title: Activated Rho kinase mediates diabetes-induced elevation of vascular arginase activation and contributes to impaired corpora cavernosa relaxation: possible involvement of p38 MAPK activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activated RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) has been implicated in diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction. Earlier studies have demonstrated involvement of ROCK pathway in the activation of arginase in endothelial cells. However, signaling pathways activated by ROCK in the penis remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether ROCK and p38 MAPK are involved in the elevation of arginase activity and subsequent impairment of corpora cavernosal (CC) relaxation in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight weeks after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, vascular functional studies, arginase activity assay, and protein expression of RhoA, ROCK, phospho-p38 MAPK, p38 MAPK, phospho-MYPT-1(Thr850), MYPT-1 and arginase levels were assessed in CC tissues from nondiabetic wild type (WT), diabetic (D) WT (WT + D), partial ROCK 2(+/-) knockout (KO), and ROCK 2(+/-) KO + D mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of RhoA, ROCK 1 and 2, phosphorylation of MYPT-1(Thr850) and p38 MAPK, arginase activity/expression, endothelial- and nitrergic-dependent relaxation of CC was assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes significantly reduced maximum relaxation (Emax ) to both endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (WT + D: Emax; 61 ± 4% vs. WT: Emax; 75 ± 2%) and nitrergic nerve stimulation. These effects were associated with increased expression of active RhoA, ROCK 2, phospho-MYPT-1(Thr850), phospho-p38 MAPK, arginase II, and activity of corporal arginase (1.6-fold) in WT diabetic CC. However, this impairment in CC of WT + D mice was absent in heterozygous ROCK 2(+/-) KO + D mice for acetylcholine (Emax : 80 ± 5%) and attenuated for nitrergic nerve-induced relaxation. CC of ROCK 2(+/-) KO + D mice showed much less ROCK activity, did not exhibit p38 MAPK activation, and had reduced arginase activity and arginase II expression. These findings indicate that ROCK 2 mediates diabetes-induced elevation of arginase activity. Additionally, pretreatment of WT diabetic CC with inhibitors of arginase (ABH) or p38 MAPK (SB203580) partially prevented impairment of ACh- and nitrergic nerve-induced relaxation and elevation of arginase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROCK 2, p38 MAPK and arginase play key roles in diabetes-induced impairment of CC relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA. hflorestoque@georgiahealth.edu
authors.forename: Haroldo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Toque
authors.forename: Kenia P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: R Clinton
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Ruth B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: R William
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D057895:Haploinsufficiency; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase; D010410:Penile Erection; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C515854:Rock1 protein, mouse; C515855:Rock2 protein, mouse; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase; C510645:Ppp1r12a protein, mouse; C544448:Arg1 protein, mouse; C481673:Arg2 protein, mouse; D001119:Arginase; C526380:RhoA protein, mouse; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein