title: Antioxidative effect of folate-modified chitosan nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potency of carboxymethyl chitosan-2, 2' ethylenedioxy bis-ethylamine-folate (CMC-EDBE-FA) on tissue injury, antioxidant status and glutathione system in tissue mitochondria and serum against nicotine-induced oxidative stress in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  CMC-EDBE-FA was prepared on basis of carboxymethyl chitosan tagged with folic acid by covalently linkage through 2, 2' ethylenedioxy bis-ethylamine. Animals were divided into four groups, i.e., control, nicotine (1 mg/kg bw/day), CMC-EDBE-FA (1 mg/kg bw/day) and nicotine (1 mg/kg bw/day) and CMC-EDBE-FA (1 mg/kg bw/day) for 7 days. Levels of lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione level, antioxidant enzyme status and DNA damage were observed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significantly increase of lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione levels and DNA damage was observed in nicotine treated group as compared with control group; those were significantly reduced in CMC-EDBE-FA supplemented group. Moreover, significantly reduced antioxidant status in nicotine treated group was effectively ameliorated by the supplementation of CMC-EDBE-FA. Only CMC-EDBE-FA treated groups showed no significant change as compared with control group; rather than it repairs the tissue damage of nicotine treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CMC-EDBE-FA is non-toxic and ameliorates nicotine-induced toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhankari Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Santanu Kar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.forename: Sumanta Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.forename: Panchanan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C514968:carboxymethyl-chitosan; D009538:Nicotine; D048271:Chitosan; D005492:Folic Acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidants; Antioxidative effect; Carboxymethyl chitosan; Deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation; Folate; Glutathione; Lipid peroxidation; Nicotine; Oxidized