title: Hepatic excretory function in sepsis: implications from biophotonic analysis of transcellular xenobiotic transport in a rodent model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatobiliary elimination of endo- and xenobiotics is affected by different variables including hepatic perfusion, hepatocellular energy state and functional integrity of transporter proteins, all of which are altered during sepsis. A particular impairment of hepatocellular transport at the canalicular pole resulting in an accumulation of potentially hepatotoxic compounds would have major implications for critical care pharmacology and diagnostics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic transcellular transport, that is, uptake and hepatobiliary excretion, was studied in a rodent model of severe polymicrobial sepsis by two different biophotonic techniques to obtain insights into the handling of potentially toxic endo- and xenobiotics in sepsis. Direct and indirect in vivo imaging of the liver was performed by intravital multifluorescence microscopy and non-invasive whole-body near-infrared (NIRF) imaging after administration of two different, primarily hepatobiliary excreted xenobiotics, the organic anionic dyes indocyanine green (ICG) and DY635. Subsequent quantitative data analysis enabled assessment of hepatic uptake and fate of these model substrates under conditions of sepsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen hours after sepsis induction, animals displayed clinical and laboratory signs of multiple organ dysfunction, including moderate liver injury, cholestasis and an impairment of sinusoidal perfusion. With respect to hepatocellular transport of both dyes, excretion into bile was significantly delayed for both dyes and resulted in net accumulation of potentially cytotoxic xenobiotics in the liver parenchyma (for example, specific dye fluorescence in liver at 30 minutes in sham versus sepsis: ICG: 75% versus 89%; DY635 20% versus 40% of maximum fluorescence; P<0.05). Transcutaneous assessment of ICG fluorescence by whole body NIRF imaging revealed a significant increase of ICG fluorescence from the 30th minute on in the bowel region of the abdomen in sham but not in septic animals, confirming a sepsis-associated failure of canalicular excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatocytes accumulate organic anions under conditions of sepsis-associated organ dysfunction. These results have potential implications for monitoring liver function, critical care pharmacology and the understanding of drug-induced liver injury in the critically ill.
authors.forename: Falk A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gonnert
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Recknagel
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hilger
authors.forename: Ralf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kortgen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D065669:Hepatobiliary Elimination / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015262:Xenobiotics