title: Effects of altering the sequence of midazolam and propofol during co-induction of anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of varying the sequence of midazolam and propofol administration on the quality of induction, cardiorespiratory parameters and propofol requirements in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three client owned dogs (ASA I-III, 0.5-10 years, 5-30 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1) ) and morphine (0.4 mg kg(-1) ) intramuscularly. After 30 minutes, group midazolam-propofol (MP) received midazolam (0.25 mg kg(-1) ) intravenously (IV) before propofol (1 mg kg(-1) ) IV, group propofol-midazolam (PM) received propofol before midazolam IV at the same doses, and control group (CP) received saline IV, instead of midazolam, before propofol. Supplementary boluses of propofol (0.5 mg kg(-1) ) were administered to effect to all groups until orotracheal intubation was completed. Behaviour after midazolam administration, quality of sedation and induction, and ease of intubation were scored. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, and systolic arterial blood pressure were recorded before premedication, post-premedication, after midazolam or saline administration, and at 0, 2, 5, and 10 minutes post-intubation. End-tidal CO2 and arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation were recorded at 2, 5 and 10 minutes post-intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quality of sedation and induction, and ease of intubation were similar in all groups. Incidence of excitement was higher in the MP compared to CP (p = 0.014) and PM (p = 0.026) groups. Propofol requirements were decreased in MP and PM groups with respect to CP (p < 0.001), and in PM compared to MP (p = 0.022). The HR decreased after premedication in all groups, and increased after midazolam and subsequent times in MP (p = 0.019) and PM (p = 0.001) groups. Incidence of apnoea and paddling was higher in CP (p = 0.005) and MP (p = 0.031) groups than in PM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of midazolam before propofol reduced propofol requirements although caused mild excitement in some dogs. Administration of propofol before midazolam resulted in less excitatory phenomena and greater reduction of propofol requirements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Eliseo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belda
authors.forename: Mayte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agut
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Francisco G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Laredo
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol