title: Wipe sampling of amphetamine-type stimulants and recreational drugs on selected household surfaces with analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Sorption characteristics of eight drugs related to recreational and clandestine activity-amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, N-formyl amphetamine, N-formyl methamphetamine, methamphetamine, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and pseudoephedrine-were evaluated on selected kitchen countertop surfaces. Methanol-dampened Whatman 40 filter paper wipes were used to collect samples from eleven surfaces including alkyd resin, ceramic tiles, glass, granite, laminate, limestone, marble, quartz compac, quartz real, soap stone, and stainless steel. The filter paper wipes were analyzed by a rapid three-minute UPLC-QTOF method, following ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.8-6.2) extraction. The average percentage recoveries after 15 h of exposure to the surface materials tested, was found to be highest for cocaine and MDMA and lowest for amphetamine and methamphetamine. Among the eleven countertop surfaces, overall recoveries for marble were observed to be the least, whereas soapstone, quartz compac and stainless steel were among the highest. Scanning electron microscopic images of the surfaces provided a unique view of surface irregularities that potentially influenced drug recovery. Aging, migration, solvent composition, and volatility were examined. The variation in recovery of drugs was attributed to four key factors: compound volatility, surface composition, surface-compound interaction, and solvent composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 1 William L Jones Drive, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Sri Bharat
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Madireddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 1 William L Jones Drive, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Vanaja Reddy
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Bodeddula
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 1 William L Jones Drive, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Sravan Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mansani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 1 William L Jones Drive, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Martha J M
authors.initials: MJM
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 1 William L Jones Drive, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States. Electronic address: jboles@tntech.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Boles
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis; D006798:Housing; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D054199:Pseudoephedrine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D054199:Pseudoephedrine; D003042:Cocaine