title: Management of localized kidney cancer: calculating cancer-specific mortality and competing risks of death for surgery and nonsurgical management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For elderly individuals with localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC), surgical intervention remains the primary treatment option but may not benefit patients with limited life expectancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the trade-offs between surgical excision and nonsurgical management (NSM) with respect to competing causes of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relying on a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries, all patients with nonmetastatic node-negative T1 RCC between 1988 and 2005 were abstracted.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were treated with partial nephrectomy (PN), radical nephrectomy (RN), or NSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) rates were modeled through competing-risks regression methodologies. Instrumental variable analysis was used to account for the potential biases associated with measured and unmeasured confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 10 595 patients were identified. In instrumental variable analysis, patients treated with PN (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.83; p=0.01) or RN (HR: 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.96; p=0.03) had a significantly lower risk of CSM than those treated with NSM. In subanalyses restricted to patients ≥ 75 yr, the instrumental variable analysis failed to detect any statistically significant difference between PN (HR: 0.48; p=0.1) or RN (HR: 0.57; p=0.1) relative to NSM with respect to CSM. Similar trends were observed in T1a RCC only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PN or RN is associated with a reduction of CSM among older patients diagnosed with localized RCC, compared with NSM. The same benefit failed to reach statistical significance among patients ≥ 75 yr. The harms of surgery need to be weighed against the marginal survival benefit for some patients.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Electronic address: mcw.sun@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roghmann
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdollah
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larouche
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
authors.forename: Quoc-Dien
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Localized kidney cancer; Nephrectomy; Nonsurgical management; SEER