title: Comparison of the recovery and respiratory effects of aminophylline and doxapram following total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of aminophylline and doxapram on recovery, respiration, and bispectral index (BIS) values in patients after total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  90 adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic vaginal hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIVA was performed with the induction target of remifentanil 3 ng/mL and propofol 6 μg/mL, followed by the maintenance target of remifentanil 1-3 ng/mL and propofol 3-5 μg/mL at the effect site, and with BIS scores in 40-50 range. Patients were randomized to three groups to receive intravenous (IV) aminophylline 3 mg/kg (n = 30), IV doxapram 1 mg/kg (n = 30), or normal IV saline (control; n = 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After administration of the study drugs, return to spontaneous ventilation differed significantly among the three groups. The times to eye opening and hand squeezing on verbal command were similar. The time to extubation was shortened in both the doxapram and aminophylline groups (P < 0.05). Tidal volumes were increased in the doxapram group at 5-14 minutes and the aminophylline group at 5-12 minutes (P < 0.05). Respiratory rates were increased at 2 to 8 minutes and then showed a decrease at the 12 to 14-minute mark in both the doxapram and aminophylline groups (P < 0.05). No difference was noted between the two groups. BIS values were increased in both the doxapram and aminophylline groups at 4-10 minutes (P < 0.05). Heart rates were increased in the doxapram group for the first 8 minutes and at 1-2 minutes in the aminophylline group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aminophylline 3 mg/kg or doxapram 1 mg/kg shortened the time to spontaneous ventilation and improved early recovery from TIVA without appreciable side effects. The more rapid emergence correlates with higher BIS values when compared with the saline control group. The arousal and respiratory effects of aminophylline were comparable to those of doxapram.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent Hospital, Suwon, 442-723, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Deok
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Jang Hyeok
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: In
authors.forename: Yeon Su
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Hong Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Kyeong Bae
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Jae Sik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jin Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000628:Aminophylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004315:Doxapram / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007045:Hysterectomy, Vaginal; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D019141:Respiratory System Agents; D000628:Aminophylline; D004315:Doxapram; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol