title: The effect of long-term aspirin intake on the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers: a double-blind, randomized pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this parallel, double-blind, randomized pilot study was to determine the effect of a daily dose of 325 mg of aspirin (ASA) on the clinical outcomes of scaling and root planing in a selected group of adult smokers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The response to periodontal therapy is inferior among smokers compared to non-smokers. Long-term intake of ASA has been shown to exert a positive impact on reducing both the prevalence and severity of periodontitis, among high-risk groups of subjects such as heavy smokers and diabetics. It is reasonable to assume that systemic administration of ASA in conjunction with reduction of the bacterial load by scaling and root planing may improve and prolong the benefits of periodontal therapy. To date, only few prospective interventional clinical studies have specifically addressed the periodontal needs of smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study includes 24 smokers. The following clinical parameters were measured preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo postoperatively: (i) gingival index; (ii) plaque index; (iii) probing depth; (iii) probing attachment level; (iv) gingival recession; and (v) bleeding scores. Study subjects received scaling and root planing over several visits and were randomly assigned into two equal groups; a control group (C), which received a placebo and a test group (T), which took a daily dose of 325 mg ASA. No additional therapy was provided over the 1 year observation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were more statistically significant differences (p < 0.05; one- tailed) between pretest and posttest scores in the T group than in the C group. Mean percent increase in sites with probing depth 1-3 mm (T: 8.78; C: 7.21); mean percent reduction in sites with probing depth 4-6 mm (T: -7.25; C: -5.09 not statistically significant, NS); mean percent reduction in sites with probing depth ≥ 7 mm (T: -1.42; C: -02.09); mean percent reduction in sites with probing attachment level 3-4 mm (T: -3.63; C: 0.48 NS); mean percent reduction in sites with bleeding on probing (T: -12.37; C: -2.59 NS) (p < 0.05, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily intake of 325 mg of ASA following scaling and root planing improved treatment outcomes in smokers, without an increase in gingival bleeding tendency. ASA promoted a higher incidence of shallow pockets and more gain in attachment level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiloah
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarbecz
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patters
authors.forename: Sydney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tipton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: aspirin; periodontal disease; scaling and root planing; smoking