title: Update on intracranial hypertension and hypotension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to review recent findings on the pathophysiology of idiopathic changes in intracranial pressure. The review will focus on idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial evidence indicates that IIH is associated with delayed absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stenoses of the transverse sinus are common in IIH, but their clinical significance has not been entirely clarified. Despite the observed efficacy of endovascular treatment in some IIH patients, a correlation between the extent of observed stenoses and the clinical course of the disease could not be demonstrated. The underlying cause of SIH is a spontaneous CSF leakage into the epidural space. Conservative treatment and the epidural blood patch remain the treatment of choice for this rare syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent clinical evidence indicates that IIH is probably a result of CSF outflow abnormality rather than of CSF production. Further research is needed to elucidate the causes of elevated intracranial pressure and the mechanism leading to visual loss. Prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify a possible therapeutic potential of endovascular treatment. Research efforts on SIH should focus further on associated connective tissue disorders predisposing to CSF leaks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. jan.hoffmann@charite.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goadsby
mesh_terms: D065634:Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000150:complications; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000503:physiopathology; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013353:Subdural Effusion / Q000503:physiopathology