title: Abnormal nasal nitric oxide production, ciliary beat frequency, and Toll-like receptor response in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease epithelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) disease has increased over the past several decades, especially in older women. Despite extensive investigation, no consistent immunological abnormalities have been found. Using evidence from diseases such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, in which mucociliary dysfunction predisposes subjects to high rates of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease that increase with age, we investigated correlates of mucociliary function in subjects with PNTM infections and healthy control subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define ex vivo characteristics of PNTM disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2012, 58 subjects with PNTM infections and 40 control subjects were recruited. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) was determined at the time of respiratory epithelial collection. Ciliary beat frequency at rest and in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) and other agonists was determined using high-speed video microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found decreased nNO production, abnormally low resting ciliary beat frequency, and abnormal responses to agonists of TLR2, -3, -5, -7/8, and -9 in subjects with PNTM compared with healthy control subjects. The low ciliary beat frequency in subjects with PNTM was normalized ex vivo by augmentation of the NO-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway without normalization of their TLR agonist responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired nNO, ciliary beat frequency, and TLR responses in PNTM disease epithelium identify possible underlying susceptibility mechanisms as well as possible avenues for directed investigation and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA.
authors.forename: Cedar J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Kenneth N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Caroline C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Root
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kuhns
authors.forename: Carolea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Logun
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zelazny
authors.forename: Cathleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Frein
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daub
authors.forename: Carissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shelhamer
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009165:Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009666:Nose; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D009569:Nitric Oxide