title: Effects of prometryn and acetochlor on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic system.
abstract: Prometryn and acetochlor are common herbicides widely used to control weeds in agricultural systems. The impacts of the two herbicides on spore germination, hyphal elongation, the biomass and malondialdehyde content of carrot hairy roots were investigated using a strict in vitro cultivation system associating the Ri T-DNA-transferred carrot hairy roots with Glomus etunicatum. Alternatively, root colonization, daughter spore production and the proportion of hyphae with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were also investigated. No significant impact on spore germination was noted in the presence of acetochlor at all three concentrations tested, while a significant decrease was observed with prometryn only at the highest concentration. Moreover, an inverse correlation was identified between herbicides concentrations and G. etunicatum root colonization and spore production as well as hyphal SDH and ALP activity, with a positive correlation identified among these four factors. Both herbicides exerted negative effects on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus and symbiosis at increasing concentrations, with prometryn apparently more toxic than acetochlor. Furthermore, the AM symbiotic system was shown to improve biomass, reduce malondialdehyde accumulation and ease lipid peroxidation in carrot hairy roots and decrease damage in host plants, thus enhancing plant tolerance to adverse conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the effect of prometryn and acetochlor on the physiology and metabolic activities of the AM fungus Glomus etunicatum were investigated. Our findings demonstrate for the first time, the impact of the two herbicides at three concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 mg l(-1)) on transformed carrot hairy roots/AM fungus association under strict in vitro culture conditions, which may guide the application of the two herbicides in modern agriculture.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D025301:Hyphae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D011400:Prometryne / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis; D014052:Toluidines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014052:Toluidines; D011400:Prometryne; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C043377:acetochlor; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Glomus etunicatum; alkaline phosphatase; herbicides; mycorrhizal colonization; spore production; succinate dehydrogenase