title: Bentonite and anthracite in alginate-based controlled release formulations to reduce leaching of chloridazon and metribuzin in a calcareous soil.
abstract: The leaching of herbicides through soil can be minimized using controlled release formulations (CRFs). In this research, bentonite and anthracite have been used as modifying agents in alginate-based CRFs prepared with chloridazon and metribuzin. These CRFs have been evaluated in a calcareous soil. The Kf and Koc values obtained from sorption experiments in soil have demonstrated a high leaching potential for both herbicides, mainly for metribuzin. Release kinetics in soil have showed that the control of release rate of chloridazon and metribuzin was possible by using bentonite and anthracite in CRFs, being this effect greater when we use anthracite as modifying sorbent. Using an empirical equation, the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released (T50(soil)) was calculated. T50 values ranged between 2.88 d for metribuzin-bentonite alginate-based granules and 14.37 d for chloridazon-anthracite alginate-based granules, being the release rate higher in metribuzin CRFs than in those prepared with chloridazon, which has lower water solubility. Besides, a linear correlation between T50 values in water and soil was obtained. Mobility experiments carried out in a calcareous soil have shown that the use of CRFs reduces the presence of herbicides in the leachate compared to technical products, mainly for chloridazon. We found that one could design a right profile in the release rate of active ingredients from CRFs in each agro-environmental situation, and thus prevent the environmental pollution derived from the use of chloridazon and metribuzin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Crta. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain. frflores@ual.es
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flores Céspedes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez García
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villafranca Sánchez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández Pérez
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003031:Coal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013030:Spain; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003031:Coal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006540:Herbicides; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011724:Pyridazines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D001546:Bentonite; C005586:pyrazon; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C009235:metribuzin
keywords: Alginate; Chloridazon; Controlled release; Leaching; Metribuzin; Sorbents