title: The role of inflammation in HPV infection of the Oesophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several human cancers are known to be associated with inflammation and/or viral infections. However, the influence of tumour-related inflammation on viral uptake is largely unknown. In this study we used oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as a model system since this type of cancer is associated with chronic irritation, inflammation and viral infections. Although still debated, the most important viral infection seems to be with Human Papillomavirus (HPV). The present study focused on a possible correlation between inflammation, OSCC development and the influence of HPV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 114 OSCC biopsies and corresponding normal tissue were collected at Groote Schuur Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town (South Africa), that were subjected to RNA and DNA isolation. RNA samples were analysed by quantitative Light Cycler RT-PCR for the expression of selected genes involved in inflammation and infection, while conventional PCR was performed on the DNA samples to assess the presence of integrated viral DNA. Further, an in vitro infection assay using HPV pseudovirions was established to study the influence of inflammation on viral infectivity using selected cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was found in about 9% of OSCC patients, comprising predominantly the oncogenic type HPV18. The inflammatory markers IL6 and IL8 as well as the potential HPV receptor ITGA6 were significantly elevated while IL12A was downregulated in the tumour tissues. However, none of these genes were expressed in a virus-dependent manner. When inflammation was mimicked with various inflammatory stimulants such as benzo-α-pyrene, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in oesophageal epithelial cell lines in vitro, HPV18 pseudovirion uptake was enhanced only in the benzo-α-pyrene treated cells. Interestingly, HPV pseudovirion infectivity was independent of the presence of the ITGA6 receptor on the surface of the tested cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that although the carcinogen benzo-α-pyrene facilitated HPV pseudovirion uptake into cells in culture, HPV infectivity was independent of inflammation and seems to play only a minor role in oesophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa. georgia.schafer@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Siti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabanda
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Rooyen
authors.forename: Martina Bergant
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Marušič
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: M Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000502:physiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000821:virology; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral