title: Current status of uterus transplantation in primates and issues for clinical application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the current status of uterus transplantation (UT) and the medical, ethical, and social problems surrounding UT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mainly nonhuman primates and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of Pubmed with the terms "uterus/uterine transplantation" was performed for English-language articles to review the current status of UT and issues associated with its clinical application, with a focus on nonhuman primate and human studies on UT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first UT procedure in humans was conducted for a patient with absolute uterine infertility in Saudi Arabia in 2000. The transplanted uterus was removed after 99 days owing to prolapse and necrosis. That attempt led to a greater focus on basic UT experiments in animal models, including nonhuman primates. The subsequent accumulation of basic data has led to performance of UT in humans by groups in Turkey and Sweden. However, there has yet to be a pregnancy or delivery after allo-UT in primates. Moreover, there are many medical, ethical, and social problems that require examination before clinical application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical application of UT has just begun, but more basic data are needed and medical, ethical, and social problems require thorough discussion before clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kisu
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banno
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suganuma
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011323:Primates; D014599:Uterus / Q000637:transplantation*