title: Pathway specific modulation of S1P1 receptor signalling in rat and human astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1R) is modulated by phosphorylated FTY720 (pFTY720), which causes S1P1R internalization preventing lymphocyte migration thus limiting autoimmune response. Studies indicate that internalized S1P1Rs continue to signal, maintaining an inhibition of cAMP, thus raising question whether the effects of pFTY720 are due to transient initial agonism, functional antagonism and/or continued signalling. To further investigate this, the current study first determined if continued S1P1R activation is pathway specific.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using human and rat astrocyte cultures, the effects of S1P1R activation on cAMP, pERK and Ca(2+) signalling was investigated. In addition, to examine the role of S1P1R redistribution on these events, a novel biologic (MNP301) that prevented pFTY720-mediated S1P1R redistribution was engineered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed that pFTY720 induced long-lasting S1P1R redistribution and continued cAMP signalling in rat astrocytes. In contrast, pFTY720 induced a transient increase of Ca(2+) in astrocytes and subsequent antagonism of Ca(2+) signalling. Notably, while leaving pFTY720-induced cAMP signalling intact, the novel MNP301 peptide attenuated S1P1R-mediated Ca(2+) and pERK signalling in cultured rat astrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that pFTY720 causes continued cAMP signalling that is not dependent on S1P1R redistribution and induces functional antagonism of Ca(2+) signalling after transient stimulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that pFTY720 causes continued signalling in one pathway (cAMP) versus functional antagonism of another pathway (Ca(2+)) and which also suggests that redistributed S1P1Rs may have differing signalling properties from those expressed at the surface.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Luke M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Graham K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rutkowska
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mullershausen
authors.forename: Kumlesh K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011409:Propylene Glycols; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine