title: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under moderate sedation and factors predicting need for anesthesiologist directed sedation: A county hospital experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate variables associated with failure of gastroenterologist directed moderate sedation (GDS) during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and derive a predictive model for use of anesthesiologist directed sedation (ADS) in selected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  With institutional review board approval, we retrospectively analyzed consecutive records of all patients who underwent ERCPs between July 1, 2009 to October 1, 2011 to identify patient related and procedure related factors which could predict failure of GDS. For patient related factors, we abstracted and analyzed data regarding the age, gender, ethnicity, alcohol and illicit drug use habits. For procedure related factors, we abstracted data regarding initial or repeat procedures, indication for performing ERCP, the interventions performed during ERCP, and the grade d difficulty of cannulation as defined in the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines. Our outcome of interest was procedural success. If the procedure was not successful, the reasons for failure of procedures were recorded along with immediate post procedure complications. Multivariate analysis was then performed to define factors associated with failure of GDS and a model constructed to predict requirement of ADS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen percent of patients undergoing GDS could not complete the procedure due to intolerance and 2% due to cardiovascular complications. Substance abuse, male gender, black race and alcohol use were significant predictors of failure of GDS on univariate analysis and substance abuse and higher grade of procedure remained significant on multivariate analysis. Using our predictive model where the presence of substance abuse was given 1 point and planned grade of intervention was scored from 1-3, only 12% patients with a score of 1 would require ADS due to failure of GDS, compared to 50% with a score of 3 or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ERCP under GDS is safe and effective for low grade procedures, and ADS should be judiciously reserved for procedures which have a higher risk of failure with moderate sedation.
authors.affiliation: Saurabh Chawla, Bashar M Attar, Benjamin Go, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cook County-John H Stroger Jr Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Bashar M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Go
keywords: Adult; Cholangiopancreatography; Conscious sedation/utilization; Deep sedation/utilization; Endoscopic retrograde/methods; Endoscopy