title: Association between CASR polymorphisms, calcium intake, and colorectal cancer risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to assess the effect of dietary calcium intake and possible interactions with calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 420 colorectal cancer cases and 815 controls were included in the analysis. Calcium intake was investigated using a 103 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CASR, rs10934578, rs12485716, rs2270916, and rs4678174, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No SNPs were associated with colorectal cancer risk after adjusting for covariates. Overall, no significant effect modification by CASR polymorphisms on the association between calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk were detected. However, all 4 of the polymorphisms within the CASR showed significantly higher odds ratios for association with colorectal cancer risk in the low-calcium-intake group compared to the high-calcium-intake group. In the case of rs2270916, individuals with the CC genotype and low calcium intake showed an increased colorectal cancer risk compared to their counterparts with the TT genotype and high calcium intake (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.27-3.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with lower calcium intake exhibited a higher colorectal cancer risk compared with subjects with the same genotype who had higher calcium intake. Our results suggest that individuals who have low dietary calcium intake should be aware of their increased colorectal cancer risk and prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyee-Zu
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Aesun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jeongseon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sung Chan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyo Seong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hee Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Dae Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing
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