title: Portrait of an outsider: class, gender, and the scientific career of Ida M. Mellen.
abstract: In 1916, a 41 years old woman with little formal scientific education became the secretary of the New York Aquarium (NYA). In becoming the Aquarium's first female officer, Ida M. Mellen realized her lifelong dream of successfully pursuing a career in the biological sciences and broke with the limitations and low expectations surrounding her sex and class backgrounds. By 1930, Mellen left the NYA and pursued a career in popular hobbyist writing, becoming the foremost expert on aquarium fishes and domesticated cats in the United States. Margaret Rossiter and other historians of science have illuminated women's common career paths in the sciences, but little work has been done on individuals whose gender and class impacted their career. Building on Rossiter's framework, this case study suggests that class, as much as gender, structured the scientific career of women. Through the narrative of the outsider scientific practitioner, we can more fully illuminate the social structure of scientific work. Examining the struggles of Mellen to enter and maintain a scientific career sheds light, not just on her own career path, but those alternately closed to her. If we wish to understand science in the early twentieth century, especially questions of inclusion and exclusion in the scientific process, we must examine those individuals who operated on the periphery of the "traditional" scientific path.
authors.affiliation: History and Sociology of Science Department, University of Pennsylvania, 303 Claudia Cohen Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, smuka@sas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Samantha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Muka
mesh_terms: D011173:Portraits as Topic; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D001695:Biology / Q000266:history; D002321:Career Choice; D005399:Fishes; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D056127:Hydrobiology / Q000266:history; D008091:Literature / Q000266:history; D009519:New York City; D011287:Prejudice; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006801:Humans