title: Expression and functional role of sprouty-2 in breast morphogenesis.
abstract: Branching morphogenesis is a mechanism used by many species for organogenesis and tissue maintenance. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the sprouty protein family are believed to be critical regulators of branching morphogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of Sprouty-2 (SPRY2) in the mammary gland and study its role in branching morphogenesis. Human breast epithelial cells, breast tissue and mouse mammary glands were used for expression studies using immunoblotting, real rime PCR and immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of SPRY2 in the breast epithelial stem cell line D492 was done by lentiviral transduction of shRNA constructs targeting SPRY2. Three dimensional culture of D492 with or without endothelial cells was done in reconstituted basement membrane matrix. We show that in the human breast, SPRY2 is predominantly expressed in the luminal epithelial cells of both ducts and lobuli. In the mouse mammary gland, SPRY2 expression is low or absent in the virgin state, while in the pregnant mammary gland SPRY2 is expressed at branching epithelial buds with increased expression during lactation. This expression pattern is closely associated with the activation of the EGFR pathway. Using D492 which generates branching structures in three-dimensional (3D) culture, we show that SPRY2 expression is low during initiation of branching with subsequent increase throughout the branching process. Immunostaining locates expression of phosphorylated SPRY2 and EGFR at the tip of lobular-like, branching ends. SPRY2 knockdown (KD) resulted in increased migration, increased pERK and larger and more complex branching structures indicating a loss of negative feedback control during branching morphogenesis. In D492 co-cultures with endothelial cells, D492 SPRY2 KD generates spindle-like colonies that bear hallmarks of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. These data indicate that SPRY2 is an important regulator of branching morphogenesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the mammary gland.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Research Unit, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Valgardur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: Saevar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ingthorsson
authors.forename: Bylgja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hilmarsdottir
authors.forename: Sigrun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gustafsdottir
authors.forename: Sigridur Rut
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Franzdottir
authors.forename: Ari Jon
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arason
authors.forename: Eirikur
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steingrimsson
authors.forename: Magnus K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.forename: Thorarinn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gudjonsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009024:Morphogenesis; D011247:Pregnancy; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C485561:SPRY2 protein, human; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors