title: Biodiversity of aerobic endospore-forming bacterial species occurring in Yanyanku and Ikpiru, fermented seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa used to produce food condiments in Benin.
abstract: Yanyanku and Ikpiru made by the fermentation of Malcavene bean (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are used as functional additives for Parkia biglobosa seed fermentations in Benin. A total of 355 aerobic endospore-forming bacteria (AEFB) isolated from Yanyanku and Ikpiru produced in northern and southern Benin were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods, including GTG5-PCR, M13-PCR, 16S rRNA, gyrA and gyrB gene sequencing. Generally, the same 5-6 species of the genus Bacillus predominated: Bacillus subtilis (17-41% of isolates), Bacillus cereus (8-39%), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (9-22%), Bacillus licheniformis (3-26%), Bacillus safensis (8-19%) and Bacillus altitudinis (0-19%). Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus flexus, and Bacillus circulans (0-2%), and species of the genera Lysinibacillus (0-14%), Paenibacillus (0-13%), Brevibacillus (0-4%), and Aneurinibacillus (0-3%) occurred sporadically. The diarrheal toxin encoding genes cytK-1, cytK-2, hblA, hblC, and hblD were present in 0%, 91% 15%, 34% and 35% of B. cereus isolates, respectively. 9% of them harbored the emetic toxin genetic determinant, cesB. This study is the first to identify the AEFB of Yanyanku and Ikpiru to species level and perform a safety evaluation based on toxin gene detections. We further suggest, that the gyrA gene can be used for differentiating the closely related species Bacillus pumilus and B. safensis.
authors.affiliation: Département de Nutrition et Sciences Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Pélagie B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Agbobatinkpo
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Paulin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azokpota
authors.forename: Noèl
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akissoe
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hounhouigan
authors.forename: Mogens
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001541:Benin; D044822:Biodiversity; D003212:Condiments / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000382:microbiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S