title: Enhanced external counterpulsation and CVD protection: 3D echo validation: a promising approach.
abstract: AIMS & OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on various echo variables by 3D-Echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 adult patients from indoor and outdoor patient department; consisting of 16 patients with heart failure (HF) with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, 20 patients with heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), 4 patients with prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 3 patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 17 patients with syndrome X; were subjected to Echocardiographic evaluation. The various echo variables included were left ventricular myocardial performance index (LVMPI), left ventricular mass index (LVMi), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), left ventricular systolic function (LVEF) and left atrial volume index (LAVi). Once randomized, patients underwent 35 hrs EECP treatment sessions, each lasting 1 hour, could be given once or twice per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in the overall prolonged mean LVMPI from baseline (0.54 +/- 0.2) to post ECP treatment (0.43 +/- 0.1) in the total study population (p < 0.001). EECP treatment significantly reduced baseline grade II or grade III diastolic dysfunction and E/E' ratio > 12, but not in patients with baseline E/E' < 12, baseline normal diastolic function or grade I diastolic dysfunction. Similiarly the mean LVEF in the subset of patients with HF treatment was 30.7 +/- 3.1; post ECP the mean LVEF was increased to 36.9 +/- 3.2 which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In the remaining patients, who had mean LVEF within normal range, there was no significant difference pre and post EECP (p value- NS). Pre EECP the mean LAVi in the total population was increased up to 33.4 +/- 5.6 ml/m2. Post EECP the mean LAVi reduced to 24.8 +/- 4.2 ml/m2, which was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Regarding mean LVMi as well as in the patterns of LVH, there were no significant changes seen as compared to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced External counterpulsation is noninvasive, non-surgical method of choice for CVD & heart failure protection. It is very useful in Single vessel or multivessel disease, heart failure, HFNEF, Post PCI or post CABG and syndrome X. It reduces LVMPI and improves global cardiac function, increases LVEF in patients with ejection fraction of less than 50%, reduces grade II or grade III diastolic dysfunction and E/E' ratio more than 12, decreases LAVi by 25.7%; thereby reducing adverse clinical events in CAD and heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Moolchand Medcity, New Delhi, India. drhkchopra@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Ravinder S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sambi
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kasliwal
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Navin C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015908:Counterpulsation; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left