title: The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women.
abstract: Intermittent energy restriction may result in greater improvements in insulin sensitivity and weight control than daily energy restriction (DER). We tested two intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR) regimens, including one which allowed ad libitum protein and fat (IECR+PF). Overweight women (n 115) aged 20 and 69 years with a family history of breast cancer were randomised to an overall 25 % energy restriction, either as an IECR (2500-2717 kJ/d, < 40 g carbohydrate/d for 2 d/week) or a 25 % DER (approximately 6000 kJ/d for 7 d/week) or an IECR+PF for a 3-month weight-loss period and 1 month of weight maintenance (IECR or IECR+PF for 1 d/week). Insulin resistance reduced with the IECR diets (mean - 0·34 (95% CI - 0·66, - 0·02) units) and the IECR+PF diet (mean - 0·38 (95% CI - 0·75, - 0·01) units). Reductions with the IECR diets were significantly greater compared with the DER diet (mean 0·2 (95% CI - 0·19, 0·66) μU/unit, P= 0·02). Both IECR groups had greater reductions in body fat compared with the DER group (IECR: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·5, - 4·9) kg, P= 0·007; IECR+PF: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·8, - 4·7) kg, P= 0·019; DER: mean - 2·0 (95% CI - 1·0, 3·0) kg). During the weight maintenance phase, 1 d of IECR or IECR+PF per week maintained the reductions in insulin resistance and weight. In the short term, IECR is superior to DER with respect to improved insulin sensitivity and body fat reduction. Longer-term studies into the safety and effectiveness of IECR diets are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harvie
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pegington
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMullan
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Bronwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Roy G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whiteside
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maudsley
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Camandola
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Olga D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Josephine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mattson
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates