title: "Click" dendrimers as anti-inflammatory agents: with insights into their binding from molecular modeling studies.
abstract: These studies explore the relationship between the inhibitory actions of low generation dendrimers in stimulated microglia and dendrimer-enzyme interactions using in silico molecular modeling. Low generation (DG0 and DG1) dendrimers with acetylene and hydroxyl terminal groups were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in microglia stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and the results were compared with those from the established anti-inflammatory agents, ibuprofen and celecoxib. We hypothesized that hydroxyl terminal groups of DG0 and DG1 dendrimers could interact with the active sites of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes due to their small size and favorable electrochemical properties. The enzymatic activity of iNOS and COX-2 was determined in the presence of low generation dendrimers using biochemical assays and their values related to dendrimer docking confirmations from in silico molecular modeling. We found that results from the molecular modeling studies correlated well with the in vitro biological data, suggesting that, indeed, hydroxyl terminal groups of low generation dendrimers enable multivalent macromolecular interactions, resulting in the inhibition of both iNOS and COX-2 enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, H3G 1Y5, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neibert
authors.forename: Varin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gosein
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mohidus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Dusica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maysinger
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakkar
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D050091:Dendrimers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2