title: Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains.
  
  
  METHODS
  We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. jakob.strom@liu.se
authors.forename: Jakob O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Ström
authors.forename: Edvin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingberg
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theodorsson
authors.forename: Elvar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodorsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Jun;30(6):1137-46
references.pmid: 20068577
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Mar 25;1382:245-51
references.pmid: 21232529
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Apr;31(4):1119-32
references.pmid: 21081957
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Feb 23;1375:128-36
references.pmid: 21172313
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2012 May;42(5):1735-47
references.pmid: 21409386
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(11):1872-7
references.pmid: 21048314
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:803015
references.pmid: 21076527
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Feb 23;175:394-405
references.pmid: 21144885
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Dec 17;403(3-4):398-404
references.pmid: 21093411
references.citation: ScientificWorldJournal. 2010 Jun 29;10:1180-91
references.pmid: 20602077
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Jun 25;660(2-3):381-6
references.pmid: 21497597
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011 Mar;46(3):681-8
references.pmid: 21262362
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2011 Aug;36(8):1360-71
references.pmid: 21472457
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Mar 31;178:169-80
references.pmid: 21219973
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Jul 9;1343:213-7
references.pmid: 20451506
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 12;1368:346-54
references.pmid: 20974110
references.citation: Stroke. 1998 Oct;29(10):2162-70
references.pmid: 9756599
references.citation: J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010 Sep-Oct;19(5):398-403
references.pmid: 20472469
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Aug 19;131(1):174-81
references.pmid: 20600767
references.citation: J Med Food. 2010 Apr;13(2):306-11
references.pmid: 20412018
references.citation: Phytother Res. 2010 Aug;24(8):1207-12
references.pmid: 20148407
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jun;31(6):1461-74
references.pmid: 21304556
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011 Dec;37(7):738-52
references.pmid: 21366664
references.citation: Stroke. 2011 May;42(5):1437-44
references.pmid: 21493915
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 May 12;1330:151-7
references.pmid: 20206146
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2011 Jan;227(1):218-23
references.pmid: 21087606
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Oct 21;1357:142-51
references.pmid: 20705063
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2011 Jan;24(1):35-45
references.pmid: 20669172
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2010 Apr;114(2):226-36
references.pmid: 20083630
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Mar;31(3):934-43
references.pmid: 20877386
references.citation: Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Oct;40(1):277-83
references.pmid: 20554037
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2010 Mar;56(4):634-41
references.pmid: 20116408
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Sep;31(9):1863-73
references.pmid: 21522165
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Nov;226(1):183-90
references.pmid: 20816826
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jun;1199:95-104
references.pmid: 20633114
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Aug 1;88(10):2197-206
references.pmid: 20175208
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Aug 25;169(2):674-82
references.pmid: 20627173
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Jun;41(2-3):206-17
references.pmid: 20148315
references.citation: Transl Stroke Res. 2011 Mar;2(1):33-41
references.pmid: 21423332
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2011 Jun;89(6):833-9
references.pmid: 21412816
references.citation: Int J Stroke. 2011 Aug;6(4):284-9
references.pmid: 21609409
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Jun;32(5):523-9
references.pmid: 20092679
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Apr 23;1327:118-24
references.pmid: 20193666
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Jul 07;11(7):2658-69
references.pmid: 20717528
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Jul;299(1):H55-61
references.pmid: 20418477
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Sep 17;1352:248-54
references.pmid: 20633543
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1998 Dec;24(6):487-97
references.pmid: 9888159
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):R1881-92
references.pmid: 17234953
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jan;31(1):339-50
references.pmid: 20588319
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Sep 30;667(1-3):230-7
references.pmid: 21635885
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Sep;140(3):660-6, 666.e1
references.pmid: 20236669
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2011 Aug;32(22):5077-85
references.pmid: 21529937
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2011 Apr;33(3):319-24
references.pmid: 20626959
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2011 May;68(5):1418-25; discussion 1425-6
references.pmid: 21273921
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Sep 14;7:55
references.pmid: 20836895
references.citation: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010 Sep;107(3):724-9
references.pmid: 20406202
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2011 Feb;58(3):391-8
references.pmid: 21185898
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Apr 12;134(3):824-30
references.pmid: 21315142
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Dec 2;1363:191-7
references.pmid: 20887717
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2010 Aug;35(8):1147-55
references.pmid: 20386979
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Dec 2;1363:206-11
references.pmid: 20869955
references.citation: Cell Transplant. 2010;19(9):1063-71
references.pmid: 20412616
references.citation: J Nat Med. 2012 Jan;66(1):25-31
references.pmid: 21611909
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2011 Jul 15;306(1-2):143-53
references.pmid: 21481895
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 11;1360:40-8
references.pmid: 20846510
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Dec 17;1366:217-25
references.pmid: 20888805
references.citation: Front Neuroenergetics. 2010 Jul 30;2:
references.pmid: 20725601
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jun 23;5(6):e11270
references.pmid: 20585659
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2006 Sep 15;155(2):285-90
references.pmid: 16513179
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 May;25(4):715-26
references.pmid: 21277368
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 17;285(38):29223-30
references.pmid: 20628061
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jun 29;1398:94-101
references.pmid: 21620378
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Sep;31(9):1874-85
references.pmid: 21610723
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2011 Feb-Mar;60(2-3):252-8
references.pmid: 20868700
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2010 Jul 15;294(1-2):107-11
references.pmid: 20451219
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Apr 18;1385:263-74
references.pmid: 21333636
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jan;31(1):362-70
references.pmid: 20628398
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 Nov;41(11):2661-8
references.pmid: 20947850
references.citation: Stroke. 2009 Feb;40(2):577-81
references.pmid: 19074479
references.citation: Brain Inj. 2011;25(2):227-36
references.pmid: 21219093
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 11;1360:147-58
references.pmid: 20828545
references.citation: Stroke. 1986 Jul-Aug;17(4):738-43
references.pmid: 2943059
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Feb;29(2):221-3
references.pmid: 18797473
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2003 Jan 30;122(2):201-11
references.pmid: 12573479
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Aug 12;5(8):e12117
references.pmid: 20711428
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):558-64
references.pmid: 21029769
references.citation: Mol Imaging Biol. 2011 Feb;13(1):10-5
references.pmid: 20383592
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2011 Apr;40(4):1151-8
references.pmid: 20839013
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Jul 9;1343:143-52
references.pmid: 20417628
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 May 1;56(1):280-9
references.pmid: 21349337
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 Sep;41(9):2071-6
references.pmid: 20671252
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 May 10;1389:152-60
references.pmid: 21396924
references.citation: Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;38(5):223-9
references.pmid: 20486873
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Dec;32(10):1110-6
references.pmid: 20483028
references.citation: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011 Jan;31(1):57-63
references.pmid: 20703797
references.citation: Stroke. 2011 Mar;42(3):754-63
references.pmid: 21293012
references.citation: Stroke. 1989 Jan;20(1):84-91
references.pmid: 2643202
references.citation: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;27(1):23-30
references.pmid: 21325818
references.citation: Cell Transplant. 2011;20(7):1049-64
references.pmid: 21092409
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2011 May;60(6):991-9
references.pmid: 21167846
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:429505
references.pmid: 21197427
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2010 May;103(5):891-900
references.pmid: 20216985
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 12;1368:264-70
references.pmid: 20971083
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Sep 24;1353:1-13
references.pmid: 20547143
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 May;17(9-10):1303-11
references.pmid: 21226624
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(3):517-27
references.pmid: 20503469
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Feb;6(2):121-125
references.pmid: 21278749
references.citation: Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2010 Sep 17;2(1):17
references.pmid: 20849633
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;164(2):332-43
references.pmid: 21410687
references.citation: Stroke. 1993 Jul;24(7):1063-7
references.pmid: 8100654
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Jun;32(5):547-55
references.pmid: 20501058
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2012 Nov 30;13:146
references.pmid: 23194405
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2006 Mar;59(3):467-77
references.pmid: 16453316
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Mar;31(3):855-67
references.pmid: 20859292
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Nov;32(9):963-70
references.pmid: 20444327
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2274-80
references.pmid: 21606872
references.citation: Neurol Sci. 2010 Aug;31(4):431-5
references.pmid: 20198495
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul;88(7):716-23
references.pmid: 20651819
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2010 Dec;31(34):9128-34
references.pmid: 20828810
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2009 Nov 05;10(11):4789-804
references.pmid: 20087465
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988 Aug;8(4):474-85
references.pmid: 3392112
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2011 May;39(5):1130-7
references.pmid: 21283002
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2011 Jul;113(1):153-9
references.pmid: 21525184
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990 Mar;10(2):290-3
references.pmid: 1689322
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010 Mar;37(3):e121-7
references.pmid: 20409079
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2010 Nov 30;193(2):246-53
references.pmid: 20817031
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Jul 30;1346:174-82
references.pmid: 20510888
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2011 May 30;85(3-4):219-24
references.pmid: 21453760
references.citation: Peptides. 2011 May;32(5):1047-54
references.pmid: 21402115
references.citation: Stroke. 2011 Feb;42(2):389-96
references.pmid: 21183751
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988 Aug;8(4):449-61
references.pmid: 2968987
references.citation: Hypertension. 2011 Jun;57(6):1161-6
references.pmid: 21536991
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2006 Sep 30;156(1-2):50-4
references.pmid: 16530845
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2011 May;21(3):249-62
references.pmid: 21029239
references.citation: Stroke. 2011 Jul;42(7):2045-53
references.pmid: 21566227
references.citation: J Pineal Res. 2011 Oct;51(3):313-23
references.pmid: 21605165
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2011 Jun;44(2):130-9
references.pmid: 21318404
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 7;1367:103-13
references.pmid: 20977892
references.citation: Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2009 Oct;14(4):343-8
references.pmid: 21048648
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 May;30(5):900-3
references.pmid: 20216551
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Feb 4;1372:92-102
references.pmid: 21138737
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2012 May 1;174(1):176-83
references.pmid: 21195427
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 2010 Oct;68(2):154-7
references.pmid: 20600373
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Nov;226(1):58-67
references.pmid: 20696163
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(5):595-601
references.pmid: 21532144
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2011 Sep 30;223(1):17-23
references.pmid: 21419805
references.citation: J Neurol. 2005 Sep;252(9):1108-14
references.pmid: 16170651
references.citation: Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010 Aug;152(8):1383-90; discussion 1390
references.pmid: 20464434
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Oct;120(10):3480-92
references.pmid: 20811149
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Oct 19;122(16):1578-87
references.pmid: 20921443
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Oct;88(13):2889-98
references.pmid: 20544833
references.citation: Interv Neuroradiol. 2010 Sep;16(3):290-6
references.pmid: 20977863
references.citation: Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 Feb;58(2):176-83
references.pmid: 20498797
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 23;5(7):e11746
references.pmid: 20668522
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2010 May 31;82(3-4):228-33
references.pmid: 20417695
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jan;31(1):132-43
references.pmid: 20407463
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 Mar;41(3):524-30
references.pmid: 20056925
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct 10;644(1-3):73-9
references.pmid: 20638381
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 7;1367:85-93
references.pmid: 20940001
references.citation: Lab Anim. 2006 Jan;40(1):1-8
references.pmid: 16460584
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2011 Jan;69(1):119-29
references.pmid: 21280082
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2010 Oct;42(2):226-34
references.pmid: 20401639
references.citation: J Nat Med. 2011 Apr;65(2):322-9
references.pmid: 21213065
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Oct 1;1354:206-16
references.pmid: 20673757
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:893401
references.pmid: 21274269
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(12):1958-64
references.pmid: 21139233
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Apr;31(4):1107-18
references.pmid: 21157475
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Aug 11;169(1):402-14
references.pmid: 20423721
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2011 Aug;121(8):457-61
references.pmid: 21574891
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Aug;30(8):1450-9
references.pmid: 20332799
references.citation: Int J Mol Med. 2010 Aug;26(2):225-30
references.pmid: 20596602
references.citation: Brain Res. 1995 Mar 27;675(1-2):20-6
references.pmid: 7796130
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Sep;99(3):468-74
references.pmid: 21557963
references.citation: Stroke. 1993 Feb;24(2):294-7; discussion 297-8
references.pmid: 8421831
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Dec;88(16):3621-34
references.pmid: 20936696
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 Jul;41(7):1536-42
references.pmid: 20522814
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jun;1199:77-85
references.pmid: 20633111
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Jun;31(6):1355-63
references.pmid: 20512887
references.citation: Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010 Feb;75(2):145-50
references.pmid: 20367601
references.citation: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011 Jul;23(3):222-8
references.pmid: 21593692
references.citation: Eur J Med Chem. 2010 May;45(5):1731-8
references.pmid: 20117861
references.citation: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(1):40-6
references.pmid: 20407485
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Apr;30(4):718-28
references.pmid: 20087367
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2010 Mar;112(6):1500-12
references.pmid: 20050973
references.citation: Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):879-87
references.pmid: 20614848
references.citation: Neuropeptides. 2011 Feb;45(1):17-23
references.pmid: 20974494
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(1):51-64
references.pmid: 20128044
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 11;1360:1-7
references.pmid: 20654595
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Dec;30(12):1905-13
references.pmid: 20648038
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jun 17;409(4):808-13
references.pmid: 21624354
references.citation: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2010 Mar-Apr;3(2):153-65
references.pmid: 20716939
references.citation: J Investig Med. 2010 Oct;58(7):893-904
references.pmid: 20601898
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Oct;96(4):469-75
references.pmid: 20637223
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2011 Sep 12;222(1):26-32
references.pmid: 21420440
references.citation: Front Integr Neurosci. 2010 Jun 14;4:18
references.pmid: 20589237
references.citation: Inflammation. 2011 Oct;34(5):463-70
references.pmid: 20859668
references.citation: Glia. 2010 Nov 15;58(15):1881-92
references.pmid: 20737476
references.citation: Neurotherapeutics. 2011 Jul;8(3):515-25
references.pmid: 21647765
references.citation: Brain Inj. 2011;25(3):292-9
references.pmid: 21280975
references.citation: Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Jun;25(3):300-3
references.pmid: 20608997
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Apr 14;1325:164-73
references.pmid: 20167207
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Feb;31(2):504-13
references.pmid: 20648035
references.citation: Acta Cir Bras. 2010 Oct;25(5):428-33
references.pmid: 20877953
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2011 Sep;61(4):677-86
references.pmid: 21635908
references.citation: Nutr Res Pract. 2010 Jun;4(3):196-202
references.pmid: 20607064
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Jan 13;172:398-405
references.pmid: 21034794
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct 25;645(1-3):102-7
references.pmid: 20667450
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2011 Feb 28;405(1-2):228-33
references.pmid: 21168478
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jul 8;498(2):105-9
references.pmid: 21596097
references.citation: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011 May;30(5):354-62
references.pmid: 20488839
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010 Apr;36(4):595-603
references.pmid: 20350686
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Feb;31(2):572-9
references.pmid: 20683452
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 12;1368:317-23
references.pmid: 20971084
references.citation: Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2010 Apr 14;2:9
references.pmid: 20388227
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jan 3;487(1):103-6
references.pmid: 20937361
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Aug 15;266(23):14978-85
references.pmid: 1651317
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2011 Jan;89(1):86-95
references.pmid: 20963849
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Feb;32 Suppl 1:84-7
references.pmid: 20034452
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2000 Jun;26(3):232-42
references.pmid: 10886681
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Oct 27;170(3):846-57
references.pmid: 20691766
references.citation: Lab Anim. 2010 Jul;44(3):238-46
references.pmid: 20147341
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2011 Jan;32(1):306-15
references.pmid: 20888632
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jan 7;1367:347-59
references.pmid: 20950592
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Aug 30;173(2):225-34
references.pmid: 18634824
references.citation: Pharm Biol. 2011 Jan;49(1):78-85
references.pmid: 20684747
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Jun;30(6):1188-99
references.pmid: 20197780
references.citation: Mol Med Rep. 2011 Mar-Apr;4(2):319-24
references.pmid: 21468571
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Feb;38(2):905-12
references.pmid: 20473717
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;88(8):788-95
references.pmid: 20725136
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun;39(6):1448-53
references.pmid: 21336110
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2011 Feb;36(2):339-46
references.pmid: 21120604
references.citation: Stroke. 2011 Jun;42(6):1750-6
references.pmid: 21474807
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Feb 28;1376:60-5
references.pmid: 21185809
references.citation: Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 May;8(2):95-102
references.pmid: 21443458
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2007 Feb 2;412(3):185-90
references.pmid: 17123725
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Mar;222(1):135-43
references.pmid: 20045410
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 1992 Jul;31(1):100-6; discussion 106-7
references.pmid: 1641086
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Apr;30(4):729-33
references.pmid: 20068574
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002 Oct;22(10):1196-204
references.pmid: 12368658
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Mar;98(1):150-4
references.pmid: 21172384
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Jan;112(1):215-21
references.pmid: 21533807
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Nov 15;88(15):3275-81
references.pmid: 20857512
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun 14;136(1):117-22
references.pmid: 21527331
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 Mar;41(3):538-43
references.pmid: 20075343
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Jul;30(7):1275-87
references.pmid: 20145654
references.citation: Pharm Biol. 2011 Feb;49(2):175-81
references.pmid: 20969537
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19983
references.pmid: 21611146
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2010 May;160(1):153-9
references.pmid: 20412072
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2011 Jul 15;18(10):811-8
references.pmid: 21377850
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 Jul;35(7):1265-9
references.pmid: 21352248
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2010 Dec;59(7-8):582-8
references.pmid: 20813117
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jan 28;404(4):941-5
references.pmid: 21185267
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2010 May;21(5):603-10
references.pmid: 20059319
references.citation: Curr Neurovasc Res. 2010 Aug;7(3):167-79
references.pmid: 20560882
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Aug;30(8):1520-6
references.pmid: 20407464
references.citation: Nat Prod Res. 2010 Aug;24(13):1214-26
references.pmid: 20645208
references.citation: J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011 May;63(5):695-706
references.pmid: 21492172
references.citation: Life Sci. 2011 Jul 4;89(1-2):50-6
references.pmid: 21620871
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Mar;134(Pt 3):732-46
references.pmid: 21278085
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2011 Mar;7(1):208-20
references.pmid: 20526754
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2011 Jan 15;18(2-3):170-5
references.pmid: 21183324
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Nov;19(11):1757-67
references.pmid: 20192839
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Nov 1;88(14):3206-14
references.pmid: 20722071
references.citation: Shock. 2011 Mar;35(3):258-65
references.pmid: 20720512
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;161(3):668-79
references.pmid: 20880404
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Sep;338(3):906-16
references.pmid: 21652782
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Mar;31(3):962-75
references.pmid: 20978519
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2010 Jun 30;190(1):28-33
references.pmid: 20435065
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Mar 19;1321:152-63
references.pmid: 20083089
references.citation: Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 Feb;8(1):1-13
references.pmid: 21208165
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Aug 12;1348:174-80
references.pmid: 20547141
references.citation: Inflammation. 2010 Oct;33(5):344-52
references.pmid: 20204486
references.citation: Stroke. 2003 Sep;34(9):2252-7
references.pmid: 12893948
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Jun;134(Pt 6):1777-89
references.pmid: 21616972
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jul;31(7):1583-7
references.pmid: 21522166
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Apr 18;1385:275-80
references.pmid: 21316348
references.citation: Sci China Life Sci. 2011 Mar;54(3):235-9
references.pmid: 21336646
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 May 20;495(3):210-5
references.pmid: 21457756
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2005 Jan;27(1):47-52
references.pmid: 15829158
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010 May;37(5):954-61
references.pmid: 20107794
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;158(8):2005-13
references.pmid: 20050189
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Mar 19;1321:164-8
references.pmid: 20096271
references.citation: J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011 Apr;63(4):550-7
references.pmid: 21401607
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 May 19;182:82-7
references.pmid: 21435380
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2010 Oct;17(12):963-73
references.pmid: 20833521
references.citation: Mol Cells. 2011 Mar;31(3):209-15
references.pmid: 21347705
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jul;301(1):H87-97
references.pmid: 21551278
references.citation: Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011 Jan 01;3:604-15
references.pmid: 21196338
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Sep;31(9):1930-41
references.pmid: 21487414
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;666(1-3):105-10
references.pmid: 21645512
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Nov;34(11):1948-55
references.pmid: 20659070
references.citation: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011 Jan;108(1):21-7
references.pmid: 20735376
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 May 10;1389:169-76
references.pmid: 21420942
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2010 May;35(5):773-81
references.pmid: 20155318
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Jul;88(9):2046-55
references.pmid: 20155812
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 May 25;1392:110-5
references.pmid: 21458427
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2011 Aug;89(8):1194-202
references.pmid: 21544853
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2011 Jan;116(2):217-26
references.pmid: 21054390
references.citation: Kobe J Med Sci. 2010 Aug 19;56(1):E1-11
references.pmid: 21063140
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2011 May;40(5):1419-29
references.pmid: 20862501
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Sep;225(1):104-13
references.pmid: 20685313
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2011 Dec;33(10):1064-7
references.pmid: 20487600
references.citation: Peptides. 2011 Jun;32(6):1207-16
references.pmid: 21514338
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Aug;354(1-2):67-75
references.pmid: 21465238
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2011 Mar 30;196(2):247-57
references.pmid: 21256866
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Feb 10;1373:211-20
references.pmid: 21146508
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 11;1360:193-7
references.pmid: 20833153
references.citation: Resuscitation. 2011 Feb;82(2):219-21
references.pmid: 21131122
references.citation: Drug Deliv. 2011 Jul;18(5):338-43
references.pmid: 21348576
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Feb 4;1372:145-51
references.pmid: 21122797
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Nov 16;11(11):4580-90
references.pmid: 21151457
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2010 Dec 1;17(14):1145-9
references.pmid: 20570121
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2011 May 31;8:60
references.pmid: 21627837
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2010 Jul;88(9):2035-45
references.pmid: 20186763
references.citation: Hypertens Res. 2011 Jul;34(7):840-5
references.pmid: 21562512
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Aug 25;640(1-3):75-81
references.pmid: 20470770
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2011 Feb;114(2):340-54
references.pmid: 21239965
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(1):83-94
references.pmid: 21213400
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2011 Apr 15;18(6):513-5
references.pmid: 21420287
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 May 25;1392:101-9
references.pmid: 21447327
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 May;41(5):1001-7
references.pmid: 20203318
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Sep;299(3):R871-7
references.pmid: 20631292
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(3):495-516
references.pmid: 20503468
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 18;1361:86-92
references.pmid: 20840843
references.citation: Stroke. 1995 Sep;26(9):1655-7; discussion 1658
references.pmid: 7660413
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Mar 10;176:381-95
references.pmid: 21185913
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2010 Jul;56(8):955-61
references.pmid: 20398714
references.citation: Stroke. 2009 Dec;40(12):3864-8
references.pmid: 19797186
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jun;58(7):972-80
references.pmid: 20060006
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2011 Feb;201(2):275-87
references.pmid: 20726846
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2011 Mar;36(3):476-86
references.pmid: 21203836
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jun 22;497(2):144-7
references.pmid: 21539894
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2011 Feb 1;489(1):16-9
references.pmid: 21129442
references.citation: Eur J Med Chem. 2010 May;45(5):1964-71
references.pmid: 20170988
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Nov 11;1360:168-76
references.pmid: 20828544
references.citation: BMC Pharmacol. 2010 Sep 06;10:11
references.pmid: 20815926
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 May;32(4):378-83
references.pmid: 20483004
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Mar;31(3):924-33
references.pmid: 20877384
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Feb 26;7:14
references.pmid: 20187933
references.citation: Stroke. 2010 May;41(5):1027-31
references.pmid: 20360546
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2010 Jul;111(1):38-45
references.pmid: 20519424
references.citation: J Pineal Res. 2011 Apr;50(3):292-303
references.pmid: 21210839
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 25;638(1-3):65-71
references.pmid: 20423712
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2010 Oct 30;83(5):196-201
references.pmid: 20637265
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992 Summer;16(2):219-33
references.pmid: 1630732
references.citation: Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 Feb;58(2):184-90
references.pmid: 20498798
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2011 Jan 1;216(1):29-35
references.pmid: 20600339
references.citation: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011 Apr;23(2):131-7
references.pmid: 21150456
references.citation: Pharmazie. 2010 Apr;65(4):274-8
references.pmid: 20432624
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Oct;22(10):929-36
references.pmid: 21190830
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Apr 6;1323:174-83
references.pmid: 20138164
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2011 Apr;112(4):931-7
references.pmid: 21385986
references.citation: BMC Neurosci. 2010 Mar 17;11:39
references.pmid: 20236508
references.citation: Acta Physiol Hung. 2010 Jun;97(2):159-71
references.pmid: 20511125
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Feb;31(2):606-13
references.pmid: 20700130
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Aug;31(8):1778-87
references.pmid: 21559032
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 2011 Apr;69(4):299-307
references.pmid: 21185885
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(2):325-33
references.pmid: 21476209
references.citation: Molecules. 2010 Aug 02;15(8):5246-57
references.pmid: 20714296
references.citation: Biomed Res. 2011 Apr;32(2):135-41
references.pmid: 21551949
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2011 Jan;32(3):899-908
references.pmid: 21035846
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jun 16;129(3):403-9
references.pmid: 20435123
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;701:157-62
references.pmid: 21445783
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2010 May 1;209(1):119-22
references.pmid: 20109497
references.citation: Curr Neurovasc Res. 2011 May;8(2):145-52
references.pmid: 21443454
references.citation: Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):2000-5
references.pmid: 16040589
references.citation: Neurol Res. 2010 Oct;32(8):828-34
references.pmid: 20426901
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Aug 19;131(1):154-64
references.pmid: 20600765
references.citation: Brain Res. 2011 Jun 1;1393:84-90
references.pmid: 21466790
references.citation: Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(2):260-5
references.pmid: 21415538
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Apr 14;166(4):1091-100
references.pmid: 20083167
references.citation: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011 Mar;32(3):303-10
references.pmid: 21258357
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Mar;30(3):474-9
references.pmid: 20051976
references.citation: J Korean Med Sci. 2010 Oct;25(10):1499-505
references.pmid: 20890433
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;164(5):1445-59
references.pmid: 21585344
references.citation: Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2010 Apr 06;2:8
references.pmid: 20370927
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2010 Jul;204(2):173-9
references.pmid: 20535454
references.citation: Neurol Res. 1998 Apr;20(3):265-70
references.pmid: 9583590
references.citation: Stroke. 1996 Sep;27(9):1616-22; discussion 1623
references.pmid: 8784138
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2011 Aug;89(8):1228-34
references.pmid: 21538457
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Jun 2;1334:84-92
references.pmid: 20382136
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Sep;30(9):1651-60
references.pmid: 20424638