title: Diagnostically challenging cases: what are atypia and dysplasia?
abstract: This article addresses the spectrum of atypia and dysplasia within the bladder epithelium and the diagnostic categories developed to further classify challenging lesions. In addition, the effects of inflammation, specific therapies, and instrumentation on the bladder mucosa as well as the associated difficulty in achieving the appropriate diagnosis are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanfrancesco
authors.forename: J Stephen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hansel
mesh_terms: D003556:Cystitis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology
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