title: β-thymosins and hemocyte homeostasis in a crustacean.
abstract: Thymosin proteins are well known for their actin-binding activity. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) has been associated with biological activities in tissue repair and cell migration via interaction with ATP-synthase in vertebrates, while the information of similar thymosin functions in invertebrates is limited. We have shown previously that ATP-synthase is present on the surface of crayfish hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells, and that astakine 1 (Ast1, an invertebrate cytokine) was found to interact with this β-subunit of ATP synthase. Here, we identified five different β-thymosins from Pacifastacus leniusculus, designated Pl-β-thymosin1-5. The two dominant isoforms in brain, HPT and hemocytes, Pl-β-thymosin1 and 2, were chosen for functional studies. Both isoforms could bind to the β-subunit of ATP-synthase, and Pl-β-thymosin1, but not Pl-β-thymosin2, significantly increased extracellular ATP formation. Moreover, Pl-β-thymosin1 stimulated HPT cell migration in vitro and Ast1 blocked this effect. Pl-β-thymosin2 increased the circulating hemocyte number at an early stage after injection. Additionally, in vivo injection of Pl-β-thymosin1 resulted in significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in crayfish HPT whereas Pl-β-thymosin2 had a similar but transient effect. Both Pl-β-thymosins induced the expression of Ast1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) transcripts, while silencing of endogenous Pl-β-thymosin 1 and 2 by RNAi resulted in significant reduction of the Ast1 and SOD transcripts. The diverse effects exhibited by Pl-β-thymosin1 and Pl-β-thymosin2 indicates that these proteins are involved in a complex interaction that regulates the hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Netnapa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saelee
authors.forename: Chadanat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noonin
authors.forename: Benjamas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nupan
authors.forename: Kingkamon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junkunlo
authors.forename: Amornrat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phongdara
authors.forename: Xionghui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Söderhäll
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Söderhäll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea; D003445:Crustacea / Q000201:enzymology*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013947:Thymosin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4)
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013947:Thymosin; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4)
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