title: Ischemic preconditioning in different times and its effect on bacterial translocation induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of different times of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on intestinal bacterial translocation (BT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Wistar rats weighing 280 ± 27 g were divided into five groups. In the IR group (n = 6), laparotomy was performed and the superior mesenteric artery was occluded by an atraumatic microclamp for 30 minutes. In the four preconditioning groups (n = 6 each) before the 30 minutes of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) rats underwent IPC for two, five, ten and 15 minutes, followed by the same time of reperfusion. In order to assess whether the time of preconditioning influenced the onset of bacterial translocation, samples of mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen were collected in sterile conditions twenty-four hours after the procedures for quantification of bacterial colony forming units per gram of tissue (CFU/g). Blood was collected for measurement of cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the I/R group, the total CFU/g in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, as well as the serum TNF-á, IL-1â and IL-6 were significantly higher than in the other groups (p <0.05). Preconditioning for 15 minutes significantly attenuated BT and serum cytokines when compared to other periods of preconditioning (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest preconditioning as a key factor to reduce bacterial translocation in intestinal I/R. On a scale of two to 15 minutes, the best time of ischemic preconditioning for the attenuation of bacterial translocation was 15 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, UFRN, Natal, State of Rio Grande do Norte - RN, Brazil. Aldo@ufrnet.br
authors.forename: Aldo da Cunha
authors.initials: Ada C
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: Irami
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Araújo-Filho
authors.forename: Mariana Lima
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tôrres
authors.forename: Caroline de Vasconcelos
authors.initials: Cde V
authors.lastname: Sá
authors.forename: Daniel Tôrres
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Jácome
authors.forename: Amália Cinthia Meneses
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rêgo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors