title: Longitudinal associations between HIV risk reduction and out-of-school time program participation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to determine the longitudinal associations between several variables assessing positive youth development and HIV risk-reduction practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 329 youth enrolled in out-of-school time programs in New York City. Longitudinal data were collected in three waves during 2008-2009 (baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up). Because of the nested nature of the data, multivariate analyses were performed using multilevel models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, HIV risk reduction was associated with female gender, greater individual-level program participation, and greater school connectedness. Over time, HIV risk reduction was associated with program-level participation: Individuals in groups with program-level participation scores 1 standard deviation below the average showed significant declines in risk reduction practices over the 1-year study period compared with individuals in more participatory programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support for the out-of-school environment as an important context for sustaining HIV risk reduction and positive health promotion practices.
authors.affiliation: Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jst5@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer Sarah
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tiffany
authors.forename: Deinera
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Exner-Cortens
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckenrode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City; D012737:Sex Factors; D012933:Social Identification; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D014505:Urban Population
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