title: Therapies for multiple sclerosis: translational achievements and outstanding needs.
abstract: In recent years, multiple sclerosis (MS) research has progressed on several fronts, prompting numerous clinical trials, primarily for immunotherapeutics. Although several new therapies have been disappointing and some were revealed to have devastating side effects, others have shown benefits and all have generated valuable knowledge about the progression of MS, the key contributors to pathogenesis, and on natural surveillance mechanisms for brain infections. This makes now a useful time to take stock of recent advances in developing MS treatments and consider new approaches for adding information where the gaps are greatest - mainly in understanding the degenerative processes responsible for most of the long-term disability. Here, we summarize currently accepted therapeutic principles and the drugs in late stages of development, as well as spotlighting potential novel openings for future research.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Aiden
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haghikia
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fugger
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057285:Precision Medicine
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents