title: Infants with Down syndrome and their interactions with objects: development of exploratory actions after reaching onset.
abstract: During infant development, objects and their functions are learned by means of active exploration. Factors that may influence exploration include reaching and grasping ability, object properties and the presence of developmental disorders. We assessed the development of exploratory actions in 16 typically-developing (TD) infants and 9 infants with Down syndrome (DS) after reaching onset. Infants with DS reached for and explored objects less frequently than TD infants, especially small objects. Over time, the amount of reaches increased in both groups, with no changes in the amount of exploration in the DS group. Pre-grasping actions were different across objects, but less efficient in generating action-relevant information in the DS group. These infants also performed fewer behaviors requiring complex motor skills. The results suggest that perceptual-motor abilities determine different exploratory behaviors in TD and DS infants. The reduced amount and complexity of exploratory actions may impact developmental outcome in DS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Neuropediatrics Sector, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. campos.anacarol@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Campos
authors.forename: Carolina Souza Neves
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Geert J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Savelsbergh
authors.forename: Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*