title: Verification of clinically diagnosed cases during malaria elimination programme in Guizhou Province of China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  China is implementing a National Malaria Elimination Programme. A high proportion of clinically diagnosed malaria cases is reported in some provinces of China. In order to understand the exact situation and make clear the nature of these patients, it is of much importance to make case verifications, particularly from the pathogenic perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guizhou Province was targeted because of its high proportion of clinically diagnosed malaria cases. After random selection of around 10% of malaria cases from 1 May 2011 to 30 April 2012, reported through the national web-based case reporting system from this province, field verifications were made on 14-17 May 2012 as follows. Firstly, the reported information of each case was rechecked with the onsite case registrations and investigation forms, and an in-depth interview was conducted with each patient. Secondly, the patient's blood smears kept by local CDC were cross-checked microscopically by a national experienced microscopist. Thirdly, two kinds of polymerase chain reaction (PCRs). including Tag-primer nested/multiplex PCR (UT-PCR) based on cytochrome oxidase gene (cox I) and nested PCR based on 18s rRNA gene were performed simultaneously using local CDC kept filter paper of dry blood samples to identify the Plasmodium spp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve out of 152 malaria cases were selected, including nine clinically diagnosed malaria cases, two confirmed falciparum malaria cases and one confirmed vivax malaria case. The original case documents on the site were completely in conformity with their reported data, and all the patients recalled their malaria symptoms and being cured only after consuming the corresponding anti-malarial drugs. Moreover, the re-examination results of microscopy and PCR were exactly in agreement with the original tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No inconsistent results were found against the reported case information in the present study and the reasons for clinically diagnosed patients remains unclear. Uniform and standardized sample collection and processing should be trained among clinicians, more sensitive and specific techniques should be explored to used in malaria diagnosis. A further study is needed in order to be more observationally focussed rather than retrospective.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention-NIPD, China CDC, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Jianhai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Zhigui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lidan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Shuisen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV