title: Exploratory study on the efficacy of reflexology for pain threshold and tolerance using an ice-pain experiment and sham TENS control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the efficacy of reflexology on acute pain induced in healthy human subjects using a sham TENS control.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ice-pain experiment was undertaken in which the volunteers (n = 15; 11 female and 4 male with a mean ± SEM age of 37.7 ± 2.6 years) were required to immerse their non-dominant hand in a container of ice-slurry whilst two indices of pain, i.e. threshold, (the time taken for subjects to experience the first pain sensation) and tolerance, (the time when the subject is unable to tolerate any further pain), were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to control data, reflexology increased acute pain threshold (F(1,14) = 4.5958, p < 0.05) and tolerance (F(1,14) = 5.1095, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that reflexology produces antinociceptive effects in a controlled experiment and suggest the possibility that reflexology may be useful on its own or as an adjunct to medication in the treatment of pain conditions in man.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michaels Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom. reflexmaster1@sky.com
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Ivor S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ebenezer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice