title: In vitro anthelminthic efficacy of Dichrocephala integrifolia (Asteraceae) extracts on the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite of mice: Heligmosomoides bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Dichrocephala integrifolia (D. integrifolia) against the eggs (fresh and embryonnated), the first and second larval stages of Heligmosomoides bakeri. In order to verify if this medicinal plant possesses active compounds capable of inhibiting the embryonation and hatching of eggs or to induce the mortality of larvae (L1 and L2).
  
  
  METHODS
  dried extracts were diluted in distilled FIV water to obtain five different concentrations: 625, 1,250, 2,500, 3,750 and 5,000 µg/mL. Fresh eggs obtained from artificially infected mice feces were exposed to these different concentrations for 48 h. Time of contact for embryonated eggs was 6 h while L1 and L2 larvae were exposed for 24 h. Distilled water (placebo) and 1.5% DMSO were used as negative controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distilled water, and 1.5% DMSO had no effect on embryonation, hatching and larval survival. Aqueous extracts of D. integrifolia showed a weak activity against all stages of the parasite at all concentrations tested. On the contrary, the ethanolic extract of D. integrifolia inhibited the embryonation of 87.5% of fresh eggs, the hatching of 81.1% of embryonated eggs and induced the mortality of 98.1% and 98% of L1 and L2 larvae respectively at 5,000 µg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate that the ethanolic extracts of D. integrifolia contained compounds with ovicidal and larvicidal properties. In spite of these results, in vivo tests, studies on toxicity and mechanism of action of active compounds are also needed to validate the utilisation of this medicinal plant by population of Dschang-Cameroon to treat gastro-intestinal parasites.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Poné J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wabo
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Tayo Gertrude
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Mbogning
authors.forename: Marie Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Komtangi
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yondo
authors.forename: Alidou M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ngangout
authors.forename: Mbida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mpoame
authors.forename: Bilong C F
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bilong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006369:Heligmosomatoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice / Q000469:parasitology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Dichrocephala integrifolia; Eggs; Heligmosomoides bakeri; In vitro; Larvae