title: What can we learn from a decade of promoting safe embryo transfer practices? A comparative analysis of policies and outcomes in the UK and Australia, 2001-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given similar socio-demographic profiles and costs of healthcare, why has Australia been significantly more successful than the UK in reducing the assisted reproductive technology (ART) multiple birth rate?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Australian model of supportive public ART funding, permissive clinical guidelines and an absence of published clinic league tables has enabled Australian fertility specialists to act collectively to achieve rapid and widespread adoption of single embryo transfer (SET).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There are striking differences in ART utilization and clinical practice between Australia and the UK. The ART multiple birth rate in Australia is <8% compared with slightly <20% in the UK. The role played by public funding, clinical guidelines, league tables and educational campaigns deserves further evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel time-series analysis was performed on ART treatment and outcome data sourced from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) ART Registry and the Australian and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD). Funding arrangements, clinical practice guidelines and key professional and public education campaigns were mapped to trends in clinical practice and ART treatment outcomes between 2001 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 425 360 and 422 003 autologous treatment cycles undertaken between 2001 and 2010 in the UK and Australia were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2001 to 2010, the most striking difference in clinical practice was the increase in SET cycles in Australia from 21 to 70% of cycles, compared with an increase from 8.4 to 31% in the UK. In 2004-2005, both countries introduced clinical guidelines encouraging safe embryo practices, however, Australia has a history of supportive funding for ART, while the National Health Service has a more restrictive and fragmented approach. While clinical guidelines and education campaigns have an important role to play, funding remains a key element in the promotion of SET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a descriptive population study and therefore quantifying the independent effect of differential levels of public funding was not possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With demand for ART continuing to increase worldwide, it is imperative that we remove barriers that impede safe embryo transfer practices. This analysis highlights the importance of supportive public funding in achieving this goal.
authors.affiliation: National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Level 2, McNevin Dickson Building, Randwick Hospitals Campus, Sydney 2031, Australia. g.chambers@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Georgina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Yueping A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Van Phuong
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Hossam I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ledger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061214:Patient Safety; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D056826:Single Embryo Transfer / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: assisted reproductive technology; policy; regulation; single embryo transfer