title: Involvement of adenosine and standardization of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on cardioprotective and cardiodepressant properties in ischemic preconditioning and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induced cardiac injury.
abstract: The present study investigated the effect of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) aqueous extracts on ischemic preconditioning and ischemia-reperfusion induced cardiac injury, as well as adenosine involvement in ischemic preconditioning and garlic extract induced cardioprotection. A model of ischemia-reperfusion injury was established using Langendorff apparatus. Aqueous extract of garlic dose was standardized (0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.07%, 0.05%, 0.03%, 0.01%), and the 0.05% dose was found to be the most effective. Higher doses (more than 0.05%) were highly toxic, causing arrhythmia and cardiodepression, whereas the lower doses were ineffective. Garlic exaggerated the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. The cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning and garlic cardioprotection was significantly attenuated by theophylline (1,000 µmol/L) and 8-SPT (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and expressed by increased myocardial infarct size, increased LDH level, and reduced nitrite and adenosine levels. These findings suggest that adenosine is involved in the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of garlic induced cardioprotection and mediated by the modulation of nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal, Jagatpura, Jaipur (Rajasthan) 302025, India;
authors.forename: Ashish Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Arshee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munajjam
authors.forename: Bhawna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaishnav
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kishore
authors.forename: Akash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Santosh Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaur
authors.forename: Vijay Singh
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Jatav
authors.forename: Barthu Parthi
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Shyam Sunder
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: Allium sativum Linn.; adenosine; cardioprotection; ischemic preconditioning; nitrite
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