title: In planta imaging of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in Cannabis sativa L. with hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy.
abstract: Nature has developed many pathways to produce medicinal products of extraordinary potency and specificity with significantly higher efficiencies than current synthetic methods can achieve. Identification of these mechanisms and their precise locations within plants could substantially increase the yield of a number of natural pharmaceutics. We report label-free imaging of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCa) in Cannabis sativa L. using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. In line with previous observations we find high concentrations of THCa in pistillate flowering bodies and relatively low amounts within flowering bracts. Surprisingly, we find differences in the local morphologies of the THCa-containing bodies: organelles within bracts are large, diffuse, and spheroidal, whereas in pistillate flowers they are generally compact, dense, and have heterogeneous structures. We have also identified two distinct vibrational signatures associated with THCa, both in pure crystalline form and within Cannabis plants; at present the exact natures of these spectra remain an open question.
authors.affiliation: University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Optical Sciences Group, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Garbacik
authors.forename: Roza P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Korai
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Frater
authors.forename: Jeroen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Korterik
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Herman L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
mesh_terms: D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013759:Dronabinol