title: Validation of a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and development of a short form.
abstract: Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being used in various populations to improve well-being and reduce psychological afflictions. However, there is lack of a validated mindfulness measurement in the Chinese language. This study validated the Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-C) in both a community sample of 230 adults and a clinical sample of 156 patients with significant psychological distress. Results showed a good test-retest reliability (.88) and a high internal consistency (.83 in the community sample and .80 in the clinical sample). Mindfulness as measured by FFMQ-C has moderate to large correlations with psychological distress and mental well-being. Two of the five subscales (describing and acting with awareness) showed incremental validity over the others in predicting psychological symptoms and mental health. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure of the FFMQ-C and demonstrated adequate model fit. A 20-item short form scale (FFMQ-SF) was developed using the proposed comprehensive criteria. These findings indicate that the FFMQ-C is reliable and valid to measure mindfulness in a Chinese population. Further study is needed to evaluate the psychometric properties of FFMQ-SF.
authors.affiliation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR yeungshanwong@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Samuel Yeung-Shan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Herman Hay-Ming
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Winnie Wing-Sze
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.affiliation: The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Helen Shuk-Wah
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; reliability; short form; validity