title: [Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae. Experience after 81 cases and literature review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the clinical, radiological and therapeutic variables of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) treated at our institution, and to assess the validity of the Borden and Cognard classifications and their correlation with the presenting symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DAVF identified were retrospectively analysed. They were classified according to their location, drainage pattern and the Borden and Cognard classifications. We recorded the different treatments, their complications and efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 81DAVF identified between 1975 and 2012. The cavernous sinus (CS) location was the most frequent one. The Borden and Cognard classifications showed an interobserver Kappa index of 0.72 and 0.76 respectively. The odds ratio of aggressive presentation in the presence of cortical venous drainage (CVD) was 19.3 (2.8-132.4). No location, once adjusted by venous drainage pattern, showed significant association with an aggressive presentation. Endovascular transarterial treatment of cavernous sinus DAVF achieved symptomatic improvement of 78%, with a complication rate of 5%. The DAVF of non-CS locations, with CVD, treated surgically were angiographically shown cured in 100% of the cases, with no treatment-related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of CVD was significantly associated with aggressive presentations. The Borden and Cognard classifications showed little interobserver variability. Endovascular treatment for CS DAVF is safe and relatively effective. Surgical treatment of non-CS DAVF with CVD is safe, effective and the first choice treatment in our environment.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España. Electronic address: igorparedes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinez-Perez
authors.forename: Pablo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Munarriz
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Castaño-Leon
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campollo
authors.forename: Jose F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Alén
authors.forename: Ramiro D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagares
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000473:pathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003399:Craniotomy; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cortical venous drainage; Drenaje venoso leptomeníngeo; Endovascular treatment; Fístula dural arteriovenosa intracraneal; Historia natural; Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae; Natural history; Patrón de drenaje; Surgical treatment; Tratamiento endovascular; Tratamiento quirúrgico; Venous drainage pattern