title: Recognizing clinical entities in hospital discharge summaries using Structural Support Vector Machines with word representation features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task in clinical natural language processing (NLP) research. Machine learning (ML) based NER methods have shown good performance in recognizing entities in clinical text. Algorithms and features are two important factors that largely affect the performance of ML-based NER systems. Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), a sequential labelling algorithm, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which is based on large margin theory, are two typical machine learning algorithms that have been widely applied to clinical NER tasks. For features, syntactic and semantic information of context words has often been used in clinical NER systems. However, Structural Support Vector Machines (SSVMs), an algorithm that combines the advantages of both CRFs and SVMs, and word representation features, which contain word-level back-off information over large unlabelled corpus by unsupervised algorithms, have not been extensively investigated for clinical text processing. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to evaluate the use of SSVMs and word representation features in clinical NER tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we developed SSVMs-based NER systems to recognize clinical entities in hospital discharge summaries, using the data set from the concept extration task in the 2010 i2b2 NLP challenge. We compared the performance of CRFs and SSVMs-based NER classifiers with the same feature sets. Furthermore, we extracted two different types of word representation features (clustering-based representation features and distributional representation features) and integrated them with the SSVMs-based clinical NER system. We then reported the performance of SSVM-based NER systems with different types of word representation features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the same training (N = 27,837) and test (N = 45,009) sets in the challenge, our evaluation showed that the SSVMs-based NER systems achieved better performance than the CRFs-based systems for clinical entity recognition, when same features were used. Both types of word representation features (clustering-based and distributional representations) improved the performance of ML-based NER systems. By combining two different types of word representation features together with SSVMs, our system achieved a highest F-measure of 85.82%, which outperformed the best system reported in the challenge by 0.6%. Our results show that SSVMs is a great potential algorithm for clinical NLP research, and both types of unsupervised word representation features are beneficial to clinical NER tasks.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Buzhou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hongxin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yonghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019091:Critical Pathways; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D010414:Pennsylvania; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012660:Semantics