title: Herd specific risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia mainly occurring in fattening pigs. It is assumed that horizontal transmission of the pathogen during nursery and growing phase starts with few suckling pigs vertically infected by the sow. The aim of the present study was the exploration of the herd prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs followed by an investigation of various herd specific factors for their potential of influencing the occurrence of this pathogen at the age of weaning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cross-sectional study, 125 breeding herds were examined by taking nasal swabs from 20 suckling pigs in each herd. In total, 3.9% (98/2500) of all nasal swabs were tested positive for M. hyopneumoniae by real-time PCR. Piglets tested positive originated from 46 different herds resulting in an overall herd prevalence of 36.8% (46/125) for M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs at the age of weaning. While the herds were epidemiologically characterized, the risk for demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae was significantly increased, when the number of purchased gilts per year was more than 120 (OR: 5.8), and when the number of farrowing pens per compartment was higher than 16 (OR: 3.3). In herds with a planned and segregated production, where groups of sows entered previously emptied farrowing units, the risk for demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae in piglets was higher in herds with two or four weeks between batches than in herds with one or three weeks between batches (OR: 2.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cross-sectional study, several risk factors could be identified enhancing the probability of breeding herds to raise suckling pigs already infected with M. hyopneumoniae at the time of weaning. Interestingly, some factors (farrowing rhythm, gilt acclimatisation issues) were overlapping with those also influencing the seroprevalences among sows or the transmission of the pathogen between older age groups. Taking the multifactorial character of enzootic pneumonia into account, the results of this study substantiate that a comprehensive herd specific prevention programme is a prerequisite to reduce transmission of and disease caused by M. hyopneumoniae.
authors.affiliation: Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Street 9, Bakum D-49456, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nathues
authors.forename: Henrike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Woeste
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doehring
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fahrion
authors.forename: Marcus G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Doherr
authors.forename: Elisabeth grosse
authors.initials: Eg
authors.lastname: Beilage
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D045729:Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine; D014886:Weaning