title: The underlying aetiologies of coma in febrile Sudanese children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral malaria, acute bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis are the main causes of fever and altered consciousness in the tropics. In areas where reliable laboratory testing is unavailable, over diagnosis and misdiagnosis of these conditions is likely. In malaria endemic countries non-malarial contributors to coma may be overlooked, overburdening available resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the underlying causes of altered mental state in children presenting with fever and coma to tertiary medical facilities in Sudan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children over one month of age admitted to the emergency departments of three main hospitals in Khartoum with fever and coma were investigated for cerebral malaria, acute bacterial meningitis and Herpes simplex encephalitis during April to November 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and four children presenting with fever and coma were evaluated. Cerebral malaria was clinically suspected in 38 patients and 5 were confirmed. Acute bacterial meningitis was suspected in 63 patients and confirmed in 15. Herpes encephalitis was confirmed in only one case. There were five cases of mixed infection and the remainder were unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical diagnoses of cerebral malaria, acute bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis are unreliable. Further studies to evaluate the underlying causes of coma in febrile Sudanese children are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, The National Ribat University, PO Box Burri 55, Khartoum, Sudan. eisaelamin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eisa O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: El-Amin
authors.forename: Mohamed I Haj
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Elbashir
authors.forename: Osman E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Elamin
authors.forename: Yousif
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abdul-Rahman
authors.forename: Mohamed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: El-Amin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology