title: Extension of orofacial cleft size and gestational bleeding in early pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The oronasal cavity in humans develops during embryonic day 30-60. There are three critical periods when this process can be affected, resulting in a specific type of orofacial cleft: cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), or most serious, total cleft lip+palate (CLP). We assessed whether gestational bleeding during early pregnancy might act to produce a non-specific worsening of embryo status resulting in extension of the basic cleft type (CL or CP) into more serious CLP.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a group of the child patients with orofacial clefts, the cleft spectrum was correlated with first trimester gestational bleeding reported by the mother. Data were also related to the gender of patients, hereditary factors and additional malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2524 mothers who gave birth to babies with an orofacial cleft in the Czech Republic during 1983-2009, 253 (10.0%) had gestational bleeding. Among the children with an orofacial cleft, 497 (19.7%) had an orofacial cleft among relatives and 297 (11.8%) exhibited an additional congenital malformation. In comparison with mothers without bleeding, there was significant increase of children with CLP (p < 0.01) at the expense of children with CP, whose number significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the bleeding mothers. In the group of children with clefts among relatives we did not find any significant change associated with bleeding. The maternal bleeding was more frequent in children with additional malformations, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.112).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that size/extent and therefore seriousness of orofacial cleft might increase as a consequence of hypoxia resulting from gestational bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Teratology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. peterka@biomed.cas.cz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peterka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hrudka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tvrdek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velemínská
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panczak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borský
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Likovský
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peterková
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012307:Risk Factors