title: Engineering innovation in healthcare: technology, ethics and persons.
abstract: Engineering makes profound contributions to our health. Many of these contributions benefit whole populations, such as clean water and sewage treatment, buildings, dependable sources of energy, efficient harvesting and storage of food, and pharmaceutical manufacture. Thus, ethical assessment of these and other engineering activities has often emphasized benefits to communities. This is in contrast to medical ethics, which has tended to emphasize the individual patient affected by a doctor's actions. However technological innovation is leading to an entanglement of the activities, and hence ethical responsibilities, of healthcare professionals and engineering professionals. The article outlines three categories of innovation: assistive technologies, telehealthcare and quasi-autonomous systems. Approaches to engineering ethics are described and applied to these innovations. Such innovations raise a number of ethical opportunities and challenges, especially as the complexity of the technology increases. In particular the design and operation of the technologies require engineers to seek closer involvement with the persons benefiting from their work. Future innovation will require engineers to have a good knowledge of human biology and psychology. More particularly, healthcare engineers will need to prioritize each person's wellbeing, agency, human relationships and ecological self rather than technology, in the same way that doctors prioritize the treatment of persons rather than their diseases.
authors.affiliation: i-NewtonWales, 54 Llwyn y mor, Caswell, Swansea SA3 4RD, UK. wrichardbowen@i-newtonwales.org.uk
authors.forename: W Richard
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D001675:Bioethics; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D004738:Engineering / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D004995:Ethics, Professional; D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D028723:Personhood; D011157:Population Dynamics / Q000639:trends; D012656:Self-Help Devices / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D012941:Social Responsibility; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends