title: Facile synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of cellulose-chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite material: a potential material for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is often used as a bone-implant material because it is biocompatible and osteoconductive. However, HAp possesses poor rheological properties and it is inactive against disease-causing microbes. To improve these properties, we developed a green method to synthesize multifunctional composites containing: (1) cellulose (CEL) to impart mechanical strength; (2) chitosan (CS) to induce antibacterial activity thereby maintaining a microbe-free wound site; and (3) HAp. In this method, CS and CEL were co-dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL) and then regenerated from water. HAp was subsequently formed in situ by alternately soaking [CEL+CS] composites in aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and Na2 HPO4 . At least 88% of IL used was recovered for reuse by distilling the aqueous washings of [CEL+CS]. The composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These composites retained the desirable properties of their constituents. For example, the tensile strength of the composites was enhanced 1.9 times by increasing CEL loading from 20% to 80%. Incorporating CS in the composites resulted in composites which inhibited the growth of both Gram positive (MRSA, S. aureus and VRE) and Gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria. These findings highlight the potential use of [CEL+CS+HAp] composites as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201.
authors.forename: Tamutsiwa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mututuvari
authors.forename: April L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.forename: Chieu D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tran
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose; D048271:Chitosan; D017886:Durapatite; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose
keywords: antimicrobial activity; bone tissue engineering; cellulose; chitosan; hydroxyapatite