title: Sympathetic- and parasympathetic-linked cardiac function and prediction of externalizing behavior, emotion regulation, and prosocial behavior among preschoolers treated for ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate measures of cardiac activity and reactivity as prospective biomarkers of treatment response to an empirically supported behavioral intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac preejection period (PEP), an index of sympathetic-linked cardiac activity, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of parasympathetic-linked cardiac activity, were assessed among 99 preschool children (ages 4-6 years) with ADHD both at rest and in response to behavioral challenge, before participants and their parents completed 1 of 2 versions of the Incredible Years parent and child interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main effects of PEP activity and reactivity and of RSA activity and reactivity were found. Although samplewide improvements in behavior were observed at posttreatment, those who exhibited lengthened cardiac PEP at rest and reduced PEP reactivity to incentives scored higher on measures of conduct problems and aggression both before and after treatment. In contrast, children who exhibited lower baseline RSA and greater RSA withdrawal scored lower on prosocial behavior before and after treatment. Finally, children who exhibited greater RSA withdrawal scored lower on emotion regulation before and after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss these findings in terms of (a) individual differences in underlying neurobiological systems subserving appetitive (i.e., approach) motivation, emotion regulation, and social affiliation and (b) the need to develop more intensive interventions targeting neurobiologically vulnerable children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington State University.
authors.forename: Theodore P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Beauchaine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gatzke-Kopp
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Washington.
authors.forename: M Jamila
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Webster-Stratton
mesh_terms: D001146:Arrhythmia, Sinus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005117:Cardiac Complexes, Premature / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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