title: Consumption of seafood, serum liver enzymes, and blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been shown to accumulate in the human body. The purpose of the present study was to examine the factors associated with the blood levels of PFOS and PFOA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on 307 men and 301 women (aged 16-76 years) living in 15 prefectures in Japan. Blood levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hepatic enzymes (γ-GTP, GOT, and GPT) and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) levels in serum were also measured. Associations between the levels of PFOS and PFOA in blood and the intake frequency of 41 kinds of dishes, foods and beverages and the serum levels of liver enzymes and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined using rank correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency of intake of boiled fish in broth, sliced raw fish and coastal fish showed significant positive correlations with PFOS concentrations in blood after adjustments for potential confounders. Serum levels of GOT, GPT, DHA and EPA showed significant positive correlations with PFOS and PFOA in blood. There was also a significant regional difference in the blood levels of PFOS and 2013PFOA, with medians being highest in the Tokai/Hokuriku/Kinki region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the concentrations of PFOS in blood were mainly associated with fish consumption and that the levels of PFOS and PFOA were associated with the serum levels of liver enzymes in Japanese populations. Further investigations are required to clarify the reason for the regional differences in blood levels of PFOS and PFOA in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Kokichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arisawa
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Sakurako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katsuura-Kamano
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: Fusakazu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sawachika
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juta
authors.forename: Eisaku
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanto
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morinaga
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Takaichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase