title: The risk of herpes zoster in the anti-TNF-α era: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors represent efficacious therapeutic agents in many chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. However they have been connected with increased risk of infection and reactivation of a variety of infectious agents, such as viruses. The reactivation of varicella zoster virus infection causes herpes zoster (HZ), a self-limiting, dermatomally localized, vesicular rash that can be accompanied by postherpetic neuralgia and severe neurological complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Limited information has been published regarding HZ during therapy with TNF-α inhibitors especially for the occurrence of HZ during adalimumab treatment. We report the case of a 58-year-old immunocompetent man with a 18-year history of plaque psoriasis who develops ophthalmic HZ during treatment with adalimumab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report this case to enrich the literature and to highlight the increased risk of HZ infections in patient on anti-TNF-α therapy (incidence of HZ is about 3-fold increased respect to general population). Clinically, these infections often have atypical presentations that may hamper prompt diagnosis. Therefore, it is very important to identify early signs and symptoms of herpes zoster in patients on biologic therapy in order to start prompt efficient antiviral treatment to prevent the development of severe complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology - University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Costanzo
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megna
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaudiello
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patrì
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balato
keywords: adalimumab; biological therapy; etanercept; herpes zoster; infliximab; psoriasis; viral infection