title: Effects of urea formaldehyde condensation polymer treatment of flaxseed on ruminal digestion and lactation in dairy cows.
abstract: Flaxseed is a potent source of the n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA), yet most ALA is lost during ruminal biohydrogenation when ground flaxseed is fed to ruminants. Heat processing and urea formaldehyde condensation polymer (UFCP) treatment of flaxseed were investigated as possible means of protecting ALA from ruminal degradation. Ground flaxseed (GF), heated ground flaxseed (HGF), or UFCP-treated ground flaxseed (UFCPGF) were incubated for 0, 4, 8, and 12h in 4 ruminally cannulated multiparous lactating Holstein cows. Compared with GF, HGF and UFCPGF decreased ruminal disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and ALA. Pepsin-digestible protein remaining after 12h of ruminal incubation was greater for UFCPGF and HGF than for GF. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (207 ± 37 d in milk, 668 ± 66 kg of body weight, and 1.33 ± 0.56 lactations) were then used in a randomized complete block design experiment with a basal feeding period to assess effects of flaxseed treatment on ALA enrichment of plasma and milk as well as lactational performance. No evidence existed that supplementation of HGF and UFCPGF affected dry matter intake, milk fat content, milk protein content, or energy-corrected milk yield, but UFCPGF marginally decreased milk yield compared with HGF. Plasma concentration of ALA was not affected by treatment. Concentrations of n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat were increased by UFCPGF relative to HGF, but ALA yield was not affected. Taken together, in situ results suggest that heat-treated flaxseed, with or without UFCP treatment, slowed ruminal disappearance of ALA. Feeding UFCP-treated flaxseed failed to alter ALA content of plasma or milk ALA yield relative to heating alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Armendariz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Highland
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Winowiski
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Drouillard
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Titgemeyer
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Bradford
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004063:Digestion; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D011108:Polymers; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D005557:Formaldehyde; C028278:urea formaldehyde foam; D014508:Urea