title: Association of L-ficolin levels and FCN2 genotypes with chronic Chagas disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  L-ficolin (encoded by FCN2) binds to acetylated sugar moieties of many pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, promoting their phagocytosis and lysis by the complement system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated L-ficolin levels in 160 T. cruzi infected patients with chronic Chagas disease and 71 healthy individuals, and FCN2 polymorphisms (-986 G>A, -602 G>A, and -4 A>G in the promoter and A258S in exon 8) in 243 patients, being 88 indeterminate (asymptomatic), 96 with cardiac, 23 with digestive and 33 with cardiodigestive manifestations (two were unspecified) and 305 controls (135 for A258S).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients presented lower L-ficolin plasma levels than controls (p<0.0001). Among the different groups of cardiac commitment, individuals with moderate forms had higher L-ficolin levels than the severe forms (P = 0.039). Lower L-ficolin levels were found associated with the 258S variant in the patients (P = 0.034). We found less -4A/G heterozygotes in the cardiac patients, than in the controls (OR = 0.56 [95% CI = 0.33-0.94], P = 0.034). Heterozygote -4A/G genotypes with the 258S variant and 258SS homozygotes were nevertheless more frequent among cardiodigestive patients than in controls (OR = 14.1 [95% CI = 3.5-56.8], P = 0.0001) and in indeterminate patients (OR = 3.2 [95% CI = 1.1-9.4], P = 0.037). We also found an association of the allelic frequency of the 258S variant with cardiodigestive Chagas disease compared to controls (OR = 2.24 [95% CI = 1.1-4.5], P = 0.037). Thus, decreased patient levels of L-ficolin reflect not only protein consumption due to the disease process, but also the higher frequency of the 258S variant in patients with cardiodigestive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The very first study on Brazilian cohort associates both L-ficolin plasma levels and FCN2 variants to Chagas disease and subsequent disease progression. The prognostic value of L-ficolin levels and the FCN2*A258S polymorphism should be further evaluated in other settings.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular-Departamento de Patologia Médica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paola R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.forename: Angelica B W
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grisbach
authors.forename: Jürgen F J
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kun
authors.forename: Thirumalaisamy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Velavan
authors.forename: Iara J T
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Messias-Reason
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D001938:Brazil; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000097604:Ficolins
chemical_list: D037102:Lectins; D000097604:Ficolins