title: Effect of hexavalent chromium on electron leakage of respiratory chain in mitochondria isolated from rat liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we explored reactive axygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria, the mechanism of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) hepatotoxicity, and the role of protection by GSH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intact mitochondria were isolated from rat liver tissues and mitochondrial basal respiratory rates of NADH and FADH2 respiratory chains were determined. Mitochondria were treated with Cr(VI), GSH and several complex inhibitors. Mitochondria energized by glutamate/malate were separately or jointly treated with Rotenone (Rot), diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and antimycinA (Ant), while mitochondria energized by succinate were separately or jointly treated with Rot, DPI ' thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) and Ant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cr(VI) concentration-dependently induced ROS production in the NADH and FADH2 respiratory chain in liver mitochondria. Basal respiratory rate of the mitochondrial FADH2 respiratory chain was significantly higher than that of NADH respiratory chain. Hepatic mitochondrial electron leakage induced by Cr(VI) from NADH respiratory chain were mainly from ubiquinone binding sites of complex I and complex III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with 50µM Cr(VI) enhances forward movement of electrons through FADH2 respiratory chain and leaking through the ubiquinone binding site of complex III. Moreover, the protective effect of GSH on liver mitochondria electron leakage is through removing excess H2O2 and reducing total ROS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Caigao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects*; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004583:Electrons; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; D009243:NAD; D014451:Ubiquinone; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; C058805:1,5-dihydro-FAD; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; D005978:Glutathione