title: FTY720 postconditions isolated perfused heart by a mechanism independent of sphingosine kinase 2 and different from S1P or ischemic postconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the hypothesis that postconditioning by FTY720 (FTY) in isolated perfused mouse hearts is independent of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo hearts were exposed to postconditioning (POST) by either ischemia or FTY720. Protection against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury was measured by recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and infarct size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FTY effectively postconditioned (POST) ex vivo hearts against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury as measured by recovery of LVDP and a low infarct size. FTY protection, unlike S1P but like sphingosine (Sph), was insensitive to inhibition of S1P G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) or inhibition of PI3 kinase. Protection by FTY and Sph was however blocked by inhibitors of PKA and PKG. Thus, FTY follows the same cardioprotective pathway as Sph. This was further supported by studies of FTY POST in knockout (KO) mice lacking the SphK2 form of Sph kinase that is needed for phosphorylation of FTY to an S1P analog. In the absence of SphK2, FTY (and Sph) POST was still cardioprotective. This differed from the effect of SphK2 KO on protection by ischemic POST (IPOST). IPOST was not effective in KO hearts. To see if the GPCR signaling pathway to protection is normal in KO hearts, we looked at POST by GPCR agonists S1P and adenosine. Both provided effective protection even in KO hearts suggesting that the problem with IPOST in KO hearts is a low level of S1P available for release during IPOST. Thus, pharmacologic POST with FTY or Sph, like adenosine and S1P, is unaffected in the KO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FTY720 administered in vivo might behave in a dual manner showing both S1P-like effects and sphingosine-like effects. It appears that the latter may have been overlooked and may be the more important in aging hearts.
authors.affiliation: Liver Study Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. donald.vessey@va.gov
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Vessey
authors.forename: Luyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Honbo
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karliner
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010477:Perfusion; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D011409:Propylene Glycols; D013110:Sphingosine; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate