title: Effectiveness of vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in preventing hospitalization with laboratory confirmed influenza during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since influenza predisposes to bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, studies have suggested that pneumococcal vaccination might reduce its occurrence during pandemics. We assessed the effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination alone and in combination with influenza vaccination in preventing influenza hospitalization during the 2009-2010 pandemic wave and 2010-2011 influenza epidemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1187 cases and 2328 controls were included. The adjusted estimate of effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in preventing influenza hospitalization was 41% (95% CI 8-62) in all patients and 43% (95% CI 2-78) in patients aged ≥ 65 y. The adjusted effectiveness of dual PPV23 and influenza vaccination was 81% (95% CI 65-90) in all patients and 76% (95% CI 46-90) in patients aged ≥ 65 y. The adjusted effectiveness of influenza vaccination alone was 58% (95% CI 38-72).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter case-control study in 36 Spanish hospitals. We selected patients aged ≥ 18 y hospitalized with confirmed influenza and two hospitalized controls per case, matched according to age, date of hospitalization and province of residence. Multivariate analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. Subjects were considered vaccinated if they had received the pneumococcal or seasonal influenza vaccine>14 d (or>7 d for pandemic influenza vaccine) before the onset of symptoms (cases) or the onset of symptoms in matched cases (controls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly people and adults with chronic illness, pneumococcal vaccination may reduce hospitalizations during the influenza season. In people vaccinated with both the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, the benefit in hospitalizations avoided was greater than in those vaccinated only against influenza.
authors.affiliation: Department de Salut Pública; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delgado-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soldevila
authors.forename: Jenaro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Astray
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mayoral
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Candelas
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Galán
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamames
authors.forename: Ady
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Maretva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baricot
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Garín
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pumarola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
keywords: effectiveness; hospitalization; influenza vaccine; laboratory-confirmed influenza; pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
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