title: Efficacy of high doses of oral penicillin versus amoxicillin in the treatment of adults with non-severe pneumonia attended in the community: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae is the bacterial agent which most frequently causes pneumonia. In some Scandinavian countries, this infection is treated with penicillin V since the resistances of pneumococci to this antibiotic are low. Four reasons justify the undertaking of this study; firstly, the cut-off points which determine whether a pneumococcus is susceptible or resistant to penicillin have changed in 2008 and according to some studies published recently the pneumococcal resistances to penicillin in Spain have fallen drastically, with only 0.9% of the strains being resistant to oral penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration>2 μg/ml); secondly, there is no correlation between pneumococcal infection by a strain resistant to penicillin and therapeutic failure in pneumonia; thirdly, the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics is urgently needed because of the dearth of new antimicrobials and the link observed between consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics and emergence and spread of antibacterial resistance; and fourthly, no clinical study comparing amoxicillin and penicillin V in pneumonia in adults has been published. Our aim is to determine whether high-dose penicillin V is as effective as high-dose amoxicillin for the treatment of uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We will perform a parallel group, randomised, double-blind, trial in primary healthcare centres in Spain. Patients aged 18 to 65 without significant associated comorbidity attending the physician with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection and radiological confirmation of the diagnosis of pneumonia will be randomly assigned to either penicillin V 1.6 million units thrice-daily during 10 days or amoxicillin 1,000 mg thrice-daily during 10 days. The main outcome will be clinical cure at 14 days, defined as absence of fever, resolution or improvement of cough, improvement of general wellbeing and resolution or reduction of crackles indicating that no other antimicrobial treatment will be necessary. Any clinical result other than the anterior will be considered as treatment failure. A total of 210 patients will be recruited to detect a non-inferiority margin of 15% between the two treatments with a minimum power of 80% considering an alpha error of 2.5% for a unilateral hypothesis and maximum possible losses of 15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pragmatic trial addresses the long-standing hypothesis that the administration of high doses of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic (penicillin V) in patients with non-severe pneumonia attended in the community is not less effective than high doses of amoxicillin (treatment currently recommended) in patients under the age of 65 years.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  EudraCT number 2012-003511-63.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Llor
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morros
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Sangenís
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Llobera
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillén-Solà
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carandell
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miravitlles
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003153:Community Health Services; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D012107:Research Design; D013030:Spain; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin; D010404:Penicillin V