title: Alteration in certain enzymological parameters of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to short- and long-term exposure of clofibric acid and diclofenac.
abstract: The extensive use of pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine may enter the aquatic environment and pose a serious threat to non-target aquatic organisms like fish. In this study, Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala was exposed to different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg L⁻¹) of most commonly used pharmaceutical drugs clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF) to evaluate its impacts on certain enzymological parameters during short- and long-term exposures. During short-term (96 h) exposure period, plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were significantly altered at all concentrations of both the CA- and DCF-treated fish. In long-term exposure (35 days), gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was found to be significantly increased at all concentration of CA and DCF exposures throughout the study period (except at the end of 7th day in 10 and 100 µg L⁻¹) . However, a biphasic trend was observed in plasma GOT and GPT activity when compared to the control groups. In both short- and long-term exposure, a significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) changes were observed in all enzymological parameters of fish C. mrigala exposed to different concentrations of CA and DCF. The alterations of these enzymological parameters can be effectively used as potential biomarkers in monitoring of pharmaceutical toxicity in aquatic environment and organisms.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Manoharan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.forename: Mathan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Rakpong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petkam
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002347:Carps / Q000097:blood*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005880:Gills / Q000201:enzymology; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002995:Clofibric Acid; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase