title: Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria predict mortality independently from coronary artery calcified plaque in the Diabetes Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk stratification in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains an important priority in the management of associated morbidity and mortality, including from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The current investigation examined whether estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) were independent predictors of CVD-mortality in European Americans (EAs) with T2D after accounting for subclinical CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The family-based Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) cohort (n=1,220) had baseline measures of serum creatinine, eGFR, UACR and coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) assessed by non-contrast computed tomography scan. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to determine risk for all-cause mortality and CVD-mortality associated with indices of kidney disease after accounting for traditional CVD risk factors and CAC as a measure of subclinical CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were followed for 8.2±2.6 years (mean±SD) during which time 247 (20.9%) were deceased, 107 (9.1%) from CVD. Univariate analyses revealed positive associations between serum creatinine (HR:1.56; 95% CI:1.37-1.80; p<0.0001) and UACR (1.59; 1.43-1.77; p>0.0001) and negative associations between serum albumin (0.74; 0.65-0.84; p<0.0001) and eGFR (0.66; 0.58-0.76; p<0.0001) with all-cause mortality. Associations remained significant after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors, as well as for CAC. Similar trends were noted when predicting risk for CVD-mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DHS reveals that kidney function and albuminuria are independent risk factors for all-cause mortality and CVD-mortality in EAs with T2D, even after accounting for CAC.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Fang-Chi
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*