title: Societal and ethical implications of anti-spoofing technologies in biometrics.
abstract: Biometric identification is thought to be less vulnerable to fraud and forgery than are traditional forms of identification. However biometric identification is not without vulnerabilities. In a 'spoofing attack' an artificial replica of an individual's biometric trait is used to induce a system to falsely infer that individual's presence. Techniques such as liveness-detection and multi-modality, as well as the development of new and emerging modalities, are intended to secure biometric identification systems against such threats. Unlike biometrics in general, the societal and ethical issues raised by spoofing and anti-spoofing techniques have not received much attention. This paper examines these issues.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Science, Society and Citizenship, Piazza Capo di Ferro, 23, 00186, Rome, Italy, andrew.rebera@cssc.eu.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rebera
authors.forename: Matteo E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bonfanti
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venier
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D056667:Biometric Identification / Q000941:ethics; D003625:Data Collection; D008192:Deception; D005607:Fraud; D006801:Humans; D013672:Technology / Q000941:ethics