title: Pathogenic CCR6+ dendritic cells in the skin lesions of discoid lupus patients: a role for damage-associated molecular patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a cutaneous autoimmune inflammatory disease in which the role of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in skin damage has not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the involvement of cDCs in DLE pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin biopsies from 42 patients with DLE were embedded in paraffin or placed in culture. The dermis was separated and cell suspensions were characterized by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an increase in cDCs with inflammatory characteristics in the skin of DLE patients, compared with control skins. Interestingly, cDCs from the DLE patients expressed low levels of the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and showed a high expression of CCR6, which correlated with disease activity. Increased cellular death was observed in the skin of DLE patients compared with control skin and remarkably we found that damage-associated molecular patterns could be responsible for CCR6 expression on cDCs in the skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate the presence of pathogenic CCR6+ cDCs in the skin lesions of DLE patients, which could result from in situ phenotypic changes.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Av. Cuauhtémoc s/n Col. Doctores, Mexico City, Mexico CP 06720.
authors.forename: Aniela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Méndez-Reguera
authors.forename: Gibrán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pérez-Montesinos
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcántara-Hernández
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martínez-Estrada
authors.forename: Jorge Rafael
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cazarin-Barrientos
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rojas-Espinosa
authors.forename: Fermín
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jurado-Santacruz
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huerta-Yepez
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bonifaz
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonifaz-Alfonzo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D002465:Cell Movement; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008179:Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis; D054399:Receptors, CCR6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C106311:CCR6 protein, human; D039521:CD11c Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D054399:Receptors, CCR6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
keywords: damage associated molecular patterns; dendritic cells; dermal dendritic cells; discoid lupus erythematosus; inflammatory dendritic cells