title: Uroflowmetry nomograms for healthy children 5 to 15 years old.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined flow rates and generated flow rate-voided volume nomograms based on healthy children 5 to 15 years old voiding spontaneously in their natural environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 824 healthy school children of both genders were enrolled. A single uroflow record from each child was evaluated. A total of 103 children with a voided volume of less than 50 ml and/or a staccato/interrupted uroflow pattern were excluded, and 721 records were analyzed. Data were evaluated using several mathematical formulas and goodness of fit was determined. Linear regression analysis was used to generate nomograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow rates and voided volumes increased with increasing age, with the effect being more pronounced in girls. No significant difference was noted in uroflow rates from 5 to 10 years, but significant differences (p <0.001) started appearing at 11 to 15 years. Also no significant difference was noted in uroflow rates among children 11 to 15 years. Therefore, 2 age groups were designated, with group 1 consisting of patients 5 to 10 years old and group 2 consisting of patients 11 to 15 years old. There were 222 boys and 122 girls in group 1 and 240 boys and 137 girls in group 2. In group 1 the maximum and average ± SD flow rates were 15.26 ± 4.54 ml per second and 7.68 ± 3.26 ml per second, respectively, for boys and 17.98 ± 6.06 ml per second and 9.19 ± 4.23 ml per second, respectively, for girls. In group 2 these rates were 22.50 ± 7.24 ml per second and 10.78 ± 4.03 ml per second, respectively, for boys and 27.16 ± 9.37 ml per second and 13.48 ± 5.21 ml per second, respectively, for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large study, which expands the scant existing literature on uroflow parameters in healthy children, will hopefully promote wider application of uroflowmetry testing in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Dheeraj Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Satya Narayan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sankhwar
authors.forename: Apul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049451:Nomograms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology
keywords: BSA; LUTS; Qavg; Qmax; VV; average flow rate; body surface area; lower urinary tract symptoms; maximum flow rate; nomograms; pediatrics; urination; urination disorders; voided volume