title: Assessment of juvenile pigs to serve as human pediatric surrogates for preclinical formulation pharmacokinetic testing.
abstract: Pediatric drug development is hampered by biological, clinical, and formulation challenges associated with age-based populations. A primary cause for this lack of development is the inability to accurately predict ontogenic changes that affect pharmacokinetics (PK) in children using traditional preclinical animal models. In response to this issue, our laboratory has conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the potential utility of juvenile pigs to serve as surrogates for children during preclinical PK testing of selected rifampin dosage forms. Pigs were surgically modified with jugular vein catheters that were externalized in the dorsal scapular region and connected to an automated blood sampling system (PigTurn-Culex-L). Commercially available rifampin capsules were administered to both 20 and 40 kg pigs to determine relevant PK parameters. Orally disintegrating tablet formulations of rifampin were also developed and administered to 20 kg pigs. Plasma samples were prepared from whole blood by centrifugation and analyzed for rifampin content by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Porcine PK parameters were determined from the resultant plasma-concentration time profiles and contrasted with published rifampin PK data in human adults and children. Results indicated significant similarities in dose-normalized absorption and elimination parameters between pigs and humans. Moreover, ontogenic changes observed in porcine PK parameters were consistent with ontogenic changes reported for human PK. These results demonstrate the potential utility of the juvenile porcine model for predicting human pediatric PK for rifampin. Furthermore, utilization of juvenile pigs during formulation testing may provide an alternative approach to expedite reformulation efforts during pediatric drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Wyatt J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Candice B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.forename: Robyn R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McCain
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Marchant-Forde
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vreeman
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hannou
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Knipp
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013045:Species Specificity; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012293:Rifampin