title: Liraglutide protects pancreatic beta cells during an early intervention in Gato-Kakizaki rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues have emerged as insulin secretagogues and are widely used in type 2 diabetic patients. GLP-1 analogues also demonstrate a promotion of beta cell proliferation and reduction of apoptosis in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the protection of pancreatic beta cells by early use (at the age of 2 weeks) of GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide in Gato-Kakizaki (GK) rats and explored the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of liraglutide on glucose tolerance were evaluated by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin release tests (IRT). Ki67 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunostaining, Western blots and real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis and related gene expressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrated that early use of liraglutide improved glucose tolerance during liraglutide treatment in GK rats. Liraglutide increased pancreatic insulin contents and markedly reduced beta cell apoptosis. Liraglutide also downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expressions and reduced intra-islet macrophage infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment reported for the first time that early use of liraglutide could protect beta cell failure in pre-diabetic GK rats through reduction of beta cell apoptosis and ameliorating islet inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Aifang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Qidi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wenyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000069450:Liraglutide; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000069450:Liraglutide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Goto-Kakizaki rats; Goto-Kakizaki大鼠，利拉鲁肽，胰腺β细胞; liraglutide; pancreatic beta cells