title: Protamine titration.
abstract: Protamine titration is the gold standard method for the measurement of unfractionated heparin (UFH) concentration in plasma. Protamine titration produces reliable and reproducible results; however it is -generally not considered a convenient assay for current clinical management of UFH as it is not readily automated (Olson et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med 122(9):782-798, 1998). Early clinical trials of UFH therapy determined that a heparin concentration of 0.2-0.4 U/ml by protamine titration correlated to an APTT of 1.5-2.5 times higher compared to baseline values produced desirable UFH safety and efficacy outcomes (Hull et al. N Engl J Med 315(18):1109-1114, 1986; Hull et al. N Engl J Med 322:1260-1264, 1990; Turpie et al. N Engl J Med 320:352-357, 1989; Brill-Edwards et al. Ann Intern Med 119(2):104-109, 1993; Hull Int Angiol 14(1):32-34, 1995). Such studies paved the way to the current view that it is no longer ideal to manage UFH based solely upon a 1.5-2.5 times prolongation of the "normal" APTT. Most advisory bodies recommend therapeutic APTTs be determined by correlating APTT results with therapeutic UFH levels as measured by anti-Xa assay (0.35-0.7 U/ml) or protamine titration (0.2-0.4 U/ml) (Hirsh and Raschke. Chest 126(3):188S-203S, 2004) (see Note 1). The concentration of UFH in a sample is measured by determining the amount of protamine required to return the thrombin clotting time (TCT) test (prolonged by UFH) to a pre-UFH level (Laffan and Manning. Dacie and Lewis: practical haematology. Churchill Livingstone: London, 2001).
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Newall
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006493:Heparin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D011479:Protamines / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011479:Protamines; D006493:Heparin; D013917:Thrombin