title: Newborn screening for autism: in search of candidate biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction, language, communication and range of interests. Autism is usually diagnosed in children 3-5 years of age using behavioral characteristics; thus, diagnosis shortly after birth would be beneficial for early initiation of treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study sought to identify newborns at risk for ASD utilizing bloodspot specimens in an immunoassay.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study utilized stored frozen specimens from ASD children already diagnosed at 15-36 months of age. The newborn specimens and controls were analyzed by immunoassay in a multiplex system that included 90 serum biomarkers and subjected to statisical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three sets of five biomarkers associated with ASD were found that differed from control groups. The 15 candidate biomarkers were then discussed regarding their association with ASD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study determined that a statistically selected panel of 15 biomarkers successfully discriminated presumptive newborns at risk for ASD from those of nonaffected controls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201 0509, USA. mizejew@wadsworth.org
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mizejewski
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindau-Shepard
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pass
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Feb 15;59(4):354-63
references.pmid: 16181614
references.citation: Immunol Lett. 2005 Jun 15;99(1):36-44
references.pmid: 15894109
references.citation: Autism. 2002 Mar;6(1):103-14
references.pmid: 11918106
references.citation: Biomark Med. 2012 Aug;6(4):503-6
references.pmid: 22917150
references.citation: Brain. 2001 Sep;124(Pt 9):1743-53
references.pmid: 11522577
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2004 Dec;91(6):1417-29
references.pmid: 15584918
references.citation: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2003 Sep-Dec;16(3):189-99
references.pmid: 14611720
references.citation: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Aug;17(8):827-36
references.pmid: 16003132
references.citation: Arch Esp Urol. 2009 Jun;62(5):359-66
references.pmid: 19721171
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Mar;90(3):444-51
references.pmid: 20036239
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Nov 1;120(1-2):170-9
references.pmid: 11694332
references.citation: Redox Rep. 2012;17(1):8-13
references.pmid: 22340510
references.citation: BMC Genet. 2006 Feb 10;7:8
references.pmid: 16472391
references.citation: Eur Urol. 1999 Sep;36(3):258-65
references.pmid: 10450013
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2009 Feb 15;207(1-2):111-6
references.pmid: 19157572
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 2006 Feb;24(1):73-80
references.pmid: 16289943
references.citation: Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;106:407-18
references.pmid: 22608634
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 2007 Jun;36(6):361-5
references.pmid: 17560496
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 1993 Mar;7(1):97-103
references.pmid: 7682457
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2012 May;222(1):241-4
references.pmid: 22387060
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Mar;172(1-2):182-6
references.pmid: 16321449
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 20;186(8):1233-40
references.pmid: 9334362
references.citation: Immunobiology. 2011 Jan-Feb;216(1-2):80-5
references.pmid: 20399529
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2002;45(1):1-6
references.pmid: 11803234
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 May;11(3):515-24
references.pmid: 15138176
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb;204(2):155.e1-7
references.pmid: 20950789
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991 Apr;33(4):313-9
references.pmid: 1904373
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jan;25(1):40-5
references.pmid: 20705131
references.citation: BMC Neurol. 2011 Nov 04;11:139
references.pmid: 22051046
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Jul 11;413(13-14):1071-6
references.pmid: 22406178
references.citation: Life Sci. 2006 Apr 4;78(19):2244-8
references.pmid: 16297937
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Jan;24(1):64-71
references.pmid: 19666104
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 1995 Dec;25(6):641-54
references.pmid: 8720032
references.citation: Genes Immun. 2010 Jan;11(1):11-20
references.pmid: 19847194
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1996 Oct 10;179(1):251-63
references.pmid: 8873768
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;14(7):528-38
references.pmid: 22175527
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20470
references.pmid: 21647375
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Dec;48(12):1008-9
references.pmid: 17109795
references.citation: Autism Res. 2009 Apr;2(2):67-77
references.pmid: 19455643
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2011 May;76(5):653-60
references.pmid: 21388746
references.citation: Biometals. 2007 Dec;20(6):869-78
references.pmid: 17256105
references.citation: Brain Dev. 2013 Feb;35(2):146-54
references.pmid: 22534237
references.citation: J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(10):701-10
references.pmid: 20391113
references.citation: J Korean Med Sci. 2011 Oct;26(10):1328-32
references.pmid: 22022186
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):500-9
references.pmid: 19478287
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2002;46(2):76-84
references.pmid: 12378124
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2006 Jul 15;155(1):92-7
references.pmid: 16466803
references.citation: Gut. 2011 Dec;60(12):1661-70
references.pmid: 21636645
references.citation: J Lipids. 2011;2011:575840
references.pmid: 21789282
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2012 May 17;210:21-32
references.pmid: 22445724
references.citation: Glia. 2005 Jan 1;49(1):1-14
references.pmid: 15382206
references.citation: Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2011 Sep;116(5):371-80
references.pmid: 21905805
references.citation: Can J Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;56(12):727-34
references.pmid: 22152641
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Apr;161(4):356-61
references.pmid: 17404132
references.citation: Glia. 2007 Apr 1;55(5):516-26
references.pmid: 17216595
references.citation: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2011 Oct;97(10):1048-59
references.pmid: 22292271
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 1980 Dec;10(4):445-50
references.pmid: 6927746
references.citation: Mol Autism. 2011 Aug 02;2:13
references.pmid: 21810230
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 2005 Sep;33(3):195-201
references.pmid: 16139734
references.citation: Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Jan;171(1):143-6
references.pmid: 21643649
references.citation: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec;144(1-3):475-86
references.pmid: 21755304
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;168(9):904-12
references.pmid: 21558103
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1999 Oct;56(4):1310-2
references.pmid: 10504482
references.citation: In Vivo. 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):1031-7
references.pmid: 22021702
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug;98(8):1777-82
references.pmid: 12907332
references.citation: Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2009 Nov;9(8):795-803
references.pmid: 19895225
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 2007 Mar;36(3):152-8
references.pmid: 17352947
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5):e472-86
references.pmid: 15121991
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1994 Jun;52(1):9-17
references.pmid: 8207122
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1989 Feb;135(2):133-7
references.pmid: 2784248
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Apr;161(4):343-9
references.pmid: 17404130
references.citation: Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:235-58
references.pmid: 17367287
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2010 Mar;56(3):445-50
references.pmid: 20040620
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2005 Oct;51(10):1854-66
references.pmid: 16081507
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1999 May;134(5):607-13
references.pmid: 10228297
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Mar;172(1-2):198-205
references.pmid: 16360218
references.citation: Histol Histopathol. 2007 Mar;22(3):235-50
references.pmid: 17163398
references.citation: Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008 Nov;8(6):671-4
references.pmid: 18999918
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;50(6):583-592.e11
references.pmid: 21621142
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Dec;236(12):1402-12
references.pmid: 22101519
references.citation: Oncogene. 2003 Sep 11;22(39):7981-8
references.pmid: 12970746
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Nov;124(5):1395-403
references.pmid: 19805460
references.citation: Thyroid. 2011 Aug;21(8):897-906
references.pmid: 21745106
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1611-7
references.pmid: 15585776
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2003 Dec 15;74(6):801-6
references.pmid: 14648584
references.citation: Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(1):23-32
references.pmid: 18400418
references.citation: Prostate. 2012 Apr;72(5):487-98
references.pmid: 21748755
references.citation: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1988 Mar;92(3):268-74
references.pmid: 3150956
references.citation: Chang Gung Med J. 2011 Nov-Dec;34(6):555-64
references.pmid: 22196058
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Dec 5;141B(8):947-56
references.pmid: 16917939
references.citation: Altern Med Rev. 2010 Apr;15(1):15-32
references.pmid: 20359266
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2010 Apr;23(2):111-7
references.pmid: 20160651