title: [Effect of safflower injection on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosts in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of safflower injection on prevention and treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and clarify the function of the endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis pathway during the process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male SD rats were randomly grouped as normal control group, hypoxia-hypercapnia group and hypoxia+safflower group. The latter two groups were put in the cabin with oxygen concentration ranged from 9% to 11% and carbon dioxide concentration from 5% to 6%. The pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy were determined after hypoxia exposure (8 h/dx28 d). Changes in morphology of lung tissue were observed by electron microscopy. To explore the possible mechanisms, we also detected apoptosis and apoptosis-related genes/proteins in lung tissue by TUNEL reactivity and PCR and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the normal control group, pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia group were 45% and 33.4% higher, respectively. Tiny blood vessel wall of lungs was thickened and edema, and proliferation of collagen fibers was obvious under the electron microscope. TUNEL staining of apoptotic cells in lung tissues showed more high brightness green fluorescence (+-++), but less green fluorescence showed in the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell layer, and apoptosis index (AI) value was 150% higher; gene and protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway were increased. Compared with hypoxia-hypercapnia group, pulmonary artery pressure and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy in the hypoxia+safflower group were 18% and 15.6% lower, respectively; collagen fibers were decreased, and smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells were got apoptotic-like changes under the electron microscope. TUNEL staining of apoptotic cells in lung tissues showed brighter green fluorescence (++-+++); the high brightness green fluorescence showed in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell layer, and apoptotic index (Al) value was 40% higher; gene and protein expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway were significantly upregulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that safflower injection could activate endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and especially promote apoptosis in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Xue-Rui
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Gong-Sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Dong-Hong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Liang-Gang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Yong-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D031187:Carthamus tinctorius / Q000737:chemistry*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley