title: Optimizing alginate beads for the immobilisation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in estuarine waters.
abstract: This study addresses the influence of calcium as hardening agent, on alginate gel bead stability and suitability for the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Bacillariophyceae) in estuarine waters. Alginate beads produced with 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6% of CaCl2 solutions were investigated for stability and suitability for growth of P. tricornutum cells, under mean salinity 27, at 220 and 440 rpm stirring laboratory conditions, and in devices placed under in situ estuarine conditions. Gel stability and suitability for cell growth were evaluated through bead diameter, bead disruption, dissolution and loss of spherical shape, cell viability and specific growth rates. Beads gelled with 5% CaCl2 were found the most suitable to sustain gel stability and cell growth in the estuarine waters. These beads were surveyed during dredging operations in the Tagus estuary, both in situ and in estuarine water under laboratory conditions, showing significantly lowered growth rates possibly due to Mn, Co and As accumulated in the cells. Results confirmed that the monitoring tool presented is reliable and effective for the assessment of anthropogenic impacts.
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Av. de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. tcabrita@ipma.pt
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cabrita
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D017377:Diatoms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D063366:Estuaries; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D054712:Salinity; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride