title: Food shopping behaviours and exposure to discrimination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined food shopping behaviours, particularly distance to grocery shop, and exposure to discrimination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study utilizing data from a community survey, neighbourhood food environment observations and the decennial census.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three communities in Detroit, Michigan, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probability sample of 919 African-American, Latino and white adults in 146 census blocks and sixty-nine census block groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, respondents shopped for groceries 3·1 miles (4·99 km) from home, with 30·9 % shopping within 1 mile (1·61 km) and 22·3 % shopping more than 5 miles (8·05 km) from home. Longer distance to shop was associated with being younger, African-American (compared with Latino), a woman, higher socio-economic status, lower satisfaction with the neighbourhood food environment, and living in a neighbourhood with higher poverty, without a large grocery store and further from the nearest supermarket. African-Americans and those with the lowest incomes were particularly likely to report unfair treatment at food outlets. Each mile (1·61 km) increase in distance to shop was associated with a 7 % increase in the odds of unfair treatment; this relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that unfair treatment in retail interactions warrants investigation as a pathway by which restricted neighbourhood food environments and food shopping behaviours may adversely affect health and contribute to health disparities. Efforts to promote 'healthy' and equitable food environments should emphasize local availability and affordability of a range of healthy food products, as well as fair treatment while shopping regardless of race/ethnicity or socio-economic status.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Zenk
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mentz
authors.affiliation: 3 Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: 4 Warren Conner Development Coalition, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opperman
authors.affiliation: 5 University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Odoms-Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003132:Commerce; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D011287:Prejudice / Q000208:ethnology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D044465:White People
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