title: A zebrafish high throughput screening system used for Staphylococcus epidermidis infection marker discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria are a major cause of biomaterial-associated infections in modern medicine. Yet there is little known about the host responses against this normally innocent bacterium in the context of infection of biomaterials. In order to better understand the factors involved in this process, a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities and markers for studying the host response to S. epidermidis infection are required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have used a zebrafish yolk injection system to study bacterial proliferation and the host response in a time course experiment of S. epidermidis infection. By combining an automated microinjection system with complex object parametric analysis and sorting (COPAS) technology we have quantified bacterial proliferation. This system was used together with transcriptome analysis at several time points during the infection period. We show that bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) counting can be replaced by high throughput flow-based fluorescence analysis of embryos enabling high throughput readout. Comparison of the host transcriptome response to S. epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum infection in the same system showed that M. marinum has a far stronger effect on host gene regulation than S. epidermidis. However, multiple genes responded differently to S. epidermidis infection than to M. marinum, including a cell adhesion gene linked to specific infection by staphylococci in mammals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our zebrafish embryo infection model allowed (i) quantitative assessment of bacterial proliferation, (ii) identification of zebrafish genes serving as markers for infection with the opportunistic pathogen S. epidermidis, and (iii) comparison of the transcriptome response of infection with S. epidermidis and with the pathogen M. marinum. As a result we have identified markers that can be used to distinguish common and specific responses to S. epidermidis. These markers enable the future integration of our high throughput screening technology with functional analyses of immune response genes and immune modulating factors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden RA, the Netherlands. w.j.veneman@biology.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Wouter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Veneman
authors.forename: Oliver W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Stockhammer
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Sebastian A J
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zaat
authors.forename: Annemarie H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Herman P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Spaink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D059467:Transcriptome; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers