title: Decationized crosslinked polyplexes for redox-triggered gene delivery.
abstract: The clinical applicability of polymers as gene delivery systems depends not only on their efficiency, but also on their safety. The cytotoxicity of these systems remains a major issue, mainly due to their cationic nature. Therefore, it is highly preferable to have a system based on biocompatible neutral polymers, lacking polycations, without compromising the DNA condensing and protecting capacities. Here, we introduce a concept to obtain a neutral polymeric gene delivery system, through a 3-step process (charge-driven condensation; stabilization through disulfide crosslinking; polyplex decationization) to generate polyplexes with a core of disulfide crosslinked poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA) in which plasmid DNA (pDNA) is entrapped and a shell of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The resulting polyplexes combine beneficial features of high and stable DNA loading capacity, stealth behavior and reduced toxicity. The nanoparticles are designed to release the pDNA after cellular uptake through cleavage of disulfide crosslinks within the intracellular reducing environment. This was shown by forced introduction of the polyplexes into the cytosol of HeLa cells by electroporation, which resulted in a high level of expression of the reporter gene. Additionally, the decationized polyplexes showed no interference on the cellular cell viability or metabolic activity (even at high dose) and no complex-induced membrane destabilization. Furthermore, decationized polyplexes showed a low degree of non-specific uptake, which is a highly favorable property for targeted therapy. Summarizing, the stabilized, decationized polyplexes presented here contribute to solve the high toxicity, low stability and lack of cellular/tissue specificity of cationic polymer based gene delivery systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Ethlinn V B
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: van Gaal
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mastrobattista
authors.forename: Cornelus F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: van Nostrum
authors.forename: Wim E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hennink
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010957:Plasmids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D002412:Cations; D004220:Disulfides; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004247:DNA; C032976:N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide