title: Cellular internalization of dissolved cobalt ions from ingested CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: in vivo experimental evidence.
abstract: With a model invertebrate animal, we have assessed the fate of magnetic nanoparticles in biologically relevant media, i.e., digestive juices. The toxic potential and the internalization of such nanoparticles by nontarget cells were also examined. The aim of this study was to provide experimental evidence on the formation of Co(2+), Fe(2+), and Fe(3+) ions from CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in the digestive juices of a model organism. Standard toxicological parameters were assessed. Cell membrane stability was tested with a modified method for measurement of its quality. Proton-induced X-ray emission and low energy synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence were used to study internalization and distribution of Co and Fe. Co(2+) ions were found to be more toxic than nanoparticles. We confirmed that Co(2+) ions accumulate in the hepatopancreas, but Fe(n+) ions or CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles are not retained in vivo. A model biological system with a terrestrial isopod is suited to studies of the potential dissolution of ions and other products from metal-containing nanoparticles in biologically complex media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Damjana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drobne
authors.forename: Miha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golobič
authors.forename: Jernej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zupanc
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romih
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianoncelli
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiskinova
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaulich
authors.forename: Primož
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelicon
authors.forename: Primož
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vavpetič
authors.forename: Luka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jeromel
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogrinc
authors.forename: Darko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Makovec
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations; D003035:Cobalt / Q000378:metabolism*; D003445:Crustacea / Q000378:metabolism*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D003035:Cobalt