title: Attributes for effective nurse management within the health services of Western Australia, Singapore and Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the perceptions of nurse managers in Western Australia, Singapore and Tanzania regarding desirable attributes for effective management of their health services, and to identify and discuss the implications for health-management education provided by Australian universities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurse managers completed a questionnaire covering four key dimensions: personality characteristics, knowledge and learning, skills, and beliefs and values. Each of 75 items were rated as to their effect on management effectiveness, according to a 5-point Likert scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skills were considered the most important for management effectiveness by each group. Tanzanian respondents rated knowledge and learning almost as highly, and significantly higher than Western Australian respondents. They also rated personality characteristics and beliefs and values significantly higher than Western Australian respondents. No significant differences were found between Singapore and Western Australia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants desired a different relative mix of attributes in their nurse managers, with Western Australian respondents most likely to indicate that transformational leadership contributed most to managerial effectiveness. Tanzanian nurse managers were most likely to advocate transactional leadership, whereas Singaporean nurse managers' views were located somewhere between. Given that these perceptions are valid, the content and curricula of management-development courses need to be cognisant of the cultural backgrounds of participants. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? Views differ as to the extent to which the criteria for management effectiveness are broadly universal or contingent on culture. This applies to the area of nurse management as it does to healthcare management in general. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD? It is demonstrated that each of the three quite different countries or states considered identified a distinctive combination of attributes as desirable, with the nurse managers of Western Australia most likely to favour a transformational style of leadership, those from Tanzania a transactional leadership style and those from Singapore somewhere in between. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS? Given the country- or state-specific desire for a different relative mix of attributes in their nurse managers, management educators in Australia need to ensure that the content and curricula of their courses are cognisant of the cultural backgrounds of their students. There are also important lessons to be taken on board regarding recruitment of nurses into management positions in terms of each of the four dimensions considered, particularly in terms of desirable personality characteristics and beliefs and values.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Curtin University, Hayman Road, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. d.boldy@curtin.edu.au
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boldy
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Della
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gower
mesh_terms: D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000523:psychology*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000592:standards*; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania; D014904:Western Australia