title: Screening for latent tuberculosis in Norwegian health care workers: high frequency of discordant tuberculin skin test positive and interferon-gamma release assay negative results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) presents globally a significant health problem and health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of contracting TB infection. There is no diagnostic gold standard for latent TB infection (LTBI), but both blood based interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) and the tuberculin skin test (TST) are used. According to the national guidelines, HCW who have been exposed for TB should be screened and offered preventive anti-TB chemotherapy, but the role of IGRA in HCW screening is still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 387 HCW working in clinical and laboratory departments in three major hospitals in the Western region of Norway with possible exposure to TB were included in a cross-sectional study. The HCW were asked for risk factors for TB and tested with TST and the QuantiFERON®TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT). A logistic regression model analyzed the associations between risk factors for TB and positive QFT or TST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 (3.4%) demonstrated a persistent positive QFT, whereas 214 (55.3%) had a positive TST (≥ 6 mm) and 53 (13.7%) a TST ≥ 15 mm. Only ten (4.7%) of the HCW with a positive TST were QFT positive. Origin from a TB-endemic country was the only risk factor associated with a positive QFT (OR 14.13, 95% CI 1.37 - 145.38, p=0.026), whereas there was no significant association between risk factors for TB and TST ≥ 15 mm. The five HCW with an initial positive QFT that retested negative all had low interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses below 0.70 IU/ml when first tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate a low prevalence of LTBI in HCW working in hospitals with TB patients in our region. The "IGRA-only" seems like a desirable screening strategy despite its limitations in serial testing, due to the high numbers of discordant TST positive/IGRA negative results in HCW, probably caused by BCG vaccination or boosting due to repetitive TST testing. Thus, guidelines for TB screening in HCW should be updated in order to secure accurate diagnosis of LTBI and offer proper treatment and follow-up.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gran
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aßmus
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5021, Norway. a.m.d.riise@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Anne Ma
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dyrhol-Riise
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000032:analysis*; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014373:Tuberculin; D007371:Interferon-gamma