title: Residual effects of TMOF-Bti formulations against 1(st) instar Aedes aegypti Linnaeus larvae outside laboratory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating oostatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) (L.) larvae at UKM Campus Kuala Lumpur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty first instar Ae. aegypti larvae were added in each bucket containing 4 L of water supplied with crushed dried leaf powder as their source of food. Combination of TMOF-Bti in rice husk formulation with the following weights viz 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg, respectively in duplicate was distributed in the buckets; while TMOF-Bti in wettable powder formulation each weighing viz 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg, respectively in duplicate was also placed in the buckets. The control buckets run in duplicate with 4 L of water and 20 first instar Ae. aegypti larvae. All buckets were covered with mosquito netting. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours and weekly for five weeks. A new batch of 20 1(st) instar larvae Ae. aegypti was introduced into each bucket weekly without additional TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation or wettable powder. The experiment was repeated for four times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result of the study showed that all formulations were very effective on the first two weeks by giving 100% larval mortality for all concentrations applied. The TMOF (2%) + Bti (2%) had a good residual effect until the end of 3(rd) week, TMOF (4%) + Bti (4%) until 4(th) week, wettable powder TMOF (20%) + Bti (20%) until the third week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the results it can be concluded that the TMOF-Bti formulations can be utilized in dengue vector control.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Saiful
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hidayatulfathi
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009842:Oligopeptides; C065612:Peptide oostatic hormone
keywords: 1st instar; Aedes aegypti; Dengue; Dengue vector control; Larvae; Larval mortality; Mosquito; Outside laboratory; Residual effect; TMOF-Bti formulations