title: A pilot open-label trial of minocycline in patients with autism and regressive features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minocycline is a tetracycline derivative that readily crosses the blood brain barrier and appears to have beneficial effects on neuroinflammation, microglial activation and neuroprotection in a variety of neurological disorders. Both microglial activation and neuroinflammation have been reported to be associated with autism. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of minocycline treatment on markers of neuroinflammation and autism symptomatology in children with autism and a history of developmental regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven children were enrolled in an open-label trial of six months of minocycline (1.4 mg/kg). Ten children completed the trial. Behavioral measures were collected and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and plasma were obtained before and at the end of minocycline treatment and were analyzed for markers of neuroinflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical improvements were negligible. The laboratory assays demonstrated significant changes in the expression profile of the truncated form of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (P = 0.042) and hepatic growth factor (HGF) (P = 0.028) in CSF. In serum, the ratio of the truncated BDNF form and α-2 macroglobulin (α-2 M), was also significantly lower (P = 0.028) while the mature BDNF/α-2 M ratio revealed no difference following treatment. Only the chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8) was significantly different (P = 0.047) in serum while no significant changes were observed in CSF or serum in chemokines such as CCL2 (MCP-1) or cytokines such as TNF-α, CD40L, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β when pre- and post-treatment levels of these proteins were compared. No significant pre- and post-treatment changes were seen in the profiles of plasma metalloproteinases, putative targets of the effects of minocycline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in the pre- and post-treatment profiles of BDNF in CSF and blood, HGF in CSF and CXCL8 (IL-8) in serum, suggest that minocycline may have effects in the CNS by modulating the production of neurotrophic growth factors. However, in this small group of children, no clinical improvements were observed during or after the six months of minocycline administration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00409747.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pathology 627, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10/RM 1C250/MSC 1255, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Ashura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10/RM 1C250/MSC 1255, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thurm
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E6032, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Li-Ching
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pathology 627, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azhagiri
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10/RM 1C250/MSC 1255, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10/RM 1C250/MSC 1255, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Swedo
keywords: Autism; BDNF; Chemokines; Clinical trial; Cytokines; Metalloproteinases; Microglia; Minocycline; Neuroinflammation; Neurotrophins