title: Shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthesis in the green lineage.
abstract: The shikimate pathway provides carbon skeletons for the aromatic amino acids l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine. It is a high flux bearing pathway and it has been estimated that greater than 30% of all fixed carbon is directed through this pathway. These combined pathways have been subjected to considerable research attention due to the fact that mammals are unable to synthesize these amino acids and the fact that one of the enzymes of the shikimate pathway is a very effective herbicide target. However, in addition to these characteristics these pathways additionally provide important precursors for a wide range of important secondary metabolites including chlorogenic acid, alkaloids, glucosinolates, auxin, tannins, suberin, lignin and lignan, tocopherols, and betalains. Here we review the shikimate pathway of the green lineage and compare and contrast its evolution and ubiquity with that of the more specialized phenylpropanoid metabolism which this essential pathway fuels.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tohge
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoefgen
authors.forename: Alisdair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
keywords: aromatic amino biosynthesis; evolution; gene copy number; gene duplication; plant secondary phenolic metabolite; shikimate pathway
references.citation: Crit Rev Microbiol. 2001;27(2):75-131
references.pmid: 11450855
references.citation: DNA Seq. 1995;5(3):195-7
references.pmid: 7612934
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1990;25(5):307-84
references.pmid: 2279393
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2011 Jan;7(1):19-21
references.pmid: 21102469
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2003 Feb;270(4):757-63
references.pmid: 12581215
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1985 Sep;79(1):212-8
references.pmid: 16664373
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 28;95(9):5407-12
references.pmid: 9560289
references.citation: Plant J. 1999 Jul;19(1):9-20
references.pmid: 10417722
references.citation: Pest Manag Sci. 2008 Apr;64(4):319-25
references.pmid: 18273882
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2011 Jul;20(7):1125-36
references.pmid: 21520319
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Oct 05;478(7369):395-8
references.pmid: 21976020
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1986 Dec;82(4):1040-4
references.pmid: 16665132
references.citation: Phytochemistry. 1995 May;39(2):263-76
references.pmid: 7495530
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 17;281(7):4042-8
references.pmid: 16339761
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1991 Dec;97(4):1271-9
references.pmid: 16668543
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Jul;23(7):2738-53
references.pmid: 21750236
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Mar-Apr;48(2):123-52
references.pmid: 23350798
references.citation: Planta. 1984 Sep;162(2):104-8
references.pmid: 24254043
references.citation: Plant J. 1992 May;2(3):375-83
references.pmid: 1338949
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2013;64:723-46
references.pmid: 23330793
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1988 Oct 1;176(3):661-7
references.pmid: 3169018
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1986 Sep;82(1):203-10
references.pmid: 16664993
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1985 Nov;79(3):765-70
references.pmid: 16664489
references.citation: Brief Bioinform. 2004 Jun;5(2):150-63
references.pmid: 15260895
references.citation: Plant J. 1996 Nov;10(5):815-21
references.pmid: 8953244
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2010 Nov;3(6):956-72
references.pmid: 20817774
references.citation: Biochem J. 1977 Mar 1;161(3):599-607
references.pmid: 139889
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Nov;61(11):3796-803
references.pmid: 8526488
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2007;58(8):2053-67
references.pmid: 17463052
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):6873-7
references.pmid: 16593759
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 19;282(42):30827-35
references.pmid: 17726025
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Feb;30(3):427-38
references.pmid: 8605296
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1990 Jun;93(2):758-66
references.pmid: 16667533
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8821-5
references.pmid: 1681544
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1995 Mar;177(6):1627-9
references.pmid: 7883721
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2003 Sep;15(9):2140-51
references.pmid: 12953116
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 17;101(7):2209-14
references.pmid: 14769935
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Feb;116(2):743-54
references.pmid: 9489021
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Mar 5;51(1):139-43
references.pmid: 4699555
references.citation: Planta. 1999 Jan;207(3):325-34
references.pmid: 9951731
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2004 Aug 20;87(4):516-24
references.pmid: 15286989
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Jun;50:473-503
references.pmid: 15012217
references.citation: Gene. 1999 Nov 15;240(1):115-23
references.pmid: 10564818
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Mar 30;287(14):11446-59
references.pmid: 22311980
references.citation: Planta. 1985 Feb;163(2):241-9
references.pmid: 24249346
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Jun 30;94(4):1207-12
references.pmid: 7396959
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 May 23;278(21):19463-72
references.pmid: 12637497
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1975 Oct 10;250(19):7675-81
references.pmid: 170268
references.citation: Biochem J. 1987 Sep 1;246(2):375-86
references.pmid: 2825635
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 11;92(8):3166-70
references.pmid: 11607524
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 29;280(17):17101-8
references.pmid: 15735308
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Dec;4(12):e1000292
references.pmid: 19057671
references.citation: Plant J. 2010 Sep;63(5):823-35
references.pmid: 20598094
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2002 Feb;269(4):1304-15
references.pmid: 11856365
references.citation: Structure. 2003 Dec;11(12):1499-511
references.pmid: 14656434
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:73-105
references.pmid: 22554242