title: Fast oscillations during gasping and other non-eupneic respiratory behaviors: Clues to central pattern generation.
abstract: The mammalian nervous system exhibits fast synchronous oscillations, which are especially prominent in respiratory-related nerve discharges. In the phrenic nerve, they include high- (HFO), medium- (MFO), and low-frequency (LFO) oscillations. Because motoneurons firing at HFO-related frequencies had never been recorded, an epiphenomenological mechanism for their existence had been posited. We have recently recorded phrenic motoneurons firing at HFO-related frequencies in unanesthetized decerebrate rats and showed that they exhibit dynamic coherence with the phrenic nerve, validating synchronous motoneuronal discharge as a mechanism underlying the generation of HFO. In so doing, we have helped validate the conclusions of previous studies by us and other investigators who have used changes in fast respiratory oscillations to make inferences about central respiratory pattern generation. Here, we seek to review changes occurring in fast synchronous oscillations during non-eupneic respiratory behaviors, with special emphasis on gasping, and the inferences that can be drawn from these dynamics regarding respiratory pattern formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA. mgg26@drexel.edu
authors.forename: Michael George Zaki
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: Vitaliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marchenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1975 Dec;56(6):1371-7
references.pmid: 811688
references.citation: J Physiol. 1923 Mar 21;57(3-4):153-60
references.pmid: 16993609
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Nov;291(5):R1430-42
references.pmid: 16825419
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Nov;81(5):1865-77
references.pmid: 8941503
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Mar;83(3):1415-25
references.pmid: 10712468
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002 Oct;283(4):R931-40
references.pmid: 12228063
references.citation: Biol Neonate. 1996;70(5):280-8
references.pmid: 8955914
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2008 Jun;99(6):2916-28
references.pmid: 18385480
references.citation: J Physiol. 1996 Dec 1;497 ( Pt 2):539-49
references.pmid: 8961194
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Oct;99(4):1607-12
references.pmid: 15947028
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1991 Sep;66(3):674-87
references.pmid: 1753279
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Aug;285(2):R404-12
references.pmid: 12676756
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008 Feb 29;160(3):353-6
references.pmid: 18207465
references.citation: J Physiol. 1938 Jun 14;93(1):10-23
references.pmid: 16994990
references.citation: Brain Res. 1987 Aug 4;417(1):148-52
references.pmid: 3113671
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1976 Feb;26(1):113-28
references.pmid: 179122
references.citation: J Physiol. 1985 Nov;368:33-62
references.pmid: 4078742
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Aug;263(2 Pt 2):R339-47
references.pmid: 1510172
references.citation: Biol Cybern. 2004 Jan;90(1):59-74
references.pmid: 14762725
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1997 Feb;76(4):1237-44
references.pmid: 9027882
references.citation: Brain Res. 1991 Nov 22;565(1):148-53
references.pmid: 1773351
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 1991 Sep;14(9):850-7
references.pmid: 1922180
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2002 Jul;131(1-2):101-20
references.pmid: 12106999
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1990 Apr;63(4):745-58
references.pmid: 2341873
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1218-28
references.pmid: 19793109
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Dec;61(6):1999-2004
references.pmid: 3027021
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 Mar 21;640(1-2):171-84
references.pmid: 8004446
references.citation: Front Comput Neurosci. 2010 Sep 15;4:
references.pmid: 20890445
references.citation: Brain Res. 1982 Feb 11;233(2):317-36
references.pmid: 6800563
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1952 Jul;15(4):281-90
references.pmid: 14955699
references.citation: Brain Res. 1983 Jul 25;271(2):346-8
references.pmid: 6616184
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1987 Jul;58(1):105-24
references.pmid: 3039077
references.citation: J Physiol. 1995 Jun 1;485 ( Pt 2):551-9
references.pmid: 7666374
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1972;15(3):318-32
references.pmid: 5070223
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Feb;88(2):586-98
references.pmid: 10658027
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2012 Oct;108(8):2134-43
references.pmid: 22815408
references.citation: Jpn J Physiol. 1995;45(1):69-83
references.pmid: 7650859
references.citation: Brain Res. 1997 Jan 16;745(1-2):309-12
references.pmid: 9037423
references.citation: Brain Res. 1990 Sep 24;528(1):1-11
references.pmid: 2123123
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Dec;293(6):R2323-35
references.pmid: 17913868
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;76(3):1405-12
references.pmid: 8890261
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2006 Mar;9(3):311-3
references.pmid: 16474390
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3):895-907
references.pmid: 9508848
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1981 Jul;45(1):79-95
references.pmid: 7280390
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Nov;291(5):R1414-29
references.pmid: 16825420
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;89(1):135-49
references.pmid: 12522166
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1987 Jan;57(1):245-59
references.pmid: 3559674
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1971 Jun;12(2):230-8
references.pmid: 5568463
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 May;50(5):984-93
references.pmid: 6785267
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979 Jun;46(6):1096-1102
references.pmid: 468630
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1979 Jan;42(1 Pt 1):76-90
references.pmid: 430115
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1978 Jun;33(3):323-7
references.pmid: 705068
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004 Sep 15;142(2-3):115-26
references.pmid: 15450474
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Mar;60(3):782-90
references.pmid: 3957831
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1994;98(1):1-12
references.pmid: 8013576
references.citation: Brain Res. 1991 Jan 11;538(2):211-4
references.pmid: 1901505
references.citation: Science. 1970 Apr 3;168(3927):122-4
references.pmid: 5417051
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 1998 Oct;56(1):97-117
references.pmid: 9723132