title: Surface electrical stimulation in dysphagic Parkinson patients: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson's disease was evaluated in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study describes the effects of surface electrical stimulation (SES) of the neck (submental region) in dysphagic Parkinson patients using different intensities of electrical current. Quasi-random allocation was performed when assigning patients to treatment groups. Three groups consisting of dysphagic patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (N = 90) received daily treatment for 15 days with periods of no treatment during the weekend. All three received traditional logopedic dysphagia treatment. In addition, two groups received SES, either motor-level or sensory-level stimulation. A standardized measurement protocol, including fiber optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and videofluoroscopy of swallowing (VFS), was performed before and after therapy. A team of experienced raters was blinded to the treatment group and to the moment of measurement. Intrarater and interrater reliability were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using proportional odds models (POMs), some of the visuoperceptual ordinal outcome variables showed significant improvement in all groups following treatment. Following 15 days of SES of the submental region, few significant effects were found, suggesting a therapy effect of traditional logopedic dysphagia treatment without any additional influence of SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the grounds of this study, it is concluded that further research is needed on the exact mechanism of SES and its effects on the neural pathways involved in swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht.
authors.forename: Laura W J
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Baijens
authors.forename: Renée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Speyer
authors.forename: Valéria Lima
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.forename: Walmari
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Jolien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Kruis
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haarmans
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Desjardins-Rombouts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method
keywords: Parkinson's disease; dysphagia; electrical stimulation