title: Greater palatine foramen--key to successful hemimaxillary anaesthesia: a morphometric study and report of a rare aberration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate localisation of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) is imperative while negotiating the greater palatine canal for blocking the maxillary nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa. The aim of this study was to define the position of the foramen relative to readily identifiable intraoral reference points in order to help clinicians judge the position of the GPF in a consistently reliable manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GPF was studied in 100 dried, adult, unsexed skulls from the state of Maharashtra in western India. Measurements were made using a vernier caliper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distances of the GPF from the midline maxillary suture, incisive fossa, posterior palatal border and pterygoid hamulus were 14.49 mm, 35.50 mm, 3.40 mm and 11.78 mm, respectively. The foramen was opposite the third maxillary molar in 73.38% of skulls, and the direction in which the foramen opened into the oral cavity was found to be most frequently anteromedial (49.49%). In one skull, the greater and lesser palatine foramina were bilaterally absent. Except for the invariably present incisive canals, there were no accessory palatal foramina, which might have permitted passage of the greater palatine neurovascular bundle in lieu of the absent GPF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of such a non-syndromic presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GPF is most frequently palatal to the third maxillary molar. For an edentulous patient, the foramen may be located 14-15 mm from the mid-palatal raphe or about 12 mm anterior to the palpable pterygoid hamulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Dental College and Hospital, Dhanakwadi, Pune, India. drnamitaalok@gmail.com
authors.forename: Namita Alok
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rajendra Somnath
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garud
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D008442:Maxillary Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation*; D012016:Reference Values; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology