title: The preventive effect of pentoxifylline on contrast-induced nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous coronary intervention provides a high-risk condition for incidence of CIN even in patients with normal renal function. Pentoxifylline (PTX) with a variety of mechanisms may prevent CIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 5, 2011, and February 20, 2012, all consecutive eligible patients referred for elective percutaneous coronary intervention were asked to participate in the study (n = 199). Eligibility was defined as the age between 18 and 65 years and baseline serum creatinine ≤ 132.6 μmol/l (1.5 mg/dl). The patients were randomly allocated to two groups either receiving saline or saline plus pentoxifylline 400 mg orally three times a day for 48 h. Serum creatinine was measured 24 h prior to the procedure and 48 h thereafter. The primary endpoint was occurrence of CIN defined as 25 % rise in serum creatinine 48 h after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of CIN was 6 % in this study (6.2 % in the PTX group versus 5.9 % in the hydration group, P = 0.92). Absolute rise in serum creatinine was not also significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.97). In hypertensive patients, however, the incidence of CIN was lower among those receiving PTX: 5 % in the PTX group versus 8.7 % in the hydration group. Nevertheless, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term prophylaxis with pentoxifylline added to optimal hydration does not seem to reduce the risk of CIN in patients with normal renal function undergoing PCI. Further clinical trials in patients with renal impairment are warranted to define its role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, yavariv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vahideh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yavari
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ostovan
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kojuri
authors.forename: Raha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afshariani
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamidian Jahromi
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamidian
authors.forename: Jamshid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roozbeh
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pakfetrat
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000097:blood; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C019946:creatininase; D010431:Pentoxifylline