title: Lifestyle and dietary factors associated with the evolution of cardiometabolic risk over four years in West-African adults: the Benin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess in adults from Benin changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) using both the Framingham risk score (FRS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to examine the effects of diet, and lifestyles, controlling for location and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apparently healthy subjects (n = 541) aged 25-60 years and randomly selected in the largest city, a small town, and rural areas were included in the four-year longitudinal study. Along with CMR factors, socioeconomic, diet and lifestyle data were collected in individual interviews. A food score based on consumption frequency of four "sentinel" food groups (meat and poultry, dairy, eggs, and vegetables) was developed. Lifestyle included physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use. Education and income (proxy) were the socioeconomic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the subjects with four-year follow-up data (n = 416), 13.5% were at risk at baseline, showing MetS or FRS ≥ 10%. The incidence of MetS and FRS ≥ 10% during follow-up was 8.2% and 5%, respectively. CMR deteriorated in 21% of subjects. Diet and lifestyle mediated location and income effects on CMR evolution. Low food scores and inactivity increased the likelihood of CMR deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining MetS and FRS might be appropriate for surveillance purposes in order to better capture CMR and inform preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: TRANSNUT, WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7. sossajero@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sossa
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delisle
authors.forename: Victoire
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agueh
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sodjinou
authors.forename: Gervais
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ntandou
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makoutodé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population
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