title: Microinjection of mRNA or morpholinos for reverse genetic analysis in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.
abstract: We describe a protocol for microinjection of embryos for an emerging model system, the cnidarian sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. In addition, we provide protocols for carrying out overexpression and knockdown of gene function through microinjection of in vitro-translated mRNAs or gene-specific oligonucleotide morpholinos (MOs), respectively. Our approach is simple, and it takes advantage of the natural adherence properties of the early embryo to position them in a single layer on a polystyrene dish. Embryos are visualized on a dissecting microscope equipped with epifluorescence and injected with microinjection needles using a picospritzer forced-air injection system. A micromanipulator is used to guide the needle to impale individual embryos. Injection takes ∼1.5 h, and an experienced researcher can inject ∼2,000 embryos in a single session. With the availability of the published Nematostella genome, the entire protocol, including cloning and transcription of mRNAs, can be carried out in ∼1 week.
authors.affiliation: The Whitney Marine Laboratory for Marine Science, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Layden
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Röttinger
authors.forename: Francis S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wolenski
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.forename: Mark Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Martindale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D059386:Reverse Genetics / Q000379:methods*; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D060172:Morpholinos; D012333:RNA, Messenger