title: High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of biogenic amines in pharmaceutical products containing Citrus aurantium.
abstract: A reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC method is reported for determining L-tyrosine, p-octopamine, synephrine, tyramine and hordenine as chemical markers of the species Citrus aurantium in raw material, dry extracts and phytotherapeutic herbal formulations. Using RP-HPLC with diode array detection (DAD) and gradient elution, the amines were determined in 12 different products from different Brazilian states labelled as containing C. aurantium. The presence of the amines was confirmed by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation (ESI-MS/MS). This RP-HPLC method allowed the separation of the amines from complex mixtures containing caffeine, ephedrine, salicin and other raw materials (e.g. Garcinia camboja, Phaseolus vulgaris, Caralluma fimbriata, Cassia nomane, Ephedra sp. and Cordia ecalyculata). The method proved useful and selective for inspecting herbal medicines containing p-synephrine and structural analogues. The herbal products analysed had a p-synephrine content ranging from 0.005 to 4.0% (w/w).
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil. carineviana@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Zemolin
authors.forename: Fernanda O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Leandro M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Carla B G
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Bottoli
authors.forename: Renata Pereira
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Limberger
mesh_terms: D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations