title: Alexander von Humboldt: galvanism, animal electricity, and self-experimentation part 2: the electric eel, animal electricity, and later years.
abstract: After extensive experimentation during the 1790s, Alexander von Humboldt remained skeptical about "animal electricity" (and metallic electricity), writing instead about an ill-defined galvanic force. With his worldview and wishing to learn more, he studied electric eels in South America just as the new century began, again using his body as a scientific instrument in many of his experiments. As had been the case in the past and for many of the same reasons, some of his findings with the electric eel (and soon after, Italian torpedoes) seemed to argue against biological electricity. But he no longer used galvanic terminology when describing his electric fish experiments. The fact that he now wrote about animal electricity rather than a different "galvanic" force owed much to Alessandro Volta, who had come forth with his "pile" (battery) for multipling the physical and perceptable effects of otherwise weak electricity in 1800, while Humboldt was deep in South America. Humboldt probably read about and saw voltaic batteries in the United States in 1804, but the time he spent with Volta in 1805 was probably more significant in his conversion from a galvanic to an electrical framework for understanding nerve and muscle physiology. Although he did not continue his animal electricity research program after this time, Humboldt retained his worldview of a unified nature and continued to believe in intrinsic animal electricity. He also served as a patron to some of the most important figures in the new field of electrophysiology (e.g., Hermann Helmholtz and Emil du Bois-Reymond), helping to take the research that he had participated in to the next level.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology, Programs in Neuroscience and Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology , Washington University , Saint Louis , MO.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccolino
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Stahnisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032762:Autoexperimentation / Q000266:history*; D004560:Electricity / Q000266:history*; D004593:Electrophorus / Q000502:physiology; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D019021:Natural History / Q000266:history*; D009482:Neurophysiology / Q000266:history*