title: Apoptosis and other immune biomarkers predict influenza vaccine responsiveness.
abstract: Despite the importance of the immune system in many diseases, there are currently no objective benchmarks of immunological health. In an effort to identifying such markers, we used influenza vaccination in 30 young (20-30 years) and 59 older subjects (60 to >89 years) as models for strong and weak immune responses, respectively, and assayed their serological responses to influenza strains as well as a wide variety of other parameters, including gene expression, antibodies to hemagglutinin peptides, serum cytokines, cell subset phenotypes and in vitro cytokine stimulation. Using machine learning, we identified nine variables that predict the antibody response with 84% accuracy. Two of these variables are involved in apoptosis, which positively associated with the response to vaccination and was confirmed to be a contributor to vaccine responsiveness in mice. The identification of these biomarkers provides new insights into what immune features may be most important for immune health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jojic
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen-Orr
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarrell
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Holden T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Maecker
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Cornelia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014611:Vaccination; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit