title: Extensive impact of saturated fatty acids on metabolic and cardiovascular profile in rats with diet-induced obesity: a canonical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hypercaloric interventions are associated with nutritional, endocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders in obesity experiments, a rational distinction between the effects of excess adiposity and the individual roles of dietary macronutrients in relation to these disturbances has not previously been studied. This investigation analyzed the correlation between ingested macronutrients (including sucrose and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) plus body adiposity and metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular effects in rats with diet-induced obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were submitted to Control (CD; 3.2 Kcal/g) and Hypercaloric (HD; 4.6 Kcal/g) diets for 20 weeks followed by nutritional evaluation involving body weight and adiposity measurement. Metabolic and hormonal parameters included glycemia, insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin. Cardiovascular analysis included systolic blood pressure profile, echocardiography, morphometric study of myocardial morphology, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression. Canonical correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between dietary macronutrients plus adiposity and metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although final group body weights did not differ, HD presented higher adiposity than CD. Diet induced hyperglycemia while insulin and leptin levels remained unchanged. In a cardiovascular context, systolic blood pressure increased with time only in HD. Additionally, in vivo echocardiography revealed cardiac hypertrophy and improved systolic performance in HD compared to CD; and while cardiomyocyte size was unchanged by diet, nuclear volume and collagen interstitial fraction both increased in HD. Also HD exhibited higher relative β-MHC content and β/α-MHC ratio than their Control counterparts. Importantly, body adiposity was weakly associated with cardiovascular effects, as saturated fatty acid intake was directly associated with most cardiac remodeling measurements while unsaturated lipid consumption was inversely correlated with these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercaloric diet was associated with glycemic metabolism and systolic blood pressure disorders and cardiac remodeling. These effects directly and inversely correlated with saturated and unsaturated lipid consumption, respectively.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com
authors.forename: Silvio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oliveira Junior
authors.forename: Carlos R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Padovani
authors.forename: Sergio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Nilza R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Paula F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Dijon Hs
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Marina P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Okoshi
authors.forename: Katashi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okoshi
authors.forename: Maeli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal-Pai
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cicogna
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains