title: Pattern of drug use and depressive symptoms among amphetamine type stimulants users in Beijing and Guangdong province, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) have increased dramatically in East-south Asia, especially in China. Most ATS users suffered from psychosis comorbidity, and depression is the main syndrome in ATS users.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of depressive symptoms and associated factors among ATS users was conducted in compulsory and voluntary drug detoxification and rehabilitation centers of Beijing and Guangdong Province from March, 2010 to August, 2010. Total 402 eligible participants were recruited and investigated by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire, the depression was measured by the short 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the impact of associated risk factors of depressive symptoms (%≥8). PRINCIPLE FINDING: The mean score of BDI-13 is 8.11, and 169 participants (42.04%) have depressive symptoms, including 106 (26.37%) with moderate and 63 (15.67%) with severe depressive symptoms. Higher dose of ATS use, history of ATS relapse were associated with moderate and severe depressive symptoms, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) was 2.62, (95% CI: 1.45-4.74) and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.18-3.42) respectively. The cessation of 12 months or more had less risk of depressive symptoms than the current users, the OR was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.24-0.91), and the ATS users reporting nicotine dependence and alcohol drinking had significantly more risk of depressive symptoms for 3.11 (1.83-5.28) and 2.22 (1.35-3.65) times than those without these behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms co-occurred frequently among ATS users in China. The efforts that facilitate drug users' attempts to stop using ATS use and relapse, quit cigarette smoking and stop alcohol drinking during the ATS treatment and management process should be supported as they may contribute to improving the mental health among this population.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Shi-Yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Zhen-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Su-Xia
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Zhi-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000661:Amphetamine