title: Molecular and epidemiological characterization of avian influenza viruses from gulls and dabbling ducks in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wild aquatic birds constitute the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Separate Eurasian and American AIV gene pools exist. Here, the prevalence and diversity of AIVs in gulls and dabbling ducks in Norway were described. The influence of host species and temporal changes on AIV prevalence was examined. Five AIVs from Norway, including three from common gull (Larus canus), were analyzed along with 10 available AIV genomes from gulls in Eurasia to search for evidence of intracontinental and intercontinental reassortment of gene segments encoding the internal viral proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swabs collected from 2417 dabbling ducks and gulls in the south-west of Norway during five ordinary hunting seasons (August-December) in the period 2005-2010 were analyzed for presence of AIV. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify associations between AIV prevalence, host species and sampling time. Five AIVs from mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) (H3N8, H9N2) and common gull (H6N8, H13N2, H16N3) were full-length characterized and phylogenetically analyzed together with GenBank reference sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low pathogenic AIVs were detected in 15.5% (CI: 14.1-17.0) of the samples. The overall AIV prevalence was lower in December compared to that found in August to November (p = 0.003). AIV was detected in 18.7% (CI: 16.8-20.6) of the dabbling ducks. A high AIV prevalence of 7.8% (CI; 5.9-10.0) was found in gulls. A similar temporal pattern in AIV prevalence was found in both bird groups. Thirteen hemagglutinin and eight neuraminidase subtypes were detected. No evidence of intercontinental reassortment was found. Eurasian avian (non H13 and H16) PB2 or PA genes were identified in five reference Eurasian gull (H13 and H16) AIV genomes from GenBank. The NA gene from the Norwegian H13N2 gull isolate was of Eurasian avian origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The similar temporal pattern in AIV prevalence found in dabbling ducks and gulls, the relatively high virus prevalence detected in gulls and the evidence of intracontinental reassortment in AIVs from gulls indicate that gulls that interact with dabbling ducks are likely to be mixing vessels for AIVs from waterfowl and gulls. Our results support that intercontinental reassortment is rare in AIVs from gulls in Eurasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep N-0033, Oslo, Norway. ragnhild.tonnessen@vetinst.no
authors.forename: Ragnhild
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tønnessen
authors.forename: Anja B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jonassen
authors.forename: Monika J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hjortaas
authors.forename: Elisabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rimstad
authors.forename: Anna G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hauge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004372:Ducks; D014644:Genetic Variation; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral