title: An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots.
abstract: Domestication of plants and selection for agronomic traits may reduce plant secondary defence metabolites relative to their ancestors. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an economically important vegetable. Recently, carrot was developed as a functional food with additional health-promoting functions. Biofortified carrots contain increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant. Chlorogenic acid is involved in host plant resistance to Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), one of the key agri- and horticultural pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate quantitative host plant resistance to thrips in carrot and to identify candidate compounds for constitutive resistance. As such we explored whether cultivated carrot is more vulnerable to herbivore attack compared to wild carrot. We subjected a set of 14 biofortified, cultivated and wild carrot genotypes to thrips infestation. We compared morphological traits and leaf metabolic profiles of the three most resistant and susceptible carrots using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In contrast to our expectation, wild carrots were not more resistant to thrips than cultivated ones. The most thrips resistant carrot was the cultivar Ingot which is known to be tolerant against carrot root fly (Psila rosae). Biofortified carrots were not resistant to thrips. Plant size, leaf area and number of leaf hairs did not differ between resistant and susceptible carrots. The metabolic profiles of the leaves of resistant carrots were significantly different from those of susceptible carrots. The leaves of resistant carrots contained higher amounts of the flavanoid luteolin, the phenylpropanoid sinapic acid and the amino acid β-alanine. The negative effect of these compounds on thrips was confirmed using in-vitro bioassays. Our results have potential implications for carrot breeders. The natural variation of metabolites present in cultivated carrots can be used for improvement of thrips resistance. This is especially promising in view of the candidate compounds we identified since they do not only confer a negative effect on thrips but as antioxidants also play an important role in the improvement of human health.
authors.affiliation: Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. K.A.Leiss@biology.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Kirsten A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leiss
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cristofori
authors.forename: Rosalinda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Steenis
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verpoorte
authors.forename: Peter G L
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Klinkhamer
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000378:metabolism*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D057865:Plant Immunity; D061149:Thysanoptera / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid
keywords: Biofortified and wild Daucus carota L. (Carrot); Chlorogenic acid; Cultivated; Frankliniella occidentalis (Western flower thrips); Host plant resistance; Luteolin; NMR metabolomics; Sinapic acid; β-Alanine