title: Experimental human endotoxemia enhances brain activity during social cognition.
abstract: Acute peripheral inflammation with corresponding increases in peripheral cytokines affects neuropsychological functions and induces depression-like symptoms. However, possible effects of increased immune responses on social cognition remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of experimentally induced acute inflammation on performance and neural responses during a social cognition task assessing Theory of Mind (ToM) ability. In this double-blind randomized crossover functional magnetic resonance imaging study, 18 healthy right-handed male volunteers received an injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.4 ng/kg) or saline, respectively. Plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as mood ratings were analyzed together with brain activation during a validated ToM task (i.e. Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test). LPS administration induced pronounced transient increases in pro- (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-1ra) cytokines as well as decreases in mood. Social cognition performance was not affected by acute inflammation. However, altered neural activity was observed during the ToM task after LPS administration, reflected by increased responses in the fusiform gyrus, temporo-parietal junction, superior temporal gyrus and precuneus. The increased task-related neural responses in the LPS condition may reflect a compensatory strategy or a greater social cognitive processing as a function of sickness.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kullmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Jan-Sebastian
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Grigoleit
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Oliver T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oberbeck
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elsenbruch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsting
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria manfred.schedlowski@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany, and University Hospital of Neuroradiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Elke R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gizewski
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012938:Social Perception; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides
keywords: cytokines; endotoxin; fMRI; peripheral inflammation; social cognition
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