title: Maternal slaughter at abattoirs: history, causes, cases and the meat industry.
abstract: Animals of both sexes are slaughtered for meat and meat products at the abattoirs. It has been found in few countries that one-out-of-every-three ewe and one-out-of-every-four doe with single, twin or multiple foetuses are slaughtered in registered slaughterhouses. In quest for meat, numerous viable embryos and foetuses are wasted unnoticed since the productive pregnant animals are not spared in the process. The trend in the slaughter of pregnant animals for meat (ranging from 54.5% to 70.1%) therefore calls for a review to reminisce issues on slaughter reforms, emphasize its implication on losses of genetic materials and sustainability of meat production. As a way of ensuring that welfare quality® assessment is not compromised and cruelty is prevented during animal slaughter, the quantitation of housekeeping genes and naturally occurring microRNAs (miRNAs) are recommended for identifying candidate pain biomarkers. In order to respect consumers' right however, the manuscript suggests meat branding where the consumption of meat from pregnant animals is ethical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Forte Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, 5700 South Africa.
authors.forename: Peter Olutope
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Fayemi
authors.forename: Voster
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muchenje
keywords: Buller syndrome; Housekeeping pain genes; Livestock restocking; Meat branding; Non-coding microRNA (miRNAs); Pain biomarkers; Slaughter reforms