title: In vitro activity of pineapple extracts (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
abstract: Measures to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, based only on chemical products are becoming unsustainable, mainly because of the development of resistance. The objective of this study was to test the effect of the aqueous extract of pineapple skin (AEPS) and bromelain extracted from the stem (Sigma-Aldrich®, B4882) on engorged females and larvae of R. (B.) microplus in vitro. These substances were diluted in water and evaluated at eight concentrations. Engorged females were collected and distributed in groups of 10, with three repetitions for each treatment. After immersion in the solutions, the females were placed in an incubator for observation of survival, oviposition and larval hatching. The larval packet method was used, also with three repetitions with about 100 larvae each. The packets were incubated and the readings were performed after 24 h. The estimated reproduction and efficacy of the solutions were calculated. The LC(50) and LC(90) were estimated using the Probit procedure of the SAS program. The eight concentrations were compared within each treatment by the Tukey test. For the experiment with engorged females, the most effective concentrations were 125, 250 and 500 mg/mL: 33%, 48% and 59% for the AEPS and 27%, 51% and 55% for the bromelain. The LC(50) and LC(90) values were, respectively, 276 and 8691 mg/mL for AEPS and 373 and 5172 mg/mL for bromelain. None of the dilutions tested was effective against the larvae of R. (B.) microplus. This is the first report of the action of pineapple extracts or their constituents on cattle ticks. The results demonstrate that further studies regarding composition of tick cuticle, with evaluation of other solvents and formulations, should be conducted seeking to enhance the effect of pineapple extracts and compounds against this ectoparasite.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Ferreira
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giglioti
authors.forename: Karina Alves
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Feitosa
authors.forename: Rafaela Regina
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Fantatto
authors.forename: Márcio Dias
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.forename: Márcia Cristina de Sena
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Gilson Pereira de
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Gervasio Henrique
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: Ana Carolina de Souza
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chagas
mesh_terms: D031230:Ananas / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001963:Bromelains / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048494:Rhipicephalus; D013983:Tick Control / Q000379:methods*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D001963:Bromelains