title: Tuberculosis cases missed in primary health care facilities: should we redefine case finding?
abstract: METHODS
  This study was conducted in Cape Town in two primary health care facilities in a sub-district with a high prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the proportion of adults with respiratory symptoms who attend health care facilities but are not examined for nor diagnosed with TB in facilities where routine TB diagnosis depends on passive case finding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 423 adults with respiratory symptoms exiting primary health care services were consecutively enrolled during April-July 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one (5%) participants were diagnosed with culture-positive TB. None had sought care at the facility for their respiratory symptoms, none were asked about respiratory symptoms during their visit and none were asked to produce a sputum sample. Nine cases had attended the facility for reasons regarding their own health, while 12 cases were accompanying someone else attending the facility, or for another reason.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with infectious TB attend primary health care facilities, but are not recognised and diagnosed as cases. Health care staff should search actively within facilities for cases who attend the health care services to ensure that cases are not missed. Intensified case finding should start within the facility, and should not be limited to patients who report respiratory symptoms or who are human immunodeficiency virus positive.
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. mcla@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Claassens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cyster
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enarson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Borgdorff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beyers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult