title: Predicting individual differences in low-income children's executive control from early to middle childhood.
abstract: The present longitudinal study tested the roles of early childhood executive control (EC) as well as exposure to poverty-related adversity at family and school levels as key predictors of low-income children's EC in elementary school (n = 391). Findings suggest that children's EC difficulties in preschool and lower family income from early to middle childhood are robust predictors of later EC difficulties as rated by teachers in 2nd and 3rd grades. Findings also suggest enrollment in unsafe elementary schools is significantly predictive of higher levels of teacher-rated EC difficulty, but only for those children who showed initially elevated levels of EC difficulty in early childhood. Implications for scientific models of cognitive development and poverty-related adversity are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA. cybele.raver@nyu.edu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cybele Raver
authors.forename: Dana Charles
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pess
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012574:Schools