title: Racial/ethnic differences in clinical and biochemical type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factors in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether periadolescent children demonstrate the significant racial/ethnic differences in body fatness relative to BMI and in the prevalence and relationship of body composition to risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family history of obesity and T2DM, anthropometry, insulin sensitivity and secretory capacity, lipids, and cytokines (IL-6, CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin) were examined in a cohort of 994 middle school students (47% male, 53%, female; 12% African American, 14% East Asian, 13% South Asian, 9% Caucasian, 44% Hispanic, and 8% other).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractional body fat content was significantly greater at any BMI among South Asians. There were racial/ethnic specific differences in lipid profiles, insulin secretory capacity, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers corrected for body fatness that are similar to those seen in adults. Family history of T2DM was associated with lower insulin secretory capacity while family history of obesity was more associated with insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children show some of the same racial/ethnic differences in risk factors for adiposity-related comorbidities as adults. BMI and waist circumference cutoffs to identify children at-risk for adiposity-related comorbidities should be adjusted by racial/ethnic group as well as other variables such as birthweight and family history.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Ilene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fennoy
authors.forename: Siham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Accacha
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holleran
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapaport
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Shelov
authors.forename: Phyllis W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Speiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ten
authors.forename: Amrit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhangoo
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boucher-Berry
authors.forename: Yomery
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Espinal
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Abeer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hassoun
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iazetti
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jean-Jacques
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Robet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lowell
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000208:ethnology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein