title: Barriers and facilitators to integrating care: experiences from the English Integrated Care Pilots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, the English Department of Health appointed 16 'Integrated Care Pilots' which used a range of approaches to provide better integrated care. We report qualitative analyses from a three-year multi-method evaluation to identify barriers and facilitators to successful integration of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analysed from transcripts of 213 in-depth staff interviews, and from semi-structured questionnaires (the 'Living Document') completed by staff in pilot sites at six points over a two-year period. Emerging findings were therefore built from 'bottom up' and grounded in the data. However, we were then interested in how these findings compared and contrasted with more generic analyses. Therefore after our analyses were complete we then systematically compared and contrasted the findings with the analysis of barriers and facilitators to quality improvement identified in a systematic review by Kaplan et al. (2010) and the analysis of more micro-level shapers of behaviour found in Normalisation Process Theory (May et al. 2007). Neither of these approaches claims to be full blown theories but both claim to provide mid-range theoretical arguments which may be used to structure existing data and which can be undercut or reinforced by new data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many barriers and facilitators to integrating care are those of any large-scale organisational change. These include issues relating to leadership, organisational culture, information technology, physician involvement, and availability of resources. However, activities which appear particularly important for delivering integrated care include personal relationships between leaders in different organisations, the scale of planned activities, governance and finance arrangements, support for staff in new roles, and organisational and staff stability. We illustrate our analyses with a 'routemap' which identifies questions that providers may wish to consider when planning interventions to improve the integration of care.
authors.affiliation: RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 1YG, UK and Currently Head of Impact, Innovation and Evidence, Save the Children, 1 St John's Lane, London, EC1M 4AR, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brereton
authors.forename: Annalijn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conklin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newbould
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
keywords: England; barriers; facilitators; integrated care