title: Measures of anticholinergic drug exposure, serum anticholinergic activity, and all-cause postdischarge mortality in older hospitalized patients with hip fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess possible associations between anticholinergic drug exposure and serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) and their capacities to predict all-cause mortality in older hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on clinical characteristics, full medication exposure, SAA, and 4 anticholinergic drug scoring systems (ADSSs: Anticholinergic Risk Scale [ARS], Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Burden scale, and anticholinergic component of the Drug Burden Index) were collected in 71 older hospitalized patients (age 84 ± 6 years) awaiting surgical repair after hip fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) SAA was 2.8 (1.1-4.9) pmol/mL. Age (ρ = 0.25, p = 0.03), Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living score (ρ = 0.39, p = 0.001), in-hospital delirium (ρ = 0.29, p = 0.01), preadmission cognitive impairment (ρ = 0.31, p = 0.01), and the number of nonanticholinergic drugs (n-NA, ρ = -0.27, p = 0.02) were associated with SAA. No significant associations were detected between ADSSs and SAA. Cognitive impairment (β = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7 to 2.5, p = 0.005) and n-NA (β = -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5 to -0.03, p = 0.03) were independently associated with SAA. Cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.1 to 40.3, p = 0.04) and higher ARS scores (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.7, p = 0.006) independently predicted 3-month mortality whereas in-hospital delirium (HR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.3 to 10.3, p = 0.02), living at home (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.9, p = 0.03), and length of hospital stay (HR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.2, p = 0.004) independently predicted 1-year mortality after adjustment for age, gender, and Charlson comorbidity index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive impairment and n-NA, but not ADSSs, are independently associated with SAA in older hospitalized patients. The ARS score, together with cognitive impairment, in-hospital delirium, place of residence, and length of hospital stay, predicts all-cause mortality in this group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, and Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Woodend Hospital, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.a.mangoni@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Arduino A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mangoni
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: van Munster
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: de Rooij
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists
keywords: Anticholinergic drug scoring systems; cognitive impairment; delirium; mortality; older patients; serum anticholinergic activity