title: Muscle rupture after minimal trauma of the spastic muscle: three case reports of patients with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective study of three cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report three cases of muscle rupture caused by minimal trauma in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with severe spasticity and a literature review of the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of three cases of muscle ruptures in SCI patients with severe spasticity. All muscle lesions were diagnosed by ultrasound. Literature review (Pubmed) was performed to identify extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the literature and our clinical findings, several structural and mechanical alterations of the spastic muscle in combination with specific stretching during therapy or a transfer can cause a muscle rupture after minimal trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of muscle rupture due to spasticity in SCI patients. Altered mechanical properties of the spastic muscle in combination with extreme stretching may cause partial or complete ruptur. Although this is a rare complication of spasticity, medical staff and therapists should be aware of the risk factors in order to prevent and quickly identify muscle lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium. Thomas.Carpentier@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: T J D
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiekens
authors.forename: K H E
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Peers
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010276:Parasympatholytics