title: Biodegradation of a mixture of the herbicides ametryn, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in a compartmentalized biofilm reactor.
abstract: In this work, an efficient degradation process for the removal of 2,4-D and ametryn, together with organic and inorganic adjuvants used in the commercial formulations of both herbicides, was developed. Although both compounds are toxic for microbial communities, ametryn is markedly more toxic than 2,4-D. In spite of this, the microbial consortium used could resist loading rates up to 31.5 mg L(-1) d(-1) of ametryn, with removal efficiencies up to 97% for both herbicides. Thus, an alternative use of this consortium could be bioaugmentation, as a tool to protect the structure and function of an activated-sludge biota against ametryn or 2,4-D shock loads. The process was carried out in a lab-scale prototype of aerobic biobarrier constructed as a compartmentalized fixed film reactor with airlift recirculation of oxygenated liquid.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Carrasco
authors.forename: Deifilia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahuatzi-Chacón
authors.forename: Juvencio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galíndez-Mayer
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Ordaz
authors.forename: Cleotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juárez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez-Jerónimo
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms; D001681:Biological Assay; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D019149:Bioreactors; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D007700:Kinetics; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C100057:ametryne; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
keywords: 2,4-D; Ametryn; Biodegradation; Biofilm reactor; Chryseobacterium