title: Effects of multipurpose solutions on the viability and encystment of acanthamoeba determined by flow cytometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate simultaneously the effects of multipurpose contact lens care solution (MPS) on the viability and encystment of Acanthamoeba using flow cytometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Viability and encystment rate were evaluated using Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 50514 and ATCC 50370) and three clinical strains of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Acanthamoeba trophozoites (1.0 × 10(5) cells/mL) were exposed to four kinds of commercially available MPSs for 24 hours. After dispensing the cell suspension into two portions, one portion was stained with 0.004% Congo Red (CR), a fluorescence dye to stain the inner cell wall of cysts, and the other portion was stained with a mixture of Congo Red and 3% sarkosyl (CRS), a detergent to lyse the trophozoites and pseudocysts. Flow cytometric analysis of the treated portions was then carried out on an EPICS ALTRA flow cytometer. The encystment rate and disinfecting efficacies (percentage of rounded trophozoites, "pseudocyst") were calculated by the rates of CR-stained, CR-nonstained, and CRS-stained populations, respectively. Ultrastructural features of resistant (mature or immature) cysts and pseudocysts were observed by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistant cysts and rounded trophozoites (pseudocysts) were stained with CR, whereas native (unrounded) trophozoites were not. Resistant cysts were also stained with CRS unlike pseudocysts. Three clinical isolates showed higher resistance and higher encystment rates than two ATCC strains when treated with encystment-positive control solution. Disinfecting efficacy of each MPS was not directly related to each encystment rate. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed basic differences in the ultrastructure of pseudocysts produced by MPSs and resistant cysts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that viability and encystment of Acanthamoeba are independent phenomena, and therefore disinfecting efficacy of MPS and encystment rates of Acanthamoeba should be evaluated, respectively. Thus, it is important to evaluate simultaneously the disinfecting efficacies and encystment rates of newly developed premarket MPS using the authors' novel flow cytometric methods.
authors.affiliation: Menicon Co., Ltd., Kasugai, Aichi, Japan. imayasu-m@menicon-net.co.jp
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imayasu
authors.forename: Kissaou T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Tchedre
authors.forename: H Dwight
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018639:Contact Lens Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003560:Cysts / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053058:Trophozoites / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018639:Contact Lens Solutions; D004202:Disinfectants