title: Sex differences in the relationship between maternal fear of pain and children's conditioned pain modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental behaviors, emotions, and cognitions are known to influence children's response to pain. However, prior work has not tested the association between maternal psychological factors and children's responses to a conditioned pain modulation (CPM) task. CPM refers to the reduction in perceived pain intensity for a test stimulus following application of a conditioning stimulus to a remote area of the body, and is thought to reflect the descending inhibition of nociceptive signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examined sex differences in the association between maternal anxiety about pain and children's CPM responses in 133 healthy children aged 8-17 years. Maternal pain anxiety was assessed using the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20. In addition to the magnitude of CPM, children's anticipatory anxiety and pain-related fear of the CPM task were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential multiple linear regression revealed that even after controlling for child age and general maternal psychological distress, greater maternal pain anxiety was significantly related to greater CPM anticipatory anxiety and pain-related fear in girls, and to less CPM (ie, less pain inhibition) in boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate sex-specific relationships between maternal pain anxiety and children's responses to a CPM task over and above that accounted for by the age of the child and the mother's general psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Subhadra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: Kirsten C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lung
authors.forename: Lonnie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Zeltzer
authors.forename: Jennie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsao
keywords: cold pressor; diffuse noxious inhibitory controls; laboratory pain; mother-child relationship; pediatric pain; pressure pain