title: A laser-supported lowerable surface setup to study the role of ground contact during stepping.
abstract: We introduce a laser-supported setup to study the influence of afferent input on muscle activation during walking, using a movable ground platform. This approach allows investigating if and how the activity of stance phase muscles of an insect (e.g. stick insect) responds to a missing ground contact signal. The walking surface consists of a fixed and a lowerable part, which can be lowered to defined levels below the previous ground level at any time point during a walking sequence. As a consequence, the leg under investigation finds either a lower ground level or no ground support at all. The lowerable walking surface consists of a 49 mm × 34 mm stainless steel surface, made slippery and equipped for tarsal contact monitoring, similar to the system that was described by Gruhn and colleagues (Gruhn et al., 2006). The setup controller allows pneumatic lowering of the surface and subsequent detection of tarsal entry into the previous ground level with the help of a thin sheet of laser light and a corresponding detector. Here, we describe basic properties of the new setup and show the results of first experiments to demonstrate its use for the study of sensory and central influences in stepping of a small animal. In the experiments, we compare the effect of ground-support ("control") with either steps into the hole (SiH), ground support at a lower surface level, or the amputation of the tarsus on the onset of EMG activity in the flexor tibiae muscle of the stick insect.
authors.affiliation: Biocenter Cologne, Zoological Institute, Department for Animal Physiology, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dübbert
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bockemühl
authors.forename: Joscha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büschges
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruhn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007313:Insecta; D007834:Lasers; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*