title: Composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age--sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is possible?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder, characterized by depletion of the normal lactobacillus-dominant microbiota and overgrowth of commensal anaerobic bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age (healthy women and women with BV), with the view of developing molecular criteria for BV diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal samples from 163 women (79 control, 73 BV and 11 intermediate (Lactobacillary grade II flora) cases) were analyzed using 454 pyrosequencing of the hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene and 16 quantitative bacterial species/genus-specific real-time PCR assays. Sensitivities and specificities of potential BV markers were computed using the Amsel criteria as reference standard for BV. The use of quantitative thresholds for prediction of BV, determined for both relative abundance measured with 454 pyrosequencing and bacterial load measured with qPCR, was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the healthy women, the BV patients had in their vaginal microbiota significantly higher prevalence, loads and relative abundances of the majority of BV associated bacteria. However, only Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Eggerthella, Prevotella, BVAB2 and Megasphaera type 1 detected at or above optimal thresholds were highly predictable for BV, with the best diagnostic accuracy shown for A. vaginae. The depletion of Lactobacillus species combined with the presence of either G. vaginalis or A. vaginae at diagnostic levels was a highly accurate BV predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative determination of the presence of G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, Eggerthella, Prevotella, BVAB2 and Megasphaera type 1 as well as the depletion of Lactobacillus was highly accurate for BV diagnosis. Measurements of abundance of normal and BV microbiota relative to total bacteria in vaginal fluid may provide more accurate BV diagnosis, and be used for test-of-cure, rather than qualitative detection or absolute counts of BV related microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Petersburg, Russia. magnus.unemo@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shipitsyna
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Raluca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Datcu
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hallén
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fredlund
authors.forename: Jørgen S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engstrand
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unemo
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006194:Gardnerella vaginalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D045851:Megasphaera / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S