title: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance--current knowledge and future perspectives.
abstract: Quinolones are a group of antimicrobial agents that were serendipitously discovered as byproducts of the synthesis of chloroquine. Chemical modifications, such as the addition of fluorine or piperazine, resulted in the synthesis of third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions against aerobic or anaerobic, Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The efficacy and consequent widespread use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones has led to a steady global increase in resistance, mediated via gene mutations, alterations in efflux or cell membranes and plasmid-conferred resistance. The first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrA1, was detected in 1998. Since then, many other genes have been identified and the underlying mechanisms of resistance have been elucidated. This review provides an overview of quinolone resistance, with particular emphasis on plasmid-mediated resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xizhou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Xinying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Yuxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kaifei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015363:Quinolones