title: Effect of replacement of fish oil with camelina (Camelina sativa) oil on growth, lipid class and fatty acid composition of farmed juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
abstract: Camelina (Camelina sativa) oil was tested as a replacement for fish oil in diets for farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Camelina differs from other plant oilseeds previously used in aquaculture with high lipid (40 %), α-linolenic acid (40 %), antioxidants and low proportions of saturated fats. Dietary treatments were fed to cod (19 g fish⁻¹ initial weight) for 9 weeks and included a fish oil control (FO), 40 % (CO40) and 80 % (CO80) replacement of fish oil with camelina oil. There was no effect of replacing fish oil with camelina oil included at levels up to 80 % on the growth performance. Cod fed CO80 stored more lipid in the liver (p < 0.01), including more neutral lipid (p < 0.05) and triacylglycerol (p < 0.05). Cod fed CO80 decreased in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in muscle compared to CO40 and FO (p < 0.05), increased in monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01), decreased in total ω3 fatty acids (FO > CO40 > CO80; p < 0.01) and increased in total ω6 fatty acids (FO < CO40 < CO80; p < 0.01). In the liver, long-chain (LC) PUFA such as 20:4ω6, 20:5ω3, 22:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 decreased when fish oil was removed from the diet (p < 0.05), and increased in 18-carbon fatty acids (p < 0.01). Camelina oil can reduce the amount of fish oil needed to meet lipid requirements, although replacing 80 % of fish oil reduced LC PUFAs in both tissues. A comparison of BF₃ and H₂SO₄ as catalysts to transmethylate cod liver and muscle lipids revealed small but significant differences in some fatty acid proportions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada, scolombo@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hixson
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D010938:Plant Oils