title: Sulthiame add-on therapy for epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy is a common neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures. Most patients respond to conventional antiepileptic drugs, however, around 30% will continue to experience seizures despite multiple antiepileptic drugs. Sulthiame is a widely used antiepileptic drug in Europe and Israel. We present a summary of the evidence for the use of sulthiame as add-on therapy in epilepsy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and side-effect profile of sulthiame as add-on therapy compared with placebo or another antiepileptic drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and the WHO IRCTRP Search Portal on 28th August 2012. No language restrictions were imposed. We contacted the manufacturers of sulthiame and researchers in the field to seek any ongoing or unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised placebo-controlled add-on trials of sulthiame in people of any age with epilepsy of any aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted relevant data. The following outcomes were assessed: (1) reduction in seizure frequency of 50% or greater between baseline and end of follow-up (2) complete cessation of seizures during follow-up (3) mean seizure frequency (4) time to treatment withdrawal (5) adverse drug effects (6) quality of life scoring. Primary analyses were intention-to-treat. Narrative analysis is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One trial was included representing 37 patients with a new diagnosis of West syndrome. Sulthiame was given as an add-on therapy to pyridoxine. No data were reported for outcomes (1), (3) or (6). Overall risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for complete cessation of seizures during a nine-day follow-up period versus placebo was 0.71 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.96). Meaningful analysis of time to treatment withdrawal and adverse drug effects was impossible due to incomplete data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulthiame may lead to a cessation of seizures when used as an add-on therapy to pyridoxine in patients with West syndrome. The included study was small and had a significant risk of bias which limits the impact of the evidence. No conclusions can be drawn on the occurrence of adverse drug effects, change in quality of life or mean reduction in seizure frequency. No evidence exists for the use of sulthiame as an add-on therapy in patients with epilepsy outside West syndrome. Large, multi-centre randomised controlled trials are necessary to inform clinical practice if sulthiame is to be used as an add-on therapy for epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology & Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK. philmilburnmcnulty@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milburn-McNulty
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sills
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marson
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013843:Thiazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D013843:Thiazines; C084593:sulthiame; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides