title: Brain changes in BDNF and S100B induced by ketogenic diets in Wistar rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, commonly associated with synaptic plasticity), and S100B, an astrocyte neurotrophic cytokine involved in metabolism regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young Wistar rats were fed during 8weeks with control diet or two KD, containing different proportions of omega 6 and omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Contents of TNF-α, BDNF and S100B were measured by ELISA in two brain regions (hippocampus and striatum) as well as blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data suggest that KD was able to reduce the levels of BDNF in the striatum (but not in hippocampus) and S100B in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats. These alterations were not affected by the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids offered. No changes in S100B content were observed in serum or analyzed brain regions. Basal TNF-α content was not affected by KD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reinforce the importance of this diet as an inductor of alterations in the brain, and such changes might contribute to the understanding of the effects (and side effects) of KD in brain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Fernanda
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Vizuete
authors.forename: Daniela Fraga
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batassini
authors.forename: Márcio Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dutra
authors.forename: Caren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Carlos-Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C579158:S100b protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha