title: Oral rabies vaccination variation in tetracycline biomarking among Ohio raccoons.
abstract: Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs have traditionally relied on tetracycline marking as an index to bait uptake. Whether tetracycline serves well in this capacity depends on its deposition affinity and ability to be detected consistently among tissues selected for analysis from target species. We evaluated samples from 760 hunter-harvested raccoons (Procyon lotor) from areas in Ohio where ORV had been conducted during 1998, 1999, and 2001. Tetracycline marking was evaluated within and among first premolar (PM1), second premolar (PM2), and canine (CN) teeth, and mandibular bone (MB) by side (left versus right); and by tissue type. Tetracycline detection ranged from 6.5% in PM1 in 1998 to 56.3% in right-side MB in 2001. PM1 teeth were less frequently marked (21.7%) than PM2 (27.7%), CN (33.0%), or MB (42.0%). Tetracycline detection was similar in left and right PM1, PM2, and CN teeth, but differed in MB. Tetracycline marking was significantly different among all tissue types.
authors.affiliation: USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH 03301, USA. timothy.p.algeo@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Algeo
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norhenberg
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montoney
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slate
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011821:Raccoons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D011819:Rabies Vaccines; D013752:Tetracycline