title: Advanced treatment of urban wastewater by UV radiation: Effect on antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains.
abstract: Urban wastewater treatment plant (UWWTP) effluents are among the possible sources of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) spread into the environment. In this work, the effect of UV radiation on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains was compared with that of chlorination process. Under the investigated conditions, UV disinfection process resulted in a total inactivation after 60min of irradiation (1.25×10(4)μWscm(-2)) compared to 120min chlorine contact time (initial chlorine dose of 2mgL(-1)). Moreover, no change in E. coli strains' resistance to amoxicillin (AMX) (minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC)>256mgL(-1)) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) (MIC>1024mgL(-1)) could be observed after UV treatment, while the treatment affected resistance of the lower resistance strain to ciprofloxacin (CPX) (MIC decreased by 33% and 50% after 60 and 120min, respectively). Contrarily, chlorination process did not affect antibiotic resistance of the investigated E. coli strains. Finally, the effect of UV radiation on the mixture of three antibiotics was also investigated and photodegradation data fit quite well pseudo first order kinetic models with t1/2 values of 14, 20 and 25min for CPX, AMX and SMZ, respectively. According to these results, conventional disinfection processes may not be effective in the inactivation of ARB, and the simultaneous release of ARB and antibiotics at sub-lethal concentrations into UWWTP effluent may promote the development of resistance among bacteria in receiving water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 1, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. l.rizzo@unisa.it
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiorentino
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anselmo
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D054879:Halogenation; D010782:Photolysis; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000658:Amoxicillin; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical