title: Multilanthanide Systems for Medical Imaging Applications.
abstract: Molecules containing multiple lanthanide ions have unique potential in applications for medical imaging including the areas of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluoresence imaging. The study of multilanthanide complexes as contrast agents for MRI and as biologically responsive fluorescent probes has resulted in an improved understanding of the structural characteristics that govern the behavior of these complexes. This review will survey the last five years of progress in multinuclear lanthanide complexes with a specific focus on the structural parameters that impact potential medical imaging applications. The patents cited in this review are from the last five years and describe contrast agents that contain multiple lanthanide ions.
authors.forename: Jeremiah D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allen
keywords: Contrast agent; MRI; PARACEST; coordination chemistry; dimetallic; dinuclear; gadolinium; lanthanide; luminescence; macrocycle; macromolecule; magnetic resonance imaging; multilanthanide; optical imaging; rare earth; relaxivity; sensitized luminescence; trinuclear
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2001 Feb 21;123(7):1517-8
references.pmid: 11456734
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2006 Jun;35(6):512-23
references.pmid: 16729145
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 1999 Aug;139(2):408-21
references.pmid: 10423379
references.citation: Org Lett. 2007 May 10;9(10):1919-22
references.pmid: 17447771
references.citation: Future Med Chem. 2010 Mar;2(3):385-96
references.pmid: 21426173
references.citation: J Photochem Photobiol B. 1995 Jan;27(1):3-19
references.pmid: 7699520
references.citation: Sci Prog. 2005;88(Pt 2):101-31
references.pmid: 16749431
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Apr 13;133(14):5329-37
references.pmid: 21413801
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2011 Feb;40(2):926-40
references.pmid: 21180775
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2009 Apr 21;42(4):542-52
references.pmid: 19323456
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Nov 5;130(44):14861-71
references.pmid: 18844350
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2011 Apr 28;40(16):4260-7
references.pmid: 21451864
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 2009 Jan 5;48(1):277-86
references.pmid: 19032045
references.citation: Drug Discov Today. 2010 Mar;15(5-6):171-85
references.pmid: 20116448
references.citation: Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2007 Sep-Oct;2(5):229-39
references.pmid: 17937448
references.citation: Chem Rev. 1999 Sep 8;99(9):2293-352
references.pmid: 11749483
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 1998 Aug 10;37(16):4104-4113
references.pmid: 11670530
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 1990;8(4):467-81
references.pmid: 2118207
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2008 Aug;19(8):1505-9
references.pmid: 18620446
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2010 Apr 14;39(14):3407-11
references.pmid: 20379534
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2005 Aug 21;(16):2713-9
references.pmid: 16075110
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 May 24;128(20):6534-5
references.pmid: 16704234
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2011 Apr 7;40(13):3346-51
references.pmid: 21347458
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2003 Oct;36(10):783-90
references.pmid: 14567712
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2006 May 21;(19):2323-33
references.pmid: 16688320
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2010 May 12;110(5):3019-42
references.pmid: 20415475
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Sep 3;125(35):10526-7
references.pmid: 12940728
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 2008 Feb 18;47(4):1370-81
references.pmid: 18166011
references.citation: Acta Radiol. 2010 Oct;51(8):910-23
references.pmid: 20828299
references.citation: Org Biomol Chem. 2005 Jan 7;3(1):112-7
references.pmid: 15602605
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2005 Jul 7;(25):3114-31
references.pmid: 15968347
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Mar 28;47(12):3374-6
references.pmid: 21336399
references.citation: J Biol Inorg Chem. 2001 Mar;6(3):247-55
references.pmid: 11315560
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 2006 Nov 13;45(23):9465-74
references.pmid: 17083248
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 2005 Dec 12;44(25):9434-43
references.pmid: 16323930
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2010 May 12;110(5):2921-59
references.pmid: 20067234
references.citation: Invest Radiol. 1998 Nov;33(11):779-97
references.pmid: 9818313
references.citation: Inorg Chem. 2011 Mar 7;50(5):1648-55
references.pmid: 21306137
references.citation: Bioconjug Chem. 2009 Jul;20(7):1375-82
references.pmid: 19555071
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2005 Oct 7;(37):4729-31
references.pmid: 16175307
references.citation: Dalton Trans. 2008 Mar 7;(9):1195-202
references.pmid: 18283380
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2009 Jul 21;42(7):915-24
references.pmid: 19514717
references.citation: Org Biomol Chem. 2009 Nov 7;7(21):4406-14
references.pmid: 19830289
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Oct 22;130(42):13854-5
references.pmid: 18817395
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2009 Jul 21;42(7):938-47
references.pmid: 19505089
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 May 28;130(21):6662-3
references.pmid: 18452288
references.citation: Chemistry. 2006 Sep 6;12(26):6841-51
references.pmid: 16770815
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2000 Mar;143(1):79-87
references.pmid: 10698648
references.citation: Chemistry. 2003 Nov 21;9(22):5453-67
references.pmid: 14639629