title: Emergence of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) among Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates in Dijon, France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) is often encountered in antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica and exceptionally in Proteus mirabilis. We investigated the prevalence of SGI1-producing clinical isolates of P. mirabilis in our hospital (Dijon, France).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 57 strains of P. mirabilis resistant to amoxicillin and/or gentamicin and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole isolated from August 2011 to February 2012 as well as 9 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing P. mirabilis from our collection were tested for the presence of SGI1 by PCR. The complete SGI1 structure from positive isolates [backbone and multidrug resistance (MDR) region] was sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SGI1 was detected in 7 isolates; 5 out of the 57 isolates collected during the study period (9%) and 2 out of the 9 ESBL-producing strains of our collection. The structures of the seven SGI1s were distinct. Three different backbones were identified: one identical to the SGI1 backbone from the epidemic Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, one with variations already described in SGI1-K from Salmonella Kentucky (deletion and insertion of IS1359 in the region spanning from S005 to S009) and one with a variation never detected before (deletion from S005 to S009). Six different MDR regions were identified: four simple variants containing resistance genes already described and two variants harbouring a very complex structure including regions derived from several transposons and IS26 elements with aphA1a never reported to date in SGI1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGI1 variants are widely distributed among P. mirabilis clinical strains and might spread to other commensal Enterobacteriaceae. This would become a serious public health problem.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Dijon, Plateau technique de Biologie, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon cedex, France.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siebor
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuwirth
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D044404:Genomic Islands; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; human isolates; integrons; variant