title: Variations in magnetic resonance venographic anatomy of the dorsal dural venous sinus system in 51 dogs.
abstract: Variations in intracranial dural venous sinus anatomy have been widely reported in humans, but there have been no studies reporting this in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe variations in magnetic resonance (MR) venographic anatomy of the dorsal dural venous sinus system in a sample population of dogs with structurally normal brains. Medical records were searched for dogs with complete phase contrast, intracranial MR venograms and a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. Magnetic resonance venograms were retrieved for each dog and characteristics of the dorsal dural sinuses, symmetry of the transverse sinuses and other anatomic variations were recorded. A total of 51 dogs were included. Transverse sinus asymmetry was present in 58.8% of the dogs, with transverse sinus hypoplasia seen in 39.2%, and aplasia in 23.5% of dogs. For 70.6% of dogs, at least one anatomic variation in the dorsal sagittal sinus was observed, including deviation from the midline (33.3%) and collateral branches from either the dorsal sagittal sinus or dorsal cerebral veins (54.9%). In 5 dogs (9.8%) a vessel was also identified running from the proximal transverse sinus to the distal sigmoid sinus, in a similar location to the occipital sinus previously reported in children. Findings from this study indicated that, as in humans, anatomic variations are common in the intracranial dural venous sinus system of dogs. These anatomic variations should be taken into consideration for surgical planning or diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fenn
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kenny
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography / Q000662:veterinary; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: MRV; dogs; imaging; sinuses; venography; venous