title: Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders, comorbidity and impairment in 3-year-old Spanish preschoolers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal is to examine the prevalence, comorbidity and impairment of DSM-IV disorders in 3-year-old children from the Spanish general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1,341 3-year-old preschoolers were randomly selected and screened for a double-phase design. In total, 622 families were assessed with a diagnostic semi-structured interview and functional impairment measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of any diagnosis was 29.9%, the most prevalent disorders being primary insomnia (11.7%) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (6.9%). There were no sex differences in the prevalence. One-third of the families had sought professional help for the child's symptoms, and 9.4% received treatment (4.4% psychological and 2.1% pharmacological). After controlling for other comorbidities, ADHD was significantly associated with ODD, CD, insomnia and social phobia; ODD was associated with CD, separation anxiety, specific phobia and major depression. Diagnostic categories were associated with impairment, family burden, seeking professional help and receiving treatment. A diagnosis was more frequent in children of low socioeconomic status, born outside Spain, from one-parent families, with younger parents and with parents of lower educational level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychopathology, comorbidity and associated factors are very frequent from age three, suggesting a need for efforts of detection, prevention and treatment in the different societies.
authors.affiliation: Unitat D'Epidemiologia i de Diagnòstic en Psicopatologia del Desenvolupament, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain, lourdes.ezpeleta@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ezpeleta
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de la Osa
authors.forename: Josep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Doménech
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology