title: Molecular imaging of conscious, unrestrained mice with AwakeSPECT.
abstract: We have developed a SPECT imaging system, AwakeSPECT, to enable molecular brain imaging of untrained mice that are conscious, unanesthetized, and unrestrained. We accomplished this with head tracking and motion correction techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The capability of the system for motion-corrected imaging was demonstrated with a (99m)Tc-pertechnetate phantom, (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate bone imaging, and measurement of the binding potential of the dopamine transporter radioligand (123)I-ioflupane in mouse brain in the awake and anesthetized (isoflurane) states. Stress induced by imaging in the awake state was assessed through measurement of plasma corticosterone levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AwakeSPECT provided high-resolution bone images reminiscent of those obtained from CT. The binding potential of (123)I-ioflupane in the awake state was on the order of 50% of that obtained with the animal under anesthesia, consistent with previous studies in nonhuman primates. Levels of stress induced were on the order of those seen in other behavioral tasks and imaging studies of awake animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the feasibility of SPECT molecular brain imaging of mice in the conscious, unrestrained state and demonstrate the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on radiotracer uptake.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nimmagadda
authors.forename: Hyeyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: Seungjoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKisson
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stolin
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Weisenberger
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pomper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003243:Consciousness; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D009662:Nortropanes; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D009662:Nortropanes; C519528:ioflupane; D003345:Corticosterone; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate
keywords: SPECT; anesthesia; awake; ioflupane; mouse
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