title: Smoking and opioid detoxification: behavioral changes and response to treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relevance of tobacco use in opioid addiction (OA) has generated a demand for available and more effective interventions. Thus, further analysis of less explored nicotine-opioid clinical interactions is warranted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A post-hoc analysis of OA participants in a double-blind, randomized very low dose naltrexone (VLNTX) inpatient detoxification trial evaluated measures of opioid withdrawal and tobacco use. Intreatment smokers were compared with nonsmokers, or smokers who were not allowed to smoke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 141 (81%) of 174 OA participants were smokers, all nicotine-dependent. Inpatient smoking was a predictor of opioid withdrawal discomfort. Intreatment smokers (n = 96) showed significantly higher opioid craving (F = 3.7, p < .001) and lower detoxification completion rate (χ(2) = 7.9, p < .02) compared with smokers who were not allowed to smoke (n = 45) or nonsmokers (n = 33). Smoking during treatment was associated with more elevated cigarette craving during detoxification (F = 4.1, p < .001) and a higher number of cigarettes smoked at follow-up (F = 3.6, p < .02). Among intreatment smokers, VLNTX addition to methadone taper was effective in easing opioid withdrawal and craving more than other treatments, whereas the combination VLNTX-clonidine was associated with significantly reduced cigarette craving and smoking during detoxification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to address tobacco use may negatively affect pharmacologically managed opioid discontinuation. Opioid detoxification may offer a window of opportunity to expand smoking cessation treatment, hence improving OA outcomes. The observed effects support testing of VLNTX-clonidine in smoking cessation trials among individuals with or without substance abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mannelli
authors.forename: Li-Tzy
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kathleen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Peindl
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gorelick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009271:Naltrexone