title: A new orchid genus, Danxiaorchis, and phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Calypsoeae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orchids have numerous species, and their speciation rates are presumed to be exceptionally high, suggesting that orchids are continuously and actively evolving. The wide diversity of orchids has attracted the interest of evolutionary biologists. In this study, a new orchid was discovered on Danxia Mountain in Guangdong, China. However, the phylogenetic clarification of this new orchid requires further molecular, morphological, and phytogeographic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new orchid possesses a labellum with a large Y-shaped callus and two sacs at the base, and cylindrical, fleshy seeds, which make it distinct from all known orchid genera. Phylogenetic methods were applied to a matrix of morphological and molecular characters based on the fragments of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer, chloroplast matK, and rbcL genes of Orchidaceae (74 genera) and Calypsoeae (13 genera). The strict consensus Bayesian inference phylogram strongly supports the division of the Calypsoeae alliance (not including Dactylostalix and Ephippianthus) into seven clades with 11 genera. The sequence data of each species and the morphological characters of each genus were combined into a single dataset. The inferred Bayesian phylogram supports the division of the 13 genera of Calypsoeae into four clades with 13 subclades (genera). Based on the results of our phylogenetic analyses, Calypsoeae, under which the new orchid is classified, represents an independent lineage in the Epidendroideae subfamily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses of the combined datasets using Bayesian methods revealed strong evidence that Calypsoeae is a monophyletic tribe consisting of eight well-supported clades with 13 subclades (genera), which are all in agreement with the phytogeography of Calypsoeae. The Danxia orchid represents an independent lineage under the tribe Calypsoeae of the subfamily Epidendroideae. This lineage should be treated as a new genus, which we have named Danxiaorchis, that is parallel to Yoania. Both genera are placed under the subtribe Yoaniinae.
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Guo-Qiang
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xin-Ju
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Ke-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Chieh
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yu-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Huai-Zhen
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jia-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Mei-Na
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fa-Guo
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fu-Wu
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Zhong-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D061125:Genes, Chloroplast; D017343:Genes, Plant; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer