title: Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm).
  
  
  METHODS
  M. oleifera was collected from the area of around Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender. From each sample, 100 g of the plant material were extracted with 300 mL of methanol for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator to yield 122 mg and 110 mg of dark greenish material (residue) from Arcang amara and Ocimum basilicum, respectively. One gram of the each plant residue was dissolved separately in 100 mL of acetone (stock solution) from which different concentrations, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm were prepared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larvicidal activity of M. oleifera exhibited in the first to fourth instar larvae of the A. stephensi, and the LC50 and LC90 values were 57.79 ppm and 125.93 ppm for the first instar, 63.90 ppm and 133.07 ppm for the second instar, 72.45 ppm and 139.82 ppm for the third instar, 78.93 ppm and 143.20 ppm for the fourth instar, respectively. During the pupal stage the methanolic extract of M. oleifera showed that the LC50 and LC90 values were 67.77 ppm and 141.00 ppm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M. oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used for further integrated pest management programs.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine, Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nareshkumar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramasubramanian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bragadeeswaran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anopheles stephensi; Insecticide; Larvicidal activity; Larvicide; Malaria; Moringa oleifera; Mosquito vector control; Phytochemical; Plant extract; Pupicide