title: Toxicological studies for some agricultural waste extracts on mosquito larvae and experimental animals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate some agricultural waste extracts as insecticide and their effects on enzyme activities in liver and kidney of male mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The insecticidal activity of five tested compounds (one crude extract and 4 waste compounds) was bioassay against the 3rd instars of the Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) larvae in the laboratory. The LC50 values of eucalyptol, apricot kernel, Rice bran, corn, black liquor and white liquor are 91.45, 1 166.1, 1 203.3, 21 449.65, 4 025.78 and 6 343.18 ppm, respectively. Selection of the compounds for the subsequent studies was not only dependent on LC50 values but also on the persistence of these wastes products on large scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White and black liquor did not produce any gross effect at 200 mg/Kg body weight. No apparent toxic symptoms were observed in tested animals during the whole period of the experiment which run out for 14 days. No statistically significance was observed in the enzyme cholinesterase activity, the activities of liver enzymes and kidney function in treated mice with black and white liquors. While, no and slight inhibition was observed after the 2 weeks of treatment period with deltamethrin and fenitrothion reached to about 24% in plasma cholinesterase enzyme activity. Significantly increase in the activities of liver enzymes and kidney function in treated mice with deltamethrin and fenitrothion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black liquor can be used efficiently to control Cx. pipiens larvae under laboratory condition. Environmental problem caused by rice straw can be solved by converting the waste material to beneficial natural selective insecticide.
authors.affiliation: Applied organic chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Somia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Maghraby
authors.forename: Galal A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nawwar
authors.forename: Reda F A
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Bakr
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Helmy
authors.forename: Omnia M H M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Kamel
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012275:Oryza; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027861:Prunus; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016019:Survival Analysis; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Agricultural wastes; Biological studies; Insecticides; Mosquito