title: Timing of renal replacement therapy initiation by AKIN classification system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies using Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN)/RIFLE criteria to classify early initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) have defined it as the therapy started in less severe AKIN/RIFLE stages. Generally, these studies failed in demonstrating measurable benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared RRT initiation in critically ill patients and defined early or late RRT in reference to timing after stage 3 AKIN was met: patients beginning RRT within 24 hours after acute kidney injury (AKI) stage 3 were considered early starters. AKIN criteria were evaluated by both urine output (UO) and serum creatinine (sCr) and patients with acute-on-chronic kidney disease were excluded. A propensity score methodology was used to control variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 358 critically ill patients were submitted to RRT. Only 150 patients with pure AKI at stage 3 were analyzed. Mortality was lower in the early RRT group (51.5 vs. 77.9%, P=0.001). After achieving balance between the groups using a propensity score, there was a significant 30.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.4 to 45.2%, P=0.002) relative decrease of mortality in the early RRT group. Moreover, patients on the early RRT group had lower duration of mechanical ventilation, time on RRT and a trend to lower intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, AKIN was used with UO criterion to evaluate early and late RRT. Using a time-based approach could be a better parameter to access the association between RRT initiation and outcomes in patients with AKI.
authors.forename: Tacyano T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Sandro R C
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.forename: Pedro H S
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.forename: André S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Fernanda R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Militão
authors.forename: Irineu M M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
authors.forename: Livia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Assunção
authors.forename: Alexandre B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Libório
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
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