title: Calorie anticipation alters food intake after low-caloric not high-caloric preloads.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive factors and anticipation are known to influence food intake. The current study examined the effect of anticipation and actual consumption of food on hormone (ghrelin, cortisol, and insulin) and glucose levels, appetite and ad libitum intake, to assess whether changes in hormone levels might explain the predicted differences in subsequent food intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  During four breakfast sessions, participants consumed a yogurt preload that was either low caloric (LC: 180 kcal/300 g) or high caloric (HC: 530 kcal/300 g) and was provided with either consistent or inconsistent calorie information (i.e., stating the caloric content of the preload was low or high). Appetite ratings and hormone and glucose levels were measured at baseline (t = 0), after providing the calorie information about the preload (t = 20), after consumption of the preload (t = 40), and just before ad libitum intake (t = 60).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ad libitum intake was lower after HC preloads (as compared to LC preloads; P < 0.01). Intake after LC preloads was higher when provided with (consistent) LC information (467±254 kcal) as compared to (inconsistent) HC information (346±210 kcal), but intake after the HC preloads did not depend on the information provided (LC information: 290±178 kcal, HC information: 333±179 kcal; caloric load*information P = 0.03). Hormone levels did not respond in an anticipatory manner, and the post-prandial responses depended on actual calories consumed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that both cognitive and physiological information determine food intake. When actual caloric intake was sufficient to produce physiological satiety, cognitive factors played no role; however, when physiological satiety was limited, cognitively induced satiety reduced intake to comparable levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. pleunie.hogenkamp@neuro.uu.se
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hogenkamp
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cedernaes
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Hjorth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Schiöth
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology; D013649:Taste; D015014:Yogurt; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D006854:Hydrocortisone