title: Review: Epigenetic mechanisms in ocular disease.
abstract: Epigenetics has become an increasingly important area of biomedical research. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic alterations influence common pathologic responses including inflammation, ischemia, neoplasia, aging, and neurodegeneration. Importantly, epigenetic mechanisms may have a pathogenic role in many complex eye diseases such as corneal dystrophy, cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, ocular neoplasia, uveitis, and age-related macular degeneration. The emerging emphasis on epigenetic mechanisms in studies of eye disease may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of complex eye diseases and aid in the development of novel treatments for these diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shikun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nymph
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Oct 03;53(6):2611-9
references.pmid: 22447862
references.citation: Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2009 Jul;45(7):631-5
references.pmid: 19957692
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2011 May-Jun;3(3):299-313
references.pmid: 20865777
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 17;471(7338):325-30
references.pmid: 21297615
references.citation: Nat Med. 2001 Apr;7(4):437-43
references.pmid: 11283670
references.citation: Tissue Antigens. 2010 Dec;76(6):431-9
references.pmid: 21058938
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Nov;56(11):3523-31
references.pmid: 17968922
references.citation: Discov Med. 2010 Sep;10(52):225-33
references.pmid: 20875344
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Mar 28;484(7394):339-44
references.pmid: 22456710
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2011;17:2717-23
references.pmid: 22065925
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2010 Aug 15;110(6):1306-13
references.pmid: 20564224
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Apr 24;53(4):2089-105
references.pmid: 22410570
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;28(10):1049-52
references.pmid: 20944596
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Feb 10;6(2):e16979
references.pmid: 21347332
references.citation: Cell. 2012 Jul 6;150(1):12-27
references.pmid: 22770212
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33213
references.pmid: 22479372
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Mar 01;52(3):1622-31
references.pmid: 21429863
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;298(1):E127-37
references.pmid: 19903865
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;92(2):281-5
references.pmid: 18211945
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Dec;12(6B):2533-51
references.pmid: 19210754
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):929-30
references.pmid: 19372393
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 15;18(2):408-16
references.pmid: 22038994
references.citation: Can J Cardiol. 2013 Jan;29(1):46-57
references.pmid: 23261320
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Nov;335(2):266-72
references.pmid: 20719940
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2010 May;1(1):34-42
references.pmid: 21293051
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Jul;10(9):519-24
references.pmid: 21497675
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2010 Jul;105(1):4-13
references.pmid: 20461105
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):486-90
references.pmid: 17251440
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2011 Jan;90(1):9-17
references.pmid: 21178119
references.citation: Ophthalmic Res. 2012;47(4):195-201
references.pmid: 22156553
references.citation: Sensors (Basel). 2010;10(6):6172-94
references.pmid: 22219708
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(7):4705-21
references.pmid: 21845106
references.citation: Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2011 Fall;51(4):117-33
references.pmid: 21897145
references.citation: Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1303-7
references.pmid: 21817016
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 May 7;28(19):4878-87
references.pmid: 18463241
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2005 Jul;11(3):306-17
references.pmid: 16036811
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 2009;53(2-3):275-89
references.pmid: 19412887
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jul;51(7):3639-45
references.pmid: 20164449
references.citation: Hum Genomics. 2012 Aug 31;6:13
references.pmid: 23244519
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Oct;48(10):4403-6
references.pmid: 17898258
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2012;18:1629-39
references.pmid: 22773901
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Jul 20;13(8):528-41
references.pmid: 22814587
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Jan 11;481(7381):329-34
references.pmid: 22237022
references.citation: Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;3(1):105-16
references.pmid: 22509485
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Aug 14;4(2):100-9
references.pmid: 18692770
references.citation: Pharmacol Rep. 2011;63(2):293-304
references.pmid: 21602587
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2010 May 26;11:62
references.pmid: 20504333
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 Apr;68(7):1131-46
references.pmid: 21184128
references.citation: Vision Res. 2011 Jan 28;51(2):260-8
references.pmid: 20875442
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;28(10):1057-68
references.pmid: 20944598
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2007;8(11):R248
references.pmid: 18034880
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jun 1;357(2):397-401
references.pmid: 17420006
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2010 Jun;31(12):2185-92
references.pmid: 20550570
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Jul;299(1):F14-25
references.pmid: 20462972
references.citation: RNA Biol. 2012 Jun;9(6):850-9
references.pmid: 22699556
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Jun;44(6):2390-8
references.pmid: 12766035
references.citation: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2011 Oct;11(5):464-73
references.pmid: 21671162
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):41966-74
references.pmid: 15280364
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jan;51(1):526-34
references.pmid: 19628741
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jun 21;52(7):4402-9
references.pmid: 21498619
references.citation: Cell Death Dis. 2010;1:e24
references.pmid: 21364632
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2011 Jan;95(1):89-93
references.pmid: 20647559
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):57-74
references.pmid: 22955616
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Nov 12;402(2):390-5
references.pmid: 20950585
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):930-5
references.pmid: 19372391
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;741:231-53
references.pmid: 22457114
references.citation: Front Genet. 2012 Sep 26;3:194
references.pmid: 23056009
references.citation: Diabetes. 2011 Apr;60(4):1314-23
references.pmid: 21357793
references.citation: Curr Genomics. 2011 Jun;12(4):276-84
references.pmid: 22131873
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2012;18:1312-24
references.pmid: 22690110
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Mar-Apr;1799(3-4):246-56
references.pmid: 20045093
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2011 Mar;27(3):116-25
references.pmid: 21257220
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Jun 27;4(6):e1000116
references.pmid: 18584034
references.citation: Mol Oncol. 2012 Dec;6(6):579-89
references.pmid: 22963873
references.citation: EMBO J. 2012 Mar 21;31(6):1405-26
references.pmid: 22293752
references.citation: Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Oct;8(4):349-58
references.pmid: 19589398
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Mar 15;53(3):1428-35
references.pmid: 22297488
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2008 Jul;16(7):1208-16
references.pmid: 18500251
references.citation: Neuron. 2012 Jul 12;75(1):26-39
references.pmid: 22794258
references.citation: Clin Epigenetics. 2010 Dec;1(3-4):117-136
references.pmid: 21258646
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2012 Nov 29;2(5):1151-8
references.pmid: 23177625
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 3;105(22):7738-43
references.pmid: 18509061
references.citation: Front Genet. 2012 May 18;3:81
references.pmid: 22629283
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2011 Sep;9(9):1187-98
references.pmid: 21788308
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2010 Feb;138(2):705-14, 714.e1-4
references.pmid: 19843474
references.citation: Epigenetics. 2012 Feb;7(2):119-30
references.pmid: 22395460
references.citation: Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1300-3
references.pmid: 21778364
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2012 May 29;13(7):484-92
references.pmid: 22641018
references.citation: Epigenetics Chromatin. 2010 Nov 30;3(1):21
references.pmid: 21118511
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Aug 09;52(9):6308-14
references.pmid: 21693609
references.citation: Angiogenesis. 2005;8(3):229-38
references.pmid: 16308731
references.citation: Surgery. 2001 Aug;130(2):204-9
references.pmid: 11490350
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 5;343(2):544-54
references.pmid: 16554031
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Oct;1271:118-28
references.pmid: 23050973
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Sep 1;15(17):2623-35
references.pmid: 16870691
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 May;125(5):647-54
references.pmid: 17502504
references.citation: Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002 Dec;13(6):419-22
references.pmid: 12441847
references.citation: Circ Res. 2012 Oct 26;111(10):1349-62
references.pmid: 23104877
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 26;285(13):9429-9436
references.pmid: 20097764
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 Nov;11(11):1037-43
references.pmid: 15523479
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 28;108(26):10426-31
references.pmid: 21670268