title: Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and host immunity in an early "window of opportunity".
abstract: We recently investigated how post-natal microbial gut colonization is important for the development of the immune system, especially in the systemic compartments. This addendum presents additional data which in accordance with our previous findings show that early life microbial colonization is critical for a fine-tuned immune homeostasis to develop also in the intestinal environment. A generalized reduction in the expression of immune signaling related genes in the small intestine may explain previously shown increased systemic adaptive immune reactivity, if the regulatory cross-talk between intra- and extra-intestinal immune cells is immature following a neonatal germ-free period. These findings are furthermore discussed in the context of recently published results on how lack of microbial exposure in the neonatal life modifies disease expression in rodents used as models mimicking human inflammatory diseases. In particular, with a focus on how these interesting findings could be used to optimize the use of rodent models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. camfriis@sund.ku.dk
authors.forename: Camilla H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Stine B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Metzdorff
authors.forename: Axel K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058448:Biota; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D054892:Metagenome; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal
keywords: animal models; early life; germ-free; microbial variation; mucosal immunity
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1998 Nov;66(11):5224-31
references.pmid: 9784526
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 Jun;116(3):521-6
references.pmid: 10361245
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Apr;11(4):289-93
references.pmid: 20300138
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan;107(1):129-34
references.pmid: 11150002
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718-23
references.pmid: 15505215
references.citation: Diabetes. 2006 Jan;55(1):179-85
references.pmid: 16380491
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 12;108(28):11548-53
references.pmid: 21709219
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2012 May 01;13(5):440-7
references.pmid: 22422004
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2012 Aug;55(8):2285-94
references.pmid: 22572803
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Dec;70(12):6688-96
references.pmid: 12438343
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):621-6
references.pmid: 22914093
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2012 Jul 23;13:335
references.pmid: 22823934
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 Jan 1;302(1):G55-65
references.pmid: 21960522
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Feb;4(2):232-41
references.pmid: 19865183
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34043
references.pmid: 22479515
references.citation: Nat Med. 2012 Mar 25;18(4):538-46
references.pmid: 22447074
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Jan;51(1):73-8
references.pmid: 11756325
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49315
references.pmid: 23185315
references.citation: Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;35(2):81-92
references.pmid: 22257867
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Oct 23;455(7216):1109-13
references.pmid: 18806780
references.citation: Immunol Lett. 2004 May 15;93(2-3):97-108
references.pmid: 15158604
references.citation: Lab Anim (NY). 2010 Feb;39(2):43-8
references.pmid: 20090694
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Sep;51(3):262-73
references.pmid: 20639773
references.citation: Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):489-93
references.pmid: 22442383
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2005 Sep;87(1):1-2
references.pmid: 16158497
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Dec;56(12):1838-47
references.pmid: 23065810
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1994 Dec 1;180(6):2359-64
references.pmid: 7964509
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2005 Apr;81(4):387-92
references.pmid: 15814224
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Nov;171(5):1271-2
references.pmid: 7977532
references.citation: Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1126-30
references.pmid: 16931762
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):511-21
references.pmid: 16882802
references.citation: Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Sep 26;4:13
references.pmid: 17002791
references.citation: J Hyg (Lond). 1971 Sep;69(3):413-21
references.pmid: 4937854
references.citation: Jikken Dobutsu. 1990 Apr;39(2):263-7
references.pmid: 2141820
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1963 Jul-Aug;113:59-66
references.pmid: 14044094