title: Mucosal cytokine response after short-term gluten challenge in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In celiac disease (CD), gluten induces both adaptive and innate immune responses. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is another form of gluten intolerance where the immune response is less characterized. The aim of our study was to explore and compare the early mucosal immunological events in CD and NCGS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We challenged 30 HLA-DQ2(+) NCGS and 15 CD patients, all on a gluten-free diet, with four slices of gluten-containing bread daily for 3 days. Duodenal biopsy specimens were collected before and after challenge. The specimens were examined for cytokine mRNA by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and for MxA-expression and CD3(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) by immunohistochemistry and compared with specimens from untreated CD patients and disease controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CD patients, tumor necrosis factor alpha (P=0.02) and interleukin 8 (P=0.002) mRNA increased after in vivo gluten challenge. The interferon gamma (IFN-γ) level of treated CD patients was high both before and after challenge and did not increase significantly (P=0.06). Four IFN-γ-related genes increased significantly. Treated and untreated CD patients had comparable levels of IFN-γ. Increased expression of MxA in treated CD patients after challenge suggested that IFN-α was activated on gluten challenge. In NCGS patients only IFN-γ increased significantly (P=0.03). mRNA for heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 or Hsp70 did not change in any of the groups. Importantly, we found that the density of IELs was higher in NCGS patients compared with disease controls, independent of challenge, although lower than the level for treated CD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD patients mounted a concomitant innate and adaptive immune response to gluten challenge. NCGS patients had increased density of intraepithelial CD3(+) T cells before challenge compared with disease controls and increased IFN-γ mRNA after challenge. Our results warrant further search for the pathogenic mechanisms for NCGS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway. margit.brottveit@gmail.com
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brottveit
authors.forename: Ann-Christin R
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beitnes
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tollefsen
authors.forename: Jorunn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bratlie
authors.forename: Frode L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Jahnsen
authors.forename: Finn-Eirik
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Ludvig M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sollid
authors.forename: Knut E A
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lundin
mesh_terms: D000071181:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D004386:Duodenum / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D005983:Glutens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000071181:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D017252:CD3 Complex; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; C073119:TAP1 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005983:Glutens; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C056859:IFI30 protein, human; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors; D020170:Caspase 1; C486207:PSME2 protein, human; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex