title: Familial psychogenic movement disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychogenic (or functional) movement disorders (PMDs) are considered sporadic. Despite the growing literature describing the clinical features and the natural history of sporadic cases with PMDs, their occurrence in familial clusters is not reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 10 patients from 5 families affected by PMDs. In this report, we describe the clinical characteristics along with videos and long-term follow-up of these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical clues from the history and signs suggesting a functional origin of the symptoms in these patients with familial PMD were similar to those identified in sporadic cases. The phenomenology of the PMD was similar in the affected members of the same family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We wish to highlight that a positive family history does not necessarily imply an organic disorder. When a positive family history for a condition is reported by a patient with PMD, examination of these further affected members may be needed and may identify further family members suffering from PMDs. A positive family history of PMDs may be an additional risk factor for developing PMDs. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Athens, Attiko Hospital, Athens, Greece; Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stamelou
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cossu
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murgia
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pareés
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melis
authors.forename: Kailash P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: familial movement disorders; functional movement disorders; organic movement disorders; psychogenic movement disorders