title: Anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil and its constituents from fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) through blocking JNK, ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: We investigated the composition of essential oil from fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) (FCEO) peels by GC-MS and its anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Fifteen compounds, representing 98.97% of the essential oil, were tentatively identified; the main constituents were limonene (52.44%) and γ-terpinene (28.41%). FCEO significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by suppressing the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, respectively. Additionally, FCEO suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. FCEO attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation via inhibition of inhibitor κB-α phosphorylation. Furthermore, FCEO blocked activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not that of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results indicate that FCEO inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by blocking the NF-κB, JNK, and ERK pathways in macrophages, and demonstrate that FCEO possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
authors.affiliation: Marine Bio Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Jeju 690-140, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kil-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yeong-Jong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Hye-Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: Seong Woon
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: You-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Ginnae
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Min-Cheol
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Weon-Jong
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Daekyung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077222:Limonene; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C018669:gamma-terpinene; D000077222:Limonene; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone