title: Brain structural abnormalities in Doberman pinschers with canine compulsive disorder.
abstract: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating condition, the etiology of which is poorly understood, in part because it often remains undiagnosed/untreated for a decade or more. Characterizing the etiology of compulsive disorders in animal models may facilitate earlier diagnosis and intervention. Doberman pinschers have a high prevalence of an analogous behavioral disorder termed canine compulsive disorder (CCD), which in many cases responds to treatments used for OCD. Thus, studies of CCD may help elucidate the etiology of compulsive disorders. We compared brain structure in Dobermans with CCD (N=8) and unaffected controls (N=8) to determine whether CCD is associated with structural abnormalities comparable to those reported in humans with OCD. We obtained 3 Tesla magnetic resonance structural and diffusion images from anesthetized Dobermans and subjected images to segmentation, voxel based morphometry, and diffusion tensor analyses. CCD dogs exhibited higher total brain and gray matter volumes and lower dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula gray matter densities. CCD dogs also had higher fractional anisotropy in the splenium of the corpus callosum, the degree of which correlated with the severity of the behavioral phenotype. Together, these findings suggest that CCD is associated with structural abnormalities paralleling those identified in humans with OCD. Accordingly, the CCD model, which has a number of advantages over other animal models of OCD, may assist in establishing the neuroanatomical basis for and etiology of compulsive disorders, which could lead to earlier diagnosis of and new treatments for humans and animals with these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, United States. nogata@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Niwako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: Xiaoxu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lowen
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutherland-Smith
authors.forename: Dionyssios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mintzopoulos
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Janes
authors.forename: Nicholas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Dodman
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated / Q000473:pathology; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: ACC; ADC; BS; Blanket and flank sucking; CCD; CDH2; CSF; Compulsive disorder; DTI; Diffusion tensor imaging; Doberman pinschers; FA; FS; N-Methyl-D-aspartate; NMDA; OCD; OFC; PET; ROI; SSRI; TCA; VBM; VWD; Von Willebrand's disease; Voxel-based morphometry; anterior cingulate cortex; apparent diffusion coefficient; blanket sucking behavior; cadherin 2 gene; canine compulsive disorder; cerebrospinal fluid; diffusion tensor imaging; flank sucking behavior; fractional anisotropy; obsessive compulsive disorder; orbitofrontal cortex; positron emission tomography; region of interest; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; tricyclic anti-depressants; voxel based morphometry