title: Specific food structures supress appetite through reduced gastric emptying rate.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which gastric layering and retention of a meal could be used to reduce appetite using the same caloric load. Liquid (control) and semi-solid (active) meals were produced with the same protein, fat, carbohydrate, and mass. These were fed to 10 volunteers on separate days in a crossover study, and subjective appetite ratings, gastric contents, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) were assessed over a period of 3 h. The active meal showed food boluses in the stomach persisting for ~45 min, slower emptying rates, and lower plasma CCK levels over the first hour. After the first hour, both gastric emptying rates and plasma CCK levels were similar for both systems and slightly increased compared with the unfed situation. Despite the lower plasma CCK levels for the active meal over the first hour, this meal reduced appetite more than the control meal over the 3 h of the study. For a moderately increased plasma CCK level in the fed state, appetite was correlated with the volume of gastric contents rather than gastric emptying rates or plasma CCK. This suggests that enhanced gastric retention was the key factor in decreasing appetite and was probably mediated by a combination of intestinal nutrient sensing and increased viscosity in the stomach.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. alan.mackie@ifr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: Hameed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rafiee
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salt
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Aken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D005502:Food; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: appetite; cholecystokinin; dairy food structure; gastric retention