title: Distinct long-term neurocognitive outcomes after equipotent sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia in immature rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many anaesthetics when given to young animals cause cell death and learning deficits that persist until much later in life. Recent attempts to compare the relative safety or toxicity between different agents have not adequately controlled for the relative dose of anaesthetic given, thereby making direct comparisons difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isoflurane or sevoflurane were given at 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for 4 h to postnatal day 7 (P7) rat pups. Beginning at P75 these animals underwent fear conditioning and at P83 Morris water maze testing to assess working memory, short-term memory and early long-term memory using delays of 1 min, 1 h, and 4 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference between groups was seen in fear conditioning experiments. Morris water maze learning was equivalent between groups, and no difference was seen in working memory. Sevoflurane-treated animals had a deficit in early long-term memory, and isoflurane-treated animals had a deficit in both short-term and early long-term memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both isoflurane and sevoflurane delivered at 1 MAC for 4 h to immature rats caused a deficit in long-term memory. Isoflurane also caused a deficit in short-term memory. Isoflurane might be more detrimental than sevoflurane in very young animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ramage
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Alvi
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Quitoriano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Elphick
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tantoco
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ben-Tzur
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McCreery
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Di Geronimo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stratmann
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sall
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane
keywords: animals; isoflurane toxicity; memory drug effects; newborn; sevoflurane toxicity