title: Boerhaavia diffusa L. attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells via modulating oxidative stress and down-regulating NF-κβ and transforming growth factor β1.
abstract: The present study evaluated the antihypertrophic potential of the ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BDE), a well-known edible cardiotonic plant reported in Ayurveda against angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells. Markers of hypertrophy such as cell size, protein content and the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were analysed for the confirmation of hypertrophy induction. Angiotensin II (100 nM) caused an increase in cell volume (69·26 (SD 1·21)%),protein content (48·48 (SD 1·64)%), ANP (81·90 (SD 1·22)%) and BNP (108·57 (SD 1·47)%). BDE treatment significantly reduced cell volume, protein content and the concentrations of ANP and BNP (P#0·05) in H9c2 cells. The activity of various antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of reduced glutathione, which was lowered due to hypertrophy, were increased in BDE-treated cells. The BDE treatment also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in cells. In addition,the expression patterns of NF-kb and transforming growth factor b1 were found to be increased during hypertrophy, and their expressions were reduced on BDE treatment. In vitro chemical assays showed that BDE inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase in a dose-dependent manner with an estimated 50% effective concentration (EC50) value of 166·12 (SD 2·42) and 60·05 (SD 1·54) mg/ml,respectively. The overall results clearly indicate the therapeutic potential of B. diffusa against cardiac hypertrophy, in addition to its nutritional qualities.
authors.affiliation: Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prathapan
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Vineetha
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Abhilash
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Raghu
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006984:Hypertrophy; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D032386:Myoblasts, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D039281:Nyctaginaceae; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000804:Angiotensin II; D005978:Glutathione