title: Muscle strength rather than muscle mass is associated with standing balance in elderly outpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of the association of muscle characteristics with standing balance is of special interest, as muscles are a target for potential intervention (ie, by strength training).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geriatric outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 197 community-dwelling elderly outpatients (78 men, 119 women; mean age 82 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle characteristics included handgrip and knee extension strength, appendicular lean mass divided by height squared (ALM/height(2)), and lean mass as percentage of body mass. Two aspects of standing balance were assessed: the ability to maintain balance, and the quality of balance measured by Center of Pressure (CoP) movement during 10 seconds of side-by-side, semitandem, and tandem stance, with both eyes open and eyes closed. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for age, and additionally for height, body mass, cognitive function, and multimorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Handgrip and knee extension strength, adjusted for age, were positively related to the ability to maintain balance with eyes open in side-by-side (P = .011; P = .043), semitandem (P = .005; P = .021), and tandem stance (P = .012; P = .014), and with eyes closed in side-by-side (P = .004; P = .004) and semitandem stance (not significant; P = .046). Additional adjustments affected the results only slightly. ALM/height(2) and lean mass percentage were not associated with the ability to maintain standing balance, except for an association between ALM/height(2) and tandem stance with eyes open (P = .033) that disappeared after additional adjustments. Muscle characteristics were not associated with CoP movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle strength rather than muscle mass was positively associated with the ability to maintain standing balance in elderly outpatients. Assessment of CoP movement was not of additional value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Astrid Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.forename: Jantsje H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pasma
authors.forename: Dorine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambers
authors.forename: Marjon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stijntjes
authors.forename: Gerard Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Blauw
authors.forename: Carel G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meskers
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*