title: Epinephrine-reduced articaine solution (1:400,000) in paediatric dentistry: a multicentre non-interventional clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In paediatric dentistry, epinephrine may contribute to systemic and local side-effects. On the other hand it is necessary to provide good and safe local analgesia. Therefore, an articaine solution with reduced epinephrine concentration was tested in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a non-interventional clinical study, dental treatment was performed in children and adolescents (4-17 years). For local analgesia, articaine 4 % plus epinephrine 1:400,000 was used in the technique chosen by the dentist. Efficacy and tolerance as well as duration of soft tissue analgesia and side-effects were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  999 patients (50.5 % male, 49.5 % female) with a mean age of 7.9 (SD 2.34) years were treated. Two hundred seventy six patients (27.6 %) received sedation prior to treatment. The mean treatment time was 15 min (SD 10). In 93.5 % of cases, initial local analgesia was sufficient to perform the planned treatment. In 99 % of cases (n = 989) the planned treatment could be completed. A second injection was necessary in 6.5 % of cases. A mean duration of soft tissue analgesia of 2.19 h (SD 1.01) was seen. Slight side-effects occurred in 3.1 % of subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to high efficacy, tolerance and safety, the articaine 4 % solution with the reduced epinephrine concentration (1:400,000) was a safe and suitable drug for paediatric routine treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kämmerer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esch
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uhlemann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piehlmeier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daubländer
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine; D006801:Humans; D010377:Pediatric Dentistry; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D002355:Carticaine; D004837:Epinephrine
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