title: Fluorescent affibody peptide penetration in glioma margin is superior to full antibody.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluorescence imaging has the potential to significantly improve neurosurgical resection of oncologic lesions through improved differentiation between normal and cancerous tissue at the tumor margins. In order to successfully mark glioma tissue a fluorescent tracer must have the ability to penetrate through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and provide delineation in the tumor periphery where heterogeneously intact BBB may exist. In this study it was hypothesized that, due to its smaller size, fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody protein (∼7 kDa) would provide a more clear delineation of the tumor margin than would fluorescently labeled cetuximab, a full antibody (∼150 kDa) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cetuximab and anti-EGFR targeted Affibody were conjugated to two different fluorescent dyes (both emitting in the near-infrared) and injected intravenously into 6 athymic mice which were inoculated orthotopically with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing human U251 glioma cells. Each mouse was sacrificed at 1-h post injection, at which time brains were removed, snap frozen, sectioned and quantitatively analyzed for fluorescence distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex vivo analysis showed on average, nearly equal concentrations of cetuximab and Affibody within the tumor (on average Affibody made up 49±6% of injected protein), however, the cetuximab was more confined to the center of the tumor with Affibody showing significantly higher concentrations at the tumor periphery (on average Affibody made up 72±15% of injected protein in the outer 50 um of the tumor). Further ex vivo analysis of detection studies showed that the Affibody provided superior discrimination for differentiation of tumor from surrounding normal brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody can provide significantly better delineation of tumor margins than a fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR antibody and shows considerable potential for guiding margin detection during neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. kristian.j.sexton.th@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tichauer
authors.forename: Kimberley S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Samkoe
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: P Jack
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoopes
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Pogue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000068818:Cetuximab; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D010455:Peptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068818:Cetuximab