title: Ontogenetic patterns in the mechanisms of tolerance to herbivory in Plantago.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Herbivory and plant defence differ markedly among seedlings and juvenile and mature plants in most species. While ontogenetic patterns of chemical resistance have been the focus of much research, comparatively little is known about how tolerance to damage changes across ontogeny. Due to dramatic shifts in plant size, resource acquisition, stored reserves and growth, it was predicted that tolerance and related underlying mechanisms would differ among ontogenetic stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ontogenetic patterns in the mechanisms of tolerance were investigated in Plantago lanceolata and P. major (Plantaginaceae) using the genetic sib-ship approach. Pot-grown plants were subjected to 50 % defoliation at the seedling, juvenile and mature stages and either harvested in the short-term to look at plasticity in growth and photosynthesis in response to damage or allowed to grow through seed maturation to measure phenology, shoot compensation and reproductive fitness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tolerance to defoliation was high in P. lanceolata, but low in P. major, and did not vary among ontogenetic stages in either species. Mechanisms underlying tolerance did vary across ontogeny. In P. lanceolata, tolerance was significantly related to flowering (juveniles) and pre-damage shoot biomass (mature plants). In P. major, tolerance was significantly related to pre-damage root biomass (seedlings) and induction of non-photochemical quenching, a photosynthetic parameter (juveniles).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomass partitioning was very plastic in response to damage and showed associations with tolerance in both species, indicating a strong role in plant defence. In contrast, photosynthesis and phenology showed weaker responses to damage and were related to tolerance only in certain ontogenetic stages. This study highlights the pivotal role of ontogeny in plant defence and herbivory. Additional studies in more species are needed to determine how seedlings tolerate herbivory in general and whether mechanisms vary across ontogeny in consistent patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. kbarton@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Kasey E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Barton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D060434:Herbivory; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010943:Plantago / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: P. major; Plant defence; Plantaginaceae; Plantago lanceolata; compensation; genetic variation; herbivory; maternal genetic families; norm of reaction; perennial herbs; phenotypic plasticity; plant allocation; pulse-amplitude fluorometry; root : shoot ratio