title: Microscopic evaluation of trace metals in cloud droplets in an acid precipitation region.
abstract: Mass concentrations of soluble trace metals and size, number, and mixing properties of nanometal particles in clouds determine their toxicity to ecosystems. Cloud water was found to be acidic, with a pH of 3.52, at Mt. Lu (elevation 1,165 m) in an acid precipitation region in South China. A combination of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for the first time demonstrates that the soluble metal concentrations and solid metal particle number are surprisingly high in acid clouds at Mt. Lu, where daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10 are 18 μg m(-3), 7 μg m(-3), and 22 μg m(-3). The soluble metals in cloudwater with the highest concentrations were zinc (Zn, 200 μg L(-1)), iron (Fe, 88 μg L(-1)), and lead (Pb, 77 μg L(-1)). TEM reveals that 76% of cloud residues include metal particles that range from 50 nm to 1 μm diameter with a median diameter of 250 nm. Four major metal-associated particle types are Pb-rich (35%), fly ash (27%), Fe-rich (23%), and Zn-rich (15%). Elemental mapping shows that minor soluble metals are distributed within sulfates of cloud residues. Emissions of fine metal particles from large, nonferrous industries and coal-fired power plants with tall stacks were transported upward to this high elevation. Our results suggest that the abundant trace metals in clouds aggravate the impacts of acid clouds or associated precipitation on the ecosystem and human health.
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China. liweijun@sdu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Collett
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaoye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zifa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wenxing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015258:Acid Rain / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015258:Acid Rain; D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements