title: Toxicity of cadmium and lead on tropical midge larvae, Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the acute toxicity of cadmium and lead on larvae of two tropical Chironomid species, Chironomus kiiensis (C. kiiensis) Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus (C. javanus) Kieffer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different larval instars (first-fourth) were exposed using a static non-replacement testing procedures to various concentrations of cadmium and lead.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, younger larvae (first and second instars) of both species were more sensitive to both metals than older larvae (third and forth instars). The toxic effects of the metals on C. kiiensis and C. javanus were influenced by the age of the larvae (first to fourth instars), types of metals (cadmium or lead) and duration of larval exposure (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) to the metals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cadmium was more toxic to the chironomids than lead and C. javanus was significantly more sensitive to both metals than C. kiiensis (P<0.05).
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Warrin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ebau
authors.forename: Che Salmah M D
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rawi
authors.forename: Zubir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Din
authors.forename: Salman Abdo
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al-Shami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: Acute toxicity; Cadmium; Chironomus javanus; Chironomus kiiensis; Lead