title: Herbivory-induced mortality increases with radial growth in an invasive riparian phreatophyte.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Under equal conditions, plants that allocate a larger proportion of resources to growth must do so at the expense of investing fewer resources to storage. The critical balance between growth and storage leads to the hypothesis that in high-resource environments, plants that express high growth rates are more susceptible to episodic disturbance than plants that express lower growth rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hypothesis was tested by measuring the radial growth, basal area increment (BAI) and carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C) in tree-ring α-cellulose of 62 mature tamarisk trees (Tamarix spp.) occurring at three sites in the western USA (n = 31 live and 31 killed trees across all sites, respectively). All of the trees had been subjected to periods of complete foliage loss by episodic herbivory over three or more consecutive growing seasons by the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda carinulata), resulting in approx. 50 % mortality at each site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean annual BAI (measured from annual ring widths) in the 10 years prior to the onset of herbivory was on average 45 % higher in killed trees compared with live trees (P < 0·0001). Killed trees that had higher growth rates also expressed higher (less negative) δ(13)C ratios compared with live trees. In fact, at one site near Moab, UT, the mean annual BAI was 100 % higher in killed trees despite having about a 0·5 ‰ higher δ(13)C relative to live trees (P = 0·0008). Patterns of δ(13)C suggest that the intrinsic water-use efficiency was higher in killed than surviving trees, possibly as a consequence of lower whole-canopy stomatal conductance relative to live trees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that a likely trade-off occurs between radial growth and survival from foliage herbivory in Tamarix spp. that currently dominates riparian areas throughout the western USA and northern Mexico. Thus, herbivory by D. carinulata may reduce the overall net primary productivity of surviving Tamarix trees and may result in a reduction in genetic variability in this dominant invasive tree species if these allocation patterns are adaptive.
authors.affiliation: Research, Conservation, and Collections Department, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA. khultine@dbg.org
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hultine
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Leavitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory; D058865:Introduced Species; D009505:Nevada; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D045483:Rivers; D032363:Tamaricaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D014589:Utah; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes
keywords: Diorhabda carinulata; Plant mortality; Tamarix; riparian ecosystems; tree ring growth; tree-ring δ13C