title: Skating crossovers on a motorized flywheel: a preliminary experimental design to test effect on speed and on crossovers.
abstract: Ice hockey requires frequent skater crossovers to execute turns. Our investigation aimed to determine the effectiveness of training crossovers on a motorized, polyethylene high-resistance flywheel. We hypothesized that high school hockey players training on the flywheel would perform as well as their peers training on ice. Participants were 23 male high-school hockey players (age 15-19 years). The study used an experimental prospective design to compare players who trained for 9 sessions on the 22-foot flywheel with players who trained for 9 sessions on a similarly sized on-ice circle. Both groups were compared with control subjects who were randomly selected from the same participant pool as those training on ice. All players were tested before and after their 3-week training regimens, and control subjects were asked to not practice crossovers between testing. Group 1 trained in a hockey training facility housing the flywheel, and group 2 trained in the ice hockey arena where testing occurred. Primary outcome measures tested in both directions were: (a) speed (time in seconds) required to skate crossovers for 3 laps of a marked face-off circle, (b) cadence of skating crossovers on the similarly sized circles, and (c) a repeat interval speed test, which measures anaerobic power. No significant changes were found between groups in on-ice testing before and after training. Among the group 1 players, 7 of 8 believed they benefited from flywheel training. Group 2 players, who trained on ice, did not improve performance significantly over group 1 players. Despite the fact that no significant on-ice changes in performance were observed in objective measures, players who trained on the flywheel subjectively reported that the flywheel is an effective cost-effective alternative to training on ice. This is a relevant finding when placed in context with limited availability of on-ice training.
authors.affiliation: 1Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; 2Applied Human Sciences, Prince Edward Island University, Prince Edward Island, Canada; 3Legal Contract Administration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; 4Orthopedic Surgery, Fairview Health System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and 5Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Aynsley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Montelpare
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Gaz
authors.forename: Casey P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Twardowski
authors.forename: Dirk R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D006688:Hockey / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*; D019876:Sports Equipment; D055815:Young Adult