title: Ethanol extract of Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae) promotes fracture healing by an anabolic effect on osteoblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The whole plant or some part of Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK is used in some parts of Cameroon as a treatment for fracture healing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts of Peperomia pellucida (L.), a Cameroonian medicinal plant on bone regeneration following bone and marrow injury, and determine the mode of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethanol extract of Peperomia pellucida was administered at 100 and 200mg/kg doses orally to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats having a drill hole injury (0.8mm) in the femur diaphysis. Vehicle (gum-acacia in distilled water) was given to the control group. After 12 days of treatment, animals were euthanized and femur bones collected. Confocal microscopy of calcein labeling at the drill hole site was performed to evaluate bone regeneration. 3-D microarchitecture of drill hole site was analyzed by micorocomputed tomography. Osteogenic effects of the extract were evaluated by assessing mineralized nodule formation of bone marrow stromal cells and expression of osteogenic genes (mRNA level of type-1 collagen, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteocalcin genes) in the femur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol extract from Peperomia Pellucida (L.) dose-dependently induced bone regeneration at the fracture site. At 200mg/kg dose, the extract significantly increased mineral deposition compared to controls. The extract also improved microarchitecture of the regenerating bone evident from increased bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and decreased trabecular separation and structure model index. In addition, the extract increased the formation of mineralized nodules from the bone marrow stromal cells. Furthermore, the extract induced the expression of osteogenic genes in the femur including type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and BMP-2, compared to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanolic extract of P. pellucid (L.) accelerates fracture repair in rats via stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, thereby justifying its traditional use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon. tsngueguim@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Florence Tsofack
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Ngueguim
authors.forename: Mohd Parvez
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jean Hubert
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Donfack
authors.forename: Deepshikha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: Theophile
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dimo
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamtchouing
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maurya
authors.forename: Naibedya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D002163:Cameroon; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000166:cytology / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics; D036941:Peperomia; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000431:Ethanol