title: Gastroesophageal reflux in patients treated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: short- and long-term evaluation with multichannel intraluminal impedance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of GER, related symptoms and complications in patients treated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are poorly defined. The aim was to evaluate incidence and development of GER in children treated for CDH in a short- and long-term follow-up period, identifying potential risk factors of morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients were evaluated with pH-MII at a median age of 6 months (T1) and re-evaluated with pH-MII and endoscopy at a median age of 5 years (T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of reflux was 83 % in T1 and 61 % in T2; the incidence of symptoms was 62 % in T1 and 38 % in T2. In both groups the reflux was mainly non-acidic. Patch, intrathoracic stomach and esophageal dysmotility were risk factors for GER.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of GER and symptoms decrease over the time but it was higher than in the literature, probably because it is mainly non-acidic and evaluable only with MII. The esophageal dysmotility was found to be the main risk factor. An high incidence of reflux and esophagitis was found also in asymptomatic patients, and so a close follow-up is recommended in all patients even if it is asymptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgical Unit, Department of Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano 3, Palermo, Italy. annacaruso2@libero.it
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Di Pace
authors.forename: Pieralba
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casuccio
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cimador
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Grazia
mesh_terms: D017097:Electric Impedance; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors