title: GB virus C infection in Indonesian HIV-positive patients.
abstract: GB virus C (GBV-C), a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in HIV-positive patients. However, the prevalence of GBV-C in HIV-positive individuals in Indonesia is unknown. Since GBV-C is more prevalent in anti-HCV positive patients than in anti-HCV negative subjects, transmission of GBV-C and HCV could be by the same method. This study examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of GBV-C infection in HIV patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C among HIV patients (n = 125, median age 31 years) based on the 5'UTR region was 111/125 (88.8%), including 39/48 (81.3%) and 72/77 (93.5%) HIV-infected patients with and without HCV infection, respectively. GBV-C isolates were of genotype 2a, 3 and 6 in 58.3%, 12.6% and 28.4% of patients, respectively. Patients with genotype 3 were significantly younger than those with genotypes 2a or 6 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). Genotypes 3 and 6 were significantly associated with injection drug use (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively) and HCV co-infection (P < 0.001 for both genotypes), indicating a shared transmission route with HCV. In conclusion, the prevalence of GBV-C among HIV-positive patients in Indonesia is high, and three genotypes were detected, namely genotype 2a, 3 and 6.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Nungki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anggorowati
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Yanri Wijayanti
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Subronto
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Didik Setyo
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Heriyanto
authors.forename: Deshinta Putri
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mulya
authors.forename: Hanggoro Tri
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Rinonce
authors.forename: Dewiyani Indah
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Widasari
authors.forename: Maria Inge
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lusida
authors.lastname: Soetjipto
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D060085:Coinfection; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D018178:Flaviviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D029407:GB virus C / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D012367:RNA, Viral