title: A field trial of nutrient stimulation of methanotrophs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfill cover soils.
abstract: Landfills are among the major sources of anthropogenic methane (CH4) estimated to reach 40 x 10(9) kg per year worldwide by 2015 (IPCC, 2007). A 2 1/2-year field experiment was conducted at a closed landfill in western Michigan where methanotrophs, methane-consuming bacteria, were stimulated by nutrient addition to the soil without significantly increasing biogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) production. The effects of the nitrogen amendments (KNO3 and NH4Cl), phenylacetylene (a selective inhibitor of nitrifying bacteria that contribute to N2O production), and a canopy (to reduce direct water infiltration) on the vertical soil gas profiles of CH4, CO2, and O2 were measured in the top meter of the soil. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes were calculated from the corresponding soil gas concentration gradients with respect to depth and a Millington-Quirk diffusivity coefficient in soil derived empirically from soil porosity, water content, and diffusivity coefficients in air from the literature. Methane flux estimates were as high as 218.4 g m(-2) day(-1) in the fall and 12.8 g/m(-2) day(-1) in the summer. During the spring and summer CH4 fluxes were reduced by more than half by adding KNO3 and NH4Cl into the soil as compared to control plots, while N2O fluxes increased substantially. The concurrent addition of phenylacetylene to the amendment decreased peak N2O production by half and the rate of peak methane oxidation by about one-third. The seasonal average methane and N2O flux data were extrapolated to estimate the reduction of CH4 and N2O fluxes into the atmosphere by nitrogen and inhibitor addition to the cover soils. The results suggest that such additions coupled with soil moisture management may provide a potential strategy to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from landfills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of a 2 1/2-year study of effects of nutrient stimulation on methane oxidation in landfill cover soils demonstrates that nutrient addition does decrease methane emissions. The work further underscores the control which soil moisture exerts on methane oxidation. Water management is critical to the success of methane oxidation strategies.
authors.affiliation: US. Defense Logistics Agency, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lizik
authors.forename: Jeongdae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Semrau
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barcelona
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018505:Waste Management
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D012987:Soil; D008697:Methane