title: Maternal iron intake at mid-pregnancy is associated with reduced fetal growth: results from Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron supplementation is a common recommendation for pregnant women to prevent iron deficiency during pregnancy. There is an increasing concern about excessive iron consumption as a general iron prophylaxis by pregnant women without any due consideration about their dietary iron intake or iron status. Our present study investigated the association between total iron intake from diet and supplements and fetal growth in 337 pregnant women at mid-pregnancy in South Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron intake from diet and supplements was examined by a 24-hour recall method. Subjects were divided into three groups based on tertiles of total iron intake levels. Fetal biometry was assessed by ultrasonography at mid-pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 99% of the non-supplement users had iron intake below the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for pregnant women (24 mg), whereas 64.9% of supplement users had iron intake above the upper level (UL) (45 mg). In the babies of mothers in the third tertile of iron intake (>17.04 mg), biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length were lower by 0.41 cm (P =0.019), 0.41 cm (P = 0.027), and 0.07 cm (P = 0.051), respectively, than the babies of mothers in the second tertile of iron intake (11.49 ~ 17.04 mg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that excessive maternal iron intake at mid-pregnancy is associated with reduced fetal growth. Iron supplementation for pregnant women should be individualized according to their iron status. Appropriate diet education is needed for pregnant women so that they can consume adequate amounts of iron from food and supplements.
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ki-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Yangho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004782:Environmental Health; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011939:Mental Recall; D009035:Mothers; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary
references.citation: J Natl Med Assoc. 1993 Feb;85(2):130-4
references.pmid: 8441188
references.citation: Virchows Arch. 2004 Jan;444(1):49-55
references.pmid: 14574573
references.citation: Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(9):573-83
references.pmid: 19629723
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):250-5
references.pmid: 9989688
references.citation: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008 Feb;100(2):133-5
references.pmid: 17963760
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;66(5):1178-82
references.pmid: 9356536
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Nov;96(5 Pt 1):741-8
references.pmid: 11042311
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Oct;70(4):593-6
references.pmid: 3627628
references.citation: JAMA. 2000 Nov 22-29;284(20):2611-7
references.pmid: 11086368
references.citation: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007 Apr;32(2):282-8
references.pmid: 17486170
references.citation: J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 2):1700S-1708S
references.pmid: 12730487
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 May;55(5):985-8
references.pmid: 1570808
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Feb;59(2 Suppl):492S-500S discussion 500S-501S
references.pmid: 8304287
references.citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993 Nov;72(8):616-8
references.pmid: 8259747
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1218S-1222S
references.pmid: 15883455
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jul;72(1 Suppl):272S-279S
references.pmid: 10871593
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5 Suppl):1280S-4S
references.pmid: 10799402
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2000 Aug;15(8):1843-8
references.pmid: 10920115
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2001 May;85 Suppl 2:S181-5
references.pmid: 11509108
references.citation: BMJ. 1996 Feb 17;312(7028):410-4
references.pmid: 8601112
references.citation: Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(6):547-52
references.pmid: 15208477
references.citation: BMJ. 1999 Aug 7;319(7206):339-43
references.pmid: 10435950
references.citation: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1962;376:39-45
references.pmid: 13873153
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Aug-Oct;26(4-5):299-312
references.pmid: 16102805
references.citation: Ann Hematol. 2006 Dec;85(12):821-8
references.pmid: 16763841
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2005 Feb;44(1):52-9
references.pmid: 15309438
references.citation: Nutr Res. 2010 Feb;30(2):110-7
references.pmid: 20226996
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1991 Apr;66(4 Spec No):422-5
references.pmid: 2025036
references.citation: BJOG. 2007 Jun;114(6):684-8
references.pmid: 17516958
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Nov 15;148(10):998-1006
references.pmid: 9829872
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Jan;26(1-2):202-26
references.pmid: 9890655
references.citation: Arch Med Res. 2006 Jul;37(5):674-82
references.pmid: 16740440
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):773-81
references.pmid: 14522736
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):205-9
references.pmid: 7631683