title: Biochemical changes in grape rootstocks resulted from humic acid treatments in relation to nematode infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected, resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactive substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The grape rootstocks, superior, superior/freedom and freedom were reacted differently to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis according to rootstock progenitor. Two weeks after inoculation, two commercial products of humic acid were applied at the rate of (2, 4 mL or grams/plant) as soil drench. After 4 months, nematode soil populations were extracted and counted. A subsample of roots from each plant was stained and gall numbers, embedded stages per root were calculated, final population, nematode build up (Pf/Pi), average of eggs/eggmass were estimated. Subsamples of fresh root of each treatment were chemically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Freedom reduced significantly the nematode criteria and build up. Humic acid granules appeared to be more suppressive to nematode build up on superior and the higher dose on superior/freedom than liquid treatments. On freedom, all treatments reduced significantly the nematode build up regardless to the material nature. The higher dose was more effective than the lower one. As a result of humic acid applications, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly reduced after humic acid treatments while the antioxidant compounds glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (ASA) and total phenol contents were significantly increased when compared with check. Antioxidant defense enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)showed significant increase in their specific activities in treated plants compared with nematode treated check.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humic acid treatments improve the yield of grape by increasing the contents of antioxidant compounds and the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 12613.
authors.forename: Hosny H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kesba
authors.forename: Hossam S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: El-Beltagi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006812:Humic Substances; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010935:Plant Diseases; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Antioxidant compounds; Antioxidant enzymes; Biochemical parameters; Grape; Grape rootstocks; Humic acid; Lipid peroxidation; MDA; Meloidogyne incognita; Nematode; Oxidative stress; Proactive substance; Rotylenchulus reniformis; SOD