title: Hospital standardized mortality ratio: consequences of adjusting hospital mortality with indirect standardization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hospital standardized mortality ratio (HSMR) is developed to evaluate and improve hospital quality. Different methods can be used to standardize the hospital mortality ratio. Our aim was to assess the validity and applicability of directly and indirectly standardized hospital mortality ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective scenario analysis using routinely collected hospital data to compare deaths predicted by the indirectly standardized case-mix adjustment method with observed deaths. Discharges from Dutch hospitals in the period 2003-2009 were used to estimate the underlying prediction models. We analysed variation in indirectly standardized hospital mortality ratios (HSMRs) when changing the case-mix distributions using different scenarios. Sixty-one Dutch hospitals were included in our scenario analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A numerical example showed that when interaction between hospital and case-mix is present and case-mix differs between hospitals, indirectly standardized HSMRs vary between hospitals providing the same quality of care. In empirical data analysis, the differences between directly and indirectly standardized HSMRs for individual hospitals were limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct standardization is not affected by the presence of interaction between hospital and case-mix and is therefore theoretically preferable over indirect standardization. Since direct standardization is practically impossible when multiple predictors are included in the case-mix adjustment model, indirect standardization is the only available method to compute the HSMR. Before interpreting such indirectly standardized HSMRs the case-mix distributions of individual hospitals and the presence of interactions between hospital and case-mix should be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.pouw@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Maurice E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pouw
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Peelen
authors.forename: Hester F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lingsma
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieter
authors.forename: Ewout
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: Cor J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kalkman
authors.forename: Karel G M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Moons
mesh_terms: D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010343:Patient Admission; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment