title: Genetic surveillance detects both clonal and epidemic transmission of malaria following enhanced intervention in Senegal.
abstract: Using parasite genotyping tools, we screened patients with mild uncomplicated malaria seeking treatment at a clinic in Thiès, Senegal, from 2006 to 2011. We identified a growing frequency of infections caused by genetically identical parasite strains, coincident with increased deployment of malaria control interventions and decreased malaria deaths. Parasite genotypes in some cases persisted clonally across dry seasons. The increase in frequency of genetically identical parasite strains corresponded with decrease in the probability of multiple infections. Further, these observations support evidence of both clonal and epidemic population structures. These data provide the first evidence of a temporal correlation between the appearance of identical parasite types and increased malaria control efforts in Africa, which here included distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs), use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria detection, and deployment of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Our results imply that genetic surveillance can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease control strategies and assist a rational global malaria eradication campaign.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Hsiao-Han
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Papa Diogoye
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Séne
authors.forename: Danny C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neafsey
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lukens
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Tyne
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mboup
authors.forename: Pardis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sabeti
authors.forename: Daouda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.forename: Dyann F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Volkman
mesh_terms: D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D058872:Epidemics; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology