title: The relationship between borderline personality disorder and major depression in later life: acute versus temperamental symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent issue in the personality disorder field is the prevalence and course of Axis II symptoms in later life. Focusing on the presentation of personality disorder criteria over time may have some utility in exploring the relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depression in older adults. Temperamental personality symptoms are relatively resistant to change but tend to be nonspecific to disorders, whereas acute symptoms remit relatively quickly. We predicted that temperamental BPD symptoms would be positively correlated with a history of depression and did not expect to find a relationship between major depression and acute BPD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,630 participants between the ages of 55 and 64 were recruited to participate in a community-based longitudinal study representative of the St. Louis area. Participants completed a battery of assessments at baseline, including diagnostic interviews for all 10 personality disorders and major depressive disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperamental and acute BPD symptoms were significantly correlated with a history of major depression. After adjustments were made for the effects of temperamental symptoms on depression, acute symptoms were no longer correlated with a history of depression. As predicted, temperamental symptoms remained significantly related to depression, even after controlling for the effects of acute symptoms. BPD acute symptoms showed a unique negative correlation with the amount of time following remission from a depressive episode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study supports associations between major depression and borderline personality in older adults. The findings indicate that a history of major depression is primarily related to stable BPD symptoms related to emotional distress, which are more prevalent in older adults than acute features.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Janine N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Galione
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Oltmanns
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D063189:Symptom Assessment
keywords: Borderline personality disorder; depression; older adults; temperament