title: Early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics affect the risk of asthma into school age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The early introduction of fish has been reported to reduce the risk of wheezing disorder in early childhood, while broad-spectrum antibiotics in the first week have been associated with an increased risk. However, it is uncertain whether the effects remain into school age. The aim was to explore these risk factors for doctor-diagnosed asthma at 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in western Sweden. The parents answered questionnaires at 6 months and 1, 4.5 and 8 years of age. The response rate at 8 years was 80% of the questionnaires distributed (4051/5044), that is, 71% of the families entering the study (4051/5654).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 8 years, 5.7% reported current doctor-diagnosed asthma. Of these, 65% had atopic asthma and 35% non-atopic asthma. In the multivariate analysis, atopic heredity, male gender and own allergic disease during infancy were risk factors for doctor-diagnosed asthma at 8 years. In addition, the introduction of fish before the age of 9 months independently reduced the risk (adjusted OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4-0.96), while broad-spectrum antibiotics in the first week independently increased the risk of current asthma at school age (aOR 2.3; 1.2-4.2). Regarding types of asthma, the effects were significant in atopic asthma but not in non-atopic asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early introduction of fish and neonatal antibiotic treatment influence the risk of asthma into school age. The significant effect on atopic asthma is of particular importance, as this phenotype is of major clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. emma.goksor@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goksör
authors.forename: Bernt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Möllborg
authors.forename: Laslo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erdes
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aberg
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennergren
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents