title: A ubiquitous method for street scale spatial data collection and analysis in challenging urban environments: mapping health risks using spatial video in Haiti.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fine-scale and longitudinal geospatial analysis of health risks in challenging urban areas is often limited by the lack of other spatial layers even if case data are available. Underlying population counts, residential context, and associated causative factors such as standing water or trash locations are often missing unless collected through logistically difficult, and often expensive, surveys. The lack of spatial context also hinders the interpretation of results and designing intervention strategies structured around analytical insights. This paper offers a ubiquitous spatial data collection approach using a spatial video that can be used to improve analysis and involve participatory collaborations. A case study will be used to illustrate this approach with three health risks mapped at the street scale for a coastal community in Haiti.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spatial video was used to collect street and building scale information, including standing water, trash accumulation, presence of dogs, cohort specific population characteristics, and other cultural phenomena. These data were digitized into Google Earth and then coded and analyzed in a GIS using kernel density and spatial filtering approaches. The concentrations of these risks around area schools which are sometimes sources of diarrheal disease infection because of the high concentration of children and variable sanitary practices will show the utility of the method. In addition schools offer potential locations for cholera education interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously unavailable fine scale health risk data vary in concentration across the town, with some schools being proximate to greater concentrations of the mapped risks. The spatial video is also used to validate coded data and location specific risks within these "hotspots".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spatial video is a tool that can be used in any environment to improve local area health analysis and intervention. The process is rapid and can be repeated in study sites through time to track spatio-temporal dynamics of the communities. Its simplicity should also be used to encourage local participatory collaborations.
authors.affiliation: GIS, Health & Hazards Lab, Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA. acurti13@Kent.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Jocelyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: J Glenn
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003625:Data Collection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D006205:Haiti; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014505:Urban Population