title: Milk haptoglobin, milk amyloid A, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in bovines with naturally occurring clinical mastitis diagnosed with a quantitative PCR test.
abstract: The associations between quantitative bacteriological results from a real-time PCR test and concentrations of acute-phase proteins (APP) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity in milk in naturally occurring clinical mastitis were investigated. Milk APP concentrations and NAGase activity in clinical mastitis caused by different udder pathogens were studied. The associations between the severity of the clinical signs and concentrations of APP and NAGase activity were estimated. Milk samples from 281 cases of clinical mastitis were collected from 3 Estonian dairy farms and analyzed by PCR to identify pathogens. Twenty-seven samples out of 281 (9.6%) were PCR negative. Milk samples containing 4 or more bacterial species (n=28) were considered possibly contaminated and excluded from all further analyses. In total, 443 bacterial identifications were made from the remaining 226 milk samples. A single bacterial species was detected in 68 samples (30.1%), 2 species were detected in 99 samples (43.8%), and 3 species were detected in 59 (26.1%) samples. To determine the inflammatory response in the udder, the concentrations of milk amyloid A (MAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) and NAGase activity in the milk were analyzed. A significant positive association was found between the severity of the clinical signs and inflammatory markers in the milk. Milk amyloid A and Hp concentrations and NAGase activity were significantly higher in samples with large quantities of bacterial DNA from Escherichia coli or Streptococcus dysgalactiae compared with milk samples not containing those species. Large quantities of bacterial DNA from Trueperella pyogenes or Streptococcus uberis in the milk were associated with elevated concentrations of Hp and high NAGase activity, but not with increased MAA concentrations. Milk samples containing Corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-negative staphylococci had significantly lower concentrations of MAA and Hp and lower NAGase activity compared with samples where these species were not detected. It can be concluded that concentrations of APP and NAGase activity in the milk were associated with the quantity of bacterial DNA in the milk samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapy, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia. piret.kalmus@emu.ee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalmus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simojoki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pyörälä
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taponen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holopainen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orro
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006242:Haptoglobins; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase