title: Cytoprotective and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities of liposomal piroxicam formulation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liposomal drug delivery systems, a promising lipid-based nanoparticle technology, have been known to play significant roles in improving the safety and efficacy of an encapsulated drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liposomes, prepared using an optimized proliposome method, were used in the present work to encapsulate piroxicam, a widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The cytotoxic effects as well as the in vitro efficacy in regulation of inflammatory responses by free-form piroxicam and liposome-encapsulated piroxicam were evaluated using a lipopolysaccharide-sensitive macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells treated with liposome-encapsulated piroxicam demonstrated higher cell viabilities than those treated with free-form piroxicam. In addition, the liposomal piroxicam formulation resulted in statistically stronger inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators (ie, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and prostaglandin E2) than piroxicam at an equivalent dose. The liposome-encapsulated piroxicam also caused statistically significant production of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study affirms the potential of a liposomal piroxicam formulation in reducing cytotoxicity and enhancing anti-inflammatory responses in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hoe Siong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chiong
authors.forename: Yoke Keong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Zuraini
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Mohd Roslan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Zainul Amiruddin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.forename: Kah Hay
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Muhammad Nazrul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008081:Liposomes; D010894:Piroxicam; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: cytokines; interleukin-1β; liposomes; nitric oxide; piroxicam; prostaglandin E2