title: Three-dimensional digital capture of head size in neonates - a method evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of neonatal care is mainly determined by long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. The neurodevelopment of preterm infants is related to postnatal head growth and depends on medical interventions such as nutritional support. Head circumference (HC) is currently used as a two-dimensional measure of head growth. Since head deformities are frequently found in preterm infants, HC may not always adequately reflect head growth. Laser aided head shape digitizers offer semiautomatic acquisition of HC and cranial volume (CrV) and could thus be useful in describing head size more precisely.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1) To evaluate reproducibility of a 3D digital capture system in newborns. 2) To compare manual and digital HC measurements in a neonatal cohort. 3) To determine correlation of HC and CrV and predictive value of HC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a twelve-month period data of head scans with a laser shape digitizer were analysed. Repeated measures were used for method evaluation. Manually and digitally acquired HC was compared. Regression analysis of HC and CrV was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interobserver reliability was excellent for HC (bias-0.005%, 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) -0.39-0.39%) and CrV (bias1.5%, 95%LoA-0.8-3.6%). Method comparison data was acquired from 282 infants. It revealed interchangeability of the methods (bias-0.45%; 95%LoA-4.55-3.65%) and no significant systematic or proportional differences. HC and CrV correlated (r(2) = 0.859, p<0.001), performance of HC predicting CrV was poor (RSD ±24 ml). Correlation was worse in infants with lower postmenstrual age (r(2) = 0.745) compared to older infants (r(2) = 0.843).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current practice of measuring HC for describing head growth in preterm infants could be misleading since it does not represent a 3D approach. CrV can vary substantially in infants of equal HC. The 3D laser scanner represents a new and promising method to provide reproducible data of CrV and HC. Since it does not provide data on cerebral structures, additional imaging is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ifflaender
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rüdiger
authors.forename: Arite
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development; D015203:Reproducibility of Results