title: Sonoporation: mechanistic insights and ongoing challenges for gene transfer.
abstract: Microbubbles first developed as ultrasound contrast agents have been used to assist ultrasound for cellular drug and gene delivery. Their oscillation behavior during ultrasound exposure leads to transient membrane permeability of surrounding cells, facilitating targeted local delivery. The increased cell uptake of extracellular compounds by ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles is attributed to a phenomenon called sonoporation. In this review, we summarize current state of the art concerning microbubble-cell interactions and cellular effects leading to sonoporation and its application for gene delivery. Optimization of sonoporation protocol and composition of microbubbles for gene delivery are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delalande
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotopoulis
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Midoux
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D014465:Ultrasonics
keywords: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DMPC; DSPC; Gene therapy; HIFU; High Intensity Focused Ultrasound; Microbubbles; Physical gene delivery method; Ultrasound; VEGF; Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor; eGFP; enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein