title: A monochromatic, aberration-corrected, dual-beam low energy electron microscope.
abstract: The monochromatic, aberration-corrected, dual-beam low energy electron microscope (MAD-LEEM) is a novel instrument aimed at imaging of nanostructures and surfaces at sub-nanometer resolution that includes a monochromator, aberration corrector and dual beam illumination. The monochromator reduces the energy spread of the illuminating electron beam, which significantly improves spectroscopic and spatial resolution. The aberration corrector utilizes an electron mirror with negative aberrations that can be used to compensate the aberrations of the LEEM objective lens for a range of electron energies. Dual flood illumination eliminates charging generated when a conventional LEEM is used to image insulating specimens. MAD-LEEM is designed for the purpose of imaging biological and insulating specimens, which are difficult to image with conventional LEEM, Low-Voltage SEM, and TEM instruments. The MAD-LEEM instrument can also be used as a general purpose LEEM with significantly improved resolution. The low impact energy of the electrons is critical for avoiding beam damage, as high energy electrons with keV kinetic energies used in SEMs and TEMs cause irreversible change to many specimens, in particular biological materials. A potential application for MAD-LEEM is in DNA sequencing, which demands imaging techniques that enable DNA sequencing at high resolution and speed, and at low cost. The key advantages of the MAD-LEEM approach for this application are the low electron impact energies, the long read lengths, and the absence of heavy-atom DNA labeling. Image contrast simulations of the detectability of individual nucleotides in a DNA strand have been developed in order to refine the optics blur and DNA base contrast requirements for this application.
authors.affiliation: Electron Optica Inc., 1000 Elwell Court #110, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA. marian@electronoptica.com
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mankos
authors.forename: Khashayar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shadman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Aberration correction; Contrast; DNA sequencing; Dual beam illumination; Low energy electron microscopy; Monochromator