title: Effect of Zingiber officinale and propolis on microorganisms and endotoxins in root canals.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis (PRO) and ginger (GIN) extracts, calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine (CLX) gel and their combinations as ICMs (ICMs) against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 28 days of contamination with microorganisms, the canals were instrumented and then divided according to the ICM: CH+saline; CLX, CH+CLX, PRO, PRO+CH; GIN; GIN+CH; saline. The antimicrobial activity and quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic test of Limulus amebocyte lysate were evaluated after contamination and instrumentation at 14 days of ICM application and 7 days after ICM removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After analysis of results and application of the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests at 5% significance level, it was concluded that all ICMs were able to eliminate the microorganisms in the root canals and reduce their amount of endotoxins; however, CH was more effective in neutralizing endotoxins and less effective against C. albicans and E. faecalis, requiring the use of medication combinations to obtain higher success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian Eiko
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: Marcia Carneiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.forename: Luciane Dias de
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Cláudio Antonio Talge
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Ribeiro
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Antonio Olavo Cardoso
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Jorge
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D004731:Endotoxins; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D011429:Propolis; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine
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