title: Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Diets including food products rich in inorganic nitrate are associated with lower blood pressure (BP). The evidence for the BP-lowering effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot in randomized clinical trials has not been systematically assessed. The objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials that examined the effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on BP. Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to February 2013. The specific inclusion criteria were: 1) randomized clinical trials; 2) trials reporting effects on systolic or diastolic BP or both; and 3) trials comparing inorganic nitrate or beetroot juice supplementation with placebo control groups. Random-effects models were used to assess the pooled BP effect sizes. Sixteen trials met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review. All studies had a crossover study design. The trials were conducted between 2006 and 2012 and included a total of 254 participants with 7-30 participants/study. The duration of each intervention ranged from 2 h to 15 d. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice consumption were associated with greater changes in systolic BP [-4.4 mm Hg (95% CI: -5.9, -2.8); P < 0.001] than diastolic BP [-1.1 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.2, 0.1); P = 0.06]. The meta-regression showed an association between daily dose of inorganic nitrate and changes in systolic BP (P < 0.05). Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in systolic BP. These findings need to be tested in long-term trials and in individuals at greater cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, UK. mario.siervo@ncl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siervo
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Ikponmwonsa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ogbonmwan
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mathers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D001628:Beverages; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010919:Placebos; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D010919:Placebos; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C031618:sodium nitrate; C023844:potassium nitrate