title: Tuberculosis is associated with increased lung cancer mortality.
abstract: METHODS
  Elderly persons living in the community in Hong Kong.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly clients enrolled in a health programme from 2000 to 2003 were retrospectively cross-matched with the territory-wide TB notification registry for TB before enrolment. The cohort was followed up prospectively through linkage with the territory-wide death registry for cause of death until 31 December 2011. All subjects with suspected malignancy or recent weight loss (≥5%) at enrolment and deaths within the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 61,239 subjects included, 516 had TB before enrolment. After 490,258 person-years of follow-up, respectively 1344, 910 and 2003 deaths were caused by lung cancer, other tobacco-related malignancies and non-tobacco-related malignancies. TB before enrolment was associated with death due to lung cancer (Mantel-Haenszel weighted relative risk 2.61, 95%CI 1.82-3.74, P < 0.001) but not other malignancies after stratification by sex. TB remained an independent predictor of lung cancer death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.01, 95%CI 1.40-2.90; P < 0.001), after adjustment for multiple potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB was independently associated with subsequent mortality due to lung cancer. This finding calls for intensification of tobacco control and better targeting of lung cancer screening in high TB burden areas.
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China. cc_leung@dh.gov.hk
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: R S Y
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.forename: D S C
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: R C Y
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: T Y W
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: E C C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000401:mortality*