title: [Defect models for the regeneration of articular cartilage in large animals].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several animal models are available for the analysis of regeneration of articular cartilage in large animals, such as sheep, pigs, goats, dogs and horses. The subchondral bone lamella must be considered when ACT and MACT techniques are examined in order to protect the implant against migration of cells from the bone marrow, although recruitment of cells is often desirable in the regeneration of human cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The defects are mainly positioned at the condyles and the trochlea often bilaterally and spontaneous healing should be excluded. The follow-up period for assessment of the effectiveness of cartilage regeneration is 6-12 months. Shorter observation times up to 12 weeks can be used for pilot studies. Scores based on histological, immunohistological and biochemical staining are mostly used for assessing the regenerated tissue. Biomechanical tests with destructive features need isolated specimens from the animal but modern slice imaging techniques can reflect the progression of the healing processes over the time span of the study in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approaches to standardize the evaluation of the regeneration of articular cartilage have been sporadically described whereas they are required from the point of view of the approval of new concepts for therapy and the protection of animals.
authors.affiliation: Sektion experimentelle Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädisch-Unfallchirurgisches Zentrum, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland. barbara.schneider@medma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider-Wald
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: von Thaden
authors.forename: M L R
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D050724:Fractures, Cartilage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006041:Goats; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000639:trends*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000639:trends*; D013552:Swine