title: Agreement between photographic and clinical examinations in detecting developmental defects of enamel in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the reliability of photographic method with clinical examinations in detecting developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in the anterior primary teeth of infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample was a part of an ongoing longitudinal study to assess risk factors for early childhood caries, and consisted of 138 and 238 infants who had scheduled follow-up visits at approximately 8 and 18-20 months corrected age, respectively. The modified DDE Index was used to record enamel defects (opacity, hypoplasia, and all types of defects) on anterior primary teeth by trained dentist examiners. Photographs of the teeth were taken using a digital camera. Statistical analysis included Cohen's Kappa for reliability, and McNemar test and paired t-test for comparison between photographic and clinical examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of agreement between clinical and photographic methods was fair to moderate with Kappa values ranging from 0.252 to 0.514. The photographic examination detected significantly more DDE than the clinical examination regardless of age group and type of DDE. The intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the photographic method was excellent with Kappa values ranging from 0.638 to 0.927.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitation of this study, the photographic method can be a sound approach for verifying the diagnosis of DDE.
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wonik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Slayton
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010781:Photography; D011859:Radiography
keywords: dental enamel hypoplasia; diagnosis; photographs; reproducibility of results
references.citation: Int Dent J. 1992 Dec;42(6):411-26
references.pmid: 1286924
references.citation: Oral Health Prev Dent. 2010;8(1):85-92
references.pmid: 20480059
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):208-16
references.pmid: 1886825
references.citation: Community Dent Health. 1998 Jun;15(2):82-7
references.pmid: 9793223
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 2006 May;114 Suppl 1:35-8; discussion 39-41, 379
references.pmid: 16674660
references.citation: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995 Apr;23(2):72-9
references.pmid: 7781303
references.citation: Asia Pac J Public Health. 2011 May;23(3):341-8
references.pmid: 19625325
references.citation: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;32 Suppl 1:19-27
references.pmid: 15016113
references.citation: Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 Nov;10 Suppl 1:5-10
references.pmid: 19863892
references.citation: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;32 Suppl 1:28-33
references.pmid: 15016114
references.citation: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005 Dec;33(6):438-46
references.pmid: 16262611
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 2001 Jan-Feb;23(1):32-6
references.pmid: 11242728
references.citation: Int Dent J. 1996 Apr;46(2):69-75
references.pmid: 8930676
references.citation: BMC Oral Health. 2011 Apr 21;11:16
references.pmid: 21510890
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 1987 Sep;9(3):221-5
references.pmid: 3507638
references.citation: Community Dent Health. 1993 Jun;10(2):175-88
references.pmid: 8402304
references.citation: Int J Paediatr Dent. 2013 May;23(3):173-9
references.pmid: 22548676
references.citation: Aust Dent J. 2008 Sep;53(3):274-80
references.pmid: 18782375
references.citation: J Oral Pathol Med. 2000 Sep;29(8):403-9
references.pmid: 10972349
references.citation: Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011 Jan;21(1):23-8
references.pmid: 20659182
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1984 Jan;63(1):59-64
references.pmid: 6582082
references.citation: Cad Saude Publica. 2009 May;25(5):1017-24
references.pmid: 19488486
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 1997 Jan-Feb;19(1):42-9
references.pmid: 9048413
references.citation: Braz Oral Res. 2005 Apr-Jun;19(2):144-9
references.pmid: 16292449
references.citation: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009 Jun;37(3):250-9
references.pmid: 19302574
references.citation: Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74
references.pmid: 843571
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 2011 Mar-Apr;33(2):171-6
references.pmid: 21703068
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2012 Jun;91(6):551-5
references.pmid: 22370445
references.citation: J Public Health Dent. 2012 Spring;72(2):172-5
references.pmid: 22316120
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 2011 May-Jun;33(3):207-12
references.pmid: 21703072