title: Rai14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is involved in regulating f-actin dynamics at the ectoplasmic specialization in the rat testis*.
abstract: Rai14 (retinoic acid induced protein 14) is an actin binding protein first identified in the liver, highly expressed in the placenta, the testis, and the eye. In the course of studying actin binding proteins that regulate the organization of actin filament bundles in the ectoplasmic specialization (ES), a testis-specific actin-rich adherens junction (AJ) type, Rai14 was shown to be one of the regulatory proteins at the ES. In the rat testis, Rai14 was found to be expressed by Sertoli and germ cells, structurally associated with actin and an actin cross-linking protein palladin. Its expression was the highest at the ES in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes, most notably at the apical ES at the Sertoli-spermatid interface, and expressed stage-specifically during the epithelial cycle in stage VII-VIII tubules. However, Rai14 was also found at the basal ES near the basement membrane, associated with the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in stage VIII-IX tubules. A knockdown of Rai14 in Sertoli cells cultured in vitro by RNAi was found to perturb the Sertoli cell tight junction-permeability function in vitro, mediated by a disruption of F-actin, which in turn led to protein mis-localization at the Sertoli cell BTB. When Rai14 in the testis in vivo was knockdown by RNAi, defects in spermatid polarity and adhesion, as well as spermatid transport were noted mediated via changes in F-actin organization and mis-localization of proteins at the apical ES. In short, Rai14 is involved in the re-organization of actin filaments in Sertoli cells during the epithelial cycle, participating in conferring spermatid polarity and cell adhesion in the testis.
authors.affiliation: The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Dolores D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Mruk
authors.forename: C Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C432482:1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide; D000199:Actins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D006834:Hydrazines; D007191:Indazoles; C486073:Rai14 protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1982 Aug;203(4):485-92
references.pmid: 7137603
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2012 Jun;22(6):329-37
references.pmid: 22543050
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Apr;4(4):E101-8
references.pmid: 11944044
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2009 Jan;80(1):153-61
references.pmid: 18799755
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 23;281(25):17286-17303
references.pmid: 16608848
references.citation: J Androl. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):266-77
references.pmid: 11229801
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Nov;42(11):1864-75
references.pmid: 20713173
references.citation: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1970;10:105-22
references.pmid: 4951168
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2012 Dec;153(12):6041-53
references.pmid: 23038739
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 May 3;145(3):605-18
references.pmid: 10225960
references.citation: Arch Histol Cytol. 2000 Mar;63(1):1-15
references.pmid: 10770585
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 2008 Sep;87(8-9):517-25
references.pmid: 18342394
references.citation: FASEB J. 2009 Aug;23(8):2555-67
references.pmid: 19293393
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992 Nov;89(1-2):127-40
references.pmid: 1284490
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2004 Apr;70(4):945-64
references.pmid: 14645107
references.citation: Am J Anat. 1983 Jun;167(2):163-79
references.pmid: 6613902
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1998 Feb;58(2):371-8
references.pmid: 9475391
references.citation: Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2011;286:223-69
references.pmid: 21199783
references.citation: Asian J Androl. 2005 Sep;7(3):277-88
references.pmid: 16110356
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2000 Dec;5(12):1001-8
references.pmid: 11168586
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 22;107(25):11411-6
references.pmid: 20534520
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992 Jan;112(1):51-7
references.pmid: 1733048
references.citation: Int Rev Cytol. 2005;246:31-58
references.pmid: 16164966
references.citation: Tissue Cell. 1977;9(3):475-98
references.pmid: 929577
references.citation: Prog Histochem Cytochem. 2011 Aug;46(2):49-127
references.pmid: 21705043
references.citation: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 Jul;6(7):380-95
references.pmid: 20571538
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 1996 Jul;168(1):123-33
references.pmid: 8647906
references.citation: Spermatogenesis. 2012 Jan 1;2(1):63-68
references.pmid: 22553491
references.citation: J Androl. 2005 May-Jun;26(3):354-9
references.pmid: 15867003
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Dec 22;14(1):11-9
references.pmid: 22193159
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 15;105(28):9657-62
references.pmid: 18621709
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7565-9
references.pmid: 6950398
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(11):3377-81
references.pmid: 6407012
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1990 Sep;43(3):517-24
references.pmid: 2271733
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1978 Jan;190(1):99-111
references.pmid: 626419
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;564:173-85
references.pmid: 2774415
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011 Apr;43(4):651-65
references.pmid: 21256972
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991 Nov;82(1):61-9
references.pmid: 1722179
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;636:186-211
references.pmid: 19856169
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12562-7
references.pmid: 22797892
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1988 Aug;39(1):105-18
references.pmid: 3207792
references.citation: J Androl. 2004 Mar-Apr;25(2):200-15
references.pmid: 14760006
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2012 Oct;153(10):5023-35
references.pmid: 22872576
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2012 Jan;64(1):16-64
references.pmid: 22039149
references.citation: Spermatogenesis. 2011 Apr;1(2):121-122
references.pmid: 22319660
references.citation: Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):798-802
references.pmid: 22997133
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6551-5
references.pmid: 6292907
references.citation: Spermatogenesis. 2011 Apr-Jun;1(2):123-136
references.pmid: 22319661
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1979 Nov;124(1):215-21
references.pmid: 499383
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2011;763:237-52
references.pmid: 21874456
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2012;81:661-86
references.pmid: 22663081
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Sep-Oct;44(5):245-63
references.pmid: 19622063
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2012 Aug 14;586(17):2790-4
references.pmid: 22617151
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1976 Jul;185(3):259-78
references.pmid: 937734
references.citation: J Androl. 1996 May-Jun;17(3):249-55
references.pmid: 8792215
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jul 14;345(4):1333-41
references.pmid: 16729964
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2009 Jan;80(1):162-74
references.pmid: 18799754
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:309-36
references.pmid: 22831640
references.citation: Int Rev Cytol. 1985;94:177-211
references.pmid: 3894273
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 26;276(4):2831-40
references.pmid: 11042181
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Mar 7;283(10):6222-31
references.pmid: 18180288
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):571-86
references.pmid: 17170215
references.citation: J Androl. 1986 Jan-Feb;7(1):59-68
references.pmid: 3944021
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2008 Jun;60(2):146-80
references.pmid: 18483144
references.citation: Reproduction. 2012 Mar;143(3):347-57
references.pmid: 22157319
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;1(3):208-16
references.pmid: 11252896
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;763:237-59
references.pmid: 23397628
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Nov;127(11):2499-515
references.pmid: 17934502
references.citation: Am J Anat. 1979 Jun;155(2):259-79
references.pmid: 474448
references.citation: Spermatogenesis. 2011 Oct;1(4):291-297
references.pmid: 22332112