title: Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers are associated with depression and nicotine dependence.
abstract: To determine if oxidative stress and inflammation are linked with major depressive disorder, nicotine dependence and both disorders combined. This study comprised 150 smokers and 191 never smokers. The instruments were: a socio-demographic questionnaire, diagnoses of mood disorder and nicotine dependence according to DSM-IV, (SCID-IV), and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Laboratory assessments included: nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA), total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), fibrinogen concentrations, homocysteine, erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assayed from blood specimens. Statistically significant differences were found among depressed smokers who had more severe depressive symptoms, a higher risk of alcohol consumption, more suicide attempts, and more disability for work than non-depressed never smokers. Depressed smokers had significantly higher levels of NOx, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, AOPP, ESR and lower levels of TRAP compared to non-depressed never smokers. Depressed smokers had significant levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers after adjusting for gender, age, years of education, disability for work, and laboratory measures. The levels of NOx, lipid hydroperoxides, AOPP, and fibrinogen were substantially higher, whereas levels of TRAP were lower in depressed smokers compared to non-depressed never smokers. (1) Depressed smokers exhibited altered concentrations of NOx, lipid hydroperoxides, AOPP, TRAP, and fibrinogen. (2) Depressed smokers were more unable to work, showed more severe depressive symptoms and attempted suicide more frequently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, Londrina State University, Brazil. hebervargas@sercomtel.com.br
authors.forename: Heber Odebrecht
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Sandra Odebrecht Vargas
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Márcia Regina Pizzo
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: Mateus Mendonça
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Décio Sabbatini
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Chiara Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bortolasci
authors.forename: Kamalesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.forename: Seetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species