title: Addressing endotoxin issues in bioengineered heparin.
abstract: Heparin is a widely used clinical anticoagulant that is prepared from pig intestine. A contamination of heparin in 2008 has led to a reexamination of animal-derived pharmaceuticals. A bioengineered heparin prepared by bacterial fermentation and chemical and enzymatic processing is currently under development. This study examines the challenges of reducing or removing endotoxins associated with this process that are necessary to proceed with preclinical in vivo evaluation of bioengineered heparin. The current process is assessed for endotoxin levels, and strategies are examined for endotoxin removal from polysaccharides and enzymes involved in this process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suwan
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torelli
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dordick
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Linhardt
mesh_terms: D057005:Bioengineering / Q000379:methods*; D002845:Chromatography; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000737:chemistry; D006493:Heparin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D004983:Ethanolamines; D006493:Heparin; D011112:Polymyxin B; C007369:2-diethylaminoethanol