title: Prevalence and severity of foot pad alterations in German turkey poults during the early rearing phase.
abstract: In the previously performed field study from 2007 to 2009, it became evident that foot pad alterations were already commonly found in turkeys at the age of 6 wk. At this early age, 45% of the clinically examined birds were diagnosed with epithelial necrosis. Therefore, it became important to specifically analyze the situation during the early rearing phase. The present study reflects the prevalence and severity of foot pad alterations of turkey poults up to the age of 35 d (5 wk), starting as early as the age of 3 d. From 24 turkey farms throughout Germany, in general 5,531 turkeys [3,131 male and 2,400 female] of the British United Turkeys 6 strain from 46 flocks, were examined to that effect. Prevalence and severity increased within the duration of stay in the stable, and the prevalence was higher (P < 0.001) during the second visit between d 22 to 35 (factor: 0.94). Therefore, 27.3% (d 3 to 5; male/female: 39.1/25.0%) and 63.3% (d 22 to 35: 61.3/65.7%) of the examined poults had alterations of the foot pads, such as hyperkeratosis (d 3 to 5: 20.4/14.2%; d 22 to 35: 17.6/17.1%), high-grade hyperkeratosis with adhesive dirt (d 3 to 5: 8.7/10.7%; d 22 to 35: 29.2/39.3%), and epithelial necrosis (d 3 to 5: 0.1/0.1%; d 22 to 35: 14.6/9.3%). Female poults showed a higher risk (P < 0.001) of developing food pad alterations (factor: 0.76) than male poults. Male poults developed a higher percentage of epithelial necrosis than hens shortly before relocation. A higher stocking density during the very early rearing phase (d 3 to 5) led to a worse foot pad health status (P < 0.001). Because even mild alterations in the foot pad condition can be indicators for suboptimal design of the rearing environment and are to be seen as a pre-state for severe cases of foot pad dermatitis, it is important to set the main focus on the early rearing phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany. s.bergmann@lmu.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hübel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casalicchio
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Krautwald-Junghanns
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Erhard
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D014422:Turkeys