title: Effects of a brown beans evening meal on metabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones at a subsequent standardized breakfast: a randomized cross-over study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary prevention strategies are increasingly recognized as essential to combat the current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential prebiotic effects of indigestible carbohydrates in Swedish brown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus) in relation to cardiometabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brown beans, or white wheat bread (WWB, reference product) were provided as evening meals to 16 healthy young adults in a randomised crossover design. Glucose, insulin, appetite regulatory hormones, GLP-1, GLP-2, appetite sensations, and markers of inflammation were measured at a following standardised breakfast, that is at 11 to 14 h post the evening meals. Additionally, colonic fermentation activity was estimated from measurement of plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFA, including also branched chain fatty acids) and breath hydrogen (H2) excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An evening meal of brown beans, in comparison with WWB, lowered blood glucose (-15%, p<0.01)- and insulin (-16%, p<0.05) responses, increased satiety hormones (PYY 51%, p<0.001), suppressed hunger hormones (ghrelin -14%, p<0.05), and hunger sensations (-15%, p = 0.05), increased GLP-2 concentrations (8.4%, p<0.05) and suppressed inflammatory markers (IL-6 -35%, and IL-18 -8.3%, p<0.05) at a subsequent standardised breakfast. Breath H2 (141%, p<0.01), propionate (16%, p<0.05), and isobutyrate (18%, P<0.001) were significantly increased after brown beans compared to after WWB, indicating a higher colonic fermentative activity after brown beans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An evening meal with brown beans beneficially affected important measures of cardiometabolic risk and appetite regulatory hormones, within a time frame of 11-14 h, in comparison to a WWB evening meal. Concentrations of plasma SCFA and H2 were increased, indicating involvement of colonic fermentation. Indigestible colonic substrates from brown beans may provide a preventive tool in relation to obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01706042.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden. anne.nilsson@appliednutrition.lth.se
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Björck
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D062408:Breakfast; D001944:Breath Tests; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000737:chemistry; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D056692:Prebiotics; D012306:Risk; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D056692:Prebiotics; D006859:Hydrogen