title: Training for percutaneous renal access on a virtual reality simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need to develop new methods of surgical training combined with advances in computing has led to the development of virtual reality surgical simulators. The PERC Mentor(TM) is designed to train the user in percutaneous renal collecting system access puncture. This study aimed to validate the use of this kind of simulator, in percutaneous renal access training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one urologists were enrolled as trainees to learn a fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal accessing technique. An assigned percutaneous renal access procedure was immediately performed on the PERC Mentor(TM) after watching instruction video and an analog operation. Objective parameters were recorded by the simulator and subjective global rating scale (GRS) score were determined. Simulation training followed and consisted of 2 hours daily training sessions for 2 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the training session, trainees were evaluated performing the same procedure. The post-training evaluation was compared to the evaluation of the initial attempt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the initial attempt, none of the trainees could complete the appointed procedure due to the lack of experience in fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal access. After the short-term training, all trainees were able to independently complete the procedure. Of the 21 trainees, 10 had primitive experience in ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Trainees were thus categorized into the group of primitive experience and inexperience. The total operating time and amount of contrast material used were significantly lower in the group of primitive experience versus the inexperience group (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The training on the virtual reality simulator, PERC Mentor(TM), can help trainees with no previous experience of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal access to complete the virtual manipulation of the procedure independently. This virtual reality simulator may become an important training and evaluation tool in teaching fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous renal access.
authors.affiliation: Wu Jieping Urology Center, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Cheng-fan
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jin-shun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yan-qun
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Na
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface