title: Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current findings and future directions.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5.29% of children worldwide. It presents a heterogeneous clinical expression, and both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the etiology. Despite high heritability estimates, identification of genes that confer susceptibility to ADHD has been a slow and difficult process. The first genetic studies targeted dopaminergic genes, but the effects were small and only explained a small portion of ADHD heritability. Recent studies focus on the identification of novel genes and pathways that may underlie ADHD. The main goal of this review is to present evidence from genome-wide association, copy number variation and family-based studies of genetic susceptibility to ADHD. The challenges involved to disclose ADHD susceptibility genes will be reviewed in order to provide directions for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glaucia Chiyoko
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Akutagava-Martins
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salatino-Oliveira
authors.forename: Christian Costa
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kieling
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Mara Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hutz
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans