title: Unconscious learning processes: mental integration of verbal and pictorial instructional materials.
abstract: This review aims to provide an insight into human learning processes by examining the role of cognitive and emotional unconscious processing in mentally integrating visual and verbal instructional materials. Reviewed literature shows that conscious mental integration does not happen all the time, nor does it necessarily result in optimal learning. Students of all ages and levels of experience cannot always have conscious awareness, control, and the intention to learn or promptly and continually organize perceptual, cognitive, and emotional processes of learning. This review suggests considering the role of unconscious learning processes to enhance the understanding of how students form or activate mental associations between verbal and pictorial information. The understanding would assist in presenting students with spatially-integrated verbal and pictorial instructional materials as a way of facilitating mental integration and improving teaching and learning performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM Malaysia.
authors.forename: Seffetullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuldas
authors.forename: Hairul Nizam
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Shahabuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Zainudin Abu
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Bakar
keywords: Conscious processes; Emotion; Instructional material; Learning processes; Mental representation; Motivation; Unconscious processes; Working memory
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