title: [Application of far lateral craniocervical approach in the microsurgical treatment of the jugular foramen tumors].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the administration of far lateral craniocervical approach in the jugular foramen (JF) tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed in 14 cases of JF tumors (9 neurilemmomas, 3 meningiomas, 1 glomus jugulare tumor, and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma) surgically treated between January 2009 and January 2012, with focus on the surgical approach. Six patients (6/14) showed hydrocephalus. The tumor type was composed of 5 intracranial and intraforamen tumors with patent or occluded jugular bulb, 1 intracranial tumor with extension into the upper cervical canal, 4 extracranial and intra foramen tumors, 4 intra- and extracranial dumbbell-shaped communicating tumors involving the parapharyngeal space above C2 or extending caudally below C3. Far lateral postcondylar approach (FLPC) was carried out in 2 cases, far lateral tansjugular process approach (FLTJP) in 3 cases, combined FLPC + C1-2 semi-laminectomy approach in 1 case, combined FLTJP + trans-C1 transverse process approach in 7 cases, and combined FLTJP + neck approach with dissection of carotid sheath to the skull base in 1 case. Endovascular embolotherapy prior to surgical resection was performed in 1 glomus jugulare tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total tumor removal was achieved in 12 patients and subtotal removal in 2 patients, with no cerebrospinal fluid leakage or operative mortality. New cranial nerve paresis occurred after surgery in 1 case of facial nerve and 1 case of lower cranial nerve. Transient worsening of preoperative lower cranial nerve deficits was noted in 3 patients. Long-term follow-up study ranging from 5 to 32 months (average 13.7 months) showed 7 patients with lower cranial nerve deficits (6 preexisting and 1 new), with exception of one preoperative lower cranial nerve dysfunction due to the infiltration of an adenoid cystic carcinoma, experienced favorable improvement with recovery of adequate swallowing function, but voice disturbance remained in 4 cases. One patient with new facial nerve deficit presented with partial improvement and the hydrocephalus in 6 patients all spontaneously regressed. There was no tumor recurrence in patients receiving total removal and no tumor progression in patients undergoing subtotal removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FLTJP is a basic approach for JF tumors. The combined cranial and cervical approach should be considered in those tumors extending into the upper cervical canal and parapharyngeal space. The associated hydrocephalus seldom requires additional surgical management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurourgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wei-dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Long-yi
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guang-fu
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*