title: Emergence of ovulatory cycles with aging in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) alters the trajectory of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What alters cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors with aging in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipid parameters, mainly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increase with aging, but not in women who attain ovulatory cycles.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular and metabolic parameters tend to increase with aging, but this has not been shown in a prospective longitudinal study in women with PCOS. Correlates of these changes have not been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 118 hyperandrogenic women with PCOS who were followed from the age of 20-25 years at 5 year intervals for 20 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five age-matched controls and another 35 age-matched controls in their 40s, 20 years later. Longitudinal measurements of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting serum steroids, glucose, insulin, lipids, prevalence of metabolic syndrome and ovulatory status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 20 years, in the entire group, waist circumference increased as did glucose, total cholesterol (C), high-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C), LDL-C and non-HDL-C. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 7% at the beginning and 6% at the end. Fifty-one women with PCOS were found to be ovulatory and 67 remained anovulatory after 20 years. Anovulatory women had higher insulin, lower QUICKI and higher total C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C and lower HDL-C. In ovulatory women there were no alterations in lipids or glucose and minor changes in insulin and QUICKI compared with controls. None of the parameters were influenced by BMI or waist circumference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inability to follow controls for 20 years. Associations observed between ovulatory function and lowered cardiovascular and metabolic risks cannot imply cause and effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenotypic variability, particularly ovulatory function, in women diagnosed to have PCOS appears to influence cardiovascular and metabolic risks. It is unclear if these data pertain to other populations and ethnicities of women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Self-funded; no conflicts of interest.
authors.affiliation: DISMOT Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmina
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010060:Ovulation; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids
keywords: PCOS; aging; insulin; lipids; ovulation