title: Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia currently are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. Both acute hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, raising the oxidative stress. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has antioxidant properties, and evidence suggests that it protects endothelial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of both acute hyperglycemia and acute hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, with or without the simultaneous infusion of GLP-1, on oxidative stress (plasma nitrotyrosine and plasma 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha), inflammation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6), and endothelial dysfunction has been evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia acutely induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. GLP-1 significantly counterbalanced these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a protective effect of GLP-1 during both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Endocrinology, Insititut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. aceriell@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novials
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canivell
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Sala
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pujadas
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genovese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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