title: Inflammatory status in older women with and without metabolic syndrome: is there a correlation with risk factors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the inflammatory status in older women with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to correlate inflammatory parameters, anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and blood pressure with MetS Z-score.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cohort transversal study included 129 older women assigned into two groups: with MetS (n = 48; 66.4 ± 4.4 years; 68.1 ± 8.3 kg; 1.51 ± 0.06 m; 29.8 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)) and without MetS (n = 81; 68.0 ± 5.8 years; 61.0 ± 9.4 kg; 1.53 ± 0.06 m; 26.0 ± 3.9 kg/m(2)). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (General Electric-GE model 8548 BX1L, year 2005, Lunar DPX type, software Encore 2005; Rommelsdorf, Germany) and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference between the groups regarding age, height, fat mass, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, older women with MetS presented higher body mass, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip and waist-height ratio, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, MetS Z-score, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and lower lean body mass values compared to women without MetS. Moreover, there were correlations between MetS Z-score and body mass (r = 0.20), waist circumference (r = 0.26), waist-hip (r = 0.32) and waist-height ratio (r = 0.24), blood glucose (r = 0.24), insulin (r = 0.24), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.32), triglycerides (r = 0.39), tumor necrosis factor-α (r = 0.28), interferon-γ (r = 0.22), and inverse correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.32). MetS Z-score was positively associated with systolic (r = 0.92), diastolic (r = 0.94), and mean blood pressure (r = 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older women with MetS have higher cytokine levels, anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and blood pressure. Inflammatory cytokines may help to improve the understanding of the progression status of MetS in older persons.
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil. silva.alessandro.oliveira@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Silva
authors.forename: Ramires Alsamir
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tibana
authors.forename: Margo Gomes Oliveira
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Karnikowski
authors.forename: Silvana Schwerz
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Funghetto
authors.forename: Jonato
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prestes
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: aging; cytokines; metabolic syndrome