title: Gender differences in the use of insecticide-treated nets after a universal free distribution campaign in Kano State, Nigeria: post-campaign survey results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent expansion in insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution strategies range from targeting pregnant women and children under five and distributing ITN at antenatal care and immunization programmes, to providing free distribution campaigns to cover an entire population. These changes in strategy raise issues of disparities, such as equity of access and equality in ITN use among different groups, including females and males. Analysis is needed to assess the effects of gender on uptake of key malaria control interventions. A recent post-universal free ITN distribution campaign survey in Kano State, Nigeria offered an opportunity to look at gender effects on ITN use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A post-campaign survey was conducted three to five months after the campaign in Kano State, Nigeria from 19 October to 4 November, 2009, on a random sample of 4,602 individuals. The survey was carried out using a questionnaire adapted from the Malaria Indicator Survey. Using binary logistic regression, controlling for several covariates, the authors assessed gender effects on ITN use among individuals living in households with at least one ITN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey showed that household ITN ownership increased more than 10-fold, from 6% before to 71% after the campaign. There was no significant difference between the proportion of females and males living in households with at least one ITN. However, a higher percentage of females used ITNs compared to males (57.2% vs 48.8%). After controlling for several covariates, females remained more likely to use ITNs compared to males (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3-1.7). Adolescent boys remained the least likely group to use an ITN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals gender disparity in ITN use, with males less likely to use ITNs particularly among ages 15-25 years. The uptake of the intervention among the most at-risk group (females) is higher than males, which may be reflective of earlier strategies for malaria interventions. Further research is needed to identify whether gender disparities in ITN use are related to traditional targeting of pregnant women and children with malaria interventions; however, results provide evidence to design gender-sensitive messaging for universal ITN distribution campaigns to ensure that males benefit equally from such communications and activities.
authors.affiliation: ICF International, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705, USA. Ashley.Garley@icfi.com
authors.forename: Ashley E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Garley
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ivanovich
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negroustoueva
authors.forename: Yazoume
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult