title: Caring for offspring in a world of cheats.
abstract: Parents providing care to offspring face the same problem that exists in every biological system in which some individuals offer resources to others: cheaters, who exploit these benefits. In almost all species in which males contribute to parental care, females mate with multiple males. As a result, males frequently provide efforts for unrelated offspring at a cost to their own reproductive fitness. In a new study, Griffin et al. find that across a wide range of animal species, males flexibly adjust their contribution to parental care in relation to extra-pair paternity. However, adjustment is not perfect, because males are limited by the potential costs of withholding help to their own offspring, which is only outweighed if cheating occurs frequently and if providing care reduces a male's future reproductive success. These findings illustrate how in biological systems cheater and cheated can adapt to changes in each other, preventing either one from gaining control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. dl384@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lukas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D056084:Genetic Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010332:Paternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
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