title: An analysis of the implementation of PEPFAR's anti-prostitution pledge and its implications for successful HIV prevention among organizations working with sex workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 2003, US government funding to address the HIV and AIDS pandemic has been subject to an anti-prostitution clause. Simultaneously, the efficacy of some HIV prevention efforts for sex work in areas receiving US government funding has diminished. This article seeks to explain why.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis utilizes a case story approach to build a narrative of defining features of organizations in receipt of funding from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and other US funding sources. For this analysis, multiple cases were compiled within a single narrative. This helps show restrictions imposed by the anti-prostitution clause, any lack of clarity of guidelines for implementation and ways some agencies, decision-making personnel, and staff on the ground contend with these restrictions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses to PEPFAR's anti-prostitution clause vary widely and have varied over time. Organizational responses have included ending services for sex workers, gradual phase-out of services, cessation of seeking US government HIV funds and increasing isolation of sex workers. Guidance issued in 2010 did not clarify what was permitted. Implementation and enforcement has been dependent in part on the interpretations of this policy by individuals, including US government representatives and organizational staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different interpretations of the anti-prostitution clause have led to variations in programming, affecting the effectiveness of work with sex workers. The case story approach proved ideal for working with information like this that is highly sensitive and vulnerable to breach of anonymity because the method limits the potential to betray confidences and sources, and limits the potential to jeopardize funding and thereby jeopardize programming. This method enabled us to use specific examples without jeopardizing the organizations and individuals involved while demonstrating unintended consequences of PEPFAR's anti-prostitution pledge in its provision of services to sex workers and clients.
authors.affiliation: HIV Social, Behavioural and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. mhd-pep@taumail.com
authors.forename: Melissa Hope
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ditmore
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002202:Capital Financing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009938:Organizations / Q000191:economics*; D060386:Sex Workers; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AIDS; HIV; PEPFAR; funding; policy; prostitution; sex work; trafficking
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