title: The immunotoxicity of graphene oxides and the effect of PVP-coating.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) immunotoxicity is not clarified well up to date. Herein we reported the effects of GOs with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating on human immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), T lymphocytes and macrophages. Human immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), T lymphocytes and macrophages were isolated from health donated bloods, PVP-coating GO (PVP-GO) exhibited lower immunogenicity compared with pure GO on the aspect of inducing differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), the levels of secreted TNF-α and IL-1β had no obvious difference between two groups, yet the secretion of IL-6 remained in PVP-coating GO group. In addition, PVP-coating GO delayed significantly the apoptotic process of T lymphocytes, at the same time, and exhibited anti-phagocytosis ability against macrophages and markedly enhanced the physiological activity of macrophages. In conclusion, PVP-coating GO possesses good immunological biocompatibility and immunoenhancement effects in vitro, and is likely to be an available candidate of immunoadjuvant in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Chenchen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Guangxia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shouwu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Daxiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010641:Phenotype; D011205:Povidone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D016207:Cytokines; D000922:Immunotoxins; D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite; D011205:Povidone