title: Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of genetically distinct rabies viruses in the Philippines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rabies continues to be a major public health problem in the Philippines, where 200-300 human cases were reported annually between 2001 and 2011. Understanding the phylogeography of rabies viruses is important for establishing a more effective and feasible control strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a molecular analysis of rabies viruses in the Philippines using rabied animal brain samples. The samples were collected from 11 of 17 regions, which covered three island groups (Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao). Partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequencing was performed on 57 samples and complete glycoprotein (G) gene sequencing was performed on 235 samples collected between 2004 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Philippine strains of rabies viruses were included in a distinct phylogenetic cluster, previously named Asian 2b, which appeared to have diverged from the Chinese strain named Asian 2a. The Philippine strains were further divided into three major clades, which were found exclusively in different island groups: clades L, V, and M in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, respectively. Clade L was subdivided into nine subclades (L1-L9) and clade V was subdivided into two subclades (V1 and V2). With a few exceptions, most strains in each subclade were distributed in specific geographic areas. There were also four strains that were divided into two genogroups but were not classified into any of the three major clades, and all four strains were found in the island group of Luzon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected three major clades and two distinct genogroups of rabies viruses in the Philippines. Our data suggest that viruses of each clade and subclade evolved independently in each area without frequent introduction into other areas. An important implication of these data is that geographically targeted dog vaccination using the island group approach may effectively control rabies in the Philippines.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan. saitom@med.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshitani
authors.forename: Jun Ryan C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Orbina
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tohma
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: de Guzman
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamigaki
authors.forename: Catalino S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Demetria
authors.forename: Daria L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Manalo
authors.forename: Mary Elizabeth G
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Beatriz P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Quiambao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins