title: Impact of nocturnal sleep deprivation on declarative memory retrieval in students at an orphanage: a psychoneuroradiological study.
abstract: METHODS
  This study investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on total and partial (early and late) declarative memory and activation in the areas of the brain involved in these activities. The study included two experiments. Experiment 1 included 40 male residents of an orphanage aged 16-19 years, who were divided into four groups (n = 10 each) and subjected to total sleep deprivation, normal sleep, early-night sleep deprivation, or late-night sleep deprivation. Experiment 2 included eight students from the same institution who were divided into the same four groups (n = 2) as in experiment 1. Declarative memory was tested using lists of associated word pairs in both experiments, and activation of the relevant brain regions was measured before and after retrieval by single-photon emission computed tomography for subjects in experiment 2 only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students subjected to normal sleep had significantly higher scores for declarative memory retrieval than those subjected to total sleep deprivation (P = 0.002), early-night sleep deprivation (P = 0.005), or late-night sleep deprivation (P = 0.02). The left temporal lobe showed the highest rate of activity during memory retrieval after normal sleep, whereas the frontal, parietal, and right temporal lobes were more active after sleep deprivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep play an active role in consolidation of declarative memory, which in turn allows memory traces to be actively reprocessed and strengthened during sleep, leading to improved performance in memory recall.
authors.affiliation: Educational Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, Assiut, Arab Republic of Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Tantawy
authors.forename: Hamdy N El
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Tallawy
authors.forename: Hussein Rs
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Farghaly
authors.forename: Wafaa M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Farghaly
authors.forename: Amr S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hussein
keywords: declarative memory; early-night sleep deprivation; late-night sleep deprivation; total sleep deprivation