title: Effect of a systems intervention on the quality and safety of patient handoffs in an internal medicine residency program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor quality handoffs have been identified as a major patient safety issue. In residency programs, problematic handoffs may be an unintended consequence of duty-hour restrictions, and key data are frequently omitted from written handoffs because of the lack of standardization of content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine whether an intervention that facilitates face-to-face communication supported by an electronic template improves the quality and safety of handoffs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine interns providing nighttime coverage over 132 intern shifts, representing ∼9,200 handoffs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two interventions were implemented serially-an alteration of the shift model to facilitate face-to-face verbal communication between the primary and nighttime covering physicians and an electronic template for the day-to-night handoff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall satisfaction and handoff quality were measured using a survey tool administered at the end of each intern shift. Written handoff quality, specifically the documentation of key components, was also assessed before and after the template intervention by study investigators. Interns used the survey tool to report patient safety events related to poor quality handoffs, which were validated by study investigators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted analyses comparing intern cohorts with similar levels of training, overall satisfaction with the new handoff processes improved significantly (p < 0.001) post intervention. Verbal handoff quality (4/10 measures) and written handoff quality (5/6 measures) also improved significantly. Study investigators also found significant improvement in documentation of key components in the written handoff. Interns reported significantly fewer reported data omissions (p = 0.001) and a non-significant reduction in near misses (p = 0.056), but no significant difference in adverse events (p = 0.41) post intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Redesign of shift models common in residency programs to minimize the number of handoffs and facilitate face-to-face communication, along with implementation of electronic handoff templates, improves the quality of handoffs in a learning environment.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kgraham@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
authors.forename: Grace C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: C Christopher
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D062209:Patient Handoff / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*