title: Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cohort study investigated the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and diet soda consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 2,037 employees of a factory in Japan. We measured consumption of SSB and diet soda using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The incidence of diabetes was determined in annual medical examinations over a 7-year period. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for diabetes were estimated after adjusting for age, body mass index, family history, and dietary and other lifestyle factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study, 170 participants developed diabetes. The crude incidence rates (/1,000 person-years) across participants who were rare/never SSB consumers, <1 serving/week, ≥ 1 serving/week and <1 serving/day, and ≥ 1 serving/day were 15.5, 12.7, 14.9, and 17.4, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted HR compared to rare/never SSB consumers was 1.35 (95 % CI 0.80-2.27) for participants who consumed ≥ 1 serving/day SSB. Diet soda consumption was significantly associated with the incident risk of diabetes (P for trend = 0.013), and multivariate-adjusted HRs compared to rare/never diet soda consumers were 1.05 (0.62-1.78) and 1.70 (1.13-2.55), respectively, for participants who consumed <1 serving/week and ≥ 1 serving/week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of diet soda was significantly associated with an increased risk for diabetes in Japanese men. Diet soda is not always effective at preventing type 2 diabetes even though it is a zero-calorie drink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan, m-sakura@kanazawa-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners