title: Amino acids as co-amorphous stabilizers for poorly water-soluble drugs--Part 2: molecular interactions.
abstract: The formation of co-amorphous drug-drug mixtures has proved to be a powerful approach to stabilize the amorphous form and at the same time increase the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. Molecular interactions in these co-amorphous formulations can play a crucial role in stabilization and dissolution enhancement. In this regard, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a valuable tool to analyze the molecular near range order of the compounds in the co-amorphous mixtures. In this study, several co-amorphous drugs--low molecular weight excipient blends--have been analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy. Molecular interactions of the drugs carbamazepine and indomethacin with the amino acids arginine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan were investigated. The amino acids were chosen from the biological target site of both drugs and prepared as co-amorphous formulations together with the drugs by vibrational ball milling. A detailed analysis of the FTIR spectra of these formulations revealed specific peak shifts in the vibrational modes of functional groups of drug and amino acid, as long as one amino acid from the biological target site was present in the blends. These peak shifts indicate that the drugs formed specific molecular interactions (hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions) with the amino acids. In the drug-amino acid mixtures that contained amino acids which were not present at the biological target site, no such interactions were identified. This study shows the potential of amino acids as small molecular weight excipients in co-amorphous formulations to stabilize the amorphous form of a poorly water-soluble drug through strong and specific molecular interactions with the drug.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Korbinian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Löbmann
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grohganz
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005079:Excipients; D002220:Carbamazepine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D014364:Tryptophan; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Amino acids; Co-amorphous; FTIR; Molecular interactions; Small molecular excipients