title: Deliberate self-harm, substance use, and negative affect in nonclinical samples: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted to examine associations between self-harm, substance use, and negative affect in nonclinical samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two articles describing 36 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that individuals who engage in substance use are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm. It was also found that negative affective states such as depression and anxiety are consistently associated with self-harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide some guidance in identifying those who are at increased risk of self-harm. Reducing these risk factors could be an important strategy in preventing self-harm behavior in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Carl I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Moller
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Don G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*