title: The role of self-control and self-esteem and the impact of early risk factors among violent offenders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the role of self-esteem and self-control among violent offenders has so far yielded inconsistent findings. Certain factors, such as an adverse upbringing, foster development of delinquent behaviour, but it is less clear how this is mediated. Little is known about the interrelationship between self-control and self-esteem or factors that influence them. AIM AND HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to examine the relevance of self-esteem and self-control as distinct characteristics of violent offenders, and of their interrelationship with biographical risk factors for violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from interviews and psychological testing with 101 incarcerated violent male offenders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These violent men showed higher body-related self-esteem compared with a general population sample. There were no offence-specific differences for self-control. Self-esteem was associated with self-control on binary testing, but, when entered into a regression analysis with attention and cognitive factors together with established early childhood risk factors, only the variable 'family problems' was independently related to self-control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings stress the complex interrelation between self-control, self-esteem and early childhood risk factors for antisocial behaviour. The combination of low social self-esteem, high body-related self-esteem and history of parenting problems characterising the violent offenders raises testable questions about whether high body-related self-esteem and violence are means of compensating for low social self-esteem with origins in parental neglect, inconsistent or harsh discipline.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Guenterstalstr. 73, 79100, Freiburg, Germany. g.woessner@mpicc.de
authors.forename: Gunda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woessner
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult