title: Comparison of transhiatal laparoscopy versus blind closed-chest cervicotomy and laparotomy for esophagectomy in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal replacement for caustic stenosis in children poses a challenging surgical problem. Blind removal of the injured esophagus without thoracotomy through a left cervical and transhiatal approach followed by an orthotopic esophageal replacement using either the colon or the stomach is a difficult procedure and can be dangerous in children. We performed our first total laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy in February 2007. We aim to compare this new technique to the previously applied method of blind closed-chest esophagectomy through a cervicotomy and laparotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the surgery and follow-up of 40 children operated upon for extensive irreversible caustic burns of the esophagus. The first 20 esophageal replacements were performed following a blind dissection of the mediastinum through a cervical incision and a laparotomy for esophagectomy (Group I). The last 20 esophageal replacements were performed after laparoscopic transhiatal dissection in the mediastinum and cervicotomy in the neck for esophagectomy (Group II). All operations were performed under the supervision of the same senior surgeon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age at the time of surgery was the same in both groups. Total esophagectomy was achieved in 45.0% of cases in Group I versus in 90.0% of cases in Group II. Colon was used in 80.0% of cases in Group I and in 90.0% in Group II. The mean duration of surgery was one hour longer in the laparoscopy group. One vascular injury was reported in the blind laparotomy group. Pneumothorax was more frequent in Group II without significant consequences besides drainage. Average time of extubation was about the same in both groups (1.8days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for caustic burns before esophageal replacement in children is safe and effective. It could avoid vascular and bronchial mediastinal injuries as the dissection is performed under direct visual control. The routine use of laparoscopic assistance by a senior surgeon improves the safety of esophageal dissection and reduces life-threatening complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Switzerland. sabine.vasseur@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasseur Maurer
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Buys Roessingh
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000601:surgery*; D002424:Caustics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002424:Caustics