title: A pilot study assessing the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diazepam after intranasal and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Diazepam rectal gel (Diastat(®)) is the only FDA-approved product indicated for acute repetitive seizures. Despite its proven efficacy, most older children and adults object to this route of administration. As a result, many patients do not realize the benefit of a therapy that can improve outcomes and decrease healthcare costs. Intranasal administration of benzodiazepines offers a potential alternative. The primary objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two novel intranasal (IN) diazepam (DZP) formulations versus intravenous (IV) administration in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomized into an open-label, three-way crossover study. 10mg doses of two investigational intranasal DZP formulations (solution, suspension) and a 5mg IV dose of commercially available DZP injectable, USP were given. A two-week washout period separated treatments. Plasma samples for DZP analysis were collected pre-dose and at regular intervals up to 240 h post-dose. DZP concentration-time data were analyzed using a non-compartmental pharmacokinetics approach. Exposure following administration of DZP IN solution (absolute bioavailability - 97%) was greater than the IN suspension (absolute bioavailability - 67%). Mean Cmaxvalues for the suspension and solution formulations were 221 ng/mL and 272 ng/mL, respectively. Median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) was 1h and 1.5h for suspension and solution formulation, respectively. Both investigational intranasal formulations were well tolerated. The results of this pilot study indicate that development of an intranasal diazepam formulation with high bioavailability, reasonable variability, and good tolerability is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Center for Orphan Drug Research, University of Minnesota, United States. agar0152@umn.edu
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kriel
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brundage
authors.forename: Vijay D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Ivaturi
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cloyd
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003975:Diazepam
keywords: Acute repetitive seizures; Diazepam; Intranasal therapy; Out-of-hospital; Seizure emergencies