title: Modelling the effects of copper on soil organisms and processes using the free ion approach: towards a multi-species toxicity model.
abstract: The free ion approach has been previously used to calculate critical limit concentrations for soil metals based on point estimates of toxicity. Here, the approach was applied to dose-response data for copper effects on seven biological endpoints in each of 19 European soils. The approach was applied using the concept of an effective dose, comprising a function of the concentrations of free copper and 'protective' major cations, including H(+). A significant influence of H(+) on the toxicity of Cu(2+) was found, while the effects of other cations were inconsistent. The model could be generalised by forcing the effect of H(+) and the slope of the dose-response relationship to be equal for all endpoints. This suggests the possibility of a general bioavailability model for copper effects on organisms. Furthermore, the possibility of such a model could be explored for other cationic metals such as nickel, zinc, cadmium and lead.
authors.affiliation: NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom. stlo@ceh.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lofts
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Criel
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: Steve P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oorts
authors.forename: Corinne P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Eeckhout
authors.forename: Fang-Zie
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D008956:Models, Chemical; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper