title: Virtual reality robotic surgery warm-up improves task performance in a dry laboratory environment: a prospective randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative simulation warm-up has been shown to improve performance and reduce errors in novice and experienced surgeons, yet existing studies have only investigated conventional laparoscopy. We hypothesized that a brief virtual reality (VR) robotic warm-up would enhance robotic task performance and reduce errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 2-center randomized trial, 51 residents and experienced minimally invasive surgery faculty in General Surgery, Urology, and Gynecology underwent a validated robotic surgery proficiency curriculum on a VR robotic simulator and on the da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc). Once they successfully achieved performance benchmarks, surgeons were randomized to either receive a 3- to 5-minute VR simulator warm-up or read a leisure book for 10 minutes before performing similar and dissimilar (intracorporeal suturing) robotic surgery tasks. The primary outcomes compared were task time, tool path length, economy of motion, technical, and cognitive errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Task time (-29.29 seconds, p = 0.001; 95% CI, -47.03 to -11.56), path length (-79.87 mm; p = 0.014; 95% CI, -144.48 to -15.25), and cognitive errors were reduced in the warm-up group compared with the control group for similar tasks. Global technical errors in intracorporeal suturing (0.32; p = 0.020; 95% CI, 0.06-0.59) were reduced after the dissimilar VR task. When surgeons were stratified by earlier robotic and laparoscopic clinical experience, the more experienced surgeons (n = 17) demonstrated significant improvements from warm-up in task time (-53.5 seconds; p = 0.001; 95% CI, -83.9 to -23.0) and economy of motion (0.63 mm/s; p = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.18-1.09), and improvement in these metrics was not statistically significantly appreciated in the less-experienced cohort (n = 34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed significant performance improvement and error reduction rates among surgeons of varying experience after VR warm-up for basic robotic surgery tasks. In addition, the VR warm-up reduced errors on a more complex task (robotic suturing), suggesting the generalizability of the warm-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. thomas.lendvay@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lendvay
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kowalewski
authors.forename: Saikiran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jonnadula
authors.forename: Laina D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khorsand
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andros
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hannaford
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Satava
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface