title: In vitro and in vivo enzyme-mediated biomineralization of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate hydrogels.
abstract: The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is added at different concentrations (i.e., 0, 2.5, and 10 mg   ml(-1) ) to oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate) (OPF) hydrogels. The scaffolds are either incubated in 10 mM calcium glycerophosphate (Ca-GP) solution for 2 weeks or implanted in a rat subcutaneous model for 4 weeks. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and alizarin red staining show a strong ability to form minerals exclusively in ALP-containing hydrogels in vitro. Additionally, the calcium content increases with increasing ALP concentration. Similarly, only ALP-containing hydrogels induce mineralization in vivo. Specifically, small (≈5-20 µm) mineral deposits are observed at the periphery of the hydrogels near the dermis/scaffold interface using Von Kossa and alizarin red staining.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bongio
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nejadnik
authors.forename: Z Tahmasebi
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Birgani
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habibovic
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kinard
authors.forename: F Kurtis
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: Antonios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikos
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Sander C G
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Leeuwenburgh
authors.forename: Jeroen J J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van den Beucken
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy; D004058:Diffusion; D005612:Freeze Drying; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008768:Methylmethacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020100:Hydrogels; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D008903:Minerals; D011091:Polyesters; C469550:oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate); D015675:Osteocalcin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium