title: Discovery by a proteomic approach of possible early biomarkers of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in medication-overuse headache.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a chronic headache condition that results from the overuse of analgesics drugs, triptans, or other antimigraine compounds. The epidemiology of drug-induced disorders suggests that medication overuse could lead to nephrotoxicity, particularly in chronic patients. The aim of this work was to confirm and extend the results obtained from a previous study, in which we analyzed the urinary proteome of 3 MOH patients groups: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptans and mixtures abusers, in comparison with non-abusers individuals (controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present work we employed specialized proteomic techniques, namely two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), and the innovative Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), to discover characteristic proteomic profiles associated with MOH condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 2-DE and MS analysis we identified 21 over-excreted proteins in MOH patients, particularly in NSAIDs abusers, and the majority of these proteins were involved in a variety of renal impairments, as resulted from a literature search. Urine protein profiles generated by SELDI-TOF-MS analysis showed different spectra among groups. Moreover, significantly higher number of total protein spots and protein peaks were detected in NSAIDs and mixtures abusers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm the presence of alterations in proteins excretion in MOH patients. Analysis of urinary proteins by powerful proteomic technologies could lead to the discovery of early candidate biomarkers, that might allow to identify MOH patients prone to develop potential drug overuse-induced nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinic and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy. elisa.bellei@unimore.it
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bellei
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monari
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuoghi
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergamini
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guerzoni
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccarese
authors.forename: Tomris
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozben
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.forename: Luigi Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D051271:Headache Disorders, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D040901:Proteomics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014363:Tryptamines / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome; D014363:Tryptamines
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