title: Almond protein hydrolysate fraction modulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes in activated macrophages.
abstract: Simulated gastrointestinal treatment of almond proteins with pepsin and pancreatic proteases resulting in 16.6% degree of hydrolysis or 1.33 milliequivalent leucine per g protein yielded a hydrolysate that modulated excessive nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. After fractionation, a resulting fraction of molecular size > 5 kDa retained the nitric oxide modulatory effect observed initially in the crude hydrolysate. The high molecular size fraction was found to modulate levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the activated cells. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that the hydrolysate fraction decreased the expression levels of inflammatory enzyme indicators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the activated cells. RT-PCR analysis showed that treatment of the activated cells with the hydrolysate fraction resulted in the inhibition of relative gene expressions of proinflammatory IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2. These results indicate a potential application of almond protein hydrolysates against inflammatory conditions, and will contribute to delineating the possible contributions of proteins to health benefits attributed to almond consumption.
authors.affiliation: Health and Bio-products Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada. cudenigwe@dal.ca
authors.forename: Chibuike C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Udenigwe
authors.forename: Jae-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Je
authors.forename: Young-Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Rickey Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Yada
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015870:Gene Expression; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2