title: Improving the normalization of complex interventions: measure development based on normalization process theory (NoMAD): study protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding implementation processes is key to ensuring that complex interventions in healthcare are taken up in practice and thus maximize intended benefits for service provision and (ultimately) care to patients. Normalization Process Theory (NPT) provides a framework for understanding how a new intervention becomes part of normal practice. This study aims to develop and validate simple generic tools derived from NPT, to be used to improve the implementation of complex healthcare interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to: develop a set of NPT-based measures and formatively evaluate their use for identifying implementation problems and monitoring progress; conduct preliminary evaluation of these measures across a range of interventions and contexts, and identify factors that affect this process; explore the utility of these measures for predicting outcomes; and develop an online users' manual for the measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of qualitative (workshops, item development, user feedback, cognitive interviews) and quantitative (survey) methods will be used to develop NPT measures, and test the utility of the measures in six healthcare intervention settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measures developed in the study will be available for use by those involved in planning, implementing, and evaluating complex interventions in healthcare and have the potential to enhance the chances of their implementation, leading to sustained changes in working practices.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4AX, UK. Tracy.Finch@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rapley
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girling
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treweek
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: Ian Nicholas
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011594:Psychometrics; D036301:Qualitative Research