title: Teaching medical students a clinical approach to altered mental status: simulation enhances traditional curriculum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation-based medical education (SBME) is increasingly being utilized for teaching clinical skills in undergraduate medical education. Studies have evaluated the impact of adding SBME to third- and fourth-year curriculum; however, very little research has assessed its efficacy for teaching clinical skills in pre-clerkship coursework. To measure the impact of a simulation exercise during a pre-clinical curriculum, a simulation session was added to a pre-clerkship course at our medical school where the clinical approach to altered mental status (AMS) is traditionally taught using a lecture and an interactive case-based session in a small group format. The objective was to measure simulation's impact on students' knowledge acquisition, comfort, and perceived competence with regards to the AMS patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  AMS simulation exercises were added to the lecture and small group case sessions in June 2010 and 2011. Simulation sessions consisted of two clinical cases using a high-fidelity full-body simulator followed by a faculty debriefing after each case. Student participation in a simulation session was voluntary. Students who did and did not participate in a simulation session completed a post-test to assess knowledge and a survey to understand comfort and perceived competence in their approach to AMS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 154 students completed the post-test and survey and 65 (42%) attended a simulation session. Post-test scores were higher in students who attended a simulation session compared to those who did not (p<0.001). Students who participated in a simulation session were more comfortable in their overall approach to treating AMS patients (p=0.05). They were also more likely to state that they could articulate a differential diagnosis (p=0.03), know what initial diagnostic tests are needed (p=0.01), and understand what interventions are useful in the first few minutes (p=0.003). Students who participated in a simulation session were more likely to find the overall AMS curriculum useful (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students who participated in a simulation exercise performed better on a knowledge-based test and reported increased comfort and perceived competence in their clinical approach to AMS. SBME shows significant promise for teaching clinical skills to medical students during pre-clinical curriculum.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. jes9038@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013337:Students, Medical
keywords: mental status change; pre-clinical medical students; simulation
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