title: New methods of data calibration for high power-aperture lidar.
abstract: For high power-aperture lidar sounding of wide atmospheric dynamic ranges, as in middle-upper atmospheric probing, photomultiplier tubes' (PMT) pulse pile-up effects and signal-induced noise (SIN) complicates the extraction of information from lidar return signal, especially from metal layers' fluorescence signal. Pursuit for sophisticated description of metal layers' characteristics at far range (80~130km) with one PMT of high quantum efficiency (QE) and good SNR, contradicts the requirements for signals of wide linear dynamic range (i.e. from approximate 10(2) to 10(8) counts/s). In this article, Substantial improvements on experimental simulation of Lidar signals affected by PMT are reported to evaluate the PMTs' distortions in our High Power-Aperture Sodium LIDAR system. A new method for pile-up calibration is proposed by taking into account PMT and High Speed Data Acquisition Card as an Integrated Black-Box, as well as a new experimental method for identifying and removing SIN from the raw Lidar signals. Contradiction between the limited linear dynamic range of raw signal (55~80km) and requirements for wider acceptable linearity has been effectively solved, without complicating the current lidar system. Validity of these methods was demonstrated by applying calibrated data to retrieve atmospheric parameters (i.e. atmospheric density, temperature and sodium absolutely number density), in comparison with measurements of TIMED satellite and atmosphere model. Good agreements are obtained between results derived from calibrated signal and reference measurements where differences of atmosphere density, temperature are less than 5% in the stratosphere and less than 10K from 30km to mesosphere, respectively. Additionally, approximate 30% changes are shown in sodium concentration at its peak value. By means of the proposed methods to revert the true signal independent of detectors, authors approach a new balance between maintaining the linearity of adequate signal (20-110km) and guaranteeing good SNR (i.e. 10(4):1 around 90km) without debasing QE, in one single detecting channel. For the first time, PMT in photon-counting mode is independently applied to subtract reliable information of atmospheric parameters with wide acceptable linearity over an altitude range from stratosphere up to lower thermosphere (20-110km).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Centre, CAS, Beijing 100190, China. sguan@spaceweather.ac.cn
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Guotao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qihai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xuewu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Jihong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007834:Lasers; D010783:Photometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011825:Radar / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation*