title: A plug-and-play brain-computer interface to operate commercial assistive technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a brain-computer interface (BCI) could be used as a plug-and-play input device to operate commercial assistive technology (AT), and to quantify the performance impact of such operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a hardware device designed in our lab, participants (11 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 22 controls) were asked to operate two devices using a BCI. Results were compared to traditional BCI operation by the same users. Performance was assessed using both accuracy and BCI utility, a throughput metric. 95% confidence bounds on performance differences were developed using a linear mixed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed differences in accuracy and throughput were small and not statistically significant. The confidence bounds indicate that if there is a performance impact of using a BCI to control an AT device, the impact could easily be overcome by the benefits of the AT device itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCI control of AT devices is possible, and the performance difference appears to be very small. BCI designers are encouraged to incorporate standard outputs into their design to enable future users to interface with familiar AT devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain-computer interface (BCI) control of assistive technology (AT) devices is possible. The performance impact of such control is low when BCIs are commercially available, AT providers can use a BCI as an input device to existing AT devices already in use by their clients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA .
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Kirsten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gruis
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huggins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D055815:Young Adult