title: Cell-based therapeutics: the next pillar of medicine.
abstract: Two decades ago, the pharmaceutical industry-long dominated by small-molecule drugs-was revolutionized by the the advent of biologics. Today, biomedicine sits on the cusp of a new revolution: the use of microbial and human cells as versatile therapeutic engines. Here, we discuss the promise of this "third pillar" of therapeutics in the context of current scientific, regulatory, economic, and perceptual challenges. History suggests that the advent of cellular medicines will require the development of a foundational cellular engineering science that provides a systematic framework for safely and predictably altering and regulating cellular behaviors.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. fischbach@f schbach-group.org
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bluestone
authors.forename: Wendell A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D004345:Drug Industry; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000639:trends*
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 May;117(5):1422-31
references.pmid: 17476361
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Jan 20;117(3):1061-70
references.pmid: 20952687
references.citation: Regen Med. 2011 May;6(3):265-72
references.pmid: 21548728
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 25;365(8):725-33
references.pmid: 21830940
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Mar 22;12(4):269-81
references.pmid: 22437939
references.citation: Microbiome. 2013 Jan 09;1(1):3
references.pmid: 24467987
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Jun;11(6):393-403
references.pmid: 20485291
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Jun 6;4(137):137rv6
references.pmid: 22674556
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2507-16
references.pmid: 21639808
references.citation: Science. 2009 May 29;324(5931):1199-202
references.pmid: 19478183
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 31;368(5):407-15
references.pmid: 23323867
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 16;348(3):255-6
references.pmid: 12529469
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Aug 29;4(149):149fs31
references.pmid: 22932219
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Mar 28;4(127):127ps9
references.pmid: 22461639
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Oct 10;4(155):155ra136
references.pmid: 23052293
references.citation: Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823-6
references.pmid: 23287722
references.citation: Regen Med. 2012 Jul;7(4):455-62
references.pmid: 22817619
references.citation: Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1804-8
references.pmid: 10710306
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Oct 15;461(7266):997-1001
references.pmid: 19749742
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2542-50
references.pmid: 17167137
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Jun 6;4(137):137rv5
references.pmid: 22674555
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2011 Aug 10;3(95):95ra73
references.pmid: 21832238
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Jun 14;10(6):663-665
references.pmid: 22704505
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:305-34
references.pmid: 12471050
references.citation: Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Feb 3;10(2):149-50
references.pmid: 22305564
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 3;365(18):1673-83
references.pmid: 22047558
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2011 Apr 13;3(78):78ps12
references.pmid: 21490274