title: Bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Summarize data on metabolic syndrome (MS) in bipolar disorder (BD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the Medline, Embase and PsycInfo databases, using the keywords "metabolic syndrome", "insulin resistance" and "metabolic X syndrome" and cross-referencing them with "bipolar disorder" or "mania". The following types of publications were candidates for review: (i) clinical trials, (ii) studies involving patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or (iii) data about metabolic syndrome. A 5-point quality scale was used to assess the methodological weight of the studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine articles were selected. None of studies reached the maximum quality score of 5 points. The prevalence of MS was significantly higher in BD individuals when compared to a control group. The analysis of MS subcomponents showed that abdominal obesity was heterogeneous. Individuals with BD had significantly higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia than healthy controls. When compared to the general population, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of low HDL-c in individuals with BD. Data on hypertension were also inconclusive. Rates of hyperglycemia were significantly greater in patients with BD compared to the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall results point to the presence of an association between BD and MS, as well as between their subcomponents.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Czepielewski
authors.forename: Ledo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daruy Filho
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brietzke
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors