title: Root iron plaque formation and characteristics under N2 flushing and its effects on translocation of Zn and Cd in paddy rice seedlings (Oryza sativa).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anoxic conditions are seldom considered in root iron plaque induction of wetland plants in hydroponic experiments, but such conditions are essential for root iron plaque formation in the field. Although ferrous ion availability and root radial oxygen loss capacity are generally taken into account, neglect of anoxic conditions in root iron plaque formation might lead to an under- or over-estimate of their functional effects, such as blocking toxic metal uptake. This study hypothesized that anoxic conditions would influence root iron plaque formation characteristics and translocation of Zn and Cd by rice seedlings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hydroponic culture was used to grow rice seedlings and a non-disruptive approach for blocking air exchange between the atmosphere and the induction solution matrix was applied for root iron plaque formation, namely flushing the headspace of the induction solution with N2 during root iron plaque induction. Zn and Cd were spiked into the solution after root iron plaque formation, and translocation of both metals was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blocking air exchange between the atmosphere and the nutrient solution by N2 flushing increased root plaque Fe content by between 11 and 77 % (average 31 %). The N2 flushing treatment generated root iron plaques with a smoother surface than the non-N2 flushing treatment, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, but Fe oxyhydroxides coating the rice seedling roots were amorphous. The root iron plaques sequestrated Zn and Cd and the N2 flushing enhanced this effect by approx. 17 % for Zn and 71 % for Cd, calculated by both single and combined additions of Zn and Cd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blocking of oxygen intrusion into the nutrient solution via N2 flushing enhanced root iron plaque formation and increased Cd and Zn sequestration in the iron plaques of rice seedlings. This study suggests that hydroponic studies that do not consider redox potential in the induction matrices might lead to an under-estimate of metal sequestration by root iron plaques of wetland plants.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism; D053833:Wetlands; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D058085:Iron Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D015032:Zinc; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Anoxic conditions; Oryza sativa; cadmium; rice seedlings; root iron plaque; translocation; zinc