title: Prophylactic procurement of university students in Southern Ethiopia: stigma and the value of condom machines on campus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risky sexual behavior among Ethiopian university students, especially females, is a major contributor to young adult morbidity and mortality. Ambaw et al. found that female university students in Ethiopia may fear the humiliation associated with procuring condoms. A study in Thailand suggests condom machines may provide comfortable condom procurement, but the relevance to a high-risk African context is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine if the installation of condom machines in Ethiopia predicts changes in student condom uptake and use, as well as changes in procurement related stigma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students at a large urban university in Southern Ethiopia completed self reported surveys in 2010 (N  = 2,155 surveys) and again in 2011 (N =  2,000), six months after the installation of condom machines. Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were conducted to evaluate significant changes in student sexual behavior, as well as condom procurement and associated stigma over the subsequent one year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After installing condom machines, the average number of trips made to procure condoms on-campus significantly increased 101% for sexually active females and significantly decreased 36% for sexually active males. Additionally, reports of condom use during last sexual intercourse showed a non-significant 4.3% increase for females and a significant 9.0% increase for males. During this time, comfort procuring condoms and ability to convince sexual partners to use condoms were significantly higher for sexually active male students. There was no evidence that the condom machines led to an increase in promiscuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that condom machines may be associated with more condom procurement among vulnerable female students in Ethiopia and could be an important component of a comprehensive university health policy.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of International Health and Development, New Orleans, LA, USA. cwells@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D057545:Social Stigma; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
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