title: A general business model for marine reserves.
abstract: Marine reserves are an effective tool for protecting biodiversity locally, with potential economic benefits including enhancement of local fisheries, increased tourism, and maintenance of ecosystem services. However, fishing communities often fear short-term income losses associated with closures, and thus may oppose marine reserves. Here we review empirical data and develop bioeconomic models to show that the value of marine reserves (enhanced adjacent fishing + tourism) may often exceed the pre-reserve value, and that economic benefits can offset the costs in as little as five years. These results suggest the need for a new business model for creating and managing reserves, which could pay for themselves and turn a profit for stakeholder groups. Our model could be expanded to include ecosystem services and other benefits, and it provides a general framework to estimate costs and benefits of reserves and to develop such business models.
authors.affiliation: National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heal
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Rashid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sumaila
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D058735:Environmental Policy / Q000191:economics; D005398:Fisheries / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017059:Models, Econometric