title: Assessment of the health quality of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal): heavy metals and benthic foraminifera.
abstract: This work analyses the distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) assessed by total digestion and sequential chemical extraction of the sediments. The influence of environmental parameters on the living benthic foraminiferal assemblages was studied. The most polluted parts in the Ria de Aveiro are areas where the residence time is high and cohesive sediments are deposited. Organic matter, which is an excellent scavenger for a number of metals, is in general more abundant in the finer deposits of this lagoon, which act as sinks of anthropogenic pollutants. This condition is observed in Aveiro canals and Murtosa channel where sediments with the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr are found. The sediments of Murtosa channel are also enriched in As, Co and Hg. In Aveiro canals the enrichment of heavy metals is mostly related to the past industrial production at their margins (ceramic and metallurgy), whereas in Murtosa channel with effluent discharges of the Chemical Complex of Estarreja. Foraminiferal density and diversity reach higher values near the lagoon mouth under higher marine influence and decline in general under very low-oxygen conditions. Some species seems to be indifferent to the increasing of TOC (e.g. Haynesina germanica and Ammonia tepida) and some have an opportunistic behaviour in areas with very depressed levels of oxygen (e.g. A. tepida and Quinqueloculina seminulum) whereas other species can better tolerate sulphide/reducing conditions (e.g. H. germanica, Bolivina ordinaria, Buliminella elegantissima, Bulimina elongata/gibba and Nonionella stella) a widespread condition in this lagoon. Foraminiferal density and some species are negatively correlated with concentrations of heavy metals. A most sensitive group of species to higher concentrations of heavy metals is identified (such as B. ordinaria, B. pseudoplicata and B. elongata/gibba) and another one of more tolerant species (such as H. germanica A. tepida and Q. seminulum). Foraminifera are more tolerate higher available concentrations (AC) of Zn in any phase than higher AC of Cu adsorbed do clay minerals (F1) and associated with Fe and Mn oxides (F2) and of Pb in F2; the phase F2, probably the most mobile phase, and even phase F1 seems to be more toxic than the increasing of metals in organic matter (F3).
authors.affiliation: GeoBioTec, Dpto. Geociências, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. virginia.martins@ua.pt
authors.forename: Virgínia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frontalini
authors.forename: Keila M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tramonte
authors.forename: Rubens C L
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sequeira
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández-Fernández
authors.forename: João A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Cintia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Renó
authors.forename: Lazaro L M
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Laut
authors.forename: Frederico S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Maria Antonieta da C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Silvia H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahiques
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernabeu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056908:Foraminifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D011174:Portugal; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical