title: Do Men Vary More than Women in Personality? A Study in 51 Cultures.
abstract: Do men vary more than women in personality? Evolutionary, genetic, and cultural arguments suggest that hypothesis. In this study we tested it using 12,156 college student raters from 51 cultures who described a person they knew well on the 3rd-person version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. In most cultures, male targets varied more than female targets, and ratings by female informants varied more than ratings by male informants, which may explain why higher variances for men are not found in self-reports. Variances were higher in more developed, and effects of target sex were stronger in more individualistic societies. It seems that individualistic cultures enable a less restricted expression of personality, resulting in larger variances and particularly so among men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borkenau
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McCrae
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terracciano
keywords: cross-cultural research; individualism; multilevel modeling; sex differences; variability
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