title: Clinical implication of cancer adhesion in papillary thyroid carcinoma: clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis analyzed with degree of extrathyroidal extension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macroscopic extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is a poor prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, intraoperative inspection for ETE is often inaccurate and could lead the surgeon to misconstrue simple adhesion as gross ETE. Such confusion could result in more aggressive treatment than necessary. In the present study we investigated the frequency and clinical implication of simple adhesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 858 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Clinicopathologic features, prognosis, and stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were compared between four groups divided according to degree of ETE: no ETE (n = 335), simple adhesion (n = 16), microscopic ETE (n = 378), and macroscopic ETE (n = 129).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total of 145 cases, which were recognized as gross ETE under intraoperative inspection, 16 cases (11.0 %) were diagnosed as cancer confined to the thyroid without ETE by definite histology. The simple adhesion group showed no statistical differences in postoperative stimulated Tg levels from the no ETE and microscopic ETE groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, the distribution of postoperative Tg levels in the macroscopic ETE group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001). During the 54-month median follow-up period, the macroscopic ETE and microscopic ETE groups showed poorer relapse-free survival than the no ETE and simple adhesion groups (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study indicate that the discrepancy between intraoperative inspection and definite histology is not negligible when dense adhesions are present. When no tumor is found, the patient with inflammatory or fibrotic adhesions has a favorable prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea. jungspil@gmail.com
authors.forename: Seung Pil
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Minkuk
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Jee Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seok Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jung-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000097:blood; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013954:Thyroglobulin