title: In-treatment HDL cholesterol levels and development of new diabetes mellitus in hypertensive patients: the LIFE Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although hypertensive patients with low baseline HDL cholesterol levels have a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus, whether changing levels of HDL over time are more strongly related to the risk of new diabetes in hypertensive patients has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident diabetes mellitus was examined in relation to baseline and in-treatment HDL levels in 7485 hypertensive patients with no history of diabetes randomly assigned to losartan- or atenolol-based treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 4.7 ± 1.2 years follow-up, 520 patients (6.9%) developed new diabetes. In univariate Cox analyses, compared with the highest quartile of HDL levels (> 1.78 mmol/l), baseline and in-treatment HDL in the lowest quartile (< 1.21 mmol/l) identified patients with > 5-fold and > 9 fold higher risks of new diabetes, respectively; patients with baseline or in-treatment HDL in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles had intermediate risk of diabetes. In multivariable Cox analyses, adjusting for randomized treatment, age, sex, race, prior anti-hypertensive therapy, baseline uric acid, serum creatinine and glucose entered as standard covariates, and in-treatment non-HDL cholesterol, Cornell product left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic and systolic pressure, BMI, hydrochlorothiazide and statin use as time-varying covariates, the lowest quartile of in-treatment HDL remained associated with a nearly 9-fold increased risk of new diabetes (hazard ratio 8.7, 95% CI 5.0-15.2), whereas the risk of new diabetes was significantly attenuated for baseline HDL < 1.21 mmol/l (hazard ratio 3.9, 95% CI 2.8-5.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower in-treatment HDL is more strongly associated with increased risk of new diabetes than baseline HDL level.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Okin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hille
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Wiik
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kjeldsen
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlöf
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001262:Atenolol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D019808:Losartan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D001262:Atenolol; D019808:Losartan