title: Azithromycin, fluoroquinolone and chloramphenicol resistance of non-chlamydia conjunctival bacteria in rural community of Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine profiles of non-chlamydia conjunctival bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility from adults who underwent trachomatous trichiasis surgery in rural areas of Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural districts in West Gojjam administrative zone. Conjunctival swabs were collected during surgery and transported using Stuart transport broth (Oxoid, UK). Antibiotic susceptibility of conjunctival isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-chlamydia pathogenic bacteria were recovered from conjunctiva of 438 (31%) participants before treatment. The isolated conjunctival bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus group (A, C, F and G), Enterococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella spp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp. Overall, resistance rates of 57.8% to azithromycin and 68.5% to chloramphenicol were found. However, 86-94.4% sensitivity was demonstrated to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Moderate sensitivity rates (61.8-78.4%) were observed to ceftriaxone, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroquinolones that have activity against the majority of bacterial isolates were potent at in vitro. However, unacceptably high levels of resistance to azithromycin and chloramphenicol in rural community indicated a need for further study and antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Bayeh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abera
authors.forename: Mulugeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kibret
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002689:Chlamydia; D002702:Chloramphenicol Resistance; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D017963:Azithromycin