application of meta-analysis statistical techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review published series describing clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients treated with C1 lateral mass screws (C1LMS), specifically analyzing the impact of starting point and bicortical purchase on successful atlantoaxial arthrodesis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical studies suggest posterior arch screws and C1LMS with bicortical purchase are stronger than screws placed within the center of the lateral mass or those with unicortical purchase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online databases were searched for English-language articles between 1994 and 2012 describing posterior atlantal instrumentation with C1LMS. Thirty-four studies describing 1247 patients having posterior atlantoaxial fusion with C1LMS met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All studies provided class III evidence. Arthrodesis was quite successful regardless of technique (99.0% overall). Meta-analysis and multivariate regression analyses showed that neither posterior arch starting point nor bicortical screw purchase translated into a higher rate of successful arthrodesis. There were no complications from bicortical screw purchase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Goel-Harms technique is a very safe and successful technique for achieving atlantoaxial fusion, regardless of minor variations in C1LMS technique. Although biomechanical studies suggest markedly increased rigidity of bicortical and posterior arch C1LMS, the significance of these findings may be minimal in the clinical setting of atlantoaxial fixation and fusion with modern techniques. The decision to use either technique must be made after careful review of the preoperative multiplanar computed tomography imaging, assessment of the unique anatomy of each patient, and the demands of the clinical scenario such as bone quality.
authors.affiliation: *Chestmont Neurosurgical, Mainline Health, Newtown Square, PA †Department of Neurosurgery, Bellevue Hospital ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Spinal Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanweer
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frempong-Boadu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome