title: Local vitamin-C injection reduced tendon adhesion in a chicken model of flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adhesion formation is a complication of hand flexor tendon repair. Normal gliding function of flexor tendons can be impaired by an excessive fibrotic response, which may be caused by intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage. As tissue damage and hemorrhage can disturb redox regulation, thereby favoring fibrotic responses, the purpose of this study was to investigate if antioxidants can reduce tendon adhesion by antagonizing oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury was induced in fifty-seven chickens. In twelve chickens, oxidative stress preinjury, immediately after injury, and two and six weeks postinjury (n = 3 at each time period) was estimated by measuring tissue levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (glutathione disulfide [GSSG]) in the proximal interphalangeal joint. In the remaining chickens, 50 μL of saline solution or vitamin-C solution (5 or 50 mg/mL) was injected into the wound immediately after closure of the tendon sheath. Samples were harvested at two weeks (n = 6 in each group) or six weeks (n = 6 in each group) postinjury for a gliding test, ultrasound imaging, and histological examination. Three chickens from each group were killed at two weeks postinjury for GSH and GSSG measurements to evaluate the treatment effects on postoperative oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GSH level was significantly decreased at two and six weeks postinjury, and the GSSG level was significantly increased at six weeks postinjury. Both 5 and 50-mg/mL vitamin C led to higher tissue levels of GSH at two weeks postinjury, as compared with that in the saline solution group, but no significant change in the GSSG level was detected. Chickens with vitamin-C supplementation showed no significant improvement in gliding resistance and no significant reduction of the fibrotic size at two weeks postinjury, but they did show significant improvement in gliding resistance at six weeks postinjury and the 5-mg/mL vitamin-C group showed a significant reduction of the fibrotic size at six weeks. Histological examination showed less peritendinous adhesion in the vitamin-C groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that local injection of vitamin-C solution can reduce the extent of adhesion of healing tendons, probably by redox modulation, in a chicken model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. E-mail address for L.-K. Hung: leungkimhung@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Leung-Kim
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Sai-Chuen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Yuk-Wa
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tsui-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: Kai-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014034:Toes; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide