title: Civil society organizations and adaptation to the health effects of climate change in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptation will be necessary to cope with the impacts of climate change on the health of Canadians. Civil society organizations (CSOs) have an important role in health adaptation, but it is unknown what actions they are undertaking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and examine what adaptations are being developed by CSOs to adapt to the health effects of climate change based on a systematic review of the activities of 190 organizations and 1196 reported adaptation actions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were six key findings: (1) health adaptation actions are predominantly led by environmental CSOs; (2) most actions are occurring at national and regional levels; (3) food and/or water contamination and air quality are dominant climate change stimuli for action; (4) responses predominantly reflect awareness and research activities, with limited evidence of substantive intervention; (5) consideration of vulnerable groups is limited; and (6) climate change is usually considered alongside other factors, if at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a deficit in terms of what needs to be done for health adaptation and what is being done; part of a broader adaptation deficit in Canada. Coordinated adaptation planning at federal and provincial level is needed, involving collaboration between CSOs and public health bodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West #321, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada. carolyn.poutiainen@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poutiainen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berrang-Ford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heymann
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D002170:Canada; D057231:Climate Change; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006801:Humans; D009938:Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015980:Public Health Practice