title: Pre-diabetes and diabetes: Medical risk factors and periodontal conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between subjects with pre-diabetes, well or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) and non-diabetes concerning such medical risk factors as hemoglobin A1c, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with periodontal conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMI, WC, PI, BOP, PD and marginal bone level (MBL) were recorded. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level and random blood glucose level (RBGL) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five subjects were pre-diabetics, 64 subjects had poorly controlled T2D, 28 subjects had well controlled T2D and 76 subjects were non-diabetics. Non-diabetics, pre-diabetics as well as subjects with T2D were overweight. Females in all groups had increased mean levels of WC. Number of PD ≥ 6 mm were increased in subjects with poorly controlled T2D compared to non-diabetics and pre-diabetics (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-diabetic subjects showed the same periodontal conditions as non-diabetic subjects. Forty-five of the subjects reporting to have no diabetes were pre-diabetics. Non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects were overweight. Subjects with poorly controlled T2D had severe periodontal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology , Huddinge , Sweden.
authors.forename: Murad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altamash
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arledal
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klinge
authors.forename: Per-Erik
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human