title: Percutaneous stellate ganglion block suppressing VT and VF in a patient refractory to VT ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical storm is a condition characterized by multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in a short period of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 80-year-old male with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy presented with multiple ICD shocks. As a last resort, he underwent percutaneous left, followed by right, stellate ganglion block under fluoroscopic guidance. Since his discharge, he has been managed with alternating, biweekly left and right stellate ganglion blocks, and he has received no ICD shocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case illustrates the potential of ongoing, temporary percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade in suppressing ventricular arrhythmogenesis.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayase
authors.forename: Jigar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Sanjiv M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Krummen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: VT storm; autonomic nervous system; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; stellate ganglion block; ventricular tachycardia