title: Preventing the preventable through effective surveillance: the case of diphtheria in a rural district of Maharashtra, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemic diphtheria is still poorly understood and continues to challenge both developing and developed countries. In the backdrop of poor immunization coverage, non-existent adult boosters, weak case based surveillance and persistence of multiple foci, there is a heightened risk of re-emergence of the disease in epidemic forms in India. Investigating each outbreak to understand the epidemiology of the disease and its current status in the country is therefore necessary. Dhule a predominantly tribal and rural district in Northern Maharashtra has consistently recorded low vaccination coverages alongside sporaidic cases of diphtheria over the last years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reports the findings of an onsite survey conducted to assess a recent outbreak of diphtheria in Dhule district and the response mounted to it. Secondary data regarding outbreak detection and response were obtained from the district surveillance office. Clinical data were extracted from hospital records of eleven lab confirmed cases including one death case. Frequency distributions were calculated for each identified clinical and non- clinical variable using Microsoft™ Excel® 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings suggest a shift in the median age of disease to adolescents (10-15 years) without gender differences. Two cases (18%) reported disease despite immunization. Clinical symptoms included cough (82%), fever (73%), and throat congestion (64%). About 64% and 36% of the 11 confirmed cases presented with a well defined pseudomembrane and a tonsillar patch respectively. Drug resistance was observed in all three culture positive cases. One death occurred despite the administration of Anti-Diphtheric Serum in a partially immunized case (CFR 9%). Genotyping and toxigenicity of strain was not possible due to specimen contamination during transport as testing facilities were unavailable in the district.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outbreak raises several concerns regarding the epidemiology of diphtheria in Dhule. The reason for shift in the median age despite consistently poor immunization coverage (below 50%) remains unclear. Concomitant efforts should now focus on improving and monitoring primary immunization and booster coverages across all age groups. Gradually introducing adult immunization at ten year intervals may become necessary to prevent future vulnerabilities. Laboratory networks for genotyping and toxigenicity testing are urgently mandated at district level given the endemicity of the disease in the surrounding region and its recent introduction in remote Dhule. Contingency funds with pre- agreements to obtain ADS and DT/Td vaccines at short notice and developing standard case management protocols at district level are necessary. Monitoring the disease, emerging strains and mutations, alongside drug resistance through robust and effective surveillance is a pragmatic way forward.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health-Former Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany. rphalkey@gmail.com
authors.forename: Revati K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Phalkey
authors.forename: Rajesh V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Bhosale
authors.forename: Abhijeet P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Sushil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wakchoure
authors.forename: Muralidhar P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Tambe
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Awate
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marx
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012424:Rural Population; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data