title: Comparison of the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in two different planning techniques for stereotactic electrode placement in the deep brain stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial hemorrhage is an infrequent but potentially devastating complication associated with the placement of electrodes for deep brain stimulation (DBS). The objective of this retrospective review is to compare the risk of hemorrhage before and after the introduction of image-guided neuronavigation for the implant of electrodes for DBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all DBS implant performed at our Institute between 1998 and 2010. In 63 of the 106 patients, the targeting was based on ventriculography and merge of CT/MRI. After 2006, in the latter 43 procedures, we introduced targeting based on the merging of angio CT and MRI.. In both implant techniques, microelectrode recording (MER) was used to better define the target. All DBS procedures were performed by a single surgeon (M.P.). Patients had postoperative imaging (MRI or CT) 4-24 h following surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group of patients implanted with the first targeting technique, 3 hematomas occurred and all of them solved with sequelae (one residual weakness and two hemiplegias.) After the introduction of neuronavigator, 2 hemorrhages occurred, one solved without sequelae while the second resulted in epileptic seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the incidence of hemorrhage occurred before and after the use of neuronavigation is the same, the severity is lower in the neuronavigated procedures. Targeting based on the merging of CT angiography and MRI T1/T2 seemed to increase the safety of the lead placement reducing the risk of sequelae related to bleeding. The use of MER was not found to be correlated with an increased hemorrhage rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy. massimo.piacentino@ulssvicenza.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piacentino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilleri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010934:Planning Techniques; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome