title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antimicrobial property of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba (S. alba).
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion and microdilution methods against six microorganisms. Soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction with a series of solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in sequence of increasing polarity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methanol extract appeared to be the most effective extract while n-hexane extract showed no activity. The antimicrobial activities were observed against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), the gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans appeared to be not sensitive to the concentrations tested since no inhibition zone was observed. E. coli (17.5 mm) appeared to be the most sensitive strain followed by S. aureus (12.5 mm) and B. cereus (12.5 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this study, it can be concluded that S. alba exhibits antimicrobial activities against certain microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shahbudin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taher
authors.forename: Deny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Susanti
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qaralleh
authors.forename: Anis Fadhlina Izyani B T
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Awang
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Antimicrobial activity; Mangroves; Sonneratia alba