title: Green synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize silver nanopaticles from leaves extract of Eucalyptus chapmaniana (E. chapmaniana) and test the antimicrobial of the nanoparticles against different pathogenic bacteria, yeast and its toxicity against human acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten milliliter of leaves extract was mixed with 90 mL of 0.01 mmol/mL or 0.02 mmol/mL aqueous AgNO3 and exposed to sun light for 1 h. A change from yellowish to reddish brown color was observed. Characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometery and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed. Antimicrobial activity against six microorganisms was tested using well diffusion method and cytoxicity test using 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole was obtained on the human leukemia cell line (HL-60).
  
  
  RESULTS
  UV-vis spectral analysis showed silver surface plasmon resonance band at 413 nm. X-ray diffraction showed that the particles were crystalline in nature with face centered cubic structure of the bulk silver with broad beaks at 38.50° and 44.76°. The synthesized silver nanoparticles efficiently inhibited various pathogenic organisms and reduced viability of the HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been demonstrated that the extract of E. chapmaniana leaves are capable of producing silver nanoparticles extracellularly and the Ag nanoparticles are quite stable in solution. Further studies are needed to fully characterize the toxicity and the mechanisms involved with the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of these particles.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Division, Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ghassan Mohammad
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Wasnaa Hatif
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Thorria Radam
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Marzoog
authors.forename: Ahmed Abdul Amir
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Amiery
authors.forename: Abdul Amir H
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kadhum
authors.forename: Abu Bakar
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mohamad
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Cytotoxic effect; Eucalyptus chapmaniana; Silver nanoparticles