title: Percutaneous closure of a moderate to large tubular or elongated patent ductus arteriosus in children younger than 3 years: is the ADO II appropriate?
abstract: Protrusion of the Amplatzer duct occluder (ADO) II device into the aortic isthmus or the pulmonary artery causing obstruction and residual flow has been reported, but the same has not been widely studied in small children with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) anatomy not considered suitable for closure with the ADO I device. This study aimed to report the safety and efficacy of the ADO II device in children younger than 3 years with a tubular or elongated PDA and to analyze the possible reasons for residual flow in children with such a PDA. In this study, 17 children younger than 3 years (mean age, 10.3 ± 7 months; mean weight, 6 ± 3.6 kg) underwent attempted closure of a tubular or elongated PDA (mean diameter at the narrowest point, 4.1 ± 1.1 mm) with the ADO II device between July 2010 and July 2012. Of the 17 patients, 16 (2 boys and 14 girls) completed the follow-up evaluation. A complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed on all the patients before PDA closure and at the follow-up visit, and the results were compared with those of previous published studies. Of the 16 patients, the 15 who completed the follow-up evaluation had successful device closure (1 device embolization). Residual flow was present in six patients immediately after deployment, which was reduced to three patients at the last follow-up visit. Five of nine patients closed with a 6-mm-long device had residual flow compared with only one of seven patients closed with a 4-mm-long device. After device closure, significant elevations of the left and right pulmonary artery velocities occurred in three and two patients, respectively; in 12 patients, descending thoracic aortic (DTA) velocities increased mildly. There was trend toward a fall in the elevated pressures at the last follow-up visit, although one patient had an elevation in right pulmonary artery velocity at last the follow-up echocardiogram compared with the echocardiogram immediately after closure. Hence, in children younger than 3 years with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension, closure of a PDA not amenable to closure with the ADO I device is feasible using the ADO II device, with an increased incidence of clinically nonsignificant complications. Selection of device dimensions according to the manufacturer's recommendation may not be the optimal strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, 695011, Kerala, India, maheshpaed@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Saktheeswaran Mahesh
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Venkateshwaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Sasidharan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bijulal
authors.forename: Kavassery Mahadevan
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Krishnamoorthy
authors.forename: Sivasubramonian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivasankaran
authors.forename: Jaganmohan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tharakan
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome