title: Cancer and the goals of integration.
abstract: Cancer is not one, but many diseases, and each is a product of a variety of causes acting (and interacting) at distinct temporal and spatial scales, or "levels" in the biological hierarchy. In part because of this diversity of cancer types and causes, there has been a diversity of models, hypotheses, and explanations of carcinogenesis. However, there is one model of carcinogenesis that seems to have survived the diversification of cancer types: the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis. This paper examines the history of the multistage theory, and uses the theory as a case study in the limits and goals of unification as a theoretical virtue, comparing and contrasting it with "integrative" research.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Philosophy, 215 S. Central Campus Dr., 402 CTIHB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States. Electronic address: plutynski@philosophy.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plutynski
mesh_terms: D063646:Carcinogenesis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D010684:Philosophy
keywords: Cancer; Causation; Integration; Modeling; Reduction; Unification