title: Production of the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with deltamethrin increases toxicity towards mosquito larvae.
abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is a bioinsecticide used for larval mosquito control and it represents a safe alternative to chemical insecticides. Despite its environmental safety, it is less efficient and persistent than chemical insecticides. To bypass these limitations, we propose to combine the advantages of chemical and biological insecticides by producing Bti in a medium supplemented with a chemical insecticide (DDT, deltamethrin, permethrin, propoxur or temephos). Among the investigated insecticides, the addition of deltamethrin in the medium induced a higher toxicity (over 6.72-fold) of the composite deltamethrin-Bti towards mosquito larvae as compared to Bti alone. This was mainly due to the insertion of deltamethrin into the membranes of Bti spores, as evidenced by a quantification of membrane-extracted deltamethrin by HPLC. This composite larvicide is a promising tool to decrease the quantity of chemicals dispersed in the environment, to increase the efficacy of Bti and to facilitate its widespread use as a transition between chemical and biological insecticides. Further experiments are required to characterize the mechanisms that underline the incorporation of deltamethrin into Bti to optimize the production and the toxicity of this composite larvicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first report of an increased efficacy of the mosquitocidal bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) when produced with a chemical insecticide. The results clearly demonstrate that deltamethrin is able to synergize the insecticidal activity of Bti through inclusion into spore membranes, reducing off-target and nonspecific toxicity occurring when the chemical is used alone as sprays. This new composite chemical-biological insecticide can become an invaluable tool as an intermediate between single chemical usage and the widespread use of Bti, notably in developing countries with limited financial resources for intensive mosquito control campaigns.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA-UMR 5553, Université de Grenoble 1, Grenoble Cedex 09, France. guillaume.tetreau@gmail.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tetreau
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandor-Proust
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Salunke
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Després
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000254:growth & development; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D009033:Culicidae; D003906:Developing Countries; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles; D026023:Permethrin; D011722:Pyrethrins; D000002:Temefos
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin; D000002:Temefos
keywords: Aedes aegypti; HPLC; bioassays; chemical insecticide; improved efficacy; pyrethroid