title: Does opioid pain medication use affect the outcome of patients with lumbar disc herniation?
abstract: METHODS
  Subgroup analysis of prospective, randomized cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the results of patients who received opioid pain medications during treatment compared with that of patients who did not receive opioid medications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) is a prospective, multicenter study of surgical treatment versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population includes patients enrolled in SPORT for treatment of intervertebral disc herniation in combined randomized and observational cohorts. Patients who received opioid medications at baseline (opioid) were compared with those who did not (nonopioid).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 520 patients in the nonopioid group and 542 patients in the opioid group. Among the opioid medication group, there were significantly (P < 0.001) worse baseline scores in primary and secondary outcome measures. There was an increased percentage of patients in the opioid medication group with the perception of worsening symptoms and neurological deficit (P < 0.001). A higher percentage of the opioid group patients received surgery (P < 0.001).At 4 years of follow-up, there were no significant differences in primary or secondary outcome measures or treatment effect of surgery between opioid and nonopioid medication group patients. Opioid medications were associated with increased crossover to surgical treatment (P = 0.005) and decreased surgical avoidance (P = 0.01). The incidence of opioid use at 4 years was 16% among patients who were using opioids at baseline and 5% among patients who were not using opioids at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who were treated with opioids had significantly worse baseline pain and quality of life. At final follow-up, there was no long-term difference in outcome associated with opioid pain medication use. Opioid medications were not associated with surgical avoidance. The majority of patients who use opioids during the study did not continue usage at 4 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. radcliffk@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radcliff
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: Wenyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid