title: A comparative proteomic study identified calreticulin and prohibitin up-regulated in adrenocortical carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying novel tumor biomarkers to develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with ACC is urgently needed. The aim of the study was to compare the proteomic profiles between adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) and normal adrenocortical tissues in order to identify novel potential biomarkers for ACC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The protein samples from 12 ACC tissues and their paired adjacent normal adrenocortical tissues were profiled with two-dimensional electrophoresis; and differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Expression patterns of three differently expressed proteins calreticulin, prohibitin and HSP60 in ACC, adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) and normal adrenocortical tissues were further validated by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our proteomic study, we identified 20 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated proteins in ACC tissues compared with paired normal controls. Most of the up-regulated proteins were focused in protein binding and oxidoreductase activity in Gene Ontology (GO) molecular function classification. By immunohistochemistry, two biomarkers calreticulin and prohibitin were validated to be overexpressed in ACC compared with adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) and normal tissues, but also calreticulin overexpression was significantly associated with tumor stages of ACC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, calreticulin and prohibitin were identified to be novel candidate biomarkers for ACC, and their roles during ACC carcinogenesis and clinical significance deserves further investigation.
  The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1897372598927465.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China. sdyangmingshan@163.com
authors.forename: Ming-shan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huan-sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bao-sheng
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wan-hu
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zeng-fen
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Ben-kui
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xue-tao
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Dian-bin
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: De-xian
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong-sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Xiao-wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Shu-jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000032:analysis*; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D000091402:Prohibitins; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C576483:CALR protein, human; D037282:Calreticulin; D018834:Chaperonin 60; C060293:HSPD1 protein, human; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000091402:Prohibitins; D012097:Repressor Proteins