title: Initial treatment failure in non-ICU community-acquired pneumonia: risk factors and association with length of stay, total hospital charges, and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for initial treatment failure in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in non-intensive care unit (non-ICU) settings, and to characterize the association between initial treatment failure and length of stay, total hospital charges, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study. Using data from >100 US hospitals, this study identified all adults (age ≥18 years) hospitalized for pneumonia between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2009 who began antibiotic therapy within 24 h of admission and were treated for at least 48 h if alive; patients admitted to intensive care within the first 24 h in hospital were excluded. Initial therapy was defined as all parenteral antibiotics administered within the first 24 h in hospital. Treatment failure was assessed based on subsequent receipt of new antibiotic(s), excluding agents of similar/narrower spectrum and those begun at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for treatment failure, and multivariate linear and logistic regression to compare length of stay, total hospital charges, and in-hospital mortality between patients experiencing initial treatment failure and those who did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 32,324 patients with non-ICU CAP, 4695 (14.6%) experienced initial treatment failure, most often within 72 h of hospital admission. Significant predictors of initial treatment failure included malnourishment (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.60-2.18), receipt of vasoactive medications within 24 h of admission (1.51 [1.17-1.94]), and renal failure (1.45 [1.32-1.59]). Treatment failure was associated with higher case fatality (8.5% vs 3.3%), longer hospital stays (mean [SD] = 10.1 [8.1] days vs 4.9 [3.3] days), and higher total hospital charges ($37,602 [$71,876] vs $14,371 [$21,633]) (all comparisons, p < 0.01). Study limitations include possible inclusion of patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in the study sample, our focus on the 40 most commonly used antibiotic regimens, and indirect measurement of treatment failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately one in seven non-ICU CAP patients experience failure of initial antibiotic therapy. Risk of failure is higher for patients with significant comorbidities and/or severe infections. Non-ICU patients who experience initial treatment failure have significantly longer hospital stays, higher total hospital charges, and higher rates of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI), Brookline, MA 02445, USA. goster@pai2.com
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edelsberg
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents