title: In vitro antimicrobial effects of grape seed extract on peri-implantitis microflora in craniofacial implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the antimicrobial effects of grape seed on peri-implantitis microflora.
  
  
  METHODS
  The grape seed extract was tested against peri-implantitis microflora most commonly found in craniofacial implants including reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans) and clinical strains of S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) and Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) by disk diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum cidal concentrations (MCC) were determined using modified agar dilution millpore method. The extract was further combined with polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and was tested for antimicrobial effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grape seed extract showed positive inhibitory effects with S. aureus at MIC of 0.625 mg/mL and MCC of 1.25 mg/mL respectively. However the extracts showed minimal or no reactivity against strains of E. coli, K. pneumonia, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. The use of grape seed extract in combination with polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol also showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on S. aureus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study showed that grape seed has potential antimicrobial effects which can be further studied and developed to be used in the treatment of infected skin-abutment interface of craniofacial implants.
authors.affiliation: Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Thailand.
authors.forename: Binit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: M L Srithavaj
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Theerathavaj
authors.forename: Sroisiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thaweboon
authors.forename: Boonyanit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thaweboon
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract
keywords: Craniofacial implants; Grape seed extract; Peri-implantitis; Staphylococcus aureus