title: Comparison of antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic fresh and aged garlic extracts and their effects on cerebral ischemia.
abstract: Antioxidant properties and protective effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) and of 20% hydroethanolic fresh extracts from garlic clove (GCE) and skin (GSE) on cerebral ischemia were evaluated by administering extracts at the beginning of reperfusion in a rat model of stroke. All three extracts scavenged superoxide anion, peroxynitrite anion, and peroxyl radicals, but with different efficiencies; furthermore, GCE and GSE scavenged hydroxyl radicals and GSE scavenged singlet oxygen. These extracts significantly prevented reduction of neuronal nuclear antigen in the infarcted area, although no improvement in neurological function was observed. Importantly, GCE and GSE contained S-allylcystein, a compound associated with AGE's neuroprotective effect against damage induced by cerebral ischemia. Extracts decreased mRNA expression of NR1- and NR2B-NMDA-receptor subunits and prevented ischemia-induced reduction in mitochondrial potential and in ATP synthesis. These results indicate that antioxidants present in garlic extracts may regulate ROS concentrations during ischemia, favour pro-survival pathways, and attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur #3877, Col. La Fama, México, D.F. C.P. 14269, Mexico. isacerv@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.forename: Pavel Montes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: de Oca Balderas
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jesús Gutiérrez-Baños
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orozco-Ibarra
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernández-Rojas
authors.forename: Omar Noel
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Medina-Campos
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espinoza-Rojo
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Tachiquín
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Plata
authors.forename: Ma Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: Moisés
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Osornio
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Saucedo
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedraza-Chaverri
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calzada
authors.forename: Penélope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aguilera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate