title: Ultrasound bladder vibrometry method for measuring viscoelasticity of the bladder wall.
abstract: Increase in bladder stiffness could be associated with various pathophysiologic conditions. Measuring bladder viscoelasticity could be an important step towards understanding various disease processes and improving patient care. Here, we introduce ultrasound bladder vibrometry (UBV), a novel method for rapid and noninvasive measurement of bladder wall viscoelasticity. UBV uses acoustic radiation force to excite mechanical waves in the bladder wall and track the motion using ultrasound pulse-echo techniques. Fourier domain analysis of the tissue motion versus time is used to calculate the phase velocity dispersion (change of phase velocity as a function of frequency). The measured phase velocity dispersion is fit with the antisymmetric Lamb wave model to estimate tissue elasticity and viscosity. We used finite element analysis of viscoelastic plate deformation to investigate the effect of curvature on Lamb wave dispersion and showed that the effects of curvature are negligible. The feasibility of the UBV technique was demonstrated in ex vivo and in vivo settings. Elasticity and viscosity of excised pig at various filling volumes (V) and pressures (p) were found to be µ1 = 9.6 kPa and µ2 = 0.2 Pa s (V = 187 ml and p = 8.6 mmHg), µ1 = 48.7 kPa and µ2 = 3.5 Pa s (V = 267 ml and p = 17.6 mmHg), and µ1 = 106.9 kPa and µ2 = 1.5 Pa s (V = 327 ml and p = 27.6 mmHg) respectively. Transabdominal measurements in an anesthetized pig found values of bladder elasticity µ1 = 26.1 kPa and viscosity µ2 = 0.9 Pa s and demonstrate the ability of UBV to perform in vivo measurements. The results presented in this paper introduce a novel technique for measuring mechanical properties of the bladder and lay the foundation for further investigation of the effects of pathology on bladder viscoelasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Nenadic.ivan@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Ivan Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Nenadic
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Luiz Henrique
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: de Araujo Vasconcelo
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabavizadeh
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alizad
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatemi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D013552:Swine; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014783:Viscosity