title: Efficacy and duration of three residual insecticides on cotton duck and vinyl tent surfaces for control of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).
abstract: This study evaluated the toxicity and duration of 3 residual insecticides against the Old World sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi, an important vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, on 2 types of tent material used by the US military in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Vinyl and cotton duck tent surfaces were treated at maximum labeled rates of lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS, Zeneca Inc, Wilmington, DE), bifenthrin (Talstar P Professional, FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA) and permethrin (Insect Repellent, Clothing Application, 40%), then subsequently stored in indoor, shaded spaces at room temperature (60%-70% relative humidity (RH), 22°C-25°C), and under sunlight and ambient air temperatures outdoors (20%-30% RH, 29°C-44°C). Insecticide susceptible colony flies (F110) obtained from the insectary of US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, were exposed to treated tent surfaces for 30-minute periods twice monthly for up to 5 months, then once monthly thereafter, using the World Health Organization cone assay. Lambda-cyhalothrin treated cotton duck tent material stored indoors killed P. papatasi for 8 months, while the complementary sun-exposed cotton duck material killed adult flies for 1 month before the efficacy dropped to less than 80%. Sand fly mortality on permethrin- and bifenthrin-treated cotton duck decreased below 80% after 2 weeks exposure to sunlight. Shade-stored permethrin and bifenthrin cotton duck material killed more than 80% of test flies through 5 months before mortality rates decreased substantially. Vinyl tent material provided limited control (less than 50% mortality) for less than 1 month with all treatment and storage regimes. Lambda-cyhalothrin-treated cotton duck tent material provided the longest control and produced the highest overall mortalities (100% for 8 months (shaded), more than 90% for 1 month (sunlight-exposed)) of both cotton duck and vinyl tents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel Baset B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zayed
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hoel
authors.forename: Reham A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tageldin
authors.forename: Emaldeldin Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Fawaz
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: Jerome A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hogsette
authors.forename: Ulrich R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Bernier
mesh_terms: D000346:Afghanistan; D000818:Animals; D004534:Egypt; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008887:Military Medicine; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D026023:Permethrin / Q000737:chemistry; D010691:Phlebotomus; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D026023:Permethrin; C099952:bifenthrin; C037304:cyhalothrin