title: Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma undergoing hemodialysis: case report of two patients and short literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may involve both kidneys. When bilateral nephrectomy is necessary renal replacement therapy is mandatory. Treating such patients with sequential therapy based on cytokines, antiangiogenic factors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors is challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first case, a 50-year-old Caucasian female, underwent a radical right nephrectomy for RCC. Twelve years later she underwent a radical left nephrectomy along with total hysterectomy including bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for RCC involving the right kidney and ovary. Hemodialysis was necessary because of bilateral nephrectomy. She relapsed with pulmonary metastases and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and received cytokine based therapy along with bevacizumab. Therapy was discontinued despite the partial response because of hemorrhagic gastritis. Therapy was switched to an antiangiogenic factor but the patient manifested a parietal brain hematoma and stopped therapy. Subsequently disease relapsed with malignant pleural effusion and pulmonary nodules and a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor was administered which was withdrawn only at patient's deteriorating performance status. The patient died of the disease 13 years after the initial diagnosis of RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with RCC are in significant risk to manifest bilateral disease. Renal insufficiency requiring hemodialysis poses therapeutic challenges. Clinicians must be aware of the antiangiogenic factors' adverse effects, especially bleeding, that may manifest in higher frequency and more severe in this setting.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Syrios
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kechagias
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsavaris
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome