title: Patterns of patient specific dosimetry in total body irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Total body irradiation (TBI) has been used for bone marrow transplant for hematologic and immune deficiency conditions. The goal of TBI is to deliver a homogeneous dose to the entire body, with a generally accepted range of dose uniformity being within ± 10% of the prescribed dose. The moving table technique for TBI could make dose uniform in whole body by adjusting couch speed. However, it is difficult to accurately estimate the actual dose by calculation and hence in vivo dosimetry (IVD) is routinely performed. Here, the authors present patterns of patient-specific IVD in 161 TBI patients treated at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit (Model C9 Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit, Picker X-ray Corporation) with customized moving bed (SITI Industrial Products, Inc., Fishers, IN) were used for TBI treatment. During treatment, OneDose(TM) (Sicel Technology, NC) Metal Oxide-silicon Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor detectors were placed at patient body surface; both entrance and exit side of the beam at patient head, neck, mediastinum, umbilicus, and knee to estimate midplane dose. When large differences (>10%) between the prescribed and measured dose were observed, dose delivery was corrected for subsequent fractions by the adjustment of couch speed and/or bolus placement. Under IRB exempt status, the authors retrospectively analyzed the treatment records of 161 patients who received TBI treatment between 2006 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the entire cohort, the median ± SD (range) percent variance between calculated and measured dose for head, neck, mediastinum, umbilicus, and knee was -2.3 ± 10.2% (-66.2 to +35.3), 1.1 ± 11.5% (-62.2 to +40.3), -1.9 ± 9.5% (-66.4 to +46.6), -1.1 ± 7.2% (-35.2 to +42.9), and 3.4 ± 12.2% (-47.9 to +108.5), respectively. More than half of treatments were within ± 10% of the prescribed dose for all anatomical regions. For 80% of treatments (10%-90%), dose at the umbilicus was within ± 10%. However, some large differences greater than 35% were also found at several points. For one case, the knee received double the prescribed dose. When the dose differences for multiple fractions were averaged, compliance (± 1 0%) between the prescription and measured dose was improved compared to the dose difference of the first single fraction, for example, as at umbilicus, which improved from 83.9% to 98.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actual dose measurement analysis of TBI patients revealed a potentially wide variance from the calculated dose. Based from their IVD method for TBI using Cobalt-60 irradiator and moving table, ± 10% over entire body is hard to achieve. However, it can be significantly improved with immediate feedback after the first fraction prior to subsequent treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. akino@radonc.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akino
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: Indra J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014915:Whole-Body Counting / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*