title: Nonlethal acquisition of large liver samples from free-ranging river sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus) using single-entry endoscopic biopsy forceps.
abstract: Harvesting of liver samples for toxicologic and other laboratory analyses is frequently undertaken in free-ranging fish to evaluate accumulations of various pollutants and chemicals. However, commonly used, lethal techniques for collecting liver tissues are unacceptable when dealing with protected species. We report the use of a nonlethal, single-entry, endoscopic technique using saline infusion to examine and collect large liver samples using optical biopsy forceps from 16 free-ranging sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus spp.) during 25 and 27 January 2010. Under tricaine methanesulfonate anesthesia and following the introduction of the optical biopsy forceps (with a 5-mm telescope) through a 1-2-cm ventral midline skin incision, liver examination and collection of biopsies averaging 0.9 g, ranging up to 1.4 g, and representing up to 12% of total liver tissue were successful. All fish made uneventful recoveries and necropsy examinations the following day failed to indicate any significant hemorrhage or iatrogenic trauma. We recommend the use of large optical biopsy forceps as a practical, nonlethal alternative for collection of large liver biopsies from sturgeon and other fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery (Zoological Medicine), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7390, USA. sdivers@uga.edu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.forename: Shaun S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berliner
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kurimo
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Boysen
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: K Jack
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Killgore
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Jan Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D045483:Rivers