title: Novel small-eye allele in paired box gene 6 (Pax6) is caused by a point mutation in intron 7 and creates a new exon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Within a mutagenesis screen, we identified the new mouse mutant Aey80 with small eyes; homozygous mutants were not obtained. The aim of the study was its molecular characterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the offspring of paternally N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-treated C3HeB/FeJ mice for dysmorphology parameters, which can be observed with the naked eye. The Aey80 mutant (abnormality of the eye) was further characterized with laser interference biometry, Scheimpflug imaging, and optical coherence tomography. Linkage analysis of the Aey80 mutant was performed using a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms different among C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6J mice. The Aey80 mutation was identified with sequence analysis of the positional candidate gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a new mutant characterized by an obvious small-eye phenotype; homozygotes are not viable after birth. Embryos at embryonic day 15.5 demonstrate a clear gene-dosage effect: Heterozygotes have small eyes, whereas homozygous mutants do not have eyes. In adult mice, the lenses and the entire eyes of the heterozygous mutants were significantly smaller than those of the wild-types (p<0.01). No other ocular phenotypes were observed; the lenses were fully transparent, and no adhesion to the cornea was observed. The mutation was mapped to chromosome 2; markers between 70.8 MB and 129.5 MB showed significant linkage to the mutation resulting in paired box gene 6 (Pax6) as an excellent candidate gene. We amplified cDNAs from the embryonic eyes and observed an additional band while amplifying the region corresponding to exons 7 and 8. The additional band included an alternative exon of 141 bp, which was associated with a G->A exchange four bases downstream of the end of the alternative exon. The alternative exon in the mutants is predicted to encode 30 novel amino acids and three stop codons. This alternative exon kept the paired domain intact but led to a loss of the homeodomain and the C-terminal proline-serine-threonine (PST) domain. The mutation cosegregated in the mutant line, since all five additional small-eyed mice from this line showed the same mutation. A general polymorphism at the mutated site was excluded with sequence analysis of seven other wild-type mouse strains different from C3HeB/FeJ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate a novel allele of the paired box gene 6 (Pax6) that affects lens development in a semidominant manner leading to a classical small-eye phenotype. However, the site of the mutation more than 1 kb downstream of exon 7 and resulting in an alternative exon is quite unusual. It indicates the importance of sequence analysis of cDNA for mutation detection; mutations like this are unlikely to be identified by analyzing genomic sequences only. Moreover, this particular mutation demonstrates how a novel exon can be created by only a single base-pair exchange.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Puk
authors.forename: Xiaohe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabrautzki
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gailus-Durner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hrabě de Angelis
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graw
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000473:pathology; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; C000605732:Pax6 protein, mouse; D012097:Repressor Proteins