title: Cell toxicity and oxidative potential of engine exhaust particles: impact of using particulate filter or biodiesel fuel blend.
abstract: The link between emissions of vehicular particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects is well established. However, the influence of new emission control technologies and fuel types on both PM emissions and health effects has been less well investigated. We examined the health impact of PM emissions from two vehicles equipped with or without a diesel particulate filter (DPF). Both vehicles were powered either with diesel (B0) or a 50% v/v biodiesel blend (B50). The DPF effectively decreased PM mass emissions (∼85%), whereas the fuel B50 without DPF lead to less reduction (∼50%). The hazard of PM per unit distance driven was decreased for the DPF-equipped vehicle as indicated by a reduced cytotoxicity, oxidative, and pro-inflammatory potential. This was not evident and even led to an increase when the hazard was expressed on a per unit of mass basis. In general, the PM oxidative potential was similar or reduced for the B50 compared to the B0 powered vehicle. However, the use of B50 resulted in increased cytotoxicity and IL-6 release in BEAS-2B cells irrespective of the expression metric. This study shows that PM mass reduction achieved by the use of B50 will not necessarily decrease the hazard of engine emissions, while the application of a DPF has a beneficial effect on both PM mass emission and PM hazard.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. miriam.gerlofs@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Miriam E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gerlofs-Nijland
authors.forename: Annike I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Totlandsdal
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tzamkiozis
authors.forename: Daan L A C
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Leseman
authors.forename: Zissis
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Samaras
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Låg
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ntziachristos
authors.forename: Flemming R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000633:toxicity; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D004229:Dithiothreitol