title: Expression of p15INK⁴b and p57KIP² and relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) are important regulators of the cell cycle, and their abnormal expression has been detected in various tumors. However, little is known about the role of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) in the pathogenesis of vulvar carcinoma, and the prognostic impact is still unknown. In our current study, we examined the expression of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) in a large series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas to elucidate the prognostic impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) were examined in 297 vulvar squamous cell carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Both uni- and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors were performed, and correlations with clinicopathologic parameters were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the high levels of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) in normal vulvar squamous epithelium, low levels of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) were found in 82% and 44% of vulvar carcinomas, respectively. Low levels of p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) correlated significantly with malignant features, including large tumor diameter (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively) and increased invasiveness (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04, respectively). Although p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) levels could not be identified as prognostic markers, combined analysis of p14(ARF)/p15(INK4b)/p16(INK4a) showed that patients whose tumors expressed low levels of two or three of these INK4 proteins had a worse prognosis than those with only low levels of one or no protein (univariate analysis p = 0.02). The independent prognostic significance of these INK4 proteins was confirmed by multivariate analysis (p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time that p15(INK4b) and p57(KIP2) may be involved in the progression of vulvar carcinomas and the combined p14(ARF)/p15(INK4b)/p16(INK4a) status was a statistically independent prognostic factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ruth.holm@oslo-universitetssykehus.no
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Førsund
authors.forename: Mai T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Jahn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nesland
authors.forename: Claes G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Trope
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57