title: Yoga reduces performance anxiety in adolescent musicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Professional musicians often experience high levels of stress, music performance anxiety (MPA), and performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). Given the fact that most professional musicians begin their musical training before the age of 12, it is important to identify interventions that will address these issues from an early age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study intended to replicate and expand upon adult research in this area by evaluating the effects of a yoga intervention on MPA and PRMDs in a population of adolescent musicians. The present study was the first to examine these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team assigned participants, adolescent musicians, into two groups. The intervention group (n = 84) took part in a 6-wk yoga program, and the control group (n = 51) received no treatment. The team evaluated the effects of the yoga intervention by comparing the scores of the intervention group to those of the control group on a number of questionnaires related to MPA and PRMDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Boston University Tanglewood Institute (BUTI). BUTI is a training academy for advanced adolescent musicians, located in Lenox, Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were adolescent, residential music students (mean age = 16 y) in a 6-wk summer program at the BUTI in 2007 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the yoga intervention group were requested to attend three, 60-min, Kripalustyle yoga classes each wk for 6 wk.
  
  
  METHODS
  MPA was measured using the Performance Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Music Performance Anxiety Inventory for Adolescents (MPAI-A). PRMDs were measured using the Performance-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire (PRMD-Q). RESULTS • Yoga participants showed statistically significant reductions in MPA from baseline to the end of the program compared to the control group, as measured by several subscales of the PAQ and MPAI-A; however, the results for PRMDs were inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that yoga may be a promising way for adolescents to reduce MPA and perhaps even prevent it in the future. These findings also suggest a novel treatment modality that potentially might alleviate MPA and prevent the early disruption and termination of musical careers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sat Bir S
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Khalsa
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Butzer
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shorter
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001900:Boston; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009146:Music; D060805:Performance Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga