title: Executive functions of children with developmental dyspraxia: assessment combining neuropsychological and ecological tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess executive function in children with developmental dyspraxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  children aged 8 years to 12 years 5 months at the time of the study, diagnosed with developmental dyspraxia between January, 2008 and August, 2009 by a multidisciplinary team in one single center.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Paper-and-pencil neuropsychological and ecological tests to assess flexibility, planning, inhibition and prospective memory; (2) two questionnaires answered by parents; (3) the 'Children's Cooking Task' (CCT), an ecological task performed in a real environment (Chevignard et al., 2009 [15]). In this last test, children were compared to matched controls. Non-parametric statistical tests were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients participated in the study (11 boys-2 girls; mean age 10.3 years [SD=1.3]). Neuropsychological tests highlighted planning and inhibition disorders, but no impaired flexibility. For more than half of the children, the questionnaires indicated impaired executive functions in daily life tasks. Finally, patients showed a significantly increased rate of errors during the CCT, compared with the control group (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall results suggest that some children diagnosed with developmental dyspraxia also exhibit executive function disorders. Ecological tests seem more sensitive for identifying executive function disorders than conventional tests.
authors.affiliation: Unité de médecine physique et de réadaptation, hôpital Américain, CHU de Reims, 47, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims cedex, France. mathildetoussaint@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toussaint-Thorin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Benkhaled
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pradat-Diehl
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chevignard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001072:Apraxias / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis