title: GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation can either stimulate or depress early embryogenesis in Japanese quails depending on the duration of exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study was designed to assess the effects of low intensity radiation of a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 900 MHz cellular phone on early embryogenesis in dependence on the duration of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryos of Japanese Quails were exposed in ovo to GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation during initial 38 h of brooding or alternatively during 158 h (120 h before brooding plus initial 38 h of brooding) discontinuously with 48 sec ON (average power density 0.25 μW/cm(2), specific absorption rate 3 μW/kg) followed by 12 sec OFF intervals. A number of differentiated somites were assessed microscopically. Possible DNA damage evoked by irradiation was assessed by an alkaline comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to radiation from a GSM 900 MHz cellular phone led to a significantly altered number of differentiated somites. In embryos irradiated during 38 h the number of differentiated somites increased (p < 0.001), while in embryos irradiated during 158 h this number decreased (p < 0.05). The lower duration of exposure led to a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in a level of DNA strand breaks in cells of 38-h embryos, while the higher duration of exposure resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) increase in DNA damage as compared to the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation on early embryogenesis can be either stimulating or deleterious depending on the duration of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Olexandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tsybulin
authors.forename: Evgeniy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sidorik
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brieieva
authors.forename: Lyubov
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buchynska
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyrylenko
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henshel
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yakymenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040421:Cell Phone; D003370:Coturnix / Q000196:embryology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors