title: Asymptomatic pulmonary congestion and physical functioning in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor physical performance is common in patients with kidney failure on dialysis (CKD-5D). Whether lung congestion, a predictable consequence of cardiomyopathy and fluid overload, may contribute to the low physical performance of CKD-5D patients has not been investigated in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the relationship between the physical functioning scale of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form and a validated ultrasonographic measure of lung water in a multicenter survey of 270 hemodialysis patients studied between 2009 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe lung congestion by lung ultrasonography was observed in 156 (58%) patients; among these, 60 (38%) were asymptomatic (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class I). On univariate analysis, physical functioning was inversely associated with lung water in the whole group (r=-0.22; P<0.001) and in the subgroup of asymptomatic patients (r=-0.40; P=0.002). Age (r=-0.45; P<0.001) and past cardiovascular events (r=-0.22; P=0.002) were also inversely associated with physical functioning, whereas albumin (r=0.23; P<0.001) was directly associated with the same parameter. NYHA class correlated strongly with physical functioning (r=-0.52; P<0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, both NYHA class and lung water maintained an independent association with physical functioning, whereas albumin and background cardiovascular events failed to independently relate with the same outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic and asymptomatic lung congestion is associated with poor physical functioning in hemodialysis patients. This association is independent of NYHA, suggesting that this measurement and NYHA may have complementary value to explain the variability in physical performance in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Dialysis, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera, Reggio Calabria, Italy. enia1951@gmail.com
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Enia
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torino
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panuccio
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tripepi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postorino
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aliotta
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellantoni
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripepi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zoccali
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014463:Ultrasonography