title: Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on dose-dependent intoxication of rats with paraquat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Paraquat (PQ; 1,1'dimethyl-bipyridilium 4,4'-dichloride), which is used extensively throughout the world, is highly toxic to humans. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of different doses of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on PQ-intoxicated rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 rats were divided into the following eight groups, comprising 10 rats in each group: group 1: control; group 2: administered with CAPE (10 µmol/kg); group 3: administered with 15 mg/kg PQ (PQ15 group); group 4: administered with 30 mg/kg PQ (PQ30 group); group 5: administered with 45 mg/kg PQ (PQ45 group); group 6: administered with 15 mg/kg PQ + CAPE; group 7: administered with 30 mg/kg PQ + CAPE and group 8: administered with 45 mg/kg PQ + CAPE. Both PQ and CAPE were injected intraperitoneally. Pancreatic tissue was examined with both haematoxylin and eosin and immunochemical staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of the immunohistochemical staining area to the total pancreatic area of the β cells revealed that statistically significant differences were observed only between the PQ and PQ + CAPE groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of the data suggests that CAPE can be used to prevent acute effects of PQ intoxication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey drsilfeler@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silfeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tumay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Evlioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Er
authors.affiliation: Management Information Systems, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulsah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002109:Caffeic Acids; C055494:caffeic acid phenethyl ester; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; D010269:Paraquat
keywords: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester; pancreas; paraquat