title: Phenotype characterization of Beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the goal of this study is to understand the phenotype characteristic of beta-lactamase enzymes producing Enterobacteriaceae, such as ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase.
  
  
  METHODS
  three different methods are performed to confirm those phenotypic characteristics, namely double disk diffusion method to confirm ESBL, AmpC disk test (cefoxitin-based) to confirm AmpC, and modified Hodge test to confirm carbapenemase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  using double disk diffusion method, we found 58.42% isolates are ESBL-producing, whereas the outcomes of AmpC disk test shows 1.98% are AmpC-producing. By conducting modified Hodge test (MHT), 27.59% isolates are confirmed as carbapenemase-producing bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study confirmed the prevalence of beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is very high. Nevertheless, AmpC and carbapenemase should not be ignored despite their low prevalence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Jl. Diponegoro no. 71, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yulia R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Saharman
authors.forename: Delly C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lestari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase