title: Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in frequency and severity in and out of the hospital, with a high probability of recurrence after treatment. The recent literature on CDI was reviewed using PubMed to include recent publications dealing with diagnosis and therapy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive and useful diagnostic test for CDI but there are growing concerns of false-positive test results if the rate of CDI is low in the patient population providing samples and/or if the population being studied commonly includes people with C difficile colonization. Recommended therapy of CDI includes oral metronidazole for milder cases of CDI and oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for more severe cases, each given for 10 days. Colectomy is being performed more frequently in patients with fulminant CDI. For treatment of first recurrences the drug used in the first bout can be used again and for second recurrences longer courses of vancomycin often are given in a tapered dose or intermittently to allow gut flora reconstitution, or other treatments including fidaxomicin may be used. Bacteriotherapy with fecal transplantation is playing an increasing role in therapy of recurrent cases. Metagenomic studies of patients with CDI during successful therapy are needed to determine how best to protect the flora from assaults from antibacterial drugs and to develop optimal therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis offer opportunities to prevent CDI, to speed up recovery from CDI, and to eliminate recurrent infection. Humanized monoclonal antitoxin antibodies and active immunization with vaccines against C difficile or its toxins are both in development and appear to be of potential value.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; and Internal Medicine Service, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: herbert.l.dupont@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D003082:Colectomy; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D000077732:Fidaxomicin; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin; D000077732:Fidaxomicin
keywords: Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea; CDI; Clostridium difficile Infection; Clostridium difficile infection; Fidaxomicin; GDH; Metronidazole; Microbiome; NAP1; North American pulse-field type 1; Oral Vancomycin; PPV; RT-PCR; glutamate dehydrogenase; positive predictive value; real-time polymerase chain reaction