title: Isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from human adenoid tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that originally derived from bone marrow. Clinical use of bone marrow-derived MSC is difficult due to morbidity and low MSC abundance and isolation efficiency. Recently, MSCs have been isolated from various adult tissues. Here we report the isolation of adenoid tissue-derived MSCs (A-MSCs) and their characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the surface markers, morphologies, and differentiation and proliferation capacities of previously established tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) with cells isolated from adenoid tissue. The immunophenotype of A-MSCs was investigated upon interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A-MSCs, T-MSCs, and BM-MSCs showed negative CD45, CD31 HLA-DR, CD34, CD14, CD19 and positive CD 90, CD44, CD73, CD105 expression. A-MSCs were fibroblast-like, spindle-shaped non-adherent cells, similar to T-MSCs and BM-MSCs. Adipogenesis was observed in A-MSCs by the formation of lipid droplets after Oil Red O staining. Osteogenesis was observed by the formation of the matrix mineralization in Alizarin Red staining. Chondrogenesis was observed by the accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix in collagen type II staining. These data were similar to those of T-MSCs and BM-MSCs. Expression of marker genes (i.e., adipogenesis; lipoprotein lipase, proliferator-activator receptor-gamma, osteogenesis; osteocalcin, alkaline phasphatase, chondrogenesis; aggrecan, collagen type II α1) in A-MSCs were not different from those in T-MSCs and BM-MSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A-MSCs possess the characteristics of MSCs in terms of morphology, multipotent differentiation capacity, cell surface markers, and immunogeneity. Therefore, A-MSCs fulfill the definition of MSCs and represent an alternate source of MSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Se
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hee-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yun-Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jin-Choon
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Soo-Geun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Byung-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000166:cytology*; D050156:Adipogenesis; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface