title: Systemic perturbations of key metabolites in diabetic rats during the evolution of diabetes studied by urine metabonomics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elucidation of metabolic profiles during diabetes progression helps understand the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. In this study, urine metabonomics was used to identify time-related metabolic changes that occur during the development of diabetes mellitus and characterize the biochemical process of diabetes on a systemic, metabolic level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine samples were collected from diabetic rats and age-matched controls at different time points: 1, 5, 10, and 15 weeks after diabetes modeling. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectra of the urine samples were obtained and analyzed by multivariate data analysis and quantitative statistical analysis. The metabolic patterns of diabetic groups are separated from the controls at each time point, suggesting that the metabolic profiles of diabetic rats were markedly different from the controls. Moreover, the samples from the diabetic 1-wk group are closely associated, whereas those of the diabetic 15-wk group are scattered, suggesting that the presence of various of complications contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Quantitative analysis indicated that urinary metabolites related to energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and methylamine metabolism are involved in the evolution of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlighted that the numbers of metabolic changes were related to diabetes progression, and the perturbed metabolites represent potential metabolic biomarkers and provide clues that can elucidate the mechanisms underlying the generation and development of diabetes as well as its complication.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Chengfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wenyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Litai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Zhihan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Hongchang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine