title: Astaxanthin ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of blastocyst development in vitro:--astaxanthin colocalization with and action on mitochondria--.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of astaxanthin (Ax) on the in vitro development of bovine embryos cultured under heat stress were investigated in combination with the assessment of its cellular accumulation and action on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine ≥8-cell embryos were collected on day 3 after in vitro fertilization and exposed to single (day 4) or repeated (day 4 and 5) heat stress (10 h/day at 40.5 °C). Ax was added into culture medium under the repeated heat stress and blastocyst development was evaluated. The cellular uptake of Ax in embryos was examined using bright-field and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between Ax and mitochondria localization was assessed using MitoTracker dye. The effects of Ax on ΔΨm were investigated using JC-1 dye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blastocyst development in the repeated heat stress treatment decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with those in single heat stress or normal thermal treatment. The addition of Ax into culture medium did lead to a significant recovery in blastocyst development in the repeated heat-treated group. Ax was detected in cytoplasm of embryos and observed to colocalize with mitochondria. Ax recovered ΔΨm in embryos that was decreased by the heat treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ax ameliorated the heat stress-induced impairment of blastocyst development. Our results suggest that the direct action of Ax on mitochondrial activity via cellular uptake is a mechanism of the ameliorating effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maoka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kume
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000196:embryology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D018869:Heat-Shock Response / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine
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