title: Developmental timing of child maltreatment and symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood: results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Child maltreatment is a potent risk factor for psychopathology. Although the developmental timing of first exposure to maltreatment is considered important in shaping risk of future psychopathology, no consensus exists on whether earlier or later exposures are more deleterious. This study examines whether age at first exposure to abuse is associated with subsequent depression and suicidal ideation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 15,701). Timing of first maltreatment exposure was classified using: (1) a crude measure capturing early childhood (ages 0-5), middle childhood (ages 6-10), or adolescence (ages 11-17); and (2) a refined measure capturing infancy (ages 0-2), preschool (ages 3-5), latency (ages 6-8), prepubertal (ages 9-10), pubertal (ages 11-13), or adolescence (ages 14-17). We examined whether timing of first exposure was associated with depression and suicidal ideation in early adulthood in the entire sample and among those exposed to maltreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents exposed to abuse, particularly physical abuse, at any age had a higher odds of depression and suicidal ideation in young adulthood than non-maltreated respondents. Among maltreated respondents, exposure during early childhood (ages 0-5), particularly preschool (ages 3-5), was most strongly associated with depression. Respondents first exposed to physical abuse during preschool had a 77% increase in the odds of depression and those first exposed to sexual abuse during early childhood had a 146% increase in the odds of suicidal ideation compared to respondents maltreated as adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developmental timing of first exposure to maltreatment influences risk for depression and suicidal ideation. Whether these findings are evidence for biologically based sensitive periods requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slopen
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.forename: Jordan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Smoller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D063588:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: child maltreatment; depression; developmental timing; sensitive period; suicidal ideation