title: Determination of gonad doses during robotic stereotactic radiosurgery for various tumor sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated the absorbed dose received by the gonads during robotic stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of different tumor localizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured the gonad doses during the treatment of head and neck, thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic tumors in both RANDO phantom and actual patients. The computerized tomography images were transferred to the treatment planning system. The contours of tumor and critical organs were delineated on each slice, and treatment plans were generated. Measurements for gonad doses were taken from the geometric projection of the ovary onto the skin for female patients, and from the scrotal skin for male patients by attaching films and Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). SRS was delivered with CyberKnife (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median gonadal doses with TLD and film dosimeter in actual patients were 0.19 Gy (range, 0.035-2.71 Gy) and 0.34 Gy (range, 0.066-3.18 Gy), respectively. In the RANDO phantom, the median ovarian doses with TLD and film dosimeter were 0.08 Gy (range, 0.03-0.159 Gy) and 0.05 Gy (range, 0.015-0.13 Gy), respectively. In the RANDO phantom, the median testicular doses with TLD and film dosimeter were 0.134 Gy (range 0.056-1.97 Gy) and 0.306 Gy (range, 0.065-2.25 Gy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gonad doses are below sterility threshold in robotic SRS for different tumor localizations. However, particular attention should be given to gonads during robotic SRS for pelvic tumors.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ankara 06100, Turkey. fzorlu@hacettepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zorlu
authors.forename: Gozde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dugel
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozyigit
authors.forename: Pervin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hurmuz
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cengiz
authors.forename: Ferah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Fadil
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurkaynak
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods