title: Expression of cancer/testis antigens is correlated with improved survival in glioblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma (GBM) confers a dismal prognosis despite advances in current therapy. Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) comprise families of tumor-associated antigens that are immunogenic in different cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profile of a large number of CTA genes in GBM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected, from 153 CTA genes, those genes potentially expressed in GBM. The expression pattern of 30 CTA was then evaluated by RT-PCR in a series of 48 GBM and 5 normal brain samples. The presence of CTCFL protein was also evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the genes with no expression in normal brain, ACTL8 (57%), OIP5 (54%), XAGE3 (44%) and CTCFL (15%) were frequently expressed in GBM, while over 85% of the tumors expressed at least 1 of these four CTA. Coexpression of two or more CTA occurred in 49% of cases. CTCFL protein expression was detected in 13% of the GBM and was negative in normal brain samples. GBM expressing 3-4 CTA was associated with significantly better overall survival (OS) rates (P = 0.017). By multivariate analysis, mRNA positivity for 3-4 CTA (P = 0.044), radiotherapy (P = 0.010) and chemotherapy (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for OS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GBM frequently express ACTL8, OIP5, XAGE3 and CTCFL. A relatively high percentage of tumors expressed at least one of these four CTA, opening the perspective for their utility in antigen-specific immunotherapy. Furthermore, mRNA positivity for 3-4 CTA is an independent predictor of better OS for GBM patients.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Science Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: João Norberto
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Stávale
authors.forename: Thais Priscila
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Biassi
authors.forename: Fernando Tadeu
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Zamunér
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Souza Begnami
authors.forename: Fernando Augusto
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Andre Luíz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vettore
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor