title: Tissue distribution of enrofloxacin in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.
abstract: As part of an enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic study, concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (metabolite) were measured in various tissues (brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen) collected from treated (subcutaneous delivery, n = 3; intramuscular delivery, n = 3; untreated controls, n = 2) adult female Xenopus laevis by using HPLC. Enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed after administration by either route and readily diffused into all sampled tissues. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were present in the tissue samples collected at 8 h. The highest average tissue concentrations for enrofloxacin were found in kidney, with the lowest concentrations in liver. Ciprofloxacin tissue concentrations paralleled but were always lower than those of enrofloxacin for all time points and tissues except brain and kidney. These results, together with previously published pharmacokinetic data and known minimal inhibitory concentrations of common pathogenic bacteria, provide a strong evidence-based rationale for choosing enrofloxacin to treat infectious diseases in X. laevis.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. felt@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Felt
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Papich
authors.forename: Antwain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torreilles
authors.forename: Sherril
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin
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