title: Blood and fibroblast responses to thermoset BisGMA-TEGDMA/glass fiber-reinforced composite implants in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study was designed to evaluate both blood and human gingival fibroblast responses on fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) aimed to be used as oral implant abutment material.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different types of substrates were investigated: (a) Plain polymer (BisGMA 50%-TEGDMA 50%) and (b) FRC. The average surface roughness (Ra) was measured using spinning-disk confocal microscope. The phase composition was identified using X-ray diffraction analyzer. The degree of monomer conversion (DC%) was determined using FTIR spectrometry. The blood response, including the blood-clotting ability and platelet adhesion morphology, was evaluated. Fibroblast cell responses were studied in cell culture environment using routine test conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ra of the substrates investigated was less than 0.1 μm with no signs of surface crystallization. The DC% was 89.1 ± 0.5%. The FRC substrates had a shorter clotting time and higher platelets activation state than plain polymer substrates. The FRC substrates showed higher (P < 0.01-0.001) amount of adhered cells than plain polymer substrates at all time points investigated. The strength of attachment was evaluated using serial trypsinization, the number of cells detached from FRC substrates was 59 ± 5%, whereas those detached from the plane polymer substrates was 70 ± 5%, indicating a stronger (P < 0.01) cell attachment on the FRC surfaces. Fibroblasts grew more efficiently on FRC than on plain polymer substrates, showing significantly higher (P < 0.01) cell metabolic activities throughout the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of E-glass fibers enhances blood and fibroblast responses on composite surfaces in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences-FINDOS, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Aous A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdulmajeed
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Walboomers
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Massera
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kokkari
authors.forename: Pekka K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vallittu
authors.forename: Timo O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Närhi
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
keywords: blood clotting; fiber-reinforced composite; human gingival fibroblasts; implant abutment; platelets adhesion; soft tissue attachment; trypsinization