title: Preparation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded glycyrrhizic acid-conjugated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted drug delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The livertaxis of glycyrrhizic acid-conjugated bovine serum albumin (GL-BSA) has been reported in the literature. Now, in this paper, we describe a novel type of drug-targeted delivery system containing 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) with liver tumor targeting.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, GL was coupled to BSA then HCPT was encapsulated in GL-BSA by high-pressure homogenization emulsification. In the experimental design, the influencing variables on particle size and drug loading efficiency were determined to be BSA concentration, volume ratio of water to organic phase, and speed and speed duration of homogenization as well as homogenization pressure and the number of times homogenized at certain pressures. Particle size plays an important role in screening optimal conditions of nanoparticles preparation. Characteristics of 10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded glycyrrhizic acid-conjugated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs), such as the drug encapsulation efficiency, drug loading efficiency, and GL-BSA content were studied. In addition, the morphology of the nanoparticles (NPs) and weight loss rate were determined and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and thermal analysis performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average particle size of the sample NPs prepared under optimal conditions was 157.5 nm and the zeta potential was -22.51 ± 0.78 mV; the drug encapsulation efficiency and drug loading efficiency were 93.7% and 10.9%, respectively. The amount of GL coupling to BSA was 98.26 μg/mg. Through physical property study of the samples, we determined that the HCPT had been successfully wrapped in GL-BSA. In vitro drug-release study showed that the nanoparticles could release the drug slowly and continuously. Hemolysis testing showed the safety of GL-BSA as a novel drug delivery system. The targeting properties of GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs were studied in an in vitro cell uptake study and cell proliferation assay. Cells incubated with GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate showed more extensive fluorescence spots and stronger fluorescence intensity than samples without GL conjugation. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the inhibitory rate of the samples. It was found that the inhibitory rate of GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs develops as concentration rises. Further, the inhibitory rate of GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs was higher at the same concentration and had a lower half maximal inhibitory concentration value than the other samples. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values of GL-BSA-HCPT-NPs, BSA-HCPT-NPs, and HCPT sodium were 0.78 ± 0.015, 1.62 ± 0.039, and 7.93 ± 0.255 μg/mL, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show GL-BSA-HCPT to be a promising new vehicle for hepatocellular carcinoma-targeting therapy.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuangang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Xiuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Xinyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid; C028098:10-hydroxycamptothecin; D002166:Camptothecin
keywords: BSA; GL; HCPT; high-pressure homogenization emulsification