title: Treatment of Terasil Red R and Cibacron Red R wastewater using extracted aluminum from red earth: factorial design.
abstract: The ability of aluminum coagulant extracted from red earth to treat Terasil Red R (disperse) and Cibacron Red R (reactive) synthetic dye wastewater was studied. The effects of extractant concentration, soil-to-volume of extractant ratio, and the types of extracting agents (NaOH vs. KCl) on the concentration of aluminum extracted were also investigated. In addition, the efficiency of extracted aluminum was compared with aluminum sulfate, in terms of its capability to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and to remove synthetic color. Factorial design was applied to determine the effect of selected factors on the amount of aluminum extracted from red earth (i.e., pH, dose of coagulant, type of coagulant on COD reduction, and color removal). It was found that only selected factors exhibited a significant effect on the amount of aluminum extracted from red earth. It was also determined that all factors and their interactions exhibited a significant effect on COD reduction and color removal when applying the extracted aluminum in a standard coagulation process. The results were also compared to aluminum sulfate. Furthermore, NaOH was found to be a better extractant of aluminum in red earth than KCl. Therefore, the best extracting conditions for both extractants were as follows: 2 M NaOH and in a 1:5 (soil/volume of extractant) ratio; 1 M KCl and 1:5 ratio. In treating synthetic dye wastewater, the extracted coagulant showed comparable treatment efficiency to the commercial coagulant. The extracted coagulant was able to reduce the COD of the dispersed dye by 85% and to remove 99% of the color of the dispersed dye, whereas the commercial coagulant reduced 90% of the COD and removed 99% of the color of the dispersed dye. Additionally, the extracted coagulant was able to reduce the COD of the reactive dye by 73% and to remove 99% of the color of the reactive dye. However, the commercial coagulant managed to reduce the COD of the reactive dye by 94% and to remove 96% of the color for the reactive dye.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia. abbas@usm.my
authors.forename: Abbas F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Alkarkhi
authors.forename: Han Khim
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Yusri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yusup
authors.forename: Tjoon Tow
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Mohd Azri
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
authors.forename: Khai Siean
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cheah
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D000535:Aluminum