title: Impact of providing fee data on laboratory test ordering: a controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inpatient care providers often order laboratory tests without any appreciation for the costs of the tests.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether we could decrease the number of laboratory tests ordered by presenting providers with test fees at the time of order entry in a tertiary care hospital, without adding extra steps to the ordering process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All providers, including physicians and nonphysicians, who ordered laboratory tests through the computerized provider order entry system at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 61 diagnostic laboratory tests to an "active" arm (fee displayed) or to a control arm (fee not displayed). During a 6-month baseline period (November 10, 2008, through May 9, 2009), we did not display any fee data. During a 6-month intervention period 1 year later (November 10, 2009, through May 9, 2010), we displayed fees, based on the Medicare allowable fee, for active tests only.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined changes in the total number of orders placed, the frequency of ordered tests (per patient-day), and total charges associated with the orders according to the time period (baseline vs intervention period) and by study group (active test vs control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the active arm tests, rates of test ordering were reduced from 3.72 tests per patient-day in the baseline period to 3.40 tests per patient-day in the intervention period (8.59% decrease; 95% CI, -8.99% to -8.19%). For control arm tests, ordering increased from 1.15 to 1.22 tests per patient-day from the baseline period to the intervention period (5.64% increase; 95% CI, 4.90% to 6.39%) (P < .001 for difference over time between active and control tests).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presenting fee data to providers at the time of order entry resulted in a modest decrease in test ordering. Adoption of this intervention may reduce the number of inappropriately ordered diagnostic tests.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Nelson 215, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. LF@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Leonard S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Hasan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shihab
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thiemann
authors.forename: Hsin-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardolino
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brotman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015142:Baltimore; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003363:Cost Control; D003626:Data Display; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States