title: Using MRI for assessing velopharyngeal structures and function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct visualization of the velopharynx and, in particular, the levator muscle is particularly important in the assessment of velopharyngeal function and normal speech production. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the development of a static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging protocol for evaluation of velopharyngeal structures and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high-resolution, T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo three-dimensional anatomical scan (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) was used to acquire a large field of view covering the velopharyngeal anatomy. Dynamic speech assessment was obtained using a fast-gradient echo, fast low-angle shot, multi-shot spiral technique to acquire 15.8 frames per second (FPS) of the sagittal and oblique coronal image planes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a three-dimensional data set, as opposed to two-dimensional data, the full contour of the levator muscle can be appreciated. Dynamic images were obtained at 15.8 FPS in the sagittal and oblique coronal planes, enabling visualization of the movements of the velum, posterior pharyngeal wall, lateral pharyngeal walls, and levator muscle during speech.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging sequence, such as that used in the present study, may provide better analyses and more precise measurements. A dynamic fast low-angle shot sequence allows for visualization of the levator muscle and the velum during speech at a high image rate. This protocol could have a significant impact in improving the process of visualizing pathology and promoting clinical treatment plans for individuals born with cleft lip and palate.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Bradley P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: Jinadasa K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gamage
mesh_terms: D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MRI; cleft palate; dynamic MRI during speech