title: Isometric strength and steadiness adaptations of the knee extensor muscles to level and downhill treadmill walking in older adults.
abstract: An ageing related decline in muscle strength and steadiness decreases quality of life and increases the risk for falls. Downhill treadmill walking (DTW) may enhance muscle strength and steadiness in older adults. Eighteen healthy older adults (age: 67 ± 4, body mass: 75 ± 14 kg) completed 12-weeks of level treadmill walking (LTW, 0 %, n = 8) or DTW (-10 %, n = 10) (30 min, 3 days per week) at a self-selected walking speed (re-adjusted in week 4 and 8). Maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) and electromyography (EMG) of the m. quadriceps femoris (QF) were measured at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Steadiness of submaximal (5, 10 and 20 % MVIF) isometric contractions (i.e. coefficient of variation of the force signal) and EMG of QF were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Baseline MVIF of LTW (340 ± 112 N) and DTW (368 ± 128 N) increased equally by 14 ± 6 and 5 ± 6 % (p < 0.05). Steadiness at 5 %MVIF improved following 12 weeks of LTW (baseline: 0.04 ± 0.01; 12 weeks: 0.03 ± 0.01) and DTW (baseline: 0.04 ± 0.02; 12 weeks: 0.03 ± 0.01 (p < 0.05). EMG root mean square of m. vastus lateralis during MVIF increased by 38 % following 12 weeks of LTW only (p < 0.05). The potential implications for an exercise modality, such as DTW, with a lower oxygen demand, to improve muscle strength could serve as a rehabilitative countermeasure for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK. m.gault@chi.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mandy Lucinda
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gault
authors.forename: Mark Elizabeth Theodorus
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Willems
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*