title: Relationship between air pollution and positivity of RA-related autoantibodies in individuals without established RA: a report on SERA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that respiratory exposures including smoking, proximity to traffic and air pollution might be associated with development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA-related autoantibodies are predictive of the development of RA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the relationship between RA-related autoantibodies and exposure to particulate matter (PM), a measure of air pollution of interest to health, in individuals without RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Studies of the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (SERA) is a multicentre study following first-degree relatives (FDRs) of a proband with RA. FDRs are without the 1987 ACR (American College of Rheumatology) classifiable RA at enrolment and are followed for the development of RA-related autoimmunity. RA-related autoantibody outcomes as well as tender and swollen joint outcomes were assessed. Exposure to PM was assigned using ambient air pollution monitoring data and interpolated with inverse distance weighting spatial analyses using Geographic Information Systems. PM exposures were linked to FDR's residential zip codes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA-related autoantibodies as well as tender or swollen joints are not associated with ambient PM concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While other respiratory exposures may be associated with increased risk of RA, our data suggest that ambient PM is not associated with autoantibodies and joint signs among individuals without RA, but at increased risk of developing RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, , Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.forename: Gary O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Zerbe
authors.forename: M Kristen
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Demoruelle
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weisman
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Buckner
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.forename: Ted R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mikuls
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: V Michael
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Holers
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor
keywords: Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Epidemiology; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Rheumatoid Factor