title: Polyanionic candidate microbicides accelerate the formation of semen-derived amyloid fibrils to enhance HIV-1 infection.
abstract: Polyanionic candidate microbicides, including cellulose sulfate, carrageenan, PRO 2000, were proven ineffective in preventing HIV-1 transmission and even cellulose sulfate showed increased risk of HIV acquisition in the Phase III efficacy trials. Semen plays critical roles in HIV-1 sexual transmission. Specifically, amyloid fibrils formed by fragments of prostatic acidic phosphatase (PAP) in semen termed semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) could drastically enhance HIV-1 infection. Here we investigated the interaction between polyanions and PAP248-286, a prototype peptide of SEVI, to understand the possible cause of polyanionic candidate microbicides to fail in clinical trials. We found anionic polymers could efficiently promote SEVI fibril formation, most likely mediated by the natural electrostatic interaction between polyanions and PAP248-286, as revealed by acid native PAGE and Western blot. The overall anti-HIV-1 activity of polyanions in the presence or absence of PAP248-286 or semen was evaluated. In the viral infection assay, the supernatants of polyanions/PAP248-286 or polyanions/semen mixtures containing the free, unbound polyanionic molecules showed a general reduction in antiviral efficacy, while the pellets containing amyloid fibrils formed by the polyanion-bound PAP248-286 showed aggravated enhancement of viral infection. Collectively, from the point of drug-host protein interaction, our study revealed that polyanions facilitate SEVI fibril formation to promote HIV-1 infection, thus highlighting a molecular mechanism underlying the failure of polyanions in clinical trials and the importance of drug-semen interaction in evaluating the anti-HIV-1 efficacy of candidate microbicides.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Suiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jixiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oksov
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shuwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000682:Amyloid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry*; D055672:Static Electricity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000682:Amyloid; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D010455:Peptides; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C428439:prostatic acid phosphatase
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