title: Improving prediction of outcomes in African Americans with normal stress echocardiograms using a risk scoring system.
abstract: Cardiovascular mortality is high in African Americans, and those with normal results on stress echocardiography remain at increased risk. The aim of this study was to develop a risk scoring system to improve the prediction of cardiovascular events in African Americans with normal results on stress echocardiography. Clinical data and rest echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 548 consecutive African Americans with normal results on rest and stress echocardiography and ejection fractions ≥50%. Patients were followed for myocardial infarction and death for 3 years. Predictors of cardiovascular events were determined with Cox regression, and hazard ratios were used to determine the number of points in the risk score attributed to each independent predictor. During follow-up of 3 years, 47 patients (8.6%) had events. Five variables-age (≥45 years in men, ≥55 years in women), history of coronary disease, history of smoking, left ventricular hypertrophy, and exercise intolerance (<7 METs in men, <5 METs in women, or need for dobutamine stress)-were independent predictors of events. A risk score was derived for each patient (ranging from 0 to 8 risk points). The area under the curve for the risk score was 0.82 with the optimum cut-off risk score of 6. Among patients with risk scores ≥6, 30% had events, compared with 3% with risk score <6 (p <0.001). In conclusion, African Americans with normal results on stress echocardiography remain at significant risk for cardiovascular events. A risk score can be derived from clinical and echocardiographic variables, which can accurately distinguish high- and low-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine and the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomaides
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hornsby
authors.forename: Jothiharan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahenthiran
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feigenbaum
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*