title: Toxicity and dose determination of quillaja saponin, aluminum hydroxide and squalene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).
abstract: Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response of a given antigen. Most of the adjuvants are toxic at certain doses, and toxicity varies in different species. Moreover, there are no standard dosage limits set for adjuvant use in fish vaccines. We evaluated the acute toxicity, serum enzymes (AST/ALT) indicating hepatic injury and histopathological changes due to intra-peritoneal administration of different concentrations of a panel of adjuvants including quillaja saponin, aluminum hydroxide, squalene emulsion and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) with a dose ranging study of saponin (500, 160, 50, 16 and 5μgfish(-1)), aluminum hydroxide (5000, 1600, 500, 160 and 50μgfish(-1)), squalene emulsion (20, 10 and 5%), and FIA to determine the acceptable dosage for vaccination in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fingerlings measuring 4.66±0.41g, 8.47±0.42cm. Saponin was highly toxic with a LD50 of approximately 105μgfish(-1) (22.4mgkg(-1)) causing severe histological damage and AST level was high at dose above 16μgfish(-1) and ALT, specific for liver damage was high only at 160μgfish(-1) (11U/L) and was safe at 5μgfish(-1). Aluminum hydroxide was toxic at 5000μgfish(-1) and was acceptable at dose below 1600μgfish(-1) with moderate histology and AST/ALT levels similar with control. Squalene emulsion showed increased inflammation at 20% and 10% emulsions and the inflammatory response was mild at a concentration of 5% oil emulsion and AST/ALT levels being similar to control in 10% and 5% emulsions and elevated in 20% on both sampling days. FIA was not lethal, but induced severe inflammation at injection site and around blood vessels. In comparison to FIA, saponin found to be safe at dose of 5μgfish(-1), aluminum hydroxide below 1600μgfish(-1), and squalene at 5% emulsion and could be accepted for vaccination studies. These results provide an insight for the selection of safer dose of adjuvants for intra-peritoneal vaccination of olive flounder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tharabenahalli-Nagaraju
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Vinay
authors.affiliation: Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, South Korea.
authors.forename: Heung-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, South Korea. Electronic address: sungju@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung-Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D005432:Flounder / Q000276:immunology*; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D062605:Quillaja Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D008055:Lipids; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; C114843:incomplete Freund's adjuvant; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D013185:Squalene; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: Adjuvant; Aluminum hydroxide; Dose; Olive flounder; Saponin; Squalene; Toxicity