title: Identification and assessment of adherence-enhancing interventions in studies assessing medication adherence through electronically compiled drug dosing histories: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-adherence to medications is prevalent across all medical conditions that include ambulatory pharmacotherapy and is thus a major barrier to achieving the benefits of otherwise effective medicines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to identify and to compare the efficacy of strategies and components thereof that improve implementation of the prescribed drug dosing regimen and maintain long-term persistence, based on quantitative evaluation of effect sizes across the aggregated trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials that tested the efficacy of adherence-enhancing strategies with self-administered medications. The searches were limited to papers in the English language and were included from database inception to 31 December 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our review included randomized controlled trials in which adherence was assessed by electronically compiled drug dosing histories. Five thousand four hundred studies were screened. Eligibility assessment was performed independently by two reviewers. A structured data collection sheet was developed to extract data from each study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adherence-enhancing components were classified in eight categories. Quality of the papers was assessed using the criteria of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guidelines to assess potential bias. A combined adherence outcome was derived from the different adherence variables available in the studies by extracting from each paper the available adherence summary variables in a pre-defined order (correct dosing, taking adherence, timing adherence, percentage of adherent patients). To study the association between the adherence-enhancing components and their effect on adherence, a linear meta-regression model, based on mean adherence point estimates, and a meta-analysis were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine clinical trials published between 1995 and December 2011 were included in the review. Patients randomized to an intervention group had an average combined adherence outcome of 74.3 %, which was 14.1 % higher than in patients randomized to the control group (60.2 %). The linear meta-regression analysis with stepwise variable selection estimated an 8.8 % increase in adherence when the intervention included feedback to the patients of their recent dosing history (EM-feedback) (p < 0.01) and a 5.0 % increase in adherence when the intervention included a cognitive-educational component (p = 0.02). In addition, the effect of interventions on adherence decreased by 1.1 % each month. Sensitivity analysis by selecting only high-quality papers confirmed the robustness of the model. The random effects model in the meta-analysis, conducted on 48 studies, confirmed the above findings and showed that the improvement in adherence was 19.8 % (95 % CI 10.7-28.9 %) among patients receiving EM-feedback, almost double the improvement in adherence for studies that did not include this type of feedback [10.3 % (95 % CI 7.5-13.1 %)] (p < 0.01). The improvement in adherence was 16.1 % (95 % CI 10.7-21.6 %) in studies that tested cognitive-educational components versus 10.1 % (95 % CI 6.6-13.6 %) in studies that did not include this type of intervention (p = 0.04). Among 57 studies measuring clinical outcomes, only 8 reported a significant improvement in clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a common measurement, the meta-analysis was limited by the heterogeneity of the pooled data and the different measures of medication adherence. The funnel plot showed a possible publication bias in studies with high variability of the intervention effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notwithstanding the statistical heterogeneity among the studies identified, and potential publication bias, the evidence from our meta-analysis suggests that EM-feedback and cognitive-educational interventions are potentially effective approaches to enhance patient adherence to medications. The limitations of this research highlight the urgent need to define guidelines and study characteristics for research protocols that can guide researchers in designing studies to assess the effects of adherence-enhancing interventions.
authors.affiliation: AARDEX Group Ltd., a MWV Healthcare Company, Sion, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demonceau
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruppar
authors.forename: Paulus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kristanto
authors.forename: Dyfrig A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fargher
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kardas
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Geest
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dobbels
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewek
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vrijens
mesh_terms: D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends