title: Nootropic and hypophagic effects following long term intake of almonds (Prunus amygdalus) in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over a period of time researchers have become more interested in finding out the potential of various foods to maintain the general health and to treat diseases. Almonds are a very good source of many nutrients which may help to sharpen the memory and to reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to evaluate the nootropic effects of almonds. Effect of oral intake of almond was also monitored on food intake and plasma cholesterol levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were given almond paste orally with the help of feeding tube for 28 days. Memory function in rats was assessed by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Radial Arm Maze (RAM). Brain tryptophan, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were estimated at the end of the treatment by HPLC-EC method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant improvement in learning and memory of almond treated rats compared to controls was observed. Almond treated rats also exhibited a significant decrease in food intake and plasma cholesterol levels while the change in growth rate (in terms of percentage) remained comparable between the two groups. Analysis of brain tryptophan (TRP) monoamines exhibited enhanced TRP levels and serotonergic turnover in rat brain following oral intake of almonds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that almonds possess significant hypophagic and nootropic effects. Results are discussed in context of enhanced 5-HT metabolism following almond administration.
authors.affiliation: Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. saida-h1@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Batool
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Haleem
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D027861:Prunus; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D014364:Tryptophan; D002784:Cholesterol