title: Efficacy and toxicity of conventionally fractionated pelvic radiation with a hypofractionated simultaneous versus conventionally fractionated sequential boost for patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if high-risk prostate cancer responds differently to hypofractionation.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-seven men with NCCN high-risk (T3, PSA > 20, or Gleason ≥ 8) clinically localized prostate cancer treated between 1998 and 2010 met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. Eighty-two were treated with conventional WPRT with a conventionally fractionated sequential boost to the prostate (cRT), with the prostate receiving 75-77 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy fractions. Seventy-five were treated with pelvic IMRT with a hypofractionated simultaneous boost to the prostate (hRT), with the prostate receiving 70 Gy in 2.5 Gy fractions. The dose to the pelvic lymph nodes was 45 Gy in the cRT group and 50.4 Gy in the hRT group, both at 1.8 Gy per fraction. Ninety-two percent received neoadjuvant hormonal ablation therapy, typically beginning two months prior to the start of RT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 6.5 years for men receiving cRT and 3.7 years for those receiving hRT. The actuarial rate of biochemical control at four years was 88% for cRT and 94% for hRT (p = 0.82). The rates of early rectal and urinary grade ≥ 2 toxicities were 35% (29 of 82) and 49% (40 of 82) for the cRT group and 36% (27 of 75) and 44% (33 of 75) for the hRT group. The actuarial rate of late grade ≥ 2 rectal toxicity at four years was 25% for the cRT group and 13% for the hRT group (p = 0.037). The rate of late grade 3 rectal complications was 4% (3 of 82) for patients receiving cRT and 1% (1 of 75) for patients receiving hRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial follow-up indicates equivalent biochemical control between regimens. Patients receiving hRT experienced fewer late rectal complications.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. friezu@uab.edu
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Rojymon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dobelbower
authors.forename: Robert Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fiveash
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk