title: Maturation of the adolescent brain.
abstract: Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults - intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have discovered that myelinogenesis, required for proper insulation and efficient neurocybernetics, continues from childhood and the brain's region-specific neurocircuitry remains structurally and functionally vulnerable to impulsive sex, food, and sleep habits. The maturation of the adolescent brain is also influenced by heredity, environment, and sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), which play a crucial role in myelination. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurotransmission predominates, whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission remains under construction, and this might be responsible for immature and impulsive behavior and neurobehavioral excitement during adolescent life. The adolescent population is highly vulnerable to driving under the influence of alcohol and social maladjustments due to an immature limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity and the release of neurotransmitters may also be influenced by environmental neurotoxins and drugs of abuse including cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol during adolescence. Adolescents may become involved with offensive crimes, irresponsible behavior, unprotected sex, juvenile courts, or even prison. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the major cause of death among the teenage population is due to injury and violence related to sex and substance abuse. Prenatal neglect, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption may also significantly impact maturation of the adolescent brain. Pharmacological interventions to regulate adolescent behavior have been attempted with limited success. Since several factors, including age, sex, disease, nutritional status, and substance abuse have a significant impact on the maturation of the adolescent brain, we have highlighted the influence of these clinically significant and socially important aspects in this report.
authors.affiliation: Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Maliha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johal
authors.forename: Puja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Wynand
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nel
authors.forename: Afsha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rais
authors.forename: Ranbir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Sushil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: behavior; drug addiction; molecular imaging; myelinogenesis; neurocircuitry; social adjustment