title: Replication clamps and clamp loaders.
abstract: To achieve the high degree of processivity required for DNA replication, DNA polymerases associate with ring-shaped sliding clamps that encircle the template DNA and slide freely along it. The closed circular structure of sliding clamps necessitates an enzyme-catalyzed mechanism, which not only opens them for assembly and closes them around DNA, but specifically targets them to sites where DNA synthesis is initiated and orients them correctly for replication. Such a feat is performed by multisubunit complexes known as clamp loaders, which use ATP to open sliding clamp rings and place them around the 3' end of primer-template (PT) junctions. Here we discuss the structure and composition of sliding clamps and clamp loaders from the three domains of life as well as T4 bacteriophage, and provide our current understanding of the clamp-loading process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedglin
authors.forename: Ravindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Benkovic
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000378:metabolism; D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017122:Bacteriophage T4 / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011487:Protein Conformation; D051818:Replication Protein C / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D004247:DNA; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D051818:Replication Protein C
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