title: Shared and distinct intrinsic functional network centrality in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often exhibit symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Across both disorders, observations of distributed functional abnormalities suggest aberrant large-scale brain network connectivity. Yet, common and distinct network correlates of ASD and ADHD remain unidentified. Here, we aimed to examine patterns of dysconnection in school-age children with ASD and ADHD and typically developing children who completed a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured voxelwise network centrality, functional connectivity metrics indexing local (degree centrality [DC]) and global (eigenvector centrality) functional relationships across the entire brain connectome, in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 56 children with ASD, 45 children with ADHD, and 50 typically developing children. A one-way analysis of covariance, with group as fixed factor (whole-brain corrected), was followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortical and subcortical areas exhibited centrality abnormalities, some common to both ADHD and ASD, such as in precuneus. Others were disorder-specific and included ADHD-related increases in DC in right striatum/pallidum, in contrast with ASD-related increases in bilateral temporolimbic areas. Secondary analyses differentiating children with ASD into those with or without ADHD-like comorbidity (ASD(+) and ASD(-), respectively) revealed that the ASD(+) group shared ADHD-specific abnormalities in basal ganglia. By contrast, centrality increases in temporolimbic areas characterized children with ASD regardless of ADHD-like comorbidity. At the cluster level, eigenvector centrality group patterns were similar to DC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD and ASD are neurodevelopmental disorders with distinct and overlapping clinical presentations. This work provides evidence for both shared and distinct underlying mechanisms at the large-scale network level.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience of the Child Study Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: Xi-Nian
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grzadzinski
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mennes
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schvarcz
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D063132:Connectome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male
keywords: ADHD; amygdala; autism; caudate; functional connectivity; network centrality; precuneus; resting state fMRI
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