title: Changes in dynamic plantar pressure during loaded gait.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower extremity overuse injuries are detrimental to military readiness. Extremes of arch height and heavy loads carried by military personnel are associated with increased risk for overuse injury. Little is known regarding the impact of load carriage on plantar pressure distributions during gait.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine how load carriage affects plantar pressure distributions during gait in individuals with varying arch types.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was used for the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at a research laboratory at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Service members who were healthy and weighing ≥70 kg were enrolled in the study. The participants (97 men, 18 women; mean age=31.3 years, SD=5.6; mean weight=86.0 kg, SD=11.0) were categorized as having high-, normal-, or low-arched feet on the basis of published cutoff values for the arch height index. Plantar pressure measurements were obtained with the use of an in-shoe pressure measurement system while participants wore combat boots and walked on a treadmill under 3 loaded conditions (uniform, 20-kg load, and 40-kg load). Maximal force (MaxF) and force-time integral (FTI) were assessed with the use of a 9-sector mask to represent regions of the foot. A 3 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for analysis across the levels of load and arch type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant interaction existed between arch type and load for MaxF and FTI in the medial midfoot, with greater force in low-arched feet. In the medial forefoot, MaxF and FTI were greatest in high-arched feet across all load conditions. In the great toe region, low-arched and normally arched feet had greater MaxF and FTI. The relative distribution of FTI increased proportionately in all regions of the foot regardless of arch type for all load conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The influence of fatigue, greater loads, and different walking speeds was not assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of arch type, increases in load did not alter the relative distribution of force over the plantar foot during gait. Participants with high-arched feet had greater force in the medial forefoot region, whereas those with normally arched or low-arched feet had greater force in the great toe region, regardless of load. These differences in force distribution may demonstrate different strategies to generate a rigid lever during toe-off.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Service, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany. stephen.goffar@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goffar
authors.forename: Rett J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reber
authors.forename: Bryan C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Brittany M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Deydre S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Teyhen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*