title: Spinal ependymomas: prognostic factors and treatment results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We retrospectively analyzed patients with spinal ependymomas who were treated in our institute. We correlated outcome and recurrence with clinical and pathological features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2000 and January 2010, we treated 14 patients with spinal ependymoma (10 males, 4 females; mean age: 48.3 ± 18 years, range: 18-79 years). All patients were operated and received standard postoperative care. The outcome was estimated based on Frankel scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common presenting symptom was pain. All tumors were operated through a posterior approach and gross total resection was performed in 13/14 cases. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of one anaplastic ependymoma, nine grade II ependymomas, and four myxopapillary ependymomas. The mean Ki-67 index was 1.5%. All the patients were followed up postoperatively for an average of 5.1 years. One patient was reoperated because of recurrent disease and another received radiotherapy due to dissemination of disease. No association was found between extent of resection, tumor location, Ki-67 index, and recurrence of disease. There was a trend toward a higher risk of recurrence in myxopapillary ependymomas. Eight patients improved postoperatively. Interestingly, during the follow-up period, four patients developed a secondary neoplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early intervention and gross total resection of spinal ependymomas are associated with a favorable outcome. Further studies are needed to clarify the incidence of the development of a second cancer in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voulgaris
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Alexiou
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zigouris
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fotakopoulos
authors.forename: Evaggelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katsiafas
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savvanis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pachatouridis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult