title: Critical realism: a practical ontology to explain the complexities of smoking and tobacco control in different resource settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents critical realism (CR) as an innovative system for research in tobacco prevention and control. CR argues that underlying mechanisms are considered and explored to ensure effective implementation of any program/policy or intervention. Any intervention or program/policy that is transposed from one country to another or one setting to another is complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was undertaken and analyzed through a critical ethnography lens using CR as a philosophical underpinning. The study relied upon the following components: original fieldwork in Nigeria including participant observation of smokers, in-depth interviews and focus groups with smokers, and in-depth interviews with health professionals working in the area of tobacco control in Nigeria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from this small ethnographic study in Nigeria, suggest that Critical Realism holds promise for addressing underlying mechanism that links complex influences on smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper argues that understanding the underlying mechanisms associated with smoking in different societies will enable a platform for effective implementation of tobacco control policies that work in various settings.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Oladeler@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Dunsi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oladele
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Solina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Lory
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D062789:Tobacco Products
keywords: Africa; Lagos; Nigeria; critical realism; developing countries; health policy; smoking; tobacco control
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