title: Early clinical signs in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy predict an abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram at age 6 hours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An early clinical score predicting an abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) or moderate-severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) may allow rapid triage of infants for therapeutic hypothermia. We aimed to determine if early clinical examination could predict either an abnormal aEEG at age 6 hours or moderate-severe HIE presenting within 72 hours of birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty infants ≥ 36 weeks gestational age were prospectively enrolled following suspected intrapartum hypoxia and signs of encephalopathy. Infants who were moribund, had congenital conditions that could contribute to the encephalopathy or had severe cardio-respiratory instability were excluded. Predictive values of the Thompson HIE score, modified Sarnat encephalopathy grade (MSEG) and specific individual signs at age 3-5 hours were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the 60 infants recruited had at least one abnormal primitive reflex. Visible seizures and hypotonia at 3-5 hours were strongly associated with an abnormal 6-hour aEEG (specificity 88% and 92%, respectively), but both had a low sensitivity (47% and 33%, respectively). Overall, 52% of the infants without hypotonia at 3-5 hours had an abnormal 6-hour aEEG. Twelve of the 29 infants (41%) without decreased level of consciousness at 3-5 hours had an abnormal 6-hour aEEG (sensitivity 67%; specificity 71%). A Thompson score ≥ 7 and moderate-severe MSEG at 3-5 hours, both predicted an abnormal 6-hour aEEG (sensitivity 100 vs. 97% and specificity 67 vs. 71% respectively). Both assessments predicted moderate-severe encephalopathy within 72 hours after birth (sensitivity 90%, vs. 88%, specificity 92% vs. 100%). The 6-hour aEEG predicted moderate-severe encephalopathy within 72 hours (sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%) but with lower sensitivity (p = 0.0156) than the Thompson score (sensitivity 90%, specificity 92%). However, all infants with a normal 3- and 6-hour aEEG with moderate-severe encephalopathy within 72 hours who were not cooled had a normal 24-hour aEEG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The encephalopathy assessment described by the Thompson score at age 3-5 hours is a sensitive predictor of either an abnormal 6-hour aEEG or moderate-severe encephalopathy presenting within 72 hours after birth. An early Thompson score may be useful to assist with triage and selection of infants for therapeutic hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Klipfontein Rd, Cape Town, South Africa. alan.horn@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Swingler
authors.forename: Landon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.forename: Lucy L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Linley
authors.forename: Moegammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Raban
authors.forename: Yaseen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Joolay
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Manigandan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.forename: Natasha R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Rhoda
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*