title: Amaranthus roxburghianus root extract in combination with piperine as a potential treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present work was undertaken to determine the effects of Amaranthus roxburghianus Nevski. (Amaranthaceae) root alone and in combination with piperine in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6). Standard group received prednisolone (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Treatment groups received hydroalcoholic extract of roots of A. roxburghianus (50 and 100 mg/kg, per oral) and a combination of hydroalcoholic extract of roots of A. roxburghianus (50 and 100 mg/kg, per oral) and piperine (5 mg/kg, per oral). Ulcer index, colitis severity, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde and glutathione were estimated from blood and tissue. Column chromatography of the extract was done and purified fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with the combination of hydroalcoholic extract of A. roxburghianus and piperine showed minimal ulceration, hemorrhage, necrosis and leucocyte infiltration by histopathological observation. Acetic acid increased MPO levels in blood and colon tissue to 355 U/mL and 385 U/mg, respectively. The combination of hydroalcoholic extract of A. roxburghianus (100 mg/kg) and piperine (5 mg/kg) significantly decreased MPO in blood and tissue to 182 U/mL and 193 U/mg, respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, this combination significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased glutathione levels in blood and tissue. Various phytoconstituents were detected by GC-MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of hydroalcoholic extract of A. roxburghianus and piperine is effective in the treatment of UC and the effects are comparable with the standard drug prednisolone. 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, eugenol and benzene, and 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl are reported having analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties; they may play a role in the biological activity of A. roxburghianus root.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Maharashtra, India. nirmalsunil@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Sunil A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nirmal
authors.forename: Jayashri M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ingale
authors.forename: Shashikant R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pattan
authors.forename: Sanjay B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhawar
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D010880:Piperidines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; C008922:piperine