title: Enhanced carbohydrate craving in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although hyperphagia is a common manifestation of diabetes mellitus, data on food craving in patients with diabetes are limited. This study compared food craving in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 210 subjects (105 with Type 2 diabetes and 105 age-, sex- and BMI-matched control subjects) participated in two food craving surveys. The surveys were as follows: the General Food Cravings Questionnaire--Trait, which assesses the general trait of food craving; and the Food Cravings Questionnaire--State, which assesses the state of food craving or current desire for high-carbohydrate or high-fat foods in response to pictures of food. Follow-up Food Cravings Questionnaire--State surveys were administered approximately 3 months later to the subjects with diabetes. Survey results were analysed to assess relationships between food craving and glycaemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The General Food Cravings Questionnaire--Trait scores in the group with Type 2 diabetes and the control group were not significantly different. The group with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate craving scores, but lower fat craving scores, than the control group. Carbohydrate craving scores in subjects with diabetes were positively correlated with HbA(1c). In follow-up surveys, carbohydrate craving scores declined in patients with improved glycaemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surveys showed that patients with Type 2 diabetes had higher carbohydrate cravings and lower fat cravings than the age-, sex- and BMI-matched control group. Carbohydrate craving in patients with diabetes was associated with poor glycaemic control.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003463:Cues; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D010349:Patient Compliance; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human