title: Corchorus olitorius (jute) extract induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on human multiple myeloma cells (ARH-77).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corchorus olitorius L. (Malvaceae) has industrial importance in world jute production and is a widely cultivated and consumed crop in Cyprus and in some Arabic countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of leaf extracts (LE) and seed extracts (SE) of the C. olitorius on the multiple myeloma-derived ARH-77 cells. The extracts were also evaluated for their total phenol content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  C. olitorius was collected from Nicosia, Cyprus. TPC and FRSA were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical methods, respectively. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay (4-2048 µg/mL range), and DNA damage (at IC50 and ½IC50) was measured by the comet assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LE had significantly higher total phenol (78 mg GAE/g extract) than the SE (2 mg GAE/g extract) with significantly higher FRSA (IC50 LE: 23 µg/mL and IC50 SE: 10 401 µg/mL). Both LE and SE exerted cytotoxic effects on cells after 48 h. The IC50 of SE (17 µg/mL) was lower than LE (151 µg/mL), which demonstrates its higher cytotoxicity on cells. The extracts were applied at 150 and 75 µg/mL for LE and at 17 and 8.5 µg/mL for SE, and the results of the comet assay revealed that the extracts induced genotoxic damage on ARH-77 cells. In both 48 h leaf and seed extract treatments, genotoxic damage significantly increased with increasing concentrations at relevant cytotoxic concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the high cytotoxic potential of C. olitorius SE and the genotoxic potential of LE and SE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transplantation and Gene Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özlem Darcansoy
authors.initials: ÖD
authors.lastname: İşeri
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yurtcu
authors.forename: Feride Iffet
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020552:Comet Assay; D032381:Corchorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012639:Seeds; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts