title: Biophysical techniques for detection of cAMP and cGMP in living cells.
abstract: Cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers which regulate myriads of functions in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Their intracellular effects are often mediated via discrete subcellular signaling microdomains. In this review, we will discuss state-of-the-art techniques to measure cAMP and cGMP in biological samples with a particular focus on live cell imaging approaches, which allow their detection with high temporal and spatial resolution in living cells and tissues. Finally, we will describe how these techniques can be applied to the analysis of second messenger dynamics in subcellular signaling microdomains.
authors.affiliation: Emmy Noether Group of the DFG, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, European Heart Research Insitute Göttingen, Georg August University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany. viacheslav.nikolaev@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Julia U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Sprenger
authors.forename: Viacheslav O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Nikolaev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060807:Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015290:Second Messenger Systems
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP