title: Serum proinflammatory cytokine responses to influenza virus vaccine among women during pregnancy versus non-pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to comprehensively describe inflammatory responses to trivalent influenza virus vaccine (TIV) among pregnant women and determine whether responses differ compared to non-pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight pregnant and 28 non-pregnant women were vaccinated. Serum cytokines were measured at baseline, and 1, 2, and 3 days post-vaccination. Anti-influenza antibody titers were measured at baseline and 1 month post-vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, following vaccination, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-6 increased significantly, peaking at 1 day post-vaccination (P's < 0.001). Pregnant versus non-pregnant women showed no differences in IL-6, TNF-α, or IL-1β responses. Pregnant women showed no change in IL-8 and increases in migration inhibitory factor (MIF), while non-pregnant showed decreases in both. Pregnancy did not significantly alter antibody responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory responses to TIV are mild, transient, and generally similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Given the variability evidenced, vaccination may provide a useful model for studying individual differences in inflammatory response propensity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Lisa.Christian@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schultz-Cherry
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines
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